University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 305 De Neve Drive - Parking Lot 17 • Box 951388 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90095-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. University of Californ Southern Regional Library Facility ' i' i'< '■ ''<■■■/ I ' I ' I ' « ' • ." ' ' iiJ4^*Vy the morning ii July 14. the Indians having decamped, the hunters marched out for Dodge City, which place they reached nn the 27th. Gov. Osborn sent 1,000 stands of arms to Dodge Cily in response tn ihc rc(|ucst. The Indians in this figlit lost 80 men killed and mortally wmuided, besides about 200 ponies. What supplies the hunters could not take with them were appropriated by the Indians who Imincd the premises. KANSAS HISTORY 3 1 Adrian, a little hamlet of Jackson county, is situated on the ridge between Cross and Soldier creeks, about i6 miles southwest of Holton, the county seat, and 4 miles from Emmett, which is the nearest rail- road station. Mail is received by rural delivery from Delia. Adventists. — This denomination belongs to that class of religious organizatious which accepts the inspiration of the scriptures, take the Bible as their rule of faith, and hold to the fundamental doctrines of Christian churches. This belief arose as a result of the preachings of William Miller, in 183 1. He taught that the world would come to an end in 1843, '^^'^ would be followed by the coming of Christ to reign on earth. Mr. Miller's study of Biblical prophecies had convinced him that the coming would be between March 21, 1843, ^^^ March 21, 1844. When these dates passed many preachers joined the movement and sev- eral thousand followers were gathered from different churches. On April 20, 1845. ■'^'I''- ^Tiller called a convention of the faithful at Albany, N. Y., which convention issued a declaration of belief and adopted the name Adventists. The declaration was that Christ will come soon, but at an unknown time, as the prophecy for 1843 S-"*! ^^so that for 1844, had not been fulfilled. The resurrection of the dead, both the just and the unjust, and the beginning of the millennium after the restirection of the saints, was set forth in the belief. The Adventists baptize by immersion, and are congregational in polity, except the Seven Day branch and the Church of God, wdiich- have a general conference that is supreme. Since their organization, the Adventists have divided into seven bodies. The Evangelical Ad- ventists began to call themselves by that name in 1845. They believe that all the dead will be raised, the saints first to eternal bliss and the wicked last to eternal punishment. The Advent Christians formed a general association in 1861. They believe that the dead are unconscious and the wicked are punished by annihilation. This body is chiefly lo- cated in New England. The Seven Day Adventists were formed in 1845. 'i^ New Hampshire and adopted the obligation of the seventh day as the Sabbath. They believe that the dead sleep imtil the judgment and the unsaved are destroyed. This body is the strongest and its mem- bers are spread throughout the United States, being especially strong in the west. The Church of God was formed after a division among the Seven Day Adventists in 1864-65, concerning the revelations of Mrs. E. G. White. A general conference is the head of this organization, with subordinate state conferences. It is chiefly located in the western and southwestern states. The Life and Advent Union, organized in i860, believes that the wicked never wake from their sleep of death. The Church of God in Jesus Christ believes in the establishment of the kingdom of God on earth with Christ as king; the annihilation of the wicked and the restoration of Israel. This sect is established in various parts of the United States and Canada. The Ad\'entists were not established to any e.xtent in Kansas until the great tide of immigration set toward this state in the '80s, for in' 32 CYCLOPEDIA OF 1893, tliere were but 30 church organizations in the state with a mem- bership of 900. As the country became more densely populated the num- ber of Adventist bodies increased and new organizations were perfected. In 1906 the Seven Day Adventists had 2,397 communicants ; the Advent Christian church 247, making a total membership of 2,689. Aetna, a village of Barber county, is located near the southwestern corner in Aetna township, about 30 miles from Medicine Lodge, the county seat. It is connected by stage line with Lake City, which is the most convenient railroad station. It is a trading center for the neigh- borhood, has a money order postoffice, and in 1910 reported a popula- tion of 25. Agenda, a village of Republic county, is located in the northern part of Elk Creek township, and is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., 17 miles southeast of Belleville, the county seat. The first house in Agenda was erected by Joseph Cox in 1887, soon after the town was laid out. It has a money order postoffice with one rural delivery route, express and telegraph offices, several general stores and other business establishments, a bank, a grain elevator, and in 1910 reported a population of 200. Agra, one of the principal towns of Phillips county, is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., 12 miles east of Phillipsburg, the county seat. It was first settled in 1888, was incorporated in 1904, and in 1910 reported a population of 347. Agra has a bank, a money order postoffice which supplies mail to the surrounding country by rural free delivery, grain elevators, a weekly newspaper — the Sentinel — good schools, churches, a considerable retail trade, and ships large quantities of grain and live stock. Agricola, a village of Cof?ey county, is a station on the Atchison, Topcka & Santa Fe R. R., in Rock Island township, 20 miles northeast of Burlington, the county seat, and 6 miles from Waverly. It has tele- graph and express offices and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The population according to the 1910 census was 100. Agricultural College. — The official title of this institution is the "Kansas State Agricultural College." The Congress of the United States, by an act approved, July 2, 1862, entitled, "An act donating public lands to the several states and territories which may provide col- leges for the benefit of agriculture and mechanic arts," granted to the State of Kansas upon certain conditions, 90,000 acres of public lands for the endowment, support and maintenance of a college. The leading object of such colleges was to be, without excluding oilier scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teacii such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life : and when the legislature of Kansas in 1863 accepted the benefits of said act with its provisions, the foundation of the Kansas State Agricultural College was laid. The location of the college may be attributed to the citizens of Man- KANSAS HISTORY 33 hattan, which city was founded in 1855 by the cooperation of two col- onies, one from New England and the other from Cincinnati. In the New England party were several college graduates who were active in the promotion of education. In 1857 an association was formed to build a college in or near Manhattan to be under the control of the Methodist Episcopal church of Kansas and to be called Bluemont Central College. The charter secured in Feb., 1858, provided for the establishment of a classical college but contained the following section "The said associa- tion shall have power to establish, in addition to the literary depart- ment of arts and sciences, an agricultural department, with separate pro- fessors, to test soils, experiment in the raising of crops, the cultivation of trees, etc., upon a farm set apart for the purpose, so as to bring out to the utmost practical results the agricultural advantages of prairie lands." By a special act of Congress, title was secured to 100 acres of land, about one mile west of Manhattan, on which the institution was located./ The growth of the college was slow and unsteady, because both money and students were scarce. In 1861 when locations for a state university were discussed, the trustees of Bluemont Central College offered their site and building to the state but their offer was refused. In 1863 when Kansas accepted the act of Congress giving land for an agricultural college, said college was established in Riley county, provided that the trustees of Bluemont College cede its land to the state in fee simple. The Agriculttiral College was organized that same year with a board of trustees consisting of the governor, secretary of state, superintendent of public instruction, the president of the college ex officio, and nine oth- ers to be appointed by the governor and confirmed by the senate. Later the board of regents was reduced to seven members. Four departments were named, to-wit: Agriculture; Mechanic Arts; Military Science and Tactics ; Literature and Science. From 1863 to 1873 the development of the college was much as it would have been, had the trustees of Bluemont College remained in control. The department of literature and science was fostered while the departments for which the school was especially founded were prac- tically ignored. The first faculty consisted of Rev. Joseph Denison, president and professor of ancient languages and mental and moral science; J. G. Schnebly, professor of natural science; Rev. N. O. Pres- ton, professor of mathematics and English literature; Jeremiah E. Piatt, principal of the preparatory department ; Miss Bell Haines, assistant teacher in preparatory department, and Mrs. Eliza C. Beckwith teacher of instrumental music. The first catalogue gives the names of 94 stu- dents in the preparatory department and 15 in the college. Fifteen stu- dents graduated in the period from 1863 to 1873. In 1867 a large board- ing hall for students was erected by parties in Manhattan. It was a fail- ure financially. The college was urged to buy it and did at a cost of $10,000. In 1868 about 200 varieties of forest and fruit trees were plant- ed. In 1871 a new farm of 155 acres was purchased for $29,832.71 ii (1-3) 34 CYCLOPEDIA OF scrip. The city of Manhattan, fearing the agricultural college would be consolidated with the university at Lawrence, gave $12,000 (the re- sult of a bond election) toward the purchase. M.-M.V UUILDING, AGRICULTURAL COLLKGK. An act of legislation in 1873, reorganizing the state institutions, re- sulted in the appointment of a new board of regents. It elected Rev. John A. Anderson of Junction City to the place vacated by President Denison, who resigned the 'same year. Mr. Anderson changed the pol- icy of the college immediately. Through him and the board who sup- ported iiim, the Kansas State Agricultural College started on the mission it was intended to fulfill. Mr. Anderson believed in industrial education, and the reasons for his radical policies were published in 1874 in a""Hand Rook of the Kansas State Agricultural College." Briefly told he thought prominence should be given to a study in proportion to the actual bene- fit expected to be derived from it ; that, "The farmer and mechanic should be as completely educated as the lawyer or minister; but the information that is essential to one is often comparatively useless to the other and it is therefore unjust to compel all classes to pursue the same course of study." That ninety-seven per cent of Kansas people are in industrial vocations, so greater prominence should be given industrial studies. That each year's course of study should be, as far as ]5ossible, complete in itself because many students are unable to take a whole col- lege course. Mr. Anderson's views were unpopular but ihcy met the approval of the board of regents to such an extent that tlicy discontinued the dc])artment of literature and organized those of mechanic arts and KANSAS JIISTORY 35 agriculture; the students were moved from the old farm to the new one; workshops in iron and wood, a sewing room, printing office, telegraph office and kitchen laboratory were equipped that industrial training might be given ; and fifty minutes of manual training per day became compulsory for each student. After Mr. Anderson had been president three years Latin, French, German were discontinued; the preparatory course was abolished, thus shortening the whole course from six to four years; the grade of work was adjusted and lowered U, CMimect with that done by the public schools. In 1875 the Mechanics' Hall was erected; in 1876 Horticultural Hall and the Chemical Laboratory; in 1877 the main part of the present barn was constructed (it was iinished in 1886) ; and in 1879 the main hall, named in honor of Mr. Anderson, was built. In 1878 Mr. Anderson resigned, and from Feb. to Dec, 1879, ^- L- Ward was acting president of the college. Shortage of money made it a difficult year. The legislature of 1877 having voted "that not over $15,000 of the interest on the endowment fund shall be used to pay in- structors and teachers in said college until debts of said college be paid in full, and until said college shall refund to state all moneys advanced by the state to pay for instructors and running expenses of said college." The debt had been decreased during President Anderson's administra- tion but was not cleared until the state legislature passed an act liquidat- ing it. George Thompson Fairchild, who succeeded Mr. Anderson, entered upon his duties as president of the college in Dec, 1879. He had been an instructor in the Michigan Agricultural College, so came well pre- pared to improve the college at Manhattan. He believed in a school that would combine the culture of a classical education with the useful- ness of manual training. He rearranged the course of study to combine theory and practice, added literature, psychology, etc., divided the school year into three terms, inaugurated a series of lectures, and appointed committees to take charge of the various branches of school life. In 1890 the Federal government passed an act for the further endow- ment of agricultural colleges esta-blished under the provisions of an act of 1862. The act provided, "the sum of $15,000 for the year ending June 30, 1890, and an annual increase of the amount of such appropriation thereafter for ten years by an additional sum of $1,000 over the preced- ing year, and the average amount to be paid thereafter to each state and territory shall be $25,000, to be applied only to instruction in agriculture, the mechanic arts, the English language, and the various branches of mathematics, physical, natural and economic science, with special refer- ence to the industries of life and to the facilities for such instruction." In 1907 the income of the agricultural college was further increased by what is known as the Nelson amendment to the agricultural appro- priation bill. "In accordance with the act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, and the act of Congress approved Aug. 30, 1890, the sum of $5,000, in addition to the sums named in said act, for the fiscal year end- 36 CYCLOPEDIA OF ing Tune 30, 1908, and an annual increase of the amount of such appro- priation thereafter for four years by an additional sum of $5,000 over the preceding year, and the annual sum to be paid thereafter to each state and territory shall be $50,000 to be applied onl}' for the purposes of the agricultural colleges as defined and limited in the act of Congress approved Aug. 30, 1890, pi-ovided, that said colleges may use a portion of this money for providing courses for the special preparation of in- structors for teaching the elements of agriculture and the mechanic arts. A valuable adjunct to the Agricultural College is the Experiment Sta- tion. Some experiment work in forest planting was commenced by the college as early as 1868. In 1874 experiments in the cultivation of tame grasses were started by Prof. Shelton. These were followed by experi- ments in subsoiling, feeding, etc., but all work was carried on in a small way at the expense of the college until Congress passed the Hatch bill in March, 1887, providing for the organization of a station for experi- ments along agricultural lines in each state. This station was located at the Agricultural College by the state legislature and the management vested in a council consisting of the president, the professors of agricul- ture, horticulture and entomology, chemistry, botany, and veterinary science. The Hatch bill provided for an annual Congressional appro- priation of $15,000 for experimental work. In 1906, another appropriation was made for the Experiment Station, under what is known as the Adams act, which provided "fgr the more complete endowment and maintenance of the agricultural experiment stations," a sum beginning with $5,000, and increasing each year by $2,000 over the preceding year for five years, after which time the annual appropriation is to be $15,000, "to be applied to paying the necessary expenses of conducting original researches or experiments bearing di- rectly on the agricultural industry of the United States, having due re- gard to the varying conditions and needs of the respective states and territories." Under the Adams act only sucli experiments may be en- tered upon as have first been approved by the office of experiment sta- tions of the United States department of agriculture. In 1908, the legis- lature of Kansas appropriated $15,000 for further sniiport of the Ex- periment Station. The work of the station is published in bulletin form, of which there are three classes: The first are purely scientific, the second are sim- plified to meet the intelligence of the average reader and include all other bulletins in which a "brief, condensed and popular presentation is made of data which call for immediate application and cannot await publication in the regular bulletin series." In addition to these the sta- tion publishes a series of circulars of useful information not necessarily new or original. '!"hc station has issued M17 hullclius, 183 pnss linllc- tins and 8 circulars. While the main division of the station is at Manhattan it has hr.inchcs at Fort Mayes, Garden City, Ogallah and Dodge City. The land at F"ort Hays is nf the high rolling prairie varictv and was origiii.illv part KANSAS HISTORY 3/ of the Fort Hays militar}- reservation, which from disuse was turned over to the department of interior in 1889 for disposal. In 1895 the Kansas legislature asked Congress to donate the whole reservation of 7,200 acres to the State of Kansas for agricultural education and re- search, for the training of teachers, and for a public park, but it was not until 1900 that Kansas secured the land. The work of this station is con- fined to the problems of the western part of the state. This land is suitable for experimental and demonstration work in dry farming, irri- gation and crops, forest and orchard tests. This station is supported by state funds, and sales of farm products. The station at Garden City is located upon unirrigated upland which the Agricultural College leased from the county commissioners of Fin- ney county for 99 years. "It is an experimental and demonstration" farm operated in conjunction with the United States department of agri- culture for purpose of determining the methods of culture, crop varieties and crop rotation best suited for the southwestern portion of the state, under dry land farming conditions. The stations at Ogallah and Dodge City are forestry stations, and are operated under the direct management of state forester and general supervision of tlie director of the Experiment Station. The engineering experiment station was established by the board of regents, "for the purpose of carrying on continued series of tests of engineering and manufacturing value to the State of Kansas, and to conduct these tests on a scale sufficiently large that the results will be of direct commercial value." Among the experiments made are those of cement and con- crete, Kansas coals, lubricants and bearings, endurance tests of paints, power required for driving machine tools, etc. President Fairchild remained at the head of the Agricultural College from 1879 '"^ 1897. The growth of the institution under his direction was steady and sub- stantial. He was succeeded by Mr. Thomas E. Will. It is said great prominence was given economic, financial and social problems during the presidency of Mr. Will. In 1897 four year courses were established in domestic science, agriculture, mechanical engineering and general science. Mr. Will resigned in 1899, and Prof. E. R. Nichols was chosen to fill his place first as acting president, later as president. The rapid increase in attendance made new buildings necessary. In 1900 the agricultural hall and dairy barn were erected; in 1902, the physical science hall, in 1906 the granar}^ and in 1904 the dairy hall, college extension. Until 1905 the extension work of the college was in the form of farmer's institutes held throughout the state, this work be- ing in charge of a committee chosen from the faculty. The small means available made the institutes irregular and the attendance was small. In 1905 the board of regents employed a superintehdent to organize the department of farmers' institutes, and in 1906 the department was for- mally organized. To the appropriation of $4,000 made by the legislature of 1905 the college added $800. The interest of the state in the agricul- tural extension and the results derived therefrom resulted in an appro- 38 ■ CYCLOPEDIA OF priation of $11,500 by the legislature of 1907 to which the college added Si, 000. In 1909 the legislature appropriated $52,500 for the department, the policies and plans of which are established by a committee consist- ing of the president of the college, the director of the experiment station and the superintendent of the division. The department includes the following forms of agricultural extension : Farmers' institutes ; publica- tions for institute members ; agricultural railway trains ; schoolhouse campaigns ; boj's' corn growing contests ; girls' cooking and sewing con- tests ; rural education; demonstration farming; highway construction; movable schools ; special campaigns ; publications for teachers ; corre- spondence courses (18 courses offered) ; home economic clubs. President Nichols resigned in 1909 and Henry Jackson Waters was chosen by the board of regents to succeed him. The Agricultural Col- lege now owns 748 acres of land including the campus of 160 acres. The buildings which are built of white limestone number twenty-one. The corps of instructors numbers 165, and the number of students enrolled in 1010 was 1.535 males. 770 females, a total of 2,305. Agricultural Society, State. — The first effort to organize a state — or more properly speaking a territorial — agricultural society, was made on July 16, 1857, when a mass meeting was held at Topeka to consider the subject. After discussion pro and con a committee was appointed to draw up a constitution for such a society. Among the members of tliis committee were Dr. Charles Robinson, W. F. M. Arny, C. C. Hutchin- son, Dr. A. Hunting and W. Y. Roberts. An organization was effected luider a constitution presented by the committee, but for various reasons tiie society was never able to accomplish much in the way of promoting the agricultural interests of Kansas. In the first place the projectors of the movement were mostly ardent free-state men, while the territorial authorities were of the opposite political faith, so that it was impossible to secure the passage of laws favorable to the work of the society. Added to this, the unsettled conditions in the territor)-, due largely to the political agitation for the adoption of a state constitution and the admission of Kansas into the Union, kept the public mind so occupied that it was a difficult matter to arouse sufficient interest in agriculture to ])lace the society on a solid footing. After a short existence it ceased its efforts altogether. The books collected by the society were afterward given to the state library by Judge L. D. Bailey. The territorial legislature of i860 provided for the organization of county agricultural societies in the counties of Coffey, Doniphan, Doug- las, Franklin, Linn and Wabaunsee, and for the "Southern Kansas Agri- cultural Society," but no provisions were ever made by the autiiorities during the territorial era for a society that would cover the entire terri- tory in its operations. By the act of May 10, 1861, the first slate legislature authorized ten or more persons to form an agricuJtm-al or a horticultural society in any county, town, city or village, and file articles of association with the secretary of the state society and with the county clerk in the county KANSAS niSTOKV 39 where the society was located. As a matter of fact, at the time this law was passed there was no state agricultural society, but on Feb. 5, 1862, a meeting was held in the hall of the house of representatives at Topeka for the purpose of organizing one. W. R. Wagstaff, F. G. Adams, Gol- den Silvers, J. Medill and R. A. Van Winkle were appointed as a com- mittee to draft a constitution, and upon the adoption of their report the following ofificers were elected : President, Lyman Scott ; secretary, Franklin G. Adams ; treasurer, Isaac Garrison ; executive committee, E. B. Whitman, R. A. Van Winkle, Welcome Wells, F. P. Baker, W. A. Shannon, J. W. Sponable, C. B. Lines, Thomas Arnokl, Martin Ander- son and J. C. Marshall. The constitution adopted at the formation of the society provided for the payment by each member of annual dues of one dollar, or for ten dollars one could become a life member. It also provided for the organ- ization of county societies as auxilaries to the state society. On Jan. 13, 1863, L. D. Bailey succeeded Lyman Scott as president. Mr. Bailey served as president until Jan. 16, 1867, when he was suc- ceeded by Robert G. Elliott, who in turn was succeeded by I. S. Kal- loch on Sept. 30, 1870, the latter continuing to hold the office until the society went out of existence. Mr. Adams served as secretary until Jan. 12, 1865, when John S. Brown was elected as his successor. On Sept. 30, 1870, H. J. Strickler was elected secretary and served until Sept. 15, 1871, when Alfred Gray was elected to the office, being the last secretary of the society. At a meeting of the executive committee on Feb. 20, 1863, the presi- dent and secretary were given full power to make all the necessary ar- rangements for a state fair, and the first state fair was held at Leaven- worth the following fall — Oct. 6 to 9 inclusive. (See State Fairs.) The legislature of that year made an appropriation of $1,000 for the benefit of the society. Another work of the society in 1863 was the distribution of 500 bushels of cotton seed amoiig the farmers of the state who were desirous of trying the experiment of raising cotton. On March 12, 1872, the State Agricultural Society held its last meet- ing and adjourned sine die, the State Board of Agriculture (q. v.), which had already been authorized by an act of the legislature, taking its place. Agricultural Wheel. — During the winter of 1881-82, the unsatisfac- •tory condition of the market for farm products, and the oppressiveness of the Arkansas mortgage laws through what was known as the "ana- conda mortgage," led to a wide discussion among the farmers of that state as to the advisability of organizing for cooperation and mutual pro- tection. On Wednesday evening, Feb. 15, 1882, seven farmers met at McBee's school house, 8 miles southwest of the town of Des Arc, in Prairie county, to consider the question of forming some kind of a farm- ers' society. A committee, consisting of W. T. McBee, W. W. Tedford and J. W. McBee, was appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws and report at same place on the evening of .the 22nd. At the adjourned meet- ing the Wattensas Farmers' club was organized, the objects of which 40 CYCLOPEDIA OF were stated in the constitution as being "The improvement of its mem- bers in the theory and practice of agriculture and the dissemination of knowledge relative to rural and farming affairs." It seems that the name was not altogether satisfactory to some of those interested, for at the meeting on March i the question of select- ing a new one, with a broader significance, came up for consideration. Some one suggested the name of "Wheel," because "no machine can be run without a drive wheel, and agriculture is the great wheel or power that controls the entire machinery of the world's industries." The so- ciety was therefore reorganized under the new name, with the follow- ing objects : "r — To unite fraternally all acceptable white males who are engaged in the occupation of farming, also mechanics who are actually engaged in farming. "2 — To give all possible moral and material aid in its power to its members by holding instructive lectures, b}- encouraging each other in business, and by assisting each other in obtaining employment. "3 — The improvement of its members in the theory and practice of agriculture and the dissemination of knowledge relative to rural and farming affairs. "4 — To ameliorate the condition of the farmers of this country in every possible manner." By the following spring the organization numbered some 500 mem- bers, and on April 9, 1883, representatives of the local wheels in Ar- kansas met at the residence of W. T. McBee, one of the seven founders, and launched the state wheel, with E. B. McPherson as grand president. Deputies were appointed to carry the order into new territory bv the establishment of local wheels, and the organization spread rapidh' to other states. On July 28, 1886, delegates from the local wheels in Ar- kansas, Kentucky and Tennessee met at Litchfield, Ark., and organized the national wheel with Isaac McCracken'of Ozone, Ark., as president, and A. E. Gardner of Dresden, Tenn., as secretary and treasurer. The State Wheel Enterprise, published by Louis B. Audigier, at Searcy, Ark., was made the organ of the national organization. This gave a new impetus to the order, which on March i, 1887, just five years after it was founded, boasted a membership of 500,000, the greater portion of which was in the states of Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missis- sippi and Missouri, though the order had extended into the Indian Ter- ritory and Wisconsin. Upon the organization of the national wheel a platform was ado]itcd, in which the following demands were made: The preservation of the pul)lic domain of the United States for actual settlers; legislation to pre- vent aliens from owning land in this country; the coinage of enough gold and silver into money to assure a speedy extinguishment of the national debt; the abolition of national banks and the issue of enough legal tender notes to do the business of the country on a cash basis; legislation by Congress to prevcntdealing in futures in agricultural pro- KANSAS IIISTOUY 4I ductions; a graduated income tax; a strict enforcement of the laws pro- hibiting the importation of foreign labor under the contract system; ownership by the people of all means of transportation and communica- tion; the election of all officers of the national government by a direct vote of the people; the repeal of all laws that bear unequally on capital and labor; the amendment of the tariff laws so that all import duties on articles that enter into American manufactures should be removed, and that duties be levied on articles of luxury, but not high enough to prevent their importation ; the education of the masses by a well regu- lated system of free schools; no renewal of patents at the expiration of the period for which they were originally granted. A resolution was also adopted by the national wheel pledging the members to support no man for Congress "of any political party, who will not pledge himself in writing to uSe all his inlluence for the forma- tion of these demands into laws." At a meeting of the national wheel at Meridian, Miss., in Dec, 1888, it was recommended that the organization unite with the Farmers' Al- liance. A joint meeting of delegates belonging to the two organizations was held at Birmingham, Ala., May 15, 1889, and the two orders were consolidated on Sept. 24, following. Agriculture. — In a general sense agriculture in Kansas was com- menced in 1825, when the government by a treaty made with the Kansas Indians agreed to supply them with cattle, hogs and agricul- tural implements, but literally history of agriculture begins with the Quiviran Indians who were tilling the soil more than two centuries earlier, when Don Juan de Onate (q. v.) tarried with them on his jour- ney from New Mexico. John B. Dunbar, in an article on "The White Man's Foot in Kan- sas," speaks of the pleasant effect the country of the Quivirans had upon Onate. As contrasted with the arid regions of New Mexico and northern Mexico it seemed to him a veritable land of promise, "The frequent streams, the wide prairies, pleasantly diversified with gently rolling hills and admirably adapted to cultivation, the rich soil, spontaneously afforded a variegated growth of grass, flowering plants, and native fruits, nuts, Indian potatoes, etc., that added much to the attractiveness of the entire region." The Quivirans, "in cultivating the soil, worshipped the planet, Venus, known as Hopirikuts, the Great Star, recognized by them as the patron of agriculture, as did in later days their descendants, the Pawnees. Sometimes, after plant- ing their corn patches to secure a good crop, they offered the captive girl as a sacrifice to Hopirikuts. As time passed many of the tribe came to look upon this usage with disfavor, and finalh', in 1819, b}- the interference of Pitalesharu, a young brave of well known character as a man of recognized prowess as war chief, the usage was finally dis- continued." It is not said that the Kansas Indians received their suggestion of husbandry from the remote Quivirans but they were the ne.xt farmers 42 CYCLOrEDIA OF in Kansas. Dr. Thomas Say, the chief zoologist of the Long Ex- pedition, in writing of his visit to the Kansas village in 1819, said : "They commonly placed before us a sort of soup, composed of maize of the present season, of that description, which after having under- gone a certain preparation, is appropriateh' named sweet-corn, boiled in water, and enriched with a few slices of bison meat, grease and some beans, and, to suit it to our palates, it was generally seasoned with rock salt, which is procured near the Arkansas river. . . . Another very acceptable dish was called lyed corn. . . . They also make much use of maize roasted on the cob, of boiled pumpkins, of muskmelons and watermelons, but the latter are generally pulled from the vine before they are completely ripe." Dr. Say further states that the young females before marriage cultivated the fields. The agenc}- of the Kansas In- dians was established at the mouth of the Grasshopper creek in 1827. Daniel Morgan Boone, the farmer appointed by the government, com- menced farming at this point in 1827 or 1828. Rev. Isaac iMcCoy, in 1835, reported that the government had 20 acres fenced and 10 acres plowed at "Fool Chief's" village, 3 miles west of the present North Topeka. In the spring of 1835 the government selected 300 acres in what is now Shawnee county, and about the same number south of the Kansas River, in the valley of Mission creek and carried on farm- ing on quite an extensive scale. The emigrant tribes from the east who came into Kansas from 1825-1832 were sufficiently civilized to have a knowledge of farming and good farms were cultivated by members of the various tribes and by the white missionaries who settled among them. The first cultivation of the soil by white men on a scale large enough to be called farming was at Fort Leavcnwuith in 1829 or 1830; at the mouth of Grasshopper creek by Daniel Morgan Boone ; and at (he Shaw- nee mission farm in Johnson county by Rev. Tliomas Johnson as early as 1830. Farms were quite common on the Indian reservations, and at the various missions, when Congress passed the bill creating Kansas Territory. The remarkable fertility of the soil of Kansas and its adaptability to agricultural purposes had been experimentally proven and were well known before the territorial bill was passed. Hence, the tide of immigration from 1854 to 1856 was due as much to the natural resources of the land as to the political preferment. The un- settled condition of territorial affairs from 1858 to i860 was not au.s- picious for the pursuance of industrial arts. The settlers planted crops but raised barely enough for their own consumption. The United States census for i860 in its report on Kansas shows 405,468 acres in improved farms and 372,932 acres in unimproved farms, with the cash value of both as $12,258,239. There were then farming implements valued at $727,694; 20,344 horses: i,.|<)'i mules ; 28,530 milch cows; 2,155 oxen; 43,354 mher cattle; I7,5(>9 slice]) ; 138,244 swine, and the value of this live stock was $3,332,450. There were 194.17.^ bushels of wheat; 3,833 bushels of rye; 6,150,727 bushels of Indian cum; 88,- KANSAS lllSrOKV 43 325 bushels of oats ; 20,349 pounds of tobacco ; 24,400 pounds of cotton ; 24,746 pounds of wool ; 9,827 bushels of peas and beans ; 296,335 bushels of Irish potatoes; 9,965 bushels of sweet potatoes; 4,716 bushels of barley; 41,575 bushels of buckwheat; orchard products valuing $656; market garden products worth $31,641; 1,093,497 pounds of butler; 29,- 045 pounds of cheese; 56,232 tons of hay; 103 bushels of clover seed; 3,043 bushels of grass seed; 197 pounds of hops; 1,135 pounds of flax; II bushels of flax seed; 40 pounds of silk cocoons; 3,742 pounds of maple sugar; 2 gallons of maple molasses; 87,656 gallons of sorghum molasses; r,i8i pounds of beeswax, and 16,944 pounds of honey. The small beginning toward agricultural development received a serious setback by what is known as the drought of i860, which really began in Sept., 1859, and lasted until the fall of the next year. fSee Droughts.) The struggle with poverty was accompanied by a struggle for statehood, and in 1861 Kansas, a poor, destitute, forlorn young thing, clothed in grain sacks and hope, was admitted to the Union. An optimism born of determination is indicated in the laws of the legisla- ture of 1862, by which a Kansas State Agricultural society was or- ganized, "for the purpose of promoting the improvement of agriculture and its kindred arts," and by which county and town agricultural and horicultural societies could be formed. The small development of the state had not extended over much territory, as in 1861 the map of Kansas was blank beyond the tier of counties embracing Saline, Marion and Butler. During the Civil war very little growth was made in any way, and while agriculture received more attention than many things, few surplus crops were raised. However, in 1863, the legislature ap- propriated $1,000 to the State Agricultural Society, thus keeping in mind the main business of the state in spite of war and strife. At the close of the war, from 1865 until 1870, a second invasion of emigrants entered Kansas, especially the southeastern portion. This invasion con- sisted of the sturdy 3'oung men who were discharged from the army, and, out of employment, turned to the fields of Kansas to make a home and support their families. These families were all poor, but kindly in their relations with one another. They exchanged work when outside assistance was needed, because there was no money for wages. Mr. Carey in an article on the Osage ceded lands gives a vivid glimpse of these settlers and their methods and shows a slight social line of de- marcation between those owning American horses, and those owning mustangs and Indian ponies, and between these and the owners of oxen. The implements employed were of an ordinary sort and all the com- munities of the state used the methods of farming prevalent in the dis- tricts from which they migrated, and confined their efforts to the com- mon crops. During the period from 1865 to 1870 farming commenced to be a vocation in Kansas. Much time and serious thought were given to it. In 1869 the legislature passed an act for the distribution of wheat on the western frontier. (See Harvey's Administration.) The agricultural development of the state during the decade from 44 CYCLOPEDIA OF i860 to 1870 is shown by the following statistics compiled by the ninth United States census. It shows 1,971,003 acres of improved land, 635,- 419 acres of woodland and 3,050,457 acres of unimproved land. The valuation of farms was $90,327,040; of farming implements and ma- chinery, $4,053,312; the total value of all farm productions, including betterments and additions to stock $27,630,651. There were 117,786 horses; 11,786 mules and asses; 12,344 milch cows; 20,774 w^orking oxen ; 229,753 other cattle ; 109,088 sheep ; 206,587 swine. There were produced on the farms 1,314,522 bushels of spring wheat; 1,076,676 bushels of winter wheat; 17,025,525 bushels of corn; 85,207 bushels of rye; 4,097,925 bushels of oats; 98,405 of barley; 27,826 of buckwheat; 33,241 pounds of tobacco; 7 bales of cotton; 335,005 pounds of wool; 13,109 bushels of peas and beans; 2,342,988 bushels of Irish potatoes; 49,533 bushels of sweet potatoes ; 5,022,758 pounds of butter ; 226,607 pounds of cheese; 490,289 tons of hay; 334 bushels of clover seed; 8,- 023 bushels of grass seed; 396 pounds of hops; 35 tons of hemp; 1,040 pounds of flax; 1,553 bushels of flaxseed; 938 pounds of maple sugar; 449,409 gallons of sorghum molasses; 212 gallons of maple molasses; 2,208 pounds of beeswax; 110,827 pounds of honey. In the early '70s the population grew more rapidly than the crops, thus keeping the country poor ; the legislature of 1872 found it necessary to appropriate $3,000 for the relief of settlers in the western part of the state. In March of the same year the Kansas State Agricultural So- ciety went out of existence and the Kansas State Board of agriculture was organized. (See Agriculture, State Board of.) The state made everj' effort to develop her fertile acres, but success came slowly, as new catastrophes were constantly happening to retard progress and to depress hope. In July and August, 1874, Kansas re- ceived a devastating visitation from the grasshopper or locust. A great swarm of these insects passed over the state devouring nearly every green thing. They came so suddenly the people were panic stricken. In the western counties, where inmiigration during the previous two j-ears had been very heavy, and the chief dependence of the settlers was corn, potatoes and garden vegetables, the calamity fell with terri- ble force. Starvation or emigration seemed inevitable unless aid should be furnished. The state board of agriculture set about collecting cor- rect data relating to the effects of the prevailing drouth, and devasta- tion of crops by locusts and cinch bugs, and Gov. Osborn issued a proclamation convening legislature on the 15th day of September. (See Osborn's Administration.) The grasshopper raid retarded immigration and discouraged the people of the state but did not destroy hope and faith, for in 1876 all forces rallied to redeem the reputation of Kansas. The State Board of Centennial Managers in a communication to the legislature said, "Kansas needs all the advantages of a successful display, Uemote from the money centers, the crash of the 'panic' came, swce]iing away our values, checking our immigration, and leaving us our land and our KANSAS HISTORY 45 debts. The devastation of the locust was an accidental and passing shadow. Our wealth of soil and climate has been reasserted in abundant harvests, but the depression still rests like a blight on the price of real estate. Immigration has halted and investments have measurably ceased." The legislature of 1876 evidently felt the same way about the state because it appropriated $25,000 for the Kansas building and dis- play in Philadelphia. (See Expositions.) The statistics for 1880, as giv,en by the State Board of agricultural, show 8,868,884.79 acres of land in cultivation, divided as follows : win- ter wheat, 2,215,937 3cres, with a product of 23,507,223 bushels, valued at $19,566,034.67; spring wheat, 228,497 acres, 1,772,661 bushels, $1,- 414,633.90; rye, 54,748 acres, 676,507 bushels, $270,602.80; corn, 3,554,- 396 acres, 101,421,718 bushels, $24,926,079.07; barley, 17,121 acres, 287,- 057 bushels, $143,528.50; oats, 477,827 acres, 11,483,796 bushels, $2,918,- 689.17; buckwheat, 2,671.41 acres, 43,455 bushels, $39,110; Irish potatoes, 66,233 acres, 4,919,227 bushels, $3,279,501.85; sweet potatoes, 4,021 acres, 39i.f96-55 bushels, $391,196-55; sorghufn, 32,945.09 acres, 3,787,- 535 gallons, $1,704,390.98; castor beans, 50,437.61 acres, 558,974.28 bushels, $558,974.28; cotton, 838.34 acres, 142,517.80 pounds, $12,826.67; hemp, 597.22 acres, 635,872 pounds, $38,152.32; tobacco, 607.21 acres, 449,33540 pounds, $44,933.54; broom corn, 25,507.64 acres, 17,279-, 664.50 pounds, $604,788.27; rice corn, 27,138.40 acres, 493,915 bushels, $125,353.12; pearl millet, 8,031.40 acres, 26,784 tons, $115,527; millet and hungarian, 268,485 acres, 602,300.31 tons, $2,542,565.95; timothy meadow, 49,201.46 acres, 79,634.16 tons, $447,411.20; clover meadow, 16,637.61 acres, 26,796.16 tons, $151,764.05; clover, blue grass and prairie pasture, 959,456.91 acres ; prairie meadow, 679,744 acres, 798,707 tons, $2,570,290.85. The counties having the most acres cultivated were Sedgwick, Mc- Pherson, Dickinson, Miami, Marshall and Sumner, all of which had more than 210,000, while Ford, Barbour and Hodgeman of the or- ganized counties had the least number of acres in cultivation. A strong feature in the dissemination of agricultural knowledge is the county agricultural society. In the general statutes of 1868, 1872 and 1873 provision is made for the incorporation of these county clubs for the encouragement of agriculture. The important relation exist- ing between them and the State Board of Agriculture is shown in sec- tion 2 of chapter 9 of the session laws of 1873, which declares "that every county or district agricultural society, composed of one or more counties, whether now organized or hereafter to be organized under the laws of the state of Kansas, shall be entitled to send the president of such society, or other delegate therefrom, duly authorized in writing, to the annual meeting of the State Board of Agriculture, to be held on the second Wednesday of January of each year, and who shall for the time being be ex-ofificio member of the state Board of Agriculture ; pro- vided, that the secretary of each district or county society, or such other person as may be designated by the society, shall make a monthly re- i]C-, CYCLOPEDIA OF port to the State Board of Agriculture, on the last Wednesday of each month, of the condition of crops in his district or county, make a list of such noxious insects as are destroying crops, and state the extent of their depradations, report the condition of stock, give a description of the symptoms of any disease prevailing among the same, with means of prevention and remedies employed so far as ascertained, and such other as will be of interest to the farmers of the state," etc. Chapter 37, session laws of 1879. provides that the monthly reports required to be made to and by the board of agriculture, by virtue of existing pro- visions of law, shall hereafter be made quarterly instead of monthly, except when the public interests shall require special reports. Fifty- eight county societies were organized as early as 1874. The decade from 1880 to 1890 is replete with new suggestions, new methods and new ideals for agricultural development. The hope of earlier years developed into confidence and in 1884 the report of the state board of agriculture says: "During the biennial period just past, nearly 2.000,000 additional acres have been put in cultivation. The principal field crops, corn, wheat, oats and grass, have received each a proportionate amount of this increase in acreage, the most notable additon being to the winter wheat area, which increased from 1,465,- 745 acres in 1882 to 2,151,868 acres in 1884 . . . The area of grass, made up of the tame grasses and prairie meadow under fence, increased in two j'ears nearly 1,000,000 acres. The westward march of the tame grasses may be said to have commenced within the period covered by this volume. Fields of timothy, clover, orchard-grass, blue grass and many other kinds, are now to be found in the central counties, and even beyond, while such fields were rarely met two years ago . . . The results of farming operations in Kansas for the past two years, . . . have definitely settled any doubt as to the entire fitness of the eastern half of the state to the successful prosecution of agriculture in all its branches. The debatable ground of ten years ago is jiow producing crops that have placed Kansas among the three great agricultural states of the Union, and the soil that ten years ago was believed to the satis- faction of many to be unfit for diversified farming, is now producing average yields that largely exceed the yields of any other jiortion of the country." During the years 1883-84, in complying with the law. the state board of agriculture issued each year a pam]ihlet intended to supply informa- tion concerning the resources and capabilities of the state, to those seek- ing homes in the west. "This report was restricted by law to 60 pages, and the edition each year to 65,000 conies, divided into 20,000 English copies, 20,000 German, 15,000 Swedish, and 10,000 Danish." The encouraging outlook for the realization of hope in all fields of industry was circumscribed by a drought in 1887. 'I"lu' live prdspcnuis years preceding it were unduly stimulated by heavy immigration and outside capital, the prevalence of fictitious values in all branches of business caused the crop failures of that year to fall more iicavily uj^on KANSAS HISTORY . 47 the people tliaii llicy (illieivviso would have done. 'J'hc (Ircjiif^-ht, which extended throughout most of the western states, fell with much force on Kansas and she experienced one of the most disastrous crop years in her history. In 1888 much of the loss was retrieved, a rapid restora- tion of confidence was occasioned in a large measure by the develop- ment of two new and very important industries- — sugar and salt — and by an abundant harvest. During the years 1888-89 the state board of agriculture turned some of its attention from immigration to the instruction of farmers in the means and methods best adapted to successful agriculture. With this in view the agricultural meetings were conducted along the lines of a farmers' institute, and were considered very profitable. A most im- portant step in the scientific development of husbandry was made in 1887, when the passage of the "Hatch bill" by Congress provided for the organization in each state of a station for experiment in lines pro- motive to agriculture. This experiment station, located by the legisla- ture, was made a department of the State Agricultural College at Man- hattan. The work of the section is done in eight departments: the farm department deals with experiments in farm crops, such as the testing of seeds, the introduction of new crops, rotation and adapta- tion of crops to soil ; the botanical department includes work along the lines of plant breeding and forage crops; the chemical department is engaged in analysis of soil, feeds, waters, ores, clays and miscellaneous things, the dairy and animal husbandry department conducts experi- ments in cheese making, economical production of milk, butter making, relative advantages of cattle foods, etc; the entomological department experiments relate to orchard pests, crop pests, etc. ; the horticultural department makes experiments in fruit raising, shrubs and vines as ornamentals, vegetables suitable for canning factories, etc. ; the vet- erinary department experiments in all kinds of diseases of cattle, swine and stock. The general department controls the management of the station, the distribution of bulletins, press notices, etc. The experiment station puts itself in touch with the agricultural districts through bul- letins, farmers' institutes, crop contests, press reports and display trains. Its influence has been shown in every community, as is evidenced by the diversity of crops, and the crop yield. In 1890 the crops raised were winter wheat, spring wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat. Irish and sweet potatoes, castor beans, cotton, flax, hemp, tobacco, broom corn, millet and bungareau, sorghum, milo maize, Jerusalem corn and prairie hay, the total number of acres cultivated being 15.929,654, the crop valuation $121,127,645, and the population 1,427,096. Up to 1890 agriculture was practical!}^ confined to the eastern and central parts of the state, the western portion being considered almost unfit for crops. In 1891 and 1892 a special effort was made to place be- fore the public the capabilities of Kansas soil for the production of wheat, and several farmers from every county in the state who had grOAvn unusually bountiful crops were asked to report to the State 48 CYCLOI'EDIA OF Board of Agriculture the yield and methods of culture. These reports were a new and surprising revelation and showed that western Kan- sas, through to the Colorado line, was bound to be adapted to success- ful wheat growing, many yields being reported at from 30 to 40 bushels an acre without irrigation. Another crop that sprung into prominence at this time was alfalfa. In the spring of 1891 farmers in all parts of the state who had been successful growing alfalfa without irrigation were asked to report upon their manner of preparing the soil and seed- ing it, the acreage they had in alfalfa, its value for hay, pasture and seed. These reports indicated that it was the most profitable crop that could be grown in Western Kansas, and had revolutionized farming in that section. STEAM PLOW IN ACTION. The conditions in western Kansas, especially in the Arkansas river valley, were improved b}' the magical influence of irrigation. The valley proper is from four to twelve miles wide, and the whole district is Hat enough for easy irrigation. The soil is sandy alluvium, cunlaining the highest elements of fertility, needing only moisture to change it from barren prairie to productive fields. In the early days of immigra- tion large numbers of people settled in the Arkansas river valley, towns were laid out, companies incorporated and large plans made for the fu- ture of this subhumid region. The ordinary methods of farmint encre not adapted to the climatic conditions and failure followed, until -.riga- tion from the Arkansas river was tried. The experiments were success- ful until Colorado adopted similar methods for its arid portions and used so much water from the river that by 1892 the ditches in Kansas were ill supplied. The U. S. government made investigations in west- ern Kansas that led to the discovery of an underflow of the Arkansas that amounted to practically a subterranean river. In 1905 it installed at Dcerfield, in Finney county, an irrigation plant that pumped water from wells drilled to this underground . stream. Through all the KANSAS lilSliiKV 49 Arkansas valle\- tlic well irris^atidii metlidd is successfully used. A cro]) like alfalfa that grows abundantly without apparent irrigation or rainfall lias long roots reaching in tlif underflow, or gains moisture from the subsf)il. The investigation of drdughl resisting crops, resulted in the cultiva- tion of the soy-bean in 1889 with most gratifying results. They were found to stand drought as well as kafir corn and sorghum, not to be touched by chinch bugs, and to enrich the soil in which they were grown, The soy-bean was brought from Japan, where it is extensively culti- vated for human food, taking the jjlace of beef on account of its rich- ness in protein. Because of its |)eculiar tlavDr but few .Americans like it. The soy-bean is valuable as slock food and for soil inoculation. Other important crops developed since 1890 are the sugar beet, and cow peas. Jt is not great variation in crops that Kansas has strived for but inteUigent production of those adapted to Kansas soil and climate. Dtiiiug theyears from 1890 to 1908 thorough attention was given to every detail of farm life, it being the ambition of the state to have every a.gricullurist farm in the best appro\ed and most scientific manner. In former years the farmer devoted his time to a few main crops and let the minor points take care of themselves, pests and disease were con- sidered bad luck rather than results of carelessness or ignorance. The farmer of today has a broader view of his vocation and investigates not only the soil, its -needs and bacteria, crop rotation, planting, and seed but also has a knowledge of silos and ensilage, the breeds of ducks, chickens, turkeys and geese, the most economical and elTective stock food, the best rations for milch cows, how to exterminate the Hessian flv, prairie dogs, gophers, chinch bugs or clover hay worms ; and he knows about weeds, their names, fruits, seeds, propagation and dis- tribution, all the simple diseases of stock, their symptoms, causes, and cures, and furthermore is interested in agriculture, horticulture, and forestrv. Kansas leads all other states in the output of wheat, but corn is her most important soil product. The statistics of the principal Kansas crops for 1908 were as follows: winter wheat, 6.831,811 acres, 76,408,560 bushels, valuation $63,597,490.19; spring wheat, 107.540 acres, 400.3(12 bushels, $287,655.55; corn, 7,057,535 acres, 150.640,516 bushels, $82,642,461.72; oats. 831,150 acres, 16,707,979 bushels. $7,118,847.22; rye, 34,799 acres, 361,476 bushels, $240,058.21; barley, 247,971 acres. $2,657,- 122 mmer (speltz), 50,469 acres. 934,941 bushels, $437,606.67; buck- whe° ' 316 acres, 3,945 bushels. $3,587.30: Irish potatoes. 81.646 acres, 5,937,825 bushels, $4,431,684.17; sweet potatoes, 4.818 acres. 471.760 bushels, $413,686.13; castor beans, 65 acres, 585 bushels, $585; flax. 58,- 084 acres 383,941 pounds, $360,010.46; tobacco, 32 acres,'4,8oo pounds, $480; millet and Hungarian, 225.267 acres, 416.413 tons. $1,841,231.50; sugar beets, 14,513 acres, 53,178 tons, $265,890. The total acreage of sorghum planted for syrup or sugar was 12,175, producing 927,269 gallons, with a value of $426,958.90 ; the number of acres of sorghum planted for forage or grain, 402,719, valued at $2,851,481 ; milo maize, (I-4) ■ 50 CYCLOPEDIA OF 55.255 acres. 106.268 tons. S5 15.269: Kafir corn, 630.096 acres. Si. 794,- 032 tons, $6,856,845.50; Jerusalem corn, 3,231 acres, 8,251 tons, $35,- 402.50; tame grasses, timothy, 413,148 acres; clover, 182,789 acres; bluegrass, 232,172 acres; alfalfa, 878,283 acres; orchard grass, 2,956 acres ; other tame grasses, 77,550 acres ; of tame hay in 1907 there were 1,429,119 tons cut, with a value of $9,534,290; in 1908, 13,744,690 acres of prairie hay was fenced; in 1907, 1,145,643 tons of prairie hay was cut and its value was $5,495,083.50; the live stock products in 1908 were valued at $87,678,468; and the horitcultural products of $995,829, making a total cash valuation for 1908 of $277,733,933. The large acreage of crops and their excellent quality is due, not only to the efforts of the farmer but also to the excellent properties in the soil and the salubrious climate. The soil of the upland prairies is usually a deep, rich clay loam of a dark color; the bottom lands near the streams are a black, sandy loam ; and the lands between the up- lands and the bottom land show a rich and deep black loam, contain- ing very little sand. All soils are free from stones, and except a few stiff clay spots on the upland prairie are easily cultivated. Tiie climate of Kansas is remarkably pleasant, having a large percentage of clear bright days. The final transition of the poor Kansas homesteader into a rich Kansas farmer has been the theme of much newspaper witticism. The first families who came lived in habitations of the crudest sort. \\'hile a few possessed cabins of native lumber, many occupied dugouts or houses built of squares of sod taken from the prairie. The dugout con- sisted of a hole dug in the side of a canon or any sort of depression on the prairie that would serve as a wind break. This hole was roofed across, about on the level with the prairie with boards, and these were covered with sod. The sod house was more pretentious and comforta- ble. It had walls two feet in thickness, a shingled roof, doors and windows set in, and sometimes was plastered, altogether making a neat and commodious dwelling place. The land laws of the L'nited States are such that any citizen of this country, can, under certain con- ditions, file his homestead or preemption papers at a nominal cost on a quarter section (160 acres) of and agricultural land belonging tp the government. If he makes an actual residence upon it for five years he secures the homestead for the price of filing fees; if he proves up, that is, gets title from the government before the five years are passed, he is required to pay $1.25 per acre for it. While the land is giy'^' to the settler for developing it, the process usually requires several 'fears and some money. Fences, out buildings, im]ik'mcnts and stock are ac- cumulated slowly, especially when one is poor, as nearly every settler is. The situation in Kansas was similar to that of other new States, money was needed to forward the interest of the state and of the in- dividual, hence in early years the loan agents representing eastern cap- ital did a thriving business. Especially was this true Ijetween the years 1884 and 1888, a period during which 24 counties were organized in western Kansas, where some 250,000 new citizens had made homes. KANSAS HISTORY 5I Insufficient acres were cullivated to supply the demand for food and have a surplus for capital. The whole of Kansas was in a state of specu- lative fermentation, stimulated by an abundance of eastern money seek- ing' investment in farm loans and city property. It was so easy to borrow money on a homestead, that it is said three-fourths of the farms were mortgaged. The boom days came to a close in 1887, with a crop failure previously mentioned, and Kansas, not yet self-supporting, was left with an accumulation of farm mortgages that depressed her for many years. But the farm mortgages have nearly all been redeemed, and as the prairies have been turned to gardens and the sand hills have been covered with verdure, so have the dugout and sod house given way to residences of the most complete type. Where years ago the farmer and his wife were glad to have water anywhere in the neigh- borhood today they have it pumped by windmill or power into all parts of th£ house. The chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks no longer frequent the door yards, for the farmer of today has a lawn ornamented with shrubs and trees as perfect as that of his city brother, and the fowls have their own houses, and runways especially adapted to their needs. The horses, cattle, sheep and other stock are no longer de- pendent upon the blue sky for shelter, for the most modern stables are constructed for their protection. The farmer and his son do not have to arise at break of day to get in the crop, because with, good teams, plows, reapers, mowing machines, and other up to date appliances, the farm work does not take so much time as formerly. Nor does the farmer's wife wait until Saturday to ride to town behind the weary plow horses, because her automobile is always at the door. The early settler has lived to realize his vision. Kansas as an agricultural state is all he hoped and more. Agriculture, State Board of. — On Feb. 19, 1872, Gov. Harvey ap- proved '"an act for the encouragement of agriculture," section i of which provided that "The present officers and executive committee of the Kansas State Agricultural Societj' shall be and are hereby constituted the State Board of Agriculture, who shall continue to hold office during the terms for which they have been respectively elected, to-wit : The president, vice-president, secretary, and one-half or five of the executive committee, until the second Wednesday of Jan., 1873, and five of the executive committee until the second Wednesday of Jan., 1874; Pro- vided, said society alter or amend their constitution in such manner as not to conflict with the provisions of this act. The governor and secre- tary of state shall be ex officio members of the State Board of Agricul- ture." The act also provided that every county or district agricultural so- ciety, then in existence or afterward organized under the laws of the state, that had held a fair in the current year, should be entitled to send a delegate, with proper credentials, to the annual meetings of the state board, and such delegates should be members ex officio for the time being. It was further provided that beginning with 1873, and there- 52 CVCI.Ol EDIA OF after, the annual meetings sliould l)e held on the second Wednesday in Jannary; that the board should make annual reports to the legislature, including both the agricultural and horticultural societies ; that 3,500 of this report should be printed each year, and an appropriation of ,$3,500 was made to carry on the work of the society for the year 1872. The first board was composed as follows: President, H. J. Stricklcr; \ice-president, George W. Veale ; secretary, Alfred Gra}-; treasurer, Thomas Murphy; executive committee, Martin Anderson, E. S. \ic- colls. George L. Young. James Rogers, William Martindale, Malcolm Conn. Joseph K. Hudson, .S. T. Kelsey, James I. Larimer and John K. Insley. Gov. James M. Harvey and Sec. of State W. M. Smallwood were ex officio memliers. The first meeting of the board was held mi March 12, 1S72, when Ihe constitution of the old agricultural societ^v was amended to conform to the provisions of the act establishing the new board. At the cli'sc of the year the first annual report was compiled and presented to the legis- lature. .Although this report contained much information regarding the agricultural interests of the state, the legislature evidentlv thought it ought to contatin more, for by the act of March 13, 1S73, it was provided that "It shall he the duty of the State lioard of .\griculture to publish, as a part of their annual transactions, a detailed statement, by counties. of the various industries of the slate, and other statistics, which shall l)e collected from the returns nf the cmmty clerks, and from such ntluT reliable sources as tlic said bnanl may deem best; also to cnjlccl, ar- range and publish from time to lime, in such manner as the said board may deem to l^e for the best interest of ihe stale, such statistical and other information as those seeking homes in the west may require; and they shall deliver a synopsis of it to sucli immigrant aid societies, rail- road com])anies, real estate agencies, and others interested, as may apply for the same; also to arrange, in suitable ])ackages and cases, and ]5lacv tlie same in the agricultural room>- for public insjiection, sam|)les of agricullin-al products, geological and other specimens, iiroxidcd foi' in this act." IJy the same act the .\c;ideniy of .Science was made ;i coi idin.-ite dc- jjartment of the .State Hoard of .\gricultitre, and assessors were directed to collect samjiles of agricultural ;ind other products and turn the s;tme over to the county clerk, who would forward them to the .■igricultuv.il rooms in tiie capitol at Topeka. At the annual meeting on Jan. 14. 1S7-I. I'lol'. Janu's II. I'.irruth. of Law-rencc. was elected botanist; I'rof. W. K. Kedzie, of .M.inh.ittan, chemist; I'rof, Ivdward .\. ro])enoe, of ro|)cka, entomologist; I'rof. 11. !•". Mndge. of Manhattan, geologist; I'rof. I''rank II. Snow, of l.awrence, meteorologist ; J. II. (arrnlli. I'.. ]•'. MndL;eancl I'vank II. Snow, a si",n;d service committee. During the year 1874 the secretary ])rep.iriil .uid pnMislu'd a series of monthly statements, by coiuilies, showing the condition of crops, etc. The board also began in this year the collection and arrangement KANSAS lUSTORV 53 of specimens of coal, buildint,-' slone. fossils, tfypsum, limber, etc., and made preparations for .securing a ctjllection of Kansas birds, noxious in- sects, and anything else that would be of interest to the aj^ricultural in- dustry in the state. Early in the year it was decided to hold a state fair at Leavenworth in September, but owing to the ravages of drought, grassho|)pcrs and chinch-ljugs as the season advanced, jjetitions from all ])arts of the slate came to the board nreinc' that the fair be abandcjned, n- KAXSAS A<;i;iri-i/m;Ai. i'i;c iiht-t; as it was beliexed in be impnssiljie to slmw prcxlucts that would be up to the standard of a more favorable year. The board, however, declined to listen to these complaints, and on Aug. 18 issued an address to the people of the state, advising them to bring the best tlie}^ had for exhibi- tion, and predicting that, if they would do so, the fair would be a suc- cess. Concerning the fair, the annual report said : "The result was all that could be desired as an exhibition. The products of the soil were never so well represented, either as to breadth of country or quality of ])roduct. Representatives of Eastern journals were present, and able to correct the prevalent idea that all of Kansas was dried out and eaten up." (See State Fairs.) Plans for the annual report for 1874 were made at the beginning of the year. It was decided to include in tiiis report a synopsis of tlic 54 CYCLOPEDIA OF board's proceedings, the substance of the monthly statements, an out- line of the agricultural history of the state, a review of the work of the agricultural college, a statistical and industrial exhibit, a diagram show- ing the rainfall in various sections of the state, an outline map of Kan- sas, and a sectional map of each county, showing townships, villages, etc. At that time the outstanding indebtedness of the board, for the years 1871-7J-73, was $6,585.42. To pay this indebtedness and publish the annual report along the comprehensive lines contemplated, it was resolved to ask the legislature for an appropriation. By the act of March 4, 1874, the sum of $16,735.42 was appropriated to liquidate the indebted- ness, pay the current expenses of the board, and publish the report. This was the first considerable appropriation ever made for the benefit of the board, and the precedent thus established has been followed by subsequent legislatures, which course has kept the Kansas State Board of Agriculture fully abreast of similar organizations in the most pro- gressive states of the Union. The annual report for 1875 was the best issued up to that time. In fact, it embodied so much useful and valuable information regarding the agriculture, mechanical and educational institutions of the state that the legislature, by the act of March 4, 1876, appropriated $8,625, o^ so much thereof as might be necessary, for the publication and distribution of a second edition. Since 1877, when the constitutional amendment making tlic legisla- tive sessions biennial went into effect, the reports of the board have been' made biennially instead of annually, and efforts have always been made to keep the character of the report up to the high standard estab- lished in 1875. The first biennial report embraced the years 1877-78. For a number of years the annual appropriation for the board has been in the neighborhood of $io,ooo, and special appropriations fur certain specified work have been made from time to time. By the act of March 5, 1901, the secretary was ordered to print and distribute 7,500 copes of the report for 1899-1900, in addition to the 15,000 previously jirinted. and appropriated $10,550 to defray the expenses of the extra edition. The act also provided for the publication of 20,000 copies of the report thereafter. The legislature of 1903 made a special ;ip])ropri;iti(Tn of $300 to gather data to make tests of sugar beets. Following is a list of the presidents of the board, with the years in which they served: IT. J- Strickler, 1872; E. S. Niccolls, 1873; George T. Anthony, 1874 to 1S76, inclusive; John Kelly. 1877-78; R. W. Jen- kins, 1879 to 1884, inclusive; Joshua Wheeler, 1885-86; \\'illiani Sims. 1887-88; A. W. Smith, 1889 to 1892, inclusive; Thomas M. Totter, 1893 to 1896, inclusive; George W. Click, 1897-98; T. A. Hubbard, 1890-1900; Edwin Taylor, 1901-02; J. IT. Churchill, 1903-04; J. W. Robison. 1905-06; A. ].. .Sponsler, 1907-08: ( linrles E. Sutton, 1909-10; 1. L. Diesem, 191 I-. .Mfred Gray served as secretary from the organization of the board to 1879, when J. K. Hudson was elected to succeed him. lludson re- KANSAS lllSTOKY 55 signed before the expiration of his term, and on Oct. i, 1881, F. D. Co- burn was elected to fill the vacancj'. William Sims was then secretary from 1882 to 1887. He was followed by Martin Mohler, who served un- til 1894, since which time the office has been held by Foster D. Coburn. Air, a small hamlet of J, yon county, is located on Elm creek in Waterloo townshi]). about jo miles northeast of b'.mporia, the county seat, and 5 miles from Admire, which is the most convenient railroad station, and from which it receives mail by rural free deliver)-. Akron, a village of Cowley county, is situated in Fairview township. 8 miles north of Winfield, the county seat. It is a station on the Atchi- son, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., has some local trade, and in 1910 reported a population of 52. Alabama Colony. — ]n 1856, in several Southern states, movements were made to encourage and promote emigration to Kansas, hoping thereby to advance the cause of slavery in Kansas. A Kansas executive committee was formed in Alabama, and considerable money raised for the purpose of giving free transportation to all southerners who would go for the j)urpose of settling. In Aug., 1856, Capt. Henry D. Clayton left Fufaula, Ala., with 29 emigrants for ICansas, being joined by others at different places along the route, until 90 persons were added by the time the colony reached Atlanta, Ga. The colonists were taken to Nash- ville by rail, and from there by steamboat down the Cumberland river, up the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, reaching Kansas City on Sept. 2. Among the colonists were four families who came with the view of joining the "Georgia Colony" which had recently been driven out of Kansas into Missouri. On account of the disturbed conditions in the territory the emigrants, soon after landing, organized a military com- pany, with IMr. Clayton as captain; J. H. Dauforth, first lieutenant; W. W. Mosely, second lieutenant; J. C. Gorman, C. ^^^ Snow. S. G. Reid and B. B. Simons, as first to fourth sergeants respectively; \\'. H. Bald- win, W. S. Reynolds, \V. L. Stewart and W. R. Kaen, as first to fourth corporals ; and P. M. Blue, W. T. G. Cobb, James Coxwell, A. Haygood, J. L. Hailey, R. P. Hamilton, J. J. Kitchen, A. P. McLeod, J. ^^'. Guinn. Charles O'Hara, W. A. Pinkston, T. PI. Rich, T. F. Rogers, T. Semple, D. R. Thomas and M. Westmoreland, as privates. This company was in active service in the territory for a short time, but at the solicitation of Gov. Geary disbanded. Peace being estab- lished in the territory the next step was to locate the settlers, which was done in Shawnee county, about 4 miles south of Tecumseh. upon the California road from Westport, and about 14 miles from Lecompton. then the capital of the territory. The executive committee which raised the money to send the settlers to the territory estimated the cost to be about S50 a head, but by taking deck passage on the steamboats it was found that the cost per capita did not exceed $30. The money saved on this item was distributed to the colonists most in need of help, while $500 was paid over to the Mis- souri executive committee, A. G. Boone, secretarv, to be used "not onlv 56 CYCLOPEDIA OF in purchasinn- munitions of war" to ath'ance slavery in Kansas, but also in furnishing- provisions to the distressed (southern) settlers, many of whom were recently driven from their homes along the border. Several of the colonists returned to the South without setting foot on Kansas soil. After seeing the colony settled. Mr. Clayton returned to .Alabama. and issued a report of sixteen pages in which he gave detailed statements of the doings and expenses incident to the settlement. According to the rei)ort something over $7,000 was raised for the purpose, of which $3.- 73i).cS5 was expended. Alamota, a money order postoffice of Lane county, is located in the township of the same name, and is a station on the division of the At- chison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. that runs from Great Bend to Scott, 9 miles east of Dighton, the county seat. It is a shipping and trading ijoint nf snme importatnce and in 1910 reported a population of 40. Alanthus, a post-village in Larrabee townshi]), Gove county, is on the Smoky Hill river about t8 miles southeast of Go\e, the county seat,- and 12 miles north of L'tica, which is the most cunvcnient railroad station. Albia, a small hamlet of Washington county, is situated near the Ne- Ijraska line, 10 miles north of Alorrowville, from which ]ilace mail is delivered by the rural free deliver}- system. iMidicott. Xcb.. is the near- est railroad station. Albert, a prosjjerdus little town of Barton cnunl\. is near the west- ern boundary, and is a station on the Great Mend and Scott di\isiiin of the Atchison, 'Popeka & Santa Fe R. R., 15 n-iiles from Great licnil. .\1- bert has a bank, a money order postoffice with one rural delivery route, large grain elevators, several good mercantile hdtises, ami in (()io re- ported a population of 250. Alburtis, a small settlement in ?\linris cnunty. is abi)Ul 2 i-niles from the Wabaunsee coimty line and 7 miles from Ccmncil Grove, the county seat, fri)i-n which place the inhabitants received mail hy rural free de- livery. Alcona, a ]jiisl-\illage nf Rmiks ccuut). is lucateil in the township of the same name, a little north of the .'-Solomon ri\-cr and some 13 i-niles west of Stockton, the county seat. The poi)ulation of the entire town- ship in 1910 was 320. Alcona is therefore a small i)lacc, l)ut it is a trad- ing center and rallying point for the pef)])le in that ]iart of the county, Alden, one of the thriving towns of Rice county, is located in \'alle\' lownshiji, on the main line of the Atchison, 'ro])eka tS: Santa W- R. R.. about 10 miles southwest of Lyons, the county seat. It li.is ieK'gi-a])h and ex|)ress ofifices, a money order ])ostoffice with one mral delivery route, a bank, lelejilione connection with the surrounding towns, a good graded i)ubiic school, and is a tr;tding and ship])ing pi>int of considerable imjuirtance. 'i'he i)o|)ulaliou in Mjio was 275. Aleppo, a small liamlel of Sedgwick counl\, is .situated about 15 mills wi'^i i.f Wii-liii;i. ihi- i-ounty scat, and 3 miles northwest of (lod KANSAS lIls•|■nu^• 57 (lard, from vvliicli place the inhabitants receive mail by rnral free de- livery. (Idddard is the most convenient railroad station. Alexander, a prosperons little town of Rush county, is situated in rSelle I'rairic township, on Walnut creek and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa I'"e K. R., about 13 miles southwest of I. a Crosse, the county seat. It has a bank, two creameries, several g'ood mercantile establish- ments, a money order postofifice, express and tele_si;raph service, churches of several denominations, and reported a population of 150 in 1910. Alexis, Grand Duke. — Many people may not know that Kansas was once honored by a visit from royalty. In Nov., 1871. .Alexander 11, at that time czar of Russia, sent his third son, (irand Duke .A'exis, as a special embassador to President Grant and the people of the Ignited States with consfratulations on the outcome of the ("ivil war. With a desire to sec somctliing of the country, the grand duke spent a por- tion of Jan., 1872, with some army oflficers and plainsmen in roughing it through Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado. The duke's desire was to engage in a buffalo himt. .Accordingly he was met by Gen. Custer and conducted to a camp on Red Willow creek, where it was supposed bufifalo could be found. Learning that a large herd of iDufifalo had been seen in the vicinity of Kit Carson, 130 miles east of Denver, the party took a train at Fort Wallace, Kan., and went there. The troop horses used by the hunting party were unused to the bison and almost stampeded when they came within sight of the herd, causing several ludicrous and some slightly serious accidents. The grand duke has been described as "modest, good-humored and companionable," and his good humor never showed to better advantage than in that buffalo hunt. After a ball at Denver, given in his honor, the royal party left on a special train for the east. A short stop was made at Topeka, where the grand duke was officially received by Gov. Harvey and the legisla- ture, which was then in session, after which there was an informal re- ception. Alfalfa. — This leguminous plant was cultivated in ancient times by the EgAjitians, Medes, Persians, Greeks and Romans. It is called lucerne in all cnuntries of Europe, except Spain, where it is known by its Arabic name — alfalfa. Early in the history of the western continent the Spaniards carried alfalfa to South .America, where it escaped from cultivation and is said t(i be found today growing wild over large areas. Alfalfa was carried from Chile to California about the year 1853 and from there it has spread eastward to the Mississippi river — and be- yond. Tt was also introduced into America by the Germans, who planted it in New York as early as 1820. Alfalfa was grown in Kansas earlier than 1891, but not until then does the Kansas State Board of .Agriculture give a rejiort of its acreage in its statistics on tame grasses. The table for i8gi shows three counties. Miami, Atchison, and John- son as growing no alfalfa whatever. Tt shows the counties of Stanton, Ness, Neosho, Morton, Linn, .Allen, Anderson. Bourbon, Cherokee, Crawford, Doniphan, l'"ranklin, Haskell, Jefferson and Leavenworth as 58 CYCLOPEDIA OF growing 10 acres or less per county, the counties of Chase, Cloud, Gray, Kearney, Lyon, Saline, Sedgwick and Wabaunsee as growing more than 1,000 acres per county and Finney county as growing 5,717 acres; the total acreage for the whole state being 34,384. Alfalfa is an upright, branching, smooth perennial plant, growing from one to three feet high. It is often called "Alfalfa clover," because of its resemblance to clover. It has a pea blossom and a leaf of three leaflets ; is adapted to a wide range of soils and climate, and is consid- ered by good authorities to be the best forage plant ever discovered. It is now grown in every county in Kansas and 90 per cent of the arable land is suitable for its production. There are only two condi- tions under which it will not grow. When rock is found within four or five feet of the surface and the soil is dry down to the rock, or where the soil is not drained and is wet a considerable part of the year. The young alfalfa plant is one of the Aveakest grown and is especially feeble in securing from the soil the nitrogen it needs to develop it. Mature alfalfa plants obtain their nitrogen from the air while their deep growing roots gather potash and phosphoric acid from the sub- soil. Alfalfa from one seeding can be expected to live from three to fifteen or more years. Its value as a stock food and as an article of commerce has made it one of the foremost of Kansas crops. The ex- periment station at Manhattan has investigated its properties and tested its worth, and the recommendation given it has done to increase its growth in Kansas. The statistics of 1908 show alfalfa production in six counties as being less than 100 acres per county, thirty-three coun- ties have areas from 10,000 to 35,000 acres each, and Jewell county had 60,018 acres in alfalfa, the acreage of the whole state reaching 878,283. The growing appreciation of alfalfa as a stock and dairy food, the slight expense and little waste in handling it, have led to the manu- facture of several food prejjarations. In some cases these are made by simply grinding the alfalfa into meal, and at other times they are a mixture of the meal with molasses or other ingredients. The manifold uses of alfalfa give it a prominent place in modern agriculture and large areas in western Kansas are givin.g a return of from $15 to $35 per acre from their alfalfa fields where but a few years ago the land was deemed worthless. Alfred, a hamlet in the southwestern part of Douglas county, is 10 miles west of Quayle, the nearest railroad station, and about 4 miles west of Lone Star, from whicli il has rural free delivery. . Aliceville, a village in .\von township, Coft'cy county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific H. K., about 12 miles in a sinitlieaslcrly direction frrim I'.urlington, the county seat. It has a hank, a money order ])ost- ofificc, cxjjrcss office, a good retail trade, and is a shii)ping point of some importance. The population in 19m was 150. Alida, a little village of Geary county, is in .Smoky 11 ill township, and is a station on the I'nion Pacific l\. K., 8 miles west of Junction City, tiie county seat. It has .-i money order postollice. a telegraph KANSAS HISTORY 59 office, and is a tradiny and shipping point for that section of the county. The population in 1910 was 48. Aliens. — Under the Wyandotte constitution, as originally adopted and ratified by the people, aliens had the same rights and i)rivilcges in the ownership and enjoyment of real estate in Kansas as did the citizens of the state. Some years later there grew up a sentiment in opposition to alien^ owning lands within the state, and in 1888 this sentiment found expression in an amendment to the constitution providing that the rights of aliens with regard to ownership of real property in Kansas might be regulated by law. The legislature, however, took no action on the subject until the act of March 6, 1891, the principal provision of which was as follows: "Non resident aliens, firms of aliens, or corporations incorporated under the laws of any foreign country, shall not be capable of acquiring title to or taking or holding any lands or real estate in this state by descent, device, purchase or otherwise, except that the heirs of aliens who have heretofore acquired lands in this state under the laws thereof, and the heirs of aliens who may acquire lands under the provisions of this act, may take such lands by device or descent, and hold the same for the space of three years, and no longer, if such alien at the time of so acquiring such lands is of the age of twenty-one years; and if not twenty-one 3'ears of age, then for the term of five years from the time of so acquiring such lands; and if, at the end of the time herein limited, such lands so acquired by such alien heirs have not been sold to bona fide purchasers for value, or such alien heirs have not become actual residents of this state, the same shall revert and escheat to the State of Kansas," etc. Coal, lead and zinc lands were exempted from the jjrovisions of the act, and there were some other provisions to secure the application of the law without working unnecessary hardships upon any one. The law was subsequently held to be constitutional by the supreme court of the state. Allegan, a little hamlet of Rice county, is located on Cow creek, about 10 miles northwest of Lyons, the county seat, from which place mail is supplied by rural free delivery. Chase is the nearest railroad station. Allen, one of the principal towns of Lyon county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R., about 18 miles north of Emporia, the county seat, and 19 miles west of Osage City. .A.llen was incorporated in 1909 and in loio reported a population of 286. It has telegraph and express service, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, a bank, several good mercantile houses, a graded public school, churches of various denominations, and does considerable shipping of live stock and farm products, Allen County, one of the 33 counties established by the first territorial legislature, was named in honor of William Allen, United States sena- tor from Ohio. It is located in the southeastern part of the state, in 6o CYCLOPEDIA (IK the second tier of counties west of jMissouri and about 50 miles north of the state line. In extent it is 21 miles from north to south and 24 miles from east to west, containing 504 square miles. It is bounded on the north by Anderson, east by Bourbon, south by Neosho and west by Woodson county. The count}- was organized at the time of its creation, Charles Passmore being appointed probate judge; B. W. Cow- den and Barnett Owen county commissioners, and William Godfrey sheriff. These oiificers were to hold their offices until the general elec- tion in 1857. and were empowered to appoint the county clerk and treas- urer to complete the county organization. The first white inhabitants located in the cminty during the early part of the year 1855. Duncan & Scott's History of Allen County (p. 9), says: "There is some dispute as to who made the first permanent settlement, but the weight of the testimony seems to award that Imn- orable distinction to D. H. Parsons, who, with a companion, 11. W". Cowden, arrived on the Neosho river near the month cif Elm creek in .March, 1855." During the spring and summer settlement progressed rapidlw The greater number of settlers located along the Neosho ri\-er, aniung them Ijeing \\ . C. Keith, Henry r)ennett, Elias Copelin, James Barber, Har- nett Owen. .\. W. G. Brown, Thomas Day and Giles Starr, .\long the banks of Morton creek the early settlers were llirani .Smith. Michael Kisner, Augustus Todd, A. C. Smith, Dr. Stockton. ( ieorge I lall. An- dersf)n A\'ray, Jesse Morris and Thomas Norris. .\.lihiniL;h nian_\ nf the early settlers were ])ro-slavery men, but few slaves were brought into the county. The free-state men showed such open antagonism larbee, \\ illiam ISaker, Samuel A, Williams and Josejih C. .Anderson as incor]5oralors. Tlic lii>t ])ostoffice was established at Cofachifjue in the spring of 1855 with .\aron Case as postmaster, but no regular mail service was o])ened until July 1. 1857, the mail n|) to that time being brought in from h'ort .Scott by pri\ate carrier jiaid by the citizens. In l-'ei)., 183O. .M. W. I'osl ;ind Joseph i.ndh'N . who were eiig;ige(l in the survey of the standard parallels, linislied with the litth parallel through .Mien county and concluded to locate near ( oku'lii<|ne. I'lie next summer .Mr. l.udley brought a sawmill from \\ estpoit, .Mo., and set up in the limber near the town. This mill was run 1>\ horse power and was tlie first manufacluring concern ol" any kind in ihe county. In tile second territorial legislature, elected in ( let.. 185!). Allen county was rc|)resented in the council by Blake Little and in the house by I!. I'.ranlley ;ind W . W. Sjjratl. KANSAS IlIS'ldRV 6l In 1858 the town of lola was started and the oard of Agricultiu-e for the same year gives the total value of farm products as $1,362,654.60, corn Icidiiig with 1,123,290 bushels, valued at .$550,412.10. Allendale, a little haiiiU't of Allrn cmnity. is situated abcmt 5 or 6 miles northeast of lola, the county seat, from which ])lacc it receives mail by rural delivery. It is about equally distant from Carlyle on the Santa Fe and La llar])c on the Missouri. Kansas il- Texas raibciads. which iilaccs are the nearest railway stations. AUis, Samuel, Jr., an early missionary to the Indians west of the Missouri river, was born at Conway, Franklin county, Mass., .Sept. 28, 1805. Me learned the trade of harness maker and worked at \arious places in his early nianlnMid, finally reaching Ithaca, X. Y.. where he united with the Presbyterian cliureh. thottgh his iiarenls were Congre- galionalists. In the s|)ring nf 1834 he left Ithaca in com|)any with Rev. John Dunbar (q. v.) as a missionary to the Nez Perces. I'pon arriving at .St. Louis he found that the company of traders with which he had intended to journey tn the Indian eninitry had already left th.it city. KANSAS IIISTCJRV 65 .Not caring to undertake llic tri|i alimc, Ik- s[ienl sonic time at Fort Leavenworth, and then accompanied Mr. Dunbar to the agency of the Omalias, Otoes and Pawnees at Bellevue, Neb. Soon after arriving there Mr. Dunbar went as a missionary to the Grand Pawnees and Mr. AlHs to the Pawnee Loups, with whom he remained until 1846. Among his other labors was the establishment of the Pawnee school at Council Point on the Platte river. For several years he was the interpreter for the United States in the negotiation of treaties and in this capacity aided in the acquisition of the Indian lands in Nebraska and Kansas. In 1851 he went to St. Mary's, Iowa, where he lived on a farm for two j'ears. He then returned to Nebraska and there passed the remainder of his life. As a member of the Nebraska Plistorical Society he made valuable con- tributions to the Indian history of that state and Kansas. Allison, a village of Decatur county, is located in the township of the same name, on the north fork of the Solomon river, about 25 miles southeast of Oberlin, the county seat, and 8 miles from Dresden, which is the nearest railroad station. It has a money order postofifice, some local trade, and in 1910 reported a population of 25. Alma, the judicial seat and principal city of Wabaunsee county, is located a little northwest of the center of the county on Mill creek and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., and is the terminus of a di- vision of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. which connects with the main line at Burlingame. The first house in Alma was built in the fall of 1867 and the following December the town was made the county seat. In 1868 a hotel and school house were erected, and after the ad- vent of the railroads the growth was more rapid. Mill creek furnishes water power for operating a flour mill and some other concerns. Being located in the heart of a rich agricultural and stock raising region. Alma is a shipping point of considerable importance. It has a bank with a paid up capital of $50,000, an international money order postoffice with four rural delivery routes emanating from it, excellent express, tele- graph and telephone facilities, an electric lighting plant, two weekly newspapers — the Enterprise and the Signal — and a monthly publication called the Emblem, devoted to the interests of a fraternal organization. The city has a modern high school building, erected at a cost of $16,000, and both the Lutherans and Catholics have parochial schools. The mer- cantile establishments of Alma rank favorably with those in other cities of its size. Good building and cement stone are found in the vicinity. The altitude of Alma is 1,055 ^^^t. In 1910 the population was 1,010. Almena, an incorporated town of Norton county, is located on Prairie Dog creek in the northeastern portion, at the junction of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific railroads, 12 miles east of Norton, the county seat. It has a bank, a weekly news- paper, an opera house, good hotels, large grain elevators, an interna- tional money order postoffice with three rural routes, and in 1910 had a population of 702. Being located in the midst of a fine agricultural country, Almena ships large quantities of grain and live stock, and its (I-5) 66 CYCLOPEDIA OF retail stores supply a considerable section of the northeastern part of the county. A fine quality of building stone is found in the immediate vicinity. Altamont, one of the incorporated towns of Labette county, is lo- cated in Mt. Pleasant township, on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R., ID miles northwest of Oswego, the county seat and very near the geo- graphical center of the county. It has banking facilities, a weekly news- paper, express and telegraph ofifices, and an international money order postoffice with three rural routes. The town was laid otit the year the railroad was built (1879), by a company of which L N. Hamilton was president. The first house was built by Scott Noble, in the fall of that year. A hotel was built the following summer and a general store opened by Jones, Burns & Wright. A number of business enterprises were launched in the next two years. The first church was erected in 1880. A postoffice called Elston was established in this vicinity in 1870. ^\1^en Altamont was founded the name was changed. The town was incorporated in 1884 and the following officers chosen : Mayor, H. C. Rlanchard ; police judge, L. W. Grain; councilmen. R. B. "Gregg, W. M. McCoid, D. Reid, C. S. Newlon, and A. J. Garst ; city clerk, W. F. Ham- man. Alta Vista, one of the larger towns of Wabaunsee county, is situ- ated in Garfield township, on Mill creek and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., 15 miles southwest of Alma, the county seat. It was settled in 1887, was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1905, and in 1910 reported a population of 499. Alta Vista is one of the busy towns of Kansas. It has two banks, a weekly newspaper, a number of high class mercantile houses, a good public school system, ex]5ress and telegraph offices, telephone connection, does considerable shipping, and its money order postoffice is the starting point of three rural delivery routes which supply mail to the surrounding country. Alton, an incori)orated town of Osborne county, is located on the Solo- miin river in i^umner township, and is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 13 miles west of Osborne, the county sc!at. The population in T910 was 414. Alton has a bank, a public library, a fire department, an opera house, a weekly newspaper, express, telegraph and telephone service, and is the principal shipping point and trruling center for the north- western part of the county. Altoona Tformerly Geddesburg") . one of the larger incorporated cities of Wilson county, is located on the Missouri Pacific R. R.. and on the Verdigris river. 1 1 miles cast of Fredonia, the county seat. It has two 1)anks. a weekly newspaper, telegraph and express offices, and an in- ternational money order postoffice with three rural routes. The popula- tion in 1910 was 1,462. The town was founded in 1869 by a town com- pany, of which Dr. T. F. C. Todd was president. No town elections were held until tlic town company ceased to do business. The first Imsiness enterprise was a grocery store opened in 1869 by George SInillz and John Tloopcr. The postoffice was established in April. 1870, KANSAS insTom' 67 and J. N'. D. Brown ajipi linlcd postmaster. The Altoona Union, the second paper published in the county, was founded in March, 1870, by Bowser & Brown. A school house was built the next year at a cost of $3,000. A steam saw mill and a flour mill were set up in 1871 on the Verdigris. The growth of Altoona dates from the entrance of tlic railrnad in 1885-6. At that time it was a town of some 300 inhabitants, and a dozen business houses. The development of the oil and gas fields in the vicinity in the 'gos added greatly to the importance of the city. Amador, a village of Clifford township, Butler county, is located on a branch of the Whitewater river, about 16 miles northwest of Eldorado, the county seat. Mail is received by the people of Amador from I '.urns, Marion county, by rural free delivery. America City, a hamlet of Nemaha count}', is located in Red Vermil- lion township on the Red Vermillion river, 20 miles south of Seneca, the county seat, and 6 miles from Havensville, from which place it re- ceives daily mail. An act incorporating this little town was approved b}^ the territorial legislature on Feb. 14, 1867. The corporate limits in- cluded 380 acres of land. A store was opened in 1861 and a Methodist church built. In 1910 it reported a population of 30. American Settlement Company. — This company, which was organized in Sept., 1854, had its headquarters at No. 226 Broadway, N. Y. The officers were : Theodore Dwight, president ; J. E. Snodgrass, vice- president ; G. M. Tracey, secretary; D. C. Van Norman, treasurer; George Walter, general superintendent. The preamble to the constitu- tion of the company set forth that "The subscribers hereto, being de- sirous to form a company for the purpose of settling a tract of land in the Territory of Kansas, in order to assist in making it a free state, and to found thereon a city, with a municipal government, and the civil, literary, social, moral and religious privileges of the free states, for the equal benefit of the members, have associated and formed, and do hereby associate and form themselves into a joint stock company, under the name of 'American Settlement Company,' and have adopted the following articles for the government of said company," etc. Article I provided for a capital stock, to be divided into shares equal to the number of lots in the proposed city, the price of which was at first fixed at $5 a share, subject to an advance when so ordered by the board of directors, and no one was to be allowed to purchase more than six shares. Article II vested the management in a board of directors, a ma- jority of whom should be residents of New York City. This board was to be self-perpetuating, being given power to fill vacancies, etc. Article III provided that members of the company and colonists should be persons of good moral character, the aim being to establish a community with a high ideal of citizenship. Articles IV to XI defined the duties of the officers and dwelt prin- cipally with the routine matters pertaining to such associations. 68 • CYCLOPEDIA OF Article XII provided that the money received from the sale of shares should be used to secure a tract of land two miles square, on or near the Santa Fe trail, and to defray the expenses of surveying and laying out a municipality to be known as "Council City." Article XIV stipulated that one lot out of every fifty should be given for school purposes, and the management should have the power to donate other lots for the establishment of institutions "appropriate to an orderly, virtuous, temperate and refined American community." Immediately after the organization was perfected a committee of seven men — citizens of New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio — visited Kansas to select a site for "Council City," and after exploring the terri- tory for several weeks decided upon a tract between Dragoon and Switzler creeks, in what is now Osage county, a short distance south of the present city of Burlingame. About the same time a circular was issued by the company, stating that the object was "to found in Kansas a large and flourishing city, one that would claim the attention and patronage of all interested in the growth and prosperity of that ter- ritory." Council City was laid out with streets 75 feet wide and avenues 150 in width. The lots were 75 by 150 feet, and there were several tracts ranging from to to 50 acres each reserved for parks. A small party of settlers arrived late in Oct., 1854. and a few of the more energetic set to work to make Council City a reality, but the majority were dis- appointed b)' the prospect. Other settlers came in the spring of 1855, but the metropolis never met the expectations of its projectors, and after a precarious existence of a few months it disappeared froni the map. Americus, an incorporated city of the third class in Lyon county, is a station on the Missouri. Kansas & Texas R. R., 9 miles nortliwcst of Kniporia. the county seat. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper, churches of various denominations, good public schools, etc. Its location in the rich valley of the Neosho river gives it a good local trade and makes it an important shipping point. The population in 1910 was 451. Two delivery routes emanates from its money order postoffice and supply mail to the surrounding rural districts, and the town is provided with express and telegraph offices and has telephone connection with F.m- poria and other cities. Ames, a village of Shirley township, Cloud comity, is a station on the Missouri I^acific R. R. 12 miles cast of Concordia, the county scat. It has a money order postoffice with one rural delivery route, express and telegraph service, some good mercantile houses, and in ii)io re- ported a population of 120. Amiot, a village of Reeder townslii]i. Anderson counly. is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R., 16 miles northwest of Garnett, llic comity seat, and not far from the Coffey count)' line. The population in u)\o was 40. Amiot has a money order postoffice. and is a ir.idiiiL; and siiip- ping priini for thai section of the coniity. KANSAS IIISTORV 69 Amy, a mone}- order postoffice of Lane county, is located in Blaine township, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa I-'c R. R., 7 miles west of Dighton, the county seat, with which it is connected by telephone. Ananias Club. — According to an early letter head of the club, the St. Ananias club of Topeka was instituted July 4, 1876. It was organized in the year 1874, by a number of the "good fellows" of the capital city for social purposes, and was incorporated in 1886. The club had four tenets : Honesty, sobriety, chastity and veracity. The motto of the club was "Unadulterated truth." St. Ananias was the patron saint. At the time of organization it had 29 members. Following are the original members and the official titles which they bore: Samuel A. Kingman, perpetual president; Sam Radges, secretary, phenomenal prevaricator; Floyd P. Baker, distinguished dissimulator; C. N. Beal, efficacious equivicator; A. Bergen, libelous linguist; J. C. Caldwell, eminent ex- pander ; George W. Crane, egregious cxaggerator ; Hiram P. Dillon, felicitous fabricator ; Charles M. Foulkes, fearful fictionist ; Xorris L. Gage, quaint quibbler; N. S. Goss, oleaginous falsifier; Cyrus K. Holli- day, illustrious illusionist; J. B. Johnson, truth torturer; Henry Keeler, laconic liar; John T. Morton, nimble narrator; D. A. Moulton, financial fabricator; Thomas A. Osborn, pungent punster; H. A. Pierce, diabolical dissembler; George R. Peck, sapient sophist; T. P. Rodgers, immacu- late inventor; Byron Roberts, vivid variationist ; H. K. Rowley, me- phistophelian munchausenist ; Dr. Silas E. Sheldon, esculapian equivi- cator ; Henry Strong, racy romancer ; William C. Webb, august ampli- fier ; Daniel W. Wilder, hypothetical hyperbolisy ; Archibald L. Wil- liams, paraphrastic paralogist. From the time of its organization until its dissolution the club had a membership of 82, which included many distinguished Kansans, of whom in the year 191 1 not more than twelve or fifteen were living. It has been said that during the existence of the club its doors were never closed and that at almost any hour of the day or evening a whist game could be found in progress. The club had but one president and one secretary, and after the death of President Kingman, on Sept. 9, 1904, the organization closed its doors, the records and portraits being turned over to the Kansas State Historical Society. Among the effects was an excellent, life-like portrait in oil, of St. Ananias, with halo over the head, a lyre clasped in his hands, his lips open as if about to sing, and the whole partially sur- rounded with a border of cherry sprigs showing the ruddy fruit, and each spray garnished with a small hatchet. Andale, an incorporated town of Sedgwick county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R.. in Sherman township, 19 miles northwest of Wichita. Andale has a bank, a money order postoffice with one free delivery route which supplies mail to the inhabitants of that section of the county, a Catholic church and school, some good mercantile estab- lishments, express and telegraph facilities, and does considerable ship- ping of grain and other farm products. The population in 1910 was 237. "JO CYCLOPEDIA OF Anderson, a little hamlet of Smith county, is located near the head of \\hite Rock creek, about 9 miles northeast of Smith Center, the county seat, from which place mail is received by rural free delivery. Anderson County was named for Joseph C. Anderson, a member of the first territorial legislature, which erected and organized the county in 1855. It is located in the southeastern part of the state in the second tier of counties west of iMissouri, about 50 miles south of the Kansas river and 70 miles north of the southern boundary of the state. It is 24 miles square and has an area of 576 square miles. On the north it is bounded by Franklin county, on the east of Linn, on the south by Allen and on the west by Coffey. When the first white settlers came to what is now Anderson county in the spring of 1854 they found some of the fields which the Indians had cultivated. They were Valentine Gerth and Francis Meyer, who came from Missouri and settled on the Pottawatomie near the present site of Greeley. These men were without families but planted and cultivated the old Indian fields the first summer. Henry Harmon came with his family and settled near the junction of the branches of the Pottawatomie. During the summer and fall more settlers came, among whom were Henderson Rice. \\'. D. West, Thomas Totton. Anderson Cassel, J. .'^. \\'aitman and Dr. Rufus Gilpatrick. In the winter of 1854-55 quite a number of Germans came to the county and settled along the south branch of the Pottawatomie above Greeley, where they built several cabins and selected valuable timber claims. In the spring of 1855 they returned to St. Louis and on account of the territorial troubles never came back. Their claims were soon taken up by other settlers. \\'hen Gov. Reeder, on Nov. 8, 1854, issued a proclamation ordering an election for the 29th, the region now embraced in Anderson county was made a part of- the Fifth district. The election was ordered to be held at the house of Henry Sherman near the place called Dutch Henry's crossing on ihc I'otlawatdinie. .\1 llie election lUr iiicnihcis of tiic first territorial legislature, A. M. Coffe\' and David Lykins were elected to the council and .Mien Wilkerson and H. W. Yonger representatives. Of the resident voters, about 50 in number and practically all free-state men, only a few voted, but the Missourians came over and cast about 200 pro-slavery votes. At the election for a delegate to Congress in Oct., 1855, George ^^'i!son was the only person voting in the district. Samuel Mack, one of the judges, refused to vote regarding the election as a farce, most of the voters being residents of Missouri who came over on horseback and in wagons, well supplied with whiskey and guns. CScc Keeder's .Administration.) Piecause of the nnlrages committed upon the free-state settlers, a military (irganization, made up of Frank- lin and Anderson county men and called the Pottawatomie Rifles, was formed in the fall of 1855. Among the members were Dr. Rufus Gil- patrick, M. Kilbourn, W. Aycrs, H. H. Williams, August Hondi, Samuel Mack, James Townsley and Jacob Benjamin from Anderson comity. The legislature having defined the bounds (>{ the county, llun pro- KANSAS HISTOKY 7I vided for its organization and the election of county officers. In joint session the legislature elected George Wilson probate judge and com- missioned him on Aug. 27, 1855, for a term of two years. He was the first commissioned officer and immediately after qualifying set out for the county. On Sept. 10, he arrived at Henry Sherman's house, where he remained until the 15th, when he went to the house of Francis Meyer near the present site of the town of Greeley. Judge Wilson had desig- nated Meyer's house as the temporary seat of justice and notified Wil- liam R. True and John C. Clark, who had been appointed county com- missioners and A. V. Cummings, who had been appointed sheriff, to meet him there on the 15th to complete the county organization. But all three refused to accept the appointment, although Judge Wilson at- tempted several times to make them qualify- Cummings was a resident of Bourbon county. Wilson at last appealed to the governor for assist- ance to organize the county and Acting Gov. Shannon commissioned Francis Meyer and F. P. Brown commissioners and Henderson Rice sherifl:'. but .Brown and Rice would not accept the commissions. The probate judge and Francis Meyer organized the county on Jan. 7, 1856. Five days later the second session of the probate judge and commis- sioners' court was held at Meyer's house and David McCammon was appointed sheriff. He gave bond and qualified on Jan. 18, on which date the court held its third session and J. S. Waitman was appointed com- missioner. This was the first time that a full board of commissioners had existed. At this time C. H. Price was appointed justice of the peace for the county and commissioned by Judge Wilson. Price quali- fied on March 5, 1856, and the same day was appointed treasurer of the county. On Feb. 4, 1856, Thomas Totton was appointed clerk of the county, and on March 9 a petition for the location of a road from Henry Sherman's house to Cofachique, the county seat of Allen county, was considered.' David McCammon, James Townsley and Samuel Mack were appointed commissioners to open the road, which was to be 70 feet wide. This was the first road in the county. On Feb. 18, 1856, a petition was presented to the commissioners, signed by A. McConnell and fifteen others, requesting a permanent loca- tion of the county seat, and David McCammon, James Townsley and Thomas Totton were appointed to select the site, provided it should be located within three miles of the geographical center of the count3^ The commissioners selected a place and called it Shannon, where the county business was transacted until April 5, 1859. The first term of the district court was held on the fourth Monday in .April, 1856; Sterling Cato, one of the territorial judges presiding. It convened at the house of Francis Meyer and was in session an entire week but the records of the proceedings have disappeared. At the election of delegates to the Topeka constitutional convention, 49 votes were polled at the Pottawatomie precinct, by free-state voters and at the election for the adoption or rejection 14 persons from .Ander- son countv voted. 72 CYCLOPEDIA OF During the summer and fall of 1856 Anderson county was overrun by bands of lawless pro-slavery men, known as "Border Ruffians." The officers of Anderson county had been chosen because of their loyalty to the slave power, and when the difficulties culminated in 1856 they took an active part with the pro-slavery men. The free-state men re- fused to countenance such conduct on the part of the officers and late in the spring Francis Meyer, John S. Waitman, David McCammon and George Wilson having been concerned in several pro-slavery atrocities, were forced to flee from the county. There was continued trouble along Pottawatomie creek until the government ordered United States troops to the neighborhood. They camped for several weeks a short distance from the present site of Greeley, but were commanded by pro-slavery officers and reall}' afforded little protection to the free-state settlers. The Pottawatomie Rifles drilled at the farm of W. L. Frankenburger and participated in many of the expeditions of 1856-7. During the fall of 1856 pro-slavery invasions became so frequent that it was unsafe for the settlers to remain at home over night with their families, and for several months they would collect at Frankenburger's claim on the Pottawatomie, the women and children taking shelter in the cabin, while the men remained on guard. Anderson county men, commanded by Dr. Rufus Gilpatrick, took part in the battle of Osawatomie under John Brown. When Gov. Woodson declared the territory in a state of insur- rection and rebellion and called out the militia, several .settlers left .An- derson county never to return. About this time a party of some 200 hundred Missourians camped on Middle creek, at Battle Mound, waiting for reinforcements preparatory to a general movement against the free-state settlements along the Pot- tawatomie, and many outrages were committed in Anderson, Linn and Franklin counties. Among these was the capture of George Partridge, Aug. 27, 1856, and on the same day the burning of the hou9<;s of Kil- bourne and Cochrane near Greeley. Dr. Gilpatrick, while making calls, discovered the pro-slavery camp and at once gave warning. The Pot- tawatomie Rifles, under command of Dr. Gilpatrick, made an attack early in the morning of Aug. 28, which was a complete surprise, the pro- slavery men retreating in great confusion to Missouri. Another de- tachment of pro-slavery men robbed Zach Schutte and attempted other atrocities, but upon hearing of the capture of the camp also hastily fled into Missouri. The survey of the public lands in .\ndcrson county began in the fall of 1855 and closed in the spring of 1856. Some of the first settlers who came to the county were of the class who made a living speculating in government land claims. They selected the finest timber and valley lands along the streams, and after actually settling, would slake out other claims under ficticious names, and then offer to sell the ficticious claims to new arrivals. The buyer of sucli claims would nfUn go l^ack East after his family and upon his return find his cabin occupied, the claim having been sold a second lime by the speculator. These claims KANSAS lUSTOkV 73' caused much trouble in llie I'liitcd Slates land office, and in Nov., 1858, a free-state squatters' court was organized in Anderson, Linn and Bourbon counties for the adjustment of land claims. Dr. Rufus Gil- patrick was elected judge. The decisions of the court were generally satisfactory to the settlers, and enforced by Maj. Abbott and a minister named Stewart, known as the fighting preacher. Several town sites were laid out, but with two exceptions the towns failed to become im- portant. Garnett and Greeley were both surveyed in 1856 and became flourishing communities. In Dec, 1856, a party of 80 men was formed in Lawrence for the purpose of settling in Anderson county. A town site was selected in the northern part of what is now Washington township, and the town named Hyatt. The founders proposed making it the county scat. A sawmill was built in the spring of 1857. In the fall a grist mill was added, and ]'>. F. Allen opened a store. A postoffice and school were established but the county seat dream was not realized. Soon after the county seat was permanently located at Garnett Hyatt was abandoned. The first mail route in Anderson county was established on Jan. 11, 1858, to run from Leavenworth to Humboldt in Allen county via Hyatt. The route was marked and service began in March. There was a road from Carlyle and one from Fairview to Hyatt. Zach Squires was the first mail carrier and expressman. At first the post was weekly but soon changed to a tri.-weekly service. In the spring of 1859, the route was changed to run through Garnett, where a postoffice was established. In the fall of 1859 the county board received petitions for the opening of five roads, and the old maps show that they all centered at Hyatt and none at Garnett or Stiannon. On Nov. 30, 1857, the county commissioners entered into a contract for the construction of a court-house and jail at Shannon. Dr. Preston Bowen was to build it for $1,000, but at the election held Jan. 26, 1858, it was shown that a majority of the people were opposed to the erec- tion of the buildings. The commissioners therefore resigned. On Feb. 12, 1858, the county organization was changed by an act of the legisla- ture from a board of commissioners to a board of supervisors, and on June 14, the new board contracted with Dr. Bowen for a court-house and jail at Shannon at his own expense, to be completed witJiin a year. The jail was completed and work begun on the court-house, when, in the spring of 1859, the seat of justice for the county was located at Garnett by an act of the legislature and the first meeting of the board of super- visors at Garnett was held on April 5, of that year. In March, 1859, an election was held on the proposition of a state con- stitutional convention and of the 185 votes cast in Anderson county- only 7 were against holding the convention. On the first Tuesday in June, 1859, an election was held for a delegate to the convention. Dr. James G. Blount and W. F. M. Arny were the candidates from the An- derson county district. Blount was elected and sat in the Wyandotte- convention. 74 I- VCLOrEDIA OF Education was one of the first considerations of the early settlers. The first school district laid out was near Scipio in Putnam township, and the first superintendent of public instruction was John R. Slentz, who was appointed by the governor near the close of 1858. The outbreak of the Civil war caused great excitement in Anderson county. At the call for volunteers an entire company enlisted in one day, and Anderson county was represented in nearly every Kansas regi- ment, about three-fourths of the able-bodied men entering the Union army. In 1861 the population of the count}- was little over i.ooo. A considerable number of the early settlers of Anderson county were Catholics, and the St. Boniface Catholic church in Putnam township was the first church building erected. It was built in 1858, and in 1871, while under the charge of Father Albert Heinemann, the parish erected a college building about 6 miles north of Garnett and called it Mount Carmel. The first Protestant church was built by the L'nited Brethren in Garnett in 1859. The first county building erected in Garnett was the jail, which was built in 1864. Four years later the court-house was erected on Oak street. In 1891 the legislature passed an act providing for the erection of a court-house on the county square, the cost not to exceed $40,000, i\ county fair was held in Anderson county as early as 1863, but the county fair association was not organized until Nov. 13. 1873. It was capitalized for $5,003. The first newspaper in the county was the Gar- nett Pathfinder, established by I. E. OIney in Jan., 1865. It was the only puljlication until 1868, when W. H. Johnson started the Garnett Courant. The general surface of Anderson count}- is undulating, divided into bottom land, timber and rolling upland. The creek bottoms average about 2 miles in width, and belts of timber along the streams average three-fourths of a mile. The main water course of the county is the Pottawatomie river, which rises in the central part of the county and flows northeastward, its north and south branches uniting near the north- east corner of the county. The Little Osage river, Indian and Deer creeks flow through the southern portion. Lime and sandstone are plentiful, while red ocher is found in Uccdcr township, t'oal has been found in several places and there are natural gas wells near Greeley. The trees native to this section are walnut. Cottonwood, oak, hickory. hackberry. elm, sycamore, and hard and soft maples. Corn, wheat, oats and Kafir corn are the leading agricultural products. Live stock raising is a prr)ductivc industry, and there aie innre than 100.000 bearing fruit trees in the county. There are 130.25 miles of main track railroad within the limits of the county. The Missouri Pacific has three lines — one crossing the county diagonally from the northwest to southeast pass- ing through Garnett; a second enters the county in the northeast and crosses the west border near the center, and the third line crosses the sriuthern part almost directly east and west. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fc runs north and south near the center, and a branch diverging KANSAS IIISIORY 75 from Colony in the southwest, crosses the southwest coiner. 'I'he Mis- souri, Kansas & Texas crosses the southeast corner. The county is divided into the following townships: Indian creek, Jackson, Lincoln, Lone Elm, Monroe, Ozark, Putnam, Reeder. Rich, Union, Walker, Washington, Welda and Westphalia, (jarnett. the county seat, is the largest town and railroad center. Other important towns and villages arc Colony, (ireeley, Harris, Kincaid, Lone Elm, Selma and Welda. The U. S. census of 1910 reported the population of Anderson county at r 3.829. The total value of farm products for that year was, according to tii'c report of the state board of agriculture, $i,437-654-37- Corn led with 1,355,223 bushels, valued at $691,163.73. Next to this was the hay crop, valued at $394,779- and oats stood third in the list with 362,937 bushels, valued at $i34,275-59- '^'^-e wheat crop amounted to 38,187 bushels, valued at $35-339-05- ^'^-^^ -i"'! K'^fi'' ^■"'" '"'''"'' ^'^" 'mpoJ-tant crops. _. Anderson, John Alexander, clergyman and member of Congress, was born in Washington county. Pa., June 26, 1834. He was educated at Miami Cniversitv, Oxford, Ohio, graduating in 1853. Benjamin Har- rison, afterwards' president of the United States was his roommate while in college. He began work as pastor of a church at Stockton, Cal., in 1857 and preached the first Union sermon on the Pacific coast. He soon' began to take an interest in all matters of general welfare, and as a result" the state legislature of California elected him trustee of the state insane asylum in i860. Two years later he was appointed chap- lain of the Third California infantry. In this capacity he accompanied Gen Connor's expedition to Salt Lake City. Mr. Anderson's desire to be always investigating something led to his appointment to the United States Sanitary Commission as California correspondent and agent. His first duty was to act as relief agent of the Twelfth army corps. He was next transferred to the central office at New York. In 1864, when Gen Grant began moving toward Richmond. ^Ir. Anderson was made superintendent of transportation and had charge of six steamboats._ At the close of the campaign he served as assistant superintendent ot the canvas and supply department at Philadelphia and edited a paper called the Sanitary Commission Bulletin. WHien the war closed he was trans- ferred to the history bureau of the commission at Washington, remain- ing there one year collecting data and writing a portion ot the history ot the commission. In 1866 he was appointed statistician of the Citizens Association of Pennsylvania, an organization -for the purpose of mitigat- inices a building and loan association has been organized to aid the people in becoming home owners. The .\ntliony ])ostofficc is authorized to issue international money orders and four rural delivery routes sujjply the farmers in the vicinity with m,\il d.iily. All the leading express companies have offices, and tlic tcU^raph and KANSAS IlISTOUY 79 U'loplinne service is better tlian that often found in cities of similar size. That the people of Anthony are progressive in their ideas is evidenced by the fact that the commission form of government was adopted in Feb., 1909. Anthony, Daniel R., journalist and soldier, was born at South Adams, Mass., Aug. 22, 1824, a son of Daniel and Lucy Anthony, and a brother of Susan B. Anthony, the famous advocate of female suffrage. In his boyhood he attended school at Battenville, N. Y., and later spent six months at the Union Village Academy. Upon leaving school he be- came a clerk in his father's cotton mill and flour mill until he was about 23 years old, when he went to Rochester, N. Y. After teaching school for two seasons he engaged in the insurance business, and in 1854 he was a member of the first colony sent out to Kansas by the New Eng- land Emigrant Aid Society. In June, 1857, he located at Leavenworth, which city was his home for the remainder of his life. When the Sev- enth Kansas cavalry was organized in 1861, Mr. Anthony was com- missioned lieutenant-colonel and served until he resigned on Sept. 3, 1862, his resignation being due to a controversy between him and Gen. R. R. Mitchell. While in camp at Etheridge. Tenn.. in June, 1862, Lieut. - Col. .Xnthony was temporarily in command of the brigade, during a short absence of Gen. Mitchell, and issued an order prohibiting slave- owners from coming inside the Union lines for the purpose of recover- ing fugitive slaves. The order further specified that "Anv officer or soldier of this command who shall arrest and deliver to his master a fugitive slave shall be summarily and severely punished according to the laws relative to such crimes." When Gen. Mitchell returned and assumed command of the brigade, he asked Lieut. -Col. Anthony to countermand the order. Anthony replied that as he was no longer in command he had no right to issue or revoke orders. Mitchell then placed him in command long enough to rescind the obnoxious order, when Anthony, being in command, denied the right o*f Gen. Mitchell to dictate what he should do, and again refused to countermand the order. He was arrested and relieved of the command, but the matter came before the L^nited States senate and Anthony was reinstated by Gen. Halleck. Then he resigned. He was elected mayor of Leaven- worth in 1863 and undertook to clear the city of Southern sympathizers. Several houses sheltering them were burned, when Gen. Ewing placed the city under martial law. Ewing's scouts seized some horses, Anthony interfered and was again arrested, but was released the next day and civil law was restored. In the spring of 1866 Mr. Anthony was re- moved from the office of postmaster in Leavenworth because he re- fused to support the reconstruction policy of Andrew Johnson. He was president of the Republican state convention of 1868, and the same year was one of the Kansas presidential electors. In 1872 he was again elected mayor of the city ; was appointed postmaster of Leaven- worth by President Grant on April 3, 1874. and reappointed bv Presi- dent Hayes on March 22, 1878. He served several terms in the city ■So CYCLOPEDIA OF ■council, and was nominated for mayor a number of times but was de- feated. Mr. Anthony was a life member of the Kansas State Historical Societ}", of which he was president in 1885-86. In Jan., 1861, he estab- lished the Leavenworth Conservative, but the following year sold it to A. C. and D. W. Wilder. In March, 1864, he purchased the Bul- letin, the Times came into his possession in 1871, and this paper he con- tinued to conduct until his death. As a journalist Mr. Anthony was aggressive, and his outspoken editorials frequently involved him in trouble. To him physical fear was a stranger, and when R. C. Satter- lee of the Leavenworth Herald published something derogatory to Mr. Anthony in 1864 a shooting affair occurred which resulted in the death of Satterlee. On May 10, 1875, W. W. Embry, a former employee, fired three shots at Mr. Anthony on the stairway of the opera house. One of the shots took effect in the right breast, just below the collar bone, severed an artery and Mr. Anthony's recovery from this wound is regarded as one of the remarkable cases of modern surgery. Mr. Anthony married Miss Annie E. Osborn of Edgarton, Mass., Jan. 21, 1864, and died at Leavenworth on Nov. 12, 1904. A short time before his death he suggested the following as his epitaph : "He helped to make Kansas a free state. He fought to save the L'nion. He published the Daily Times for nearly forty years in the interest of Leavenworth. He was no hypocrite." Anthony, Daniel R., Jr., journalist and member of Congress from the First Kansas district, was born in the city of Leavenworth, Kan., Aug. 22, 1870, a son of Daniel R. and Annie (Osborn") Anthony. He was educated in the public schools of his native city, graduated in the class of 1887 at the Michigan Military Academy at Orchard Lake, Mich., and in 1891 he received the degree of LL. D. from the university of Michigan at Ann Arbor. The greater part of Mr. Anthony's career has been taken up in newspaper work, and since the death of his father, in Nov., 1904, he has been at the head of the Leavenworth Times, which his father conducted for nearly forty years. From 1898 to 1902 lie was postmaster of Leavenworth, and in 1903 was elected mayor of the city for a term of two years. On March 29, 1907, he was elected without opposition to fill the unexpired terrn of Charles Curtis in the national house of rejiresentatives, Mr. Curtis having resigned his seat to enter the I'nited States senate. .At the election in Nov., 1908, he was re- elected for a full term of two years, defeating F. M. I'earl by a plurality of 7,950, and in 1910 he was again elected, defeating J. B. Chapman by a plurality of 14,376. Mr. Anthony was the originator of the project to build a military road from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Riley, and on Dec. 16, 1909, he introduced a bill in Congress for that jiurposc. His plan was to utilize the labor of the convicts in the ]'"cdcral ])risons at Fort Leavenworth, and several farmers along the line of the proposed road have signified their willingness to furnish the stone for its con- struclifin. In addition to his editorial and Congressional duties, Mr. Anthony is a director of the Leavenworth National bank. lie was KANSAS HISTORY 8l united in marriage on June 21, 1897, with Miss Elizabeth Havens of Leavenworth. Anthony, George Tobey, seventh governor of the State of Kansas, was born on a farm near Mayfield, Fulton county, N. Y., June 9, 1824, and was the youngest of five children born to Benjamin and Anna An- thony. The parents were active members of the society of Friends, or Quakers, and were unwavering advocates of the abolition of chattel slavery. The father died in 1829, leaving the family in somewhat straightened circumstances. When George was about nine years old the family removed to Greenfield, N. Y., where he attended school dur- ing the winter months and worked for the neighboring farmers in summer. At the age of sixteen years he entered the shop of his uncle at Union Springs, N. Y., and served an apprenticeship as a tinner and coppersmith. Here he worked from fourteen to sixteen hours each day, which doubtless inculcated those industrious habits that charac- terized his course through life. On Dec. 14, 1852, he married Miss Rosa A. Lyon, of Medina, N. Y., and there engaged in business as a tinner and dealer in hardware, stoves, etc. Later he added agricultural implements to his stock, and still later he removed to New York city, where he engaged in Ijusiness as a commission merchant until the com- mencement of the Civil war. Gov. Morgan selected him as one of a committee to raise and organize troops under the call of July 2, 1862, in the 28th district, composed of the counties of Niagara, Orleans and Genesee, his associates being ex-Gov. Church and Noah Davis. Mr. Anthony organized the Seventeenth independent battery of light artil- lery in four days, and was commissioned captain of the organization when it was rriustered into the United States service on Aug. 26, 1862. In command of this battery he served between Washington and Rich- mond until the close of the war; was attached to the Eighteenth corps while in the trenches in front of Petersbuurg; and was with the Twenty- fourth corps in the Appomattox campaign, which ended in the sur- render of Gen. Robert E. Lee. Capt. Anthony was mustered out at Richmond, Va., June" 12, 1865, and in November of the same year he became a resident of Leavenworth, Kan., where for nearly three years he was editor of the Daily Bulletin and Daily Commercial. He then published the Kansas Farmer for six years. After coming to Kansas, Mr. Anthony held a number of positions of trust and responsibility. In 1867 he was one of the commissioners in charge of the soldiers' orphans; in December of that year was appointed assistant assessor of United States internal revenue; was commissioned collector of internal revenue on July 11, 1868; was president of the Kansas state board of agriculture for three years, and president of the board of Centennial managers in 1876. In the last named year he was nominated by the Republican state convention for the office of governor. During the campaign some of his political enemies charged that he had been guilty of cowardice while serving with his battery in the Army of the Potomac, and insisted on his removal from the ticket. The charge was investi- (1-6) 82 CYCLOPEDIA OK gated by the state central committee, which refused to remove Mr. Anthony, and the committee's decision was ratified by the people at the election in November, when Mr. Anthony was elected by a plurality of nearly 23,000 votes. Two years later, in the Republican state con- vention, he was defeated for a renomination on the seventeenth ballot. In 1881 he was made superintendent of the Mexican Central railway, a position he held for about two years. In 1884 he was elected to represent Leavenworth county in the state legislature ; was a member of the state railroad commission from 1889 to 1893; was the Republican nominee for Congressman at large in 1892, but was defeated by William A. Harris ; was a delegate to the Trans-Mississippi Congress at New Orleans in 1892; was appointed superintendent of insurance by Gov. Morrill in 1895, and held this office until his death, which occurred at Topeka on Aug. 5, 1896. As an orator Gov. Anthony was logical and forcible, rarely failing to impress his hearers by his intense earnestness. He was often criticized — such is always the case with men of positive natures — but no word was ever whispered against his honor or in- tegrity. The Kansas Historical Society Collections (vol. VI., p. 204) says : "George T. Anthony's greatest usefulness to his adopted state was his work while editor of the Kansas Farmer and as president of the board of Centennial managers. The pioneer farmers of Kansas were negligent in the management of farm affairs. Corn was about the only crop produced, and at the end of the season the plow was left in the furrow and the mowing machine was left in the fence corner, while the live stock were left to shift for themselves. The Kansas Farmer taught diversified farming, economy in management, improvement in live stock, and higher regard for home and social life. The Centennial exhibit made a grand advertisement for Kansas." Anthony's Administration. — The first biennial session of the Kansas state legislature convened on Jan. 9, 1877, and organized with Lieut. Gov. Melville ]. Salter as president of the senate, and Peter P. Elder as speaker of the house. Gov. Anthony requested a joint session of the two branches of the assembly, that he might read his message in person. This was something of an innovation, and Representative Mohler, of Saline county, with thirteen others entered a protest against such a pro- ceeding, giving as tiieir reasons therefor, ist — because it was not au- thorized by the constitution ; 2nd — such a joint session was not really the legislature of Kansas ; and 3d — it was a departure from established precedent. Tlie protest was made a matter of record, but a majority of the members voted to hold the joint session in accordance with the gov- ernor's request, and nn the iitli Gov. Anthony read lu's message to the two houses. Mis message showed lliat the new executive was fully conversant witji jjublic matters, and was replete with valualjle suggestions. "The re- ports of the state officers," said he, "show the financial condition and credit of the state to be of the most flattering character. Seven i)er cent, currency bonds of tlie state are held at a premium of seven per KANSAS HISTORY 83 cent, on their par value b.v tlic must prudent investors. In fact, it is difficult to find holders willing to part with them, when sought as an investment by the state, at the highest quoted price." He then carefully reviewed the condition of the state's public insti- tutions; called attention to the ambiguity of the law inflicting the death penalty; devoted some attention to the Price Raid claims, and recom- mended a "house of correction" for youthful offenders. On this sub- ject he said: "Humanity and the public good unite in demanding a place of confinement, other than the penitentiary, for youthful offenders. So revolting is it to the judgment and conscience of men to consign erring youth, for its first proven crime, to the society and ineffaceable disgrace of a penitentiary, that judges and jurors cannot be found to convict when they can evade it." As an economical means of providing a place of confinement of this nature for juvenile transgressors, he recommended a separate building and yard on the grounds of the penitentiary, but under the same man- agement. About the time that Gov. Anthony came into office, complaint was made in several of the western states that the railroads were not giving the people fair treatment in many respects. His utterances on this question evinced the fact that he had given it close attention. Said he: "There is, whether just or not, a widespread feeling of dissatisfaction with the railroad corporations of the state, on account of alleged unful- filled obligations on their part. It is claimed that these corporations received valuable franchise privileges, most of them sharing in the di- vision of a half-million acres of state internal improvement lands, and receiving large contributions of local aid upon their lines in county, township and city bonds ; that these valuable rights and franchises were bestowed on condition, and in consideration, on the part of the state and people, that companies so chartered and aided should build upon the lines and operate their roads, in good faith, between the terminal points named in their respective charters. . . . Some of these companies, it is asserted, have not built upon the lines, nor caused their roads to con- nect and be operated between and to the points stipulated. ... In order to settle all controverted points now in dispute as to the char- tered obligations of these companies, I urge the passage of a law which shall clearly and fully embody a demand upon these companies for a recognition of the obligation held by you to be due from them to the state, with adequate provision for its enforcement by the state author- ities." For some reason the legislature did not see fit to act upon this recom- mendation of the governor, but instead passed several acts authoriz- ing counties, cities and townships to issue bonds to aid in the construc- tion of additional lines of railroad. (See Railroads.) By an act of Congress, approved July 3, 1876, the secretary of war authorized the issue to certain western states of 1,000 stands of arms each, Kansas being one of such states, but the governors of these states 84 CYCLOPEDIA OF were required to execute bond for the proper care of the arms, etc. In Kansas there was at that time no law empowering the governor to give such bond, but the secretary of war turned over to the state the arms, upon a bond given by Gov. Osborn and his promise to secure the rati- fication of his action by the legislature. In his message, Gov. Anthony reminded the assembly that the arms were in possession of the state, and that it was due Gov. Osborn that prompt action be taken approv- ing his course, adding: "Without such action I shall feel it my duty to cause the return of the arms and the cancellation of the bond." B}- the act of March 7, 1877, Gov. Osborn's action was legalized and his bond thus rendered a valid obligation upon the state. Two days before the passage of this act the legislature authorized the governor to "procure the erection of a state armory," and appropriated $2,000 for that purpose. The armory was built on the State-house grounds, south- east of the capitol, but has long since been remov*ed. During the session George W. Martin was for a third time elected public printer, and from Jan. 23 to 31 there were daily ballots for the election of a United States senator. Preston B. Plumb was elected on the sixteenth ballot, receiving 83 votes to 63 for David P. Lowe ; 8 for John Martin; i for Thomas P. Fenlon, and 2 for ex-Gov. Wilson Shan- non. The legislature adjourned on March 7. The principal acts passed •during the session were those creating the office of commissioner of fisheries; reorganizing the state normal school; authorizing the holding of normal institutes in various sections of the state; changing the of- ficial names of the blind and deaf and dumb asylums ; making the fiscal year begin on July i instead of Dec. i ; and directing the governor to appoint a state agent to prosecute the claims of Kansas against the United States. Ex-Gov. Crawford was appointed to this position short- ly after the adjournment. Lieiit.-Gov. M. J. Salter resigned his ofifice to accept a position in the land office at Independence. This left a vacancy to be filled at the election on Nov. 6, 1877, when a chief justice of tlie supreme court was also to be elected. Three tickets were offered to the voters of the state for their consideration. The Republican nominees were Albert H. Hor- ton for chief justice and Lyman U. Humphrey for lieutenant-governor; the Democratic candidates were respectively William R. Wagstaff and Thomas W. Waterson ; and tlie Greenbackers presented S. A. Riggs and D. B. Hadley. The Democratic and Republican nominations were made by the state central committees of tiiose parties. This course failed to meet the approval of some of the voters, and on Oct. 6 the Republicans of Bourbon cotmty held a meeting at Fort .Scott and de- nounced tiie state committee "for assiiining authority to make nomina- tions." The protest, however, had but little effect upon the ultimate result, as at the election Morton received 63,850 votes; Wagstaff, 25,378; and Riggs, 9,880, the vote for lieutenant-governor being practically the same. Mr. Humphrey took tlie oath of office as lieutenant-governor on Dec. I. KANSAS I.ISTOKY . 85 On Dec. 8, 1877, Gov. Anthony made a demand for the surrender of one George 1. Hopkins, a fugitive from justice who had sought refuge in the State of Ohio, but Robert F. Hurlbutt, then governor of Ohio, refused to honor the requisition. A corresiiondence followed and the requisition was again refused by R. M. Bishop, who succeeded Hurl- butt as governor. On Oct. 23, 1878, Gov. Bishop made a requisition for one Peter C. Becker, an embezzler of Butler county, Ohio, who had fled to Kansas, when Gov. Anthony refused, giving the same reasons as those presented by the Ohio authorities in the Hopkins case. This had the desired effect, as on Nov. 21, 1878, Gov. Bishop wrote, explaining the situation, and adding: "I very much regret the circumstance has occurred, as my desire is to remain on the most amicable relations not only with your state, but all the other states. The warrant for Hop- kins' arrest will be issued whenever again demanded." Gov. Anthony deserved great credit for the skill and courage with which he handled this matter in upholding the dignity and enforcing the laws of the state. The winter of 1877-78 was noted for the temperance movement which swept over the state and culminated in the organization of the State Temperance Society at Topeka on March 9, 1878, with Rev. John A. Anderson as president. On April 4 E. B. Reynolds made the announce- ment that 100,000 Murphy pledges had been signed by Kansans. A great strike of the employees of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad commenced on April 4, 1878, and the next day C. F. Morse, gen- eral superintendent of the railroad, wrote to Gov. Anthony as follows : ■'There is a large mob about our depot, threatening violence. I have called on the sheriff, and he is trying to raise a posse, but we may need help from the state. Will you protect this company and its property?" "I have to assure you," wrote Gov. Anthony the same day in reply, "of my full sympathy, and that the power of the state shall be brought to bear to suppress any effort to drive peaceable laborers from their work upon your road or elsewhere." (See Labor Troubles.) Three state tickets were nominated in the political campaign of 1878. The first party to hold a convention was the Greenback party, delegates of which met at Emporia on July 3 and nominated the following candi- dates: For governor, D. P. Mitchell; lieutenant-governor, Alfred Tay- lor; secretary of state, T. P. Leach; auditor, A. B. Cornell; treasurer, A. G. Wolcott; attorney-general, Frank Doster; superintendent of public instruction, 1. T. Foot; chief justice, H. V. Vrooman. Frank Doster was later made the candidate for Congress in the third district, the vote of the Greenback party generally going to J. F. Cox, the Democratic candidate for attorney-general. The candidates for Congress in the first and second districts were Elbridge Gale and P. P. Elder, respec- tively. No nomination was made for Congressman at large, the support of the party being thrown to Samuel J. Crawford, the Democratic candi- date. ■ On Aug. 28 the Republican state convention met at Topeka and nomi- nated John P. St. John for governor ; layman U. Humphrey, for lieuten- ant-governor ; James Smith, for secretary of state; P. I. Bonebrake, 86 CYCLOPEDIA OF for auditor ; John Francis, for treasurer ; Willard Davis, for attorney- general ; Allen B. Lemon, for superintendent of public instruction ; Al- bert H. Horton, for chief justice; and James R. Hallowell, for Congress- man at large. The Republican candidates for Congress in the districts were John A. Anderson in the iirst, Dudley C. Haskell in the second, and Thomas Ryan in the third. The Democratic state convention was held at Leavenworth on Sept. 4. John R. Goodin headed the ticket as the candidate for governor; George Ummethum was nominated for lieutenant-governor ; L. W. Bar- ton, for secretary of state ; Osbun Shannon, for auditor ; C. C. Black, for treasurer ; J. F. Cox, for attorney-general ; O. F. McKim, for super- intendent of public instruction; R. M. Ruggles, for chief justice; and Samuel J. Crawford, for Congressman at large. J. R. ]\IcClure was the Democratic nominee for Congress in the first district; Charles W. P>lair, in the second, and Joseph B. Fugate in the third. There were no especially exciting features of the campaign, though a fairly heavy vote was polled at the election on Nov. 5, when St. John received 74,020 votes for governor ; Goodin, 37,208 ; and Mitchell, 27,057. The Republican candidate for Congress in each of the three districts was elected by a substantial majority, and Mr. Hallowell carried the state as the candidate for Congressman at large. It developed, how- ever, that the state was not authorized to elect a Congressman at large, and Hallowell was not permitted to take his seat. In Sept., 1878, the Indians on the western frontier began making hos- tile demonstrations. When Gov. Anthony received the information tJiat some of the Cheyennes had left their reservation and were moving against the settlements in western Kansas, he placed' himself in tele- graphic communication with the Federal authorities. Ten da^'S later the Indians were reported to be in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, and, as the general government refused to act, the governor sent Adjt.-Gen. Noble with arms and ammunition to the menaced districts, with in- structions to arm and organize the people for their own defense. (See Indian Wars.) If Gov. .Anthony had introduced an innovation at the commencement of his administration, in requesting a joint session to hear his mes- sage, he introduced no less an innovation at its close, in submitting a retiring message, partly a review of his official acts and partly sugges- tions for the future. This message bears the date of Jan. 13, 1870, and in a prefatory note to the incoming governor, Gov. Anthony says : "Sir: Impelled by a sense of duty, I have prepared, and herewith hand you, a commtmication to the legislature. This innovation will, I trust, meet with sufificient approval on your part to justify you in its trans- mittal to llic separate br;inchcs of that bod\. wiiich faxcr 1 rcsiioiM fully ask at your hands." In the message itself, ho thus gives his reasons for its preparation: "Believing it better to establish a good precedent than to follow a b.id one, and liolding duly to the public ]>aramount to custom and usage, KANSAS HISTORY 8? 1 have concluded to depart from the practice of predecessors, by ad- dressing- you. I am impelled to this departure by a belief that there are transactions, both complete and incomplete, connected with my ad- ministration, which should be brought to your attention in more full- ness of detail and particularity of statement than could be expected or required of the governor elect; and I trust you will, by law, make it his duty to perform a work I have assumed to do at the peril of un- friendly criticism." The governor then gives a detailed account of the appointment of ex-Gov. Samuel J. Crawford as state agent, with a list of the bonds issued at various times for military purposes, amounting to $470,726.15, for which the state had not been reimbursed by the Federal govern- ment. He also discussed the Santa Fc strike; school lands and school funds ; the correspondence with the governors of Ohio ; the Indian raid of 1878, and included a list of pardons granted to convicts during his term of office. Gov. St. John, in his own message, made no reference to Gov. Anthony's farewell communication, though it appears to have been submitted to the legislature, as official copies of it were printed by the state printer. The day following its submission to Gov. St. John, the administration of Gov. Anthony came to a close. Anti Horse Thief Association. — Shortly after the commencement of the Civil war, lawless men in the border states — that is the states lying between the loyal and seceded states — banded themselves together for the purpose of plundering honest citizens. Missouri especially was sub- ject to the depredations of these gangs, and in time the conditions be- came so bad that the law-abiding people found it necessary to take some action for defense. The first organization of this character was pro- posed at a meeting held at Luray, Mo., in Sept., 1863. At a second meeting, held at Millport, Mo., about a month later, a constitution and by-laws were adopted, and as horses seemed to be the principal objects of theft, the society took the name of the "Anti Horse Thief Associa- tion." The effectiveness of such an organization quickly became ap- parent, the order spread to other states, and in time covered a large expanse of territory. After the war was over, when the conditions that called the association into existence no longer existed, its scope was widened to include all kinds of thefts and a national organization was incorporated under the laws of Kansas. This national order is com- posed of officers and delegates from the state associations and meets annually on the first Wednesday in October. Next in importance is the state division, which is made up of representatives of the local organiza- tions, and meets annual!}- to elect officers and delegates to the national order. The sub-orders or local associations are composed of individual members and usually meet monthly. An}- reputable citizen over the age of 21 years is eligible for membership, widows of members receive all the protection to which their husbands were entitled while living, and other women may become "protective members" by payment of the regular fees and dues. 88 CYCLOPEDIA OF W'aW and McCarty, in their history of the association, say: "The A. H. T. A. uses only strictly honorable, legal methods. It opposes lawlessness in an}' and all forms, yet does its work so systematically and efficiently that few criminals are able to escape when it takes the trail. . . . The centralization of 'Many in One' has many advantages not possessed by even an independent association, for while it might en- compass a neighborhood, the A. T. H. A. covers many states. . . . The value of an article stolen is rarely taken into consideration. The order decrees that the laws of the land must be obeyed, though it costs many times the value of the property to capture the thief. An individual could not spend $50 to $100 to recover a $25 horse and capture the thief. The A. T. H. A. would, because of the effect it would have in the future. . . . Thieves have learned these facts and do less stealing from our members, hence the preventative protection." This was written in 1906. At that time the national organization numbered over 30,000 members, arranged in divisions as follows : Ohio Division, which embraced the State of Ohio ; Illinois Division, which included the states of Illinois, Indiana and Michigan and all territory east of the Mississippi and south of the Ohio river not otherwise dis- tricted ; Missouri Division, including the states of Missouri, Iowa, Ar- kansas and Louisiana ; Kansas Division, which consisted of the states of Kansas and Nebraska, and all territory to the north, west and south of those states not included in other districts; Oklahoma Division, in- cluding the State of Oklahoma ; Indian Territory Division, which em- braced the Indian Territory and Texas. The Anti Horse Thief Association is in no sense a vigilance com- mittee, and the organization has never found it necessary to adopt the mysterious methods of "Regulators," "White Caps" or kindred organi- zations. Its deeds are done in the broad open light of the day. When a theft or robbery is committed in any portion of the vast territory cov- ered by the association and the direction taken by the offender is ascer- tained, local associations are notified to be on the lookout for the fugi- tive, and his capture is almost a certainty. Although the original name is retained, bankers, merchants and manufacturers are to be found among the members, courts recognize its value, criminals fear it, and press and pulpit have endorsed and praised its work in the apprehension of criminals. Antiquities. — (See Archaeology.) Antonino, a post-village of Ellis county, is situated in the Smoky Ilill valley about 8 miles southwest of Hays, the county seat. It is a small hamlet and receives mail Iri-weekly. Hays is the most conve- nient railroad station. Antrim, a small hamlet of Stafford county, is within a short dis- tance of the Pratt county line, about 8 miles south of St. John, the county seat and most convenient railroad station, from which mail is received by rural free delivery. Aplington Art Gallery. — The movement for a traveling art study KANSAS HISTORY 89 collection may be said to have had its beginning in the year 1895, but nothing definite was accomplished till 1901, when Mrs. W. A. Johnston was president of the Kansas Federation of Women's Clubs, and the executive board accepted a small set of photogravures — the gift of Mrs. Kate A. Aplington of Council Grove — to be used as the nucleus of a state art study collection. A report of the board says: "I.ater it was thought best to let some district try the experiment of caring for the traveling collection, and as the Fourth district offered to frame the pictures and keep them in circulation in the schools of the district, the collection was placed in their hands." At the first board meeting of the Kansas Federation of Women's clubs in 1903, a motion was made to publish a "Book of Quotations," the profits from the sales to be devoted to the purchase of large size carbon photographs for use by the clubs and schools of the state for public art exhibits. The proceeds from the sale of the book netted over $360, which was used for the purchase of 50 pictures of the Italian, and about 60 of the Dutch and Flemish schools. A small German collection was added later. In 1905 a very full fine French collection was added. The following year a new English collection was added, and during the first three years the gallery was in existence the State Federation held 91 exhibits. From the first it was intended at some future time to ofifer this col- lection to the state, and accordingly, in Feb., 1907, the executive board of the Federation met in Topeka and took formal action regarding this. A bill was passed by the legislature of 1907, authorizing the acceptance of the collection by the state. Aplington, Kate Adele, for whom the above collection is named, was born in Sugar Grove, Lee Co., 111., March i, 1859, a daughter of Henry H. and Elizabeth Melinda (Deming) Smith, both natives of New York. Her father was an educator and from 1854 to 1879 was engaged con- tinuously in school work, being city superintendent of schools in Sa- vannah, Mt. Carroll, Galena, Macomb. Alton, Polo and Ottawa, 111., and for 12 years was county superintendent of Whiteside county, 111. As a girl Mrs. Aplington was quite a student, and vvas of great help to her father in his laboratory work. She was graduated in 1876, and immediately took some post-graduate work, to fit herself for a univer- sity course, but failing eyesight prevented. She taught two terms in the Ottawa (111.) high school, and while there helped establish a read- ing room and library. On June 19, 1879, she was married to. John Ap- lington, a graduate of the Union College of Law of Chicago, and in 1880 they moved to Council Grove, Kan., where they have since resided. In 1901 Mrs. Aplington was appointed a member of the Charities Con- ference committee and with other members visited the Girls' Industrial School at Beloit, making recommendations that domestic science be installed in the school. In 1902 she was made chairman of the manual training committee of the Kansas State Social Science Federation, and wrote hundreds of letters to educators in the larger towns, from whom 90 CYCLOPEDIA OF she received voluminous reports and recommendations from which the present state law was passed in 1903. In that j'ear she was elected vice president of the Kansas Federation of Women's Clubs, at its meet- ing in Wichita, and was the author of the proposition to publish a '"Book of Quotations," the profits from the sales to be devoted to the purchase of a collection of carbon reproductions of famous paintings. These copies were purchased and for three years were exhibited in va- rious parts of the state, Mrs. Aplington having the superintendency of the same. In 1907, the collection was offered and accepted by the state, and was given the name of "Aplington Art Gallery." Mrs. Aplington is still connected with the traveling art galleries and at the present time (July, 191 1 ) is preparing notes, etc., for an American collection of paintings which will be placed in the hands of the traveling libraries commission to be used in connection with the other exhibits. Appanoose, a hamlet of Douglas county, is situated in the extreme southwestern corner, 8 miles southeast of Overbrook, the nearest rail- road station, from which it has rural free delivery. In 1910 it had a population of less than 20. Aral, a little hamlet of Butler comity, is about 20 miles southwest of Eldorado, the county seat, and 3 miles from Rose Hill, from which place mail is received by rural free delivery. Arapahoe County. — One of the first acts of the territorial legislature of 1855 created .Vraiiahoe count}' — so named for the plains tribe of In- dians — and defined the boundaries as follows: "Beginning at the north- east corner of New Mexico, running thence north to the south line of Nebraska and north line of Kansas; thence along said line to the east line of L'tah territory ; thence along said line between Utah and Kansas territories, to where said line strikes New Mexico; thence along the line between said New Mexico and the territory of Kansas to the place of beginning." .-Ml the territory embraced within these boundaries is now in the state of Colorado. By the act of creation Allen P. Tibbitts was ap- pointed judge of the probate court of the county, the plan for holding court being left to his discretion, and Allen P. Tibbitts, Levi Mitchell and Jonathan Atwood were appointed commissioners to locate the coun- ty seat, which was to be known as Mountain City. One representa- tive in the state legislature was apportioned I0 the counly, which was attached tn Marshall county for all business purposes. In 1873 a second county of Arapahoe was created in the southwest- ern |)art of the state out of unorganized territory. Its boundaries were defined as follows; "Commencing at the intersection of the east line f)f range 31, west, with the north line of township 27. south; thence south along the range line to wliere it intersects the sixth standard parallel; thence west along the sixth standard parallel lo the intersec- tion with tlie cast line of range 35, west; tlience uorlh .ilong the range line to where it intersects the north line of township 27. siiuth ; thence cast to the place of beginning." In 1883 ,'\rapahoe county disappeaied. KANSAS HISTORY O' its territory being included in Finney and in 1887 Haskell county was created from that part of Finney which had been established as Arapa- hoe in 1873. Arbitration, Boards of. — Although Kansas has never been a great manufacturing state, the need of some systematic plan for the settle- ment of disputes between capital and labor was felt at an early day, for as early as 1886, an act was passed "to establish boards of arbitra- tion." By this act, when a petition signed by five or more workmen, or by two separate firms, individuals or corporations within the county who are employers, is presented, the district court of a county, or a judge thereof in vacation, shall have the power to issue a license for the establishment of a tribunal for voluntary arbitration and settlement of disputes between employer ;ind employee in "manufacturing, mechanical, mining and other industries." A tribunal consists of four persons appointed by the judge; two workmen and two employers, all of whom must be residents of the county in which the dispute takes place. At the time the license is issued for the establishment of the board, the judge also appoints an umpire, who is to decide impartially all questions that are submitted during his term of office. When the board fails to agree after three meetings, any question in dispute is referred to the umpire and his de- cision in the matter is final. A board of arbitration may take jurisdic- tion of an}' dispute between employees and emploj'er in any of the industries, who submit their dispute to the tribunal in writing. When disputes occur in a county where there is no tribunal, they maj' be re- ferred to a tribunal already existing in an adjoining county. After the appointment of a board of arbitration in a county, it organizes by electing one member chairman and one secretary. The sessions of these tribunals are held at the county seat, to consider the petitions that have been presented. Its members are paid out of the county treasury at the rate of $2.00 a day for each day of actual service. All matters in dispute are submitted to the chairman of the board, who has power to administer oaths to all witnesses called upon to testify by either side. The board also has power to investigate all books, docu- ments and accounts pertaining to matters in hearing before it. The board makes its own rules for government while in session, fixes its own sessions and adjournments, but the chairman can call an extra session at any time, ^^']len the board cannot settle any matter in di's- pute it submits the matter to the umpire in writing, and he is required to award a decision within seven days. When the award is for a spe- cific sum of money, a copy of the decision is filed in the district court of the county, after which the court may enter judgment. Since the act was passed providing for these boards of arbitration many labor disputes have been successfully settled with no litigation ; usually to the entire satisfaction of both parties of the dispute. Arbor Day. — This day owes its origin to J. Sterling Morton, of Ne- braska, late United States commissioner of agriculture, who in 1872 92 CYCLOPEDIA OF succeeded in inducing his state (then almost treeless) to set apart a day for the purpose of planting trees. Over a million were planted that year. In 1874 the same state planted over 12,000,000 trees, Gov. Robert W. Furnas, the governor at that time issuing a proclamation setting apart a day in April for the purpose. Nebraska, in 1885, en- acted a law, designating April 22, the birthday of Mr. Morton, as Arbor day and making it a legal holiday. In Kansas the first recognition of the day was in 1875, when Thomas J. Anderson, then mayor of Topeka, issued the following proclamation : ARBOR DAY. PROCLAMATION BY THE MAYOR. "At the sugggestion of many citizens who desire to see the capitol grounds made an ornament to the city, I hereby appoint Friday. April 23, 1875, as "Arbor Day," and request all citizens on that date to set out trees in the capitol grounds. On that day, it is hoped that each citizen interested, will repair to the grounds, between the hours of 2 p. m. and 5 p. m., and set out one tree. The secretary of state will point out the proper locations for the trees. "Tiios. J. Anderson. Ma\'or." The citizens of Topeka responded to the call and some 800 trees were planted. The next year the mayor of Topeka set apart April 18 as arbor day, on which occasion the residents of the capital city again gathered on the capitol grounds to replace such trees as had died dur- ing the previous twelve months, and to make such additions as they saw fit. From this time on the cities, towns and villages of the state began observing the day in a more or less public manner, with the ultimate result, that many sections are now veritable forests, where a few short years ago they were treeless plains. On April 4, 1883, Gpv. George W. Glick issued a proclamation, set- ting apart April 25 to be observed as arbor day. This probably was the earliest official recognition given the day by the chief executive of Kansas, which custom has since been followed by succeeding gov- ernors. Arbor day is now observed in nearly every state and territory in the linioii, anfj in many j)laccs in C'anarla and in parts of luirDpt. '\'hv day is made a feature in the Kansas schools each year, when appropriate exercises are given in connection with the planting of trees and shrubs. Arcadia, an incorporated town of Crawford county, is a station on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R., about 15 miles northeast of Girard, the county seat, and near the Missouri state line. It has a bank, a good graded public school, a fire department, a weekly newspaper. KANSAS HISTORY 93 planing mills, brick and tile factories, a hotel, churches of several of the leading denominations, and in 1910 reported a population of 694. Communication with other places is maintained by telegraph and tele- phone in addition to the facilities offered by the postoffice, which issues international money orders and supplies the surrounding rural districts with mail through the medium of four free delivery routes. Archaeology. — Webster defines archaeology as "The study of an- tiquities; the study of art, architecture, customs and beliefs of ancient peoples as shown in their monuments, implements, inscriptions, etc." The term is sometimes used in its narrow sense for the study of the material remains of the historic peoples of antiquity, especially the Greeks, Romans, Babylonians and Egyptians, and sometimes for the general scientific study of prehistoric man, when it is known as pre- historic archaeology or paleethnology. Holloway's History of Kansas (p. 87) says : "Kansas cannot boast of a remote antiquity. Her soil never becomes the scene of stirring events until of late years. Her level and far-reaching prairies afiforded but little temptation lo the early adventurer. No ideal gold mines or opulent Indian city were ever lo- cated within her boundaries." While this is true in a general sense — so far as human antiquities are concerned — there is abundant evidence to show that Kansas has a remote antiquity along other lines. In prehistoric times southwestern Kansas was the bed of a great inland sea, where dwelt the ichthyo- saurus and other gigantic animals, and in Barber county there are beds of petrified shells resembling the shells of the modern oyster. The antiquities of Kansas are therefore confined chiefly to the fossil remains of prehistoric animals, of which fine specimens are to be found in the collections of the University of Kansas and Yale University. Some years ago S. S. Hand found a fossil fish in Hamilton county, which he sent to Chancellor Snow of the state university, who wrote in reply: "My view about your fine fish is, that it lived and died when what is now Hamilton county, more than 3,000 feet above the present level, was under the salt water ocean. Remains of fishes, sharks and great sea monsters are found abundantly in the rocks of western Kansas, especially along the banks of the Smoky Hill river and its branches. In fact, the ocean covered the entire western portion of the United States. The Rocky mountains were not upheaved when your fish lived and died." (See Geology.) Of the early inhabitants of Kansas, little definite information can be gleaned from the relics these departed races have left behind. Stone mauls, hammers, arrow heads and a few iron implements constitute the greater part of these relics, and the information they impart tells but little of the people who made and used them, or of the period when those people lived. Brower, in his Quivira and Harahey (q. v.) gives an account of his discovery of the sites of a number of ancient villages, and earlv in 1880 the Scientific American published an article comment- ing on the report of Judge E. P. West of recent archaeological explora- 94 CYCLOPEDIA OF tions in Kansas. Saj's the American : "Judge West presents a large amount of evidence to show that at a remote period that region was peopled by a race with which the mound builders must be accounted modern. . . . Prior to the (glacial) drift epoch the river channels were deeper than now, and the river valleys were lower. Subsequently the valleys were filled by a lacustrine deposit of considerable depth. In or beneath this last deposit the reamins of an extinct race occur." The remains mentioned in Judge West's report were found along the line of the Union Pacific railroad in Douglas, Pottawatomie, Riley, Dickinson, .Marion, Ellsworth and Lincoln counties, and all with the exception of one on the second bottom or terrace. In digging wells and making other excavations stone implements, pottery, bones and bone implements were found from 20 to 30 feet below the surface. Judge West is inclined to fix the time when this race occupied the re- gion as after the glacial epoch and prior to deposition of the loess. In requesting the newspapers of Kansas to urge the importance of sav- ing such relics and remains when found, he says: "Flere we have a buried race enwrapped in a profound and startling mystery — a race whose appearance and exit in the world's drama precede stupendous changes marking our continent, and which perhaps required hundreds of thousands of years in their accomplishment. The prize is no less than determining when this mysterious people lived, how they lived, when they passed out of existence, and why they became extinct." (See Lansing Skeleton.) George J. Remsburg, whu has devoted considerable time tn the study of the archaeological remains of the Missouri valley, investigated the ruins of a number of Indian villages, etc., and in the Kansas Magazine for June, 1893, published the results of his researches. Aiier mention- ing the location and describing several old Indian villages, he says: ''One of the richest archaeological finds ever made in Atchison county was at Oak Mills, a small village in the river bottom. Two men were employed in repairing the fence around John Davitz's lot, when they observed several flint implements projecting from a ridge of clay. In- vestigation revealed the fact that it was an aboriginal burial ground. The remains of several Indians were exhumed, the bones of which crumbled instantly on being exposed. Not even a small fragment of bone could be preserved, except the teeth, which are worn down very short and smooth, indicating tlial the deceased were of an advanced age, or that they had subsisted on a diet of dry corn or coarse food. The skulls were completely decayed, but the imprint of one of them indicated that it was unusually large. . . . Near the shoulders and lireast of each of the skeletons was a pile of flint implomenls. The large implements were made from common blue chert, while the drills and arrow points are of finer materials and of various colors. Everything about tliese discoveries goes to show that they are the re- mains of Indians who occupied this region centuries ago. All external evidence of a burying ground had been oblileratcd, and had it not been for Ihe heavy rains the rjiscovery would probably not have licen made." KANSAS HISTORY 95 Trees of considerable size had been felled upon the site of this old aboriginal cemetery 30 years before the discovery mentioned In' Mr. Remsburg, a fact which goes to bear out his statement that the skele- tons were those of natives who had lived centuries ago. Another important archaeological investigation was made by Prof. J. A. Udden of Bethany College in the early '80s, when he examined the mounds south of the Smoky Hill river and found bones of animals, stone implements, sandstone or "hand grindstones," the entire collec- tion numbering some 500 interesting relics. Prof. Udden made a par- tial report to the Academy of Science in 1886, and subsequently a more complete report was published in the Kansas Historical Collections. The finding of a piece of chain mail (See Coronado) he says "makes it certain that the village was occupied by Indians at least as late as after the discovery of America by Europeans." Perhaps the most interesting archaeological relic ever found in Kan- sas is the ruins of a pueblo known as El Quartelejo. Dunbar says that about 1702 "the occupants of the pueblo of Picuries, in northern New Mexico, forsook their village and, resorting to the northeastern plain, established the post later known as El Quartelejo, distant northeast 350 miles from Santa Fe, in the present Scott county, Kan. The ex- planation of this sudden movement was probably the result of some fanciful or mysterious impulse, from which they were in due time readily dissuaded by the governor of the province, Don Francisco Cuerbo y Valdes, and soon after resumed their forsaken home." Bancroft, in his history of Arizona and New Mexico (p. 228), says: "Capt. Uribarri marched this year (1706) out into the Cibola plains; and at Jicarilla, 37 leagues northeast of Taos, was kindly received by the Apaches, who conducted him to Cuartelejo, of which he took pos- session, naming the province San Luis and the Indian rancheria Santo Domingo." The ruins of the old pueblo are in the northern part of the country and were first noticed about 1884. The dimensions are 32 by 50 feet, and the remains of the foundation walls indicate that it was divided into seven rooms, varying in size from 10 by 14 feet to 16 by 18 feet. Prof. S. W. Williston visited these riiins in 1898 and the following January gave a description of them before the Kansas Historical So- ciety, his paper on that occasion appearing in the vol. VI of the Kansas Historical Collections. Handel T. Martin, of the paleontological depart- ment of the University of Kansas, who examined the pueblo in con- nection with Prof. Williston, has published the results of his investiga- tions in an illustrated article in the Kansas University Science Bul- letin for Oct., 1909. After remarking that much of the stone has been taken away by the people living in the vicinity, Mr. Handel asks the rather pertinent question : "Would it not be well for the state to pre- serve at this late day our only known pueblo from further destruc- tion?" Argentine, the second largest town of \\\vanili)tte cnuntw is located in tiie extreme southeastern portion on the south bank of the Kansas 96 CYCLOPEDIA OF river and on the Atchison, Topeka Santa Fe railroad, about 4 miles west of Kansas City, Mo. Late in the '70s the railroad located their transfer depot, side tracks, round house, coal chutes and sheds near the present town site, and within a short time a considerable settlement had sprung up. The land was surveyed and platted in 1880 and orig- inally consisted of 60 acres of land owned by James M. Coburn. The Kansas Town company obtained a charter on April 9, 1881, and imme- diately organized with a capital of $100,000. The incorporators were William B. Strong, George O. Manchester, Joab Mulvane, J. R. Mul- vane and E. Wilder and the same body of men were the directors for the first year. Joab Mulvane was elected president and manager of the company; and E. Wilder, secretary and treasurer. This new company purchased 415 acres of land adjoining the first town site, and after giv- ing the Kansas City, Topeka & Western railroad what it desired for railroad purposes, the remaining 360 acres was laid out as Mulvane's addition to Argentine and placed upon the market. In 1882 Argentine was incorporated as a city of the third class, having acquired by that time the required number of inhabitants for a city government. The first Tuesday in August an election was held for city officials, at which time G. W. Gully was elected mayor ; John Steffins, W. C. Rlue, Patrick O'Brien, A. Borgstede and George Simmons, councilnicn ; J. II, 1 1 alder- man, city clerk; A. J. Dolley, police judge; and Charles Duvall, marshal. In the winter of 1881 a public school was opened and the citizens saw the necessity for a public school building. On Aug. 28, 1882, an election was held to vote on the question of issuing bonds to the amount of $7,000 for such a purpose, and the proposition was carried by a large majority. Work was at once started on the first school building. A postofiice was established in 1881 and has been enlarged several times in proportion to the growth of the city. The Congregational church was the pioneer religious organization, as services were held in the sum- mer of 1881 and the following year a church building was erected. One of the first commercial enterprises in tlie town was tlic Kansas City Refining and Smelting company which located there in 1880. This was for many years the largest plant in the country. The capital stock of the original company was $200,000 and over 250 men were employed from the start. It was built for the purpose of refining gold and silver bullion, shipped from the other smelters, but the company also carries on lead smelting and the manufacture of various commercial products from the other metals that are recovered in the refining process, chief of which are blue and white vitriol. Copper is made from the vitriol and in 1896 more than a million and a half poimds of this metal were put on the market from the Argentine plant. At the present lime tlie company has a paid up slock of more than $3,000,000 and is the leading manufactory of the town. Many other commercial enterprises have located in Argentine be- cause of tiie excellent transportation facilities. It has extensive railroad repair shops, large factories for the manufacture of iron products, and KANSAS illSTOKY 97 many retail stores. Today Aigentine is a well paved city with excel- lent water and lighting systems, street railway, good public school sys- tem, many churcWes, good hotels and is an extensive banking town. The population in 1910 was 6,500. Argonia, one of the incorporated towns of Sumner county, is in Dixon township, on the Chikaskia river and at the junction of the At- chison, Topeka & Santa Fe and Missouri Pacific railways, 20 miles west of Wellington, the county seat. It has an international money order postoflice, from which emanate four rural routes, express and telegraph offices, telephone connection, grain elevators, a good school system, and is the principal shipping and supply point for the western part of the county. Several religious demoninations, including the Baptists, Methodists, Friends and Presbyterians, are represented by neat houses of worship. The population in 1910 was 466. Arickaree, Battle of. — This action terminated the Indian wars on the plains. It was the most tragic of the many battles fought with the In- dians in Kansas and Nebraska and took its name from the place where the battle which was fought — on a small island in tke middle of the Arickaree, a branch of the Republican river. This island is now in- cluded in the state of Colorado, near the west line of what is now Chey- enne countv, Kan. BEECHER'S ISL.'^ND, SEPT. 17, 1905. In the summer of 1868 a troop of renegade Indians, composed of men from several tribes, made a raid on the settlers of the Saline and Solo- mon valleys, killed a number of people, drove oS numerous horses and captured two white women, one of whom lived on White Rock creek, Jewell county, the other on the Solomon river in Ottawa county. Most of the settlers from the district fled to the towns for safety. The In- dians were well armed and mounted and moved rapidly toward the north. Many of the settlers along the Saline and Solomon were old soldiers and quickly formed an armed band to pursue the Indians but could not (1-7) 98 CYCLOPEDIA OV overtake them. Gen. Sheridan, who was in command of the depart- ment, heard that there was a band of Indians camped on the western frontier and decided to pursue them. Col. George A. Forsyth was or- dered to form a volunteer company at Fort Harker (q. v.), in what is now Ellsworth county. Lieut. Frederick Beecher, of the regular army, was detailed to select the troop and choose 50 picked men, experienced frontiersmen, ex-soldiers and scouts, all known for their metal and dar- ing. Most of the men furnished their own horses and were well et|uipped for the service. They made a forced march to Fort Hays, then up the > Smoky Hill river to Fort Wallace, a distance of 200 miles. There they were supplied with ammunition, rations, pack mules and a few horses. On Sept. 10, the troop, cohsisting of 49 men, left Fort Wallace, Col. For- syth in command, Lieut. Beecher second in command, and Dr. Moore, of Fort Wallace, citizen surgeon. They expected to meet a band of from 250 to 300 Indian warriors, the number reported by the scouts. Hearing of an Indian raid on a wagon train near Sheridan, the troop hastened in that direction. There they struck the Indian trail and fol- lowed it north until they reached the Republican river then westward to the Arickaree, where a camp was formed on its north bank opposite a sandy island. While they could see no Indians the troop was con- vinced they were in the vicinity. The island was investigated and chosen as a safe place of retreat should they be surrounded by the enemy, sentinels were posted, the stock guarded and most of the men went to sleep worn out by the forced march. The Indians had been notified by their scouts of the conditions at the camp and attacked just at dawn on the morning of the 17th. By stealth, they had crept down the ravine and managed to stampede most of the mules and also some of the horses. Singing their battle-songs — Cheyenne, Arapahoe and Sioux — the Indians came on. The men of the troop knew that advance meant death and retreat was impossible, the advantage of the island as a place of refuge was now of value and Col. Forsyth gave the order, "Reach the island." This sudden movement disconcerted and surprised the Indians. Col. Forsyth divided the command, part going to the east end of the island under Jack Stilwell, the other to the west end. The Indians advanced in disorder across the creek bed toward the island and were met by volley after volley from the whites, who had managed to dig shallow pits in the sand which offered small cover. Some of the Indians then tried to advance through the tall grass, but were picked off. During the first hour many of the horses and mules were killed, firing on both sides was kept up until 10 o'clock, when several chiefs had been killed and the celebrated chief. Roman Nose, took command. He claimed to have a charmed life and led another fierce attack toward the east end of the island, which the Indians did not know was de- fended as the fighting had been all at the other end. Roman Nose was shot and with his fall the attack practically ceased until 2 o'clock p. m., when the Indians received reinforcements under Dull Knife of the Sioux tribe. Orders were not to fire until the Indians were in close range; KANSAS lilSinK\- Q9 Dull Knife was killed and when the Indians returned and recovered his body, the battle was ended. The river bed was strewn with the dead warriors and ponies of the Indians ; the wounded whites received but lit- tle aid as Dr. Moore had been hit in the head early in the engagement. Col. Forsyth and Lieut. Beechcr were both wounded, many of the men were dead, and all suffered for lack of water. At midnight two scouts were started on their perilous journey to Fort Wallace for aid, and reached the fort at sundown on Sept. 20. A command left at midnight for the Arickaree. As help was so long in coming to the besieged men, who were suffering, two more men volunteered to try to get through the Indian lines. They met the relief party under Col. Parker, and guided it to the island. It was later learned that the Indians lost be- tween 700 and 800 warriors during the battle, which liroke their power' in the west. Arispie, a hamlet of Pottawatomie county, is located 9 miles east of Westmoreland, the county seat, and 7 miles southwest of Onaga, from which place it receives daily mail. Arkalon, an international money order postoffice of Seward county, is situated in Fargo township at the point where the Chicago, Rock Is- land & Pacific R. R. crosses the Cimarron river, 13 miles northeast of Liberal, the county seat. Although the population is small, Arkalon is an important shipping point, especially for grain and live stock. Arkansas City, the largest city of Cowley county and one of the most important commercial centers of southeastern Kansas, is beauti- fully located on the elevation between the Arkansas and Walnut rivers, about 4 miles north of the state line and 12 miles south of Winfield, the county seat. The city was laid out in 1870, about the time Cowley county was organized, and the postoffice was established in April of that year with G. H. Norton as postmaster. Mr. Norton built the first house — a pioneer log structure — and was one of the first merchants. The place was first called Adelphi, later Walnut City, still later Cress- well and finally the name of Arkansas City was adopted. On June 10, 1872, Judge W'. P. Campbell of the 13th district issued the order for the incorporation of the town, and at the first election for municipal officers on July 2, A. D. Keith was chosen mayor. For a few years the growth was comparatively slow, but in Dec, 1879, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad company completed a line to Arkansas City, after which the growth was more rapid and of a more substantial character. Following this road came the Kansas Southwestern, the Missouri Pa- cific, the Midland Valley and the St. Louis and San Francisco lines, pro- viding transportation facilities as good as are to be found in any city of its size anywhere. With the advent of the railroads, manufacturing became an important industry. Water power .is provided by a canal 5 miles long connecting the W^alnut and Arkansas rivers. Among the manufactured products are cement, flour and feed, brooms, paint and alfalfa meal. The city also has a meat packing establishment, planing mills, ice factory, cream- 100 CYCLOPEDIA OF eries, five banks, an opera house which cost about $100,000, an electric lighting plant, a fine waterworks system which was first installed in 1881 and has been enlarged to keep pace with the growth of the city, a fire department, a street railway, a good sewer system, and two beauti- ful public parks. The first school was taught in 1871 by T. A. Wilson in a house that cost about $400. The present public school system com- prises four modern ward school buildings and a high school building which cost about $40,000. A number of fine church edifices add to the beauty of the city, the jobbing trade covers a large territory, and the press is well represented by two daily and three weekl}' newspapers. The Arkansas City Commercial club is composed of energetic citizens, always alert to the interests of the city, and that its efforts in this direc- tion have been successful ma)' be seen in the fact that the population increased from 6,140 in igoo to 7,508 in 1910. Arkansas River. — Undoubtedly the earliest account of this river is to be found in the narratives of the Coronado expedition, 1540-1541, in which the stream was given the name "St. Peter's and St. Paul's river." Marquette names it on his map of 1673. The Mexicans named it "Rio Napete," but the stream acquired the name "Akansa" from the early French voyagers on account of a tribe of the Dacotah or Osage stock which lived near its mouth. The stream has its source in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, in latitude 39 degrees 20 minutes north, longi- tude 106 degrees 15 minutes west. It flows in a southerly and easterly direction, passing through the royal gorge to the city of Pueblo, from which place it takes an eastward course, traversing what was once a portion of the "Great American Desert," and entering Kansas in Hamil- ton county, just south of the town of Coolidge, thence flowing in a gen- eral easterly direction through the counties of Hamilton, Kearny, l-'in- ney, Gray and Ford, at which point the stream makes an abrupt turn to the northeast, passing through the counties of Edwards, Pawnee and Barton, the "great bend" of the river being in the last named. From here the river turns to the southeast, passing through the counties of Rice, Reno, Harvey, Sedgwick, Sumner and Cowley, leaving the state at a point almost due south of the village of Davidson. It then flows across Oklahoma and Arkansas, emptying into the Mississippi river at Napoleon, Ark. The Arkansas is accounted the most important of the western tribu- taries of the combined Mississippi and Missouri rivers, is about 2,000 miles in length, of which 310 are in the state of Kansas. The stream is rarely navigable to a point above Fort .Smith, though in times of flood the channel is open to boats of light draft to a point much higher up. In 1854 a writer in the New York Tribune, in describing the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, gave Fort Mann (near Dodge City) as the "head of navigation" on the stream. CSce Farly River Commerce.") Across the plains of Colorado and Kansas the channel of this river is very shallow, in some places the banks being less than five feet above low water, and the channel at least three-quarters of a mile in width. KANSAS HISTORY lOI The slream in Colorado is almost entircl}' diverted to the irrigation of lands alongside, and the sandy wastes thus watered have been made veritable garden spots. This wholesale diversion of the water by that state was the cause of much complaint on the part of property owners and others along the river in Kansas who suffered considerable loss and inconvenience from the river going dry. To determine what rights the state had in the matter, the Kansas state senate of 1901 passed a con- current resolution relating to the diversion of the waters of^the Arkansas river, in the state of Colorado, as follows : "Whereas, It is a matter of common notoriety that the waters of the Arkansas river for some time past have been and are now being diverted from their natural channel by the state of Colorado and its citizens, to the great damage of the state of Kansas and its inhabitants ; and Whereas, It is threatened not only to continue but also to increase said diversion ; therefore, be it Resolved by the senate, the house of representatives concurring therein. That the attorney general be requested to institute such legal proceedings, and to render such assistance in other proceedings brought for the same purpose, as may be necessary to protect the rights and interests of the state of Kansas and the citizens and property owners thereof." The house concurred, and in May, 1901, the state of Kansas by its attorney-general, filed a bill in equity in the U. S. supreme court, which necessitated the taking of many thousands of pages of testi- mony of residents living along the valley of the Arkansas. The case was finally decided in favor of Colorado. Arlington, an incorporated town of Reno county, is situated in the township of the same name, 17 miles southwest of Hutchinson, at the point where the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. crosses the Nin- nescah river. It has a bank, grain elevators, a weekly newspaper, a good public school system, a cornet band, a money order postoffice with two rural free delivery routes, express and telegraph offices, and is the shipping and supply point for a large area of the rich agricultural coun- try surrounding the town. The population increased from 312 in 1900 to 450 in 1910. Arma, an incorporated town of Crawford county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R., 9 miles east of Girard, the county seat, and about 3 miles west of the state line. It is a typical Kansas town, has express and telegraph offices, a flour mill, a lumber yard, several gen- eral stores, and in 1910 reported a population of 327. Armour, a sub-station of the Kansas City postoffice (see Kansas City), is located on the Union Pacific and Chicago, Rock Island & Pa- cific railroads, about 4 miles west of Kansas City, Mo. Armourdale, (See Kansas City.) Armstrong, (See Kansas City.) Army of Law and Order. — From the name of this organization, one would naturally suppose that it was formed for the purpose of promot- ing peace, prosperity and good government among the people of Kansas. I02 CYCLOPEDIA OF Cut such was not the case. It was an armed force, the strength of which has been variously estimated at from 500 to 1,100 men, organ- ized by David R. Atchison and one of the Stringfellows, whose policy was banishment or extermination of all free-state men in the territory. The "army" was divided into two regiments, with Atchison as com- mander-in-chief. The headquarters of the organization were af Little Santa Fe on the Missotu'i border, some 15 miles south of Westport. Among the outrages committed by this force was that of robbing the Quaker mission, because the Quakers were "nigger stealers." The cat- tle and horses belonging to the mission were driven oft', articles of value were appropriated, and for a time the mission was broken up. In the latter part of Aug., 1856, the "army" was preparing for an attack upon the city of Lawrence, when the timely arrival of Gov. Geary put a stop to the proceedings. The Army of Law and Order was a part of the militia disbanded by Gov. Geary, and it was never reorganized. (See Woodson's and Geary's Administrations.) Army Service School. — As early as 1870 Gen. John Pope, then com- manding the Department of the Missouri, urged the establishment of a school for teaching military tactics, etc., and recommended that it be located at Fort Leavenworth. He repeated his suggestions several times before Gen. W. T. Sherman, commanding the army of the United States, laid the foundation of the infantry and cavalry school in his Gen- era] Orders No. 42, dated Alay 7, 1881. This order directed that steps be taken for the establishment of a school of application for the infan- try and cavalry, similar to that for the artillery at Fortress Monroe, Va. The school was to be made up of three field officers of cavalry and in- fantry ; not less than four companies of infantry and four troops of cav- alry ; one battery of light artillery, and the officers detailed for instruc- tion from each regiment of cavalry or infantry, not exceeding the rank of lieutenant, who had not previously received professional instruction. Col. Elwell S. Otis, of the Twentieth United States infantry, was as- signed to the command of the post and charged with the work of or- ganizing the school, under a code of regulations similar to that in use at Fortress Monroe. General Orders No. 8, series of 1882, announced the organization of the school, issued certain regulations for its govern- ment, prescribed a course of instruction covering organization of troops, tactics, discipline and theoretical instruction. The Spanish-American war caused a suspension of the school for four years, during which time there was a large increase in the army. Elihu Root, secretary of war, in his report for 1901, said: "In the reorganiza- tion of the enlarged army about 1,000 new officers have been added from the volunteer force, so that more than one-third of all the officers in the army have been without any opportunity whatever for systematic study of the science of war." lie spoke highly of the work accomplished by the school before llie war, and recommended its renewal. As a result of his recommendations. General Orders No. 155, of the war dcparlmcnt for 1901, directed that "The infantry and cavalry scliool KANSAS IIISTOUV IO3 at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., shall be enlarged and developed into a gen- eral service and staff college, and shall be a school of instruction for all arms of the service, to which shall be sent officers who have been recom- mended for proficiency attained in the officers' schools conducted in the various posts." The reorganized school opened on Sept. i, 1902, with Gen. J. Frank- lin Bell as commandant, and Col. A. L. Wagner, who had been con- nected with the old school, as assistant. By General Orders No. 115, series of 1904, three separate schools were established: ist, The infan- try and cavalry school ; 2nd, The signal school ; 3d, The staff college. Other changes followed, and by General Orders No. 211, of 1907, the m- fantry and cavalry school was designated "The Army School of the Line," and the method of selecting student officers was changed so that none could be admitted of a lower grade than captain, with not less than five years' service. Circular No. 13, issued by the war department in 1908, set forth the function of the service schools to be the promotion of the best interests of the service, and while it might be desirable to afford equal opportu- nity to all officers, it was impossible to do so and adhere to the purpose for which such schools were established, viz. : to promote the best in- terests of the service by affording the most promising officers the op- portunity for instruction in the highest duties of the soldiers' profession. The course of study in the infantry and cavalry school embraces military art, engineering, law and languages ; that of the signal school includes field signaling, signal engineering, topography and languages; that of the staff college includes military art, engineering, law, lan- guages and the care of troops. The commandants of the school at Fort Leavenworth since its or- ganization have been Cols. Elwell S. Otis, Thomas H. Ruger, A. D. McCook, E. F. Townsend, H. S. Hawkins, Charles W. Miner, J- Frank- lin Bell, Charles B. Hall, and Brig.-Gen. Frederick Funston, the last named having assumed the duties of the position on Aug. 14, 1908. Al- though the service school at Fort Leavenworth is a national institution, maintained by the general government, it is located on Kansas soil, and is an institution in which the progressive citizens of the state feel a deep interest, and of which they are justly proud. Arnold, a money order postoffice of Ness county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R., in Ohio township, about 15 miles north- west of Ness City, the county seat. It has an express office and is a shipping and supply point for that part of the county in which it is located. In 1910 it had a population of 75. Arrington, a village of Atchison county, is situated in the southwest corner on the Leavenworth, Kansas & Western railroad, about 25 miles southwest of Atchison. It is the supply and shipping point for a con- siderable territory, has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph facilities, several general stores, a school, and in 1910 had a population of 210. I04 CYCLOPEDIA OF Art Association, State. — When the Topeka pubHc library building was completed in April, 1883, rooms were fitted up in it for the use of an art gallery and school. On Nov. i, 1883, a letter was sent out by a committee consisting of George W. Click, A. H. Horton, A. S. John- son, John Martin, G. F. Parmelee, J. R. Mulvane, J. F. Scott, Frank Drummond, Robert Price and Edward Wilder, suggesting Nov. 8, when the Social Science club was to meet, as a suitable occasion to organize an art association. The letter also contained the announcement that a donation of $1,000 had been gi\"en by "one interested in art and progress," to further the work. The proposition met with favor, and on Nov. 9, 1883, the Art As- sociation was incorporated with 72 charter members. The articles of association declared the objects to be: i. The formation of a permanent art collection at the capital, to be open to all visitors; 2. To hold an annual competitive exhibition for Kansas artists. 3. The establishment of an art school. Edward Wilder was elected president, and G. F. Parmelee, secretary. The association was governed by a board of 24 directors. The first art loan exhibition opened in the rooms in the library on March 16, 1885, when a large number of oil paintings, water colors, engravings, drawings in black and white, ceramics, embroidery, curios, etc., were thrown open to the public. On Sept. 13, 1886, the first session of the art school was opened, under the direction of George E. Flopkins, formerly in charge of the Cincinnati School of Design. At his suggestion the association im- ported a number of casts of famous art statues, historic figures, etc. For a time the school was conducted with comparative success. Then in- terest began to wane, some of the members of the association died or moved away, others neglected to pay their annual membership fees, and the association finally lapsed into a state of inactivity altogether. The collection, or at least the most of it, is still on exhibition in the library building at Topeka. Artesian Wells. — The flowing or artesian well takes it name from Artois, France, where wells of this character have long been known. Hilgard says: "Artesian wells are most readily obtained where the geological formations possess a moderate inclination or dip, and are composed of strata of materials impervious to water (rock or clay), alternating with such as — like sand or gravel — allow it to pass more or less freely. The rain water falling where such strata ajiproach to or reach the surface will in great part accumulate in the pervious strata, rendering them 'water bearing.' Thus are formed sheets of water be- tween two inclined, impervious walls of rock or clay, above as well as below, and exerting great pressure at their lower portions. Where water so circumstanced finds or forces for itself natural outlets, we shall have springs; when tapped artifically by means of a bore-hole, we have an artesian well, from whose mouth the water may overflow if its surface level be below that of pressure." Prior to the settlement of Kansas by white people, and in fact for KANSAS HISTORY IO5 a quarter of a century or more after the state was admitted into the Union, the western half was regarded as practically a desert. In iSpi E. S. Nettleton made an investigation of the artesian and underflow conditions in Nebraska, the Dakotas, Colorado and Kansas. In his re- port he gives special mention of the overflow at Hartland and Dodge City, and quoted the following letter from R. I. Smith, of Winona, Logan county: "I have a 6-inch bored well in my door yard, 135 feet deep, with 8 feet of water. Over a year ago I noticed that at times a strong current of air came out of the openings around the pump- stock, and by observation find it to be an excellent barometer, as it blows from 6 to 20 hours preceding a storm. I have placed a brass whistle in the space, which at times can be heard a quarter of a mile. The harder and longer it blows the more intense the ccsming storm will be. A peculiarity of it is the fact that, after the storm it takes back the wind." Robert Hay, chief geologist in the office of irrigation inquiry of the United States department of agriculture, made a report the same year on the overflow conditions in the Smoky Hill and Republican valleys^ but he developed nothing of importance. In 1892 J. W. Gregory, special agent of the artesian and overflow in- vestigation on the Great Plains, described in his report the underflow in Kearny, Trego, Pratt, Seward, Morton, Logan, Scott, Wichita, Grant, Thomas, Decatur, Meade, Gray, Rooks and Russell counties in Kansas. Describing a well in the northern part of Meade county, he says: "The first water was found in white quartz gravel at 75 feet and rose 4 feet. At 113 feet a flow of water was found in white quartz gravel, which came up freely through the pipe, carrying quantities of the gravel. The water rose to a height of over 81 feet, or within 32 feet of the top of the ground, where it remains." Mr. Gregory reported a number of wells in which the water rose well toward the surface. One of these was sunk by J. J. Rosson on the top of a mound in the valley of the north fork of the Cimarron river in Grant county. After digging 60 feet without obtaining water. a hole was bored in the bottom of the well 20 feet deeper, when the water quickly rose in the well to within 20 feet of the surface. The reports of these investigations, conducted by direction of the na- tional government, have done much to strengthen the belief that under a large part of western Kansas there is a body of water that can be made to flow to the surface, and numerous experiments have been made in boring wells in the hope of striking this underflow. In some in- , stances these experiments have been successful. In the Crooked creek valley, in Meade county, there are about 100 flowing wells, though the flow is not sufficiently strong to render them of much utility in irriga- tion. There is a similar artesian area about "Wagonbed Springs," Stevens county. The wells in these districts range from 40 to 140 feet deep. At the time Mr. Gregory made his report there were 2 flowing wells in Morton county and 5 in Hamilton, demonstrating that western I06 CYCLOPEDIA OF Kansas, or at least that portion of it, is situated over a subterranean bod}' of water possessing all the qualifications mentioned by Hilgard for producing artesian wells. With the knowledge that flowing wells could be obtained in west- ern Kansas came a request for state aid in developing the field, and on Jan. 30, 1908, Gov. Hoch approved an act passed by the special session of the legislature, authorizing the county commissioners of Stevens, Morton, Grant and Stanton counties to appropriate from the general revenue funds of said counties not exceeding $5,000 in each county for the purpose of prospecting for and developing artesian wells. How- ever, no money was to be so appropriated and expended until 160 acres of land had been donated to the county, and upon this 160 acres one or more wells might be sunk, such wells to be under the control of the count}' commissioners. No reports of wells sunk under the provisions of this act are obtainable. Recent developments tend to show that the early experiments in artesian wells in Kansas were only comparatively successful or alto- gether failures because the drillers did not go deep enough. Most of the wells have gone no further than the first pervious stratum. Some- where there is a source of pressure sufficiently strong to furnish an abundant supply of water if the stratum connected with it can be reached. In 1910 Ernest C. Wilson, formerly editor of the Richfield Monitor, in Morton county, developed an 8-inch well, over 500 feet in depth, which flows 2,000 gallons per minute and supplies enough water to irrigate a half section of land. If the same conditions hold good throughout the western part of the state, it is only a question of a few years until that section will be well supplied with moisture, the "treeless plains will be sheltered by timber, and the "Great American Desert" will be a thing of the past. Arvoni, a little hamlet of Osage county, is in the township of same name, on the Marais des Cygnes river and about 12 miles southwest of Lyndon, the county seat. The people of Arvonia receive their mail by rural free delivery from Reading, which is the most convenient rail- road station. Ashcroft, a liamlct of Jefferson county, is near the northern boundary on the Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., about 4 miles from Valley Falls, and 12 miles from Oskaloosa, the county scat. It is sup]ilied with mail by rural route from Nortonville. Asherville, one of the thriving little towns of Mitchell cnuiity, is lo- cated on the Solomon river and on the I'nion Pacific R. R. in .\shcrville township, ID miles southeast of Reloit. It has a money order post- oflfice with one rural route, telegraph and express offices. The popula- tion in 1910 was 125. Asherville was the first postoffice in the county and also had the first store, established in 1867, by lion. John Rccs. Ashland, the county seat of Clark county and one of the growing towns of southwest Kansas, is located a little southeast of the geo- graphical center of the county, on Beaver creek and the line of the KANSAS HISTORY lOJ » Atchison, Topeka & Santa ¥e: R. R. that runs from Wichita to Engle- wood. Ashland's population almost doubled during the decade from 1900 to 1910. In the former year it was 493 and in the latter 910. The volume of business and shipping increased in even greater proportions than the poinilatifju. The city has two banks, grain elevators, a weekly newspaper — the Clark County Clipper — several general stores, hard- ware, drug and jewelry stores, confectioneries, etc., a good public school system, and the Catholics, Methodists, Christians and Presbyterians all have neat church edifices. The Ashland postoffice is authorized to is- sue international money orders, express, telegraph and telephone fa- cilities are ample, and taken altogether, Ashland can be described as a wide-awake, progressive little city. Ashland Colony. — Within a few months after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill steps were taken at Newport, Ky., to organize a colony for the purpose of founding a settlement in Kansas. Several local meetings were held, but nothing definite was accomplished until about the close of the year 1854. Early in 1855 some 60 persons, most of them from Covington, Ky., and Cincinnati, Ohio, embarked on the steamboat Express for the new territory. The boat arrived at Kansas City, Mo., in March, 1855. ^ site had been previously selected on the south side of the Kansas river, near the mouth of McDowell's creek. The original intention was to make the entire trip by water, the colo- nists believing the Kansas river to be navigable, but upon arriving at Kansas City they found that their boat would be unable to proceed farther. Emigrant wagons and teams were procured for the remainder of the journey, and on April 22 they reached their destination. Many of these colonists were admirers of Henry Clay and the town they laid out was named Ashland, after the great commoner's residence in Kentucky. The name was also given -to the township subsequently or- ganized, including the settlement founded by this colony. The officers of the Ashland colony were : Franklin G. Adams, presi- dent ; Rev. N. B. White, vice-president; Henry J. Adams, treasurer. Among the members were Matthew Weightman, W. H. Mackey, Sr., and wife, John E. Ross, C. L. Sanford, C. N. Barclay. William Stone and J- S. Williams. A few of the colonists became discouraged and returned to their old homes in Ohio and Kentucky, but the majority of them were prepared to encounter the hardships of pioneer life on the frontier and went bravely forward with the erection of log cabins, etc. Late in December a postoffice was established at Ashland with William Mackey as postmaster, and in March, 1857, the town was made the county seat of Davis (now Geary) county. Several terms of the territorial court were held there by Judge Elmore before the seat of justice was removed to Junction City in Nov., i860. With the removal of the county seat Ashland began to wane. Some of the leading mem- bers of the colony found better opportunities for the exercise of their talents and energies elsewhere, and in time the town of Ashland be- came only a memory. In 1873 the legislature transferred Ashland township to Riley county. Io8 CYCLOPEDIA OF » Ashley, William H., fur trader and Congressman, was born in Pow- hatan county, Va., about 1778. In 1808 he went to L'ppcr Louisiana (now Missouri) and was there made a brigadier-general of militia. In 1822 he organized the Rocky Mountain Fur company and went to the Rocky mountains, where he formed friendly relations with the Indians, wnth whom he traded for many years and accumulated a comfortable fortune. In some of his excursions from the States to his trading posts he crossed Kansas, though his route was generally up the Platte valley. In 1820 he was elected lieutenant-governor of Illinois, and later removed to Missouri. From 1831 to 1837 he represented a Missouri district in Congress. He died at Boonville, Mo., March 26, 1838. Ashton, a village of Walton township, Sumner county, is a station on the Kansas Southwestern R. R., about 16 miles southeast of Welling- ton, the county seat. It has a money order postofifice with one rural free delivery route, express and telegraph offices, several general stores, and in 1910 reported a population of 125. Ash Valley, a rural hamlet of Pawnee county, is in the township of the same name, in Ash creek valley, about 12 miles northwest of Larned, the county seat, with which it is connected by stage, and from which it receives mail. Assaria, one of the active incorporated towns of Saline county, is located in Smoky View township, on the Union Pacific R. R., 12 miles south of Saline, the county seat. It has a number of business estab- lishments, a bank, telegraph and express offices and an international money order postoffice, with one rural route. The population in 1910 was 246. The town was laid out in 1879 by a town company, of which Highlnnd Fairchild was president. Atchison, the seat of justice of Atchison county, located in the east- ern part on the Missouri river, was founded in 1854 and named in honor of David R. Atchison, United States senator from Missouri, who, when Kansas was opened for settlement, interested some of his friends in the scheme of forming a city in the new territory. However, it seems that all were not agreed upon the location he had selected, and on July 20, 1854, Dr. J. H. Stringfellow, Ira Norris, Leonidas Oldham, James B. Martin and Neal Owens left Platte City, Mo., to decide definitely upon a site. They crossed the Missouri river near Fort Leavenworth and continued to travel up stream along the western bank until they reached the place where Atchison now stands, where they found a site that was the natural outlet of a remarkably rich agricultural region just open to settlement. They also found that two men named George M. Million and Samuel Dickson had staked claims near the river. Million's claim lay south of what is now known as Atchison street and consisted of a quarter section. Dickson had built a small cabin on his claim, and this cabin was the first structure erected on the site of llie present city. Million had a ferry, on which he crossed to the Missouri side to his home, but on tlie day the prospectors ar- rived he was on the Kansas side. From a map in his possession, the KANSAS HISTORY lOQ prospectors found that they were at the location decided upon before leaving Missouri. As all the men in the party, except Dr. Stringfellow, had already taken claims in the valley of Walnut creek, he was the only member of the party who could select a claim. He therefore took a tract north of Million's. The proposition of forming a town company for the fu- ture city was laid before the first settlers. Dickson was willing, but Million did not care to cut up his claim. He offered to sell his claim for $i,ooo — an exorbitant price for the land — but the men from Platte City had determined to found a city on that particular spot, and the purchase was made. A town company was formed and a week later a meeting was held under a tree on the bank of the river, about a half block south of where Atchison street now runs. There were eighteen persons present when the town company was formally organized by electing Peter T. Abell, president; James Burns, treasurer; Dr. J. H. Stringfellow, secretary. The site was divided into lOO shares by the company, of which each niember retained five shares, the remainder being reserved for common benefit of all. By Sept. 20, 1854, Henry Kuhn had surveyed the 480 acres and made a plat, and the next day was fixed for the sale of lots, an event of great importance as it had become understood that Senator Atchison would make a speech upon the political question of the day, hence the sale would be of political as well as business significance. At this meeting on the 21st, two public institutions of vital interest to a new community were planned for — a hotel and a newspaper. Each share of stock in the town company was assessed $25, the proceeds to be used to build the National hotel, which was completed in the spring of 1855 on the corner of Second and Atchison streets, and $400 was do- nated to Dr. J. H. Stringfellow and R. S. Kelley to erect a printing office. In Feb., 1855, the Squatter .Sovereign was issued. (See News- papers.) For years there had been considerable trade up and down the Mis- souri river, which had naturally centered at Leavenworth, but in June, 1855, several overland freighters were induced to select Atchison as their outfitting point. The most important firms were Livingston, Kin- kead & Co. and Hooper & Williams. The outfitting business done in Atchison was one of the greatest factors in establishing her commercial career. Some of the first merchants to open stores in the new town were George Challis, Burns Bros., Stephen Johnston and Samuel Dick- son. On Aug. 30, 1855, Atchison was incorporated. The corporation was granted the privilege of holding land "not to exceed 640 acres" and the stock of the company was to be regarded as personal property. The town company had required every settler to build a house at least 16 . feet square upon his lot, but when the survey was made it was discov- ered that some of these buildings were upon school lands. The title to the school lands remained in question for some time, but in 1857 all no CYCLOPEDIA OF lands embraced within the corporate limits of the town were acquired by th€ town company from the general government, and in turn con- veyed the lots to the individual purchasers, the titles being finally con- firmed by the court. Dr. Stringfellow had North Atchison surveyed and platted in the fall of 1857. This started a fever of additions. In Feb., 1858. West Atchi- son was laid out by John Roberts, and in May Samuel Dickson had his property surveyed. as South Atchison. Still another addition was made by John Challis. On Feb. 12, 1858, the legislature issued a charter to the city of At- chison, which was approved by the people on March 2 at a special elec- tion. The first city officers were elected at a second special election on March 13, 1858, and were as follows: Mayor, Samuel C. Pomeroy ; treas- urer, E. B. Grimes; register, John F. Stein; marshal, Milton R. Benton; attorney, A. E. Mayhew; engineer, W. O. Gould; assessor, H. L. Davis; physician, J. W. Hereford ; board of appraisers, Messrs. Peterfish, Ros- well and Gaylord ; councilmen, William P. Chiles, O. F. Short, Luther C. Challis, Cornelius A. Logan, S. T. Walter, James A. Headley and Charles Holbert. At the outbreak of the Civil war there were three militia companies organized in Atchison, whose members enlisted in the Kansas regiments. They were known as Companies A, C and "At, All Hazards." Early in Sept., 1861, a home guard was organized in the town to protect it in case of invasion from Missouri, and on the 15th of the month another company was raised, which was subsequently mustered into a state regi- ment. In 1863 the city of Atchison raised $4,000 to assist the soldiers from the count)- and after the sack of Lawrence a like sum was sub- scribed to assist the stricken people of that city. Citizens of the town also joined the vigilance committees that so materially aided the civil authorities in suppressing raiding and the lawless bands of thieves that infested the border counties. Atchison was one of the first cities in Kansas to be connected by telegraph with the east. In 1859 the St. Louis & Missouri Valley Tele- graph company extended its line from Leavenworth to Atchison. In 191 1, the following railroads all ran into the city: Burlington & Mis- souri River, Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, Chicago, Rock Island & Pa- cific, Hannibal & St. Joseph, Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council P>lufFs, and the Missouri Pacific. The first postoffice in Atchison was established April 10. 1855, with Robert .S. Kcllcy as postmaster. It was optiu-d in a small I>uil(ling in the block later occupied by the Otis house. In July, 1883, the free-de- livery system was inaugurated and today Atchison has one of the best equipped, modern postal services in the state. The first schools in the town were private. One of the first was opened in 1857 by Lizzie Bay. The first school district was established in Oct., 1838, and a month later, the Atchison free high school was opened at the corner of Atchison and Commercial streets. Since thai time progress in the esl.Tlilishment and KANSAS HISTORY III maintenance of schools in the city has been uniform and today Atchi- son has a well regulated system of public schools. Besides the jniblic schools there are a number of private educational institutions. The first religious services in Atchison were held by James Shaw, a Methodist minister, who visited the city in May, 1857, and delivered the first sermon at ^. C. Pomeroy's ofifice. (See history of churches under denominational name.) Soon after the war, when industrial life became normal, manufac- tories began to spring up in Atchison. Elevators and mills were erected in the late '60s and early '70s; a flax mill was built; the Atchison Foun- dry and Machine Works, one of the most important commercial enter- pries, was started ; also many wood working factories, and carriage and wagon works. Since that time her progress as an industrial center has been steady. Civic improvements have been of paramount interest to the citizens of Atchison, and today there are many miles of paved streets, an excellent waterworks system, sewer, telephone, electric light- ing and electric railway systems. Natural gas, piped from the southern part of the state, is utilized for lighting, heating and manufacturing pur- poses. The city has gained a reputation for its fine flour mills, car-re- pair shops, foundries, wooden ware, and furniture factories. It is also a large jobbing center for groceries, hardware and drugs. In igri At- chison had a population of 16,429, making it the fifth city in the state. Atchison County, one of the northeastern counties of the state, was created by the first territorial legislature in 1855, with the following boundaries, "Beginning at the southeast corner of the county of Doni- phan ; thence west twenty-five (25) miles; thence south sixteen (16) miles; thence east to the Mississippi (Missouri) river; thence up said river to the place of beginning." The county was named in honor of David R. Atchison, United States senator from Missouri, and the town :>f Atchison was made the county seat. In 1868, the boundaries of the county were redefined as follows : "Commencing at the southeast corner of Doniphan county; thence with the southern boundary of Doniphan count}^ to the township line between townships 4 and 5 south ; thence west with the said township line between townships 4 and 5 south, to the range line between ranges 16 and 17 east; thence south with said range line, to the southwest corner of section 19, of township 7 south, of range 17 east ; thence east with the section lines to the intersection with the west boundary line of the State of Missouri; thence north with said boundary line of the State of Missouri, to the place of beginning." Atchison county is in the second tier of counties south of the Nebraska state line and has an area of 423 square miles. It is bounded on the north by Brown and Doniphan counties, on the east by Doniphan coun- ty and the Missouri river, which divides it from the State of Missouri, on the south by Leavenworth and Jeflferson counties and on the west by Jackson county. It is divided into the following townships : Benton, Center, Grasshopper, Kapioma, Lancaster, Mount Pleasant, Shannon and Walnut. The surface of the county is gently undulating prairie, except along the Missouri river where it breaks into prominent bluffs. 112 CYCLOPEDIA OF The average width of the valleys is from a quarter of a mile to a mile and a half and these constitute about one-eighth of the area. Timber is found along all the streams, the principal varieties being black wal- nut, burr-oak, black and white oak, hickory, red and white elm and honey-locust. Besides the Missouri river, which forms the eastern boundary, there is the Delaware river, which flows across the southwest corner. Stranger creek in the center of the county, and Independence creek which forms a part of the northeastern boundary. A mineral spring, said to have medicinal properties, is at Arrington in the south- west. Limestone and sandstone are plentiful ; a rich vein of coal, aver- aging 3 feet or more in thickness, has been found just outside the cor- porate limits of Atchison ; and there an abundance of clay for making vitrified brick. The territorj' now embraced within the limits of the county originally formed a part of the Kickapoo reserve, established by the treaty of 1833, with the exception of the southwest corner which was a part of the Dela- ware reserve and outlet, established by the treaty of 183 1. These lands were ceded, under certain conditions, to the general government in 1854 and opened to settlement. The first white men to visit the county now embraced within the boundaries of Atchison county were French traders, who passed up the Missouri river during the first quarter of the eighteenth century. French trade was well established upon the Missouri river by 1764 and the eastern part of Atchison county known to the traders. Lewis and Clark passed along the eastern boundary on their expedition in 1804 and spent some time in exploring the banks of the Missouri river. In 1818 the first military post established by the United States government in what is now Kansas was built on the Isle au Vache (q. v.), or Cow island. It was known as Cantonment Martin. In 1833, the Methodist Episcopal church established a mission among the Kickapoos, located in what is now the northwestern corner of the county near Kennekuk. The first white man to locate permanently and erect a home is supposed to have been a Frenchman named Pensoneau, who married a Kickapoo Indian and settled on the banks of Stranger creek in 1839. As soon as it was definitely known that Kansas Territory would be opened to settlement, the pro-slaverj^ party in Missouri began to lay plans by which the county would be settled by men of tlieir political faith. Some of the first settlers were a party from latan. Mo., who took claims in the vicinity of Oak Mills in June, 1854, but the actual settlers and the real founders of the county and city of Atchison did not enter the territory until the next month. (See Atchison.) Some of the set- lers of Atchison county in 1854 were James T. Darnall, Thomas Dun- can, Robert Kelly. B. F. Wilson. Henry Cliiic and Archibald Flliott. The county was surveyed into townships in 1855, and into sections in fall of that year. One of the earliest, and practically the only free-state settlement in Atchison county, was started in Center township in Oct., KANSAS HISTORY 113 1854, by Caleb May. The town of Pardee was laid out in the spring of 1857 and named in honor of Pardee Butler, a minister of the Chris- tian church and one of the ardent free-state advocates. Monrovia was laid out in 1856 and Lancaster in 1857. About five miles west of Atchison the old military road ran north and south across the county and there the citizens of Atchison sold land to the Mormon emigrant agents. For years quite a setLlcmciit uf them was to be found there, although they rarely remained long. The roads west through the county became deeply worn into ruts by the thousands who passed over them. The overland stage route to Cali- fornia ran west through Atchison county into Franklin county ; the But- terfield overland dispatch to Denver started from Atchison, as did also the parallel roads to the gold fields. Thousands passed along these well known highways, but there were few settlers in Atchison county from any state except Missouri. In fact they so predominated that the peo- ple who advocated free-state principles did not dare let it be known. The first open trouble between a free-state man and the pro-slavery men in Atchison county occurred in 1855, when J. W. B. Kelley, a free- soiler in politics, made offensive remarks about slavery, and particularly about a female slave who was supposed to have committed suicide. Her owner in consequence inflicted bodily chastisement upon Kelley. A large number of the citizens of the town adopted resolutions order- ing Kelle}', under penalty of further punishment, to leave the town. They also ordered all emissaries of the abolition societies to leave or their reward would be "the hemp." It was resolved to "purge" the county of all free-state people. All persons who refused to sign the resolutions were to be regarded and treated as abolitionists. (See But- ler, Pardee.) The bold attitude of the free-state settlers of Lawrence increased the fire of political feeling among the pro-slavery men of Atchison and added to their martial ardor. In the Wakarusa War (q. v.) an Atchison company took a promient part in the siege. Other companies were in the battle of Hickor}' Point. The pro-slaver)' leaders of Atchison, who dominated the politics of the county, had so terrorized the other settlers that up to the sum- mer of 1857 the free-state men in the county had formed no organiza- tion. Meetings had been held outside of Atchison, however, and dur- ing the summer a society was formed at Monrovia with F. G. Adams as chairman. About the same time the Atchison Town company dis- posed of a large part of its property interests to the New England Aid company, and the Squatter Sovereign, the first newspaper in the coun- ty, originally a strong pro-slavery organ, was turned over to S. C. Pomeroy, who, with F. G. Adams and Robert McBratney, turned it into the Champion, a free-state sheet. As the town company had made such a compromise in politics for the sake of business, Mr. Adams thought that the free-state men could go still further, and advertised that Gen. James H. Lane would speak (1-8) 114 CVCLOPEDIA OF in Atchison on Oct. 19. A number of reliable free-state men came up from Leavenworth to see fair play, as the opposition had declared that Lane should not speak. Mr. Adams was assaulted in the morning and feeling ran so high with both parties parading the streets armed, that it was decided to postpone the meeting. Lane was turned back before entering the city and thus further trouble was avoided. Atchison county was the first county in Kansas to secure railroad connections. The St. Joseph & Atchison road was completed to Atchi- son in Feb.. i860. This was most important for the county and city, as it removed from Leavenworth much of the trade that had formerly gone there, and secured the shipment of all the government freight to the western military posts. It also removed the starting point of the overland mail to Atchison from St. Joseph. At the present time the county's shipping facilities are provided by two lines of the Missouri Pacific, one entering on the western border, the other on the northern, converging at Atkinson: a branch line (if the Chicago. Hurlingtiin & Quincy, which enters the county in the northeast and terminates at Atchison ; a line of the Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe, has its terminus at Atchison, with a branch from Hawthorn to Kansas City. The Chi- cago, Rock Island & Pacific, Hannibal & St. Joseph and Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs railroads cross the Missouri river from Missouri to .Atchison and connect that city with the east and the Leavenworth, Kansas & Western railroad crosses the southeast corner. The county commissioners of Atchison county were elected by the territorial legislature, and Gov. Woodson signed their commissions on Aug. 31, 1855. They met and organized on Sept. 17 at the house of O. B. Dickerson in .Atchison, the members present being William J. Young, James M. Givens and James A. Headley, prol)ate judge. Wil- liam McVay h;ul been appointed sheriff previous to this meeting, at which time the following officers were appointed by the board: Ira Morris, clerk and recorder; Samuel Walters, assessor; Sannicl Dick- son, treasurer. The county was divided into three townshijis : Grass- hopper, Mount Pleasant and Shannon. The ne.xt day Eli C. Mason was appointed sheriff in place of McVay, who resigned, .ind I )ndley McVay was chosen coroner. Voting precincts were established for each township in prc])arati<)n for the election of a delegate to Congress, which was set for the first Monday of October. The town company of Atchison had offered to donate "Block 10" for the location of the county court-house. The offer was accepted and in ( )clol)tr the com- missioners ordered that this block be made the site of a l)rick building at least 40 feet square. Fift\ lots were sold on May i, 1856, the pro- ceeds to be used to help in the expense of the building. Tlierc was some question as to the jicrmanent location of the county scat, and this was not settled until the election held on the first Monday in Oct., 1858, when Atchison received the majority of votes. Work was then pushed' rapidly along and the court-house was comiileted in 1859. The county jail, adjoining it. was completed about the same time. As KANSAS JIISTORY II5 the offices in the old court-house grew too crowded with the increasing business, a fine new court-house was erected in the winter of 1896-97. No bonds were issued, the funds to pay for it being secured by three annual direct tax levies. In 1869 the county purchased a poor farm 4 miles south of the city of Atchison, and erected an $8,000 building. This farm has been self-supporting. When the call came for volunteers at the outbreak of the Civil war, no men were more patriotic than those of Atchison county, which was represented in the First, Seventh, Eighth, Tenth, Thirteenth and First (colored) Kansas regiments ; the First Nebraska and the Thir- teenth Missouri ; and also in the Ninth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Kan- sas regiments. Being on the border, Atchison county was liable to raids from the Confederate army and guerrilla bands from across the border, which necessitated the raising of companies of home guards. During the year 1863 the depredations of lawless bands became so annoying that vigilance committees were formed, the members taking an oath to support the Union and to assist in suppressing rebellion. They became an effective auxiliary to the civil authorities in punish- ing violators of the law. Atchison, situated in the eastern part of the county on the Missouri river, is the seat of justice as well as the largest and most important town in the county. It is a shipping and jobbing point for a large and rich agricultural territory. According to the LT. S. census for 1910 the papulation of Atchison county was 28,107. The value of farm products that year, including live stock, was $2,723,570. The five principal crops, in the order of their value, were: corn, $1,112,386; oats, $236,552; hay. $216,282; wheat, $170,850, and the value of live stock slaughtered or sold for slaughter was $600,709. Atchison, David R., jurist and United States senator, was born in Fayette county, Ky., Aug. 11, 1807. His father was an industrious farmer of influence in the neighborhood. At an early age David was put in a grammar school, but left it to enter Transylvania University, where he graduated. In 1828 he began to study law at the Lexington Law School, where he remained two years. He then went to Clay county, at that time the extreme border of Missouri. He quickly adapted him- self to the life and society of the frontier; took part in politics, and soon became a prominent figure in the life of the country. In 1834 he was elected to the state house of representatives of Missouri and in 1838 was reelected. During this session he was chosen major-general of the state militia to operate against the Indians, but never saw any active service. In 1840 he was defeated as a candidate for the state legisla- ture, and in 1841, was elected to the bench of the Platte judicial circuit. Two years later he was chosen by Gov. Reynolds to fill the vacancy in the United States senate, occasioned by the death of Dr. Lewis Lvnn ; was elected in 1844 to the position by the state legislature, and reelected in 1849. -"^t the time of the death of William R. King, the vice-president I 1 6 CYCLOPEDIA OF elect, Mr. Atchison, being president of the senate, became ex-officio vice- president of the United States. ^Vhen the question of the organization of the Nebraska Territory came before the senate, Mr. Atchison opposed it, but at the next session favored it, and though the vahdity of the Missouri Compromise had not then been questioned, he proposed, re- gardless of restrictions, to introduce slavery into the territory. In the summer of 1853, he announced himself in favor of the repeal of the Alis- souri Compromise and the following winter was a warm supporter of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. He aspired to the presidency and for some time his name appeared in the border papers as a candidate. He ran for the United States senate in 1855 but was defeated. The following year he spent the most of his time in Kansas leading the Platte County Rifle company, but after the defeat of slavery in Kansas he retired to his farm. At the beginning of the Civil war he entered the Confederate service, but soon retired because of dissatisfaction with the manage- ment. After the war he li\'ed in retirement until his death, Jan. 26, 18S6. Atchison Institute, a private school at Atchison, was founded in 1870 with Mrs. H. E. Monroe as the first principal. Cutler's History of Kansas says it was established as a cooperative enterprise of the instruc- tors. The Kansas Monthly for June, 1879, says: "The Institute is lo- cated on Kansas avenue between Third and Fourth streets. The build- ings are of stone, one 25 by 50 feet, and the other 20 by 30 feet, both three stories high. It has five well appointed recitation rooms and six- teen rooms for the accommodation of boarders from abroad. DiuMng the past si.\ months 200 students have been enrolled, with an average attendance in the various departments of 144." The property of the school was at that time valued at $25,000. Since then many important additions have been made and the Institute is still one of the well known private educational institutions of the state. Athol, a thriving little town of Smith county, is a station on the Chi- cago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R.. in Lane township. 8 miles west of Smith Center, the county seat. It has a liank. a grain elevator, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, some good general stores and is a shipping point of considerable importance. 'i"he ])opiilation in iQio was 350. Atlanta, an incor])oratcd town of Cowley county, is situated in Omnia tovvnshij) on the line of the St. Louis iS: San Francisco R. R., about 20 miles nortlieast of Winficid, tJie county seat. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with three rural delivery routes, telegraph and express offices, telephone connection with the surrounding region, some well ai)i)()intcd retail stores, and is the shii)iiing and supply point for a large agricultural district in the northern part of the co\inty. The pf)pulation in loio was 330. Attachments. — The |)iaiutilT in a civil action for llu- recovery of money or in a suit for alimony may. at or after the commencement thereof, have an attachment against the property of the defendant: ist— When the defendant or one of several defendants is a foreign corpor;ition, or KANSAS HISTORY II7 a non-resident of this state; but no order of attachment sliall be issued for any claim other than a debt or demand arising u])on contract, judg- ment or decree, unless the cause of action arose wholly within the limits of this state, which fact must be established on the trial. 2nd — \\'hcn the defendant or one of several defendants has absconded with intention to defraud his creditors. 3d- — When the defendant lias left the county of his residence to avoid process. 4th — When he conceals himself for that purpose. 5th — -When he is about to remove his prop- erty or a part thereof out of the jurisdiction of the court to defraud creditors. 6th — When he is about to convert his property or a part thereof into money for that purpose. 7th — When he has property or rights in action which he conceals. 8th — In case he has assigned, re- moved or disposed of, or is about to dispose of, his property or a part thereof to defraud creditors. 9th — In case he fraudulently contracted the debt or incurred the liability or obligation for which the suit is about to be or has been brought. loth — Where the damages for which the action is brought are for injuries arising from the commission of some felony or misdemeanor or the seduction of anj^ female, nth — When the debtor has failed to pay the price or value of any article or thing delivered, which by contract he was bound to pay upon delivery. The order of attachment shall not be issued by the clerk until an imdertaking on the part of the plaintifif has been executed by one or more sufficient sureties, approved by the clerk and filed in his office, in a sum not exceeding double the amount of the plaintiff's claim, to the effect that the plaintiff shall pay to the defendant all damages which he may sustain by reason of the attachment, if the order be wrongfully obtained: but no undertaking shall be required where the party or parties defendant are all non-residents of the state or a foreign corporation. An order of attachment shall be issued by the clerk of the court in which the action is brought in any case mentioned when there is filed in his office an affidavit of the plaintiff, his agent or attorney, show- ing: 1st — The value of the plaintiff's claim. 2nd — That it is just. 3d — The amount which the affiant believes the plaintiff ought to re- cover. 4th — The existence of some one of the grounds enumerated. If the defendant or other person on his behalf, at any time before judgment, cause an undertaking to be executed to the plaintiff by one or more sureties resident in the county, to be approved by the court, in double the amount of the plaintiff's claim as stated in his affidavit, to the effect that the defendant shall perform the judgment of the court, the attachment in such action shall be discharged and restitution made of any property taken under it or the proceeds thereof. Such under- taking shall also discharge the liability of a garnishee in such action for any property of the defendant in his hands. Attica, one of the principal incorporated towns of Harper county, is in Ruella township, and is the eastern terminus of a division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. that runs west to Medicine Lodge. I I.S rVCLOPEDIA OF Being situated in the midst of a fine agricultural district, about 12 miles northwest of Anthony, Attica is an important commercial center and shipping point. It has a bank, a grain elevator, a weekly news- paper (the Independent), an international money order postoffice from which emanate two rural delivery routes, telegraph, telephone and ex- press accommodations, good schools, and churches of several of the leading denominations. Attica is one of the few towns that more than doubled its population in the decade between 1900 and igio. In the former year the population Avas 311 and in the latter it was 737, a growth that speaks well for the location of the town and the enterpris- ing spirit of its inhabitants. Atwater, a rural post-hamlet of Meade county, is located on a little tributary of Crooked creek, about 13 miles south of Meade, the county seat and most convenient railroad station. Atwood, the county seat of Rawlins count}-, is an incorporated city of the third class, with a population of 680 in 1910, a gain of 194 during the ])receding ten years. It was laid out in April, 1870, by T. A. An- drews and J. M. Matheny in section 4, town 3, range 33, but this prov- ing to be school land, the town was moved the following spring to its present site on Beaver creek in Atwood township, near the center of the county. After a contest (see Rawlins County) Atwood was made the permanent county seat in July, 1881. It has two banks, three week- ly newspapers, several good mercantile establishments, graded jniblic schools and a high school, telegraph and express offices, an international money order postoffice with two free rural delivery routes, telephone connection with the surrounding towns, a hotel, and some small manu- facturing enterprises. Atwood is located on the division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. that runs from Orleans, Neb., to St. Francis, Kan., and is an important shipping point. The leading religious denom- inations are the Baptists. Christians, Catholics. Congregationalists, Dunkards and Methodists, all of whom liave neat houses of worship. A daily stage line nms from Atwood to Colby, the county seat of l^homas county, about 30 miles to the south. Aubrey, Francois X., a noted scoul and guide, was a French Ca- nadian of wliose early life and antecedents little is known. During the days of the Santa Fe trade he was a familiar figure along the old trail, and was the first man to take a loaded train from the Missouri river to Santa Fe in the winter season. In 184Q or 1850 he discovered a new route to .^anta Fe by crossing the .'\rkansas river at the mouth of the Big Sandy, not far from Big Timbers, and following the di\idc be- tween tlie Raton and Cimarron rivers. This route had an advantage over the old ones, as the longest distance between watering places was but 30 miles, while on the old trail via the Cimarron river the distance in some cases was fin miles. For a wager of .$5,000, Aubrey on one occa- sion rode from Santa Fe to Weslport, Mo., a distance of 775 miles, in 5 days ;iti(' 13 hnurs. lie secured relavs of horses fnini pass'ii!> trains and won the wager, but was almost exhausted when he reached West- KANSAS IllSTOKV I I9 port and slcjU for twenty hours. Gen. Sherman mentions this ride in his Memoirs, and compliments the bravery and endurance of the scout. Aubrey met his death at Santa Fe in 1856 at the hands of Maj. R. C. Weightman, who afterward won distinction as an artillery officer in the Confederate army. Weightman and Aubrey met in a saloon and were in the act of taking a drink together, when the latter accused Weightman of publishing a He on him, Weightman having formerly conducted a newspaper. Without replying to the charge, Weightman dashed his glass of liquor in the face of Aubrey, who immediately attempted to draw his revolver, jjut before he could do so his antagonist stabbed him to the heart. Aubrey's name is sometimes given as "Felix X. Aubrey," and some writers spelled the last name "Aubry." In 1853 a steamboat built for the Missouri river trade was named the "Felix X. Aubrey" after this daring and adventurous character. Auburn, a money order postoffice of Shawnee county, is in the town- ship of the same name, about 15 miles southwest of Topeka and 8 miles west of Wakarusa, which is the nearest railroad station. It is a trading center for that section of the county, has Baptist, Methodist and Presby- terian churches, telephone connection with Topeka and other adjacent points, and in 1910 reported a population of ^2.. Two rural free de- livery routes start from the Auburn office and supply daily mail to the farmers of the vicinity. Augusta, an incorporated eity of Butler county, is located at the confluence of the Walnut and Whitewater rivers, 13 miles south of Eldorado, the county seat. The first attempt to establish a town here was in 1857, when a party of explorers from Lawrence laid out a town and named it Augusta. The following year a party from Topeka jumped the claim of the former founders and laid out the town of "Fontanella," and another account states that the town of "Orizonia" was also laid out at the junction of the rivers in 1858. The lands then belonged to the Indians, who raided the town and drove oflf the settlers in the spring of 1859. For several years the site then lay vacant, but near the close of the Civil war Hagan & Morrill opened a trading post there. After the treaty with the Osages in 1868 Shamleffer & James bought the old claim for .$40 and established a trading house, and it is said that the town was named Augusta for Mrs. James. A school house was built in 1870 and the same year a postoffice was established with C. N. James as postmaster. In 1871 Augusta was incorporated as a town, with W. A. Shannon as chairman of the first board of trustees. On May 8, 1880, the first train on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. reached Augusta, and the next year the Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe completed its line to the town, which from that time experienced a steady and substantial growth. The Missouri Pacific has since entered the city, so that the Augusta of the present day has railroad lines radiating in five different directions. This makes it an available shipping and distributing point, and being situated in a fine agricultural region, large quantities of grain. I20 CYCLOPEDIA OF live stock, etc., are annually exported. Extensive stone quarries in the vicinity also furnish a great deal of material for shipment. The city has two banks, one daily and two weekly newspapers, some fine mercantile houses, a good public school s_ystem, telegraph, telephone and express facilities, an international money order postoffice with four rural free delivery routes emanating from it, and in 1910 had a population of 1.235. Aulne, a money order postoffice of Marion county, is in Wilson town- shi]), atid is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 6 miles south of Marion, the county seat. It has a good local trade, does considerable shipping, and in 1910 reported a population of 150. Aurora, an incorporated town of Cloud county, is located in the town- ship of the same name, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. that runs from Strong City to Superior, Neb., 12 miles southeast of Con- cordia, the county seat. It has a bank, a Catholic church, some good stores, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, telephone con- nection, telegraph and express offices, good schools, and in 1910 reported a population of 269. Austin, a station on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R., in Neosho count}-, is located in Canville township, 11 miles northwest of Erie, the county seat, and 4 miles from Chanute from wlience it receives mail daily by rural delivery. Australian Ballot. — fSee Election Laws.) Avery, a rural hamlet of Reno county, is situated on Peace creek, about 20 miles northwest of Hutchinson, the county seat. The inhabitants receive mail by rural free delivery from Sterling, Rice count}-, which is the nearest railroad station. Avoca, a hamlet of Jackson county, is located near the west line of the county, 1 1 miles southwest of Holton, the county seat. It receives its mail from Soldier. Axtell, an incorporated town of Marshall county, is located in Murray township, 25 miles east of Marysviile, the county seat, at the junction of the Missouri Pacific and the St. Joseph & Grand Island railroads. It has banking facilities, a weekly newspaper, a money order postoffice with three rural routes, telegraph and express offices, and had 748 inhabitants •in 1910. The community was settled in the '60s and the town was laid out in 1872 by the St. Joseph Town conipan}. The postoffice was estab- lished the same year. The first store was kept by a man known as "Shoestring" Dickinson. B Bachelder, a Idwu in Geary county. (See Milford.) Bacon, a small hamlet of Lincoln county, is located in the Spillman creek valley, about 20 miles northwest of Lincoln, the county seat. The people there receive mail by rural free delivery from Ccdron. Sylvan Grove on the I'nion Pacific is the nearest railmad st;ition. KANSAS HISTORY 121 Badger, a village of Cherokee county, is a station on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. in the eastern part of the county, with a population of '^o in lyio, and receives mail 1)\- rural free dclivcrv from Smitlilield, Mo. Bailey, Edgar H. S., chemist, was born at Middlefield, Cx)nn., Sept. 17, 1848. In 1873 he received the degree of Ph. B. from Yale I'niver- sity, and for the year following was an instructor in chemistry in that institution. He then became an instructor in the Lehigh University at South Bethlehem, Pa., where he remained until 1883, visiting Strass- burg, however, in 1881 as a student along special lines. Prof. Bailey was apj)ointed chemist to the Kansas State Board of Agriculture in 1885. In 1895 he visited Leipzig, and in 1899 became chemist to the Kansas State I'oard of Health. The next year he was made director of the chem- ical laboratory in the LTniversity of Kansas, which position he still occu- pies. Prof. Bailey assisted in and contributed to the reports of the Kan- sas geological survey; in connection with H. P. Cady is the author of a laboratory Guide to Qualitative Analysis ; was councilor of the society of Sigma Xi in 1908; is a member of various scientific societies, and honorary member of the American Institute of Homeopathy, and a con- tributor to scientific and chemical journals. On July 13, 1876, he marrie'd Miss Aravesta Trumbauer, of Bethlehem, Pa. Bailey, Willis J., governor of the State of Kansas from 1903 to 1905, was born in Carroll coimty, 111., Oct. 12, 1854. He was educated in the common schools, the Mount Carroll high school, and graduated at the L'niversity of Illinois as a member of the class of 1879. In 1904 his Alma Mater conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. In 1879, soon after completing his college course, he accompanied his father to Nemaha county, Kan., where they engaged in farming and stock raising, and founded the town of Baileyville. Upon reaching his majority. Gov. Bailey cast his lot with the Republican party, and since that time he has been an active and consistent advocate of the principles espoused by that organization. In 1888 he was elected to represent his county in the state legislature ; was reelected in 1890 ; was president of the Republican State League in 1S03: was the Republican candidate for Congress in the First district in 1896, and in June, 1898, was nominated by the state convention at Hutchinson as the candidate for Congressman at large, defeating Richard W. Blue. After serving in the Fifty-sixth Congress he retired to his farm, but in 1902 was nominated by his party for governor. At the election in November he defeated W. H. Craddock, the Democratic candidate by a substantial majority, and began his term as governor in Jan., 1903. At the close of his term as gover\ior he re- moved to Atchison, and since 1907 has been vice-president and manager of the Exchange National bank of that city. Shortly after his retire- ment from the office of governor he was prominently mentioned as a candidate for United States senator, and in 1908 a large number of Re- publicans of the state urged his nomination for governor. Mr. Bailey has ahvavs been interested in behalf of the farmers of the countr\-, and 122 CYCLOrEDIA OF from 1895 to 1899 he was a member of tlie Kansas State Board of Agri- culture. Bailey's Administration. — In accordance with the provisions of the state constitutiiju. Gov. Bailey was inaugurated on the second Monday in Jan., 1903, which was the 12th day of the month. The next day the legislature met in regular session, with Lieut.-Gov. David J. Hanna as president of the senate and J. T. Pringle as speaker of the house. .As soon as the two branches of the general assembly were organized the governor submitted his message, which did not differ materially from the messages of his predecessors. In his introduction he congratulated the people of the state on their progress and present condition by say- ing': "The business and commercial interests of Kansas have never been upon a stronger or more substantial ^asis than now. No state in the Union has absorbed more of the general prosperity that has come to the whole country during the past six years than has Kansas. New life, new hope and new energy have come to our people as the result of these conditions, and the increase in value of nearly all real and personal propert}' has largely enhanced the wealth and commercial importance of the state. . . . The official statistics indicate that, in the decade just closed, the increase in value of farm products has been ncarh- 24 per cent., and of live stock more than 53 per cent., or, for all combined, 31.6 per cent." Then, referring to the bank commissioners' report, he gave the num- ber of state banks as 477, a gain of 89 in the last two years. The capital of these banks amounted to $7,751,000, a gain of $1,138,000; their sur- plus of $1,769,701 showed a gain of $419,491 ; the deposits amounted to $40,135,176, a gain of $8,508,841 : and their loans had increased during the two years from ,$21,812,835 to $32,885,046. Notwithstanding the general prosperity of the state, he counseled economy in the matter of approju-iations. "1 call your attention," said he, "to the lavish waste of the public money in the ijrinting of useless and unnecessary ])ublic documents. The law. in many instances, pro- vides for the ])ublishing of rc])orts and documents far beyond any de- mand or necessit}", and, as a resnit. the store rooms of the capitol build- ing are rapidly filling up with this mailer that is worse than useless. I am sure a careful inspection of this accunuilated material will convince any legislator of the necessity of reform along this line." On the snl)ject of Congressional apportidnnuni he said: "Kansas has eight meml)ers in the national Congress aiul the stale is divided into seven Congressional districts, necessitating the eleclinn nf iine number at large. I recommend the redistricting of the state and the formation of eight Congressional districts, as contemplated by law. The Congress- man at large, while he has the same rights upon llie lliuir .■ind in the committee room as tiie member who has a district, is practically denied Other ])rer(igatives of a member. Each Congressional district is entitled to certain recognition, certain patronage. Kansas i)raclR;illy loses one- KANSAS inSTOKV 12T, eighth of what she is entitled to under the present apportionment. The fact that a district has 60,000 or 70,000 more population that it is en- titled to does not entitle the people of the district to any more recogni- tion than they would have if they had the number contemplated by law. I earnestly hope that this legislature will reapjjortion the state and fol- low the example set by other states." The governor then reviewed the condition of the state inslilutions and the work of the railroad and tax commissioners. He recommended the passage of a law authorizing the appointment of a state architect ; an ap- propriation to maintain the office of state accountant as contemplated by the law of 1895 > '^hs establishment of a state fish hatchery "with the view of propagating such fish as are adapted to the streams of Kansas," and called attention to the fact that other states, where conditions were no more favorable than in Kansas, had made fish hatcheries profitable un- dertakings. He also recommended a revision of the insurance laws, because in the enactment of new laws on this subject there had been a lack of positive corrections and repealing acts, hence, "as a result, the insurance department is in possession of a compilation of laws in which there are contraditions and inconsistencies." He announced the completion of the capitol building, so that "no further expenditure is now needed, save for its proper maintenance;" expressed the ho])c that the State of Kansas would "coo])erate with the national government in all efforts toward improvement, and liberallv aid all movements tending to the developing of the National Guard :" and called attention to the report of the commissioner of labor, especially the recommendation that a law be enacted prohibiting the employment of children under the age of fourteen years in shops and factories. In his conclusion he again called attention to the necessity of using judg- ment and discrimination in the expenditure of the public funds, as fol- lows ; "The natural pride every citizen has in his state suggests at once that the institutions of the state should be maintained upon a plane com- mensurate with the dignity and growth of the state. This is commend- able; but there is another interest that should be sacred to every one charged with responsibility, and that is the duty we owe to the burden- bearers, the people who pay the taxes. The people will justif}' a gener- ous support of all the great interests of our state, but they will condemn any profligate waste of the public money." Most of the governor's recommendations were observed b}' the legis- lature, though three bills in which he was especially interested failed to become laws. They were the acts redistricting the state for repre- sentatives in Congress, establishing state depositories, and the child labor law. The' principal acts passed at this session were those estab- lishing the indeterminate sentence system ; increasing the salarv of the superintendent of public instruction ; providing for tuition fees at the state educational institutions ; continuing the bounty on sugar beets ; placing suburban electric railways under the control of the board of 124 CYCLOPEDIA OF railroad commissioners : appropriating $100,000 for the Louisiana Pur- chase exposition; curtaiHng the number of state reports to be issued by the state printer ; reestablishing the office of state accountant ; reorgan- izing the National Guard to conform to the provisions of the act of Con- gress known as the "Dick bill;" requiring the State of Oklahoma to re- lieve Kansas of caring for her prisoners after two years ; making the state free employment bureau a permanent institution, and providing for the establishment of a state fish hatchery. Two constitutional amendments were submitted to the people, to be voted upon at the general election of 1904. One related to the veto power of the governor, as defined by section 14. article 2, and the other made the state printer an elective office. On Jan. 20 the legislature adopted a resolution requesting the sena- tors and representatives from ICansas in the national Congress "to use their best endeavors and influence toward securing for our state the honor of having named for her one of the new first-class battle ships either already provided for or to be provided for in the near future." (See Battle-ship Kansas.) A joint session of the two houses was held on Jan. 28 for the election of a United States senator. Chester I. Long was elected over William A. Harris by a vote of 123 to 35. Mr. Long was present and made a short address, after which he was presented with his certificate of election for the term beginning on March 4, 1903. Heavy floods in the spring of 1903 did great damage in various parts of the state, the greatest losses being at Topeka, Lawrence and Kansas City. To relieve the flood situation in the Kaw valley Gov. Bailey issued a proclamation on June 17, calling the legislature to meet in special ses- sion on the 24th. In his message at the opening of the special session, Gov. Bailey said : "The floods which have recently swept over a portion of our fair state have created conditions unusual and e.Ktraordinary. The valley of the Kaw and its tributaries, which but a short time ago gave promise of rich harvests, have been devastated by the angry waters, villages and cities have been inundated, homes have been obliterated, and the prop- erty loss to the citizens of our state is so vast that at this time its amount is but a conjecture. I'ridges that spanned our rivers that are nhsnlutcly necessary for the everj'-day transaction of business have, in ni.iuy cases, been swept away and others made impassable, making necessary the ex- penditure of large amounts of money licfore the avenues of commerce can again be opened. Especially is this true of Wyandotte county, where the immense business between Kansas City, Kan., and Kansas Cilw Mo., is suspended until the river can again be bridged. While the conditions are the most acute in Wyandotte county, yet the same situation obtains in several of the other counties. In some of the counties, those charged with the responsiI)ility of repairing the great losses find themselves helpless under the law to meet these unusual and extraordinary condi- tions, and it is for the ])urpose of giving such enabling legislation as is KANSAS IIISTOR-i' I25 necessary to meet these exigencies, caused by tlie recent floods, that I have exercised the power vested in me by the constitution of our state to convene the leg^ishiture in extra session." Immediately after the reading of the governor's message a concurrent resolution was adopted, to the efifect that the introduction of bills should cease at lo o'clock a. m. on the 25th; that all messages between the house and senate should be discontinued at noon of the same day, and that the final adjournment should be made at 3 o'clock p. m. The time was found to be too short, however, for the consideration of the various measures proposed, and the final adjournment was not taken until 2 o'clock p. m. on the 26th. Even then the legislature broke all previous records for the amount of business transacted. In the senate 30 bills were introduced, and in the house 59. Of these 89 bills 55 became laws. The most important acts were those authorizing counties to issue bonds to repair the damages done by the flood ; permitting county commis- sioners to issue warrants for similar purposes ; repealing the act of March 2, 1903, limiting the bonded indebtedness of cities of the first class having a population of 50,000 or more, and allowing cities to issue bonds and warrants to replace bridges, etc. Attempts to make direct appropriations for the relief of the flood suf- ferers were defeated, but Gov. Bailey called for contributions and in this way raised a fund of some $33,000, over half of which, or $17,500, went to Wyandotte county, where there were 5,000 needy families. Douglas county reported 225 destitute families and received nearly $4,000 ; Leavenworth county received a little over $2,000 for the relief of 115 families, and the balance of the fund was distributed in the coun- ties along the Kansas river from Marshall to Wyandotte. The second year of' Gov. Bailey's administration witnessed the be- ginning of an incident that for a time agitated the state from center to circumference. On Jan. 23, 1904, Joseph R. Burton, United States sena- tor from Kansas,- was indicted by a Federal grand jury at St. Louis, Mo., on the charge of having accepted $2,500 from the Rialto Grain and Se- curities company (a "get-rich-quick" concern), of that city, to use his influence with the postoffice department to prevent the issuance of a fraud order against the company, denying it the use of the mails. Bur- ton was tried before Judge Adams of the United States district court at St. Louis in March, found guilty and sentenced to pay a fine of $2,500 and serve six months in the jail at fronton. Mo. Burton's defense was that he was acting within his rights, and that the money received from the company was nothing more than he was entitled to as attorney's fees. He appealed the case to the LTnited States supreme court, which in Jan., 1905, reversed the decision of the district court, on the grounds that the money was paid to Burton in Washington, and remanded the case for a new trial. The second trial was before Judge Van Devanter of the United States circuit court at St. Louis in Nov., 1905, and re- sulted in the same sentence as that imposed by Judge .Adams' court. A second appeal to the supreme court followed, and this time the de- 126 CYCLOPEDIA OF cision of the lower court was sustained. On June 4, 1906, ^Ir. Burton resigned his seat in the Senate. In the spring of 1904 the cities of Wichita, Hutchinson, Emporia, ColYeyville, Winfield, Ottawa, and all the towns in the Kansas river val- ley, again suffered losses by floods, though the damages were not as heavy as those of the previous year. On June 4. 1900, a charter was granted to the I-Cansas Exposition As- sociation of Topeka, with a capital stock of $50,000, which was organ- ized for the purpose of holding a semi-centennial celebration of the organization of Kansas as a territory in 1904. The records do not show what became of the association, but a three days' celebration was held, beginning on Monday, May 30, 1904, which was also Memorial day. On the first day of the celebration there was a great civic and military parade, in which Gov. Bailey and his staff participated, and an address by William H. Taft, secretary of war in President Roosevelt's cabinet. The second day was "Pioneer Day," and was devoted to the relation of experiences by old residents who had lived in Kansas in "the days that tried men's souls." Wednesday was "Women's day." the principal feat- ure of which was a beautiful flower parade. Sept. 30. 1904, was "Kansas Day" at the Louisiana Purchase exposi- tion at St. Louis. On the 12th Gov. Bailey issued a proclamation an- nouncing that "The management has set apart the week beginning on Sept. 26 as "Kansas Week' at tlie World's Fair, and Sept. 30 has been designated as "Kansas Day,' and it is the most earnest desire of the chief executive and the Kansas commission that as many loyal citizens of our state as possible arrange to attend the fair at that time, and by their presence and influence honor the day and the occasion." It was estimated that 15,000 Kansans were in attendance on the 30th and nearly every one wore a sunflower, which had but a short time be- fore been declared the state flower by the legislature. Gov. Bailey de- livered an address, descriptive of the resources and progress of Kansas, and llie Kansas building was thronged from morning till night with in- terested sight-seers. (See Louisiana Purchase Exposition.) 'I"lu- ])(ilitical campaign of 1904 was opened by the Republican jiarty, which licld a stale convention at Wichita on March 9. Edward Hoch was nominated for governor by acclamation ; all the state officers elected in 1902 were rennniinaled ; E. W. Cunningham, W. Ti. Smith and Clark A. Smith were nominated for associate justices of the supreme court; George W. Wheatley, J. W. Kobison and A. 1). Wnikcr fi>r r.iilroad com- missioners, and Charles F. .Scott for Congressman at l.irge. Tlie plat- form paid a tribute Id the late Marcus .\. llanna. United Stales senator from Ohio and chairman ni' the Republican iiatinii.il ciunniittce; de- clared in favor of a primary election law; urged thi' nappi ntioiimcnt of the state into eight Congressional districts; favdrcil ,l public deposi- tory system for tlie slate funds, the "good roads movement," artd civil service reform in the stale inslilulions. Delegates to the national con- vention were al.so selected. KANSAS IIISTOKY I27 A Democratic slate convculion iiicl at Wichita on April 7, selected delegates to the national convention, adopted resolutions reaffirming the national platforms of 1896 and 1900, expressed an appreciation of W. J. Bryan, the presidential candidate in those two campaigns, and indorsed the work of William R. Mearst "in the interests of his party," and com- mended his example "to good Democrats everywhere." No nomina- tions for state officers were made at this convention. On April 12 a Pojmlist convention assembled at Tojieka, and after a stormy session named 89 delegates to the national convention. Wil- liam H. Hearst was recommended to the Democratic party as the choice of the Populists for president, but the fusionists controlled the conven- tion and prevented any nominations from being made. The Prohibition state convention was held at Emporia on May 11. James Kerr was nominated for governor: S. F. Gould, for lieutenant- governor; T. D. Talmage, for secretary of state; C. A. Smith, for audi- tor; C. A. Fog"lc, for treasurer; J. M. Martin, for attorney-general; J. J. Plarnley, for superintendent of public instruction ; M. V. B. Bennett, for associate justice (only one nominated) ; I^. B. Dubbs, J. N. Woods and A. C. Kennedy, for railroad commissioners; Jesse Evans, for superin- tendent of insurance ; and Duncan McFarland, for Congressman at large. The Populist convention in April adjourned to Aug. 3, when a joint convention of Democrats and the Populists who favored fusion met at Topeka and nominated a state ticket, which was as follows: Governor, David M. Dale; lieutenant-governor, M. A. Householder; secretary of state, John H. Curran ; auditor, W. H. McDonald; treasurer, Thomas M. Dolan ; attorney-general, W. W. Wells ; superintendent of public instruc- tion, Martin R. Howard; associate justice, John T. Little; superin- tendent of insurance, John Stowell ; railroad commissioners, F. H. Chase and \\'illiam M. Ferguson ; Congressman at large, Frank Brady. Of these candidates. Dale, Curran, Dolan, Howard and Ferguson were Democrats, the others Populists. Some time after the convention M. B. Nicholson and S. H. Allen were added to the ticket as candidates for the office of associate justice, but the third place for railroad commis- sioner was never filled. The platform adopted indorsed Parker and Davis as the candidates of the Democratic party for president and vice- president and the platform adopted by the national convention held at St. Louis on July 8 ; favored state legislation protecting labor as well as capital ; the redistricting of the state so as to provide for eight Con- gressional districts; home rule in counties and cities; revision of the tax laws; and pledged the candidates nominated to secure the passage of a law that would make it impossible for the state treasurer to use the pul^- lic funds for speculation. The Socialists again presented a ticket. In-vvit : Governor. (Iranville Lowther ; lieutenant-governor, A. Roessler ; secretarv of state, A. S. McAllister; auditor, George D. Brewer; treasurer, J. E.' Taylor ; attor- ney-general, F. L. McDermott ; superintendent of public instruction, C. 128 CYCLOrEDIA OF W. Baker; superintendent of insurance, W. J. McMillan; associate jus- tices, G. C. Clemens. S. A. Smith and R. A. Ross ; railroad commis- sioners, \V. D. Street, J. D. Haskell and Frank Baldwin ; Congressman at large, Christopher Bishir. At the election on Nov. 8 the Republican presidential electors carried the state by a plurality of 126,781, and the entire Republican state ticket was elected, the vote for governor being as follows: Hoch, 186,731; Dale. 116,991; Kerr, 6,584; Lowther, 12,101. The two constitutional amendments were ratified by substantial majorities. Toward the close of Gov. Bailey's administration the governor filed bills with the auditor for groceries, to be paid out of the $2,000 appro- priated for the maintenance of the governor's residence. The state treasurer declined to pay the bills, claiming that such payment out of the maintenance fund was equivalent to an increase in compensation, which was prohibited by the constitution. Gov. Bailey, in order to have the question properly settled, instituted mandamus proceedings in the supreme court of the state to compel the treasurer to pay the bills. The case was still pending when the governor retired from office. Subse- quently the court sustained the treasurer. That there was no evidence of wrong intent on the part of Gov. Bailey, he sent the attorney-general a draft for $1,200. without the formality of a suit, to replace the money he had expended for groceries. In the letter accompanying the draft the governor said : "I am prompted to pay this amount into the state treasury on account of the position taken by yourself and certain newspapers that the state has a just claim against me under the decision of the supreme ccntrl. I have lived in Kansas twenty-six years, which period covers my active business life, and no just claim against me has ever been presented and stamped 'not paid for want of funds.' . . . There is always a very wide difference of opinion among my friends as to whether I should pay this pretended claim ; but I feel that in paying this money into the state treasury I can wrong no one but myself, and that I can better afTord to suffer this wrong tliat I can to rest under the imputation that I have misappro]5riated one dol];ir of the funds entrusted lo my care as governor of Kansas." Baileyville, a village of Nemaha county, is located on the .'^t. Josciih & Grand Island and the Missouri Pacific raih'oads, 6 miles west of Seneca, the county seat. It has banking facilities, express and telegraph offices and a money order postoffice with two rural routes. The population in 1910 was 230. The town was founded by N. Bailey in iSSo. A postoffice with G. M. Rasp as postmaster was established. .\ large h.iy press and sheds were erected by S. H. Rice I't Co. of St. Joseph, who also started a store for tjie licnefit of their employees and others who settled in the neigliborhood. Baker, a village of Brown county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific K. R. 8 miles south of Hiawatha, the county seal. It has a money order postoffice with one rural route, express and telcgrajih offices, telephone KANSAS HISTORY 1 29 connection, does some shipping, and in 1910 reported a population of 112. Baker, James, scout and frontiersman, usually referred to as "Jim" Baker, was a native of Illinois. At the age of 18 years he was on the Great Plains as an employee of the American Fur company, and it is said that he was never again east of the Missouri river. Next to Kit Carson, he was Gen. Fremont's most trusted scout and guide. As a trapper he was exceedingly skillful, and in one season took over $9,000 worth of furs. After that he retired to the mountains, where he ]jassed the remainder of his life. He married a Snake Indian woman and lived much of his time with that tribe, though in his earlier years he made his headquarters at Bent's fort on the Arkansas river. Gen. Marcy, who knew Baker well, says he was "a generous, noble-hearted specimen of the trapper type, who would peril his life for a friend at any time, or divide his last morsel of food." Baker, Lucien, lawyer and United States senator, was born in Fulton county, Ohio, in 1845, of English and Dutch ancestry. His parents were old-time Methodists and his father, who was a lawyer by profes- sion, insisted that his three sons study law, which they did. When Lucien was a child his parents moved to Lenawee county, Mich., where he was reared. At the age of 18 jears he entered Adrian College, Adrian, Mich., but did not complete the course, leaving when a junior. Later that college conferred upon him the degree of LL. B. After leav- ing college be became a student in the law office of Andrew Howell, of Adrian, and in Sept., 1868, was admitted to the bar. During the winter of 1868-69 he attended the law department of the LTniversity of Mich- igan and upon finishing his legal training there located at Leavenworth, Kan., and began the practice of his profession in partnership with Lewis Burns. In 1872 he was elected city attorney at Leavenworth and dur- ing the time he held that office he gained a reputation as a lawyer of signal ability. Two years later he resigned and for two years devoted his entire time to his profession. In 1892 he entered politics as a candi- date for state senator from the Leavenworth district and though he was a Republican and the district Democratic he was elected by a large ma- jority. He took a prominent part in the legislative fight of 1893. I" Jan., 1895, he was elected to the I'nited States senate for a term of six years. Upon retiring from the senate in 1901 Mr. Baker practiced law in Leavenworth with his son, under the firm name of Baker & Baker. He was in an enfeebled condition for some time as the result of a bullet wound received in 1881, in the famous Thurston-Anthony feud. When Thurston shot at D. R. Anthonj- the bullet went wild and struck Baker. He died on June 22, 1907, at Leavenworth. In 1874 Mr. Baker married Mary Higginbotham of Leavenworth and they had two children : Burt, his father's partner, and Mary, who married Capt. Lowndes, a surgeon of the United States navy. Baker University. — In the fall of 1856, the Kansas and Nebraska an- nual conference of the Methodist Episcopal church held its first session 130 CYCLOPEDIA OF in a tent at Lawrence. The interest of the Methodists in education is manifest in the report of the committee on education, a paragraph of which reads : "Your committee are of the opinion that the Kansas and Nebraska conference should avail itself through its members, of the earliest opportunities to secure favorable sites for seminaries of learning or universities under our own inuuediate management and control, and to take such preliminary measures as may be necessary to secure titles to the same and to secure the passage of such legislative acts as may be necessary to constitute boards of trustees, who may hold such prop- erty, real estate, personal or mixed, for the use and benefits of such semi- nari^es or universities ; and to secure grants of land and other property to aid in linildiui;" and endmving such institutions of learning within our bounds. " In March, 1857, an educational convention of the Methodist Episcopal church was held at Palmyra, 15 miles south of Lawrence on the Santa Fe trail. .\t this meeting a school was located at Palmyra, and the name ISaker L'niversity was chosen in honor of Bishop Osman C Baker, who presided over the first session of the Kansas and Nebraska annual conference. At this time the Kansas Educational .\ssociation of the Methodist Episcopal church was organized, and on Feb. 3, 1858, obtained I.Iim.MJY. H.'^KKR UNMVI3RSITY. a ('h.-irlcr I'nim the tcrritiu-iid legisl;iUn\' with the |)ri\ili'gc nf lucaliug an educational institulion at or near the town of I'almyra, since called P)aldwin. On i-"eb. 12, 1858, the institution was chartered under the nanu- |)Iaiinefl ( iSaker l'niversity). .\ stcnu- building for the nni\crsity was conunenccd at once and was ready fm' 1 K(n]i;nicy the lollnwin),; autumn. ihis building is now known as tlu' nld castle: it passed out KANSAS JIISTOUV I3I of the hands of the university but has been repurchased and will be preserved as a memorial of early days. School opened in Nov., 1858, with Prof. R. Cunningham as principal, until the arrival of the first president, Rev. Werter R. Davis, in 1859. The first meeting of the board of trustees was held at Omaha in .April, 1859, the conference having met there. The Methodist church by its representatives passed the following resolution: "Resolved that this conference pledge its best efforts to build up and sustain Baker L"ni- versity as the one great university in Kansas." The drought of i860 and the Civil war retarded the progress of. but did not annihilate the school. The first catalogue was published for the year 1862-63. In 1863-64 the increase in enrollment created a demand for a new building, and an agent went east to collect funds. The result of his efforts was the beginning of a cut stone building, 60 by 80 feet and four stories high, which was not finished until 1870. In 1866 the first class of three members was graduated. During the period from 1858 to 1870, the college had the following presidents: Rev. Werter R. Davis, 1858-62; Rev. George W. Paddock (nominal); Rev. Leonard L. Hartman (acting), 1862-64; Rev. Leonard L. Ilartman, 1864-65; Rev. John W. Locke, 1865 to March. 1866; John W. Horner, March, 1866, to Aug., 1867; Elial J. Rice, Aug., 1867, to Dec, 1868; Rev. Werter R. Davis, Dec, 1868, to March, 1869; Rev. John A. Simpson, March, 1869, to Dec, 1869; Rev. Werter R. Davis, Dec, 1869, to March, 1870; Rev. Patterson McNutt, March, 1870, to June, 1871. The growth of the institution during these years had been fitful and precarious, but continuous. A library of 2,000 volumes, a scientific collection, and enough apparatus to conduct the school had been accumulated. In 1873 the Kansas conference appointed educational commissioners to investigate the financial and legal status of the university. Reports of its involved conditions agitated the question of its removal. The report of the commissioners helped to restore confidence, and the con- ference pledged itself anew to support the school and pay all indebted- ness, regardless of legal flaws in the claims. In the next few years con- ference endowment funds were started, and subscriptions solicited but the poverty of the state made the debts decrease slowly. Frequent changes were made in the president's offfce. Rev. Robert L. Hartford served from 1871-1873; Rev. S. S. Weatherby (acting), 1873-1874; Rev. Joseph Dennison, 1874-1879; Rev. William LI. Sweet, 1879-1886; Rev. Hillary A. Gobin, 1886-1890. The decade from 1880 to 1890 witnessed a change for the better in the struggle for prosperous growth. The catalogue of 1880-81 stated that in the literary department alone the average attendance throughout the year had been more than double that of any year for the past twelve years. In 1885, Centenary Hall, a stone and brick building 62 by 82 feet and two stories above the basement, was completed. In 1890 William A. Quayle became president of Baker. With the beginning of the school year 1889 proper and continuous work on endowment was commenced. 132 CYCLOPEDIA OF Up to that time little had been done toward creating a permanent fund, but from that year to 191 1 the university has systematically solicited and received gifts until it has an endowment fund of $400,000. Mr. Quayle resigned in 1894 and was succeeded by Lemuel H. Murlin. ^^'ith the betterment of financial conditions the size and quality of the curriculum increased. Almost at the beginning two courses of stud}» were given — classical and scientific. These have developed into eight schools, including the summer school which is held each year during the months of June and July. The government of the institution is vested in a board of trustees, elected by the Kansas and South Kansas conferences of the Methodist Episcopal church. The university issues three publications. The Baker University Bulletin, "The Baker Orange," and The Raker University News-Letter. Baker I'niversity stands seventh in rank among the fifty or more Methodist colleges of America. The campus contains about 20 acres in the heart of Baldwin. The buildings number six and the corps of in- structors 40. The university has seven departments, the college of lib- eral arts has 378 students; the normal school 35; the academy 152; the school of art 13; the school of oratory 99: the school of business 55: making a total of 732. Baker, William, lawyer and member of Congress, was born in Wash- ington county. Pa.. April 29, 1831. Ilis youth was spent on a farm and he received the schooling common to the country boy of that period. He wished a more liberal education, however, to secure which he entered W'ayncsbm-g College, where he graduated in 1856. For some years he followed teaching as a profession, at the same time reading law, and was admitted to the bar. Mr. Baker decided to go wesi and located at Lincoln, Kan., where he lot^k an ;icli\c jiarl in ])nlitics. In icSni ho was nominated and elected to Congress by the People's party and reelected to fill the same office in 1892 and again in 1894. After retiring from Congress lie devoted his time to farming and stock raising. Bala, a hamlet near the west line of Riley county, is located on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. in Bala township, 29 miles notlli- wcst of Manhattan, the county seat. It is supjilied with telegraph and express offices and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The population in 1910 was roo. It received its name from a town in Xorth Wales. A. D. Pheljis, the first settler in the neighborhood, came in i8r,2. Baldwin, one of the oldest settlements and the second largest city in Douglas county, is sitn;i1ed in the southeastern portion on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe K. I\. ahrml 15 miles from Lawrence. I'lio (irsl set- tlement near the present town site, was made in 1854, by Robert and ixichard Pierson. In June, 1854, a town site consisting of 320 ;icres, was platted by the Palmyra Town conipany, which was com])nsed of the foIh)wing men : James Blood, jjresident : Robert Pierson, the I'ariikLiw brothers, J. B. .\bbott, Capt.- Saunders, .\masa Sonic, I,. I", .ind I >. I". KANSAS IIISTORV 1 33 Creen, Ur. A. 'P. Stilt and D. I<"ry. Tlicy named the town I'almvra. and the first building was soon erected and used for a dwelling. W. West- fall built a second cabin and opened a store. The town company ei^ected a J>uilding known as the old barracks, which was also used as a store. A hotel was also built by the company and used for that purpose and a store under I lie name of the Santa Fe ITouse. Dr. Simmons and Dr. Pierson were the first physicians, as they opened offices in Palmyra in 1855, «^t which time the town had several stores, a good hotel for that period, a nuniljcr of houses and seemed on the highway to prosperity. The postoffice was established in 1856, with N. Blood as postmaster. Religious services were held by the Methodist church in 1855, and late in the year an organization was perfected. In 1858, the town company purchased a section of land adjoining Pal- myra on the north and donated it to the Kansas Educational Association of the Methodist Episcopal church on the condition that they locate an institution of learning known as Baker Universit}^ on the site. The sec- tion of land was surveyed into lots and sold, the proceeds being used to erect the college building. fSee Baker University.) As the work on the university building progressed and the institution became an as- sured thing, houses were erected in its vicinity, and the new town site was named Baldwin, in honor of John Baldwin, of Berea, Ohio. Busi- ness houses were erected and one by one the business enterprises of Palmyra moved to Baldwin. John Baldwin erected a saw and grist mill, an important concern in those days, and inaugurated other commercial enterprises, which proved the death blows to the old tov^m, which has become one of the "deserted villages'" of Kansas. The Baldwin of today is a city of beautiful homes, churches, excellent retail stores of all kinds, a fine public school, water and lighting systems, money order postoffice, telegraph, express and telephone facilities, and is regarded as one of the educational centers of the state. In 1910 it had a population of 1,265. Ball, a rural postoffice of Gove county, is about 10 miles east of Gove, the county seat, and 3 miles north of Plackberry. Ouinter on the Union Pacific is the most convenient railroad station. Ballard's Falls, a little hamlet of Washington county, is on the Little Blue river, about 12 miles east of Washington, the county seat, and 5 miles north of Barnes, from which place mail is received by rural free delivery. Bancroft, a village of Nemaha county, is located in Wetmore town- ship on the Missouri Pacific R. R., 19 miles southeast of Seneca, the county seat. It has banking facilities, express and telegraph offices and a postoffice with one rural route. The population in 1910 was 125. Bank Commissioner. — Prior to 1891 no attempt had been made in Kansas for state regulation of the business of banking, and as a result a number of institutions that were organized as real estate and loan com- panies, as well as individuals and firms, whose principal business was entirely foreign to legitimate banking, were engaged in receiving de- posits. Many of these concerns had not only their entire capital, but 134 CYCLOrEDIA Ol- also much of the deposits invested in unprofitable and unsalable real estate. Under these conditions the necessity for a uniform banking law became imperative and in 1891 the legislature passed a law, "providing for the organization and regulation of banks." A bank commissioner was also provided for by the act, section 21 of which reads as follows: "The governor shall appoint, by and with the advise and consent of the senate, a bank commissioner for the State of Kansas, whose term of office shall be four years." A deputy bank commissioner was also pro- vided for, but any officer, employee, owner, stockholder or person inter- ested in a bank, was made ineligible ft)r the office of bank commissioner or deputy. The commissioner and the deputy are required to furnish bonds for the sums of $20,000 and $10,000 respectively. Every bank doing business in the state, except national banks, must be visited by the commissioner or his deputy at least once a year, or oftener if necessary, for an investigation into the financial standing of the institution. By the provisions of the law, the commissioner and his deputy are empowered to investigate all persons connected with banks when mak- ing an investigation, and report the same in writing. ^\ graduated fee was to be charged for these examinations ranging from $5 for banks of $5,000 capital stock to $20 for banks of $50,000 capital stock and over. It was also provided that the bank commissioner could call on all banks, except national banks, at any time for a report of their condition, and four such reports were to be made each year. When a bank became in- solvent, it was the duty of the bank commissioner to take charge of it until a receiver was appointed. By the law creating the office of com- missioner he was required in each even numbered year, to report to the governor the "names of owners or principal officer, the paid-up capital of each, the number of Ijanks in the state, the name and location of each and the number and date of examinations and reports of and by each." As fixed b_v this act, the bank commissioner received a salary of $2,500 and his deputy a salary of $1,200 and all traveling expenses incurred in the performance of their duties. Charles F. Johnson was the first bank commissioner. He was suc- ceeded by John W. Breidenthal, who made a special report upon the l)anks of Kansas on Dec. 19, 1893, which showed the condition of all national, state and private banks doing business in the state. A second banking law was passed in 1897 by which banks were re- c|uircd to secure a charter of incorporation from the state and when a banking institution had complied with all the requirements of the law, a certificate is issued by the bank commissioner authorizing the bank to transact business. Each bank in the state, by this law, is required to make four reports annually to the commissioner, or oflener if he calls for them, and the commissioner is given power to enforce the banking law. r>v this law two deputies, a clerk and stenographer were jirovidcd tn assist in the work done by the commissioner, since which time the force has been increased according to the amount of work to be done. At an early date the bank commissioner advocated a state bank guaran- KANSAS IIISTORV 135 tee law and it is due to tlie elTorts of the commissioner that this excel- lent law was ])laced upon the statute books of Kansas. fSee Banking.) Bankers' Association. — The Kansas I '.ankers' Association was organ- ized on l'"el). 22, 1887, at Topcka, with Co members. The pur])ose of the organization is set forth in the preamble of the constitution a summary of which is as follows: To promote the general interest of the common- wealth of Kansas ; the usefulness of the banks and the financial institu- tions of the state ; the cultivation of acquaintanceship among the bank- ers ; and through the medium of periodical conventions to bring about ■the fitll and free discussion of questions pertaining to the financial and commercial interests of the country; to consider matters of legislation of interest to both state and national banks and to preserve and dis- seminate information of interest to its members and to the general pub- lic. Following out the lines thus laid down in the constitution, the as- sociation has held annual conventions in various cities of Kansas. From the original membership of 60 it has grown to be an organization having a membership on May i, 191 1, of between 900 and 1,000. The proceedings of the association have been published each year, and their contents constitute a valuable contribution to the financial literature of the country, as the papers presented at the conventions have been prepared by the ablest financiers of the state. Another feat- ure which has made the association of great value to the state has been its zeal in safeguarding legislation. As students of financial questions, the counsels of the bankers of Kansas, through the association, have been of great value in framing legislation and assisting in the deliberations of the legislature upon the same. As a result, much that is valuable in the body of commercial laws of Kansas, has either originated with the asso- ciation or is due to the support given it by the bankers. The third feat- ure, and one fully as important as the others, is that which has for its object the apprehension and conviction of criminals. By a system of rewards, and other means, professional criminals have been overtaken in their career of crime, sentenced and imprisoned. Througli warning notices by circular, telephone or telegraph, banks are advised of the operations of crooks and swindlers ; descriptions are given of the per- son or criminal, if known, and of his methods of operating. A vast amount of correspondence is carried on by the association in search of the whereabouts of criminals in order to prevent bank robberies. The association has established within itself an insurance depart- ment, which has a twofold object : First, to supply the banks of the state high class burglary insurance, fidelity and depository bonds ; sec- ond, the association acting as agent for responsible insurance companies should itself earn the commissions usually paid to state agencies and thus create a fund out of such commission earnings to be used for the association. The association now has an aggregate value of about $10,- 000,000 of business which it has placed for the banks of Kansas and on which commissions are earned sufficient to discharge about. one-half of the entire expense of operating the association, including the rewards and expenses incident to the apprehension and conviction of criminals. 136 CYCLOPEDIA OF The permanent offices of the association are maintained at Topeka. In Feb., 1911, the association began the publication of a periodical known as The Kansas Banker, which has for its object the exploiting of distinct association enterprises and keeping all bankers in touch with its in- terests. The membership consists of both state and national banks, about an equal number of state and national bankers having presided over the twenty-four annual conventions which the association has held since its organization, these having been chosen alternately from the northern and southern portions of the state. In government the association is democratic, all authority being \-ested in the entire membership seated in convention. This body has created an executive council which meets regularly at stated times and convenes in special session when occasion requires, administering the affairs of the association between conventions. This council consists of the presi- dent, vice-president, all ex-presidents of the association and the chair- men of the groups. This retaining of the ex-presidents as permanent members of the council preserves for the association the wisdom and ex- perience of its most able men. Banking. — The modern system of banking had its origin in Venice about the close of the 12th century, though it was not until 400 years later that the "Banco di Rialto" was authorized by the acts of the Vene- tian senate in 1584 and 1587. Toward the close of the 17th century the Bank of England was founded and from that time the custom of using banks as places of deposit for money and valuables, or for ihe purpose of facilitating exchanges, spread rapidly over the civilized countries of the globe. On May 26, 1781, the Continental Congress passed an act authorizing the Bank of North America. By the provisions of this act Robert Morris was given the power to establish a bank with a capital of $400,000, but before it was placed in good working order the inde- pendence of the I'nitcd States became a reality and conditions were so changed that the l)ank was never made a permanent institution. In the formation of the Federal government, it was Alexander Ham- ilton's idea that there should be a national bank of issue, and in har- mony with this idea the first Bank of the United States was incorporated in 171;! with an authorized capital of .f 10,000,000. its charter expired in 181 1, and the financial condition of the country in consequence of the war of 1812 led to the chartering of the second United States banl< in .April, 1816, with a capital of $35,000,000. It soon foimd rivals in the state banks, and for the next 40 years the banking system of this coun- try was a motley patchwork of national, state and prixate institutions. Each state has its own banking laws — some lax and some stringent ; counterfeiting was easy, and bank failures were common occurrences. [n 1838 what is known as the "free banking system" was inaugurated in New York. It allowed anj- association of persons to issue notes on state bonds, or other public securities. This system spread to other states and continued in ripcration luilil the Civil war. It was during KANSAS JIISTORV 1.37 the free banking period that the "Wild Cat" banks sprang up like mush- rooms all over the country. Early in the Civil war, in order to create a market for bonds issued by the United States government, Salmon P. Chase, President Lincoln's secretary of the treasury, devised the plan of giving special privileges to banks organized under a Federal charter. This led to the act of Con- gress, approved Feb. 25, 1863, authorizing national banks, which act was the beginning of the present national banking system. However, the state banks still held their own, and the national banks did not make much headway until after the passage of the act providing for a ten per cent, tax on state bank notes in circulation after July i, 1866, which practically put an end to state banks of issue. The first bank in Kansas was a private concern started by C. B. Bailey at the corner of Second and Delaware streets in the city of Leavenworth in 1856. It did not live long and was succeeded by Isett, Brewster & Co., who came from Des Moines. This firm was in turn succeeded by Scott, Kerr & Co. in 1859. These were all private banks, operating without a charter from the territorial authorities, or without sanction of law. No banking laws were passed by the first territorial legislature, but by the act of Feb. 19, 1857, the Kansas Valley bank was incorporated with a capital stock of $800,000. William H. Russell, A. J. Isaacs, Wil- liam F. Dyer, James M. Lyle and F. J. Marshall were designated to open books for stock subscriptions within six months and keep open for 30 days unless the full amount of stock should sooner be subscribed. If within the 30 days 500 shares of $100 each were taken, the stockholders were authorized to organize the bank, which was to be governed by a president and seven directors, elected for one year. But the bank was not to issue paper money until at least 50 per cent, of the stock sub- scribed should be paid in, in specie, and bills or notes issued should never exceed 200 per cent, above the amount of capital stock actually paid in — that is, for every $3 in paper the bank should hold $1 in gold or silver. Five branches were to be established — at Atchison, Doniphan, Lecompton, Fort Scott and Shawnee in Johnson county. Five commis- sioners were to be appointed annually by the legislature to examine into the conditions of the bank and the several branches, as well as any other banks that might be established in the territory. If at any time the bank should fail to redeem its notes, any judge in the territorv, upon proper complaint, might issue an injunction to restrain the bank from transacting any further business. Under date of July 14, 1857. J. C. Walker wrote to Gov. \\'alker, in- closing a "transcript of the record of the Kansas Valley Bank branch at Atchison," showing that 50 per cent, of the capital stock assigned to that branch had been paid in, and that the bank was ready to issue paper money whenever the governor was satisfied that the projectors of the bank had complied with the provisions of the law. The governor ap- pointed L. S. Boling to make the examination, and upon his report Gov. 138 CYCLOPEDIA Ol" Denver issued a proclamation on Feb. 18, 1858, authorizing the Atchi- son branch to begin business in accordance with the terms of its charter. When the act of incorporation of the Kansas Valley Bank was repealed on Feb. 3, 1858, the Atchison branch, with S. C. Pomeroy as president, was exempted from the provisions of the act of repeal. In Jan., i86i, the name of the institution was changed to the "Bank of the State of Kansas," William H. Russell, president, and it continued under that name until 1866. when it retired from business, being succeeded by Hetherington's Exchange Bank (now the Exchange National), which was organized in 1859. It became a national bank on Aug. i, 1882. Three banks were incorporated by the act of Feb. 11, 1858, viz: the Lawrence Bank, the Bank of Leavenworth, and the Bank of Wyandott. The incorporators of the Lawrence bank were Robert Morrow, S. W. Eldridge, S. B. Prentiss, James Blood and H. Shanklin. Those of the Bank of Leavenworth were Henry J. Adams, John Kerr, Samuel Harsh, Henry Foote and I. W. Morris. The Wyandott bank incorporators were William Y. Roberts, J. M. Winchell, Thomas B. Eldridge, J. S. Emery and James D. Chestnut. The authorized capital of each bank was $100.- 000. which was to be divided into shares of $100 each, and the affairs of each bank were to be managed by a board of eight directors. Section 12 of the act provided that, "Whenever the directors of either bank shall deposit with the comptroller an amount of the state bonds of any inter- est paying state in the Union, or of the United States, equal in value to $25,000, at the current rates of the New York Stock Exchange, and shall satisfy said officer that they have on hand $2,500 in specie, for the pur- pose of redeeming notes of the bank, then the comptroller shall counter- sign $25,000 of said circulating notes and return them to the president for use; and it shall then be lawful for said bank to use said notes as currency," etc. On Feb. 7, 1859, the legislature passed an act authorizing the estab- lishment of savings banks, and under its provisions James Blood, B. W. Woodward, S. B. Prentiss, C. W. Babcock, George Ford, C. II. Brans- comb, George W. Deitzler and others organized the Lawrence Savings Bank. Hut before any of liie banks organized under llic territorial laws — except, possibly, the one at Atchison — could ])lace themselves upon a firm financial footing, Kansas was admitted into the Union as a stale, and while this fact did not alter the legal standing of the banking insti- tutions authorized during the territorial regime, it did alter materially the conditions tmder which other banks could be established. The Wyandotte constitution contained a provision that no bank should he established except under a general banking law, and that no banking law sliould be in force until after it had lieen submitted to a vote of the electors of the state at some general election and approved by n major- ity of the votes cast at such election. The first slate legislature, which met in March, 1861, passed a general banking law providing that, "Whenever any person or association of persons, formed for the |)\ir- KANSAS IllSTOUV 1 39 pose of l^aiikin^' under the provisions of tliis act, shall duly assign or transfer, in trust, to the auditor of this state, any portion of the public stock issued, or to be issued, by the United States, or the stocks of the State of Kansas, said stocks to be valued at a rate to be estimated and governed by the average rate at which such stocks are sold in the city of New York, at the time when such stocks may be left on deposit with the auditor of state, such person or association of persons shall be en- titled to receive from the auditor an amount of circulating notes of dif- ferent denominations, registered and countersigned, equal to and not exceeding the amount of public stocks assigned and transferred as aforesaid," etc. The law further provided that before receiving such notes the stock- holders should give to the auditor a "good and sufficient bond, to be ap])roved by him, to the amount of one-fourth of the notes that said bank shall receive," and they were also required to file with the auditor a certificate, duly attested by the president and cashier of the proposed bank, that ten per cent, of the capital stock of the bank has been paid in specie and on deposit, to remain in the vaults of the bank as an addi- tional security to indemnify the holders of the bank's notes against loss in case of the depreciation of the securities deposited with the auditor to secure the circulation of the bank. No bank could be organized with a capital stock less than $25,000, which might be increased, and every bank was required to publish an- nual statements showing its condition. In the event a bank should fail to redeem its notes on demand, they might protested, and if not paid in twenty days the auditor of state was authorized to give notice that the}- would be paid out of the trust funds. Note holders were given the power to recover damages from the bank. This law was submitted to the peo- ple of the state at the election on Nov. 5, 1861, and was ratified by a vote of 4,655 to 2,807. Before it could be fairly tested Congress passed the national banking law, and the banks of Kansas were confined to in- stitutions of discount and deposit. Boyle, in his "Financial Histo,r}' of Kansas," divides the banking his- tory of the state into three periods. The first, which he styles the "un- regulated," was from 1861 to 1891 ; the second, or period of "loose super- vision," was from 1891 to 1897, and since the latter date there has been a period of "state supervision." It was in the first period that the ques- tion of the state's right to authorize banks of discount and deposit was carried to the supreme court. At the July term in 1878, Judge Brewer, afterward associate justice of the United States supreme court, handed down an opinion in the case of Pape vs the Capital Bank of Topeka (20th Kan. p. 440), in which he held that the constitutional provision applies only to banks of issue, and does not prohibit the legislature from creating banks of discount and deposit. Said he : "All banks, that is, all banks within the scope of the article, are required to keep offices and officers for the issue and redemption of their circulation. But a bank of deposit purely has no circulation. It is not a bank, therefore, within 140 CYCLOPEDIA OF the scope of the article." All the other justices of the supreme court concurred in this opinion. Notwithstanding the fact that Boyle classifies the banks dtu^ing the first 30 years of statehood as "unregulated," some very stringent laws relating to banking were passed in that time. The act of March 12, 1879, made it "unlawful for any president, director, manager, cashier or other officer of any banking institution, to assent to the reception of deposits or the creation of debts by such banking institution, after he shall have had knowledge of the fact that it is insolvent or in failing circum- stances." The act also made it the duty of every officer, director, agent or man- ager of anj' banking institution to examine into the affairs of the same and, if possible, know its condition. Another act of the same date pro- vided that any officer of a bank receiving deposits or assenting to the creation of debts, when such bank should be in an insolvent condition, should be deemed guilty of larceny and "punished in the same manner and to the same extent as is provided by law for stealing the same amoimt of money deposited, or other valuable thing, if loss occur by reason of such deposit." Although laws of this character were enacted at various times, it ' seems there was no general banking law in force. Gov. Humphrey, in his message to the legislature of 1889, said: "We have no law regulat- ing the important subject of banks and banking. Banks of discount and deposit are referred to, as banks of issue are forbidden by the consti- tution, except by a vote of the people. Kven the general corporation law does not include banking as one of the many purposes for which cor- porations may be formed, and the only provision on the subject is arti- cle 16, chapter 23, General Statutes, being an act of six sections for the organization and incorporation of savings associations. The right to incorporate banks under this act for the purpose of carrying on a gen- eral banking business has been questioned, and even the constitutional- ity of the act assailed in case of Pape vs. Capitol Bank, 20 K. 440. "Notwithstanding this, hundreds of banks over the state have liecn thus organized and incorporated, not as savings banks, in fact, but to carry on a general business. ... In justice to those who desire to form banking corporations, there should -be some adequate provision of law for that purpose; and in justice to them, as well as to the business pnljlic, there should be an act regulating the subject of banks and banking gen- erally, with some power of examination, insi)ection and supervision, wiiich might he lodged witli a bank cummissinner, or willi the |)rescnt suj)erintcndent of insurance." Nothing was (\i>ul- at tJiat session, l)ut in iXiji the legislature i)assed a general banking law which may be said to mark tlie renaissance of Kansas lianking. One of the principal provisions of this act was the creation of the office of bank commissioner ((|. v.). Six years later the law of 1891 was supplanted by one much mure elaborate and compre- hensive. It was an act of 65 sections, the ])rincipal picixisions of winch KANSAS HISTORY I4I were as follows : Five or more persons were given power to form a corporation to conduct a banking business ; no two banks in the state should be permitted to operate imder the same name; the building owned by the bank as a place of business should not equal in value more than one-third of the capital stock; banks organized j)rior to the pas- sage of the act should conform to its provisions; stockholders were to be liable for a sum ccpial to the par value of their holdings; receiving deposits when a bank was in an insolvent condition rendered the officers subject to a fine of not exceeding $5,000 or imprisonment in the peni- tentiary from one to five years, or both ; no bank was to be permitted to do business without authority, and the bank commissioner was to take charge of insolvent banks. This act was amended by the acts of 1901 and 1903. The former placed trust companies under the banking laws of the state, especially the provisions relating to the impairment of capital and insolvency, and the latter ]M-o\-ided that no bank should be estatblishcd with a capital of less than $10,000. The act of 1903 also provided that every officer of an incorporated bank should hold at least $500 in stock of the institu- tion, which stock should not be sold or transferred while holding such office. Doubtless the most radical and far-reaching law on the subject of banking ever passed by the Kansas legislature was the act of March 6, 1909, "providing for the security of depositors in the incorporated banks of the state, creating the bank depositors' guaranty fund of the State of Kansas, and providing- regulations therefor, and penalties for the vio- lation thereof." The principal features of the law were : i — Any incorporated state bank with a paid-up surplus equal to one-tenth of its capital might par- ticipate in the benefits of the guaranty fund, and the bank commissioner was authorized to issue a certificate to that effect. 2 — Before such cer- tificate should be issued the bank was required to deposit with the state treasurer, for each $100,000 of deposits, or fraction thereof, $300 in bonds of the United States, the State of Kansas, or some minor political di- vision of the state, and in addition pay a sum equal to one-twentieth of one per cent, of the average deposits, etc. 3 — When any bank should be found to be insolvent the bank commissioner to take charge, issue to the depositors a certificate bearing interest at the rate of six per cent, per annum, and if the bank's assets should prove insufficient to pay the depositors, then the certificates should be redeemed from the guaranty fund. 6 — National banks by reorganizing might become guaranty banks. 7 — Any bank guaranteed under the provisions of the act, that should receive deposits continuously for six months in excess of ten times its capital and surplus, should be deemed guilty of violating the law and forfeit it guaranty rights and privileges. Soon after the passage of the law opposition on the part of the na- tional banks of the state developed, because it was feared that the guar- anty of deposits in the state banks would give those institutions an 142 CYCLOPEDIA OF undue advantage. Gov. Stubbs, Bank Commissioner Dolley, and Attor- ney-General Jackson went to Washington to confer with the United States attorney-general, and some national banks went also to present their side of the case. Attorney-General Wickersham upheld the law, and when it became apparent that it was the intention of the opponents of the law to bring an action in the Federal court, the state forestalled the movement early in Aug., 1909, by instituting proceedings to enjoin certain persons and bankers from interfering in any way with the en- forcement of the law. At the same time the attorney-general asked the supreme court for a writ of mandamus to make it necessary for the bank commissioner and the state treasurer to carry out the provisions of the law. The question, however, was finall)- carried to the supreme court of the United States, which upheld the law, and the state banks of Kansas were thus placed upon a basis of security surpassed by no state in the Union. As a rule, the banks of Kansas have been conducted along conserva- tive lines, and failures have been neither nimierous nor of serious con- sequence. The state officials have not been remiss in the discharge of their duties, and even before the passage of the guarant}^ law did all in their power to safeguard the interests of the depositors. Since the pas- sage of that law confidence in the state banks lias l)een strengthened, but the officials have not diminished their efforts to place the l)anking insti- tutions upon a still higher financial level. An instance of this is seen in the decision of Attorney-General Jackson ip June, 1910, in the case of the Citizens & Farmers' State bank of Arkansas City. This bank was closed in Nov., 1908, by the bank commissioner, on account of an in- debtedness of $75,000 owed to it by the Wells Produce company of that city. The produce company failed soon after, and the receiver of the bank discovered that instead of $75,000, its indebtedness to the bank was about $100,000. When the question of the liability of the directors to the depositors was submitted to the attorney-general he held that the officers and directors of the bank were liable to the depositors for their losses, aggregating some $400,000. Said Mr. Jackson: "It is a general rule of law that ignorance of any fact in the bank's affairs, which it is the duty of the directors to know, can never be set up by them in defense of any of their official acts. The directors can- not escape liability by pleading ignejrance of the facts which they agreed with the bank, by accepting their officers, to ascertain. They must be held to know all facts which ordinary diligence in the examination of the affairs of the banks would have disclosed." Concerning this decision of Mr. Jackson the Topcka (apii.il of Jiuu- 25, 1910, said: "This rule, laid down by the attorney-general, no doubt will make a whole lot of bank directors wake uj). lleretofoie tlic posi- tion of bank director has been generally looked ujion as an honorary one, but bank directors will now realize that the ])osition has consider- able responsibility and liability attached to it." Some idea of the growtii of the banking business in Kansas may be KANSAS HISTORY 143 gained by a cumparisou of the bank cumniissioners' cnniparative state- ments for Sept. I, 1900, and Aug. 15, 1910. On the former date there were 388 state banks reporting, with loans and discounts amounting to $21,812,835.56; capital stock, $6,613,000; surplus and undivided profits, $1,839,663.14; deposits, $26,899,875.45. On Aug. 15, 1910, there were 860 banks reporting loans and discounts of $80,757,016.35 ; capital stock, $16,779,300; surplus and undivided profits, $7,041,291.29; deposits, '^77,- 733,500.33- According to the Bankers' Directory of Jan. 1, 1911, there were in the state at that time 200 national banks with an aggregate capital stock of $11,109,000; a surplus of $6,221,050, and deposits of $76,571,300. Banner, a rural money order postofifice of Trego county, is located about 15 miles southwest of Wakeeney, the county seat, and 10 miles south of Collyer, which is the nearest railroad station. It is connected with the surrounding towns by telephone and is a trading point for that section of the county. Bannock, a little village of Edwards count}-, is situated on Rattlesnake creek in Lincoln township, about 25 miles southeast of Kinsley, the coun- ty seat, and 12 miles south of Belpre, the most convenient railroad sta- tion. Bannock was formerly a postoffice, but after the introduction of the rural free delivery system the office was discontinued and the people now receive their mail through the office at Haviland, I-Ciowa county. The population in 1910 was reported as 30. Bantam, a rural postoffice of Ellis county with a semi-weekly mail, is located about 12 miles northwest of Hays, the county seat, which is the most convenient railroad station. Baptist Church. — The name Baptists was given to members of con- gregations who had withdrawn from the dominant churches of England and restored what they believed to be apostolic precept and example of immersion. This name was first applied in England about 1644, and !he people forming the organizations maintained that immersion upon confession of faith was necessary "for valid baptism, rejecting infant bap- tism as incompatible with regenerate membership. Other religious bodies had practiced immersion without such teaching. From the first there were two branches of the English Baptists ; those who followed the teaching of Calvin and those who adopted the the- ology of Arminius. The Arminian, or General Baptists, formed first under the leadership of John Smith, who established the first General Baptist church in .London in 161 1. The Calvinistic or Particular Bap- tists originated from a congregation of Separatists established in Lon- don about 1616. One of the first principles of the Baptist organizations was that the church as a spiritual body should be entirely separated from the state and that spiritual liberty be extended to all — Catholic, Jew and Protestant. The first Baptist church in America was established at Providence, R. I., by Roger Williams. He was a minister of the Church of England, but soon after leaving the University of Cambridge adopted separatist 144 CYCLOPEDIA OF principles. He sailed for America in 1630 hoping to find entire religious liberty in the new world. Landing at Boston, Mass., he was invited to preach in the established church, but refused as it was unseparated. After some time he finally located with the separatists of Plymouth col- ony. Because of his teachings, Williams became a disturbing element, and he was condemned to banishment and deportation to England in 1635. He managed to escape and made his way through the wilderness in midwinter to the Narragansett Indians of whom he bought land, upon which he founded the colony of Providence on the principle of entire civil and religious liberty. He advocated the most complete separation of church and state at a time when such ideas were aj^most inconceivable. In 1639, a small band of only twelve believers originated baptism and the first Baptist chiuxh. About 1640, a Baptist church was formed at Newport, and in 1655 a church of this belief was established at Boston and maintained in spite of opposition. A colony of Welsh Baptists came to America in 1665, and after some difficulty located at Rehoboth, Mass., in 1667. By 1750 there were eight Baptist churches in New England. The Baptists began to locate in the Jerseys and Peimsylvania after 1682, and as there was tolerance of religion a large number of Quakers and Baptists emigrated from England to these localities. In 1686 sev- eral Baptist families from Wales located on the Pemepek river, where and a year later a company organized a church. The same year a church was organized at Middletown, N. J., and by 1770, twelve such churches existed. Services were held in Philadelphia under the auspices of the Pemepek church from 1687, but the first church was not organized until i6g8. The Philadelphia association was organized in 1707, and the New York colony churches sought admission to it as did the churches of Virginia and the Carolinas. Gradually the church became firmly established in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, North and South Carolina and Connecticut, and a few con- gregations were organized in Virginia. During the Revolutionary war the progress of the church was not materially checked and it is esti- mated that in 1792 there were 1,200 organizations with a membership of 100,000. The great westward migration after tlir Ro\iilutii)n was an opportu- nity quicklj' improved by the Baptists. Missionary preachers were sent into the new western country and Baptist societies formed in the fringe of civilization. In 1845 differences arose over the question of slavery and the churches of the slave states formed the South Baptist conven- tion, while the northern churches organized the American Baptist Union. .\t different times branches have separated from the two orig- inal Baj)list organizations, or new congregations have been formed until today tlie church includes the following bodies: Northern Piaiitist Con- vention, Southern Bajitist Con\cnti(in, National Baptist Convention (Colored), Ccneral .Six Princijilc I'aptists, .Seven-day Baptists, Free Baptists, General Baptists, Separate Baptists, United Baptists, Duck River and Kindred Associations nf Baptists (T.aiilisl Church of Christ'), KANSAS HISTORY 145 Primitive Baptists, Colored Primitive Baptists in America, Two-Seed- in-the-Spirit Predestinarian Baptists, Freewill Baptists (Bullockites), and United American Freewill Baptists (Colored). The Baptist church was one of the first religious organizations to begin work in Kansas, for as early as 1831, Baptist missionaries were sent among the Indians. In July of that year Dr. Johnston Lykins came to the Indian Territory, "and at his own expense bought a small tract of land contiguous to the Shawnees," who were at that time located on the Neosho river. The next year, 1832, he was authorized by the Baptist board to erect mission buildings, and 1833, Lewis Cass, secretary of war, authorized him to visit various tribes west of the Mississippi river and report upon favorable sites for missionary establishments. In 1835 he was ordained, and given special charge of the Shawnees and Delawares. In June, 1837, the Ottawa Baptist mission was established about five miles northeast from the present site of the town of Ottawa, Franklin county, by Jotham Meeker and his wife, who had been missionaries to the Shawnees. In 1842, a large mission house was erected and a school established for the Indian children. The first missionary to the Potta- watomie Indians, in the territory now included in the State of Kansas, was the Baptist missionary, Robert Simerwell. In 1837, as soon as this tribe located at their new reservation on the Osage river, Mr. Simerwell and his wife located among them and when the Pottawatomies removed to their reservation on the Kansas river, the Baptist mission was estab- lished in what is now Mission township, Shawnee county. This became one of the largest and most prosperous missions in the territory. In 1840 another Baptist mission was established among the Miamis on Wea creek by David Lykins. Nearly all of the missions were maintained until the territory was thrown open to white settlement and the Indians were transferred to the Indian Territory. When the Territory of Kansas was organized and thrown open to white settlers in 1854, most of the first immigrants were men who had belonged to churches in the east, and one of the first things they did upon establishing their homes was to organize churches where there were people enough to form congregations. Being among the first as missionaries, the Baptists were among the first to form permanent or- ganizations. Less than a year after the first settlers located in the town of Lawrence, the Baptist church was organized there by William W. Hall. The services were held in private residences and halls until 1870, when a church building was erected. The Baptists were among the pioneer religious organizations to become established in Nemaha county and probably the first sermon preached in the county was by Elder Thomas Newton, who came from Illinois in 1854. He ministered at Central City and later at Seneca. The first church society was or- ganized at Central City on Aug. i, 1857, and the first pastor was T. R. iVewton. A small church was soon erected, which was used as a school house during the week. The first religious services held by the Baptists in Doniphan was in 1853. A church was erected within a short time (I-io) 146 CYCLOl'EDIA OF and Mr. Anderson became the first minister. As early as 1856, John Williams, a Baptist preacher, held outdoor services at Trading P'ost, Linn county, where a church was organized at an early date. In Shaw- nee county a church was organized at Topeka on March i, 1857. R. M. Fish of Urburn preached until C. C. Hutchinson came as a permanent pastor on June 18, 1859. The first Baptist church in Osage county was organized on Aug. 6, 1857. During the first year the church was served occasionally by R. C. Bryant and J. B. Taylor, but no church building was erected until 1869. In Atchison a Baptist church was organized on Aug. I, 1858, and the first minister called was a Mr. Anderson. A Bap- tist organization was formed at Manhattan, Riley county, on Aug. 14, 1858, and it was incorporated on Nov. 13, i860, with M. L. Wisner as the first pastor. In the fall of 1858, the Tabernacle Baptist church was organized at Leavenworth by a Mr. Kermot. The First Baptist church was organized in i860, and in 1864 the two were merged to form the Baptist church for which a building was erected in the early '60s. In Oct., 1859, a Baptist congregation of seven members, one of the pioneer religious organizations in Lyon county, was organized at Emporia by R. C. Bryant. The Baptists were the first to effect a church organiza- tion in Clay county at the Huntress' cabin, and the Clay Center cliurch was organized in Aug., 1868, with twelve members. The first Baptist church in Miami county was started there on Feb. 25, i860, by Elder A. H. Dean, with twenty members and became the leading church of Paola, a building being erected five years later-. H. S. Tibbits organizei! the Baptist congregation at Hiawatha on Aug. 18, i860, with fifteen mem- bers, and it soon began to be one of the leading religious organizations of the locality. The work of the Baptist church was started in Franklin county by the Indian mission in 1837 '^'-'t the first church was organized in 1864 at Ottawa. This church adopted the New Hampshire Confes- sion of faith and held meetings in a building until a church was erected the following year. Religious services were held at Fort Scott, Boui'- bon county, while it was a military post, but the Baptists did not efTect an organization there until Feb. 18, 1866. In 1868 a church was organ- ized at Salina by J. R. Downer with fifteen members and a church erected within a short time. An organization was perfected in Neosho county in 1869 with seven members by Elder A. C. Bateman, who was cho-cn- pastor. Services were held at the Erie school house until a church was erected in 1871. Cherokee count}' was not opened to white settlement until 1870, when a Baptist church was organized at Columbus with twelve members on March 20, by Elder A. C. Bateman and tlic first jias- tor was a Mr. Maver. According to the census of 1873, there were 286 church organizations in the state, with 36 church edifices and a mem- bership of 12,197. ^y ^^7^ t'lc prganizations had increased to 334 with 69 churches and 16,083 members, and by 1890 there were 358 organiza- tions, 263 churches and 32.6S9 members. In 1006, the Baptist church ranked third in Kansas in number of members of all denominations both Protestant and Catholic, having 46,299 members. KANSAS HISTORY 147 Bar Association, State. — On Jan. 9, 1883, a number of the leading lawyers of Kansas met in Topeka for the purpose of organizing a state bar association. After the appointment of committees to formulate a plan for the permanent organization, an adjournment was taken until 10 a. m. the next day, when the association was formed with 46 char- ter members and the following officers: Albert H. Horton, president; N. T. Stephens, vice-president; W. H. Rossington, secretary; D. M. Valentine, treasurer. The objects and aims of the association, as given in the constitution, are "the elevation of the standard of professional learning and integrity, so as to inspire the greatest degree of respect for the efforts and influence of the bar in the administration of justice, and also to cultivate fraternal relations among its members." To be eligible for membership one must have been admitted to prac- tice in the Kansas supreme court, and also have been engaged in regu- lar practice for one year next preceding his application for member- ship. In the beginning the constitution provided that the annual meet- ing should be held on the second Tuesday in January at the capitol, and that the executive council or committee might call special meet- ings at any time, giving the members thirty days' notice of such meet- ings. Subsequently the constitution was amended so that the annual meeting is held in January, upon such date as may be decided upon by the previous meeting or by the executive council. For a time two meetings a year were held. The by-laws provide that all addresses delivered and papers read before the association shall be deposited with the secretary ; that the president's annual address, the reports of committees and proceedings of the annual meeting shall be printed, but no other address shall be printed except by order of the executive council. The papers read before the association at the annua! meetings have covered a wide range of subjects relating to the history, ethics and philosophy of law. Among these subjects may be mentioned: The Evolution of Law; l^niformity of State Laws ; Politics and the Judiciary ; Municipal Gov- ernment ; Combinations in Restraint of Trade: The Lawyer and His Relation to Society ; Legal Education ; Dramatic Art in the Jury Trial. At the annual meeting on Jan. 11-12, 191 1, at Topeka, the retiring president, C. A. Smart, of Ottawa, took for the subject of his annual address "The Establishment of Ju.stice." The principal address at that meeting was delivered by Burr W. Jones, of Madison, Wis., whose sub- ject was "The Mai-Administration of Justice." Papers were read by A. O. Andrew, of Gardner; A. E. Crane, of Holton ; C. E. Branine. of Hutchinson; J. T. Botts, of Coidwater; A. M. Harvey, of Topeka, and W. A. McKeever. professor of philosophy in the Kansas State Agri- cultural College. Eighteen new members were admitted and the as- sociation joined in the enjoyment of the customary annual banquet. The presidents of the association, from the time of organization to 191 1, were as follows: A. H. Horton, 1883 to 1896; S. O. Thacher, 1887; W. A. Johnston, 1888; John Guthrie, 1889: Robert Crozier. 1890; 148 CYCLOPEDIA OF D. M. Valentine, 1891; T. F. Garver, 1892; James Humphrey, 1893; J. D. Milliken, 1894; H. L. Alden, 1895; David Martin, 1896; William Thompson, 1897; S. H. Allen, 1898; C. C. Coleman, 1899; Samuel Kimble, 1900; Silas Porter, 1901 ; B. F. Milton, 1902; J. G. Slonecker, 1903; W. R. Smith, 1904; Charles W. Smith, 1905; L. H. Perkins, 1906; W. P. Dillard, 1907; J. B. Larimer, 1908: J. \V. Green, 1909; C. A. Smart, 1910. At the annual meeting in 191 1 the following officers were elected: President, W. E. Hutchinson, Garden City ; vice-president. J. D. Mc- Farland, Topeka ; secretary, D. A. Valentine, Topeka ; treasurer, J. G. Slonecker, Topeka; executive council, R. A. Burch, B. W. Scandrett, J. J. Jones, J. D. Houston and H. A. Russell ; delegates to the American Bar Association, A. W. Dana, Topeka; J. \Y. Orr, Atchison, and Samuel Kimble, Manhattan. Barber County, one of the southern tier, is bounded on the north by Pratt county, east by Kingman and Harper counties, south by the State of Oklahoma and west by Kiowa county. It was organized in 1873, from territory that was originally embraced in Washington coun- ty. The coimty was named for Thomas W. Barber, who was killed near Lawrence on Dec. 6, 1855. It was intended when the county was organized that it should bear the name "Barber," but in some man- ner the spelling was changed to "Barbour" and stood that way until 1883, when the legislature passed an act changing the name to "Bar- ber," its present form, according to original intention. Its area is 1,134 square miles and, according to the Kansas Agricultural reports of 1908, it then ranked 73d in population. In the winter of 1871-2 the first white settler, a man named Griffin, located a ranch on a branch of the ATedicine Lodge river, about a mile from the present site of Sun City, in the nortiiwest part of the county. The following spring E. H. Mosley, and twn men named Lock\yood and Leonard, located on the Medicine Lodge river in the southeastern part of the county near the present town of Kiowa. Mosley brought with him goods for Indian trade and spent his time hunting buffalo and buying hides for the eastern market, while the other men broke some of the prairie and engaged in farming. This displeased the In- dians, who opposed white settlement in this section, and they raided the homes of the pioneer farmers. In the fight that ensued Mosley was killed, but the other two men saved thcinsclvcs l>y remaining be- hind a stockade. The Indians left after killing most of the stock. In C)ct., 1872, ]'"li Smith joined this settlement, and a store was openea there by a man named Ilegwer in the spring of 1873. Derick l^pde- gruff settled on land near the lucscnt site of Medicine Lodge in Dec, 1872, and Salmon P. Tultle drove a herd of cattle near this claim about the same time. During the year claims were taken up in the vicinity by William Walters, W. E. Hutchinson, Jake Ryan, A. !,. nunoan, David Iiubl)ard and John Beebe, while Samuel Larsh ,nul a man named Wyncoop took up claims on Cedar creek 3 miles frnni the Ip- KANSAS HISTORY 149 dcgraff ranch. Lake City, un Ihc upper Medicine Lodge, was settled by Reuben Lake about the same time. During the spring and summer of 1873 a number of people came and the northern part of the county liecanie settled. Raljih Duncan was the first white child born in the county, in the spring of 1873, and the first wedding took place in July, 1874, when Charles Tabor married a Miss Moore. • The first record of the county commissioners is dated July 7, 1873. The board consisted of S. H. Ulmer, L. H. Bowlus and J. C. I'Cilpatrick. On Sept. I the board made a contract with C. C. liemis for a court- house to cost $25,000, and the clerk was directed to issue warrants for that amount, but the building was never erected. On Sept. 2, 1873, W. E. Hutchinson was appointed immigration agent, and warrants to the amount of $1,000 were drawn in his favor. On Oct. 6 G. W. Crane received the appointment as advertising agent and was given $5,000 or as much of that amount as was needed to advertise the advantages of the county. The first regular election of county officers took place in Nov., 1873. The vote of the Medicine Lodge district was thrown out for some reason, and the officers chosen by the remainder of the count}' were: M. D. Hauk, clerk; Jacob Horn, treasurer; D. E. Shel- don, probate judge; Reuben Lake, sheriff; S. B. Douglas, superintend- ent of public instruction; C. H. Douglas, clerk of the district court; M. S. Cobb, register of deeds, and M. W. Sutton, county attorney. The county was divided on Nov. 7, 1873, into three districts for the election of commissioners, and on Feb. 11, 1874, a special election was held to determine the question of issuing bonds to the amount of $40,000 for the erection of a court-house. The result of the election was a ma- jority of 41 votes against the issue, but under a law of March 7, 1874, the county commissioners issued the bonds. Indian depredations continued through the spring of 1874 and Cut- ler's History of Kansas (p. 1,521) says: "It was in the summer of 1874 that the so-called Indian raid occurred — when a band of Indians, led by a number of white men, it is alleged, came into this county and murdered several citizens up the Medicine river." For protection the citizens built stockades, one of which was erected near the center of the present city of Medicine Lodge. It was made of cedar posts set upright in the ground. Another stockade was built 12 miles up the river at Sun City, and for further protection a company of militia was formed to fight the Indians. Barber county had but one contest for the location of the county seat — that of Feb. 27, 1876 — which can hardly be called a contest, as Medicine Lodge received more votes than all the competing towns. The first school district of the county, which included Medicine Lodge, was organized in the spring of 1873, and the school building erected that year was used until 1882. Early religious services in the county were held by traveling Methodist preachers, but no regular organiza- tion was afifected until 1878. The first newspaper was the Barber County Mail, which was started on May 20, 1879, by M. J. Cochran. 150 CYCLOPEDIA OF It was sold the next year to J. W. McNeal and E. W. Iliff, who at once changed the name and started the Cresset. The first large body of cattle held in the county was a herd of Texas cattle brought by Solomon Tuttle in the fall of 1872, which wintered along the Medicine river. The first graded cattle were brought into the county in the spring of 1873 by William Carl, who held them on the river about 12 miles above Medicine Lodge. The early railroad history of the county consists of one experiment. On Aug. 27, 1873, a special election was held to decide the question of subscribing $100,000 to the stock of the Nebraska & Southwestern railroad, and issuing bonds in a like amount in payment therefor. The measure was carried, the bonds were issued, and though the railroad was never built they became a valid lien against the county. At the present time the county has over 90 miles of main track road within its bounds. A line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe crosses the extreme northeast corner; another branch of the same system enters the county on the east and crosses to Medicine Lodge, thence north- west into Pratt county ; still another line of the same system crosses the southeast corner and runs into Oklahoma, with a branch north from Kiowa to Medicine Lodge. The eastern part of the county is undulating and in some places nearly level, while the western portion is hilly, breaking into bluffs along the streams. In the east the river bottoms vary from one and a half to two miles in width, but in the yvestern part are narrower and deeper. The timber belts are usually about a half mile wide along the water courses, the native trees being walnut, elm, cottonwood, hackberry, ash, mulberry, cedar and willow. The county is a good agricultural country and stock raising is an important industry. Win- ter wheat, corn and Kafir corn arc the staple ijroducts. while there are more than 50,000 bearing fruit trees on the farms of the county. P.arber county is exceptionally well watered. All the streams have a general southeast course. Medicine Lodge river, the largest stream, flows diagonally across the county from northwest to southeast. Lit- tle and Big Mule, Big Sandy and Salt Fork creeks in the south, and Elm creek in the north are also important streams. Springs are abun- dant throughout the county, while good well water is reached at from 10 to 12 feet on the lowlands. Soft red sandstone is abundant along the streams and an excellent quality of brick clay is found in scx'cral localities, the best being near Medicine Lodge. Gypsum is found in the central part of the county and sliipped to different points. The county is divided into tin- following townships: Aetna, Cedar, neerheafl. Eagle, Elm Mills, Elvvood, Ilazclton. Kiowa. Lake City, Mc- .\dnr). Medicine Lodge, Mingona. Moore, Nippawala, Sharon, Sun City, Turkey Creek and Valley. According to the I'. S. census of igio the population of tlic county was Q,Qi6, a gain of 3,322 over iQoo. and the Kansas agricultural report for the same year gives the value of farm products as .$1,564,471, wheat leading, with .1 value of $675,094; corn second, with a value of .$441,720. KANSAS HISTORY I5I Barber, Thomas W., one of the free-state martyrs in Kansas, was a native of Pennsylvania and a son of Thomas and Mary (Oliver) Barber. In the early '30s he located at Richmond, Ind., where he was engaged for some time in operating a woolen mill. Soon after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, he removed to Kansas and set- tled on a claim some 7 miles southwest of Lawrence. Being a sober, honest and industrious citizen, he made friends among his neighbors. Early in Dec, 1855, when the pro-slavery forces were threatening Law- rence, Mr. Barber decided to go to the assistance of the town. He had no family except a wife, who seems to have had a premonition of impending danger and begged him to remain at home, but he laughed at her fears and set out on horseback for Lawrence. On the morning of Dec. 6, in company with his brother Robert and Thomas M. Pierson, he started for his home, unarmed, promising to return as soon as he had arranged matters at home so as to permit his absence. When about 4 miles from Lawrence, on the California road, they saw a party of 14 horsemen approaching, two of whom rode on in advance of the others for the purpose of holding a parley with Barber and his com- panions. These two men were George W. Clark, agent of the Pot- tawatomie Indians, and a merchant of Weston, Mo., by the name of Burns. They tried to induce the Barbers and Pierson to join them, and meeting with a positive' refusal, one of them drew his revolver and fired twice, mortally wounding Thomas W. Barber. He concealed the fact that he was shot until they had ridden about a hundred yards, when he informed his brother, who at first thought such a thing im- possible, but a few minutes later the wounded man was seen to reel in his saddle. His associates eased him to the ground, where a little later he breathed his last. The poet, Whittier, wrote a poem on "The Burial of Barber," beginning: "You in suiTering, they in crime Wait the just reward of time. Wait the vengeance that is due; Not in vain a heart shall break. Not a tear for freedom's sake Falls unheeded ; God is true." Barclay, a village of Osage county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 11 miles southwest of Lyndon, the county seat. It is supplied with express and telegraph offices and a money order postofifice with one rural route. The population in 1910 was 100. Barnard, one of the principal towns of Lincoln county, is the terminus of a division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. which con- nects with one of the main lines of that system at Manchester. It is located in Scott township, near the northern boundarv of the county, about 12 miles from Lincoln, the county seat. Barnard was first set- tled in 1888; was incorporated in 1904, and in iQio reported a popula- 152 CYCLOl'EDIA OF tion of 425. It has two banks, a weekly newspaper — the Bee — some good retail mercantile houses, churches of the leading Protestant de- nominations, telegraph and express offices, a money order postoffice with one rural delivery route, and being located in the rich Salt creek valley is an important shipping point for agricultural products. It is connected by telephone with the surrounding country and with the county seat. Barnes, an incorporated town of Washington county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 13 miles southeast of Washington, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice with three rural routes, express and telegraph offices, telephone connection, a bank, a weekly newspaper — the Barnes Chief — Methodist, Lutheran and Christian churches, good schools, and in 1910 reported a population of 454. It is the principal trading and shipping point for Barnes township, in which it is situated. Barnesville, a hamlet of Bourbon county, is situated on the Little Osage river, about 13 miles north of Fort Scott, the county seat. It has rural free delivery from Fulton and in 1910 had a population of 52. Fulton is the nearest railroad station. Barr, Elizabeth N., one of the younger school of Kansas authors, was born in a dugout — a fact of which she is rather proud— in Lincoln county, Kan., in 1884. When she was two A^ears of age her parents re- moved to Huron county, Mich., where she attended the common schools and in 1902 graduated in the Badaxe high school. Then after a sojourn in Florida she went to Kansas City, Mo., where she was for a time employed on the advertising force of the Kansas City Journal. In 1905 she went to Topeka with a total capital of $11 and entered Wash- burn College, determined to work her way through that institution. With an energy rarely equaled in her sex she succeeded, and in 1908 graduated in the liberal arts course. Her first published work was a collection of poems written while she was a student in college and entitled "Washburn Ballads." Miss Barr is also the author of several short county histories of various counties in Kansas, and she was for some time the editor and publisher of the Club Member and Current Topics, a paper devoted to the cause of woman suffrage. Barrett, a hamlet of Marshall county, is located on the Missouri Pacific R. R. and on the Vermillion river in Vermillion township, 20 miles southeast of Marysville, the county seat, and 3 miles from Frank- fort. It has a money order ])osloffice, and a population in igio of 75. Barrett is one of the oldest settled points in Marshall county. The first white resident outside of the French tratlcrs was G. II. 1 loUcnherg, afterward the founder of Hollenberg, Washington county, who located in this vicinity in 1834 and opened a store for the accommodation of the emigrants to California. In 1855 a colony of 60 people from Cadiz, Ohio, selected a tract in the Vermillion valley for a settlement. Among those who came was A. G. Barrett, who in 1868 laid off the town of Barrett and gave the railroad company 40 acres of land in considera- tion of their building a depot and side track. The postoffice Jind been established since 1857. KANSAS HISTORY 15,5 Barry, an inland hamlet in the extreme northeast corner of Green- wood county, is located 5 miles from Dunaway, the nearest railroad Station, and 30 miles from Eureka, the county seat. It obtains its mail by rural delivery from Gridley, Coffey county. Bartlett, an incorporated town of Labette county, is located on the Missouri Pacific R. R., in Uackberry townslii]). 14 miles southwest nf Oswego. It has banking facilities, telegraph and express offices, and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The population in 1910 was 249. The town was named for its promoter, Robert A. Bartlett. Jerome Callahan was the pioneer merchant, and B. F. Cox built the first dwelling. Barton County, nearly in the geographical center of the state, is bounded on the north by Russell county, east by Ellsworth and Rice, south by Stafford and Pawnee, and west by Pawnee and Rush coun- ties. It is exactly 30 miles square and contains 900 square miles. The county was created by an act of 1867, and was named in honor of Clara Barton, the founder of the American Red Cross association. The southern half of Barton county lies in territory that was erected as Washington county by the act of 1855, while the northern portion in- cludes part of the unorganized territor}- attached to the counties l\'ing east of it. It is supposed that the first white men who saw this part of Kansas were the Spaniards under Coronado (q. v.). The first Ameri- can to visit Barton county was Lieut. Zebulon Pike, who led an ex- ploring expedition to the Rocky mountains in 1806. On Oct. 13 of that year, Pike reached the most northerly bend of the Arkansas river, about 6 miles east of the present site of Great Bend, where he encamped for several days. (See Pike's Expedition.) The McKnight party, with a train of pack mules, followed the trail along the Arkansas in 1812. and in 1820 Maj. Long's expedition passed along practically the same course. This early route later became the historic "Santa Fe Trail." As far as can be learned, the earliest settler in Barton county was a man named Peacock, who located his ranch on Walnut creek about 3 miles east of the big bend of the Arkansas. His residence was an adobe hut, and in the fall of the year i860, he and five other men were killed by Kiowa Indians, who drove off the stock and committed other depredations. In 1868 the Indians created considerable trouble by attacking ranch- men and wagon trains, running oft' cattle, and in some cases killing settlers and travelers. In October they attacked a provision train near Ellinwood, and in his report of the affair Gen. Hazen stated that "about 100 Indians attacked the fort at daylight, and were driven off; then they attacked a provision train ; killed one of the teamsters, and secured the mules from four wagons ; then attacked a ranch 8 miles below and drove off the stock." The first cemetery in the county was the old grave yeard laid out about 300 yards northeast of Fort Zarah (q. v.), in which the graves made at the time of the occupation of the fort by troops may still be 154 CYCLOPEDIA OF seen. In some cases they were marked by stones, but are nearly all overgrown with buffalo grass. The United States census of 1870 found two people who declared themselves residents of Barton county. They were John Reinecke and Henrj- Schultz, natives of Hanover, Germany, who came from Illinois in March, and after searching for land near the present site of Ellin- wood got the Ellsworth surveyor to accompany them to Walnut creek, where they selected a location, and had it surveyed. The settlement they established was about 6 miles northwest of the present city of Great Bend. Others who came to the county in 1870 were W. C. Gib- son, Gideon F. Mecklem, William Jous, Antone Wilke, George Berry and Mike Stanton, who settled along the Walnut in what are now Buffalo and Walnut townships. Most of the pioneer homes were rude dugouts and sod houses. The first log house was built late in the year 1870 by Mr. Mecklem, and was provided with loopholes and small windows as a means of defense against the Indians. The principal occupation of the early settlers was killing buffalo. They used the flesh and tongues for food, in some cases selling the meat at the nearest settlements, while the hides were tanned and sent to the markets in the east. A few tried farming, but were unsuccessful, as the buffalo tramped out the crops and wallowed in the soft plowed ground. The first settlements in Great Bend township were made by E. J. Dodge, who made a homestead entry on Jan. 23, 1871, and D. N. Heizer, who entered land in May of the same year. 'Some of the other settlers of that year were John Cook, W. H. Odell, Thomas Morris, George Moses and Wallace Dodge. For about five years after its creation Barton county was attached to Ellsworth for judicial and revenue purposes, but in 1871, it had the required number of voters and population to entitle it to a separate organization. Accordingly, a petition was presented to the governor asking that the county be organized, and on May 16, 1872, Gov. Har- vey issued a proclamation for the organization of the county and de- clared Great Bend the temporary county seat. The oflScers appomted by him at that time were Thomas Morris, John H. Hubbard and George M. Berry commissioners, and William H. Odell, clerk. The board held its first meeting at Great Bend on May 23, 1872. At this meet- ing the commisisoners divided Barton county into three civil town- ships, Lakin, Great Bend and Buffalo, and declared each township to be a commissioner district. An election for township officers, and to decide upon the location of the county seat, was ordered for July i. The election was held and resulted in the selection of M. H. Halsey, John Cook and L. H. Lusk, commissioners; William H. Odell, clerk; Thomas I,. Morris, register of deeds: I. 1'.. I inward, clerk of tlie dis- trict court; E. L. Morphy, treasurer; D. N. Ilcizer, probate judge; J. B. Howard, county attorney ; A. C. Moses, superintendent of ]>ublic schools; John Favrow, surveyor; George W. Moses, sheriff, and D. B. Baker, coroner. Upon the question of a permanent location of the county seat. Great i'leiid received 144 voles, Elliinvood J2 and Zarali 33. KANSAS HISTORY 1 55 Soon after Barton county was organized some difficulty arose be- tween the authorities of Ellsworth and Barton counties with regard to the payment of taxes. Some of the settlers had already been placed on the tax rolls by the assessor of Ellsworth county before Barton was organized, and had paid their taxes to the Ellsworth county treas- urer. For a time the Ellsworth county officers refused to pay over to Barton county the taxes thus collected, but matters were finally amica- bly adjusted. The settlement of Barton county was both rapid and steady. A num- ber of Germans located around Ellinwood, where a store was opened in 1874 by F. A. Steckel, who also started a grist mill. The following year the first brewery in the county, and the first in this part of the state, was erected at Ellinwood. About this time a number of Rus- sians entered land about 7 miles west of Great Bend. One of the points of great interest in the county is Pawnee Rock (q. v.) in the southwest corner. In early days of travel along the Santa Fe it was a noted land mark. The first school in the county was a private one established in 1872 by James R. Bickerdyke. In December of that year bonds were voted for the first school house. A number of the early settlers were Catho- lics, who erected the first church building in the county in Lakin town- ship in the fall of 1877. The second church was built by the Methodists the following winter. Prior to this time services were held by travel- ing preachers. The first postoffice was established at Zarah in 1871, with Titus J. Buckbee as postmaster. The first record of marriage is that of Jonathan F. Tilton and Addie Eastey in Nov., 1872. Judge W. R. Brown presided at the first term of court in April, 1873. George A. Housher, whose birth occurred on Oct. 2, 1871, was the first white child born in the county. On Oct. 8, 1872, a special election was held to vote on the question of issuing $25,000 of county bonds for the erection of a court-house and jail. The proposition was carried, and on March 26, 1873, the bids were opened. The contract was awarded and the building, located in the county square at Great Bend, was completed and accepted that year. G. L. Brinkman was elected to the state legislature on Nov. 5, 1872, and was the first person to represent Barton county in the general assembly of the state. In 1874 the limits of Barton county were en- larged by the addition of a part of Stafford county. This territory was held until 1879, when the matter, after being fought through the courts, was decided against Barton county, for the reason that Stafford, by the act of division, was reduced to an area less than that required by the state constitution. The original bounds of Barton were therefore re- stored. The county is divided into the following townships: Albion, Beaver, Buffalo, Cheyenne, Clarence, Cleveland, Comanche, Eureka, Fairview, Grant, Great Bend, Homestead, Independent, Lakin, Liberty, Logan, Pawnee Rock, South Bend, Union, Walnut and Wheatland. 15f> lYCI.DIliDIA OF The southern part of the county is level, the northern portion higher and somewhat broken. The valleys of the Arkansas river and Walnut creek are from 2 to 7 miles in width, with a sand}' loam soil, which is very fertile and productive. Narrow belts of timber, principally Cot- tonwood, elm, ash, box-elder, hackberry, willow and walnut, are found along the streams, and many artificial groves have been set out. Bar- ton county is one of the "banner" wheat counties of Kansas, but corn, Kafir corn and oats are exleiisi\ely raised. Limestone of a good (.|ual- ity is found in the northern portion, and sandstone in the southern half of the count}'. Clay is found in the north, and' a vein from 13 to 18 feet thick lies about 3 or 4 miles north of Great Bend. A rich bed of rock salt has been discovered about 3 miles northeast of Great Bend and has been drilled 100 feet. The Arkansas river is the principal stream. Its course through the county is in the form of a crescent, or great bend, from which the town of Great Bend takes its name. There are several tributary streams, Walnut and Little Walnut creeks being the most important. The main line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad follows the course of the Arkansas river, passing through Ellinwood and Great Bend, while a branch of the same system runs east from Ellinwood into Rice county. A second branch runs northwest from Great Bend into Rush county. The main line of the Missouri Pacific railroad traverses the county al- most directly east and west through the center and has a branch south from Hoisington to Great Bend. There are about 95 miles of main track road within the limits of the count}-, furnishing ample shipping facilities to the central and southern parts. The U. S. census for 1910 reported the population of Barton county as being 17,876, which showed a gain of 4,092 during the preceding de- cade. According to the report of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture for the same year, the value of all farm products was $4,203,193. The principal crop was wheal, tlic value of which was $2,897,283. and the corn crop was valued at $739,400. During the year 1910 live stock of the value of $244,159 was sold. Basehor, a village of Leavenworth county, is a station on the Mis- souri Pacific R. R. about 10 miles south of Leavenworth city, and 2 miles from the Wyandotte county line. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with one rural route, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, and is a trading and shipping |)oint for that section of the count}-. The population in 1910 was 225. Basil, one of the minor villages of Kingman county, is a station on the Hutchinson & Blackwell division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. U. 12 miles south of Kingman, the county seat, with which it is connected by tclejihonc. It is a trading and shipping (loint for that portion of the county anrl in 1910 had a jiopulation of 72. Bassett, a small village of Allen county, is situated about 2 miles soulii of Inla, the county scat, with which place it is connected by elec- tric railway. In K^io it reported ,'i population of 40. KANSAS HISTORY 157 Bassettville, a little village of Decatur county, is located on Sappa creek in the township of the same name, about 15 miles southwest of Oberlin, the county seat, from which place the people receive mail by rural free delivery. Bateham, a little hamlet of Republican township, Clay county, is near the southern boundary, about 13 miles almost due south of Clay Center, the county seat. Wakefield is the nearest railroad station, from which the inhabitants of Bateham receive mail by rural free delivery. Battle Flags. — The regimental and battle flags carried by Kansas troops in the various wars in which they have participated were turned over to the adjutant-general of the state when the regiments returned home. In 1866 the legislature made an appropriation of $150 for the painting of inscriptions on these flags, and many of them bear the names of the more important battles and skirmishes in which the com- mands were engaged. Many of these Civil war emblems were worn to ribbons, and to preserve them a resolution was adopted by the legis- lature of 1867, making an appropriation of $150 for a suitable case in which they were to be placed. The case was built, the flags crowded in, and for nearly forty years reposed in those cramped quarters. In 1905 public sentiment was aroused and the following act passed the legislature : "Whereas, The battle-flags of the state of Kansas, some sixty in number, have been for forty years without proper care, subject to moth and dust, and inaccessible to the public; therefore, be in enacted by the legislature of the State of Kansas: "Section i. That the sum of $1,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated, to be expended upon proper vouchers by the executive council, in providing steel cases, with plate glass fronts and backs, as near air tight as practicable, in which to preserve and expose to the public the various regimental and other battle-flags car- ried by Kansas troops ; and that the same be added to the museum of the State Historical Society. "Section 2. The adjutant-general is hereby required to furnish a designation for each flag, giving number of regiment, names of battles, and location of service, and that each flag be so labeled. "Section 3. This act shall take efl:'ect and be in force from and after its publication in the statute book." With the above appropriation a handsome steel case was provided in which the flags have since been on exhibition. During the Civil war a number of Kansas regiments were presented with flags by patriotic women in the localities in which the regiments were raised, notably Company I, First Kansas, which received a flag from the ladies of the Leavenworth Turner's Society; the Second Kansas, which received a flag from the ladies of Junction City, and Com- pany M, Ninth Kansas, which was also presented with a stand of colors. At the beginning of the Spanish-American war (q. v.) the Woman's Relief Corps of Topeka, presented a stand of colors to each 158 CYCLOPEDIA OF of the three Kansas regiments. The state also furnished blue silk ban- ners to these organizations. On the return of the Twentieth Kansas Col. Wilder S. Metcalf, in returning the flags to the state, said : "My regiment and myself are gratified for this enthusiastic welcome. . . . The stand of colors which I have here was furnished us on this spot eighteen months ago. We carried them to the Philippine Islands and took good care of them. They were placed on the firing line on Feb. 4, and remained there until we were ordered home. \\'hile the regi- ment was in the trenches they were stuck in the ground right with us. They have been torn by bullets and brambles, but what is left of them we desire to return to the state." On behalf of the state Gov. W. E. Stanley said : "As the representa- tive of the state it affords me pleasure to receive these flags from the hands of the Twentieth Kansas. One is the old star spangled banner, the symbol of the nation's greatness. For more than> a century it has inspired in the people the loftiest sentiments and across land and sea, from Bunker Hill to Caloocan, it has been the glorious emblem of liberty. The other, a torn and tattered battle flag, its scars and tatters, voiceless lips which tell of the devotion and valor of the I-Cansas sol- diers. A generation ago, the young men of other years came home as you are coming home, from struggle and victory, and they brought their battle flags and placed them in the archives of the state. They are now covered with the dust of a life's span, which in Uie light of the devotion of the men who carried them in battle has the gleam of gold. Today "we will place the battle flag of the men who are putting life's harness on with the battle flags of the men who are putting life's harness off, and will keep them as the state's treasures, that in the years to come thej' will teach lessons of the highest patriotism. The whole state welcomes your return to civil life, the people will follow you with prayers and devotion." Battleship Kansas. — Toward the close of the nincloenth century, when an agitation in favor of a larger and more powerful navy was started, the navy department adopted the custom of naming the new battle- ships after the states. One of the early vessels to be thus named was the ill-fated Maine, which was blown up in the harbor of Havana, the incident being one of the ])!inci]>a! causes of the declaration of w:\r against Spain in the spring of 1898. The Fifty-seventh Congress made appropriations for the construc- tion of several new battleships, and on Jan. 20, 1903, the Kansas legis- lature jjassed a resolution re(|uesting the members of Congress from the state to use their influence to have one of the new ships named the "Kansas." An order to that effect was issued, and work on the vessel was commenced at Camden, N. J., the following November. The keel was laid early in 1904, and on Aug. 12, 1903, Gov. Iloch, accom- panied by his staff and a number of prominent Kansans, visited Cam- den to l)e present at the ceremony of launching. On such occasions it is usually the custom to break a bottle of champagne or other wine KANSAS HISTORY 159 against the prow of the vessel as it starts from the ways, but as Kan- sas was known to be a prohibition state, it was decided to dispense with the wine and use water instead. The day was warm and sultry and the governor's staff, in full uniform, suffered from the heat during several vexatious delays, but at 12:40 p. m. the great marine monster began slowly to move down the incline to her watery home. Miss Anna Hoch, the governor's daughter, who acted as sponsor, stood upon a platform with a bottle of water from the John Brown spring in Linn county, Kan., and at the signal she smashed the bottle against the ship's prow, repeating the customary formula, "I christen thee Kansas"; but her voice was lost in the cheering that greeted the great ship as it glided down the ways. gg*^ 1 f -^»T »IB-T EhI4 ....^J^ -■»-. '~=B _ r-TlBt -rWs-' L ^' ■ I B BATTLESHIP KANSAS. The Kansas is 450 feet long at the load water line, the greatest breadth is 76 feet 10 inches, and the mean draught is 24 feet 6 inches. Her displacement is 16,000 tons, and her engines have a total horse power of 19,545, giving her a speed of 18 knots an hour. The coal bunkers have a capacity of 2,200 tons, though 900 tons constitute the normal supply. Altogether she carries 3,992 tons of armor, the sides being protected by plates 9 inches in thickness, the turrets by 12-inch armor, and the barbette by lo-inch. Her main battery consists of 24 guns, four of which are of 12-inch caliber; eight are 8-inch, and twelve are 7-inch, all breech-loading rifles. The secondary battery includes twenty 3-inch rapid fire guns; twelve 3-pounder semi-automatic; two i-pounder automatic; two 3-inch field guns, and two 30-caliber au- tomatic. When manned by a full complement her force would con- sist of 41 officers and 815 men. The total cost of the Ivansas was $7,- 565,620, being exceeded in this respect at the time of her completion only by the Connecticut, which cost $7,911,175. Two gifts were made by the Slate of Ivansas to the battleship bear- ing her name. The Daughters of the American Revolution gave a fine l6o CYCLOPEDIA OF Stand of colors, and the legislature of 1905 appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of a silver service, of special design. Competitive bids and designs were submitted, the contract being finally awarded to Edward Vail of Wichita, Kan. The silver service consisted of 35 pieces, bear- ing appropriate designs of Kansas scenes and sunflowers. It was pre- sented to the ship at the League Island navy yard, Philadelphia, Pa., June 17, 1907, by Gov. Hoch, whose speech of presentation was re- sponded to by Capt. Charles E. Vreeland, commander of the vessel, who claimed the State of Kansas as his home. After the presentation the huge silver punch bowl was filled with lemonade for the refresh- ment of the assembled guests. The Kansas went into commission on June 18, 1907, under com- mand of Capt. Vreeland, and was one of the four first class battleships that went on the Pacific cruise the following December. Capt. Vree- land was promoted to the rank of rear-admiral, and the Kansas was placed under the command of Capt. Charles J. Badger. On Dec. i, 1910, the ship was in the second division of the Atlantic fleet, composed of the Kansas, the Louisiana, the New Hampshire and the South Caro- lina. Bavaria, a village of Saline county, is located on the main line of the Union Pacific R. R. 9 miles west of Salina, the county seat. It has express and telegraph offices, and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The population in 1910 was no. The place was originally settled in 1865 by Ernst Hohneck, who later deserted it. In 1877 E. F. Drake laid off the town of Bavaria. Baxter Springs, an incorporated city of Cherokee county, is located a short distance west of Spring river, at the junction of two divisions of the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R., 11 miles southeast of Colum- bus, the county seat, and not far from the southern boundary of the state. The first settler was a man named Baxter, who located there about the year 1858, when the land was known as the "Government Strip." During the war of 1861-65, Baxter Springs was on the direct route from Fort Scott to Fort Smith, and lying, as it does, close to the Missouri line, it was also subject to an attack from some of the guerrilla bands that infested the region. A military post was established there in May, 1863, and garrisoned by the First Kansas colored infantry and a battery commanded by Lieut. Knowles. In June the garrison was withdrawn and the post remained unoccupied until i\ug. 17, when Col. Blair ordered Capt. John Crites' company of the Third Wisconsin cavalry to reoccupy it. A little later Crites was reinforced by a detach- ment of the Second Kansas colored infantry under command of Lieut. R. E. Cook, and early in Octoljer further reinforcenienls were added under Lieut. James B. Pond of the Third Wisconsin cavalry, who took with him a 12-pound howitzer. On Oct. 4 Gen. Blunt left Fort Scott for I'-ort Smith, with an escort of 100 men of llic Third Wisconsin and Fourteenth Kansas cavalry, tJu- band .uul .1 wagon ir.iin, and about noon of tlic 6th reached a point near I'ond's canii' :i( Haxtor Springs. KANSAS HISTORY l6l Here he saw a body of mounted men advance from the timber on Spring river and as they wore Federal uniforms he thought they were Pond's men out on drill or to give him a reception. Capt. Tough, Blunt's chief of scouts, rode forward, but soon returned with the in- formation that the men were rebels, and that a fight was then going on at Pond's camp. As a matter of fact, the men seen by Blunt were some of Quantrill's guerrillas, commanded by Ouantrill in person. Seeing that they were recognized, the guerrillas advanced on the escort, fired a volley, and then charged. The Union troops were outnumbered more than five to one and fled at the first fire. Blunt succeeded in rallying 15 of his men, and with this meager force held the enemy at bay, until noticing a gap in the line he made a dash through it and escaped. I-fis adjutant- general, Maj. Curtis, attempted to cut his way through another gap, but was killed. Britton, in his "Civil War on the Border," says : "In many instances where the soldiers were closely pursued, they were told that if they would surrender they would be treated as prisoners of war-; but in every case the moment they surrendered and were dis- armed. Ihey were shot down, sometimes even with their own arms in the hands of the bandits." A short time before this unhappy affair, which is known as the Bax- ter Springs massacre, Pond's camp had been attacked by the guerrillas while 60 of his picked men were absent on a foraging expedition. Lieut. Pond managed to work the howitzer by himself, and the fact that the catnp was supplied with artillery doubtless deterred Quantrill from charging and capturing the entire force then in the garrison. In 1865, after the war was over, two men named Armstrong and Davis built a house on the site of Baxter Springs, and the next yeai a town was laid out on 80 acres by Capt. M. Mann and J. J. Barnes. Soon after this A. F. Powell opened a store, and when Baxter Springs became the outlet for the Texas cattle trade, the town took on all the appearances of prosperity. But the cattle trade brought to the place a number of notorious characters, and Baxter Springs quickly won the distinction of being a "wide open" town. The late Eugene F. Ware, in one of the Kansas Plistorical Collections, says "it was the toughest town on earth." In Nov., 1867, it was made the county seat of Chero- kee county, but the following summer, while the Cherokee Neutral Lands were in dispute, James F. Joy, who had purchased the lands, and Congressman Grinnell of Iowa visited Baxter Springs, and the citizens at a meeting adopted resolutions declaring they were satisfied with the plan proposed by Joy in dealing with the settlers on the lands. This offended many citizens of the county, and at an election the fol- lowing February (1869) a majority of the people voted to remove the seat of justice to Columbus. In the meantime Baxter Springs had voted bonds for something like $200,000 to aid railroad companies, etc., and this led a number of the citizens to leave the place. Added to this, the outlet of the cattle trade was removed farther west and the boom (I-ii) 1 62 CYCLOPEDIA OF was over. For several years Baxter Springs made but little progress, but in Sept., 1873, '"'^h lead deposits were discovered in the vicinity and again the town began to grow, this time in a permanent and sub- stantial manner. The Baxter Springs of the present day has an electric lighting plant, waterworks, two banks, two weekly newspapers, an international money order postoffice from which five rural routes emanate, flour mills, hotels, planing mills, a telephone exchange, telegraph and express offices, a large retail trade, and in 1910 had a population of 1,598. In 1885 Congress appropriated $5,000 for a national cemetery about a mile west of the town, where the victims of the massacre of 1863 are buried. Bayard, one of the minor villages of Allen county, is a station on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R. in the northeast part of the coun- ty, some 15 miles from lola, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice with one rural route, an express office, some mercantile in- terests, and is a shipping point for the surrounding agricultural dis- trict. The population in 1910 was reported as 50. Bayneville, a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. in Ohio township, Sedgwick county, is 12 miles southwest of Wichita. It has a money order postoffice with one rural route, express and telegraph offices, some retail trade, and is a shipping point of some importance. Bazaar, a village of Chase county, is the southern terminus of a branch of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. that runs to Strong City. It is 10 miles south of Cottonwood Falls, the county seat, has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, some retail stores, and in 1910 reported a population of 75. Bazine, a village of Ness county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 11 miles east of Ness City, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice with one rural route, an express office, tele- phone connection, and is a trading and shipping point for the neigh- borhood. The population in 1910 was 125. Eagle, a village in the southwestern part of Miami county, is on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R. about 15 miles southwest of Paola, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and ex- press offices and a good local retail trade. In J910 the population, according to the U. S. census, was 180. Beale's Expedition. — Fdward F. Beale was born at Washington, D. C, Feb. 4, 1822. At an early age he entered the United States navy and saw his first active service with Commodore Stockton on the Pa- cific coast during the Mexican war. At Ihe close of the war he re- signed his commission in the navy and was made superintendent of Indian afl^airs in California and New Mexico. In 1853 he led an ex- pedition to explore the central route to the Pacific coast. Leaving Westport, Mo., in May of that year, with 12 riflemen, he went first to Council Grove. From there he passed up the Arkansas river to the mouth of the Huerfano, about 20 miles east of the present city of KANSAS HISTORY 163 Pueblo, Col., thence to the San Luis valley, and from there to the coast. A full report of the expedition was written by Gwynn II. Heap, one of the party, and published in 1854. Beardsley, a money order post-village of Rawlins county, with a population of 50 in 1910, is a station on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. 10 miles west of Atwood, the county seat. It is a supply point for the neighborhood and does some shipping of grain and live stock. Beattie, a village of Marshall county, is located in Guittard town- ship, 15 miles east of Marysville, the county seat, on a branch of the Vermillion river and on the St. Joseph & Grand Island R. R. It has banking facilities, a newspaper, telegraph and express offices, churches and schools, and a money order postofifice with two rural mail routes. The population in 1910 was 500. The neighborhood about Beattie was settled prior to 1865 by Hugh Hamilton. H. G. Smith, Eli Goldsberry, E. Cain, J. Trotten! G. Thorne, James Fitzgerald and P. Jones. The town was laid out in 1870 by the North Kansas Land and Town com- pany of St. Joseph, Mo., on land owned by James Fitzgerald and John Watkins. The original town site consisted of 160 acres, and the town was named Beattie in honor of Hon. A. Beattie, then mayor of St. Joseph, Mo. The postoffice was established in 1871, and the first store was built by L. Brunswick in 1872. Beaumont, a village of Butler county, is situated in Glencoe town- ship, about 20 miles southeast of Eldorado, the county seat. It is a station on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R., has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, telephone connection, and is a shipping and supply point for a rich agricultural district in the east- ern part of Butler and the southwest coVner of Greenwood counties. The population in 1910 was 200. Beaver, a hamlet of Sheridan county, is located in the southeastern part of the valley of the Saline river, and receives mail by rural de- livery from Ouinter, which is the nearest railroad station. Beaver Creek. — There are four streams in Kansas that bear this name. The first flows in a southeasterly direction through Clark coun- ty and empties into the Arkansas river ; the second rises in the north- ern part of Barton county and flows north to the Smoky Hill river; the third flows south across the western part of Smith county and empties into the Solomon river near the town of Gaylord ; and the fourth and largest is composed of two forks, one of which rises in Sherman and the other in Cheyenne county. They unite near the town of Atwood, Rawlins county, from which point the main stream follows a northeasterly course and empties into the Republican river at Or- leans, Neb. This last named Beaver creek was so named by James R. Mead's exploring party in 1859 on account of the large number of beaver dams along its course. During the Indian troubles in the summer of 1867, the Eighteenth Kansas left Fort Hays on Aug. 20 for the headwaters of the Solomon 164 CYCLOPEDIA OF and Republican rivers. On the evening of the 21st Capt. Jenness of Company C was sent out with a detachment to ascertain the cause of a light seen at some distance across the prairie. lie. found the remains of an old Indian camp fire, but in attempting to return to the main body he became confused in the darkness, and finally decided to bivouac on the open prairie. Early the next morning he reached the river, about 8 miles below the camp. According to a published ac- count liy Capt. jenness, the command was then some 85 r.iil.'s n;r. ;'; west of Fort Hays. Upon reaching the river he pushed on toward the main body, but after going about 3 miles his detachment was at- tacked by a large body of Indians. Forming a hollow square, he man- aged to hold the savages at bay. His men were armed with Spencer repeating carbines and each man carried 200 rounds of ammunition, so they were well equipped in this respect for a heroic defense. After a short skirmish Capt. Jenness again began to move up the river toward the camp, but after going half a mile saw more Indians. He then returned to the river and threw up a breastwork of driftwood and loose stones, behind which his little band fought valiantly for three hours. All the horses except 4 were either killed or wounded : 2 of the men were mortally and 12 seriously wounded, and the detachment with- drew to a ravine, where they found water and remained under co\cr of the willows and banks of the ravine until dark. The Indians then drew off and Jenness and his men, under the guidance of a scout, fol- lowed a buffalo path for 5 or 6 miles until they came to the river. The Indians renewed the attack the next morning, hut the main command came I1' Tiimcvs' rcsciic, Tliis ;ilTair i'^ known .-i-- llir Ii:i1tlr nf r.i':i\(-r creek. In Jenncs.'- narrative the exact kication oi the aclmn is ui.it given. Some years after the event, James A. Hadley, a corporal of Company A, published an account of the engagment in the Farm and Home Sentinel of Indianapolis, Ind. The localities mentioned by Corporal Hadley were given by A. J. Pliley, the famous scout, who locates the scene nn Prairie Dog creek in the northwestern part of Pliillips county. Beaverview, a post-village of Rawlins county, is located on P.eaver creek, about 18 miles southwest of Atwood, the county seat, and 12 miles southeast of McDonald, which is the nearest railroad station. Beckwourth, James, hunter, trapper and scout, was a mulatto (^f great physical strength who came west with den. .'\shlcy in 1825 and won considerable reputation as a trader and Indian fighter, finally becoming cliief of the Crow tribe. Parkman says he was "bloody and treacherous, without honor or honest}," but the Rent brothers and Kit Carson, who knew him better than Parkman, say he was one of the most honest of Indian traders. In the days nf the argonauts he lived in California. where he wrote his autobiography, whicli was published about 1855. During the Mexican war lie carried messages for Gen. Kearnc\. riding alnne thrnngh the hostile Indian country from Rent's fort on the .Arkan- sas to Fort I.ea\iMnvortli. Vur awhile he was associated with the celc- KANSAS HISTORY 165 brated Jim Uridger in piloting trains across the ])lains. He trapped and traded along the Arkansas river, and in no small degree contributed toward bringing the present State of Kansas under the dominion of the white race. Beebe, George M., the last secretary and acting governor of Kansas Territory, was born at New Vernon, N. Y., Oct. 28, 1836. lie received an academic education, and in 1857 graduated at the Albany Law School. In the spring of 1859 l''^ came to Kansas, located in Doniphan county, and in November of that year he was elected a member of the council in tlie territorial legislature. He was therefore a member of the legislature which met at Lecompton on Jan. 2, i860, and which passed the bill abolishing slavery in Kansas. On May i, i860, he was appointed territorial secretary, to succeed Hugh S. Walsh, and en- tered upon his duties on Juh' i. When Gov. Medary resigned on Dec. 17, i860, Mr. Beebe became acting governor and continued to act in that capacity until the state government was inaugrated on Feb. 9, 1861, when he was succeeded by Gov. Robinson. In 1863 Mr. Beebe removed to Nevada, where he was appointed collector of internal revenue, but declined. He then went back to New York and became the editor of the Republican Watchman, published at Monticello. In 1874 he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, and was reelected in 1876. The Kansas State Historical Society has made several efforts to get into correspondence with Mr. Beebe, but for some reason he has persistentl}- declined to answer the letters. Beebe's Administration. — The story of Gov. Beebe's administration is soon told. When Gov. Medary went to Ohio on Sept. 11, i860, Mr. Beebe became acting governor and served as such until Nov. 25, when the governor returned. The records do not show that much of a strat- ling or unusual nature occurred during this period. For some time there had been trouble between the free-state and pro-slavery settlers in Linn and Bourbon counties, and about the middle of November, fear- ing another outbreak of hostilities, ]Mr. Beebe ordered Adjt.-Gen. Strick- ler, on the 19th, "to take immediate steps to ascertain what force of infantry, if any, either of the militia of the territory or of volunteer companies, can be put into service, if necessary, within one week from the date hereof." On the same day he wrote to Gen. Harney, at St. Louis, asking that the 200 infantry at Fort Leavenworth be placed subject to the order of the governor of the territor3\ After the return of Gov. Medary, Mr. Beebe wrote to President Buchanan, under date of Nov. 26, giving an account of the recent disturbance in Bourbon county. "These men," said he, "under the lead of a notorious offender, one James Montgom- er)', assisted by a desperate character named Jennison. . . threatened to break up a special term of the L'nited States district court called to meet at Fort Scott on the 19th inst. for the trial of cer- tain of their number, charged with offenses against the United States. and kill Presiding Justice Williams, the marshal and his deputies, and all interposing resistance, and destroy the town of Fort Scott." l66 CYCLOPEDIA OF Upon learning of these threats, Mr. Beebe, accompanied by Adjt.- Gen. Strickler, had visited Fort Scott and found that Judge Williams had abandoned the idea of trying to hold the special term of court. In his letter to the president Beebe states that he met Montgomery and Jennison, who finally agreed to disband their men, but a few days later they were at their old tricks. He suggested that the governor issue a proclamation declaring martial law in that part of the territory, and that a force of at least 300 dragoons should be sent there to main- tain order. When Gov. Medary resigned on Dec. 17. i860, Mr. Beebe again be- came acting governor. On the 21st he wrote to the president: "The legislative assembly of this territory convenes on the 7th prox. If it is the purpose of your excellency to appoint a successor. to Gov. Medary, I would respectfully request that you cause me to be so advised, as in such event I do not desire to occupy any time in preparing, in an executive capacity, for the coming legislature." The Wyandotte constitution, in defining the boundaries of the pro- posed State of Kansas, had cut off all that portion of the territory lying west of the 102nd meridian of longitude. The country west of that meridian was known as the "Pike's Peak region," and Mr. Beebe requested the president that, in the event of the admission of Kansas and the establishment of a new territory farther west, to appoint him to the same position in that territory he then held in Kansas. The legislature met at Lecompton on Jan. 7, 1861. W. W. Upde- graff was for a third time chosen president of the council, and John W. Scott was elected speaker of the house. On the 8th both houses voted to adjourn to Lawrence, where they met on the next day. As no successor to Gov. Medary had been appointed, it devolved upon Mr. Beebe to submit a message to the assembly, which he did on the loth. His message is interesting, in that it presents some figures relating to the property values and financial condition of the territory. He re- ported the territorial indebtedness as being $96,143.58. while the re- sources from taxes due and unpaid amounted to about $104,000, though he expressed the opinion that not more than $30,000 of this could be collected "without some special and direct action taken for the ex- press purpose." The value of the taxable property of the territory he estimated at $28,000,000. Mr. Beebe pointed out, in a rather laconic manner, the folly of in- corporating so many tpwn companies. He stated that in 38 counties there were 135,328 town lots, or more than two for each inhabitant, and significantly asks: "May not a reasonable apprehension be en- tertained, unless something be soon done to stop this mania for town speculation, that there will, ere long, be no lands left for farms in the territory?" Mr. Beebe recommended a revision of the election laws, especially the registry provisions; the repeal of the law abolishing slavery in the tcrritnry: some thorough system of organizing counties and town- KANSAS HISTORY I67 ships; and the repeal of the law regulating the sale of intoxicating liquors, or the enactment of a law of that character that would be in- telligible. After dwelling at length upon the discord between the North and South on the question of slavery, he closed his message by saying: "But if nothing can be done — if this worst must come — having been made the wand with which the magicians of Evil have aroused the elements, it may not be expected Kansas can stand an idle watcher of the storm. Intimately identified as her interests are with the per- petuity, progress and prosperity of that Union of States into which she has hoped soon to enter and take her equal place — while she could not witness a dissolution with feelings other than of deepest anguish — if God, in His wrath, shall tolerate the worst portent of this tempest of passion, now so fiercely raging, Kansas ought, and I trust will^ declining identification with either branch of a contending family, tendering to each alike the olive ofl:'ering — establish, under a constitu- tion of her own creation, a government to be separate and independent among the nations." This was the last session of the territorial legislature. Few impor- tant laws were passed, the most noteworthy being the acts fixing the number of employees of each house of the legislature and their salaries, and declaring illegal the bonds issued in payment of claims for losses sustained during the border war. The acts of this legislature were afterward declared valid by the state courts. (See Robinson's Admin- istration.) On Feb. 2, 1861, the assembly adjourned, and just a week later the state government was inaugurated. Beecher Rifle Church. — On May 31, 1857, the settlers in and about the village of Wabaunsee, the most of whom were members of the New Haven colony, held a meeting for the ultimate purpose of forming a church organization. At this meeting resolutions were adopted recog- nizing the expediency of organizing a Congregational church. Com- mittees were appointed to attend to the preliminary matters and to obtain the names of those willing to unite in organizing a church, such organization to take place on the last Sunday in June. On June 21 it was resolved to set apart Saturday, June 27, as "a day of fasting and prayer," and that seven persons, then present, havmg letters from other churches, should constitute the nucleus of the proposed church. On the day ajjpointed the brethren and sisters gathered in a ravine on the east side of the Wabaunsee townsite, where they were undis- turbed by the noise and clatter of the village, and devoted all this day and the forenoon of the following one to the organization of a church which, as stipulated beforehand, was to be Congregational in form, as unsectarian as possible, and was to be known as "The First Church of Christ in Wabaunsee." A council of neighboring churches had been called to recognize the new church, but the Manhattan church was the only one to respond. It was therefore deemed expedient to organ- ize a council, which was done, and Rev. S. Y. Lum, who preached the l68 CYCLOPEDIA (IK first sermon in Kansas, in 1854, delivered the one on this occasion, and Rev. C. E. Blood, of ^lanhattan. gave the fellowship of the churches, and the Wabaunsee church was launched. .As long as Beecher lived he took an active interest in the Wabaunsee colony, and it was the custom of the colonists at each annual meeting of the church to read his letter which accompanied the ritles, "Let these arms hang above your doors as the old Revoltitionary muskets do in many New England homes. May your children in another generation look upon them with pride and say 'Our fathers' courage saved this fair land from slavery and blood.' Ever}- mornings' breeze shall catch the blessings of our prayers and roll them westward to your prairie homes. Maj- your sons be large-hearted as the heavens above your heads ; may your daughters fill the land as the flowers do the prairies, only sweeter and fairer than they. Yoti will not need to use arms when it is known that you have them. It is the essence of slavery to be arrogant before the weak and cowardly before the strong." Rev. Harvey Jones was the first pastor of this cluircli organization and served for nearl}- three years, holding the early meetings in a tent. .A^ temporary church was shortly after erected and plans discussed for a suitable stone building of sufficient capacity for the needs of the com- munity. After your years of effort the present building was dedicated on May 24, 1862, the General Association of Kansas Congregational churches meeting with the church at this time, and taking a recess to dedicate the new church. During the early days of the church it re- ceived support from various church societies, but in less than ten years from its organization it became self-supporting. In i860 it reported the largest membership of any church in Kansas, having one more than the Lawrence and eleven more than the Topeka churches. On June 29, 1897. the fortieth anniversary of the church was fittingly observed, and on June 27 and 28, 1907, the fiftieth anniversary was made the occasion of a great celebration, during wiiich an elaborate program was carried out Hundreds of visitors were in attendance and the semi-centennial of tliis famous pioneer church was made a memorable one. Beecher Rifle Company. — Early in the fall of 1S53, two residents of New Ilaven, Conn., a Mr. Russell and a Mr. English, commenced enlist- ing a parly of northern men to go to Kansas to settle and help make it a free state. Winter set in before the company could be organized and the project was abandoned until the following spring. On Feb. 7, 1856, Charles B. Lines, of New Haven, announced at a public meeting that he was making preparations for carrying out the ])roposed plan. The next day men began enlisting and in less than a week 85 names were subscribed, which was increased to 90 by March 7. Mr. Lines was made president of the colony for the first year. A few days i>efore start- ing inr Kansas a meeting fif the colonists and other New Haven citizens was held in the .North cinnch, where Rev. Henry Ward Beeclier de- livered a stirring address. At the conclusion of this address Mr. Twines, as president of the new colony gave a short talk, explaining the origin, KANSAS iirsToin- 169 aim and purpose uf the company, and reminding the audience Uiat no provision had yet been made for furnishing the colonists with weapons, and explaining why there was a necessity for calling upon the public to arm them. Prof. Benjamin Silliman, president of Yale College, was the first one to respond to the appeal, heading a subscription list for one Sharp's rifle. Similar subscriptions then came fast. Rev. Mr. Button, pastor of the church in which the meeting was being held, then made a statement that Deacon Harvey Ilale of his church was a member of the proposed colony, and as his pastor he desired to present him a pjible and a Sharp's rifle. Beecher then made another ringing talk, pledging 25 rifles from his congregation if a like number was raised in New Haven. The meeting closed with 27 rifles assured to the colony. On the evening of March 31 a farewell meeting to the colonists was held, in which a letter from Mr. Beecher to Mr. Lines was read, in which Beecher presented a number of Bibles in the name of one of his parishioners and 25 Sharp's rifles in behalf of several others. At the close of the meet- ing the members of the colony were escorted to the boat by the Elm City Guards and the Croton Engine Co. No. i. A cooperative organization was formed while on the way west, and on their arrival at St. Louis such garden and other tools as were needed were secured and brought with them on the steamboat Clara to Kansas City, where John J. Walter, E. Dwight Street, T. C. P. Hyde, Amos A. Cottrell and Walter Webb were chosen to push on ahead in search for a suitable location. The remainder of the colonists, having secured wagons and ox teams, pushed on, reaching Lawrence the second day. where they remained for two or three days, being rejoined while here by those who had been seeking a location. The site of Wabaunsee being reported favorably to the colonists, the selection was ratified and on April 28, 1856, the colony reached its destination. Of the original num- ber who started^ from New Haven, twenty never reached Kansas at all, and a number of others who did come, from some reason or nther, left shortly after coming. Forty-one of the original number stuck it out and formed the nucleus of the rifle company that was soon formed under the name of the "Prairie Guards." William Mitchell was chosen captain of the company, which embraced the members of the colony, who were supplied with Sharp's rifles, and some of the surrounding settlers, the organization numbering about 60 men. This rifle company saw active service in Kansas shortly after coming to the territory, volunteering to assist in the defense of Lawrence from an attack of border rufifians from Missouri. A few of the' original colonists are living in igii. but the good they accomplished will live' after them. Beecher's Island. — (.See Arickaree, Battle of.l Beeler, one of the minor villages of Ness county, is located in Eden township and is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 17 miles west of Ness City, the county seat. It has a money order post- oflice, an express office, telephone connection, Protestant churches, a school, and is a trading and shipping point for the western part of the countv. The population in 1910 was 75. I JO CYCLOPEDIA OF Bellaire, a thriving little town of Smith county, is located in Blaine township and is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 6 miles east of Smith Center, the county seat. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, telephone connection, telegraph and express offices, Methodist Episcopal and Methodist Protestant churches, a good retail trade, and in 1910 reported a poulation of 200. Bellefont, a village of Wheatland township. Ford county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 2,2 miles east of Dodge City, the count)^ seat. The population was 40 in 1910. It has a money order postoffice with one rural delivery route, and is a shipping and supply point for that section of the county. Belle Plaine, an incorporated city of the third class in Sumner county, is located on the Ninnescah river at the junction of the Missouri Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroads, 12 miles northeast of Wellington, the county seat. The population in igio was 849, a gain of 298 during the preceding ten years. Belle Plaine has two banks, a weekly newspaper (the News), good public schools, flour and planing mills, churches of the leading Protestant denominations, an opera house, telegraph and express offices, a telephone exchange, and is an important shipping point and trading center. From its international money order postoffice three rural delivery routes supply mail to the surrounding country. Belleville, the county seat of Republic county, is located a little east of the center of the county and is an important railroad center and shipping point, having three lines of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific system and one line of the Union Pacific system. The population in 1910 was 2,224. All business activities and professions are represented in the business directory. There are banks, flour mills, grain elevators, creameries, mercantile houses and newspapers. It has good graded and high schools, all denominations of churches, telegraph and express offices, and an international money order postoffice from which cminate five rural routes. The county buildings include a $25,000 court-house and an $11,000 jail. Belleville is beautifully situated on a gently rolling upland in the midst of a rich and prosperous farming coimtry. The main articles of export are grain, live-stock and creamery products. The town was es- tablished on .Sept. 25, 1869, with the following charter members of the company, James E. VanNatta, A. B. Tutlon, W. A. Means,, }. H. Print, T. C. Reily. W. II. H. Reily, W. A. Dugger, John McFarlanc! John Har- ris, G. II. Jackson and N. T. VanNatta. A "town house" was built by the company on the northwest quarter of section 2, town 3 south, range 3 west, in which a general store was kept. The upper floor was used as a public hall. The place was named Belleville after Arabelle Tutton. the wife of A. R. Tutton. It was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1878, and the first election, held on Jan. 26 of that year, resulted as follows: Mayor, W. H. Woodward; police judge, William Ilaskett; councilmcn, Chauncy Perry, Edwin Knowles, Daniel Millor. Ed. E. KANSAS HISTORY I? I Chapman and F. N. Munger. The officers appointed were, city marshal, Willis C. Allen; city attorney, A. E. Taylor; city clerk, Charles H. Smith; city treasurer, Columbus Taylor; street commissioner, W. C. Allen. By 1873 Belleville had become quite an important business center. The main stage thoroughfare from Hanover, Mo., connecting with St. Joseph, Mo., and Denver, Col., and with the Central branch from Water- ville, passed through Belleville, and stages ran daily. A number of sub- stantial business structures had been built and the improvements in- cluded city waterworks. As early as 1888 the enterprising citizens of the town convinced the state authorities that Belleville was of sufficient size to be a city of the second class and it was made such. For many years this little city was a gateway to the homestead country, to the settlement of which it owes much of its present growth and prosperity. Belmont, a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. in Kingman county, is located 12 miles southeast of Kingman, the county seat. It has a money order ppstoffice, an express office, a public school, some retail trade and in 1910 reported a population of 150. Beloit, the county seat and largest town of Mitchell county, is located northeast of the center of the county, on the Solomon river and at the junction of the Union Pacific and Missouri Pacific railroads. It has an altitude of 1,38'! feet and is 162 miles from Topeka. It has an electric light plant, water works, public library, an opera house, two daily and three weekly newspapers, 3 banks, and all lines of business activit}^ The state industrial school for girls is located here. Beloit is supplied with telegraph and express offices and an international money order post- office with 8 rural routes. The population in 1910 was 3,082. The first settlement here was made by A. A. Bell in 1868, with the idea of improving the water power. It was first called Willow Springs. The next year T. F. Hersey purchased the mill site from Mr. Bell, put up a saw mill in 1870 and a grist mill the next season. A school build- ing was erected in 1871 and Rev. O. N. Fletcher, the preacher of Ash- ville, took charge of the school which was the first in the county. In 1870 Beloit was made the county seat and has remained so ever since. The plat of the site was made in 1872. The promoters were T. F. Her- sey, A. A. Bell, George Campbell, Alexander Campbell, C. H. Morrill, Edward Valentine, W. C. Ingram and Daniel Kepler. In July of that year it was incorporated as a city of the third class and in 1879 Gov. St. John proclaimed it a city of the second class. At the first city elec- tion the following officers were chosen : T. F. Hersey, mayor ; W. C. In- gram, M. R. Mudge, H. H. Lyon, Joseph Baughman and J. R. Vaughn, councilmen. The town was growing very rapidly at this time. As each building went up and became ready for occupany a dance was held in it first, then a religious meeting, after which it was turned over to the owner for his use. The postoffice was established in 1870. with A. A. Bell as postmaster. The first newspaper was the Mirror, established in 1871 bv A. B. Cornell. The first bank was opened in 1873 by F. H. Hart. 1/2 CVl'LOl EDIA GF Belpre, an incorporated citj- of the third class in Edwards county, is situated in the township of the same name, and is a station on the Atchi- son, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 17 miles east of Kinsley, the 'count)- seat. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper (the- Bulletin), a good retail trade, a monev order postofific'e that is authorized to issue international orders, telegraph and express offices, telephone connection with the adjacent towns and cities, and does considerable shipping. P.elpre was incor- porated in igo6 and in 1910 the population was 485. Belvidere, a village of Glick township, Kiowa count}-, is located at the junction of two divisions of the Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe rail- way system, about 18 miles southeast of Greensburg, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, telephone connection with the surroimding country, and in 1910 had a poi-)ulalion of 30. Its railroad facilities make it an important shipping point, Belvoir, one of the old settlements of Kansas, is located in Douglas county about 13 miles southwest of Lawrence, in the valley of the Wakarusa river. The town site was laid otit on the old Santa Fe trail (q. V.) in 1855. and the following year the Catholic church was estab- lished. Several houses were built and a tavern was erected for the accommodation of travelers going west. On account of the proximity of Belvoir to Twin Moimd, no postoffice was established until 1868. The village has rural free delivery from Richland, the nearest railroad town, and in iqio had a population of 30. Belvue, a village of Pottawatomie county, is located in Belvue town- ship on the main line of the Union Pacific R. R., 25 miles southeast of Westmoreland, the comity seat. It has banking facilities and all the main lines of business activity, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, telegraph and express offices, and the population in 1910 was 200. The town was laid otit in 1871 by A. J, Raker and Malcolm Gregory. Beman, a little hamlet on one of the tributaries of the Neosho river in the northeast corner of Morris county, is about 13 miles from Council Grove, from which place the inhabitants receive mail by rural free de- livery, .\lta Vista is the most convenient railroad station, Bendena, one of the villages of Doni]ihan county, is located in Wolf River township, on the Chicago. Rock Island & Pacific R, R,. 7 miles south of Troy, the coimty seat. It has a bank, express and telegraph offices, and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The popula- tion in 1910 was 150, This town was established in t886 and for a time, called .Albers in honor of John Albers. a pioneer of the neighborhood. When the postoffice was established (he name was changed to Rcndcna, In 1861 Miss Strode taught one of the early schools of the county on the site of the town. The only fiuMiiturc in the room was rude benches fasiciief! 10 the wall. Bender Family. — About the close of the year 1870 a f.-nnily of llnl- iandcrs, or Germans, consisting of foin' persons — father, moilicr. son, and danglitcr — moved into Osage township, Labette county. The father was William Bender, and the son and d;iughlcr were John and Kate, KANSAS IIISTOK'i- 1/3 They erected a small frame house, which was divided into two parts by Studding, on which hung an old wagon-sheet for a partition. In the front part they had a few articles for sale, such as tobacco, crackers, sar- dines, candies, powder and shot, and just outside the door was a plain sign, "Groceries." In the front room were also two beds. The family pretended to furnish lunch and entertainment for travelers. Little was known of them generally, and they repelled rather than invited com- munication with their neighbors. Kate traveled over the country some- what, giving spiritualistic lectures and like entertainments, but created very little stir or comment. The two young people occasionally went to church and singing school, and the men frequently attended ]nil:)lic meetings in the township. The place was on the road, as then traveled, from Osage Mission to Independence. During 1871 and 1872, several parties traveled the road, making in- quiries for persons who were missing, and who had last been heard of at Fort Scott or Independence. A public meeting was held at Harmony Grove schoolhouse to discuss the herd law, about March 10, 1873, when the matter of so many people being missing and the fact that suspicion rested upon the people of Osage township were discussed. It was de- cided that a vigorous search should be made under the sanction of a search-warrant. Both of the male Benders were present, but when oth- ers expressed a willingness to have their premises searched the father and son remained silent. About ten days before this meeting Dr ^A'il- liam York had left his home in Onion creek, Montgomery C' 1 • i search of a man and child by the name of Loucher, who had left Inde- pendence for Iowa during the previous winter and had never thereafter been heard of by their friends. Dr. York reached Fort Scott and started to return about March 8, but never reached home. In the early part of April, Col. A. M. York, with some 50 citizens from Montgomery county, started from Independence to make a thorough search for his brother. They went as far as Fort Scott, but could get no clue to the missing man. On their return they visited the Bender place and tried to induce Kate, who professed to be a clairvoyant, to make an effort to help dis- cover the doctor. But Kate was able to elude their efiforts without throwing any suspicion on herself. That night the Bender family left the place and went to Thayer, where they purchased tickets to Hum- boldt and took the north-bound train at 5 o'clock on the following morn- ing. A day or two thereafter their team was found hitched a short dis- tance from Thayer, apparently nearly starved. It was about May i that a man passing the Bender place noticed the stock wandering around as though wanting care. On going to the stable he found the team gone, and a calf dead in a pen, evidently having starved to death. He then went to the house, but found no one there. He notified the township trustee, who, with other parties, went to the premises and broke into the house, where they found nearly everything in usual order, little if anything aside from clothing and bed-clothing having been taken. A sickening stench almost drove them from the 1/4 CYCLOPEDIA OF house. A trap-door in the back room was raised, and it was discovered that in a hole beneath was clotted blood which produced the stench. The iiouse was removed from where it stood, but nothing further was found under it. In a garden near by a depression was noticed, and upon dig- ging therein the body of Dr. York was found buried, head downward, his feet being scarcely covered. His skull was crushed and his throat was cut from ear to ear. On further search seven more bodies were found, all of whom, except one, were afterward identified by their friends. They were Mr. Loucher and his little daughter, seven or eight years ola, buried in one hole; William Boyle, and three men named McCratty, Brown, and McKenzie. The other body was never identified, and it is altogether probable that other parties were murdered and their bodies never found. It seems that in the back room of the house, almost up against the partition studding, a hole just large enough to let a man through had been cut in the f^oor, the door to which raised with a leather strap. Under this an excavation had been made in the ground, leaving a hole some 6 or 7 feet in diameter and about the same in depth. It is sup- posed that when a victim was killed in the daytime he was thrown into this hole until night, when he would be taken out and buried. From the victims the Benders seem to have procured, so far as could be ascer- tained, about $4,6oo in money, two teams of horses and wagons, a pony and a saddle. The Benders made good their escape and were never ap- prehended, although detectives thought they were able to trace their wanderings through Texas and New Mexico. Parties supposed to be the Benders were apprehended in many parts of the country and several were brought to Labette county for identification, but they proved to have little if any resemblance to the persons sought. Two women, sup- posed to be Mrs. Bender and Kate, were arrested in Michigan in 1890, and brought to Labette county on requisition, but on habeas corpus pro- ceedings they were released, the court being satisfied that they were not the Benders, and these horrible crimes remain unavenged. Benedict, an incorporated town of Wilson county, is located on the Verdigris river in Guilford township, 8 miles northeast of Fredonia, the county seat, and at the junction of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Missouri Pacific railroads. It has a bank, telegraph and express of- fices, and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The population in 1910 was 215. The town was surveyed about the tirrie the Missouri Pa- cific and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroads were built through this county. Substantial iron bridges were built over the Verdigris at this point in 1887, and a $4,000 school house was erected. The Wilson county old settlers society was organized at Benedict in 1807. The town was piped for gas in 1898. Bennington, one of the incorporated (owns of Ottawa county, is lo- cated on the L^nion Pacific R. R. and on the .Solomon river, in Benning- ton township, 9 miles southeast of Minneapolis, the comity scat. It has two banks, an opera house, two grain elevators, flour mil! and a weekly KANSAS HISTORY 175 newspaper, as well as all the main lines of business. There are tele- graph and express offices, and a money order postoffice with two rural routes. The population in 1910 was 386. The community was settled in 1870 and a store opened in 1873 by George Parker. When the rail- road was built in 1878 the town was laid out. The promoters were Dan- iel Struble and C. Nelson. An iron bridge was built over the Solomon at a cost of $4,500; Markley Bros, put up a flour and saw mill run by water power at a cost of $20,000, and in 1880 a $2,000 school house was built. Benson, Alfred W., lawyer and United States senator, was born in Chautauqua county, N. Y., July 15, 1843, ^ son of Peleg and Hannah (Washburn) Benson. He received an academic education at James- town and Randolph in his native state, and in 1862 enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Fifty-fourth New York regiment ; was severely wounded at the battle of Chancellorsville, and at the close of the war was mustered out with the rank of major. In 1866 he was admitted to the bar at Buffalo, N. Y., and in 1869 removed to Kansas, locating at Ottawa. On May 10, 1870, he married Miss Unettie L. Townsend of Manchester, Vt. Mr. Benson served for four years as a member of the Kansas state senate; was district judge from 1885 to 1897, and on June II, 1906, was appointed United States senator to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Joseph R. Burton. On Aug. i, 1907, Gov. Hoch appointed Mr. Benson one of the associate justices of the Kansas su- preme court to complete the unexpired term of Adrian L. Greene, de- ceased, and upon retiring from the supreme bench he resumed the prac- tice of law. Bentley, a town of Sedgwick county, is located near the Arkansas river in Eagle township, and is a station on the St. Louis & San Fran- cisco R. R., about 20 miles northwest of Wichita. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper (the News), a money order postoffice, telegraph and express service, telephone connection, and is the principal trading and shipping point for that section of the county. The population in 1910 was 200. Benton, a town of Benton township, Butler county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 14 miles southwest of Eldorado, the county seat, and not far from the Sedg^vick county line. It was settled in 1884. incorporated in 1908, and in 1910 had a population of 240. Benton has a bank, a money order postofifice with two rural delivery routes, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, a number of well appointed mercantile establishments, Methodist, Christian and Presbyterian churches, good public schools, and is a shipping point of considerable importance. Bent's Fort. — (See Fort Lyon.) Berlin, a hamlet of Bourbon count}', is located 15 miles northwest of Fort Scott, the county seat. It has rural free delivery from LTniontown and in 1910 had a population of 15. Devon, on the Missouri Pacific, is the nearest railroad station. 176 CVCLOrEDIA OF Bern, a village of Nemaha county, is located in Washington township on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., 14 miles northeast of Seneca. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper (the Gazette), express and telegraph offices and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The population in 1910 was 375. Bernal, a money order postoffice of Reno county, is situated in I^in- coln township, and is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R., 7 miles south of Hutchinson. The railroad name is Elmer Station. Bernal has telephone connection with the adjacent towns, is a trading point for the people of that part of the county, and in 1910 reported a population of 40. Berryton, a little village of Shawnee county, is a station on the Mis- souri Pacific R. R., 9 miles southeast of the city of Topeka. It has a money order postoffice with one rural delivery route, and is a trading center for the neighborhood in which it is located. The population in 1910 was 75. Berwick, a little station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. in Xcniaha county, is located 18 miles northeast of Seneca, the county seat, and 3 miles from Sabetha. It has telegraph and express offices and a money order postoffice. The population in 1910 was 31. Bethany College, located at Lindsborg, Kan., was founded in 1881, and is carried on under the auspices of the Swedish Lutheran church. The purpose of the founders was to establish a school, "imparting higher education founded on the principles of Evangelical Christianity." Rev. Car] A. Swensson, who had been elected pastor of the Bethany Lutheran church of Lindsborg in 1878, was active in organizing the school or academy and became its first president. The first building of the school contained recitation rooms and a dormitory for men, while a separate dormitory was provided for the female students. School opened on Oct. 15, 1881, witli T. .'\. l^dden as teacher, and about 30 students enrolled. The following year the Smoky Valley district of the Kansas conference of the Augustana synod took charge of the institution ; a board of directors was appointed, and soon afterward the college was incorporated under a state charter. In 1883 a large dormitory was erected for male students and two years later a main building was erected to furnish class rooms, a chapel museum, librar)' and science departments. The institution passed into ihc hands of the Kansas conference in the spring of 1885, and the name was changed to Bethany College and Normal Institute. From thai lime its progress was botji rapid and satisfactory. 'I'he school l)egan to out- grow its quarters, new buildings were needed, and with this end in view the name was changed to Bethany College in Dec. i88fi. The charter also was changed so that ihe college was invested with power to convey academic degrees. The conservatory of music was begun in 1882, and the school of busi- ness in 1884. In the fall of 1886 the model scliool was added, and in 1900 the school of fine arts, but this was later combined with the school nf music, and today the college has tiic following doparlmcnts: Pre- KANSAS HISTORY 177 paratory, normal, commercial, collegiate, a model school, art depart- ment and a conservatory that has gained a wide reputation throughout the state. LIBRARY AND MAIN BUILDING, BETHANY COLLEGE. Bethany has a fine main building equipped with every convenience for recitation rooms and laboratories, a women's dormitorv accommodat- ing 92 students, a dormitory for men, an art hall, the Swedish pavilion of the Louisiana Purchase exposition, which was donated, an auditorium with a seating capacity of 3,000 and a $5,000 pipe organ, a gymnasium and the Carnegie library. The student body consists mostly of the Lutheran youth of the state and the college has an annual enrollment of several hundred. In 1910, Ernst F. Pihlbrand was president of the col- lege and C. F. Carlbert, vice-president. One of the first steps taken by the school after its organization was the formation of a chorus and orchestra to sing the Messiah, the pro- ceeds to go toward the support of the school. Since that time the oratorio has been sung twenty-five times at Lindsborg under the direc- tion of the musical department, and during Holy Week people come from many parts of the state to hear this chorus as there is no other like it in the country. Bethel, a post hamlet in the central portion of Wyandotte county, is situated on the Missouri Pacific R. R., about 10 miles west of' Kansas City, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, which is the cen- (L12) 178 ■ CYCLOPEDIA Ol'' ter of two rural free delivery routes, telegraph and express facilities, and in 1910 had a population of 25. Bethel College. — As early as 1882 a Mennonite seminar}- was estab- lished at Halstead, Harvey county. When the Kansas conference of the Mennonite church met in 1887 the city of Newton came forward with an offer of financial aid if the conference would undertake to establish a college at that place. The result was the organization by the confer- ence of the Bethel College corporation, which was to have full charge of the establishment and control of the institution. Bethel College was opened to students on Sept. 20, 1893. The biennial report of the state superintendent of public instruction for 1893-94 gave the vakie of the property belonging to the college as $114,100, of which $45,000 was represented by buildings, and $68,000 as a permanent endowment. Since then the institution has kept pace with other schools of its character. .Six departments are presented to students, viz : Collegiate, Academic, Music, Fine Arts, Elocution and Commercial. Probably no school in the state offers better opportunities for the study of the German language. Beulah, a village of Sheridan township, Crawford county, is a station on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. 5 miles south of Girard, the county seat. It has a money order postofifice, express and telegraph ser- vice, a good local trade, and in 1910 reported a population of 100. Beverly, an incorporated town of Lincoln county, is situated in Colo- rado township and is a station on the Salina & Plainville division of the Union Pacific R. R. 11 miles east of Lincoln, the county seat. Bev- erly was settled in 1886, incorporated in 1904, and in 1910 reported a population of 335. It has two banks, two creameries, a number of well stocked general stores, a good public school, a money order ])ostof]fice with one rural route, telegraph and express service, telephone connec- tion with the surrounding towns, and does considerable shipping. Bickerdyke, Mary Ann, familiarly known as "Mother Bickerdyke." arni\' nurse and philanllirnpist, was born near Mt. Vernon, Ohio, July 19, 1817. Her father, Hiram Bell, was a descendant of the Pilgrims, and her mother of one of the first families of New York. Her childhood was spent upon a farm, where pure air and plenty of out door exercise de- veloped her into a woman strong in both mind and body. She entered Oberlin College, but was com|)elled by illness to leave just before grad- uating. Her first experience as a nurse was in the Cincinnati hospital during the cholera epidemic of 1837, and liking the work she continued in it for several years. On April 27, 1847, she became the wife of Robert Bickerdyke, in 1856 they removed to Galesburg. 111., where her husband died about two years later, leaving her with two sons (James R. and Hiram) to support. Again she took to nursing, and it seems that she also practiced medicine, for the Galesburg directory for 1861 gives her occujjation as pliysician. When the Civil war broke out she was one of the leaders among the Galesburg women in providing necessities for the soldiers at the front. KANSAS JllSTORY 1/9 Later, when a physician -in .the Twenty-second llHnois infantry wrote liome of the illness and lack of suitable care among the soldiers, Mother Bickerdyke's friends offered to care for her children if she would volun- teer to go to the front as a nurse. With $500 worth of hospital supplies she reported for duty at the regimental hospital at Cairo, 111. After the actions at Belmont, Fort Donelson and Shiloh she was in the field hos- pitals; followed the army in the Corinth and Atlanta campaigns; fre- quentl_y went over battle fields at night, with lantern and simple rem- edies, searching for any wounded that might have been overlooked. Gen. McCook said she was "worth more to the Union army than many of us generals," and she was a great favorite with Gens. Sherman and Logan. In March, 1866, she was relieved from duty and returned to her home in Galesburg. Her work in behalf of the soldiers was not ended, however. Thou- sands of men discharged from the army thronged the cities in search of employment. Mother Bickerdyke visited Kansas, where she found the conditions favorable for many of these men to obtain homes. She next appealed to wealthy friends for aid in carrying out her project. Jona- than Burr, a wealthy banker, gave her $10,000, and C. B. Hammond, the president of the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy railroad, promised free transportation for soldiers and their familes for two years. Gen. Sher- man, then in command at Fort Riley, allowed her the free use of govern- ment teams to transport the veterans and their goods to their home- steads, and between 1866 and 1868 over 300 families were settled in Kansas through her efforts. She also decided to make this state her home and settled at Salina, wliere she opened a hotel, popularly known as the Bickerdyke House. After the Indian raids of 1868 she was active in behalf of the settlers,; and it was due to her efiforts that the war department issued rations for 500 people for ten months. She was also influential in securing the ap- propriations from the state for the purchase of seed grain for the settlers who had sufifered from drought. In 1874, after spending four years in New York, she returned to Kansas to make her home with her sons on a ranch near Great Bend. That year and the next she made several visits to Illinois to solicit aid for the grasshopper suiTerers. Her inces- sant labors undermined her health, and she spent two years in California. After her health was restored she secured employment in the United States mint at San Francisco. Mother Bickerdyke was instrumental in securing pensions for more than 300 army nurses, her own being the mere pittance of $25 a month, and it was not granted until years after the close of the war. She was deeply interested in the work of the Woman's Relief Corps ; belonged to the Order of the Eastern Star; and was an honorary member of the Society of the Army of the Tennesee, Mother Bickerdyke died at Bunker Hill, Ellsworth county, Nov. 8, 1901, but was buried at Gales- burg, 111., beside her husband. Big Blue River, one of the principal water-courses of northeastern l80 CYCLOPEDIA OF Kansas, is composed of two branches. The north fork rises in Hamilton county, Neb., and the south fork in Adams county of the same state. They unite near the town of Crete, whence the main stream follows a southerly course, flowing through the western part of Marshall county, Kan., forming the boundary between the counties of Riley and Pottawa- tomie, and emptying its waters into the Republican river at Manhattan. There is also a Big Blue river in Missouri, where a battle occurred on Oct. 22, 1864, in which a number of Kansas troops were engaged. The engagement was an incident of the Price raid. On the 21st Gen. Curtis, commanding the Union troops, was forced back from the Little Blue through Independence and took a position on the west side of the Big Blue, where he threw up fortifications and felled the trees in front of his works to form an abatis. The next morning he disposed his troops so that the right wing was composed of the First brigade (Col. Jenni- son), the second brigade (Col. M(^onlight), the Fourth brigade (Col. Ford), and a brigade of Kansas militia commanded by Gen. M. S. Grant. With the right wing was McLain's Colorado battery. The left wing consisted of the Third brigade (Col. Blair), and was made up of the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Tenth Kansas militia cavalry, Capt. Eve's Bourbon county battalion, a detachment of the Fourteenth Kansas cav- alry, Knowles' section of the Second Kansas battery and Dodge's Ninth Wisconsin battery. Early on the morning of the 22nd Gen. Blunt sent Col. Ford with six companies of the Second Colorado cavalry to skirmish with the enemy on the Independence road and feel his position. Ford engaged the enemy and forced the Confederates under Gen. Shelby to withdraw to Byram's ford 5 or 6 miles farther south. Col. Jcnnison was sent to hold the ford and later was reinforced, but Shelby forced Jenni- son's position and then Hanked the Union line. Blunt and Deitzler began falling back to Kansas City, which gave Shelby the opportunity to sever the line, cutting off the Kansas militia under Gen. Grant, which was engaged in guarding the fords near Hickman's mills. l''.\ en with this it looked for a time as if the Confederates were defeated, but Shelby re- ceived reinforcements and charged the Federal line. In this charge and the pursuit which followed, the Kansas militia under Col. George W. Veale were the chief sufferers, losing 36 killed, 43 wounded and 100 captured. Grant managed to extricate himself from his perilous posi- tion and fell back to Olathe ; Col. Moonlight withdrew to the Shawnee mission, and that night the remainder of the Union army lay between Westport and Kansas City. Bigelow, a village of Marshall county, is located on the Missouri Pacific R. R., 20 miles southeast of Marysville and 6 miles east of Irving. It has banking facilities, express and telegraph offices and a postoffice with one rural route. It was laid out in 1881, the immediate occasion for making it a shipping point being the limestone (juarrios recently opened in the vicinity. The population in 1910 was 200. Big Springs, one of the oldest settlements in Douglas ctunity, is lo- KANSAS HISTORY l8l cated in the luirthwestern part of tlic county 4 miles southwest of Le- compton, from which it has rural free delivery. The settlement was named from the springs in the immediate vicinity. A number of men took up claims near the present village in the fall of 1854 and the fol- lowing year a postoffice was established with John Chamberlain as post- master. In July, 1853, religious services were held by a United Brethren minister and within a short time an organization of that denomination was perfected. A store was opened during the summer and several dwellings were erected. On Sept. 5, ]S33, a meeting of great political significance took place at this little village — the Big Springs conven- tion (q. v.). Not having a railroad the village has never grown and now consists of three churches, several dwellings, a blacksmith and wagon shop. In 1910 it had a population of 40. Big Springs Convention. — The political condition of the people of Kan- sas was freel)^ discussed during the summer of 1855, and several mass meetings were held to consider calling a convention to form a state gov- ernment. At the time the political elements of Kansas were varied, each working to serve its own interests and the thoughtful leaders of the free-state party saw that something must be done to harmonize them. A movement for armed resistance, which has secretly been gathering force, was revealed at the Lawrence 4th of July celebration in 1855. The situation was one of peril, not only to the political parties in con- troversy, but also to the communities of the territory. Among many of the anti-slavery party a spirit of dissent was growing against an or- ganized movement proposing armed resistance to the territorial govern- ment, and this sentiment led to the Big Springs convention. The cause of complaint at this time was the character of the terri- torial organization, and justification of resistance to it was based upon the illegality of the legislature. To avert the revolt of those members of the free-state party who were alienated by the demonstrations of July 4 and the action of the convention held July 11, the leaders of this disaffected branch of the party were asked to assemble for consultation at the office of the Free State in Lawrence on July 17. Among these men were W. Y. Roberts and his brother, Judge Roberts of Big Springs; Judge Wakefield and J. D. Barnes of the California road ; William Jessee of Bloomington, one of the ousted members of the legislature; Judge Smith and other prominent free-state men. As the office was too small to accomodate the party, it was proposed to adjourn to the river bank at the foot of New Hampshire street, where a set of timbers had been erected for a warehouse imder the shade of a tree. People they met on the way were asked to the conference, so that by the addition of John and Joseph Speer, editors of the Tribune, S. N. Wood, E. D. Ladd and G. W. Dietzler there were 20 men, one of the most prominent being Col. James H. Lane, who had just returned from the session of the bogus legislature. The spirit of revolt attested in nearly every com- munity against the political action enunciated at Lawrence was con- sidered, and after due- deliberation the assemblage concluded that the I82 CYCLOPEDIA OF only way to relieve the hazardous situatiorl was by a convention in which every community should be fairJ}- represented and free from all local influences. Big Springs was chosen for the location as its situa- tion was ideal. Judge Roberts, who was one of the proprietors, offered the hospitalitj- of the town, which consisted of a rude hotel and several cabins. This village was located about 4 miles from Lecompton and 2 miles south of the Kansas river on the Santa Fe road, in the northwest corner of Douglas county. Sept. 5 was chosen for the date of the con- vention and five delegates were apportioned to each of the 26 representa- tive districts. Calls were printed and distributed in every precinct in the territory. The movement met with opposition from five of the first councilors — Deitzler. Ladd. S. N. Wood and the Speer brothers — who feared that such action would tend to divide rather than to unite the free-state fac- tions, and thus lead to defeat. In accordance with the resolutions passed at Lawrence on July 11, a convention with representatives from nearly every district in the territory assembled at Lawrence on Aug. 14. Its members also were opposed to the idea of the Big Springs convention, but when the statement of the situation upon which it was based had been explained, the call exhibited and the assurance given that while the cooperation of the assemblage was sought, the Big Springs convention would be held regardless of its assent, the free-state convention issued a call duplicating the first, but dated Aug. 14. This has led tn the con- clusion by many historians that the only call issued was by this assem- blage.- After the conflicting elements had in a measure been harmonized the next step was the election of delegates. The activity of the radical wing of the free-state men somewhat complicated the situation, but by the assistance of Lane a well balanced ticket was chosen for the Lawrence district, consisting of 15 of the best men representing the various free- state elements, each of which had a fair representation. Eight of these men were from the town and seven from the country. The convention, which organized the free-slate party, assembled at Rig Springs at the appointed time — Sept. 5, 1855. On the evening of the 4th men from every direction began to gather. They came on horseback, in covered wagons or other conveyances, many with tents and camp outfit, but these were unnecessary as the inhabitants pressed upon the delegates the hospitality of their cabins. Roberts had redeemed his jiromise for a shaded platform with ample seats, and abundant provisions, including free meal tickets, had been made for the entertainment of the delegates. It is estimated that there were over 100 delegates present, representing every district and settlement in the territory. The convention was called to order at n o'clock and ti-niimrarily or- ganized by calling W. Y. Roberts to the chair and appointing D. Dodge, secretary. A committee on credentials was appointed with instructions to report immediately. A second committee was ap])ointcIue river near the southern boimdary of Marshall county. KANSAS HISTORY I9I Black Wolf, a village of Ellsvvuilh county, is located on the Smoky Hill river in the township of the same name, and is a station on the Union Pacific R. R. 7 miles west of Ellsworth, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express ofifices, telephone connections, a grain elevator, a good local trade, and in igio reported a population of 100. Blackmar, Frank Wilson, educator, author and lecturer, was born at Springfield, Erie county, Pa., Nov. 3, 1854, a son of John S. and Rebecca (Mershon) Blackmar, the former of Scotch and the latter of Huguenot ancestry. He was educated in the public schools, the state normal school at Edinboro, and in 1881 received the degree of A. B. from the University of the Pacific at San Jose, Cal. He was then professor of mathematics in that institution until 1886, when he became a graduate student in Johns Hopkins University, where he was an instructor in history in 1887-88, and a fellow in history and politics in 1888-89. In the last named year he received the degree of Ph. D. and left Johns Hopkins to become professor of history and sociology in the University of Kansas. After occupying that chair for ten years, he was made pro- fessor of sociology and economics in the same institution, which position he still holds. When the graduate school of the University of Kansas was organized in 1896 Prof. Blackmar was elected dean, and is still occupying that office. He is the author of a number of works bearing upon the subjects in which he has so long been an instructor, the prin- cipal ones being as follows: "Spanish Colonization of the Southwest," 1890; "Spanish Institutions in the Southwest," 1891 ; "The Story of Human Progress," 1896; "History of Higher Education in Kansas," 1900; "Life of Charles Robinson," 1900; "Elements of Sociology; Eco- nomics for Colleges ; Economics for High Schools," 1907. Besides these he has contributed to reviews and written a number of pamphlets on historical, sociological and economic topics. In 1885, at San Jose, Cal., Prof. Blackmar married Miss Mary S. Bowman, who died on March 4, 1892, and on July 25, 1900, he married Miss Kate Nicholson of Lawrence, Kan. Blaine, a village of Pottawatomie county, is located in Clear Creek township at the junction of the Leavenworth, Kansas & Western branch of the Union Pacific R. R. and a branch of the Kansas Southern & Gulf, the latter connecting it with Westmoreland, the county seat, 9 miles south. All the main lines of business are represented, including banking facilities. There is an international money order postoffice with three rural routes. The town was laid out in 1879 and was at that time called Butler with Blaine as the name of the postoffice. Blair, a post-hamlet of Doniphan county, is located in Washington township, on the St. Joseph & Grand Island railroad, 4 miles from Wathena and about 7 east of Troy, the county seat. The population in 1910 was 50. Blakeman, a village of Logan township, Rawlins county, is the first station west of Atwood on the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy R. R. 192 CYCLOPEDIA OF It has a money order postoflice, telegraph and express offices, and is a shipping and supph- point for the neighborhood. The population was 100 in 1910. Bland, a small hamlet of Reno county, is located about 12 miles east of Hutchinson, the county seat, in the Kisiwa creek valley, and some 4 miles west of Burrton, which is the most con\enient railroad station, and from which place the inhabitants of Bland receive mail by rural free delivery. Blind, State School for. — The state school for the blind, or blind asylum, as it is frequenth' called, had its origin in an act approved by Gov. Carney on Feb. 27, 1864. By this act Henry McBride of John- son county. Fielding Johnson and Byron Judd of Wyandotte county, were appointed commissioners to select a location for the institution at some point in \\'yandotte county. The}' were also authorized to accept as a donation a tract of land of not less than 10 acres for a site. The city of \\'vandotte (now Kansas Cit}^ Kan.) agreed to donate 9.6 acres in what was then known as Oakland park. Although this was .sT.vTi': .'^(•iiiiiii, I'lii; 'riii; r.i.i.xi). slightly less than the amount of land specified in the act, the site was ai)proved, and in 1866 a small appropriation was made by the legis- lature to pay the expenses of the commissioners. In 1867 the legislature appropriated $10,000 for the erection of buildings by a commission to be ajipointed by the govcrnr)r. 'J'lie first buildings were compiclcd on Oct. I, 1867, and on tlic 7th tJic school ojn-ncd uilii nine pupils in at- tendance. KANSAS HISTORY 193 The first trustees were F. B. Baker, Frederick Speck and William Larimer. They made a report on Dec. lo, 1867, showing the cost of the buildings, etc., and the legislature of 1868 appropriated a little over .$11,600 for additional buildings and maintenance. The first annual report of the board bears the date of Nov. 30, 1868, when the first fiscal year of the institution was closed. As in all schools for the education of the blind, the fundamental idea has been to make the pupils self-supporting and, as far as their infirmity will permit, useful citizens. In the selection of teachers the only con- sideration with the board of control is fitness for the position. Conse- quently the staff of instructors is composed of persons whose capabilities are equal to those found in the best blind schools in the country. The pupils are given the best of care and medical attention, and since the school was opened about 700 pupils have been enrolled. The regular school course is divided into eight grades and a four-years' high school course, the whole corresponding to the course of study in the public schools of the state. Text-books in raised type, so they may be read by touch, are furnished by the United States government, and there is a well selected library to which new books are added annually. On the backs of these books the titles are printed in what is known as "New York point," so that the pupils may be able to find any book without assistance. In addition to the regular literary course, the boys are taught piano tuning, broom making, hammock weaving, etc., and the girls are taught hand and machine sewing, crocheting, basket work, darning and patch- ing — all occupations which fit them to become self-sustaining to a large degree. Music is also taught, and all the pupils belong to either the junior or senior .chorus. One of the interesting features of the school is the "fire drill," and it is surprising to see how quickly these sightless children can vacate a building, without confusion, when the gong is sounded. In 1910 the property of the school was valued at $156,000 and there were then 94 pupils in attendance. The superintendents of the school since its organization have been as follows: W. H. Sawyer, 1867-69; W. W. UpdegrafT, 1869-71; John D. Parker, 1871-74; George H. Miller, 1874-89; Allen Buckner, 1889-91; Lapier Williams, 1891-93; W. G. Todd, 1893-95; George H. Miller, 1895-97; W. H. Toothaker, 1897-99; Lapier Williams, 1899-1906; ,W- B. Hall, 1906 . Blizzards. — The Encyclopedia Americana defines a blizzard as a pe- culiarly fierce and cold wind, accompanied by a very fine, blinding snow which suffocates as well as freezes men and animals exposed to it. The origin of the word is dubious. It came into general use in American newspapers during the bitterh' cold winter of 1880-81, although some papers claim its use as early as the '70s. Such a storm comes up and takes the traveler without premonition. The sky becomes darkened and the snow is driven by a terrible wind which comes with a deafening roar. a-13) 194 cv(L()i'i:i)i.\ (IF Before the days of fences or well beaten roads the lilizzard often swept across the prairies of the great west. Tra\-elers starting from home, with a clear sky overhead, were occasionally overtaken bv these storms. In a sparsely settled country, with no fenced farms or other means of finding one's wa}', all landmarks were soon oblfterated by a storm of this kind, and it is a wonder that more people were not lost. Cattle with no means of protection were frequently found frozen stand- ing in their tracks in the great drifts, and would be left standing as the snow melted in the spring. Another writer has said : "A blizzard is defined as a lierce storm of bitter, frosty wind, with fine. l)listering snow.'" Xo definition, however, save that of actual experience can portray its terrible reality. Fre- quently the temperature will dru]) from 74° above zero to 20° below zero in 24 hours, and during this lime the wind will blow a gale. a.\)- parently from the four points of the compass. The air will be so filled with the fine, blistering snow and sand that one cannot see ten feel in advance. Turn either way and it is always in front. The air is full of subdued noises, like the wail of lost spirits; so all-al5sorbing in its intensity is this wailing, moaning, continunus noise. Ihat one's voice canni)t be heard twn yards awa_\'. The early jiioneers were of necessity nomadic, and were in no wax- ])re])are(l for these sudden changes and hundreds have lost their lives in blizzards when the temiierature was not zero, it being a physical impossibililx- tn breathe, the air being so full of fine, blistering snow and sand. While there was mcjre or less loss nf life during the early settlement of Kansas from these causes, the blizzard of Dec.. 1885, and Jan.. 1886, was probably the most destructive to life and property of any storm that ever swept over the state. This storm was general from the mountains to the Missouri river. It started in the latter jjart of Dec. 1883. and an unbroken blanket of snow extended from \\'illiams, X. ?ilex.. to Kansas City. Railroad traffic on the ])lains was practically sus])ende(l. The weather moderating, railroad traffic was resumed, when another storm. more serious than the first, again tied up traffic, this time completely. Temperature during the month of January ranged from 12 below zero at .\tchison to 25" below at Junction City, and 18" below at Dodge City. .A 44-mile wind a part of the time hel|)ed make things lively .it the last named place. All over the southwestern part of the state the ijrecijiita- tion was chiefly sleet, which left the grouiwl covered with ice. A iiig cut on the Union i'acific luar Salina was completely coxered with snow, and it rccpiired the combined elforts of all section men on the road be- tween Lawrence and lirookville for nearly i() hours with ])icks and shovels to o])en it foi- traffic. This cut w;is aboiu 20 feet (lee|) and a quarter of a mile long, and elexen locomotives were en)plo\ed in "buck- ing" the snow, but they all became stalled and had to be dug out. .Man\' |)oinls on the railroads were a week without mail from the outsicb- world, and cattle losses from some sections were re])orted from three lo twenty-five per cent. KANSAS iiisrnin' 195 Ai 1 Judge L'it_\- sexcn trains were sii(i\\-l>i mnd al niic tiiiU' — (ine being an exeursion train hound for California. Uodge City ])eo])lc exerted tliemselves in entertaining the sojourners, who went away with the opinion that Dodge City was a much misrepresented town. Manx- cat- tle perished along the Arkansas river near this place, some while stand- ing against the snow fences and otiiers while trying to cn^ss the river. Losses o{ life during this blizzard were reported from C/lark. Mllis, Ellsworth, Finney, I'^ord and Wallace counties, together with a few casualities from the scjuthwestern part of the state. This loss of life IS accounted for to some e.xtent by the fact that thousands of claim holders settled in western Kansas in 1885, with few exce])tions having barely enough to commence the work of developing a homestead. Their houses as a rule were mere shells and proved inadequate for the rigorous winter. The plains country n(n\- is changed. Farms and good farm houses, fences and well-tra\'eled roads are everywhere, and casualties from similar causes as oljtained in 1885-86 have been rare ditring the past twenty-five years. Block, a hamlet of Miami county, is located about 8 miles southeast of Faola, the county seat, from which place the people receive mail by rural fi'ee (k'li\ery. Faola is tlie tiiost convenient railroad station. Bloomington, a village of Osborne county, is a station on the division of the Missouri Facific R. R. that runs from Downs to Stockton, 5 miles west of Osborne, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice with one rural route, telephone connections, a hotel, some general stores, telegraph and express offices, and does some shipping. The population in 1 9 10 was 88. Bloomington Guards. — .An old ma]) of Kansas shows the town of Bloomington about 7 or 8 miles up the \\'akarusa river from Lawrence. Among the early settlers in that neighborhood was Samuel Walker, who, with others, arrived in April, 1855. In his "annals" Mr. \\'alker tells how, about si.x weeks after the settlers had made a beginning, he was working on his cabin one day, when some 150 border ruffians under the leadership of .Samuel J. Jones, afterward sheriff of Douglas county, rode into the settlement and gave Walker two weeks to leave the ter- ritory. Mr. Walker then tells the story of the F.loomington Guards, as follows : "As soon as the Missourians were out of sight. 1 drop])ed my ax and started around the settlement to let my friends know what w'as up. I traveled all night afoot, and the next day 86 men met at my cabin. We organized ourselves into a military company, calling it the 'Bloomington Guards,' and choosing for it the following officers: Captain, Air. Read; first lieutenant. Mr. \^ermilya ; second lieutenant. Dr. Miller; and myself first sergeant. This was the first company organized in Kansas." For a time Judge Wakefield acted as drill master. As the company was without arms, a levy was made and Capt. Read w'ent to Massa- chusetts for a supply of Sharp's rifles. He never returned to Kansas, but in Dec, 1855, he sent to Walker 80 Sharp's rifies, the arms arriving. 196 CYCLOPEDIA OF just in time for the company to march to Lawrence when that place was threatened by an invasion of the pro-slavery forces. (See Border War.) Blowing Wells. — (See Artesian Wells.) Blue Hill, an inland postoffice of Mitchell county, is located on Salt creek in Hayes township, 16 miles southwest of Beloit, the county seat, and about 12 miles south of Glen Elder, the nearest shipping point. The population in 1910 was 15. Blue Lodges. — Soon after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, a secret organization was formed in the South to assist in promoting the interests of the slave power. The society was known by different names, such as the ''Friends Society," the "Social Band," the "Sons of the South," etc., but by whatever name it might be known the object was always the same. Each member took a solemn obligation, after which he was given the signs, grips and passwords of the order. Severe penalties were provided for any violation of the oath, or for divulging the secrets of the organization, and it is known that in a few instances these penalties were executed upon offending members. Hoicombe's History of Vernon County, Missouri, says : "The order was a branch of or auxiliary to the famous Knights of the Golden Circle, the common object being the same — the extension of slavery. The order of the Golden Circle was composed of slaveowners, and was designed to eff'ect the acquisition of Cuba, Northern Mexico and Central America, and the establishment of slavery in the territories. The 'Social Band' was made up of pro-slavery men, with and without slaves, and was meant to be a valuable active force in the extension of slavery into Kansas and Ne- braska primarily." Phillips' Conquest of Kansas (p. 45) says: "The Blue Lodge em- braced great numbers of the citizens of Missouri, and was extended into other slave states and into the territory (Kansas). Its plan of operating was to organize and send men to vote at the elections in the territory, to collect money to pay their expenses, and, if necessary, to protect them in voting. It also proposed to induce pro-slavery men to emi- grate into the territory, to aid and sustain them while there, and to elect none to office but those friendly to their views." George Park, editor of the Parkville Limiinary, whose newspaper office was destroyed by a mob, presumably composed of members of the Blue Lodge, in a letter to the St. Louis Democrat in May, 1855, said: "Stringfellow and Atchison have organized a secret association, the members of which are sworn to turn out and light when called upon to do so, and which is to be governed by the following rules: All belong- ing to it are to share in the damages accruing to any member when pre- scribed, even at the price of disunion. All arc to act secretly to destroy the business and character of Northern men; and all dissenting from their doctrines are to be expelled from the territory." I'Voni these extracts the aims and objects of the socictx- may be learned, as well as the methods to be employed in attaining them. KANSAS HISTORY I97 Among the leaders were David R. Atchison, the two Stringfellows, and Alexander McDonald, afterward a Republican United States senator from Arkansas during the reconstruction period. All the leaders of the organization were desperate men, willing to accept any hazard, and it was under the auspices of this society that a number of the forays into Kansas were planned and executed. But the free-state sentiment was too strong for even an oath-bound society to combat, and the Blue Lodge succumbed to the inevitable. Blue Mound, an incorporated city of Linn county, is situated in the southwest corner at the junction of two branches of the Missouri Pa- cific R. R. 13 miles southwest of Mound City, the county seat. A post- office was opened a half mile north of the present town in 1854, with John Quincy Adams as postmaster. It was moved several times, but was finally located in the village of Blue Mound on June i, 1882. The elevation known as Blue Mound was named by a Mr. Adams, who was the first settler, because from a distance it looks blue, and thus the town name followed. The Blue Mound Town company was organized in April, 1882, and the townsite was surveyed the same month. In May the first building was moved to the town from about 3 miles southeast, and was used by Alley Bros, as a store. The second was moved to Blue Mound from Wall Street, by Innes Bros, and used as a hotel, until the new one was finished for them in June. Religious services were held during the sum- mer by a minister of the United Brethren church named Hinton, and school was opened in October. The growth of the town was phenome- nally rapid, for within six months there was a population of 200, with three general stores, a harware store, furniture store, blacksmith shop, drug store, harness shop and lumber yard. With the building of the second railroad into the town it became a railroad center, and when the coal beds of southeastern Kansas were opened it came into promi- nence as a shipping point for coal and the manufactured mineral prod- ucts of that section. Blue Mound is the banking and supply point for a rich and extensive agricultural district. It has telegraph and express offices and is one of the leading cities of the eastern counties. In 1910 the population was -596. Blue Rapids, one of the principal towns of Marshall county, is located 12 miles south of Marysville, the county seat, a short distance below the junction of the Big and Little Blue rivers. It is second in size among the towns of the county and is an important manufacturing point on account of the excellent water power obtainable. It has a glove and mitten factory, cigar factory, electric plaster mills, banks, hotels and city waterworks. The LTnion Pacific R. R. running north and south and the Missouri Pacific east and west form good shipping facilities. According to the census of 1910 Blue Rapids had 1,756 inhabitants. The first attempt to establish a town on the site of Blue Rapids was in 1857, when a town was laid out by James Waller, who lived on Elm creek, Henry Poor and M. L. Duncan. Walter died. Poor shot and igS CVCLOl'EDIA OF killed an officer of the army, then encamped at Marys\-ille and was obliged to leave the country. The town was abandoned by Duncan and no other attempt was made to utilize the water power until 1870 when a colony from Genesee county, N. Y.. came in. .\ location com- mittee consisting of Rev. C. F. Mussey, H. J. liovee and J. 15. Brown came in advance and located the site for the proposed town. About fifty families followed, among them were, S. H. Parmalee, T. Holbrook, R. Robertson. .M. T. Cue, D. Fairbanks, S. Smith. J. T. Smith, il. S. Hurlbert. J. B. W aynant. C. J. Brown. G. R. P.rown, T. F. Hall, j. B. Brown. C. E. Olmstead. J. L. Freeland, J. V. Coon, R. S. Craft. John Mcpherson, J. E. Ball. Y. Douglas, H. A. Parmalee. J. Ynrann, \'. R. Xorth, H. \\'oodward. E. L. Stone, J. S. Fisher. C. F. Roedel and C. I". ]Mussey. They bought from R. .S. Craft and others a town site of iSy acres, embracing the water jiower privileges, for $15,000, and secured 8,000 acres of farming lands. Among the improvements made the next year was a dam of stone, at the point where the rapids begins, and a wrought iron bridge. The first business enterprises were, two general stores opened by H. .\. Parmalee and Yates Douglas and a drug store by .V. \V. Stevens. \\ . H. Goodwin was the first lawyer and Dr. R. A Wells the first ph_\sician. The manufacture of brick was begun in 1872 by Mr. Seip. Blue Rapids was iucdi-imratcd as a cit}- nl the third class <>ii .March 20, 1872. The first election was held in the town house, whicli was called "Colonial Flail." in .\])ril. C. E. Olmstead was the first mayor. Blue Rapids is mie of the beauty spots of the slate. It is laid out on a gentle slo]ie running dnwn In the ri\er. which is a beatiliful sheet of water. The current ni the ri\er strikes an abrupt rock abnut 40 feel high on the right bank and turning to the left rip])les o\-er a solid rock hi ilium, fcirming the rajjids. Il is in the midst of a rich farming district. Blue, Richard Whiting, jurist .md a member of Congress, was born in \\(P(>d county. \'a.. Sept. 8, 1841. and was raised on a mountain farm near the ]ircsenl cit\' of Graflnn. During ihe summer he worked on ihe farm and in the winter attended such jirivate schools as the locality afforded, i^v N'irginia had no free cnmnKm schools in thai iteriod. In 1839 he entcied .Monongalia .Academy at .M( irgauti iwn. \';i.. iheii imder the su|)ervisii>n of Re\'. J. R. Moore, lie remained at this insliliilion several years, first as ])ui)il and later as teacher. .Subse(|uently he en- tered Washington College, Pa., and remained there until he eidisled in ihc Third West N'irginia infantry, at ihe o])ening of the Ci\il war. Mr. IMue was wonndefl in the bailie of Rock}- Gai). in soulhweslern \ ir ginia. and iiromoted to second lieulenant. for gallantry in action. Within a siiort time he was commissioned ca])lain. In one of the engagements he was captured and held as a |)risoner of w.ir .it l.ibby inison and also at Danville, \'a. The regiment was mounted and after the Salem raid was changed, by order of the secretary of war, lo ihe Sixth West \ ii- gina cavalry, its final ser\ice was in .1 cimpaign on ihe plains against KANSAS IIISTOin- 199 ilu- iiulians at the cUise of tlu' war. Tlu' regiment was inu.slci'cd out at Vun Leavenworth, so that Mr. I'.hic was in Kansas (hiring the early '60s. After his discharge from the army he returned to Virginia, taught school, read law and was admitted to the bar of that state in 1870. In 1871 he came to Kansas to locale ]K-rmanently, and settled in Linn county, but in 1898 he remcjsed to Labette county, and linally located in Cherokee county. Air. lUue took rank among the prominent law- yers of Kansas; was twice chosen probate judge of his county; twice elected county attorney, and twnce chosen state senator. In 1894 he was elected Congressman-at-large from Kansas; was renominated by acclamation in 1896, but was defeated by the wave of Populism that swept over the country that year. After leaving Congress Mr. lllue resumed his law practice, in which he was acti\-ely engaged until his death on Jan. 2j. 1907, at Bartles, Kan. Bluemont College. — (See Agricultural College.) Bluff City, an incorporated city of the third class in Harper ctnmty, is located on Bluff creek and is a station on the Kansas Southwestern R. R. 14 miles southeast of Anthony, the county seat. Bluff City has a bank, a weekly newspaper (the News), a money order postofifice with one rural route, express and telegraph offices, a telephone exchange, good public schools, churches of some of the principal denominations, some well stocked general stores, and is the principal shipping point between Anthony and Caldwell. The population was 307 in 1910. Blunt, James G., soldier, was born in Hancock county, Me., July 21, 1826, and passed his life until the fourteenth year upon his father's larm. His restless disposition then led him to run away from home, and for four years he followed the vocation of sailor upon the high seas, visiting ports in many parts of ,the world. In 1845 he gave up the sea to take up the study of medicine and on Feb. 20, 1849, '^^ ^'^'^s graduated at the Sterling Medical College at Columbus, Ohio. The following January he located at New Madison, Ohio, where he practiced his pro- fession until late in 1856, when he removed to Kansas and settled in Anderson county. Lie quickly became an ardent free-state man and when the Civil war broke out in 18G1 he enlisted as a private in the Third Kansas regiment, subsequently being promoted to lieutenant- colonel. He served under Gen. Lane at the battle of Dry Wood and then commanded a force that penetrated ' far into the Indian country and broke up the band of the notorious Mathews, killing the leader. In .\])ril, 1862. he was commissioned a brigadier-general and placed in com- mand of the Department of Kansas. At once he began active opera- tions in Missouri and Arkansas, distinguishing himself for bra\er}- and military skill in the battles of Cane Hill, Prairie Grove, Boston Moun- tains. Fort \'an Buren, Honey Springs and Newtonia. After the war he settled in Leavenworth and engaged in business, spending a large part of his time in Washington, D. C. About 1878 symptoms of soften- ing of the brain appeared and he was taken to an insane asylum in \\'ashington, where he died on Aug. 3. 1881. Gen. Blunt was not a bril- 200 CYCLOPEDIA OF liant man, but he won and retained the confidence of the men under his command and rendered Kansas important service as a soldier. His death was sincerely mourned by his surviving comrades. Board of Control. — On March 4, 1905, Gov. Hoch approved an act "to provide for the management and control of the industrial school for girls, the Kansas school for feeble-minded youth, the Osawatomie state hospital, the Parsons state hospital, the Topeka state hospital, the state industrial school for boys, the school for the blind, the school for the deaf, the soldiers' orphans' home, and such other state charitable in- stitutions as now exist or which may hereafter be created," etc. The act provided for a board of control of three members, to be ap- pointed by the governor within thirty days after its passage. Each member was to receive an annual salary of $2,500 and actual traveling expenses while in the performance of his duty, and was required to give bond for ten times that amount. The first members were appointed for two, four and six years, respectively, after which the tenure of office was to be four years. Pursuant to the act Gov. Hoch, within the specified time, appointed as the first board E. B. Schermerhorn, Sherman G. Elliott and Harry C. Bowman. The board organized by electing j\Ir. Schermerhorn as chairman; Mr. Elliott as treasurer, and Mr. Bowman as attorney, and on July i, 1905, succeeded the old state board of Chari- ties and Corrections (q. v.) in the management of the state's charitable institutions. By thus placing all the charitable and benevolent institutions of tlie state under the control of one board of only three members, Kansas has centralized the responsibility of their management, and gains not onh^ in the cost of maintenance, but also in uniform and impartial treat- ment of the institutions. As a further step toward securing impartiality the act creating the board provided that no citizen of a county in which any one of the institutions might be located should be eligible for mem- bership thereon. One of the important duties of the board is to recom- mend in its biennial reports such legislation as in the judgment of the members is necessary for the interests of the several institutions, and as these are all under one management there is little likelihood of favoritism being shown, because the board is equally responsible for the welfare of all. Since the adoption of this plan the old "log-rolling" meth- ods of securing appropriations has been practically abolished, and the support of the institutions has been placed upon a business basis. Dur- ing the five years the board has been in existence the ]>lan has apparently accomplished all that was claimed for it by the advocates of the act creat- ing it, and the institutions of Kansas are as well conducted as those of any of her sister states. Board of Pardons. — (See Pardons.) Bodarc, a little hamlet of Butler county, is located on Walnut creek, about 6 miles southeast of Augusta, which is the most convenient rail- road station. Mail is supplied to the inhabitants from Douglas by rural' free flelivcrv. KANSAS HISTORY 20I Bodaville, a rural hamlet in Riley county, is near the northern line, about 35 miles from Manhattan, the county seat, and about 12 miles from Barnes, Washington county, from which place it receives mail. Lasita, on the Rock Island R. R. 10 miles south is the nearest railway station. The population in 1910 was 50. Bogue, formerly called Fagan, a village of Graham county, is a sta- tion on the Union Pacific R. R. 8 miles east of Hill City and not far from the south fork of the Solomon river. It has a money order postoffice with two rural routes, express and telegraph offices, telephone connec- tion, a hotel, some good general stores, a public school, and in 1910 re- ported a population of 150. Bogus Legislature. — The so-called "Bogus" legislature of Kansas was the first session, which convened in Pawnee in 1855. Andrew H. Reeder the first territorial governor of Kansas, was commissioned in June, 1854, but did not arrive in the territory until Oct. 7. (See Reeder's Adminis- tration.) On April 16, 1855, he issued a proclamation convening the legislature at Pawnee on July 2, 1855, and the legislature assembled there according to call. The pro-slavery members ousted all of the free-state men, and then proceeded to the next business which was that of adjourning to Shawnee Mission. Pawnee was about 100 miles from the Missouri line, and as the legislators intended to enact a code of laws for the territory that would meet with great disfavor among Kansans, they thought they would be safer nearer home. It is said that "a due supply of spirits were brought in bottles and jugs each morning from Westport which was 4 miles distant, in order to keep the legislature in spirits during the long summer days." This legislature did an amazing amount of work. The laws passed by it fill a large volume and were chiefl}' of local character. Most of the laws were transcripts of the Missouri code. One enactment provided that every officer in the territory, executive and judicial, was to be ap- pointed by the legislature, or by some officer appointed by it. It also- enacted the notorious "Black Laws" (q. v.). One member of the legis- lature is quoted as saying, "Kansas is sacred to slavery." This legisla- ture created a joint-stock company, chartered prospective railroads giv- ing them unheard-of privileges, and the charters and corporate trusts they bestowed upon themselves. They located the capital at Lecomp- ton, and after legislating themselves into every office and financial pros- pect possible adjourned. Boicourt, a money order post-village of Linn county, is situated on- the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. about 7 miles northwest of Pleas- anton. It has an express office and in 1910 had a population of 100. Boissiere Orphans' Home. — In the spring of 1892 Ernest Valeton Boissiere, a Frenchman who held a large tract of land in Franklin county, expressed his desire and intention to convey this land in trust for the establishment of an orphans' home and industrial school. On May II, 1892, the persons agreed upon as the trustees met at Mr. Bois- siere's home at Silkville, when a deed to the property was executed, and! 202 (. YCI.dPEDlA (IF the next day the charter of the institution was hied in the office of the secretary of state. At the session of the Kansas grand lodge of Odd Fellows at Fort Scott on Oct. 11-13. 1892. the trustees made a full re- port of the matter, which was referred to a special committee, consisting of several past grand masters, and this committee recommended the ac- ceptance of the gift by the grand lodge. In the report the committee said: "We recommend the said orphans" home and industrial school to the fa\orable consideration of the Odd Fellows of the state, and hope that they will contribute as liberally as their means will permit to liquidate the claim assumed by the trustees against this property, so that it ma\' at once be made ready for the reception of children. " The grand lodge adopted the report and recommendation of the com- mittee, and in a few months lodges and indixidual members of the order had contributed over $12,500 for the establishment and support of the home. At the grand lodge meeting at Topeka in Oct.. icSc;^. the trustees again made a complete report and asked for legislation on the part of the grand lodge to carry out the pledges made at Fort Scott the preced- ing year. They especially recommended the Icxying of a per capita ta.x of $1.50 to carr\- into effect the original jilan. The grand lodge again adopted the report and recommendations of ihc trustees, but in the meantime opposition to the scheme had de\el(i]jed, and Reno Lodge, Wi. 99, of Hutchinson, brought suit in the district court of Shawnee county to enjoin the officers of the grand lodge from levying the tax. 'Hie court refused to grant the injunction and the lodge then apjiealed til the supreme court, which affirmed the decision. Steps wert' then taken to bring the question before the sovereign grainl lodge at Chatta- nooga, Tenn., in Sept., 1894. The sovereign grand lodge declared the tax was lawful, but the following month the Kansas grand lodge met at Wichita and voted to sever its connection with the enterjirise and ex- tend no further sujiport to the institution. .Scion after executing the tritst deed to his land (3,i5<) acres 1 in iS<)_', .Mr. I'loissiere returned to France, where his dcith occurred un Jan. 12. 1894. With the action of the grand Imlge in ( )ct.. 1894, a number nf com])etent lawyers held that the laml reverted to the IJoissiere estate. .Abnut the begiiniing <>i the year 1897 James .\. Trontman. of the law fnin iif Troutman iS.- .^tnne of To])eka. went to h'rance and secund a i|uil-claiin deed from Mr. Uoissiere's sister. M;i(l;inie t'oninc Martinella of iiordeaux. Troutman il- Stone then l>ecanic ilu' plainiilT^ in a ''Uii h^' possession of the ])roperty. but Judge S. .\. Kiggs of the ()tta\\a district court ( P'ranklin comUy) decided in fa\or of the sexen defendant trustees. The case was carried tf) the state su])reme court on aiijteal and that irihimal reversed Judge Riggs' decision, .\fter some fuither delay Trnulman ^ Slone gained |)ossession, ,ind early in i()i 1 sold il in J. ( ). I'atterson for $130,000. Boling, a hamlet in the central pari of Leavenworth county, is sil- Mjitcfl fin the Leavfnworlh & Topeka R. R. about <) miles sontliwest of Leavenwfirth. the county seal. It has a money order ]instiiffice and lelegrapli facilities. In ic)io the po|)nlation was 32. KANSAS IIISKllO- 203 Bolton, a \illage of MonlyonuTv county, is a station on the line of the Atchisnn, 'i"o]jeka iS: Santa Fe R. \i. that runs from independence to lulsa, 8 miles southwest of Independence. It is a money order post- olfice. is suppiled with telegraph, telephone and ex])ress serxice, and is a shipping and supply point for that section of the county. Tlic popula- tion m 1910 was 75. Bonaccord, a rural hamlet of l)ickinson county, is in the western part, not far ivom the Saline count}' line, and ahout 12 miles from Abilene, from which ])lace the inhabitants receive mail by rural free delivery. Bonded Debt. — (See f<"inances, State.) Bondi, August, S(jldier and [)atriot, one of John Urown's men, was born at Vienna, Austria, July 21, 1833. His father. Hart Immanuel I'.ondi. was a Jew manufacturer of cotton goods. August was educated at the Catholic college of the order of Piarists. When only fourteen years of age he became a member of the Academic League and fought under Kossuth during the Hungarian war for liberty. For this he was ex- iled and in 1848 the family came to America. August spent seven years in teaching and in mercantile pursuits in Missouri and Texas. Tn 1855 he came to Kansas at a time when the opposition to slavery was crys- tallizing, and became an intense anti-slavery partisan. After remaining two weeks at I^awrence, he went down the Missouri river and back by land to acquaint himself with affairs on the border. With a partner, he "squatted" on a claim on the Mosquito branch of the Pottawatomie, in Franklin county. In the fall of 1855 he became acquainted with John Brown, and after the burning of Lawrence he joined the company of John Brown, Jr. When this force disbanded he did not return to his claim, but joined Johti l!ro\\n. Sr.. and took part in the engagement at Black Jack. He was then with Birown in different raids along the bor- der and at the battle of Osawatomie. In Feb., 1857, he laid out the town of Greeley, Anderson county, and was apjjointed postmaster there. I'rom that time to the outbreak of the Civil war he kept the "undeground rail- way" station at Greeley. In Oct.. 1861. he enlisted in the Fifth Kansas regiment and was present in nearly all the actions in which the regiment was engaged. On Sept. 14, 1864, he was seriously wounded and made prisoner by the Confederates near Pine Bluff, Ark., but was left on the field. He was discharged in Dec, 1864, and in 1866 he located in Salina. Mr. Bondi held man\' offices in Saline county, such as probate judge, dis- trict clerk and postmaster, and was appointed a member of the state board of charities. He was a Mason, a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, and of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. On Sept. 30, 1907, Mr. I'londi fell dead on the street in St. Louis while on a \isit to his sister. Bone Springs, a rural hamlet of Reno county, is located on a tributary iif the Ninnescah ri\er, about 23 miles sc^uthwest of Hutchinson, the county seat. Mail is supplied to the inhai)itants by rural free delivery from Arlino'ton. 204 CYCLOPEDIA OF Bonilla's Expedition. — About the year 1594, tlie governor of the prov- ince of Xueva Vizcaya commissioned Francisco Leiva Bonilla, a Portu- guese explorer and adventurer, to lead an expedition against a predatory tribe of Indians that had for some time been harassing the province. The exact date of the expedition, as well as any definite account of its opera- tions, is not obtainable, for the reason perhaps that it was in a measure contra bando — i. e. illegal. Bonilla started upon his mission, but after he was well out upon the plains he heard rumors of the wealth of Quivira (q. v.) and decided to visit that province. In some way, just how is not clear, the governor learned of this movement and sent a mes- senger in the person of Pedro de Calorza to recall the expedition. Calorza failed to find Bonilla, who was so unfortunate as to get into a quarrel with his lieutenant, Juan de Humana, in which he lost his life and Humana then assumed command. Just how far north or east the expedition proceeded is largely a mat- ter of conjecture. Prof. John B. Dunbar is of the opinion that it may have reached central Kansas, and possibly the gold mines of the Black Hills in the western part of South Dakota. After Bonilla's death, and while the expedition was crossing a large river, which Dunbar thinks may have been the Platte, on balsas (rafts), three Mexican Indians took advantage of the opportunity to desert. It was from one of these In- dians, Jose or Jusepe by name, that Gov. Onate, of New Mexico, learned of the expedition in 1598. While Humana and his men were encamped at a place afterward called Matanza they were surrounded by an overwhelming force of the Escanjaque Indians, who set fire to the grass and then rushed upon the camp. Bancroft says that only two people escaped the general slaughter which ensued. These two were Alonzo Sanchez and a mulatto girl, who eventually found their way to New Mexico, where they imparted to the authorities the news of the fate of the expedition. According to an In- dian tradition, Humana and his men were exterminated by the Es- canjaques as they were returning from the mines of Quivira laden with gold. It may be that this tradition is responsible, in some degree at least, for Dunbar's suggestion that Humana visited the Black Hills re- gion. Bancroft says that Zaldivar found traces of the expedition ii^ tiie fall of 1598, and closes his account of the event as follows: "When we take into consideration their sources, it is not surprising that the records of Humana's achievements are not very complete." Bonita, a village of Johnson countj', is located in the southern jiart of the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. about 5 miles south of Olathc, the county seat. It was settled first in 1879, a postoffice was cstalilishcd in the fall of that year, and the first store was opened about that time. The town was first called Alta as it was the highest point on the railroad, but as there was another postoffice by that name in the state it was changed to P.onila. At the ])resent time it has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express facilities and in 1910 had a population of 35. Bonner Springs. — TJiese springs are located at the old town originally KANSAS HISTORY 205 •called Tiblow, for an old Indian chief, and have been well known for years. Since the springs have been made an important suburban re- sort for Kansas City, the place has been renamed in honor of Robert Bonner and is now called Bonner Springs. About twenty springs are located here, in a park owned by a private individual. A sanitarium is also located here, using the waters which contain calcium, magnesium, iron, chlorin, sulphuric, silicic and phosphoric acid. No attempt has been made to ship water from the springs. Bonner Springs, one of the largest towns of Wyandotte county, is located in the extreme southwest corner on the north bank of the Kansas river and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and Union Pacific railroads, 17 miles west of Kansas City. It was named from the springs in the vicinity. It is situated in a rich agricultural district and the excellent transportation facilities have caused an immense amount of business to be carried on. For years it has been the banking town for the western part of the county and the shipping point for live stock, garden produce and fruit. When the Kansas natural gas fields were developed, the gas was piped to Bonner Springs and an immense cement factory, one of the largest in the state, was erected. Today Bonner Springs is one of the most prosperous and thriving towns in the eastern .part of the state, with excellent water, lighting and public school systems, beautiful homes and churches, retail stores of all kinds, lumber yards and other commercial concerns. There are two express companies, telegraph and telephone facilities, and in 1910 Bonner Springs had a population of over 1,350. Boone, Daniel, hunter, trapper, Indian fighter and pioneer, was one of the first white men of American birth to visit the Kansas Valley. This 'fact is not generally known, because the many biographies of this noted character make but slight mention of his 25 years' residence west of the Mississippi river. His grandfather, George Boone, was born in Devonshire, England, 1666, and came to America in 1717, locating in Berks county, Pa. Squire Boone, the father of Daniel, was born in 1698, before the faniily left England, and Daniel was born in Bucks county. Pa., Feb. 11, 1735. In 1749 he went to North Carolina with his parents, and in 1772 to Kentucky. In 1796, through defective titles and the work of unscrupulous attorneys, he lost his land in Kentucky, re- nounced his allegiance to the government of the United States, and be- came a resident of the Spanish province of Louisiana, in what is now St, Charles county. Mo, Two years later, upon his declaring his inten- tion of becoming a Spanish subject, he was appointed commandant of the Femme Osage district, which position he held until Louisiana passed into the hands of the United States in 1803, For his services the Spanish government gave him a grant of 2,000 acres of land in St. Charles county, Mo. Boone was in the habit of taking long hunting trips, never losing his love for nor his skill in the use of the rifle. Between the years 1805 and 1815 he hunted up the valley of the Kansas river for a distance of 100 miles from its mouth, and in the spring of 1818, when 83 years of 2o6 CVCLDI'EUIA OF age, he wrote to his son: "I intend by next autumn to take two or three whites and a party of Osage Indians and \isit the salt mountains, lakes and ponds and see these natural curiosities. They are about five or six hundred miles west of here." The "natural curiosities" referred to were probably the Iv^ck Saline and its surroundings, in the Indian Territory just south of ilar]K'r county, Kan., but there is no positive evidence that Boone carried out his intention of visiting the place. By the treaty of June 3, 1825, with the Kanzas Indians, the govern- ment agreed to furnish these Indians with certain live stock, utensils, etc., and Daniel -Morgan Boone, a son of Daniel Boone, was appointed to instruct the members of the tribe in the arts of agriculture. L'nder date of' Feb. 8, 1879, a son of this Daniel Morgan Boone wrote to \\ . W. Cone of Topeka : "My brother, Xapoleon Boone, son of Maj. Daniel Morgan Boone, and a direct grandson of the old Kentucky pioneer, was the first white child born in the territory of Kansas — at least such is the history in our family. My father was appointed farmer for the Kaw Indians early in the year 1827. ( )n his appointment he ninxcd with his I'amil}- into a house he iMiilt, se\en miles up the Kaw ri\er from where Lawrence was afterward built, on the north bank, llere m\- brother, Xapoleon, was l^orn Aug. 22, 1828." Daniel ISoone died on .Sept. 26, 1820, jmd ai ihe tinu- the al)n\c leilcr was written the writer was the only sur\i\iii- di" iJu' family. Ilu' place mentioned in the letter is not far from the ]>re>ent stjitiiui collect such amounts, the same as other taxes, and place such sums to the credit of the respective townships in which collected ; but the expenses of inspecting lands and serving notices was not to be charged on the tax-rolls. The same session also passed an act providing for a bounty of five cents for each crow killed within the limits of the county. By the laws of 1907 it was provided that the count)' commissioners of each county in the state of Kansas might pay a bounty of $1 on each coyote scalp and $5 on each lobo wolf scalp, if said coyotes and lobo wolves were caught or killed in said county, and gophers, ten cents each. No person was to be entitled to receive any bounty, without first making it appear by positive proof, by affidavit in writing, filed with the county clerk, that the coyote or lobo wolf or gopher was captured and killed within the limits of the county in which applica- tion was made. And it was further provided that whenever bounty for any of these animals is awarded, the person to whom it was awarded should deliver the scalp of the animal, containing both ears, to the county clerk, who should personally burn the same, in presence of the county treasurer of said county. At the special session of 1908, the legislature passed an act provid- ing that the board of county commissioners of each county in the state might pay a bounty of ten cents on the scalp of each pocket- gopher or ground-mole, if said pocket-gopher or ground-mole should be killed within the county. No person was to be entitled to receive any bounty unless he should first make it appear by positive proof, by affidavit in writing, filed with the county clerk, and to the satisfac- tion of the board of county commissioners, that the pocket-gopher or ground-mole for which a bounty was sought was killed within the limits of said county in which application was made. And it was further provided that whenever bounty for any animal was awarded, the per- son to whom it was awarded should deliver the scalp of the animal, 220 CYCLOPEDIA OF containing both ears, to the county clerk, who should personally burn the same in the presence of the county treasurer of said county. In 1909 a law was passed providing that the county commissioners in each county in the State of Kansas shall pay a bounty of five cents on each pocket-gopher, crow, or crow's head, and a bounty of one cent on each crow's egg, if said pocket-gopher, crow or crow's egg be caught, killed or taken in said county. No person is entitled, under this law, to receive an}^ bounty without first making it appear by posi- tive proof, by affidavit in writing, filed with the county clerk, that such gopher, crow, crow's head or egg was killed, taken or captured within the limits of the county in which application for bounty is made, and the mode of procedure, and disposal is the same as already outlined in other legislation mentioned. But the legislation of Kansas granting bounties has not been con- fined to the payment of premiums for the scalps of destructive ani- mals or birds. EiTorts have been made through the bounty system to stimulate and encourage certain industries, the most notable instance being that of sugar. About 1887 considerable attention was paid to the various methods proposed of extracting sugar from sorghum cane. By the act of March 5, 1887, the Kansas legislature, authorized the paj'ment of a bounty of two cents a pound on sugar made "from beets, sorghum or other sugar-yielding canes" grown within the State of Kan- sas, and manufactured under certain conditions and restrictions, chief of which were that the sugar so manufactured should contain 90 per cent, of crystallized sugar, and that the bounty should not aggregate more than $15,000 in any one 3'ear. It was also enacted that the act should continue in force for five years. On March 2, 1889, Gov. Flumphrex' approved an act, amending the act of 1887, increasing the amount that could be paid annually in bounties to $40,000, and extending the time to seven years. Two days after the passage and approval of this act, the legislature appropriated $18,658.30 for the payment of sugar bounties for the 3'ears 18S7-88. The act granting the bounty of two cents a pound on sugar expired by limitation in 1896. On March 5, 1903, the legislature passed an act providing for a bounty of $1 per ton on sugar beets grown within the state, under the oonditions that the said beets should contain 12 per cent, of sugar, and that the total bounty paid in any one year should not exceed $10,- 000. The last appropriation for the payment of bounty on sugar beets was made by the legislature of 1905. Since that time the sugar in- dustry has been forced to do without slate assistance. Bourbon County, on the Missouri border and in the third tier north of Oklahoma, is one of the 33 counties created by the first territorial legislature, with Ihe following boundaries, "Beginning at the south- east corner of I^inn county; thence south 30 miles; thence west 24 miles; thence north 30 miles; thence east 24 miles to the place of be- ginning." In 1867 the boundaries were defined as follows: "Begin- KANSAS HISTORY 221 ninjT at the southeast corner of Linn county; thence south on the east line of the State of Kansas to the southeast corner of section 24, town- ship 27, range 25 ; thence west to the southwest corner of section 23, township 27, range 21 ; thence north to the southwest corner of Linn county; thence east to the place of beginning." By this second act, the extent of the county from north to south was reduced to 25 miles, and increased from east to west a little more than 25 miles, which gives it an area of 637 square miles. It was named after Bourbon county, Ky. At the present time it is bounded on the north by Linn county, on the east by the State of Missouri, on the north by Crawford county and on the west by Neosho and Allen counties. It is divided into the following townships: Dry- wood, Franklin, Freedom, Marion, Marmaton, Mill Creek, Osage, Paw- nee, Scott, Timber Hill and Walnut. The general surface of the country is undulating, the highest hills being found in the northwest portion, where they rise to about 200 feet above the Marmaton river. The valleys of the streams average about a mile in width and these bottom lands comprise about one-third of the area. Timber belts varying in width are found along the streams and contain hackberry. hickory, oak, pecan and walnut. On the up- lands and in some of the lower lands, hickory, maple, poplar and wil- low have been planted. The main water-courses are the Little Osage, which flows east a few miles south of the northern boundary, and the Marmaton, which flows from west to east through the central por- tion of the county. The Little Osage has several tributaries flowing into it from both north and south, the main stream being Limestone creek in the northwest part of the county. The main creeks flowing into the Marmaton from the north are Turkey and Mill creeks, and from the south Yellow Paint creek, which also has several small trib- utaries. Drywood creek flows across the southeast corner. The soil is deep and fertile, being underlaid with sandstone and limestone at various depths. There are quarries at Redfield, Gilfillan and near Hiattville. A good quality of cement is manufactured from the stone found in the vicinity of Fort Scott. Mineral paint and clay for brick are also plentiful. Natural gas was found in Bourbon county in 1867 and has been utilized for lighting and heating. There are numerous manufacturing plants, principally at Fort Scott. The territory now embraced within the limits of Bourbon county originally formed a part of the reservation of the New York Indians, which was ceded to the government just previous to the organization of the territory, when the lands were thrown open to settlement bv the whites. One of the first white men to enter the present limits of the county was Lieut. Zebulon Pike, in his expedition of 1806. For some time previous to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska act. the settlers just across the line in Missouri had known of the fertility of the soil in what is now Bourbon county, and only waited for the organization of the territory to rush across the line and take claims. 1»22 CYCLOPEDIA OF A majority of the early settlers were pro-slavery men, but there were also men from the Northern states who were free soilers in politics, though for some years the}- were in the minority. Some of the men who settled in the county in 1854 were Gideon Terrell, William and Philander Moore in what is now Pawnee township, and Nathan Arnett in Marmaton township. In 1855 Guy Hinton located in Walnut town- ship ; James Guthrie, Cowan Mitchell. John and Robert Wells in Marion township. Others who came during the next two years were : Samuel Stephenson, Charles Anderson, John Van Sycle, D. D. Roberts, Joseph Ra)', H. R. Kelso, Gabriel Endicott, David Claypool and Ed- ward Jones, who built the first sawmill in what is now Marmaton township, the second mill in the county, the government having one on Mill creek. David Endicott, one of the first to locate, assisted in the surve\' of the land. Scarcely had the first settlers become located when trouble over politics began. It is estimated that on March 30, 1855, at least 300 armed Missourians came to the Fort Scott precinct and cast their votes, while there were probably not more than 30 legal voters in the pre- cinct. Early in the spring of 1855 a party of men came to Bourbon county from Carolina, under the leadership of George W. Jones, to assist in making Kansas a slave state. They were sent out under the auspices of the Southern Emigrant Aid society. They were mild mannered at first and went through the county visiting the free-state settlers, asking them their opinion upon the political questions of the day, how they were supplied with arms and ammunition, and in(|uir- ing about the good land in the territor}'. In this way a complete list of the free-state men was made. Later in the year nearly all the men on the lists were made prisoners, and while thus held were advised to leave the territory. As soon as they left, pro-slavery men were put on their claims. Early in August a parly of 'J'exas rangers arrived at lorl Scott. Ac- companied by a considerable number of citizens of that town ihey started northward through the border counties, intending to have "fun'" at the expense of the' free-state settlers. Early in 1857 many of the free-state men who had been driven from their homes returnd to Uour- bon county. .\ number of new settlers from the Northern states also came about this time, and as the free-state men grew in number they also grew in confidence. In order to gain possession of the claims from which they had been driven, they organized a "Wide Awake" society, in opposition to the "Dark Lantern" lodges of the pro-slavery men. Some of the most important leaders of this movement were J. C. Burnett, Capt. Samuel .Stevenson and Capt. Bayne. The meetings were held at different settlers' cabins at intervals, to evade surprise by the men of the "I'.lue Lodges." When .ill the ])l,ins of the "Wide Awakes" were perfected, they notified the i)ro-slavi'r\ ukmi who had seized claims tliat did not belong to them, that tlu-y must loa\e. Most of the pro-slavery men realized that resistance wonld Ir.id to serious KANSAS HISTORY 22.}, difficulties, if not to bloodshed, and left, but some had to be driven off the claims by arms. The border strife continued in Bourbon coun- ty after it had nearly disappeared in other parts of Kansas Territory. As a matter of reprisal some of the free-state men were arrested on various charges. The district court was presided over by Joseph Wil- liams, a pro-slavery man. The adjustment of claims was referred to his court for a time, and usually decided in favor of the pro-slavery claimant. This caused great dissatisfaction among the free-state men and led them to take severe measures to secure the release of free^ state prisoners held at Fort Scott. Another result of Judge Williams decisions was the formation of a "Squatter Court,'" in which the free- state men heard the cases of contested claims. Dr. Gilpatrick of An- derson county was made judge, and Henry Kilbourn, sheriff. The proceedings of this body were regular and dignified, its decisions were usually just and its decrees were rigorously executed b}^ the sheriff. The proceedings of the court were naturally distasteful to the pro- slavery men, and as a consequence an e-xpedition was organized and started out under command of Deputy United States Marshal Little to capture the court. The attempt failed and four days later (Dec. i6, 1857,) Little organized a posse of about 50 men, for a second attempt. They approached the cabin of Ca])t. liayne, where the CDurt was sitting, and a short distance from it were met by messengers from the court, consisting of Maj. .Abbott, D. B. Jackson and Gen. Blunt, who had been sent out under a flag of truce as Little was advancing. A parley was held, at the conclusion of which Little said that if the court did not surrender he woidd open fire. The messengers returned to the cabin with the report of the conference, the decision was against sur- render, the cabin was put in a state of defense, some of the chinking between the logs was removed to form loop holes, Maj. Abbott told Little that they would not surrender, and if he advanced bej'ond a certain line the free-state men would fire. Little advanced, however, received a volley from the cabin, which was returned, and then re- treated half a mile. Four men were wounded but Little called for a volunteer party and made a second attack w'ith no better result, ex- cept that no men were hurt. Finding it impossible to take the "fort" without loss, the marshal started back to Fort Scott. The next day he gathered a larger number of men and again started for the fort, but upon arriving there found the cabin deserted, as the court had moved to the Baptist church at Danford's mill. By Dec, 1857, Capts. Ba}ne and Montgomery had succeeded in driving out of the district man}- of the pro-slavery men who unlaw- fully held claims. The parties thus driven out congregated at West Point, Marvel, Balltown and Fort Scott, where their Blue Lodges flour- ished, and from these as centers raids w^ere made to harass the free- state settlers on Mine creek, the Little Osage and Marmaton. Almost daily reports came of outrages committed by the jMissourians, and the free-state men would ride upon errands of swift retaliation. 224 CYCLOPEDIA OF Late in December two companies of United States cavalry were stationed at Fort Scott at the solicitation of the residents and order was restored in the district, but early in Jan., 1858, they were with- drawn and trouble broke out again. On the night of Feb. 10, 1858, Montgomery and a party of forty men started for Fort Scott to pun- ish some of the bitter pro-slavery men who had been persecuting a Mr. Johnson who lived in the town. (See Fort Scott.) On Feb. 26, 1858, two companies of United States cavalry were again stationed in the town, and as Montgomery always avoided conflicts with govern- ment forces, he began operating against the pro-slavery men in the country, with the object of driving them into the city. It is estimated that as many as 300 families in the district were forced to flee from their homes and take refuge in the towns. Capt. Anderson, in com- mand, could not protect them in their isolated settlements, and the result Montgomery wished was attained. But this was no one-sided guerrilla warfare, and it took all the sleepless vigilance and every re- source of Montgomer}^ Bayne and John Brown combined, to protect the free-state settlers against "the wolves of the border." On June 7, 1858, some of Montgomery's men attempted to fire the Western Hotel in Fort Scott, but no one was hurt and the fire was extinguished. June 13, Gov. Denver arrived at Fort Scott; a meet- ing was held and feeling ran high on both sides, but by judicious treatment on the part of the governor peace was restored. The next da}^ a second meeting was held at Raysville, at which the governor proposed a compromise, which in a measure restored peace for some time. Subsequently a free-state man named Rice was arrested for the murder of Travis, who had been shot on Feb. 28. This was re- garded as a violation of the agreement made on June 15, and Mont- gomery determined to rescue Rice. Accordingly he organized a party of 100 men, among them John Brown, who wanted to destroy Fort Scott, but as Montgomery's main purpose was to rescue Rice, he left Brown outside the town and .proceeded without him. Rice was re- leased, Mr. Little was killed, Montgomery's men looted a store of a stock valued at about $7,000, and 12 citizens were made prisoners. The citizens then appealed to the governor for protection and. as there were no troops to send, he advised the formation of home militia for defense, a suggestion which was carried out. After the passage of the amnesty act, there was but little further trouble along the border and peace came to stay in Bourbon county. After the Civil war began a big Union demonstration was made at Fort Scott, which had been one of the bitterest pro-slavery towns. Party differences were laid aside for defense of the nation and by the middle of April two com- panies had been raised on Drywood ; two companies were formed at Fort Scott in May. Other companies were raised at Lightning creek. Mill creek, and a company of home guards was organized. The most important engagement which occurred during the war in Bourbon county was the battle of Drywood fq. v.), which occurred late in Sept., KANSAS HISTORY 225 1861, between the Confederate forces under Gen. Rains and the Union forces under Gen. J. H. Lane. Price's army passed through the east- ern part of the county in Oct., 1864. While crossing the valley of the Little Osage, members of the army committed many outrages and for a time people of Fort Scott feared for the safety of the city. Bour- bon county ranked fifth in the number of men who entered the militia during the war. The county was organized Sept. 12, 1855, when S. A. Williams, the probate judge, administered the oath of office to commissioners Col. H. T. Wilson and Charles B. Wingfield. B. F. Hill was appointed sheriff and William Margrave deputy sheriff. On Sept. 17 the fol- lowing officers were appointed: James F. Farley, clerk; Thomas Wat- kins, justice; John F. Cottrell, constable. Gov. Reeder had appointed William Margrave justice of the peace in Dec, 1854, the first in the county. On Oct. 15 four additional justices and three constables were appointed. At the same time A. Hornbeck was appointed treasurer; W. W. Spratt, assessor; and H. R. Kelso, coroner. In November the county was divided into five townships. From the time of its organiza- tion until Jan., 1858, the afTairs of the county were in the hands of the county court, consisting of a probate judge and two commissioners, but the form of government was then changed and placed in charge of a board of supervisors, one from each township. In i860 it was again changed and three commissioners took the place of the board. In 1855, by the act creating the county, the seat of justice was located at Fort Scott. In 1858, on account of border troubles, it was changed to Marmaton by a special law of the legislature. An election to_ de- termine the permanent location of the county seat was held on May II, 1863, when Fort Scott received the majority of votes cast and again became the county seat, where it has since remained. In 1865 the citizens voted $150,000 in bonds for the purpose of sub- scribing a like sum to the capital stock of the Missouri River, Fort Scott & Gulf railway. The road was completed to Fort Scott in Dec, 1869, and on Jan. 7, 1870, the bonds were delivered to the road. In 1867 a proposition to vote $150,000 worth of bonds to purchase stock of the Tebo & Neosho railroad was carried, but the commissioners de- cided it was not advisable to purchase stock of this road and ordered that $150,000 be subscribed to the capital stock of any road that would start at Fort Scott, run north of the Marmaton in the general direction of Humboldt. This amount was subscribed to the stock of the Fort Scott & Allen County Railroad company, on condition that the road should be completed west of the county by July i, 1872. The Fort Scott, Humboldt & Western succeeded this road, and asked for the deliverance of the bonds, but the conditions had not been complied with and the bonds were issued to the Fort Scott, Humboldt & West- ern under that name. At the present time there are about 125 miles of main track railroad in the count}'. The Missouri Pacific operates two lines — one traversing the center from east to west, the other cross- (I-15) 226 CVCLOl'EDIA OF ing ihe county from north to southeast, both lines passing through Fort Scott. The St. Louis & San Francjsco enters in the northeast, passes through Fort Scott and at Edward branches, both the lines entering Crawford county. The Missouri, Kansas & Texas enters in the east from Missouri, passes through Fort Scott, thence southwest into Crawford count}-. The first schools in the county were private ones at Fort Scott, opened in 1857, but the district school system was not organized until 1859. One district, later known as No. 10, was organized on Dec. 10 of that year. In i860 four more districts were organized and since that time progress in education has been steady, until at the present time Bourbon county has a public school system as fine as any county in the state. According to the U. S. census for 1910, the population of the county was 24,007. The value of the farm products for the same year was $1,504,134, the principal crop being corn, with a value of $754,039, and hay second, with a value of $432,994. Bourgmont's Expedition. — Dumont and Bossu both tell of a Spanish expedition which was sent out from Santa Fe in 1720, having for its object the punishment of the Missouris, a powerful tribe of Indians in- habiting what is now the central and western parts of the State of Mis- souri, for wrongs inflicted upon the Spaniards. The commander of the expedition was instructed to visit the Osages and secure their assist- ance in the destruction of the Missouris. Through a mistake in the route, the expedition first reached the Missouri villages. .Supposing them to be the Osages, the Spanish commander unfolded his plan, and asked the chiefs to aid him in carrying it out. With a diplomacy rarely excelled, the Missouri chiefs concealed the identity of their tribe and consented to the arrangement. The Indians were then furnished with arms, and during the following night they massacred the entire caravan except a Jacobin priest. This story is repeated by Chittenden, in his "American Fur Trade," but Prof. John B. Dunbar, who has made ex- tensive researches pertaining to the early French and Spanish move- ments in the southwest, thinks it largely in the nature of a myth, or at least an incorrect account of the Villazur expedition (q. v.) of that year. Most historians have adopted the theory that news of a Spanish ex- pedition of some sort reached New Orleans, and the French govern- ment of Louisiana determined to establish a fort at some suitalile point on the Missouri river, as a means of holding the allegiance of the In- dians and guarding against Spanish invasion or interference. According to the Michigan Pioneer Collections (vol. 34, p. 306) Elienne Venyard Sieur de JJouigmont was temporarily in charge of the post of Detroit in the early part of the i8th century, during the ab- sence of Cadillac, and in 1707 he deserted and went to the Missouri river, where he lived for several years among the Indians. His familiar- ity wilii the country and his acqiiainlaiu-e with the natives of that sec- KANSAS HISTORY 22/ tion doubtless led to his selection as the proper man to lead the expe- dition. M. de Bourgmont was at that time in France, but he hurried to America and soon after his arrival at New Orleans set out at the head of a body of troops for the Missouri river. His first work was to erect Fort Orleans (q. v.), where he established his headquarters. Du Pratz's narrative says : "The Padoucas, who lie west by north- west of the Missouris, were at war with several neighboring tribes all in amity with the French, and to conciliate a peace between all these nations and the Padoucas, M. de Bourgmont sent to engage them, as being our allies, to accompany him on a journey to the Padoucas in order to bring about a general pacification." Du Pratz himself states that his narrative was "extracted and abridged from M. de Bourgmont's journal, an original account, signed by all the officers, and several others of the company." A few years ago a translation of Bourgmont's original journal was made by Prof. Dunbar, and a copy of his translation was presented by him to the Kansas Historical Society. According to this account, Bourgmont left Fort Orleans on July 3, 1724, crossed the Missouri river on the 8th, and "landed within a gunshot of the Canzes village, where we camped." The Canzes came in a body to Bourgmont's camp, and seven of the leading chiefs assured him that it was the desire of all the young men of the tribe to accompany him to the country of the Padoucas. On the 9th Bourgmont sent five of his Missouris to the Otoes, to notify them of his arrival at the Canzes village and that it was his intention to continue his journey as soon as he could complete his arrangements. Two weeks were then spent in securing horses from the Canzes, and in other necessary preparations. Sieur Mercur and Corporal Gentil left the Canzes village on the 24th with a pirogue loaded with supplies, which they were to take to the Otoes for Bourgmont, whose intention it was to return that way. Everything was being made ready, Bourgmont resumed his march on the 25th. Besides his Indian allies, he was accompanied by M. de St. Ange, an officer; Sieur Renaudiere, engineer of mines; Sieur du Bois, sergeant; Sieur de Beloin, cadet; Rotisseau, corporal; nine French soldiers ; three Canadians, and two employees of Renaudiere. On July 31, when within ten days' journey of the Padouca villages, Bourgmont became too ill to retain his seat in the saddle. A litter was constructed and he was carried for some distance in it, but his illness increasing, he was forced to discontinue his march. In this emergency he decided to send a Padouca woman, who had been a slave among the Canzes, and a boy of sixteen or seventeen years of age to inform the Padoucas that he was on his way, but was ill, and that he would be with them as soon as he was able. Gaillard, one of the soldiers, volunteered to conduct the woman and boy to the Padoucas. Bourgmont gave him a letter to the Spanish (in case he met them), and also a letter in Latin to the chaplain. Gaillard was instructed to bring the Padouca chiefs to meet Bourgmont, and in 228 CYCLOPEDIA OF case they declined to come to wait at their tillages until his arrival. A few days later Bourgmont decided to return to Fort Orleans, where on Sept. 6 he received a letter from Sergt. du Bois advising him of Gail- lard's arrival among the Padoucas on Aug. 25. Having recovered his health, Bourgmont again left Fort Orleans on Sept. 20 and arrived at the Canzes village on the 27th. On Oct. 2 Gail- lard arrived at the camp with three Padouca chiefs and three waniors. and reported some 60 others four days' distant. On the 8th the expe- dition left the Canzes village, moved up the valley of the Kansas river, and on the 18th reached the Padoucas. The next day the chiefs of that tribe were called together, Bourgmont made a speech to them, dis- tributed presents, and concluded a treaty of peace. On the 22nd he set out on his return to Fort Orleans, where he arrived on Nov. 5. Franklin G. Adams, for many years secretary of the Kansas His- torical Society, and George J. Remsburg, an acknowledged authority on the archaeology of the Missouri valley, think that the Canzes village mentioned in Bourgmont's journal was located near the present town of Doniphan, in Doniphan county, Kan. A map of the expedition in Volume IX, Kansas Historical Collections, shows this place to the starting point west of the Missouri, whence the expedition moved southwest to the Kansas river, which was crossed near the northwest corner of the present Shawnee coiuity; thence up the south bank of the Kansas and Smoky Hill rivers, crossing the latter near the mouth of the .Saline; thence following the Saline to the Padouca villages in the northern part of what is now Ellis county. Who were the Padoucas? Parrish, in his account of the expedition, speaks of them as the Comanches, and this may be correct. On a map published in 1757, in connection with Du Pratz's History of Louisiana, the country of the Padoucas is shown extending from the headwaters of the Republican to south of the Arkansas, the great village of the tribe being located near the source of the Smoky Hill. Other author- ities say that "Padoucas" was the Siouan name for the Comanches, a branch of the Shoslumcs. The Comanches were a "butTalo uoniail" tribe that ranged from the Platte to Mexico. The theory that the Bourgmont expedition was the sequel of some Spanish expedition massacred by the Indians is hardl)' tenable when it is carefully considered in the light of known facts. The Villaziu- ex- pedition, the only Spanish expedition of 1720 of which there is any authentic record, was massacred on Aug. 16, while Bourgmont's com- mission bore date of Aug. 12, 1720, four days before the massacre oc- curred. It is far more likely that Bourgmont was sent out — just as other explorers of that day were sent out — with the general view of establishing amicable relations with the Indians and thercbj' profit by the fur trade, etc. Bow Creek, a little village of Phillips county, is situated near the southern boundary, about 15 miles southeast of Phillipsburg. It was formerly a postoffice, but Ihc iuli.ibilants now receive mail by rural free KANSAS HISTORY 229 delivery from Stockton. Kirwin is tlic most convenient railroad station. The population was 66 in 1910. Bowersock, Justin De Witt, member of Congress, was born at Co- lumbiana, Ohio, Sept. 19, 1842. His father was of Irish and his mother of Scotch descent. He was educated in the common schools, and at the close of his academic course went to Iowa City, Iowa, where he en- gaged in business as a grain merchant. In 1877 he located at Law- rence, Kan., where he saw the possibilities of water power. He built a dam across the Kansas river, and with the power thus developed estab- lished several manufacturing plants. Mr. Bowersock was made presi- dent of the Kansas Water Power company ; organized the Douglas County bank (now the Lawrence National) in 1878, and was elected president of that institution in 1888. He is also president of the Bower- sock Mills & Power company, the Kansas Water Power company, the Griffin Ice company, the Lawrence Iron works, the Lawrence Paper Manufacturing" company and the Kansas & Colorado Railroad company. He has always taken an active part in municipal affairs and in 1881 was elected mayor of Lawrence, which position he filled until 1885. In 1886 he was elected to the Kansas house of representatives, and to the state senate in 1894. In 1898 he was nominated by the Republican party of the Second district for Congress, and in November was elected. His record during his term commended him to the people of his district, who honored him with four reelections. Air. Bowersock is a member of the Congregational church, the Lawrence Commercial club and the Merchants' Athletic association. On Sept. 5, 1886, Mr. Bowersock mar- ried Mary C. Gower, of Iowa City, Iowa. Boyd, a village of Eureka township, Barton comity, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R., 4 miles west of Hoisington and 12 miles northwest of Great Bend, the county seat. It has a money order post- office, and is a trading and shipping point for the neighborhood. The population was 40 in 1910. Boyle, a station on the LTnion Pacific R. R. in Jefferson county, is located about 5 miles from Valley Falls and 9 miles from Oskaloosa, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice. The population in 1910 was 18. Boys' Industrial School. — (See Industrial Schools.) Bradford, a money order postoffice of Wabaunsee county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 21 miles southeast of Alma, the county seat. It is a shipping and supply point for the neighbor- hood and in 1910 reported a population of 63. Brainerd, a village of Butler county, is a station on the line of the Missouri Pacific R. R. that runs from Eldorado to McPhersori, 17 miles northwest of Eldorado. It has an express office, telephone connections, and is a shipping and supply point for the neighborhood. Brainerd was formerly a postoffice, but the people there now receive mail by rural free delivery from White Water. The population was 73 in 1910. 230 CYCLOPEDIA OF Branscomb, Charles H., who witli Charles Robinson selected the site for the town of Lawrence, was a native of New Hampshire. He was educated at Phillips Academy, Exeter, N. H.; and Dartmouth Col- lege, where he graduated in 1845. Subsequently he studied law at the Cambridge Law School, was admitted to the bar and practiced for six years in Massachusetts. Upon the organization of the Emigrant Aid Society (q. v.) Mr. Branscomb became one of its agents. He came to Kansas in July, 1854, and went up the Kansas river as far as Fort Riley to select a location for a town, but finally agreed with Dr. Robinson on the site of Lawrence. On July 28 he conducted the pioneer party of 30 persons sent out b}^ the society to Lawrence, where they arrived on Aug. I. The second party, also conducted by Mr. Branscomb, arrived in October. He continued to act as agent for the aid society until 1858, when he located in Lawrence and opened a law ofhce. He immediately began to take an active part in the political life of the territory; was elected to the territorial house of representatives ; was a member of the Leavenworth constitutional convention ; and after his removal to St. Lnuis, Mo., was a member of the Missouri legislature. Branson, Jacob, one of the early settlers of Douglas county, located at Hickory Point, about 10 miles south of Lawrence on the old Santa Fe road. It was a very beautiful tract of land, part heavy timber and the rest fertile prairie. Many of the early settlers came from Indiana, some of the people who took claims returned to the east temporarily, some never returned. Missourians and others took up these abandoned claims and sometimes laid claim to others which were afterward re- sumed by the original settlers. Jacob Branson, who was the leader of the free-state men in the locality, encouraged free-state men to settle at Hickory Point and the pro-slavery men endeavored to get as many men of their faction to settle there as they could. Most of the difficul- ties in Kansas during the territorial period arose over the question of slaverv, but disputes about claims in many cases precipitated the quar- rels. The antagonistic elements brought into daily conflict could not long remain without open rupture; one of the most serious occurrences of this kind took place at Hickory Poinl. A man named Franklin Cole- man was among the second claimants al Hickory Point and a dis]iute arose between him and Charles W. Dow, who had also settled on an imoccupied claim. Coleman was prominent in the neighborhood as a pro-slavery man, while Dow lived with Branson, the acknowledged lead- er of the free-stale jiarly in the Wakarusa district. Coleman trespassed on Dow's claim and was warned that he must stop. The feeling l>e- tween the two men was rapidly tending toward a crisis, when on the morning of Nov. 21, 1855, Dow met Coleman and some other pro-slavery men, among them Buckley and Hargus, at the blacksmith shop at ITick- ory Point. Thev denounced Dow and tmfortimately Dow and Cole- man met on the road going toward Dow's claim. Dow left Coleman at his claim and just after he passed up the road Coleman fired at him; the gim missed fire and Df>\v begged frir mercy but Cnlmian sIk^I hiiu KANSAS HISTORY i2,? 1 and he died in the road. Immediately Coleman started for Westport, Mo., to give himself up to the governor, but not finding him surrendered to Samuel J. Jones, the sheriff of Douglas count}-, who was a friend of the pro-slavery party. After Dow's funeral the settlers of Hickory held a meeting, when resolutions of condolence were passed and a committee was appointed to take steps toward bringing the murderer to justice. At this meeting Branson advocated radical measures with regard to Coleman and his companions, Buckley and Hargus. Sheriff Jones, in the meantime was on his way to Lecompton with his prisoner, but on the way was met by some of Coleman's neighbors. Buckley told of the threats made against him by Branson and the sheriff' concluded to make another arrest. A warrant was sworn out by Buckley who said that he feared for his life. Justice Cameron issued a peace war- rant for the arrest of Branson. It seems that the pro-slavery party ex- pected the free-state men would attempt to rescue Branson, but believed they would do so in Lawrence, after the prisoner was taken there, under which circumstances there would be an excellent excuse for assaulting that stronghold of the abolitionists. Armed with this war- rant and accompanied by Buckley and some fifteen pro-slavery men, Jones went to Branson's house on the evening of Nov. 26 and arrested him. This posse had been met before they served the writ by S. P. Tappan of Lawrence, a free-state man, who learned of their mission, and immediately informed Branson's friends of the intended arrest; a young man who lived at Branson's also aroused the neighbors as soon as Jones and his party left. The sheriff with the posse did not ride at once toward Lawrence, so that considerable time elapsed before they started north. In the meantime the friends of Branson were aroused and planned his rescue. Phillips, in his Conquest of Kansas, says, "the intention was to have Branson rescued in Lawrence," but Tappan and the young man who had left Branson's had both been busy ; about four- teen of the free-state men were gathered at Abbott's house near which the posse would have to pass on the way to Lawrence. They had gath- ered so quickly and Jones was so slow that for a time the party at Ab- bott's began to think they had taken a different road or gone to Le- compton. when the alarm was given by the guard on the road. The party in the Abbott house rushed out and Jones attempted to evade them by going off the road. This was prevented by the free-state men spreading out. Jones demanded what was the matter, to which the free-state men replied that was just what they wanted to know. The Iree-state men told Branson to ride over to them, which he did; both sides declared that they would shoot but neither did. Jones tried in every way to induce the free-state men to give Branson up, but this they refused to do. Finding that nothing -availed but to fight, and not being willing to shed blood, Jones was obliged to leave Branson in the hands of his friends and returned to Franklin. The numerical strength of the contestants in this bloodless encounter was about equal, as it is estimated that there were about fifteen men on each side. Later in the 232 CYCLOPEDIA OF night the rescuing party having been augmented bj- a few men, rode into Lawrence, where they told of the threats Jones had made against the AboHtionists of Lawrence. The arrest of Branson was both violent and irregular and it is doubtful whether any legal officer would have sustained the arrest had the rescue been questioned. There were only three Lawrence men concerned in the rescue, and Charles Robinson saw that it would not do for the city to take any action in the rescue or harbor the rescuers. A meeting of the citizens of Lawrence was called and Mrs. Robinson in writing of it said, "Mr. Branson said at the meet- ing that he had requested to leave Lawrence, that no semblance of an excuse existed for the enemy to attack the town, with tears streaming down his weather-beaten cheeks he offered to go home and die there and be buried by his friend." To this the free-state citizens would not hear but after the Wakarusa camp was established, Tappan, Wood and Branson moved there as a precautionary measure, as Wood had taken such a prominent part in the rescue. Brantford, a village of Washington county, with a population of 75,. is located near the Republic county line, about 20 miles southwest of Washington, the county seat. It was formerly a postoffice, but mail is now supplied to the people there by rural free delivery from Clyde. Brazilton, a town of Crawford county, is located in Walnut town- ship and is a station on the Pittsburg & Chanute division of the Atchi- son, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 8 miles northwest of Girard, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, express, telegraph and telephone service, some good general stores, and does considerable shipping. The Catholics and Lutherans are the leading religious denominations. In 1910 Brazilton reported a population of 150. Breckenridge College. — On Feb. 14, 1857, ^'i'^ legislature of Kansas passed an act as follows : "An institution of learning is hereby incor- porated under the name and style of 'Breckenridge College' to be lo- cated at or near Lodiana City in Browne county, Kansas Territory." The directors named were W. H. Honnell, Samuel M. Irvine, F. B. Montfort, Walter Lowrie, Robert J. Breckenridge, John Ford, Elijah M. Hubbard. Henry W. Honnell, John AI. Scott, John Calhoun, Austin Forman, J. P. Blair, and James G. Bailey. Breckenridge County was created by the iirst territorial legislature in 1855 and named for John C. Breckenridge, who was the next year elected vice-president of the I'nited States. When first created it w/is attached to Madison county for all civil and judicial purposes, but by the act of Feb. 17, 1857, the county was fully organized "with all the rights, powers and. privileges of other organized counties of the terri- tory ; and the county seat of Breckenridge is hereby temporarily lo- cated at Agnes city," etc. The act of I'eb. 27, i86b, provided for the location rif a permanent county seat by vote of the electors of the county. As f)riginally established, tlie cotnily was 24 miles square, lying im- mediately south of Richardson (now Wabaunsee) county, but by the KANSAS HISTORY 233. act of Jan. 31, 1861, the southern boundary was moved southward to the line between townships 21 and 22 south. On Feb. 5, 1862, the gov- ernor approved an act changing the name of Breckenridge to Lyon county. (See Lyon County.) Bremen, a village of Marshall county, is located in Logan town- ship 9 miles northwest of Marysville, the county seat, on the St. Joseph & Grand Island R. R. It has banking facilities, telegraph and express offices and a postofHce with two rural mail routes. The population in 191 1 was 200. Brenner, a station on the Burlington & Missotiri River R. R. in Doni- phan county, is located in Wayne township 5 miles south of Troy. It has telegraph and express offices and a money order postoffice. The population in 1910 was 40. It was laid out by the railroad company in 1872 and during the next decade was an important grain market, the dealers buying principally for the Atchison millers. Brewer, David J., jurist, was born at Smyrna, Asia Minor, June 20, 1837, a son of Rev. Josiah and Emilia (Field) Brewer, and a nephew of Stephen J. Field, who was one of the associate justices of the United States supreme court from 1863 to 1897. David J. Brewer was educated at Yale College and the Albany Law School, and in June, 1859, located at Leavenworth, Kan., where he began the practice of law. He was United States commissioner in 1861-62; judge of the probate and crim- inal courts of Leavenworth county from 1863 to 1865; judge of the district court from 1865 to 1869; county attorney in 1869-70; an asso- ciate justice of the Kansas supreme court from 1870 to 1884; resigned his position on the supreme bench on April 8, 1884, to become United States circuit judge; and on Dec. 18, 1889, was commissioned associate justice of the United States supreme court where he remained until his death. In 1896 Judge Brewer was appointed a member of the Venezuelan boundary commission, and three years later was a member of the British-Venezuelan arbitration tribunal. Always a friend of and a believer in popular education. Judge Brewer was the president of the Kansas State Teachers' Association in 1869, and he also served as a member of the Leavenworth school board. He was the author of sev- eral books on legal subjects. Judge Brewer was twice married. On Oct. 3, 1861, he married Louise R. Landon of Burlington, Vt. She died on April 3, 1898, and on June 5, 1901, he married Emma Minor Mott of Washington, D. C. Judge Brewer died at Washington of apoplexy on March 28, 1910. He is remembered by many friends in Kansas as a genial companion, an able lawyer and a just judge. Brewster, one of the thriving towns of Thomas county, is located near the western boundary in Hale township, and is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., 18 miles west of Colby, the county seat. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper (the Hustler), a hotel, a good retail trade, telegraph and express ofifices, a money order post- office with two rural routes, and is the principal shipping point between! Colby and Goodland. The population in 1910 was 200. 2^4 CYCLOPEDIA OF Bridgeport, a village of Saline counl}-, is located in Smoky \^iew township, on the Missouri Pacific and the Union Pacific railroads and on the Sniok}^ Hill river, 15 miles south of Salina, the county seat. It has telegraph and express offices and a money order postoffice with two rural routes. The population in 1910 was 120. Briggs, a rural hamlet of Geary county, is located about 15 miles almost dtie east of Junction Cit}^ the county seat, and about the same distance south of Manhattan, whence the inhabitants receive mail by rural free delivery. The population was 30 in 1910. Bristow, a rural hamlet in the central part of Osborne county, is about 10 miles southwest of Osborne, the county seat and most con- venient railroad station. Bristow, Joseph Little, journalist and United States senator, was born in ^^'olfe county, Ky., July 22, 1861, a son of William and Sa- vannah (Little) Bristow. He came to Kansas with his father in 1873; married Margaret Hendrix of Flemingsbing, Ky., in 1879; ^""^ '" 1886 graduated at Baker University, Baldwin, Kan. From the time he at- tained to his majority Mr. Bristow took an active interest in political affairs, and the year he graduated was elected clerk of Douglas county, which office he held for four years. Upon retiring from the clerk's office in 1890 he bought the Salina Daily Republican and edited the paper for five years. In 1894 and again in 1898 he was elected secretary of the Republican state committee. His work in the campaign of 1894 commended him to Gov. Morrill, who, when inaugurated in Jan., 1895, appointed Mr. Bristow his private secretary. The same year he sold the Salina Republican and bought the Ottawa Herald, which paper he owned for ten years, during which time he directed its policy and wrote many of the editorials himself. In March, 1897. '^^ ^^'^^ appointed fourth assistant postmaster-general by President McKinley, and in 1900, under direction of Mr. McKinley, investigated the Cuban postal frauds. Three years later, imder President Roosevelt, he conducted a searching in- vestigation of the postoffice department. In i()03 he purchased the Sa- lina Daily Republican-Journal, which he still owns, and in 1905 he was appointed by President Roosevelt a special commissioner of the Panama railroad. In Aug., 1908, he was nominated by the Republicans of Kansas at the primary election for United States senator, and the fol- lowing January he was elected by the legislature for the term ending on March 3, 1915. Broderick, Case, jurist and member of Congress, was born near |(piKsi)i)ro, (Irant county. Tnd., Sept. 23, 1839. His father, Samuel Broderick, was an Irish-American, and his mother, Mary Snyder, was of German descent. His early education was that provided by the public schools in the sparsely settled districts of Indiana. When Case was hut a few years of age his family moved to the western part of Indiana, where he was reared until his nineteenth year. In 1S58 he immigrated to the Territory of Kansas and settled in Douglas town- ship, Jackson county, where he became owner of a small farm. In the KANSAS HISTORY J35 winter of 1861 Mr. Broderick and a partner contracted to supply Fort Laramie with corn. They outfitted an ox train, as there were no rail- roads west of the Missouri river at that time, and made the trip to Laramie and return in three months. In the fall of 1862, Mr. Broderick enlisted at Fort Scott, Kan., as a private in the Second Kansas battery, and was honorably discharged at Fort Leavenworth in Aug., 1865. He then returned to his former home, where he engaged in farming, and devoted his spare time to the study of law. In 1866 he was elected jus- tice of the peace of Douglas township and served in that capacity until elected probate judge of Jackson county in 1868. He removed to Holton and served as probate judge for four succeeding terms. In 1870 he was admitted to the bar and elected county attorney in 1876 and 1878. In 1880 he was elected to the state senate to represent Jackson and Potta- watomie counties, and in March, 1884, President Arthur appointed him associate justice of the supreme court of Idaho Territory for a term of four years. He removed to Boise, Ida., entered upon the discharge of his duties, and served several months over his term, when he requested the President to relieve him. In Sept., 1888, he returned to Holton* and resumed his law practice in partnership with E. E. Rafter and R. G. Robinson. In 1890, the Republican convention nominated Mr. Brod- erick for Congress. He was elected, and continued to be nominated and reelected until he had served eight years. During this time he was a member of the judiciary committee of the house. At the expiration of his fourth term he reopened a law office in Holton. Broderick County, one of the counties of Kansas territory, was created Feb. 7, 1859, and named in honor of David Broderick, United States senator from California. It included territory now within the State of Colorado, and was bounded as follows: "Commencing ,-t the point where the 104th meridian of longitude crosses the thirty-eighth parallel of latitude, and running from thence due west to a point 20 miles west of the 105th meridian of longitude ; thence due north to a point 20 miles south of the thirty-ninth parallel of latitude ; thence due east to the 104th meridian of longitude ; thence due south to the place of beginning." Simon G. Gephart, W. Walter and Charles Nichols were appointed commissioners with authority to locate the seat of justice near the center of the county. Bronson, an incorporated city in the western part of Bourbon coun- ty, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. about half-way between Fort Scott and lola. It has 2 banks, an international money order post- office with four rural routes, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, a semi-weekly newspaper (the Bronson Pilot), a large re- tail trade, good public schools, etc., and in 1910 reported a population of 595. The city was settled in 1885 by G. H. Requa. J. W. Timmons and a few others, and was named for Ira D. Bronson of Fort Scctt. Requa and Martin opened the first store in Sept., 1881, and the same month the postoffice was established with Mr. Requa as postmaster. The growth of Bronson has been slow but substantial, and it is the principal shipping and supply point for a rich agricultural district. 236 CYCLOPEDIA OF Brooks, a station on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. near the south line of Wilson county, is located in Newark township 15 miles southeast of Fredonia, the county seat. It receives its mail from Cherry- vale in ^Montgomery county. The population in 1910 was 21. Brooks, Noah, author and journalist, was born at Castine, Me., Oct. 30, 1S30. After attending the public schools and local academy he went to Boston, Mass., to study landscape painting, but in 1855 he formed a partnership with John G. Brooks and engaged in merchandising at Di.xon, 111. In Ma3% 1857, he came to Kansas and located on the Repub- lican river about 10 miles above Fort Riley. A little later he went to California and began the publication of a newspaper at Marysville. This venture was not a success and he next became the Washington correspondent of the Sacramento Union. While in Washington he formed the acquaintance of President Lincoln, who appointed him pri- vate secretary, but before he entered upon his duties the President was assassinated. Mr. Brooks then returned to the Pacific coast, where he engaged in various lines of work for several years, after which he went to New York, and from 1871 to 1876 was a member of the editorial staff of the New York Tribune. For about twelve years he was the editor of the Newark (N. J.) Advertiser, but retired from newspaper work and spent the remainder of his active life in writing books. One of these books — "The Boy Settlers" — ^deals with Kansas as he knew the territory some forty years before. Mr. Brooks died in 1903. Brookville, one of the incorporated towns of Saline county, is a sta- tion on the Union Pacific R. R. 16 miles southwest of Salina, the county seat. It has a bank, a newspaper, telegraph and express offices, and a money order postoffice with two rural routes. The population in 1910 was 280. The town was founded in 1870 by the Union Pacific R. R. The first settler was John Crittenden, and the first building, outside of those put up by the railroad, was erected by M. P. W3nian. Brookville became a city of the third class in 1873. William Brownhill was the first mayor. The first store in the place was opened by George Snyder. The first newspaper was the Brookville Transcript, established in Nov., 1870, by .\ll)in & Tupper. Broom-Corn (.Sorghum vulgare) is described as a "plant ot the order of grasses, with a jointed stem, growing to a height of 8 or 10 feet, extensively cultivated in North America, where the branched iianiclcs or heads are made into brooms, clothes brushes, etc., the seed being fed to poultry and the blades to cattle." Kansas is one of the greatest broom-corn growing stales ui liic Union. It has been raised for years, and seldom fails to yield a hand- some return to the cultivator. It grows in every comity of the state, thougli the largest crops are raised in the western portion. In 1900 broom-corn was grown in every county except eleven. The acreage for that year was 47,776; the yield was 18,674,385 pounds, and the value of the crop was $655,344.60. Ten years later (1910") broom-corn was' grown in only jy of liu' 105 counties. Tlinse counties which produced KANSAS HISTORY 237 no broom-corn in that year were Atchison, Barton, Brown, Chase, Douglas, Ellis, Franklin, Geary, Greenwood, Flarvey, Jefferson, Jewell, Johnson, Kiowa, Lincoln, Marshall, Mitchell, Morris, Pottawatomie, Pratt, Rooks, Rush, Russell, Smith, Trego, Wabaunsee, Washington and Wyandotte. Although fewer counties engaged in the production, the area planted in broom-corn in 1910 had increased to 111,308 acres, the yield to 39,561,123 pounds, and the value of the total crop to $1,604,- 603.43. The five leading counties in 1910 were Kearny, with 18,754 acres, 5,626,200 pounds, the value of which was $225,048; Stevens, 15,045 acres, 4,964,850 pounds, value, $198,594; Hamilton, 10,878 acres, 3,263,400 pounds, value, $130,536; Seward, 8,289 acres, 3,000,618 pounds, value, $110,023; Morton, 6,109 acres, 2,443,000 pounds, value, $97,744. It will be observed that these five counties are all situated in the ex- treme southwestern part of the state, a region once regarded as the "Great American Desert," yet in one year the value of the broom-corn crop alone amounted to more than three-quarters of a million dollars. Grant, Finney, Stanton, Meade and Haskell, in the same section of the state, also produced large crops of broom-corn, and Greeley, Wichita, Scott, Wallace and Cheyenne farther north were likewise heavy producers. Clay, Dickinson, Kingman and Saline counties each reported but one acre. Broughton, a thriving little town of Clay county, is situated in Clay Center township, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Union Pacific railroads, 5 miles southeast of Clay Center. It has a money order postoffice with two rural delivery routes, telegraph, telephone and express service, a hotel, some good general stores, good public schools, a population of 160, and is the busiest little town between Clay Center and Manhattan. Brown County, one of the northern tier, was created by the first ter- ritorial legislature with the following boundaries: "Beginning at the northwest corner of Doniphan county; thence west 24 miles; thence south 30 miles; thence east to the west line of Atchison county; thence north to the northwest corner of Atchison county ; thence east with said north line of Atchison county to the southwest corner of Doniphan county; thence north with said west line of Doniphan county to the place of beginning." In all the places where the name appears in the act of 1855 it is spelled "Browne." It was named for Albert G. Brown, United States senate from Mississippi, who spelled his name without the final "e." Dr. J. H. Stringfellow, a memljer of the Kansas legislature, of 1855. stated that the county was named after O. H. Browne, a member of the house from the Third representative district, but the final "e" was dropped in the spelling of the name, by subsequent legislatures. On Sept. 17, 1855, the commissioners of Doniphan county passed the following resolutions: "That the county of Brown be and is hereby organized as a municipal township to be known as Brown county town- ship," and ordered that the election for a delegate to Congress be held 238 CVCLOI^EDIA OF at the house of \V. C. Foster, on the south fork of the Nemaha. The commissioners also appointed William C. Foster and John C. Bragg justices of the peace and William Purket constable. The following summer an order was issued to survey the boundaries between Don- iphan and Brown counties, which was done, but in 185S the legislature transferred some of the territory of Brown to Jackson county, which left it in its present shape ; an exact square 24 miles each way. In September Brown coiuity was divided into two townships, Walnut and Mission. Brown county is bounded on the north by the State of Nebraska ; on the east by Doniphan county ; on the south by Atchison and Jack- son, and on the west by Nemaha county. It has an area of 576 square miles and is divided into the following townships : Hamlin, Hiawatha, Irving, Mission, Morrill, Powhattan, Robinson, Walnut and Wash- ington. It is well waterered by Cedar creek in the southwest, Wolf creek in the east, and numerous other creeks, the most important of which are Pony, Walnut, Roys, and Craig. The surface of the count}' is gentl}- undulating. The creek bottoms average about half a mile in width and all the streams are fringed with belts of timber, the principal varieties being oak, walnut, honey-locust, hackberry, S3camore, elm, box-elder and basswood. Limestone is abundant and sandstone of a good quality is found, both of which are quarried for local use. Two mineral springs in the western part of the county are claimed to have medicinal properties. Brown is one of the leading agricultural counties, corn, winter wheat and oats being the largest crops. It is also a good horticultural region, and there are over 200,000 fruit trees of bearing age. According to Morrill's History of Brown County, one of the over- land routes, the "California Trail," (q. v.) "wound along the divides passing Drummond's Branch, crossed the western part of the present site of Hiawatha, followed the divide between the head waters of Wolf and Walnut, and left the coiuity near the present site of Sabetha." Some of the first settlers in Brown county were Missourians who marked claims and tlien returned home to spend the winter, while others from a greater distance made permanent settlements. As early as April 10, 1854, AVilliam Gentry and H. C. Gregg settled in Powhattan township. On May 11, 1854, Thurston Chase and James Gibbons lo- cated on Wolf creek. They were followed by William and James Metts, who settled in what is now Hamlin township. On Aug. 3 K. R. Corneilison entered a claim on Walnut creek and the following March brought his family to the new homestead. His brother William also came at that time. W. C. Foster came to Brown county in the fall from Nemaha. John Belk, his sons, William and King, and Thomas Brigham settled near Padnnia and Jacob Englehart settled on a farm not far from the present town of Hiawatha. Early in the spring of 1855, the settlers on Walnut creek formed a protective association, elected officers and made rigid laws for I In- ptir- KANSAS iUSTOKY 2^) pose of enforcing the right of actual settlers and prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors to the Indians. The first trial under these laws took place at the house of Jesse Padon, on the bank of the Walnut. Complaint was made against Robert Boyd and Elisha Osborn for sell- ing liquors to the Indians and sixteen settlers gathered, determined to enforce the law, the only settler absent from the gathering being ill. Although the accused were not present, the trial proceeded, they were declared guilty and the verdict rendered was that their stock of liquors should be destroyed and that they should each pay a fine of $20. Padon was appointed to execute' the order of this court and was accompanied by all the settlers to see the decree enforced. Boyd and Osborn kept their liquors at the edge of Pilot Grove, some 3 miles from Padonia. When Padon informed them of the decision of the court they declared themselves willing to give up the liquor and pay the fine, but upon promise to sell no more to the Indians, they were allowed to remain in the county and retain the liquor, though they paid the fine. The first white child born in the county was Isaac Short, who was born in Aug., 1855. The first marriage was that of Hiram Wheeler and Elizabeth E. Root on July 30, 1857. The first school was taught in 1856 in a log cabin erected the year before on John Kerey's farm and John Shields was the first teacher. The cabin was also used as a church as the first religious services in the county were held there soon after it was built. A Methodist minister named AUspaugh held services in a grove near John Belk's farm house in 1855. Early in 1857, the Methodists organized a church at the house of William Belk, and a Baptist minister held services at the residence of E. H. Niles. A branch of the underground railroad was established through 3rown ccimty for fugitive negroes, and many of them were passed over this line by John Brown and other anti-slavery men. Early in the spring of 1857, quite a colony came from Maine, among- them George Ross, J. G. Leavitt, I. P. Winslow, Noah Hanson, W. G. Sargent and Sumner Shaw. The Iowa Indian trust lands lying in Brown county were advertised for sale to the highest bidders on June 4, 1857. They sold rapidly, but eventually most of the lands fell into the hands of speculators, some of the settlers leaving as soon as they perfected title to their claims, without making any permanent improve- ments. The first 4th of July celebration was held by a public gathering on the farm of John Powe on Mulberry creek in 1857. Sometime during the summer of that year Philip Weiss contracted to make a weekly trip to Iowa Point to bring the mail. This was probably the first mail route in the county and was purely a private enterprise. He used a team of horses and a lumber wagon for his trips, and carried passengers, express and freight as well as mail. An act of 1855 provided for a mail route from St. Joseph via Highland to Marysville, Kan., but it was not started until 1858. On Aug. 8, 1857, the first postoffice was established at Clay- tonville, with George E. Clayton as postmaster. 240 CYCLOPEDIA OF On Feb. 14, 1857, the state legislature detached Brown from Doni- phan county and located the temporary county seat at Claytonville. The act also provided for the election of three commissioners to locate a permanent county seat. The new board of commissioners organized on March 16, 1857, and among other business divided the county into four municipal townships, Iowa, Claytonville, Walnut Creek and Lachnane. On March 31 the commissioners held a second meeting and appropriated $500 to build a court-house on the north square in Clay- tonville — a frame building 20 by 30 feet — to be ready for occupation by June i, and William Oldham was appointed to build it. At the election on Oct. 5, the free-state men carried the county by a vote of 136 to 72, E. N. Morrill being elected to the legislature by the counties of Brown and Nemaha. On Nov. 16 the free-state board of county commissioners organized when Ira H. Smith was chosen county surveyor; David Peebles, clerk; and John S. Tyler, assessor. At the election I. P. Winslow, Isaac Chase and I. B. Hoover were chosen com- missioners to locate the permanent county seat. They met on Dec. 14 at Swain's store and the first ballot resulted, Padonia i, Hiawatha r, and Carson i. The following day the board visited the town sites of Carson, Hamlin, Padonia and Hiawatha. Padonia offered to donate a square of ground and a $3,000 court-house; Hiawatha offered to erect a building 20 by 30 feet for a court-house and donate every alternate lot of the town site, and Carson oft'ered one-half of the lots in the town site and $1,500 in labor and building material. A second ballot resulted the same as the first, but on a third two votes were cast for Carson and I for Padonia. The county seat, therefore, was removed to Carson, but it did not remain there long, as the next legislature passed an act pro- viding for an election to submit the question to a vote of the people, which resulted in 128 votes for Hiawatha and 37 for Carson, with a few scattering. On May 25, 185S, the county commissioners appropriated $2,000 for building a court house with jail and offices attached. On Oct. 4, 1877, the county commissioners decided, "That a proposition be submitted to the people on the 6th day of November, authorizing the board to build a court house, the cost not to exceed $20,000." Tliis measure was approved by the people and the commissioners, early in 1878, contracted with E. T. Carr of Leavenworth for its erection. At the outlireak of the Civil war nearly one-half the voters in the county entered the army, forming a party of Company I, Thirteenth Kansas infantry, and in 1864, the militia was ordered to gather at Atchi- son. The Hiawatha company consisted of 65 men; the Walnut creek company of 41, and Robinson company of 100. Upon their dejiarture to the front the home-guard was organized and within twenty-four hours iiad an enrollment of 79 men. The first newspaper, the Brown County ITnion, was established liy Dr. P. G. Parker in the spring of i8r)i, at HiavvatJia, l)Ut the office was destroyed by fire tlie following winter. On Aug. 20, 1864, H. P. .Steb- bins started the Union Sentinel and the third paper, the Hiawatha Dis- patch, made its appearance in 1870. KANSAS HISTORY ' 24I There are three lines of railroad in the county with over 97 miles of main track. The St. Joseph & Grand Island enters the county on the east, about midway north and south, crosses in a northwesterl}- direc- tion through Hiawatha and enters Nemaha county. A line of the Mis- souri Pacific, built in the early '80s, crosses the northern boundary about the center, passes through Hiawatha and leaves at the southeast corner. The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific road enters in the south, branches at Horton near the southern boundary, one line leaving near the south- east corner, the other traversing the county in a northwesterly direction and connecting with the main line in Nebraska. Hiawatha, the county seat, is a large shipping point for all agricultural products and has sev- eral factories, but Horton in the south is the largest town in the county, and has the repair shops of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific road located there, and is also the division point of that road. In 1910 the population of Brown county was 21,314, and the total value of farm products, exclusive of live s.tock, was $2,921,381. The principal crops were corn, $1,920,240; hay, including all kinds, $428,716; oats, v$394,522; Irish potatoes, $63,578; wheat, $37,614. Brown, John, abolitionist, frequently referred to as "Osawatomie Brown," was born at Torrington, Conn.. May 9. 1800, a son of Owen and Ruth (Mills) Brown. His earliest American ancestor was Peter Brown, who came over in the Mayflower in 1620, and his grandfather, John Brown, was a captain in the Connecticut militaia during the Revolution. This Capt. Brown married Hannah Owen, of Welsh ex- traction, and Ruth Mills was of Dutch descent, so that John Brown of Osawatomie was an admixture of three nationalities. His maternal grandfather, Gideon Mills, was also a Revolutionary soldier. In 1805 Owen Brown removed with his family to Ohio, where John grew to manhood, working on the farm and as a currier in his father's tannery, part of the time as foreman. When about 20 years of age he took up the study of survejnng and followed that occupation for a few years. He then went to Crawford county. Pa., where he lived until 1835, when he located in Portage county, Ohio. In 1846 he went to Spring- field, Mass., and engaged in the business of buying and selling wool on commission. No sooner had he established himself in this busi- ness than he tried to force up the price of wool, but the New Eng- land manufacturers combined against him and he was compelled to ship some 200,000 pounds to Europe, where he sold it at a loss, be- coming bankrupt. Gerrit Smith then gave him a piece of land near North Elba, N. Y., in the bleak, desolate region of the Adirondacks, and here Brown lived until 1851. He then returned to Ohio and again engaged in the wool business, this time with better success. Owen Brown was one of the early school of abolitionists, a disciple of Hopkins and Edwards, and from his earliest childhood John Brown breathed an atmosphere antagonistic to the institution of slavery. He was twice married — first to Dianthe Lusk, a widow, who bore him seven children : and second to Marv Ann Day, bv whom he had thirteen (I-16) . 242 CYCLOrEDIA OF children. Eight of the twenty children died young, and of those who- grew to maturity all were abolitionists. Five of his sons removed from Ohio to Kansas in 1854 and selected claims some 8 to 10 miles- from Osawatomie, where they were joined by their father on Oct. 5,. .lOH.V HHOWN MONUMENT. OSAWATOMIK. 1855. Father and sons were muslered in as niiliiia by the free-state' party and turned out to aid in the defense of Lawrence. Two o£ Brown's sons were captured by tlic L'nited Slates cavalry, which was. used to aid in enforcing the lerritnri.'il laws passed by a pro-slavery- KANSAS HISTORY 243 legislature, and John Brown, Jr., with his hands fastened behind his back, was driven by a cavalry company 9 miles on a trot to Osawatomie. Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography says: "This state of things must be fully remembered in connection with the so-called 'Pottawatomie Massacre,' which furnishes, in the opinion of both friends and foes, the most questionable incident in Brown's career.'.' In Jan., 1859, Brown left Kansas with a number of slaves taken from Missouri owners and went to Canada, where he arranged the details for his raid on Harper's Ferry, Va. Through the national Kan- sas committee he secured 200 rifles, and on June 3, 1859. he left Boston with $500 in gold and permission to keep the rifles. Late in that month Brown and his associates i"ented a small farm near Harper's Ferry, where they were to complete the preparations for their raid. Brown's daughter, Anne, and a daughter-in-law, Owen Brown's wife, were installed as housekeepers. Here Brown was visited in August by Frederick Douglass, to whom he imparted his plan for the seizure of the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and, if necessary to carry out his purpose, the capture of the town itself. Douglass did not look with favor on the scheme, but Brown, having consecrated his life to the abolition of slavery, was not to be dissuaded. Accord- ingly, on Sunday evening, Oct. 16, 1859, Brown mustered 18 of his men and moved on the arsenal. At half-past ten the gates were broken in with a crow-bar, the small guard was overpowered without difficulty, and by midnight the town was patrolled by the raiders. Six men were sent to bring in some planters living in the vicinity, with their slaves, it being Brown's idea to free and arm the negroes to aid in bringing about a general uprising. Unhappily for the scheme a train got through Harper's Ferry and carried the news to Washington. Capt. Robert E. Lee, who afterwards won distinction as a Confederate gen- eral, hurried from Washington with a company of marines, and the citizens armed themselves to aid the troops in capturing the raiders. Brown and six of his men barricaded themselves in the engine room and held out against great odds until two of his sons were killed and he was wounded. He was tried before a Virginia court, convicted of treason and sentenced to be hanged. His execution took place on Dec. 2, 1859, and it is said that no man ever met his fate with greater forti- tude. His body was buried at North Elba, Essex county, N. Y., near the farm given him by Gerrit Smith. John Brown has been called a fanatic, and some have even gone so far as to adjudge him insane, though there is no positive evidence to show that he was mentally unbalanced. From boyhood the doc- trines of abolition had been drilled into him, until the idea that all men ought to be free became with him a sort of obsession. His methods were not always of the best character, but he had the courage of his convictions and was willing to lay down his life for a principle. His battles of Black Jack and Osawatomie were insignificant when com- pared with Gettysburg or Chickamauga, but they began the conflict that ended in the annihilation of chattel slaverv in the U^nited States. 244 CYCLOl'EDIA OF On Aug. 30, 1877, a monument was unveiled at Osavvatomie "'In memory of the heroes who fell in defense of freedom,'' John J- Ingalls delivering the dedicator}' address. The monument was erected by the John Brown Memorial association. Some years later the Women's Relief Corps of Kansas started a movement to have the battlefield of Osawatomie set apart as a public park. The field was purchased on May 13, 1909, and on Aug. 31, 1910, the park was dedicated with imposing ceremonies. ex-President Roosevelt being the orator of the occasion. Besides these recognitions of Brown's valor, the Kansas legislature of 1895 passed a resolution requesting the authorities in charge of the United States statuary hall at Washington to permit the Lincoln soldiers' and Sailors' National Monument association to place a statue of John Brown in the hall, but nothing farther came of the movement. Brown, Mary A., second wife of John Brown, was born in Wash- ington county, N. Y., April 15, 1816. Her maiden name was Mary A. Day. At the age of sixteen years she became the wife of Brown and assumed the care and management of his five motherless children. After the execution of her husband she retired to the Adirondack re- gion of New York, where she lived in seclusion until 1862, when, ac- companied by her family, she removed in ]awn. In iS;'i4 slv^ went to California and was not again east of the Rocky mountains until 1882. In that year she visited Chicago at the request of the John Brown jMemorial Association, and on Nov. 11, 1882, she arrived in Topeka, where she was the guest of T. D. Thacher. This was her first visit to Kansas, as she remained in New York when her husband and his sons came to the territory in the '50s. A reception was given Mrs. Brown in the senate chaml^er on the evening of the T^th. .She then visited Lawrence and Osawatomie and returned to California. She died on Feb. 29, 1884. Brown, William R., lawyer and member of Congress, was born at Bulialo. X. 'N'.. July 16, 1840. He was educated at Phillips Academy, Exeter. N. H.. and at Union University, Schenectady, N. Y., graduating at the latter institution when 22 years of age. After leaving college he studied law and in 1864 was admitted to the bar. Soon after that he came to Kansas and lucated at Lawrence, where he took an active part in political life. In 1866 he removed to Emporia and entered into partnership with Judge R. M. Ruggles. He served as deput}^ clerk of the supreme court and was journal clerk of the lower house of the state legislature in 1866-67. .'Kt the close of the session Mr. Brown dissolved his partnership with Judge Ruggles and opened a law office at Cottonwood Falls, Chase county. The same year he was elected judge nf the Ninth judicial district. Always a public-spirited man, with the welfare of the people at heart, he served as judge tuitil March I, 1875, when he resigned, having been elected to Congress the pre- vious fall as a Republican. After serving one term in Congress, Mr. P.rnwn became tiie senior member of ilu- l.iw firm nf Brown & Zim- merman of Hutchinson. KANSAS HISTORY 245 Brownell, a tnvN'ii of Waring lownsliijj, Xess county, is a station on the Miss(niri Pacifis R. R. about i6 miles northeast of Ness City, the county seat. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with one rural delivery route, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, a good retail trade. Baptist and Methodist churches, good public schools, and in 1910 reported a population of 200. Brownsville, an inland hamlet of Chautauqua county, is located near the east line of the county, 11 miles northeast of Sedan, the judicial seat, and about the same distance southwest of Elk City in Montgom- ery county, whence it receives its mail by rural route. The nearest railroad station is Monett, on the Missouri Pacific about 5 miles south- west. The population according to the report of 1910 was 15. Bruce, a thriving little town of Crawford county, is a station on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. about 12 miles southwest of Girard, the county seat, and 4 miles west of Cherokee, from which place mail is received by rural free delivery. In 1910 the population was 164. Buchanan, James, 15th president of the United States, from 1857 to 1861, and under whose administration Kansas was admitted into the Union, was born at Mercersburg, Pa., April 23, 1791. His father, a native of County" Donegal, Ireland, came to America in 1783 and set- tled in Cumberland county. Pa., where he married and raised a family of eleven children, of which James was the second. After attending the local schools, the future president entered Dickinson College, where he graduated in 1809. He then studied law and in 1812 began practice at Lancaster, Pa. Although a Federalist and opposed to the War of 1812, his first public address at Lancaster, in 1814, was in favor of enlisting more troops, and even enrolled his own name. In Oct., 1814, he was elected to the Pennsylvania legislature, and the succeeding year was reelected. He then declined further political honors for the purpose of devoting all his talent and energies to the practice of his profession, but the death of the young woman to whom he was be- trothed caused him to change his plans, and in 1820 he was elected to represent his district in Congress. After serving in that capacity for ten years. President Jackson appointed him minister to Russia in 1831. In the fall of 1833 he returned to Pennsylvania, and the follow- ing year was elected United States senator by the legislature of that state. In 1839 President Van Buren tendered him the attorney-gen- eralship of the United States, but he declined, preferring to remain in the senate. In 1845 h^ entered the cabinet of President Polk as sec- retary of state, where his tact on the Oregon boundar}^ question and the annexation of Texas proved of great value to the administration. In 1852 he was defeated by Franklin Pierce for the Democratic nomina- tion for president, and after the latter was inaugurated he appointed Mr. Buchanan minister to England. He was nominated and elected president in 1856. The principal events of his administration were the Dred Scott decision ; the Kansas troubles, which he had inherited from President Pierce's, administration the John Brown raid on Harper's 246 CYCLOPEDIA OF Ferry, Va. ; the trial and execution of Brown, and the secession of some of the Southern states. Mr. Buchanan's alliance with the slave power ; his efforts to force the admission of Kansas under the Le- compton constitution, which would have made Kansas a slave state ; and his failure to prevent the secession of states, caused him to be severely criticised, yet he promptly signed the bill admitting Kansas under the Wyandotte constitution as a free state. He was succeeded by Abraham Lincoln on March 4, 1861, and five days later retired to his country seat at Wheaton, where for a time he kept aloof from the cares of public life. Subsequently he spent some of his leisure time in writing a vindication of his policy, his book being published in 1866 under the title of "Buchanan's Administration." James Buchanan died at Lancaster, Pa;, June i, 1868. Buckcreek, a station on the Union Pacific R. R. in Jefferson county, is located on the southern line of the county just where the railroad crosses the border, 6 miles from the east line. It is 12 miles from Oskaloosa, the county seat. Mail is supplied from Williamstown by rural route. Buckeye, a rural hamlet of Dickinson county, is situated in the town- ship of the same name, about 8 miles north of Abilene, the county seat and most convenient railroad station, from which place mail is received by rural free delivery. The population was 40 in 1910. Bucklin, one of the principal towns of Ford county, is located in the southeastern part, 27 miles from Dodge City, at the junction of two divisions of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. It was in- corporated in 1909 and in 1910 reported a population of 696. Bucklin has two banks, a weekly newspaper (the Banner), an international money order postoffice with two rural routes, a grain elevator, tele- graph and express service, a telephone exchange, hotels, mercantile establishments, Protestant churches, good public schools, and is the shipping and supply point for a large agricultural district. Bucyrus, a village in the northeastern part of Miami county, is on the Missouri Pacific railroad, 15 miles northeast of Paola, the county seat. It has a money order postofifice, telegraph station and express office, and in 1910 the population was 200. Buffalo.-: — Not until Cortez reached .'\nahuac, the capital of the yXzitcs. in 1 521, was the buffalo known to Europeans. Montezuma at Ihat time had a well appointed menagerie, and among the .inimals of iiis collection the greatest rarity was the "Mexican Bull, a wonderful composition of divers animals. It has crooked Shoulders, with a Bunch on its Back like a Camel; its Flanks dry, its Tail large, and its neck covered with Hair like a Lion. It is cloven footed, ils Head armed like that of a Bull, whicii it resembles in Fierceness witli no less strength and Agility." This is probably the first description of the Aniorican buffalo in print. In 1530 Cabeca de Vaca encountered buffalo in a wild stale in what is now Texas. He also left n description of ihcm. telling of the KANSAS HISTORY 247 •quality of their meat and of the uses of buft'alo robes. Coronado in 1542 reached the buffalo country on his way to Quivira, and traversed the plains that were "full of crooke-backed oxen, as the mountain Serena in Spaine is of Sheepe." In 1612 an English navigator named Samuel Argoll mentions meeting with bufifalo while on a trip to Vir- ginia, discovering them some miles up the Pembrook (Potomac) river, probably near Washington, D. C. Father Hennepin encountered buf- falo in 1679 while on a journey up the St. Lawrence river. Marquette has said that the prairies along the Illinois river were "covered with buffaloes." Lewis & Clark, the explorers, when on their return trip down the Missouri in 1806, mention having to wait an hour for a herd that was then crossing the river. Col. Richard I. Dodge, in his "Plains of the Great West," describing a herd met with in Kansas, says: "In May, 1871, I drove in a light wagon from old Fort Zarah to Fort Larned on the Arkansas, 34 miles. At least 25 miles of this distance was through one immense herd, com- posed of countless smaller herds of buffalo then on their journey north. . . . The whole country appeared one great mass of buffalo, moving slowly to the northward. . . . The herds in the valley sullenly got out of my way, and, turning, stared stupidly at me, sometimes at only a few yards' distance. When I had reached a point where the hills were no longer than a mile from the road, the buffalo on the hills, seeing an unusual object in their rear, turned, stared an instant, then started at full speed towards me, stampeding and bringing with them the numer- ous herds through which they passed and pouring down upon me all the herds, no longer separated, but one immense compact mass of plunging animals, mad with fright, and as irresistible as an avalanche. . . . Reining up ,my horse. ... I waited until the front of the mass was within 50 yards, when a few well-directed shots from my rifle split the herd, and sent it pouring off in two streams to my right and left. When all had passed me they stopped, apparently satisfied, though thousands were yet within range of my rifle and many within less than 100 yards. Disdaining to fire again, I sent my servant to cut out the tongues of the fallen. This occurred so frequently within the next 10 miles, that when I arrived at Fort Larned I had twenty-six tongues in my wagon. ... I was not himting, wanted no meat, and would not voluntarily have fired at the herds. I killed oply in self-preservation and fired almost every shot from the wagon." This herd is estimated to have numbered about 4,000,000 head. Accounts are numerous of the existence of buffalo in other remote localities, but on the great plains they throve best and were to be found in greatest numbers. The mating season occurred when the herd was on the range, when the calves were from two to four months old. During the "running season" the herds came together in one dense mass of many thousands — in many instances so numerous as to blacken the face of the landscape. Kearney, Neb., was probably very near the center of the buffalo range, and every year the plains Indians had their 248 CYCLOPEDIA OF buffalo hunt. The buffalo supplied man}- of their wants, the skins being carefully tanned to supply clothing, bedding, and covers for tepees; the meat not intended for immediate consumption was stripped off the car- cass, carefully dried, and thus made available for use until the next hunt. The hides of the old bulls were used as a covering for a water craft known as "bull boats" — being carefully stretched over a round framework, the hairy side within. These boats were constructed more easily than by hollowing otit logs. "Of all the quadrupeds that have lived tipon the earth, probably no other species has ever marshaled such innumerable hosts as those of the American bison. It would have been as easy to count or to esti- mate the number of leaves in a forest as to calculate the number of buffaloes living at any given time during the history of the species pre- vious to 1870." From 1820 to 1840 it has been estimated that approximately 652,275 buffaloes were killed by buffalo hunters, the total value of which at $5 eadh would be $3,261,375. Where Indians killed one for food the the hide and tongue himters killed fifty. This incessant slaughter was kept up year after year, thousands of htmters — whites and Indians — being employed for no other purpose than to kill as many as they could. Buffalo Bill (W. F. Cody) was once engaged in this business and is said to have killed 4,280 in 18 months, while thousands of others were likewise engaged of whom no record is had. In 1871 several thousand hunters were in the field and it is estimated that from 3,000 to 4,000 buffaloes were killed daily. The building of the Pacific railroads divided the buffaloes into two large herds that ranged on either side of the Platte river. The esti- mated numbers in these herds at this time was about 3,000,000 each and it was never thought by western men in those days that it would be possible to exterminate such a mighty multitude. But the same im- provident work of destruction continued and by 1875 the southern herd had been exterminated. The northern herd in 1882 was thought to number about 1,000,000 head, but by 1883 it was almost annihilated, and Sitting Bull and a few white hunters that year had the distinction of killing the last 10,000 that remained. This wholesale slaughter of the buffalo brought about more than one uprising among the P]ains Indians, who foresaw the total destruction of their food supply, and some sanguinary wars were the result. Dur- ing the construction of (he Kansas Pacific and Atchison. To])cka dt Santa Fe railroads the buffaloes were so innricrons as to impede work, and on more than one occasion trains were derailed by rnnning into herds. After the extermination of the southern iierd a new industry sprang up, the bones of the slaughtered millions being carefully gathered and shii)ped back east, where they were ground into fertilizer to be used on the impoverished farms of the older sections. Thousands of car- loads were shipped, the average price paid being from $4 to $6 a ton. KANSAS IllSTOKY 249 Charles J. (Buffalo) Jones, for many years a resident of Kansas, suc- ceeded in a measure in domesticating the buffalo, and has made experi- ments in crossing them with the Galloway breed of cattle, the product (Catalo) taking the characteristics of the buffalo. To save the animals from total destruction the United States secured ;i number of buffaloes and placed them in the Yellowstone National Park where they might be free from molestation. This small herd in- creases very slowly owing to losses of calves through predatory ani- mals. Outside of a few public and private collections, the buft'alo has entire!}- disappeared. Buffalo, one of the incorporated towns of Wilson county, is located in Clifton township on the Missouri Pacific R. R. and on Buffalo creek, 15 miles northeast of Fredohia, the county seat. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper, brick and tile works, a feed mill, express and tele- graph offices, and an international money order postofifice with two rural routes. The town is located in the oil and gas fields. The population for 1910 was 807. Buffalo was founded in 1867, when a postoffice was established there with Chester Gould as postmaster. The first store was opened in 1869 by the Young Bros., and the first hotel by John Van Meter, in 1870. The Buffalo Agricultural Society was organized in 1872. In 1886 the railroad was built, which was an impulse to the growth of the place. The next year the first bank was started. The town was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1898, and the first election held in October of that year, when the following officers were chosen : Mayor, E. B. Johnson; police judge, A. Jamieson; clerk, C. M. Callar- nan : treasurer. J. L. Dryden ; street commissioner, O. P. Neff ; coun- cilmen, W. L. Ward, J. S. Blankenbecker, B. E. Jones, A. A. McCann, G. K. Bideau. Buffalo Bill. — The sobriquet of "Buffalo Bill," known throughout the country as a synonym for daring and superior marksmanship with the rifle, is claimed by two men, both of whom won the appellation in Kansas. These men are William Mathewson, a pioneer, of Wichita, and William F. Cody, better known in late years as proprietor of the "Wild West show." Although the latter is more widely known, there is little doubt that Mathewson was the first to receive the title of Euft'alo Bill. He was born in Broome count}', N. Y., Jan. i, 1830, and while still in the "teens" came west and went as far as Denver with the celebrated scout. Kit Carson. James R. Mead, a pioneer Indian trader, in an interview in the St. Louis Republic of June 24, 1906, says that Mathewson struck the Santa Fe trail near old Fort Zarah and established a trading post near the site of the present city of Great Bend, and that he gained the name of Buffalo Bill in the winter of 1860-61 by supplying the settlers with buffalo meat during a scarcity of provisions. William F. Cody Avas born in Scott county, Iowa, Feb. 26, 1846. His father was killed in the "Border War" in Kansas, and in 1860-61, ^50 CYCLOPEDIA OF when only 15 years of age he became a pony express rider across the plains. While thus occupied he gained a knowledge of the country that led him to accept the duties of guide and scout, and in the Civil war he was a member of the Seventh Kansas cavalry. "Who's Who in America," for 1910-11, says Cody "contracted to furnish the Kansas Pacific railway with all the buffalo meat required to feed the laborers engaged in construction, and in 18 months (1867-8) killed 4,280 buffalo, earning the name of 'Buffalo Bill,' by which he is best known." From 1868 to 1872 he was a government guide and scout in the operations against the Sioux and Cheyenne Indians, and he has probably par- ticipated in more Indian fights than any other living man. He was elected to Nebraska legislature in 1872; again became a scout, for the Fifth U. S. cavalry; was judge advocate of the Nebraska National Guard, and in 1883 organized the Wild West show, with which he has traveled extensively in this country and Europe. This fact has kept his name before the public, while Mr. Mathewson has been con- tent to pursue the "even tenor of his way." Mead, whose interview is referred to above, was an intimate acquaintance and associate of Mathewson, and was no doubt fully acquainted with the facts. From his statement it will be seen that Mathewson was known as "Buffalo Bill" at least six years before the name was applied to Cod}'. Capt. Jack Crawford, the well known scout, also makes the statement that Col. ]\Iathewson is the original "Buffalo Bill.'" During his life on the frontier, Mathewson always tried to main- tain friendly relations with the Indians, but on one occasion it be- came necessary for him to discipline the Kiowa chief, Satanta, with his fist, which he did so thoroughly that he became known among the Indians as "Zane-pong-za-del-py," \\hich in English means "Bad man with the long beard." Buffalo County, now extinct, was created by the legislature of 1879, with the following boundaries: "Commencing where the north line of township 20 south, intersects the line of range 27 west, thence south along range line (o its intersection with the north line of township 24 south ; thence west along township line to where it intersects the east line of range 31 west: thence north along range line to where it intersects the north line of township 20, south : thence east to the place of beginning." It was bounded on the north by I.anc county, oast by Ness and ITndgcman, south by Eoole and west by Sequoyah and Scott counties. In 1881 the northern tier of townships was taken from Buffalo and added to Lane, the remainder being made a part of a new county called Gray, and later was taken to form Finney county. Buffalo Grass. — CBuchloe dactyloides Engelm), a species of low, fine-leafed creeping perennial, rarely growing more than 4 to 6 inches high, was cmce very ])lcntiliil nn the western pl;iins. It grew ini tin- dry i)rairies and river bottoms from Sontli l);iknia to Texas, attained its growth early and cured long before frost time, preserving all its KANSAS HISTORY 25 1 nutriment and forming the principal forage of the buffaloes during winter. It seemed to thrive best where most trampled. As the plains country settled up, and tame grasses have been introduced the buffalo grass has gradually disappeared, the newer -varieties crowding it out. (See Short Grass Country.) Buford Expedition. — Immediately after the passage of the Kansas Nebraska bill in 1S54, which provided that the people of Kansas might form a constitution establishing or prohibiting slavery, as they saw fit, a struggle was at .once commenced between the slave power and the free-soilers for possession of the new territory. (See Slavery.) The adjoining slave state of Missouri took up the fight at once, and by send- ing voters into the territory succeeded in electing the members of the first legislature. But by the latter part of 1855 it became evident that Missouri alone could not force slavery into Kansas, and an appeal was sent to the other slave states for help. This appeal contained the fol- lowing statement : "The great struggle will come off at the next elec- tion in Oct., 1856, and unless at that time the South can maintain her ground all will be lost. The time has come for action — bold, determined action. Words will no longer do any good ; we must have men in Kansas and that by the tens of thousands. A few will not answer." The people of the South generally conceded that Kansas would be admitted as a free state, yet there were some who were willing to make sacrifices to continue the fight. Among these was Jeft'erson Buford, a lawyer of Enfaula, Ala., who had won the rank of major in the Indian war of 1836. On Nov. 11, 1855, he issued a call for emigrants to be read}' by Feb. 20, 1856. To every one who would agree to go to Kansas he guaranteed free transportation, means of support for one year, and a homestead of 40 acres of first rate land. He pledged $20,000 of his own money and asked for contributions, agreeing to put one bona fide settler in Kansas for every $50 thus donated. On Jan. 7, 1856, Buford sold 40 of his slaves for $28,000 and put most of the proceeds into the enterprise. He then made a canvass of the principal towns of the state, asking and receiving donations. In this work he was aided by some of the pro-slavery leaders. His arrangements were completed by April 4, and on that date 400 men assembled at Montgomery, ready for the start. Of these men 100 were from South Carolina, 50 were from Georgia, i was from Illinois, I from Massachusetts, and the rest were Alabamians. On the 5th they embarked on the steamboat Messenger, bound for St. Louis via Mobile. As they marched to the landing they carried two banners, one of which bore the legend : "The Supremacy of the White Race," and on the reverse the words, "Kansas the Outpost." On the other banner was in- scribed : "Alabama for Kansas — North of 36° 30'," and on the reverse, "Bibles — not Rifles." The last was inspired by the fact that on the day before their departure from Montgomery a religious congregation hau presented every man with a Bible. The expedition arrived in Kansas on May 2, and the men immediately 252 CVCl.Ol'EUIA OF began looking for suitable land upon which to locate. But just at that juncture the governor called on the citizens to turn out "in sufficient force to execute the laws." Buford collected his men, some at Lecomp- ton, some at Lawrence, and they were enrolled and armed as part of the territorial militia. About 11 a. m. on the 21st they joined the pro- slavery forces near Lawrence, but after the destruction of that town Col. Buford "disclaimed having come to Kansas to destroy property, and condemned the course which had been taken." In June Buford went South and to Washington, D. C, to solicit aid. At Washington, he succeeded in securing the cooperation of the lead- ing pro-slavery men in Congress. Upon his return to Kansas, late in the year 1856, he found that Gov. Geary had disbanded the militia; some of his men had returned to their homes in the South ; some had en- listed, in the United States troops in Kansas; others had joined the opposition and became free-state partisans, and a few had become peace- able settlers. Broken in spirit, Buford went back to Alabama, having suffered a net loss of over $10,000 by his undertaking. He died at Clayton, Ala., Aug. 28, 1861, of heart disease. Buhler, a town in Little River township, Reno county, is located on the Little Arkansas river at the point where it is crossed by the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R., about 12 miles northeast of Hutchinson, the county seat. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, two grain elevators, hotel, creamery, telegraph, telephone and express service, some good mercantile houses, schools, churclies, etc., and in 1910 reported a population of 275. Bunch, a rural hamlet of Butler county, is located about 18 miles nearly due south of Eldorado, the county seat, and 8 miles northwest of Wingate, which is the nearest railroad station. Mail is (ielixcred from Atlanta. Bunkerhill, an incorporated cit}- of the third class in Russell county, is located in Center township, and is a station on the Union Pacific R. R. 9 miles east of Russell, the county seat. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with three rural routes, telegraph and express offices, tele- phone connections, a graded public school, an opera house, hotel, grain elevator, machine shop, a cornet band, Protestant churches, and in 191D rc])ortcd a population of 242. Burden, an incorporated city of the third class in Cowley county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. in Silver Creek town- ship 17 miles northeast of Winfield, the county seat. Burden has a bank, a weekly newspaper (the Times), a flour mill, an international money order postoffice with three rural routes, telegraph, telephone and ex- press service, a large retail trade, Baptist, Methodist and Christian churches, good public schools, and is the principal shipping jioint for a rich ngriculturaj district. The i)opulation in 1910 was 424. Burdett, a town in Browns Grove township. Pawnee county, is a sta- tion on the division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe U. K. that nms from Larncd to Jetmorc 24 miles west of Lamed. It has a liank. KANSAS insTouy 253 a money order postoffice with one rural rmite, lelei^rapli and express offices, a grain elevator, hotel, some good mercantile houses, and is the chief shipping and supply point in the western part of the c(Hinty. The population in 1910 was 300. Burdick, a town of Diamond Valley township, Morris county, is a station on the Strong City & Superior division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 23 miles from Strong City and a^out 20 miles south- west of Council Grove, the county seat. It has a bank, a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, telephone connections, Protes- tant churches, a good retail trade, important shipping interests, and in 1910 reported a population of 225. Bureau of Labor Statistics. — Early in the '80s, the people of Kansas began to feel the need of legislation to determine questions regarding the rights of labor. As the result of this agitation, the legislature of 1885 passed an act creating a "bureau of labor and industrial statistics." By this act the governor was authorized to appoint a commissioner to be known as the "Commissioner of Labor Statistics," for a term of two years, whose salary was fixed at $1,000. The commissioner was given power to "take and preserve testimon}', examine witnesses under oath," to enter any public institution in the state, any factory, workshop or mine, in the discharge of his duties, and require persons, companies or officers of corporations to furnish answers to his interrogatories when investigating any subject. On May i, 1885, the governor appointed Frank H. Betton of Wyan- dotte the first commissioner of labor statistics. Kansas is one of the pioneer states in the organization of such a department, for although the value of authentic and accurate information in regard to the work- ing classes was recognized, the first action in this regard was not taken until 1869, when the state of Massachusetts organized the first state labor bureau. In his report, transmitted to the governor on Jan. r, 1886, the labor commissioner reported upon conciliation and arbitration, labor organi- zations in Kansas, views of the workingmen, convict labor, the mining industries of the state : reviewed the growth of manufacturing industries in the state, furnished a wage table and reported upon the railroads within the boundaries of Kansas. In 1886, in order to procure accurate results, the commissioner inaugurated a system of month!}- blanks, distributed them among the labor organizations, with a request that they be distributed among the various members, and requested that the questions be answered and the blanks returned to the commissioner's office. Statistics were also gath- ered from ninety per cent, of the manufacturing and kindred industries, which show that the average number of employees in Kansas in 188'. was 13,988. In 1887 a bill was passed by the legislature to encourage cooperative societies, and another "to secure the laborers in and about coal mines and manufactories the payment of their wages at regular intervals, and 254 CYCLOPEDIA OF in lawful monej- of the United States." This last act was due to the efforts of mining companies and some other corporations in various parts of the country to pay their employees in scrip good for trade at the companies' stores. In 1898 a law was passed "to create a state society of labor and in- dustry," which provided that whenever seven or more laborers, me- chanics or wage earners of any kind, "now organized or (who) shall hereafter organize in any county, city or muncipality in the State of Kansas," for the purpose of collecting and studying statistics of labor and industry or for "the investigation of economic and commercial or industrial pursuits," the organization was to be allowed one delegate for the first 50 members or fraction thereof and one delegate for each ad- ditional 100 or majority fraction thereof, to represent it at the annual meeting of the state society of labor and industry, which was fixed by law for the first Monday in Feb., 1899, ^iid each year thereafter on the same date. These annual meetings are held at the state capitol at To- peka. By the act of creation, the delegates from the dilterent societies in the state were authorized to elect a president, vice-president, secre- tary and assistant secretary, "which officials shall constitute a state bureau of labor and industry and said secretary' shall be ex officio com- missioner of the bureau of labor and industry and state factory inspec- tor, and said assistant secretary shall be ex officio assistant commissioner of said bureau." The duties of the commissioner remained practically the same as they were under the bureau of labor statistics, but he was instructed to pay particular attention to industrial pursuits, strikes and other labor difficulties, also to cooperation and trade-unions. During a little more than a quarter of a centur}' since the I-Cansas bureau of labor statistics was created, legislative enactments have wid- ened the scope of the bureau and had for their purpose the improvement of the industrial conditions and the protection of the interests of the laboring classes. This has necessitated an increase in the personnel of the bureau, w hich in 1910, consisted of the following members: A commissioner and factory inspector, an assistant commissioner and assistant factory in- spector, two deputy factory inspectors, a chief clerk, a statistical clerk, and a stenographer. At each session of the legislaiinc, l.ibor has received increased recog- nition, until todav there are more Ih.TU forty labor laws, most of which were enacted as a result of suggestions from the bureau. Two of the most important of these laws are the child labor law and the law pro- viding for the report of all accidents due to defects and faults in the operations of machinery, nr other industrial equipment. By the fire insjjeclion law, the commissioner of labor is ex officio state sujierin- tcndeiit of inspection, and thus brings under the scoi)e of factory in- spection, the work of inspecting fire escapes and means of egress in buildings of three stories or more in height. During the year 1910 the inspector and his assistants ins|)ecte(l 1,553, KANSAS HISTORY 255 manufacturing establishments representing 26 different branches of industry and employing 54,948 laborers. The bureau has gathered statistics from 458 labor organizations, located in 74 cities of Kansas, and as a result of the investigation of labor difficulties, strikes and acci- dents, has been able to suggest legislation upon these subjects, which is one of its most important functions. The enforcement of the labor laws of Kansas rests with the labor bureau. Prosecutions with regard to the infringement of the child labor laws have been made in over thirty cases. The enforcement of the eight-hour law by the bureau has been accompanied by great success,, which has led to a better recognition of the law. Commissioner John- son, in his report of the current work of the bureau of labor, at the twelfth meeting of the State Society of Labor and Industry, said that the. following resolution was adopted at the third annual convention of the state federation, "On the question of cooperation with the State Society of Labor and Industry, we desire to say that we consider this one of the most vital questions that will come before this convention. We wish to point out the fact that in the state of Kansas the trade- unions control absolutely the state bureau of labor. They elect in con- vention assembled the labor commissioner and his assistants, a privi- lege not given to organized labor in any other state in the Union. This plan of allowing the labor-unions to elect the officials- of the bureau makes it possible to place union men as factory inspec- tors, statistical clerks, etc., and in fact, in the State of Kansas every em- ployee of the labor bureau is a union man." Burlingame, formerly the judicial seat of Osage county, is located northwest of the central part of the county, 16 miles from Lyndon and 26 miles south of Topeka, and is one of the important towns in that section of the state. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. from To- peka diverges at this point, one branch going to Emporia and the other to Alma. Potter's clay and coal are found in the vicinit}^ and these, with live stock, grain and produce, form the chief shipments. There are three weekly papers, ample banking facilities, planing mill, electric lighting plant, churches, graded and high schools, an opera house and public halls. All the leading fraternities are represented. The town is well supplied wi4h express and telegraph facilities and has an inter- national money order postoffice with six rural routes. The population in 1910 was 1,422. Burlingame is the oldest town in Osage county having been built up from the nucleus started under the name of Council City in 1855. In 1857 the site was surveyed which took in a larger area and the name was changed to Burlingame in honor of Anson Burlingame afterward minister to China. The name of the postoffice was not changed until Jan. 30, 1858, and later in the year the town company was organized. Being at the crossing of Switzler creek, Burlingame was the most im- portant stop on the Santa Fe trail with the exception of Council .Grove. The trail formed the principal street of the town. Improvement was 256 CYCLOPEDIA UF rapid from 1857 until the breaking out of the war. A bridge was put across the Switzler. saw mills and grist mills were built, and durable buildings, some of them of stone, were put up. In i860 it was incor- porated as a cit}' by act of the legislature and became a city of the third class in 1870. Three years efterward the city hall with the records were burned. The first officers elected were : Mayor, Phillip C. Schuyler ; cotincilmen. S. R. Caniit, George Bratton. E. P. Sheldon and Joseph McDonald. The next year the county seat was located here, and re- mained until 1875 when it was taken to Lyndon. During the war growth was suspended. A large round fort was built in 1862 and a number of armed men stationed within to protect the town from destruction threatened by Bill Anderson, one of Quantrill's guerrilla band. As soon as peace was restored again business activity was renewed. A large three-story grist mill was built in 1866. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. reached Burlingame in 1869, and the event was duly celebrated by an excursion from Topeka on Oct. 4. Two destructive fires have occurred, one in 1873 and the other in 1883 the latter causing a property loss of $10,000. Burlingame, Anson, lawyer and diplomat, was born at New Berlin, N. Y., Nov. 14, 1820, and was a direct descendant of a family which set- tled at Warwick. R. I., at a very early day. He was educated in the common schools and the University of Alichigan, where he graduated in 1841. In 1846 he received his degree from the law department of Har- vard University and formed a partnership with Henry S. Briggs for the practice of law in Boston. In 1854 he joined the newly formed American party and was elected to Congress on that ticket. He assisted at the birth of the Republican party and openly opposed slavery in the speeches he made in Congress, of which bod}- he was a member in 1856. He was reelected in 1858, but failed of reelection in i860. In Sept., 1859. he visited Kansas and received many honors from the prominent men of the territory during his visit. President Lincoln appointed Mr. Burlingame minister to Austria in 1861, and upon his return to the United States William H. Seward persuaded him to remain in the diplo- matic service. He therefore, went to China on a mission for die I'nited States government. He was appointed special envoy to the United States by the Chinese government and led the official parly that ratified a treaty on July 28, 1868, which is known by his name. Mr. I'.nrlinganie died at St. Petersburg, Russia, Feb. 23, 1S70. Burlingame, Ward, journalist and for many years chief cU'rk of the dead letter division of the I'nited States postoffice department, was l)(;rn at Glovcrsville, N. "S'., h'eb. 6, 1836. He received his education in the public schools of his native town and later attended the academy at Kingsboro, N'. Y. Early in 1858 he located at Leavenworth, Kan. Mr. I'urlingame's first newspaper experience was on a daily paper called the Ledger, edited by George W. McLane. Later he assisted at the birth of tlie Leavenworth Daily Herald, which was established in connection with the weekly edition, and while on this paper he occupied neavl\- ;dl KANSAS HISTORY 257 (he places offered by such a printing establishment, from distributing the papers among the local subscribers, to writing editorials. Subsequently he worked on the Times and Evening Bulletin. After the election of 1862 Gov. Carney invited him to become his private secretary and he went to Topeka. In Jan., 1866, Mr. Burlingame went to Washington, D. C, as confidential secretary to James H. Lane, then United States senator from Kansas, and remained with him during the spring of that year. On his return to Kansas he was given editorial charge of the Leavenworth Conservative, owned at that time by M. H. Insley. Dur- ing Gov. Crawford's second term Mr. Burlingame served as his private secretary, and he continued to hold the same position during the first administration of Gov. Harvey and until February of the second term, when he resigned to accept the position of private secretary to Alexan- der Caldwell, who had been elected United States senator. He was also private secretary to Gov. Osborn during his second term, at the expiration of which he became Senator Plumb's private secretary, and also acted as Washington correspondent for the Atchison Champion. Mr. Burlingame's newspaper service in Kansas ended with his editor- ship of the Topeka Commonwealth, of which he was one of the founders. On Feb. i, 1880, he was appointed to a clerical position in the dead letter division of the postofifice department, and was promoted to that of chief clerk, which position he held for over ten years. In 1907 he resigned his position because of failing health and returned to Topeka, where he died on Dec. 3, 1908. Burlington, the judicial seat and most important town of Coffey county, is located just south of the central part of the county, at the junction of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroads, and on the Neosho river. It is a progressive little city, with waterworks, fire department, electric lights, and a number of commercial and manufacturing interests, including 2 banks, a daily and a tri-weekly newspaper, flour mill, grain elevators, tile factory, 3 cigar factories, creamery, carriage and wagon factory, and all lines of mercantile enterprises. It has excellent graded and high schools, and all denominations of churches. There are telegraph and express offices and an international money order postoffice with 6 rural routes. The population according to the report of the government census of 1910 was 2,180. The Burlington town company was incorporated in 1857, by O. E. Learnard, Charles Morse, J. A. D. Clark, T. T. Parsons and C. W. Southway. The town was named for Burlington, Vt., the home of O. E. Learnard, the principal promoter. The first building was a combina- tion of two small buildings brought from Hampden, and was used for a store in which James Jones kept a stock of goods. The second build- ing was a wagon shop erected by Edward Murdock, and the third was the "Burlington Hotel," which was constructed by F. A. Atherly on con- tract with the town company. Rev. Peter Remer and family came in Mav. Mrs. Remer was the first woman in Burlington. Dr. Samuel G. ' (I-17) 258 CYCLOPEDIA OF Howe, the philanthropist and husband of Jtilia Ward Howe, located a Wyandotte "float" in that year. It was surveyed into lots and a part of it sold and incorporated in the town. A great deal was done that first year in way of improvements. Several houses and business estab- lishments were built, and in addition a bridge was constructed across the Neosho and a mill was put in operation. During the war every thing was at a stand-still, the men having all enlisted in the army or being engaged in protecting the border. The unsettled condition of affairs pertaining to the location of the county seat was a drawback to the growth of the town until after 1866. By 1870 new life was in evi- dence in the progress of the town. A little carding mill which had been started in 1863 grew into a woolen mill, with a cotton gin in connection, a water mill had been built by Cross & Son at a cost of $55,000, and another mill was built in that )-ear at a cost of $16,000. In 1873, a $28,000 school house was erected. The first bank was opened in 1870. The first newspaper, the "Neosho Valley Register," was published by S. S. Prouty, in 1859. Burnett, Abraham, an Indian chief of the Pottawatomie tribe, was a son of Kaw-kee-me, a sister of the principal chief of the Pottawatomies at the time the Chicago treaty was concluded in 1821, and in that treaty Abraham was awarded a section of land. He lived with his people in Indiana until 1848, when he came to the tribal reservation near Topeka, Kan. A few miles southwest of the city of Topeka is an elevation which is still known as Mount Burnett, or Burnett's Mound, where he had his home. Like many of the red men, he loved "fire-water" and on his fre-. quent trips to Topeka, before the era of prohibition in Kansas, he some- times imbibed more than was good for him. As he weighed over 400 pounds it was something of a task to get him into his spring wagon when he was in a state of intoxication. He married a white woman of German extraction, and it is said that when he went home drunk he would test her temper by throwing his hat in at the window. If it re- mained in the house he would follow it, but if it was thrown out he would retire until he was sober before attempting to enter his domicile. He drew his annuity from the United States government with great regularity, and generally spent the most of it in Indian fashion — for gewgaws and fire-water. It was Burnett's boast that he never missed attending a circus in Topeka during his long residence near that city. He died on June 14, 1870, and his remains rest in an unmarked grave near the mound upon which he had so long made his home. Burns, one of the important towns of Marion county, is located in Milton township, and is a station on the Florence & y\rkansas division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway system, 21 miles south- east of Marion, the county seat. It has two banks, a money order post- office with two rural delivery routes, ex])rcss and telegraph ofliccs, tele- phone connections, a weekly newspaper (the Citizen), several good gen- eral stores, hotel, schools, churches, etc. Burns was incorporated in 1905 and in 1910 reported a population of 489. KANSAS HISTORY 259 Burr Oak, one of the principal towns of Jewell county, is located in Burr Oak township ii miles northwest of Mankato, the county seat. It is on White Rock creek and the Missouri Pacific R. R., and is con- nected with Otego by daily stage. It has banking facilities, an opera house, a hospital, fire department, a weekly newspaper, churches and schools, express and telegraph offices, and a postoffice with four rural mail routes. The population in 1910 was 1,132. Grain and live-stock are the principal products shipped.' Burr Oak was settled in 1870 by A. W. Mann, Zack Norinan, Lee M. Tingley, Thomas Richard Comstock, James McCormick, Frank Gilbert, A. J. Godfrey, D. H. Godfrey, Allen Ives, John E. Faidley and E. E. Blake. The town was laid out in 1871 by A. J. Godfrey, and the post- office established. John E. Faidley kept the first store. It was incor- porated as a city of the third class in April, 1880, the first officers were: J. K. McLain, mayor ; W. M. Spurlock, city clerk ; A. W. Mann, treas- urer ; T. W. Carpenter, O. F. Roberts, A. J. Godfrey, George Ouigley and Dr. J. E. Hawley, councilmen. Burrton, an incorporated town of Harvej- county, is located 18 miles west of Newton, at the junction of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the St. Louis & San Francisco railroads, which makes it an impor- tant shipping point for a rich agricultural district, the chief articles of export being grain, hay and live stock. Burrton has two banks, two weekly newspapers (the Graphic and the Grit), an international money order postoffice with four rural routes, several churches, a graded pub- lic school, an opera house, a number of first class mercantile houses, telegraph, telephone and express service, and in 1910 reported a popula- tion of 689. Burt, a little inland village in Woodson county, is on Turkey creek, in the northern part of the county, 8 miles northwest of Yates Center, the county seat, whence it receives mail by rural route. Moody, about 7 miles northeast, is the nearest railroad station and shipping point. The population in 1910 was 53. Burton, Joseph Ralph, United States senator, was born on the old Burton homestead, near Mitchell, Tnd., Nov. 16, 1851, the son of Allen C. and Elizabeth (Holmes) Burton. He is descended from English ances- tors, who came to America to escape the reign of Cromwell, and settled near Richmond, Va. His great-grandfather, John P. Burton, removed from Virginia to North Carolina during the Revolutionary war, and in 1820 went to Indiana, where he founded the Indiana line of Burtons. Elizabeth Holmes was of Scotch-German descent. Joseph R. Burton was reared on his father's farm, attended the district school and the academy at Mitchell, and at the age of sixteen received an appointment as cadet at the United States naval academy' at Annapolis, but failed to pass the physical examination. He taught school for a time, spent three years in Franklin College, Franklin, Ind., and one year at DePauw Uni- versity at Greencastle. In 1874 he began to read law in the office of Gordon, Brown & Lamb, at Indianapolis, and in 1875 was admitted to 260 CVCLOI'F.DIA OF the bar. In the spring of that year he married Mrs. Carrie (Mitchell) Webster of Princeton, Ind. In 1876 Mr. Burton was nominated by the Republicans for presidential elector and made many speeches during the campaign. In 1878 he removed to Kansas and located at Abilene, where he formed a partnership with Judge John H. Mahan for the prac- tice of law. He was elected to the Kansas legislature in 18S2 ; was reelected in 1884 and again in 1888; was commissioner to the World's Columbian exposition at Chicago in 1893; ^nd in 1895 lacked but one vote of being the Republican nominee for United States senator. In Jan., 1901, he was elected United States senator, but two years later was indicted by a Federal grand jury at St. Louis on the charge of accepting money from a corporation of questionable integrity of that city to use his influence with the postoffice department to prevent the company being denied the use of the mails. Burton claimed that the money was paid him as attorney's fees, and that he had done nothing more than other senators were doing every day, but the pressure became so strong that on June 4, 1906, he resigned his seat in the senate. (See Bailey's Administration.) Since retiring from the senate, Mr. Burton has given his entire attention to his law practice, extensive operations in real estate, etc. Busby, an inland hamlet in the eastern part of Elk county, is 12 miles east of Howard, the county seat, whence it receives mail daily. The population in 1910 was 47. The nearest railroad station is Buxton on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, in Wilson county. Bushong, a town of Lyon count}-, is located in the northwestern part of the county, about 20 miles from Emporia, and is a station on the Mis- souri Pacific R. R. 24 miles west of Osage City. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with one rural route, a number of general stores, hotel, public school, telegraph, telephone and express service, and does con- siderable shipping. The population in 1910 was 250. Bushton, a town in Farmer township. Rice county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 15 miles northwest of Lyons, the county seat. It has a bank, a mone}' order postoffice with two rural routes, a weekly newspaper — the News — a flour mill, a grain elevator, telegraph and ex- press offices, telephone connections, a good public school, and is the cen- ter of a large retail trade. Bushton was incorporated in 1907 and in 1910 reported a population of 222. Bushwhackers. — Webster defines (he wtird bushwhacker as meaning "r)nc .iccustnmcd to beat a])out or travel through bushes, one who lives in or frequents the woods; applied specifically by the Federal troops in the Civil war to irregular troops of the Confederate states engaged in guerrilla warfare. Hence a guerrilla or bushfighter.' Allliough this definition makes the words "bushwhacker'" ;ind "guer- rilla" synonymous, there is really a distinction between them. The true bushwhacker generally fights under cover, while the guerilla fic<|ni'nily has sufficient courage 1" conic nut into the open, (Sec Ciucrillas.) KANSAS IIIS'I'OKY 2f)l Butler County, the largest in area in Kansas, is located in the south- eastern part of the state, in the second tier of counties north of Okla- homa, and fifth west from Missouri. It is one of the original thirty-three counties created by the first territorial legislature, and was named in honor of Senator Butler of South Carolina. The boundaries as described in the creative act were as follows: "Beginning at the southeast corner of Wise county ; thence south 30 miles ; thence west 30 miles ; thence north 30 miles ; thence east 30 miles to the place of beginning." This gave the count}- an area of 900 square miles, but changes have been made in the boundaries at different times, so that today the county is bounded on the north by Marion and Chase counties; on the east by Greenwood and Elk ; on the south by Cowley; and on the west by Sedg- wick and Harvey, and has an area of 1,428 square miles, being larger than the state of Rhode Island. It is a prairie county but has considerable land of a slightly rolling character. The surface in the western part is principally "bottom" land and rolling prairie. The eastern part is in many places broken and rough. The river and creek bottoms comprise about one-fifth of the area and are from a mile to two miles in width. The timber belts along the streams range from a quarter of a mile to a mile in width, the prin- cipal varieties being oak, walnut, hickory, mulberry, sycamore, elm and hackberry. The principal streams are the Whitewater, in the north- west part of the county, which joins the Walnut at x\ugusta. These two streams have a number of tributaries, the most important of the Whitewater being Henry, Wentworth, Bakers, Rock and Meadow creeks; those of the Walnut the Cole, Durechon, Satchels, Bemis, Bird, Turkey, Four Mile, Little \^'alnut, Eight Mile and Muddy creeks. Limestone is abundant and extensive quarries have been developed, from which large quantities of stone are shipped to nearby cities. Gyp- sum has been found in small quantities in the western part of the county. Coal is found in thin layers in some places but has never been mined extensiveh'. There is a little waste land, as the soil is rich and deep, adapted to the growth of almost every variety of grain and fruit. Kafir-corn, oats, corn and winter wheat are the leading crops, and Butler ranks first in acreage and value of sorghum, forage, grain, Kafir-corn, alfalfa, and prairie hay. Live stock raising has been an important industry from the early days and the county leads in the number and value of animals slaughtered or sold for that purpose. There are in the county, over 250,000 fruit trees of bearing age. It is probable that the first settlements in Butler county were made about 1854, by men who located along the streams and established cattle ranches and trading posts. But the first authentic records of settle- ment do not date back of May, 1857, when William Hildebrand located in what is nov^' Eldorado township. In June of the same A^ear. Samuel Stewart of Lawrence organized a colony to settle in the county. They followed the old California trail to the point where it crossed the Wal- 262 CYCLOPEDIA OF nut river, where they arrived on June 15, 1857. The Osage trail also crossed at this point. Within a short time a town site was surveyed, and here, on the banks of the Walnut, the "land of gold" was found and named Eldorado. Among the members of this pioneer colony were WU- liam Bemis, Henry Marten, Jacob Carey, H. Bemis, William Crimble, and some ten other families. A man named Schaffer took a claim on the west bank of the Walnut and built a cabin just north of the site of the present town of Eldorado. His claim extended across the west branch but was not entered until 1868. In 1858 and 1859, it was estimated that there were about fifty actual settlers in Butler count)', prominent among them being Judge Lambdin, Archibald Ellis, Judge Harrison, P. P. John- son, George Donaldson, J. D. Connor and James Gordy. Cutler in his History of Kansas says, "At the election under the Lecompton constitu- tion, Dec. 21, 1857, there is no record of any returns from Butler county, but in Oct., 1857, Madison and Butler counties polled 69 free-state and 7 Democratic votes. On Aug. 2, 1858, an election was held at the old Eldorado town site, on the Lecompton constitution, and the entire vote (21) polled, was cast against that infamous platform." During the war few new settlers came. In 1861, a company for home defense was raised among the settlers northeast of Eldorado, and placed under command of P. G. D. Morton, but its only service consisted of capturing a wagon train of supplies on the way to the Indian Territory in violation of a military order. In the winter of 1861, the company built and occupied a fort about two miles northeast of Eldorado, but in the spring it was disbanded and most of the members joined the army at Fort Leavenworth. In 1867 two brothers named Moorehead moved into a cabin which had been built by a man named SchafTer, and opened the first store on a small scale, though Schaffer had kept supplies when he lived there. This is believed to be the first store on the site of the present city of Eldorado, which is located over two miles above the old town. The same year E. L. Lower built a house and opened a regular store. In March, 1868, B. F. Gordy entered 160 acres of land upon which all that part of Eldorado south of Central avenue now stands and the town site was laid out early in the spring. A. G. Davis, William \'^ann and two men named Chandler and Atwood settled in Towanda township in July, 1868; D. L. McCabe, in Rock Creek township, about the same time; Philip Cams in July, 1869, took up land in Rosalia township, and Hol- land Ferguson in Fairmount township. The first religious services in the county were held at the Lambdin home. A Presbyterian society was organized at Eldorado and a build- ing commenced in 1872, but was not completed until 1877. The first rec- ord of a district school is found in Chelsea township. It was \ aught by Sarah Satchel. The second was in Eldorado township in iSfir, the funds for it being raised by subscription among the settlers. The first marriage was that of Jacob E. Chase and .^ugusla Stewart in Eldorado township in Jan.. 1850. The first birth nf ;i white child was T. Johnson KANSAS HISTORY 263 in Towanda township. The first newspaper in the county was the Wal- nut Valley Times, the first issue of which bears the date of March 4, 1870, with Murdock and Danforth as editors and publishers. On June i, of that year the partnership was dissolved and T. B. Murdock became the sole owner, and continued to issue the paper until 1881 when he sold it to Alvah Sheldon. One of the early banking houses was con- ducted by Neal Wilkie and S. L. Shotwell, and the Bank of Eldorado was opened for business on April 5, 1880, by Edward C. EUett and N. F. Frazier. A year later the Butler county bank was opened under a charter from the state. The Eldorado mills, one of the earliest manufac- turing concerns, was built in 1870, by Wheeler and Burdett, on the east bank of the Walnut, and the Walnut Valley mills were erected in 1882. Lawrence was the nearest established postofiice when the first settlers located in Butler county. All mail addressed to box 400 at Lawrence was taken by a hack to Emporia, whence it was sent down by anybody who was passing. But a regular distributing station was established at Chelsea in 1858, with C. S. Lambdin as postmaster, at Eldorado in i860, with D. L. McCabe as postmaster, and in 1863, mail was also- brought from Cottonwood Falls. In every new country during the period of settlement there is a time when lawless characters will drift into the community. In the late '60s and early '70s, Butler county was no exception to this rule. It was believed a band was operating around Douglas and a vigilance committee was formed. In Nov., 1870, four men were shot as mur- derers and horse thieves, the first 13'nching in the county. Early in its history, the people of Butler county took a deep interest in agriculture. The Butler County Horticultural and Agricultural So- ciety was organized in March, 1872, and has become one of the flourish- ing institutions of the county. It assisted materially in introducing new and hardy species of fruit trees that would stand the Kansas climate, and it is due largely to this society that Butler county has such fine orchards. The first railroad proposed across Butler county was the Kansas Ne- braska railroad, which asked for a subscription of $150,000. This propo- sition was carried -when put to the vote of the people, but the panic of 1873 came on, and the building of the road was abandoned. In May, 1872, the proposition to subscribe for $150,000 worth of the bonds of the Fort Scott, Humboldt & Western railroad, was voted down, as was the next proposition of the same sort, on July 13 of the same year. In April, 1876, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe company proposed build- ing a branch line from Cedar Point down the valley of the Walnut to Eldorado, and asked the county for a cash bonus of $3,000 a mile. The question was discussed, and in Feb., 1877, bonds aggregating $99,500 were voted to the Eldorado & Walnut Valley railroad. AVork was im- mediately started and the road was finished as far as Eldorado on July 31, 1877. Several other roads were proposed but never built, and no further railroad building occurred until 1879, when the St. Louis, Fort Scott & Wichita company began building a line east and west across 264 CYCLOPEDIA OF the county, though bonds were not voted by the county in its behalf until 1880. At the present time four railroad companies operate lines in Butler county. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe enters on the northern boundary and runs south through Eldorado to Augusta, where a branch runs southwest to Caldwell, the main line continuing into Oklahoma ; a line of the Missouri Pacific crosses the county from east to west through Eldorado, with a branch from that city to McPherson ; the St. Louis & San Francisco crosses the county south of Eldorado, with a branch from Beaumont to Winfield; and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific crosses the northwest corner of the county. Butler county was organized by an act of Feb. 11, 1859, and on April 30, of that year, the board of county supervisors met at the home of George T. Donaldson. The board consisted of P. G. Barrett, chair- man, G. T. Donaldson and I. S. White. They decided that the annual meeting should be held in Chelsea Hall, but other meetings were to be held at their residences, except the probate clerk, who was to hold office at J. C. Lambdin's until further notice. On June 13, 1859, the second meeting of the board was held and P. G. D. Morton was appointed county auditor. The first county treasurer was C. S. Lambdin. ap- pointed Sept. 19, 1859; J. C. Lambdin was the first probate judge: a man named Emmil the first clerk of the district court, and John R. Lambdin was the first register of deeds. There is no record that there was a sheriff until 1863. when J. T. Goodall was elected, but Dr. Lew- ellen was acting in that capacity in 1859. In 1864, M. Vaught was ap- pointed superintendent of schools. G. T. Donaldson was elected to the state legislature in 1863, when the county consisted of but one district. The first election for the location of the county seat was held on May 21, 1864, and the old town of Eldorado was chosen, but there were no buildings suitable for count}- offices and the board decided not to move there until such provision was made. The question again came up in Aug., 1867, and a third election was held on May 10, 1870, when Chelsea received 256 and Eldorado 2,524. In April, 1871, a contest between Eldo- rado and Augusta occurred with the following result: Augusta 712 votes, Eldorado 743, and the question of a county seat location was at last settled. For some time most of the officers held their offices at their homes and Dunlevy's building was used for some public purposes. In July, 1870, an effort was made to issue $25,000 worth of bonds for the erection of county buildings but the proposition was voted dnwn. On July 19, 1870, the land now occupied by the court-house was deeded to the county by C. C. and Henry Martin for the consideration of $1.00, and a contract for a court-house was let to T. ^^^ Branson for $3,750. The building was completed in .'\pril. 1871. and used until 1875, when extensive additions were made at a cost of $8,000, which with the erec- tion of a jail, brought the total up to ,$15,000. These improvements were completed in March, 1876. In iQnR. I'.utlcr ciinnty was divided into the following townsliijis : KANSAS HISTORY 265 Augusta, Benton, Bloomington, Bruno, Chelsea, Clay, Clifford, Doug- las, Eldorado, Fairmount, Fairview, Glencoe, Flickory, Lincoln, Little Walnut, Logan, Milton, Murdock, Pleasant, Plum Grove, Prospect, Richland, Rock Creek, Rosalia, Spring, Sycamore, Towanda, Union and Walnut. In Hjro the population, according to the L'. S. census report, was 23,059. The value of field crops in that year was 3,103,888, and of all farm products $6,843,341. Corn led the list with a value of $923,498; hay, including alfalfa, stood second with a value of $815,246; other lead- ing crops were Kafir corn, $764,256; oats, $322,583; Irish potatoes, $89,- 694. The value of animals slaughtered or sold for slaughter was $3,289,- 163 ; of poultry and eggs, $247,369, and of dairy products, $199,635. Butler, Pardee, one of the pioneer clergymen of Kansas, was born in Onondaga county, N. Y., in 1816, a son of Phineas Butler, an old Henry Clay Whig. In 1819 the family removed to the Western Reserve in Ohio, where Pardee united with the Christian church, and in time was ordained to the ministry. In 1855 he removed to Kansas and entered a claim about 12 miles from Atchison. It is said he also owned property in Missouri opposite Atchison. On Aug. 16, 1855, while waitmg at Atchi- son for a boat to go east on business, Mr. Butler met Robert S. Kelley, assistant editor of the Squatter Sovereign, and in the course of the con- versation remarked that he would have become a regular subscriber tO' the paper some time before but for the fact that he disliked its policy. Kelley replied: "I look upon all free soilers as rogues, and they ought to be treated as such." To this Mr. Butler replied that he was a free soiler and expected to vote for Kansas to be a free state, whereupon Kelley angrily retorted : "I do not expect you will be allowed to vote." Nothing further w^as said at the-time, but early the next morning Kel- ley and a few other pro-slavery men called at the hotel and demanded that Butler subscribe to some resolutions which had been adopted at a recent meeting, one of which was as follows : "That we recommend the good work of purging our town of all resident abolitionists, and after cleansing our town of such nuisances shall do the same for the settlers on Walnut and Independence creeks, whose propensities for cattle stealing are well known." Butler was a man of positive views and undaunted courage, and naturally refused to sign a resolution so contrary to his opinions. The mob then seized him, blackened his face, placed him upon a raft and set him adrift upon the Missouri river. Phillips, in his Conquest of Kan- sas, says that a flag was raised on the raft bearing the inscription: "Eastern Emigrant Aid Express. The Rev. Mr. Butler. Agent for the Underground Railroad. The way they are served in Kansas. For Bos- ton. Cargo insured — unvoidable danger of the Missourians and the Mis- souri river excepted. Let future Emissaries from the North beware. Our hemp crop is sufficient to reward all such scoundrels." Holloway gives a difi'erent account of the inscription on the flag. He says : "A horse was represented on the flag at full speed with Mr. But- 266 CYCLOPEDIA OF ler upon him ; a negro was clinging behind him, while Mr. Butler was represented as exclaiming: 'To the rescue, Greeley, I've got a negro!' Over the painting was printed in large letters 'Eastern Abolition Ex- press.' The other side of the flag bore the following inscription : 'From Atchison, Kansas Territory. The way they are served in Kansas.' " Whichever account regarding this flag may be the correct one, it is certain that Mr. Butler was thus ignominiously banished from the territory where he had chosen to make his home. But if his assailants thought for a moment that he would remain away permanently they reckoned without their host. He soon returned, perfected the title to his claim, and continued to live in Kansas until his death, which occurred at Farmington, Atchison county, Oct. 20, 1888. He was again mal- treated by a mob led by his old enemy, Kelley, on March 30, 1856, when he was given a mock trial and sentenced to hang, but this decree was changed and he was given a coat of tar and cotton wool. At the same time he was informed that if he ever appeared in Atchison again he would be put to death. Even this did not dampen his ardor for the free-state cause. He never shirked what he conceived to be his duty, and he contributed in no small degfee to making Kansas a free state. Butterfield's Overland Despatch. — In the spring of 1865, David A. Butterfield, a pioneer of Colorado, but then a resident of Atchison, began preliminaries for inaugurating a gigantic freighting business between the Missouri river and the Rocky mountains and the territories beyond. Having succeeded in interesting some eastern capitalists in the pro- posed scheme, by early summer the stock and equipment for the con- cern were ready, considerable money having been spent in advertising the enterprise in the metropolitan papers of the east. The new com- pany was capitalized at $3,000,000, of which amount one-half was paid in. E. P. Bray, a noted eastern express man, was elected president ; W. K. Kitchen, treasurer; and D. A. Butterfield, the originator, was made superintendent and manager. The main office was at Atchison, with branch offices in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago, Leavenworth, Denver and Salt Lake City. Up to this time no direct route had been mapped out, except that it had been decided to fol- low up the Kansas and Smoky Hill rivers, if, after a thorough investiga- tion, it proved the shorter and more feasible. To determine this ques- tion, Col. Isaac E. Eaton, a civil engineer of Lcavenwnrtli. was sent onl to make a survey of the entire route, and this he did, reporting the same entirely practicable. The new road as surveyed was between 60 and 70 miles shorter than the mnthern road via the Little Blue and the Platte. It also liad the advantages of grass, wood and water every 5 miles of the distance, except from the head of the Smoky Hill to Sand creek, a distance of 21 miles. The new route being so mucji slmrii-r i1 was plain that two days' travel could be saved, an item of some moment to a busy man. An immense freight business soon developed between the Missouri river and Denver, and it was the ambition of Mr. Butterfield that his KANSAS IlISTOKY 267 Overland Despatch should handle it. Twelve hundred mules and wagons in proportion had been purchased for the enterprise, and on June 25, 1865, the first wagon train left Atchison with 150,000 pounds of freight for Denver and other Colorado points. The enterprise was proving such a success that during the summer the route was stocked for a line of stages. The initial coach of this line, carrying passengers and express matter, left Atchison on Monday, Sept. 11, and arrived at Denver on the 23d, Mr. Butterfield accompanying this coach. The arrival of the first stage in Denver was the occasion for an imposing reception and royal banquet to its promoter. The route as finally de- cided on was 592 miles long, a saving of 61 miles over the road up the main Platte and its South Fork. The list of stations on the line after leaving Atchison was about as follows : Mount Pleasant, Grasshopper Falls, Indianola, Rossville, St. Mary's, Louisville, Manhattan, Fort Riley, Junction City, Chapman's cre.ek, Abilene, Solomon river, Salina, Spring creek, Ellsworth, Buffalo creek, Hicks' Station, Fossil creek, Forsythe's creek. Big creek, Louisa Springs, Blufifton, Downer,- Castle Rock Station, Eaton, Henshaw creek, Pond creek and Willow creek (this station being at about the west line of the state). From east to west the line traversed the counties of Atchison, Jefferson, Shawnee, Pottawatomie, Riley, Geary, Dickinson, Saline, Ellsworth, Russell, Ellis, Trego, Gove, Logan, and Wallace. Transportation by this route grew from the start, and had it been accorded the military protection that the Hoiladay line enjoyed, it is believed that it would have been a money maker. Lidians, however, gave the company much trouble. They attacked and burned several stations, waylaid stage coaches and killed the drivers, until finally the proprietors were forced to quit. Inside of eighteen months from the inauguration of the enterprise the whole business and equipment passed into the hands of Ben Hoiladay, the "overland stage king." This gentle- man later sold out the Smoky Hill line to Wells, Fargo & Co., who operated the line at considerable loss from the time they took hold of it until the completion of the Kansas Pacific railroad to Denver, when they abandoned the line. Buxton, a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. in Wil- son county, is located near the west line, in Duck Creek township, 10 miles southwest of Fredonia, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice. The population in 1910 was 50. This town was established in 1886, at the time the railroad was built. The land was owned by the Arkansas Valley Town and Land company, which laid off the lots. In May, 1887, the Jurett postofiice, which had been established on the claim of H. H, Garner in 1871, was brought to Buxton and took that name. Buxton is credited with being the most important hay shipping station in the county. Byers, a rural hamlet of Meade county, receives mail by rural free delivery from Meade, the county seat, which is the most convenient rail- road station. 268 CVCLOl'EDIA OF c Cabbell, a little hamlet of -Logan county, is located in the valley of Hackberry creek, in Elkader township, about 20 miles east of Russell Springs, the county seat, and 13 miles south of Oakley, from which a rural free delivery route supplies mail. Cabeca de Vaca. — (See Nunez, Alvarez.) Caches. — In 1812 an American named Beard, in company with about a dozen companions, made an expedition to Santa Fe, N. M., for trading or speculative purposes. He returned to the U. S. in 1822, and after interesting some St. Louis capitalists in an enterprise "undertook to return to Santa Fe the same fall with a small party and an assortment of merchandise. Reaching the Arkansas late in the season, they were overtaken by a heavy snow storm, and driven to take shelter on a large island. A rigorous winter ensued, which forced them to remain pent up in that place for tliree long months. During this time the greater portion of their animals perished ; so that, when the spring began to open, they were unable to continue their journey with their goods. In this emergenc}^ they made a "cache" some distance above, on the north side of the river, where they stowed away the most of their merchandise. From thence they proceeded to Taos, where they procured mules and returned to get their hidden property." The caches are located at a crossing on the Arkansas river, near the mouth of Mulberry creek, a short distance east of the present Fort Dodge in Ford county. The}- have been used on many occasions since that time. Cactus, a small settlement of Norton county, is near the eastern boundary, about 14 miles from Norton, the county seat. The inliabi- tants receive mail by nn-ai delivery from Prairie \'iew. which is the nearest railroad station. Cadmus, a hamlet of Linn count}', is situated in Ihc north central ]iart on Elm creek. It has rural free delivery from Fontana. In i()io the pn])ulation was 80. Cairo, a village of I'ratl coimty, is a station on the W'icliila & Pratt division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 11 miles east of l^ratt, the county seal. It has a rnoney order postoffice, express office, some good general stores, a flour mill, and is a shipping point for the surrounding count r}-. Tiic population was 40 in 1910. Calderhead, Willicun A., lawyer and member of Congress, was burn in I'erry county, Ohio, Sept. 26, 1844, a son of Rev. E. B. Calderiiead, a minister of the United Brethren chinch. He was educated in the common schools and by iiis father, and in the winter of 1S61-62 he attended Franklin College at New Athens, Ohio. In Aug., 1862, he enlisted as a private in Company II, One Hundn-d ,-ind Twcuty-sixlli Ohio infantr}-, but was afterward transferrcil l^ i i'in|iaii} 1), N'intii veteran reserves, on account of disability, and was liuall}- discharged on June 27. 1865. He then attended school for one term and in the fall KANSAS HISTORY 269 of 1868 came to Kansas, where he engaged in farming, in 1872 lie set- tled on a homestead near Newton, and taught for one year in the Newton public schools. After studying law for some time under the preceptor- ship of John VV. Ady, he was admitted to the bar in 1875. Mr. Calder- head then went to Atchison, where he spent the next four years in reading law and teaching in the country schools during the winter seasons. In the fall of 1879 he located at Marysville, Marshall county, and opened a law office. In 1888 he was elected county attorney and served for two years, and he was for several years clerk of the city board of education. In 1894 he was elected to Congress and served one term. Four years later he was again elected to Congress and was reelected at each succeeding election until 1908. Upon retiring from Congress, Mr. Calderhead resumed the practice of law at Marysville. Caldwell, an incorporated city of Sumner county, is located 13 miles southwest of Wellington, the county seat, and 3 miles from the southern boundary of the state. The first settlement was made in March, 1871, and the city was named for Alexander Caldwell, United States senator from Kansas. A log building was erected by the town company, and was occupied by C. H. Stone with the first stock of goods in the place. Mr. Stone was also the first postmaster, the office being established soon after the town was laid out. In July, 1879, Caldwell was incor- porated as a city of the third class, and at the election on Aug. 7, N. J. Dixon was elected mayor; J. D. Kelly, police judge; J. A. Blair, F. G. Hussen, H. C. Challes and A. Rhoades, councilmen. J. D. Kelly, Jr., was appointed the first city clerk. Caldwell is situated at the junction of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and the Kansas Southwestern railroads, which makes it an important shipping point. It has 2 banks, 2 grain elevators, 2 flour mills, 2 weekly newspapers (the .Advance and the News), a number of well stocked mercantile establishments, an international money order postoffice with 7 rural routes, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, good hotels, graded public schools, churches of the leading denominations, etc. In tlie immediate vicinit)^ are large deposits of stone, large quantities of which are shipped annually. The population in 1910 was 2,205. Caldv/ell, Alexander, financier and United States senator, was born at Drake's Ferry, Huntington county. Pa.. March i, 1830. He received a common school education, and in the Mexican war served as a private in tJie company commanded by his father, Capt. James Caldwell, who was killed in action at the City of Mexico on Sept. 13, 1847. From 1853 to 1861 Mr. Caldwell was an officer in a bank at Columbia, Pa., and for the next ten years was engaged in transporting military supplies to western posts, and in building railroads in Kansas. In 1871 he was elected to the United States senate to succeed Edmund G. Ross, but resigned in 1873. He then organized the Kansas Manufacturing com- pany, for the manufacture of wagons and farm implements, and was president of the companv from 1877 to 1897. He was one of the organ- 270 CYCLOPEDIA OF izers of the Oregon Land Improvement company in 1882, to locate town sites and construct irrigating canals along the Oregon Short Line (now the Union Pacific) railroad. In 1897 he acquired a large block of stock in the First National bank of Leavenworth, and since then has been the president of that institution. Calhoun County, one of the counties created by the first territorial legislature, was named for John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. The boundaries, as defined by the creative act, were as follows: "Beginning at the northwest corner of Jefferson county; thence west 25 miles; thence south to the main channel of the Kansas or Kaw river; thence along said channel to the southwest corner of Jefferson county ; thence north to the place of beginning." The territory included within these lines embraces the southern part of the present county of Jackson and that part of Shawnee county lying north of the Kansas river. In 1857 the legislature added the northern part of the present county of Jackson, the boundaries being defined by the act as follows: "Beginning at the southwest corner of Jefferson county, thence north with the west boundary thereof to the northwest corner of said Jefferson county ; thence east between sections 24, 25, 19, 30 on range line between ranges 16 and 17 east, township 7 south; thence north with said range line to the first standard parallel ; thence west along the south boundaries of Brown and Nemaha counties with the first standard parallel to the corner of sections i and 2, of township 6 south, of range 12 east; thence south with the section lines between the first and second tier of sections to the middle of the main channel of the Kansas ri\-er; thence down the Kansas river, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to the place of beginning." The county was organized with these boundaries in 1857, and at the election of Oct. 4, 1858, Golden Silvers was chosen to represent the county in tlie territorial legislature. An election to determine the loca- tion of the county seat was held on Oct. 11, 1858, and Holton received a majority of all the votes cast. Some doubts were raised as to the legality of the election, and to settle this question Mr. Silvers secured the passage of an act, which was approved by Gov. Medary on Feb. 9, 1859, declaring Holton the permanent county seat. Two days later he approved another act changing the name to Jackson county. (See Jackson County.) Calhoun, John, the first surveyor-general of Kansas, was born Oct. 14, 1806. In Nov., 1833, he founded the Chicago Weekl}- Democrat, the first newspaper in that town. The same year he became surveyor of .^angamon county. III., and took an active part in tlic political life of that iieriod. In 1838 he made many speeches during the campaign and was elected a member of the Illinois house of representatives. In 1844 he was defeated for Congress and in 1846 was the candidate for governor of Illinois on the Democratic ticket but was again defeated. In 1852 he was the Democratic nominee for Congress but the Republican candi- date was elected. He became interested in Abraham Lincoln and soon after they liccamc acquainted he gave Lincoln a l)Ook on surveying. KAN'SAS HISTORY 2J1 This was the beginning of a friendship that hisled thrtJUgh Hfe. (Jn Aug. 4, 1854, Mr. Calhoun was commissioned surveyor-general of the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and made ex-ofificio register of the land offices, soon to be opened. He opened an office at Wyandotte, and the first report of his survey was made on Oct. 26, 1856. He was a pro-slavery man ; entered actively into the political life of the territory ; was president of the Lecompton constitutional convention ; and it was largely due to his efforts that the constitution was submitted to the people only in a modified way. Gen. Thomas Ewing, Jr., who was one of the committee appointed by the territorial legislature in 1858 to investigate election frauds, in a letter to his father dated Jan. 18, 1858, said : "Calhoun left for Wash- ington today — fled. He would have been brought up for forging elec- tion returns, of which there is evidence enough, I believe, to warrant a presentment. I-]e is the instigator of all the frauds, I have not a shadow of a doubt." The Kansas Historical Society has a manuscript entitled "A Vindi- cation of John Calhoun," written by his brother, A. H. Calhoun, in which it is claimed that Mr. Calhoun opposed the clause in the Lecompton constitution establishing slavery and favored the submission of the in- strument to popular vote, but these statements are not corroborated by the records of the convention. Mr. Calhoun died at St. Joseph, Mo.. Oct. 13, 1859. from the effects of an overdose of strychnine. California Trail. — This historic highway ran from the Missouri river to the Pacific coast. From the time of the first rush incident, to the California gold discoveries, up to about 1850, the bulk of travel for those remote sections passed over the Oregon trail (q. v.) which had its start from Independence, Mo. Before this travel had begun to subside this old highway had lost much of its identity, and to the generation then using it was better known as the "California trail." On the completion of the new military road considerably shortening the distance between Fort Leavenworth and Salt Lake, travel for Oregon, Utah and Cali- fornia begun starting from Fort Leavenworth and St. Joseph, Mo., prac- lically deserting the Oregon trail. From early days Fort Leavenworth had been an important distributing point, much freight being hauled from there to other military posts on the frontier. During the early '50s, St. Joseph developed into an important outfitting point. Shortly after the admission of Kansas, Atchison and Leavenworth immediately sprung into prominence, their geographical location on the west bank of the Missouri river militating against the successful competition of any Missouri towns. The Independence branch (Oregon road) entered the state in Johnson county, followed the Santa Fe trail to a point near Gardner, where the trails divided, the California (Oregon) trail turning north, entering Douglas county and passing through the old town of Franklin, the sites of the present towns of Eudora and Lawrence, the old town of Marshall, and entering Shawnee county; thence west on the divide south of the 272 CYCLOPEDIA OF Kansas river, past the site of the present village of Tecumseh to Papan's ferry on the Kansas river, now in the city of Topeka. At this point the road divided, the Oregon trail crossing the river and the California road following west along the south side past the old Baptist Indian ^Mission, to the only rock bottom ford on the river at Uniontown. I-'roni there the road crossed to the north side of the river, passed up the stream through St. Mary's mission to Cross creek, thence in a north- erly direction to the crossings of the Big and I^ittle Blue rivers, thence ap the divide in a northwesterly direction to the Platte river. The road from St. Joseph west ran through what is now Wathena and Troy in Doniphan count3^ and intersected the military road at a point on the Kickapoo reservation. In 1849 Capt. Howard Stanbury surveyed for the government a route from Fort Leavenworth to Salt Lake. Dis- covering a more practicable crossing of the Blue river at a point 6 miles higher up stream than the old "Independence," "Mormon" or "Cali- fornia" crossing, the road was changed. By 1851-52 the upper road had become the popular one, and Frank J. Marshall, an Indian trader who had located at the lower crossing in 1846, operating a ferry, moved to the new location. In 1852 Marshall was operating a store, postoffice, eating-house, saloon and ferry. A California-bound pilgrim of that year, in describing Marshall's place said: "Here for a dollar one could get a cup of bad coffee, a slice of bacon and a portion of hard bread. For the same price one could get a drink of bad whisky. For the same amount he would carry a letter to St. Joseph and place it in the post- office there. His ferry charges were $5 for wagons and $1 each for men and beasts." Marshall conducted this place until 1856, when he sold out to the Palmetto colony from South Carolina. From the earl\- '60s until the Union Pacific railroad sui)erseded the stage coach and the wagon trains, it is probable that the bulk of travel westward was by way of Atchison and Leavenworth over the California road. Besides having good steamboat landings the first of these cities was about 15 miles nearer than St. Joseph. The California trail was about 2,000 miles long, of which 125 miles were in Kansas. A number of short trails marked "California roads" are shown on the earlj- Kansas surveys. The most notable of these was the Fayetteville emigrant trail (q. v.), but they were all merely "feeders" of the original trail. In 1855 the territorial legislature passed a number of acts making certain roads or portions of roads public high- ways. Six of these acts refer to portions of the California n;iil. Many hardships were endured I)y the early pioneers and freighters who went over this trail. During tlie Oregon and Utah emigration the travel was attended with a great mortality, and during the period of the California gold excitement it is said that the mortality was as great a;^ 10 per cent. Ezra Meeker, the Oregon pioneer, has placed it at this figure, which some authorities are inclined to think is tixi low ( )nc writer has said that at least 5,000 emigrants died along tin- trail in '840-50, and that the graves of these nnfoi iniiates were soon dug into by coyotes and the corpses torn to pieces. KANSAS HISTORY 2^3 Calista, a village of Kingman county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. R. R., 9 miles west of Kingman, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, an express office, eeneral stores, lumber yard, etc., and in 1910 reported a population of 75. Callison, a discontinued postoffice of Graham county, is located about 12 miles southeast of Hill City, the county seat, and about the same distance southwest of Palco, from which place the inhabitants receive mail !)}■ rural free delivery. Calumet. — Among the Indians of North America, especially the tribes inhabiting the Mississippi valley and the region about the great lakes, the "Calumet" was an important ceremonial observance on various occasions. The word, however, is not of Indian origin, being derived from the Norman word "chalumeau," the name of a rustic pipe or musical instrument used by the Norman shepherds in the rural fes- tivities. The early Norman-French settlers of Canada applied it to the ceremonial pipe of the Indians, and in time it came into general use. but was corrupted into the "calumet." Many people have the impression that the calumet was purely a "peace pipe," but as a matter of fact it was as often used as a "war pipe." The bowl of the pipe was usually made of clay or some soft stone, larger than the ordinary individual tobacco pipe. The stem was a hollow cane, reed, or twig of some tree from which the pith had been removed, and was generally a yard or more in length. In the councils of a tribe the calumet was a method of expressing opinion. When the question of proclaiming war was before the council, the stem of the pipe was decorated with the feathers of the eagle, hawk, or some bird of prey. The pipe was filled with tobacco and passed among the warriors. Those who accepted it took a solemn pufif or two, thus proclaimed themselves in favor of war, while those who merely passed it on to their ne.xt neighbor, without touching the stem with their lips, expressed themselves as opposed to hostilities. If .the pipe was used to vote on a peace treaty, or some similar question, the stem was decorated with the feathers of the water-fowl, or some song bird of a retiring, peaceful disposition. Among the Indians the ceremony of smoking the peace calumet was often accompanied by singing and dancing. Charlevoix tells how "The Osages send once or twice a year to sing the calumet among the Kas- kasquias," and soon after Iberville landed at Biloxi bay and began the erection of Fort Maurepas, in 1699, the neighboring tribes assembled at the fort and spent three days in singing, dancing and smoking the calumet. When the commissioners of the United States concluded a treaty of peace with some Indian tribe, the ceremony generally closed by passing around the calumet decorated as a pipe of peace, and it is probably due to this fact that the pipe has come to be regarded by so many as an emblem of peace. Calvert, a village of Emmett township, Norton county, is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincv railroads, 8 miles east of Norton, the county seat. It has a (I-18) 274 CYCLOPEDIA OF money order postoffice, a flour mill, a grain elevator, a good local retail trade, and in 1910 reported a population of 50. Cambridge, a village of Cowley county, is located in Windsor town- ship, and is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 22 miles east of Winfield, the county seat. It has a bank, some good gen- eral stores, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, express and telegraph offices, a hotel, churches of the leading denominations, tele- phone connections, and being located in the midst of an agricultural and stock raising district is a shipping point of considerable importance. The population in 1910 was 225. Camp Alert. — (See Fort Larned.) Camp Bateman, a temporary military encampment, was established in Oct., 1857, by Lieut. -Col. George Andrews, of the Sixth United States infantry, with a detachment of his regiment. The camp was located at a place called Cincinnati, not far from Fort Leavenworth, and was occupied until May 8, 1858, when it was abandoned. Camp Beecher. — Hamersly's "Army and Navy Register" says this camp was "on the Little Arkansas river a short distance from its mouth, where it joins the Arkansas river, about one mile from Wichita." The camp was established in Jime, 1868, on or near the site where J. R. Mead fopnded his trading post in the fall of 1863, and was at first called Camp Davidson. In Oct.. 1868, the name was changed to Camp Ilutterfield, and the following month to Camp Beecher. It was abandoned as a military camp in Oct., 1869. Camp Butterfaeld. — (See Camp Beecher.) Camp Davidson. — (See Camp Beecher.) Camp Leedy, a temporary military encampment al Topeka, was estab- lished as a mobilizing point for Kansas troops at the time of the Span- ish-American war (q. v.), and was named for John W. Leedy. al thai time governor of the state. It was located about lialf a mile south nf the State-house, on what was known as the "Douthitt tract," not far frtMii the fair grounds. Camp MacKay. — (See Fort Atchison.) Camp Magruder, near Fort Leavenworth, was a sort of slopping ])lace for recruits en route to Utah in July and August, i860, under command of Lieut. -Col. George B. Crittenden of the mounted riflemen. No per- manent fortifications nor quarters were ever erected on the site. Camp Supply.— In the fall of 1868, at the time of the Black Kettle raid. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, whose headquarters were at Fort Hays, ordered Gen. George A. Custer to locate a camp at some convenient point in the Indian Territory. Custer selected the rising ground between Wolf and Beaver creeks, about a mile and a half above where they nniu- to ff)rm the north fork of the Canadian river, in what is now (he north- west corner of Woodward count}-, Okla., and here on Nov. 18 he estab- lished Camp Supply. .Mtliough some 30 miles south of the southern boundary of Kansas, it is intimately connected with the state's military history, as the Nineteenth Kansas reached this post on Nov. 28, 186H. KANSAS HISTORY -/O after a trying- march of fourteen days from Camp Heecher, the wagon train belonging to tlie regiment not arriving until the afternoon of Dec. I. After the Indians were compelled to make teimis, the}' reccixed rations at Camp Supply. Camp Thompson. — ( )n April 29. 1858, Lieut, -Col. Ceorge -Andrews of lhe Sixth United States infantry established a camp near Fort Leaven- worth and named it Cam]) Thompson. It was not iniciulcd f.)r more than temporary occupany, and was abandoned on Ma_\' 7, 1858, less than ten days after it was established. Campbell College, located at 1 hjlton, Kan., is a result of the merger of two institutions, Campbell University of flolton and Lane Univer- sity (q. v.). In 1879 tlie people of Jackson county determined to estab- lish an institution of higher education at Llolton, and a public meeting was called to devise wavs and means. The result of this meeting was CAMPBELL COLLEGE. the ap]jointment of a committee to correspond with A. G. Campbell, a wealthy mine owner of Utah, who had been a resident of Jackson cotinty, to see what he would contribute toward the school. Mr. Camp- bell offered a sum of money to the enterprise equal to a paid-up sub- scription of not more than $20,000 by the citizens of Jackson county. A canvass was at once begun and in a short time, subscriptions to the amoimt of $10,000 by the people of Jackson county were reported. Mr. Campbell gave a like amount and $1,100 additional for the purchase of II acres of land for the campus. In 1S80 a fine stone building was 276 CYCLOPEDIA OF erected and leased by Prof. J- H. ^liller, and in September the school was opened. In 1883 a dormitory was built and by 1887 the school had grown to such an extent that an addition was built. In the summer of 1896 a corporation was organized imder the name of the University company, which became the owner of the institution and B. F. Kizer was elected president. Campbell College was organized under the auspices of the United Brethren church, which had been oflfered the property of Campbell University, provided the church would operate the school. A charter was granted to the college on Nov. 26, 1902, and on Jan. 6, 1903, Campbell University deeded to the new insti- tution all her belongings at Holton, and the A. G. Campbell bequest of $100,000. The people of Holton agreed to raise $10,000, as an endow- ment, provided the church would raise $40,000, within five years. A relocation committee was appointed by the board of trustees of Lane University in June, 1902, and later in the summer the two insti- tutions were consolidated. The new college was opened to students in Sept., 1903. Campbell College has a four-year college course, a two-year normal course, a three-year academic course and a one-year preparatory course. The commercial department has grown up with the college and ofifers courses for training in all branches of business. In 1910, Thomas D. Crites was president of the college ; W. S. Reese, dean ; they were ably assisted by a faculty of fourteen able instructors, and an enrollment of over 500. The United Brethren churches of Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma have assured the college their support, which places it upon a firm financial foundation. Campbell, George, lawyer and author, was born in Yates county, N. Y., April 29, 1848. He was educated at Starkey Seminary, Eddy- town, N. Y., and subsequently studied law. In 1870 he came to Kansas and settled in Mound Valley township, Labette county, where he engaged in farming and stock raising, and also taught school. In 1873 he married Sarah E. Drenner of Mound Valley. He had been reared in the Republican faith, and was a nicnilicr of that party until 1872, when he joined the Liberal Republican movement and supported Horace Greeley for president. He was active in organizing the Greenback party and in 1884 was one of the organizers of the Farmers' and Laborers' Union, which he assisted in establishing in 26 states. Mr. Campbell entered the field of journalism as editor of the Kansas State Alliance, published at Parsons, which was made the official organ of the Populist party when it was organized in 1890. Subsequently he removed to Oswego and opened a law office, then went to CoflFeyville, Kan., where he served as county judge, and in 1899 was elected to the state senate. Mr. Campbell has gained a wide-reputation as an author, his best known works being, "The Life and Death of Worlds," "America, Past, Present and Future" and "The Greater United States." Campbell, Philip Pitt, lawyer and member of Congress, is a native of Nova Scotia, having been born at Cajjc Breton in that province on April KANSAS HISTORY 277 25, 1862, a son of Daniel A. and Mary (McRae) Campbell. Coming to Kansas at an early age, he was educated at Baker University, where he received the degree of A. B. in 1888, and the degree of A. M. in 1891. He was admitted to the bar in the fall of 1889, and on Nov. 23, 1892, married Miss Helen E. Goff of Walnut, Crawford county. Mr. Camp- bell began the practice of his profession in Pittsburg, where he is still located. He has always taken a keen interest in public questions, and after locating at Pittsburg came to be recognized as one of the active Republicans of the county. In 1902 he was nominated by his party to represent the Third district in Congress, was elected in November of that year, and has been reelected at each succeeding election to 1910. Campus, a village of Grinnell township, Gove county, is a station on the Union Pacific R. R. near the northwest corner of the county, about 20 miles from Gove, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, telephone connections, general stores, a lumber yard, etc., and in 1910 reported a population of 50. Canada, a hamlet of Marion county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 5 miles west of Marion, the county seat. It has telegraph and express ofifices and a money order postoffice. The population in 1910 was 61. Candle Box. — As the depository of fraudulent election returns the Calhoun "candle box" is an interesting incident in early history. Gov. Robert J. Walker came to Kansas determined that Kansas citizens should have fair play. Although he defended the territorial legislature as legitimate, he entreated the free-state men to vote in the election of delegates to the Lecompton constitutional convention ; offered military protection at the polls, and pledged himself to oppose the constitution if it were not submitted to the people. Surveyor-General John Calhoun and his colleagues were candidates for delegates in Douglas county, and Gov. Walker compelled them to pledge themselves that the constitution should be submitted to the people for ratification or rejection. The surveyor-general and his friends did not approve of Mr. Walker's policy, because submission of the constitution to the people would lose Kansas to slavery and would defeat the Calhoun chance for United States senator. The fall election came and by fraud, violence and a Cincinnati direc- tory, the pro-slavery party won. Gov. Walker investigated the election, probed the fraud, and gave the certificates to the free-state men. This did not increase his popularity with the Calhoun faction, which made the Lecompton constitution, but refused to submit it as a whole to the people, Calhoun was president of the convention, the recipient and judge of the returns, with power to issue certificates of election, ignoring the governor who should have had this presidency and power. When the non-submission of the constitution became apparent. Gov. Walker and his friends made every effort to have it rejected by Congress, which resulted in a big contest between the two elements represented. "The pro-slavery element had power in Congress to bind in the thrall of that constitution. Frauds were charged and denied. The battle wavered. 278 CYCLOPEDIA OF Nothing but the exposure of these frauds, shocking the moral sense of the nation and making the glaring wrong impossible, could give victory to the people. Such exposure could save Kansas to freedom and prevent immediate civil war likely to grow out of the enforcement of a consti- tution forced on a protesting people. The territorial legislature — free- state because of Gov. Walker's rejection of the fraudulent returns — seconded their friends at Washington by instituting an investigation. They appointed a committee to inquire. Calhoun determining they should not see the returns fled to ^Missouri." L. A. jVIcClean, the chief clerk to Mr. Calhoun, was left to manage the situation. While at a ball at the Eldridge House, he was summoned before the investigating com- mittee and swore that Mr. Calhoun had taken the returns to Missouri with him. When Mr. McClean returned to the office after the ball he concealed the returns in a place soon made known by one of the em- ployees of the surveyor-general. This employee was known as Dutch Charley and was employed by Mr. Calhoun as a man of all work. He was a free-state man, and deeply interested in the plots of his employers, which plots he revealed to Gen. Brindle, receiver of the land-office at Lecompton, to whom he was a faithful friend. When McClean gave his testimony Brindle suspected it was false and urged Dutch Charley to investigate the night after McClean returned from Lawrence to Lecompton. McClean put the returns in a candle box which he con- cealed in the ground under the woodpile in front of the office. Dutch Charley tracked him from the window, reported it to the authorities. The free-state sheriff of Douglas county with a posse called upon McClean and recovered the box and election returns. When the people found that McClean had sworn falsely liic\' would not sustani him and he fled into Missouri. Caney, one of the four important towns of Montgomery county, is located near the Oklahoma line at the junction of the Missouri Pacific and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R., 20 miles southwest of Inde- pendence, the county seat. It is in the gas belt and has grown very rapidly, especially in the past ten years, during which time it has trebled its population. It has a good system of waterworks and an efficient fire department. The combined output of the gas wells in the vicinity is 175,000,000 cubic feet per day. The largest oil tank farm in the state is located near here. It covers 800 acres. The manufacturing interests in Caney include 2 large glass factories, a brick and tile works, a large zinc smelter and an oil refinery. There are 2 lianks, an ice and cold storage plant. 3 public school buildings, a public library, 2 weekly news- papers (the Chronicle and the News), telegraph and express offices and an inlernational money order jiostoffice with fine riual route. Tlie town was incor|)orated in I0')5. About tliis time it received extensive adver- tising throughout the whole nation on account of a gas well which look fire and burned furiously for several months, 'i'oin-ists, many of whom were from distant states, flooded the town to view the immense llamcs, the roaring of which conU! be heard for miles. .According I0 the census of 1910 the ()oi)ulation of Caney was 3, 597. KANSAS HISTORY 2/9 The first store in Caney was opened by Dr. J. W. Bell in 1869. A gen- eral merchandise store was established by O. M. Smith in 1870. A mail route was established in that year which enabled the settlers to get their mail regularly. The town vvas laid out and a number of business enter- ])rises started. The first newspaper (the Caney Chronicle) was started in 1885. Caney was organized and incorporated as a city of the third class in 1887. The first officers were : Mayor, P. S. Hollingsworth ; police judge, F. H. Hooker; clerk, F. H. Dye; councilmen, William Rodgers, Harry Wiltse, J. J. Hemphill, J. A. Summer and W. B. Wil- liams. The first railroad reached Caney about 1887. Canfield, Arthur Graves, educator, was born at Sunderland, Vt., March i/, 1859. He received his early education in the common schools and at Burr and Burton Academy, after which he entered Williams College at Williamstown, Mass., where he graduated in 1878. In 1882 he re- ceived the degree of A. M. He then went to Europe and spent some time in the Universities of Leipzig, Berlin, Gottingen and Paris. Upon his return to the United States in 1883 he was appointed assistant in modern languages at the University of Kansas, and in 1887 became pro- fessor of French language and literature in that institution. In 1898 Prof. Canfield resigned his place in the University of Kansas to accept a professorship of French language and literature in the University of Michigan, which position he still holds. He is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa fraternity and of the Modern Language Association of America. Canfield, James Hulme, lawyer, author and educator, was born at Delaware, Ohio, March 18, 1847, the son of Rev. E. H. and Martha (Hulme) Canfield. His parents went to Brooklyn, N. Y., when he was a child, and when his mother died in 1855 he was sent to a Vermont farm. He attended the country schools until he was fourteen years of age, then returned to Brooklyn and graduated at the Brooklyn Col- legiate and Polytechnic Institute in 1864. For a year he traveled in Europe and in 1868 graduated at Williams College. From 1868 to 1871 he was superintendent of railroad construction in Iowa and Minnesota and at the same time read law. In 1872 he was admitted to che bar in Michigan, located at St. Joseph and opened a law office. He became superintendent of the St. Joseph schools and acted in that capacity until 1877, when he was elected professor of history in the University of Kansas, which position he held until 1891. He was then chosen chan- cellor of the University of Nebraska. He was president of the Kansas State Teachers' Association in 1885 and of the Nebraska State Teachers' Assocjation in 1894. In 1893 the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by Williams College and in 1895 he was elected president of the University of Ohio. In 1899 he accepted the position of librarian of Columbia University. Mr. Canfield was a member of the Society of Colonial Wars, the American Library Association and the Century, Authors' and Quill clubs. He was the author of a "History of Kansas." "Local Government in Kansas," and several other books. He died at New York City, March 30, 1909. 280 CYCLOPEDIA OF Canton, one of the important towns of ^IcPherson county, is located in the township of Canton on the Marion & McPherson branch of the Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific. 14 miles east of McPherson. the count)' seat. It has 2 banks, a weekly newspaper (the Pilot), a flour mill, 2 grain elevators and a creamer}'. It is an important grain shipping point for a large and wealthy farming district. The town is supplied with express and tele- graph offices and has an international money order postoffice with 3 rural routes. The population according to the census of 1910 was 648. Canton was founded in 1879 when the railroad was built from Marion to AlcPherson. A postoffice was established the same year. In less than 3 years it was a village of 250 inhabitants, with a bank, several mercantile establishments, a good district school and two churches. Cantonment Martin, the first military post in Kansas under the author- ity of the United States government, was established on Isle au Vache, or Cow island, in Oct., 1818, when Capt. Wyly Martin, with a detach- ment of the Third rifle regiment, reached the island as the advance guard of Maj. Long's expedition and went into winter quarters. A fort of Cottonwood logs was erected and named "Cantonment Martin," for the commander of the detachment. John O'Fallon, afterward a prominent citizen of St. Louis, was the post sutler. It was Capt. Martin's intention to vacate the cantonment early in the spring of 1819 and continue his march westward, but his supplies failed to arrive as expected, and he remained at the post until the arrival of the main body of the expedition under Maj. Long in July. A council was held here with the Kansas Indians. (See Long's Expedition.) Cantrell, Jacob, one of the early settlers of Douglas county, came from Missouri, and Cutler says he built the first log cabin where the city of Baldwin now stands. The name is also spelled Cantrel and Cantral. He was not particularly active in the political tronliles of the period, but spent his time in developing his claim. Ilowexcr, at the battle of Black Jack, June 2, 1856, he went to the aid of the free-state forces. Soon after tliis he was captured by some of the border rullians and given a mock trial on the charge of being guilty of "treason to Mis- souri." The sentence was death, and he was accordinglv shot on June 6, 1856. Canyon, a small hamlet of Finney county, is situated in the valley of the north fork of the Pawnee river, about 25 miles northeast of Garden City, the county seat. Mail is received by the people of Canyon by rural free delivery from Ravanna. Capioma, a hamlet of Nemaha county, is located in Capioma town- ship 15 miles southeast of Seneca, the county seat, and 9 miles south of Sabetha, from which place it receives mail. It is one of the historic places in the county, having Iiecn jilatted in 1857. This plat was not recorded imtil tvyo years later for the reason tJiat there was no place to record anything in those early days. A school building was ])ut up in 1837, and a hotel in 1859. The place was named after an Indian chief. Tlie po[)ulation in 1910 was 45. KANSAS HISTORY 28I Capital. — 111 Uic establishment of civil government in a new territory or state, one of the early questions to come up for consideration and set- tlement is the location of the seat of government. Kansas became an organized territory by the act of May 30, 1854, which designated Fort Leavenworth as the temporary seat of government, and provided that some of the public buildings there might be used as territorial offices. Gov. Reeder, the first territorial governor, assumed the duties of the ofifice early in Oct., 1854, but soon became dissatisfied with the quarters and offices provided for him at the fort, and on Nov. 24 he removed the executive office to the Shawnee Methodist Indian mission, about a mile from the Missouri line and less than 3 miles southwest of the town of Westport, Mo. At that time the mission buildings were the best and most commodious in the territory. Acting under the authority conferred upon him by the organic act, Gov. Reeder called the first territorial legislature to meet at Pawnee — near Fort Riley — on July 2, 1855, and on June 27 the governor removed his office to that place. The legislature soon became dissatisfied with the accommodations at Pawnee and adjourned to the Shawnee mission, where Judge Franklin G. Adams says the executive office was reestab- lished on July 12. (See Reeder's Administration.) On Aug. 8, 1855, the two branches of the legislature met in joint session to vote on the question of locating the permanent seat of govern- ment. The competitors for the honor were Leavenworth, Lawrence, Tecumseh, St. Bernard (in the northern part of Franklin county near the present village of Centropolis), White Head, Kickapoo, Lecompton, Douglass and One Hundred and Ten. Three ballots were taken, the last one resulting as follows: Lecompton, 25; St. Bernard, 11; Tecumseh, 2; all the others having dropped out of the race. F. J. Marshall, H. D. McMeekin and Thomas Johnson were appointed commissioners to select the grounds at Lecompton upon which were to be erected suitable build- ings for the governor and legislature. (See Capitol.) The first records dated at Lecompton as the capital were the executive minutes of Gov. Shannon on April 20, 1856. A special session of the legislature was held at Lecompton in Dec, 1857. This was the third territorial legislature, and the first one con- trolled by the free-state men. When it met again in regular session on Jan. 4, 1858, considerable dissatisfaction was manifested toward Lecomp- ton, and on the second day of the session adjourned to Lawrence, which became practically the capital of the territory, as the governor main- tained his office there during the session. This legislature pass'ed an act providing for the removal of the capital to Minneola, in the northern part of Franklin county, a little east of Centropolis. Railroad com- panies were chartered to build lines which would center at Minneola, and members of the legislature were financially interested in building up the town. The governor vetoed the act, but it was passed over his veto. Subsequently the attorney-general of the United States declared the act in violation of the oraanic law and therefore null. This ended 282 CYCLOPEDIA OF ihe attempts to remove the territorial seat of government from Lecompton. Jn the meantime the free-state men had adopted a constitution, elected state officers, and designated Topeka as the capital of the territory. But as this action was not authorized by any act of Congress the national administration declined to recognize the constitution or the seat of government thus established. The legislature of 1859 met at Lecompton on Jan. 3, and on the 5th adjourned to meet at Lawrence on the 7th. The legislature of i860 also voted to adjourn to Lawrence, which action was vetoed by Gov. Medary, but the resolution was passed over the veto and the session was held at Lawrence, the governor remaining" at Lecompton. The last territorial legislature was convened at Lecompton on Jan. 7, 1861, and the next H O > 13 H O > 286 CYCLOPEDIA Ol' When the free-state people gained control of the legislature the ses- sions were held at Lawrence, where they occupied two temporary capi- tols, both of which were merely rented for the purpose. One of these was "the new brick building, just south of the Eldridge House," and the other was "the old concrete building on Massachusetts street north of Winthrop." The mass convention at Topeka on Sept. 19, 1855, and the constitu- tional convention of the succeeding month, were both held in a building at Xos. 425-427 Kansas avenue, which had been erected b}' Loring Farns- worth. This building became known as "Constitution Hall." It was used as a "capitol" by the state government set up under the Topeka constitution, and also by the actual state government established en Feb. 9, 1861. In the basement of this old building were stored supplies sequestered from certain pro-slavery towns during the embargo of the Missouri river by pro-slavery decree. After the question of locating the permanent seat of government had been settled by the election of 1861 (see Capital), the legislature of 1862 accepted from the Topeka Asso- ciation the tract of ground in that city bovmded by Jackson, Harrison, Eighth and Tenth streets for a site for a state-house. By the act of March 2, 1863, the state officers were authorized to enter into a contract with Wilson I. Gordon, Theodore Mills and Loring Farnsworth for the erection of a temporary capitol on lots No. 13 1, 133, 135 and 137, on Kansas avenue in the city of Topeka, and to lease the said temporary capitol for five years, at an annual rental not exceeding $1,500, the building to be ready for occupancy by Nov. i, 1863. This building included the site of the old Constitution Hall. In the sidewalk in front of the place where it stood is a large cast-iron tatblet bearing the inscription: "Constitution Hall, where the Topeka constitutional con- vention met in 1855, and the Topeka legislature was dispersed by Col. K. V. Sumner, July 4, 1856. Used as state capitol 1864-69. Placed here by the Daughters of the American Revolution, July 4, 1903." The present capitol of Kansas had its inception in the act oi tiie legis- lature, approved by Gov. Crawford on Feb. 14, 1866. By the provisions of this act the governor, secretary of state, state auditor, state treasurer and superintendent of public instruction were constituted a commission to erect on the grounds donated by the Topeka Association a building according to plans and specifications submitted by K. Townsend Mix. An appropriation of $4o,ocxd was made to begin (he erection of the east wing, and the ten sections of land granted to the slate by Congress to aid in the construction of a state-house jvere ordered to be sold at a price not less than $1.25 an acre, the proceeds to be applied lo the erec- tion of the building. For the com])kiion of the cast wing the Icgisla- lure of 1869 authorized a bond issue of $70,000. The west wing waS ordered by the act of March 7. 1879, which appropriated $60,000 for that purpose, and a tax of one-half mill on the dollar was levied for the years 1879 and 1880, the revenue derived from this tax to go into the state- lK)use fund. By the act of Feb. 10, 1881. an additional a))propriation of KANSAS HISTORY 28/ $35,000 was made for the west wing-, and the one-half mill tax was con- tinued for the years 1883 and 1884. T'le central portion of the building, including the dome, was ordered by the act of March 4, 1887, and the one-half mill tax was again levied for the years 1887 and 1888. This tax was reduced by the next legislature to two-fifths of a mill for the next two years, and in 1895 it was reduced to one-fourth of a mill. By the act of March 11, 1891, an appropriation of $60,000 was made for certain specific purposes, to-wit : $9,000 for the completion of contracts already let; $17,560 for the north and south steps; $23,440 for concrete floors,, etc. ; and $10,000 for the completion of the basement in the south wing. The last direct appropriation — $100,000 — was made by the act of March 29, 1901, and in 1903 the state-house was pronounced finished. Owing to the fact that the funds for the erection of the capitol were derived from various sources — direct appropriations, Vjond issues, the proceeds of the land sales, and the revenues raised by the special tax levies — it is almost impossible, without weeks of labor in going through the different records, to give the actual total cost of the edifice, but it was not far from $3,500,000. From north to south, the extreme length of the capitol is 399 feet; from east to west, 386 feet; the dome is 80 feet square at the base; the height to the balcony of the dome is 258 feet, and to the top, 281 feet, 6 inches. The dome was originally surmounted by a flag-staff 40 feet high, but it was struck by a bolt of lightning some years ago and has never been replaced. Regarding space,, arrangement, etc., the Kansas State-house is one of the best in the Union. Within its walls there are commodious offices for all the various state officers, the board of railroad commissioners, the state board of health, the state board of agriculture, the supreme court room, with rooms for each of the justices, the horticultural and historical societies, the state museum, the state library, the free employ- ment bureau, halls and committee rooms for the two branches of the state legislature, etc. Carbondale, one of the principal towns of Osage county, is located in Ridgeway township on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 16 miles north of Lyndon, the county seat. It has churches, public schools, bank- ing facilities, and all the main lines of mercantile activity. A good quality of coal is mined in the vicinity. The town is supplied with express and telegraph offices and a money order postoffice with four rural routes. The population in 1910 was 461. The town was founded in 1869 by a company composed of T. J. Peter, J. F. Dodds, C. P. Dodds and L. R. Adams. The first buildings were erected by the Carbon Coal company and consisted of houses for the miners and a store for provisions. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. had reached this point before the town was started, and mining was begun at once on the Dodds farm half a mile from the railroad. A postoffice was established and C. P. Dodds, the railroad agent, was made postmaster. He opened a store the next year and did a flourishing busi- 288 CYCLOPEDIA OF ness. The growth of the town was very rapid for a time, several mines being in operation. In 1881 a tragedy occurred in connection with the burning of the shaft in W. L. Green's mine in which nine men lost their lives from suffocation and fire damp. Three of those who were killed belonged to the rescue party. Carbondale was incorporated as a city of the third class on Oct. 15, 1872. The first mayor was C. C. Moore ; clerk, A. V. Sparhawk ; treas- urer, J. R. Cowen ; police judge, J. S. Conwell ; marshal!, E. Piatt; coun- cilmen, M. T. Perrine, E. W. Teft, George Mullan. S. S. Stackhouse and G. \V. Luman. Garden, a hamlet of Marshall county, is located in Marysville town- ship 4 miles from Marysville. the county seat, on the St. Joseph & Grand Island R. R. It has telegraph and express offices, a postoffice and gen- eral lines of merchandising. The population of 1910 was 50. Carl, a hamlet of Jackson county, is located 12 miles west of Holton, the county seat. It receives mail from Soldier by rural route. The population in 1910 was 21. Carlton, one of the thriving villages of Dickinson county, is located in the Holland creek valley, about 18 miles southwest of Abilene, the county seat, and is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. It has a money order postoffice with one rural route, telegraph and express offices, some good general stores, and in 1910 reported a population of 225. It is the principal shipping and supply point for the southwestern portion of the county. Carlyle, one of the principal villages of Allen county, is located on •tlie Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 5 miles north of lola, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice with one rural delivery route, telegraph station and express offices, a good village school, some mer- cantile and shipping interests, and in 1910 reported a population of 200. Carmen, a new postoffice in Meade county, is located in the upper Crooked creek valley, about 15 miles northwest of Meade, the county seat. Before the office was established the people of Carmen received their mail by rural delivery from Mertilla. fSniuc ina])s slicnv ("arnion in Gray county, near the boundary line.) Carneiro, a village of Ellsworth county, is located in the township of the same name and is a station on the Union Pacific R. R. 12 miles east of Ellsworth, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice with one rural route, telegraph and express offices, general stores, Mcthoflist and Christian churches, and being located in a district devoted to agriculture and stock raising is an important shipping point. The population in 1910 was 76. Carney, Thomas, second governor of the State of Kansas, was born in Delaware county, Ohio, Aug. 20, 1824. His father, James Carney, died in 1828, leaving a widow and four small sons. Thomas remained with his mother imtil he was nineteen years of age, and frequently hauled the products of their little farm with an ox team to Newark, 36 miles distant. When he was nineteen he left home with about $3.50 KANSAS HISTORY 289 in his pocket and went to an uncle, Elijah Carney, at Berkshire, Ohio, where he stayed for several months, working for his board mornings, evenings and Saturdays while he attended school. In the fall of 1844 he found employment with a retail dry-goods concern at Columbus, receiving $50 a month and board the first year and $100 a month and board the second year. He then took a position with a wholesale dry-goods house in Cincinnati, into which he was admitted as a part- ner, the firm of Carney, Swift & Co. becoming one of the best known dry-goods houses in the country. After some twelve years in Cin- cinnati his health became impaired, and in 1857 he visited the West, partly for his health and partly in search of a new location. The fol- lowing spring, in partnership with Thomas C. Stevens, he opened the first wholesale house in Leavenworth, Kan. Mr. Stevens retired in 1866, when the firm took the name of Carney, Fenlon & Co., which in 1868 established the house of E. Fenlon & Co. in St. Louis, Mo. Several changes ensued and finally Mr. Carney became the sole pro- prietor of the business. He also founded the wholesale shoe house of Carney, Storer & Co., later Thomas Carney & Co. This business was disposed of by Mr. Carney in 1875. Upon locating in Kansas Mr. Carney took an active interest in pub- lic affairs. In 1861 he was elected to the second state legislature, and while in that body served upon some of the most important commit- tees. His record as a member of the legislature commended him to the Republican party for governor, and he was nominated for that office by a convention at Topeka on Sept. 17, 1862. At the election on the 4th of the following November he was elected over W. R. Wagstaff^ by a majority of 4,627 votes, and on Jan. 12, 1863, was inducted into the office. Historians have hardly done justice to the unselfish patriotism displayed by Gov. Carney during his term of two years. By personally indorsing the bonds of the state he established the credit of Kansas upon a firmer basis than it had ever been before, and it was largely due to his untiring efforts that the educational and charitable institutions of the state were established on a firm foundation. At the close of his term as governor he resumed his business operation, which he laid aside the day he was inaugurated in order to give his entire attention to the duties of his official position. In 1865 and 1866 he was mayor of the city of Leavenworth ; was one of the founders of the First National Bank of that city, and was for several years a member of the board of directors ; and he was also one of the directors of the Kansas City, Lawrence & Fort Gibson railroad. In addition to his mercantile, banking and railroad interests in Kansas, he was associated with mining operations in the Gunnison country. While visiting his mines there he wrote several letters for the Leavenworth papers, which were widely read and enjoyed by his numerous friends in Kansas. In 1875 he practically retired from business. On Nov. 13, 1861, at Kenton, Ohio, Gov. Carney was united in mar- riage with Miss Rebecca Ann Cannady, who was born at Kenton on (I-19) 290 CYCLOI'EDIA OF Oct. 9, 1827. She was a woman of high Christian character, noted far and wide for her interest in charitable work. She died at Leavenworth on Sept. 25, 1894. Gov. Carney's death occurred on July 28, 1888. and was due to apoplexy. At the time of his election to the office of gov- ernor he was a wealthy man, but in later years financial reverses came — due, it is said, to the unworthy schemes of designing politicians — and he died comparatively poor. Carney's Administration. — Gov. Carney was inaugurated on Jan. 12, 1863. He came into office at a time when the affairs of the state were in a discouraging condition. The Civil war was at its height ; the counties along the eastern border were constantly menaced by, guer- rillas; those on the west suft'ered from frequent Indian forays, and to protect the people from these incursions the state had neither arms, ammunition nor means of subsisting troops. The credit of the state — not yet fully established — had been impaired the preceding year by the sale of bonds in such a way as to lead to the impeachment and removal from office of the secretary of state and auditor, and the increasing population made necessary certain expenditures for educa- tional and benevolent purposes. In his inaugural message the governor said : "We stand by the administration, because the administration is the organized authority of the nation. It has labored to avoid our present troubles. It has sought Union in the spirit of Union. It has done nothing, proposed nothing, asserted nothing in opinion or principle, which invaded, or which threatened to invade, the rights of the states, or violate the letter or spirit of the constitution. "I do not wish to indulge in poetic speech or empty declamation. Neither will feed the hungry or relieve the sufferer. We must ren- der both substantial aid. And this the state should do. Loyal com- monwealths of the Republic have cared for the soldier, by appointing sanitary committees; by appropriating funds for their families, while the heads thereof were in the field, and by relieving, on Ihc battlefields or at home, the wounded and the sick. "Kansas should be the rival of the noblest of these commonwealths. We stand first, because in proportion to population and wealth, we have mustered more men to combat rebellion than any loyal state in the Union. This has been done, too, at immense sacrifice. Many of our families have been left almost in destitution. I have been an eye witness to the fact, that in many instances the faithful mother, and in some instances onlv children have been left to attend to the house- hold and the farm." This portion of the message — written by one who was on the ground, and who was familiar with the situation — has been ([uoted at length to show that the people of Kansas, loyal to the core, were willing to make sacrifices and endure hardshi])s, in order to preserve the Union of which the state had so recently become a member. The governor urged the acceptance of the grant of land for a state university; the KANSAS HISTORY 29I erection of a penitentiary at the earliest possible day ; that a lax be levied upon foreign insurance companies doing business within the state; an amendment to the constitution to permit the citizen soldiery to vote; and such legislation as might be found necessary for the advancement of the educational interests and benevolent institutions of the state. Referring to the bonds that had caused so much trouble the preceding session, he said: "In November, 1861, this state made a contract, through the agent created by its authorized agents, with the secretary of the interior, at Washington, for the sale of $150,000 of its fifteen-year seven per cent, bonds at 85 cents on the dollar. Only a portion of this contract has been fulfilled. Ninety-five thousand six hundred dollars of these bonds is all that has been delivered, and only $64,600 paid for. This leaves ;< difference of $54,400 of these bonds that will have to be delivered to the secretary of the interior, before the contract can be consummated. The legislature of 1862, for reasons of its own, took the completion of this contract out of the hands of its agents, and their attorney, and placed it wholly in yours. "To complete this contract you will have to authorize the issue of $54,400 of seven per cent, fifteen-year bonds, which, added to the $31,000 now held by the secretary of the interior, and not paid for, will make the required amount. . . . Now I call upon you to "do your duty. You must meet this responsibility or forfeit the credit of the state. Its wants are imperative and its character is at stake. I will npt, if I can help it, and you will not, I know, permit a stain to rest upon that credit, or blur upon that character." In accordance with the governor's recommendations, the legislature, by the act of March 2, 1863, authorized the issue of $54,400 fifteen- year seven per cent, bonds. _ Immediately after the adjournment of the legislature, Gov. Carney went to Washington, where he met the sec- retary of the interior and found him ready to carry out his part of the original agreement. Thinking, however, that the state ought to realize more than 60 cents on the dollar, the governor went on to New York and found that he could negotiate the bonds to better advantage. He then asked the secretary- of the interior to release the state from the contract. The secretary readily consented, the governor returned to New York, where he sold $54,000 of the new issue and $1,000 of the old at 93 cents ; $26,000 of the old issue at par, and $4,000 at 95 cents. In his message of Jan. 13, 1864, he thus explains his reasons for the course he adopted : "I was led to regard the spirit, rather than the letter, of the. law, because, on the first sale of bonds made, I realized $3,850 more than otherwise could have been realized ; because, in the arrangement made with the secretary of the interior, I secured $3,900, and $234.71 inter- est, accruing between April 25th and July ist, 1863, more than other- wise could have been secured ; and because in the last sale of $4,000 of the old issue of bonds, there were made $400 more than otherwise 292 CYCLOPEDIA OF would have been made, thus saving to the state $8,384.71 by the course 1 pursued. Another potent reason influenced me. The credit of the state was estabhshed by it, at the very point where, above all others it was most important it should be established, both for it and its citi- zens, namely, in the city of New York." The message does not state — probably owing to the governor's modesty — that one of the potent influences in establishing the state's credit in New York was his personal indorsement of the bonds, yet such was the case. The Topeka Commonwealth of Jul}' 29, 1888, in commenting on the transaction, said: "At this very critical moment Kansas was indeed in a pitiable condition. She was the seat of a ter- rible conflict and her finances were bankrupt. Governor Carney him- self started east and negotiated a loan for a sum of money consider- ably over $100,000. It was made negotiable by the fact that he endorsed the paper individually. At this time he was very rich and thus an individual endorsing the paper of the State of Kansas for a fortune secured money with which to conduct the state government." The legislature of 1863 adjourned on March 3, after enacting" laws providing for the promotion of the state university, the agricultural college and the state normal school ; the employment of teachers for the deaf and dumb ; the location of an insane asylum at Osawatomie ; the erection of a penitentiary at Lansing, and for funding the old ter- ritorial debt. On April 30 the commissioners appointed by the gov- ernor to select a site for the state university reported that they had decided on a tract of 40 acres near the city of Lawrence, and on Nov. 2 the governor issued a proclamation declaring the university per- manently located there. Manhattan was selected as the site of the agricultural college; the state normal school was established at Em- poria, and on the last day of the year the directors of the penitentiary reported that they had made a contract for the erection of a building. (For a more complete account of these institutions see each under its appropriate title.) The summer of 1863 was a trying time for Kansas. All along the eastern border the people lived in constant fear of guerrilla invasions from Missouri. Appeals to the general government for aid were futile, as the Confederate armies at this time were particularly aggres- sive, and the life of the nation was the first consideration of the Federal administration. In this emergency the governor organized the patrol guard — a force of 150 mounted men — and some of this force were on duty day and night, watching the border. Each man of this force received from the private funds of the governor a dollar a day for his services and the use of his horse, though the United States furnished rations and forage. After the battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg, the Federal government found it possible to send troops to Kansas and the patrol was discontinued. A few days later the guerrilla leader, Quantrill, who it appears was waiting for just such an opportunity, made his famous raid to Lawrence. (See Quantrill's Kaid.) Ry the KANSAS HISTORY 293 act of Feb. 26, 1864, the legislature authorized the state to refund to the governor "the sum of $10,000, or so much thereof as may be neces- sary," to reimburse him for his expenditures in protecting the state. In troublous times, when the constituted legal authorities of a com- munity are engrossed in repelling invasion or suppressing rebellion, law- less characters frequently take advantage of conditions to commit law- less acts, and often mob rule is the result. This was true of Kansas in 1863. In his History of Kansas, p. 374, Cutler says: "During the year 1863, so annoying became the depredations of lawless bands of jayhawkers that means were devised for self-protection, and the most eflfective seemed to be a vigilance committee under the control of brave, discreet loyalists." On the night of May 16, a desperado named Sterling, with three of his gang, went to the home of a Mr. Kelsey, near the head of the Big Stranger, and upon being admitted knocked down the proprietor, took $40 in money and four horses and departed. A posse was hurriedly organized and the ruffians were captured at Atchison the following morning. One of the gang, a man named Parker, turned state's evi- dence and on Monday morning all four were taken to the woods a short distance from town, where Sterling was hanged. The intention was to hang all four, but the others begged so piteously that their lives were spared. A few nights later two men named Mooney and Brewer, with others of the Sterling gang, attempted to rob a man about 15 miles northeast of Atchison. They were pursued, captured and taken to Atchison, where they were confined in jail. About nine o'clock on the morning of Saturday, May 23, some 400 or 500 men, on horseback or in wagons, came in from the surrounding country. Two hours later 100 of these men, selected for the purpose, went to the court-house, where the two men were on trial by jury, everybody being excluded except the wit- nesses, lawyers and jurors. The trial lasted for four or five hours, at the end of which time the jury returned a verdict of guilty. Then the 100 men quietly took Mooney and Brewer away from the officers and, with the crowd following, conducted them to a spot about half a mile from the town, where they were hanged. No excitement prevailed, and as soon as the two men were dead the people quietly returned to their homes. Another lynching occurred on June 3, when James Melvine and William Cannon were hanged at Highland. These two men had robbed Mr. Devine, Mr. Beeler and Mr. Martin of a pair of mules, a wagon and some other property. Martin, Beeler and Devine imme- diately started in pursuit, and when about a mile from the village of Kennekuk fired on the bandits, leaving them for dead. They recovered, however, and another pursuit followed. Near Mt. Pleasant, Atchison county, they were overtaken, captured and taken to Highland, where they were tried by a jury of twelve men. A verdict of guilty was ren- dered, and the execution quickly followed the verdict. 294 CYCLOPEDIA 01^ The records do not show that the governor, in an}- of these cases, made an}^ effort to apprehend or punish the men who did the lynch- ing. He knew the conditions that prevailed all through the eastern part of the state, and no doubt realized that the people were exercis- ing the "higher law" of self-protection. Xor is there any doubt that the prompt and efficient manner in which summary justice was meted out to offenders had a great influence in restoring order in the dis- tricts where the lynchings occurred. On Nov. 3, 1863, there was an election for chief justice of the supreme court, district attorneys and members of the legislature. Robert Crozier was elected chief justice, receiving 12,731 votes, only 14 scat- tering votes being cast against him. Gov. Carney's message to the legislature at the opening of the ses- sion on Jan. 12, 1864, is one of the longest ever presented to a Kansas general assembly. In it he reviews in detail the negotiations of the state bonds ; urged that provisions be made for a complete geological survey of the state; that measures be adopted to encourage immigra- tion ; devoted considerable attention to the guerrilla warfare along the border, and the work of the Kansas soldiers in the field. In locating the state university at Lawrence, the preceding legislature had made a requirement that a fund of $15,000 should be raised before the law became effective. On this subject the governor said: "Amos Law- rence, of Boston, Mass., gave $10,000 to it; the citizens of Lawrence advanced $5,000, making the amount required, which sum has been deposited with the treasurer of state. I am loth to recommend the expenditure of money, devoted by law to specific objects; hut I think this case so clearly exceptional, that I do not hesitate to urge the legislature to return to the citizens of Lawrence the amount contributed by them. Their gift, as we know, was a generous one ; it was noble as well as generous. In a fell hour they lost, as it were, their all. Rebel assassins did this fatal work. Where, then, the patriotic heart in the state, that would not say promptly 'Return to these public-spirited men the generous gift, which, when wealth}', the}' promised, and which I)rnmisc, when poor, they fulfilled?" In this part of the message the governor referred to the Quantrill raid of the previous August. The legislature accepted the governor's recommendation, and b}- the act of Feb. 15, 1864, directed the state treasurer to "refund ,ind ])ay over tn the mayor of the city of Law- rence, or the person acting as mayor, to be refunded to the contributors to the universit}- fund, the sum of $5,167. to be deducted from the endowment fund," etc. The legislature adjourned on March i. The most important laws of the session were those regulating the granting of pardons; jirovid- ing for the api)ointnient of commissioners to locate a blind asylum in Wyandotte county ; authorizing the governor to appoint a state geolo- gist ; establishing a bureau of immigration ; abolishing grand juries; pro- posing an .-inn'iKlmcnt \n tin- slate constitution to enalilc soldiers to KANSAS HISTORY 295 vote, and several acts to encourage the construction of railroads. One action of the legislature which caused widespread comment and much adverse criticism, was that of voting for a I'nited States senator for the term beginning on March 4, 1865. Another assembly would meet in Jan., 1865, and many contended that it was the proper body to elect a senator ; that such an election by the session of 1864 would be ''pre- mature and unwarranted, if not actually illegal." However, a resolu- tion to elect a senator was adopted by the house early in the session. On Feb. 6 it was taken up in the senate and the question of calling a joint convention was decided in the affirmative by a vote of 17 to 8. The joint convention accordingly met on the 8th and, after some acrimonious debate, voted to cast a ballot for senator. The vote stood : Thomas Carney, 68; against a fraud, i; blank, 2; excused from voting, 27. As Gov. Carney was the only one voted for, he was charged by some of having instigated the whole proceedings, through "his inor- dinate desire to go to the senate." But his subsequent action would indicate that the charges were unfounded. A certificate of election was made out to him, but when the Republican convention met at Topeka on April 21 he announced that he never intended to claim the office. And he never did. The Republican convention above referred to selected as delegates to the national convention at Baltimore Gen. James H. Lane, A. C. Wilder, Thomas N. Bowen, W. W. H. Lawrence, Martin H. Insley and F. W. Potter. On June i the Democrats held a convention at Topeka and selected as delegates to their national convention at Chi- cago W. C. McDowell, Wilson Shannon, Orlin Thurston, L. B. Wheat, U. J. Strickler and J. P. Taylor. A Republican convention for the nomination of a state ticket assem- bled in Topeka on Sept. 8, 1864. Samuel J. Crawford was nominated for governor; James McGrew for lieutenant-governor; R. A. Barker for secretary of state ; John R. Swallow for auditor ; William Spriggs for treasurer; J. D. Brumbaugh for attorney-general; Isaac T. Good- now for superintendent of public instruction; Jacob Safford for justice of the supreme court, and Sidney Clarke for representative in Con- gress. Ellsworth Cheeseborough, Nelson McCracken and Robert Mc- Bratney were named as presidential electors, but before the election Cheeseborough and McCracken both died and their places on the ticket were filled by Thomas Moonlight and W. F. Cloud. Two political conventions — the Republican L'nion and the Demo- cratic — met in Topeka on Sept. 13. The former nominated the follow- ing state ticket, which was indorsed by the Democrats : For governor, Solon O. Thacher; lieutenant-governor, John J. Ingalls; secretary of state, William R. Saunders ; auditor, Asa Hairgrove ; treasurer, J. R. McClure ; attorney-general, Hiram Griswold, superintendent of public instruction, Peter McVicar ; associate justice of the supreme court, Samuel A. Kingman; representative in Congress, Albert L. Lee; presi- dential electors. Nelson Cobb, Andrew G. Ege and Thomas Bridgens. 296 CYCLOPEDIA OF Mr. McVicar declined the nomination for superintendent of public instruction and John S. Brown was selected to fill the vacanc}' on the ticket. Early in October the news spread rapidly through the state that the Confederate Gen. Price was marching toward Kansas with a large force of troops, and that his movements were being accelerated by the close pursuit of the Federal army. Invasion seemed imminent, and for the time interest in the political campaign was almost entirely lost. On the 8th Gov. Carney issued a proclamation calling out the militia of the state, under command of Gen. George W. Deitzler. (See \\^ar of 1861-65.) The entire Republican ticket was elected on Nov. 8, and the admin- istration of Gov. Carney came to an end with the inauguration of Gov. Samuel J. Crawford on Jan. 11, 1865. Carona, a town of Ross township, Cherokee county, is situated on the Missouri Pacific R. R. about 10 miles north of Columbus, the county seat. The railroad name was formerly Folsom. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph facilities, telephone connections, and is a trading and shipping point for the neighborhood in which it is located. The population in 1910 was 350. Carroll, a little hamlet of Greenwood county, is located 12 miles southeast of Eureka, the county seat, and 10 miles west of Toronto, the nearest shipping point, from which place it obtains its mail. Carruth, William Herbert, professor of German language and litera- ture in the University of Kansas, was born on a farm near Osawatomie, Kan., April 5, 1859, the son of James H. and Jane (Grant) Carruth. His father, from whom he inherited his love of books, was a home mis- sionary of the Presbyterian church, and from his mother he inherited courage, energy and an independent disposition. He worked his way through school and college, graduating at the Iniversity of Kansas in 1880. In the fall of that year he began teaching in the university as assistant in modern languages and literature. In 1882 he was elected professor of modern languages. In 1884 this department was divided, one branch embracing French and the other German, and Prof. Car- ruth remained at the head of the latter. In 1886 he spent a year of study abroad at P)erlin and Munich. Three years later he was Morgan fellow at Harvard for a year, receiving the degree of A. M., and in 1893 he received the degree of Ph. D. from the same institution. He is an able translator and has edited several volumes of college texts. In 1887 with F. G. Adams Prof. Carruth published an account of Municipal Suffrage in Kansas. In 1900 two volumes entitled "Kansas in Litera- ture," compiled by Prof. Carruth, were published. In 1908 Putnams brought out a volume of his poems, "Each in His Own Tongue." He is a member of the honorary fraternity of Phi Beta Kappa and of the Modern Language Association, and is district vico-iirosiiU'iit "I llu' American Dialect Society. He took an active part in the organization of the Central States Modern Language Conference and was presi- KANSAS HISTORY 297 dent of it from 1895 to 1897. In 1896 he was president of the Kan- sas Academy of Language and Literature. Prof. Carruth is a director of the Kansas Historical Society ; a member of the executive com- mittee of the State Temperance Union; one of the Committee of Twelve of the American Modern Language Associatron on entrance require- ments to college, and for several years was managing editor of the Kansas University Quarterly. He has been active in university exten- sion work; was secretary of the Lawrence Civil Service Reform club, and served on the common council and board of education of Law- rence. Carson, Christopher C, a famous guide, scout and frontiersman in the early settlement of the West, is better known to the readers of American history as "Kit" Carson. He was born in Madison county, Ky., Dec. 24, 1809, but while he was still in his infancy his parents removed to Howard county. Mo. At the age of fifteen years he was apprenticed to a saddler, but two years later he joined an overland trading expedition to Santa Fe. This determined the course of his career. He was an expert with the rifle and the wild life of the plains had a fascination for him that he could not shake off. He married an Indian woman and for sixteen years supplied his food with his rifle. Eight years of that time he was in the employ of Bent and St. Vrain, who engaged him to furnish meat to their forts. In 1842, after the death of his wife, he went to St. Louis to place his daughter in school and there met Col. John C. Fremont, who was fitting out his first exploring expedition to the Rocky mountains. Carson was engaged to act as guide to the expedition, and he was also with Fremont on his second expedition and in the conquest of California. In 1847 he was sent to Washington as a bearer of despatches and President Polk nominated him as lieutenant in the United States mounted rifles, but the senate refused to confirm the nomination. In the meantime Carson had mar- ried a Spanish woman of New Mexico in 1843, ^nd in 1853 h^ drove a flock of some 6,500 sheep over the mountains to California, where he sold them at prices that repaid him well for the venture. During the Civil war he was loyal to the Federal government and rendered valuable services in New Mexico, Colorado and the Indian Territory, being brevetted brigadier-general at the close of the war. Many of Carson's exploits were along the line of the old Santa Fe trail in Kan- sas and New Mexico, and he has been called the "Nestor of the Rocky mountains." Inman says of him : "He was brave but not reckless ; a veritable exponent of Christian altruism, and as true to his friends as the needle to the pole. Under the average in stature, and delicate in his physical proportions, he was nevertheless a quick, wiry man, with nerves of steel, and possessing an indomitable will. He was full of caution, but showed coolness in the moment of supreme danger that was good to witness." Carson died at Fort Lyon, Col., May 23, 1868. Carter, Elizabeth, one of the pioneer mission teachers of Kansas, was born at the Shawnee Baptist mission in Johnson county on Jan. 24,. 298 CYCLOPEDIA OF 1835. a daughter of Rev. Robert Simerwell. She was educated at Upper Alton, became a teacher in the Baptist Kansas mission, and was the first teacher at Ottawa. Throughout her life she was an enthu- siastic worker for the advancement of the Baptist church in Kansas. She died at Auburn. Shawnee county, Jan. 3, 1883. The claim has been made that Mrs. Carter was the first white female child born in Kansas, but that honor belongs to a daughter of Daniel Yoacham. (See Dillon, Susanna A.) Carter, Lawrence, the first white child born in the city of Lawrence, was born on Oct. 25, 1855, and the comments of the Herald of Free- dom of Jan. 20, 1855, are interesting a half centur}' later. The editorial said : "The first birth in this city was on the 25th of October last. The Lawrence Association donated the boy a first class city lot, and named him Lawrence Carter after the city and his parents. We learn that the little fellow is quite healthy, and is growing finely. May he live to see our beautiful city ranking with the first in the Union. . . . We may be allowed to say, in this connection, that the first white child born in Chicago is now but twenty-two years old, while the city boasts a population of near 80,000. May not a destiny equally prosperous await our own Lawrence?" Carwood, a rural postoffice of ^Vichita county, is located in Edwards township, about 12 miles northwest of Leoti, the county seat. It is in the Ladder creek valley and is a trading center for the neighborhood. It has a store, a Presbyterian church, and is connected by telephone with the surrounding country. Cace, Nelson, lawyer and writer, was born in Wyoming county. Pa., April 22, 1845. When he was about a year old his parents removed to Lee county. 111., where he grew to manhood. In 1866 he graduated at the Illinois State Normal School, and after teaching one year he entered the law department of the University of Michigan, where he graduated in 1869. He then came to Kansas and located at Oswego, where he began the practice of law. He was twice appointed probate judge of Labette county by Gov. St. John; served two terms as regent (if the State Normal School under Gov. Humphrey; was one of the first board of trustees of the Labette county high school; was for ten years president of the Oswego board of education; was for seventeen years a trustee of Baker University, and was also a trustee of Oswego Ccillcgc for young women. For three years he was editor of the Oswego Independent, and he is the author of a history of Labette count}'. In 1872 Judge Case married Mary F. Clayjiool of Attica. I ml., who died in 1892, and later he married Miss Georgiana Reed, loaclur i large number of free-state delegates met in convention at Lawrence, to decide on the question of voting on the Lecompton constitution and electing state officers under it. In an address before the Kansas Historical Society on Jan. 17, 1882, Richard Cordley said: "The discussion proceeded for two days. The radicals were the most elcii)ucnl and high-toned; the conservatives were the most experienced and shrewd. The radicals comprised the younger men, who followed impulse and conviction ; the conservatives comprised tJic iiicnc cautious nun .ind ilie political man- agers. As the discussion progressed the brcacli wiiiciicd rather thrin KANSAS HISTORY 3O3 Otherwise. There was no sjgn of agreement, and no ground of com- promise was found. A vote was reached at last, and the radical policy was adopted by a decided majority. The conservatives thereupon withdrew to the basement of the Herald of Freedom office and organized another convention, which was known as the "Cellar Kitchen Conven- tion." This convention nominated candidates for state offices (see Denver's yVdministration), but at the election the candidates received only about half the votes of the free-state party. The failure of Congress to admit Kansas under the Lecompton constitution settled the whole matter, and the "Cellar Kitchen Convention" has been almost forgotten. Cement. — The cement of commerce may be divided into four classes: I. Hydraulic lime, which is made from limestone containing a small proportion of clay (8 or lo per cent.) by burning at a low temperature and slaking the product with water. 2. Hydraulic or natural rock cement, made from an impure limestone, containing a larger percentage of clay than that used for hydraulic lime, by being burned at a low temperature and then ground to powder. 3. Portland cement, which is made from an artificial mixture of carbonate of lime — chalk, ground limestone or marl — with certain proportions of clay, burned at a white heat, and the clinker ground to powder. 4. Slag cement, which is made by mixing finely ground volcanic ash or slag from a blast furnace with a small proportion of slaked lime. Of these- four classes, Portland cement is by far the most impor- tant, and the manufacture of slag cement is still in its infancy in the United States. The manufacture of cement in Kansas began at Fort Scott in 1868, and the next year the capacity of the plant was increased lo 10 barrels a day, and the amount of capital invested was $4,000. At that time the nearest source of supply was Louisville, and the price of ordinary hydraulic cement was $10 a barrel. The Fort Scott com- pany cut the price one-half, and soon had all the orders it could fill. When the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroad was built to Fort Scott, the demand increased, railroad companies began to use cement in con- struction of their lines, and in 1871 the plant was enlarged to 50 bar- rels a day. Still the market widened with improved transportation facilities, and in 1879 the company was turning out 700 barrels daily. A second mill was erected in 1887, and in a short time it also was turning out 700 barrels a day, though the price had dropped to less than $1 a barrel. Improved methods were introduced, to cheapen the cost of production, and in 1900 Kansas mills had a capacit}^ over 125,- 000 barrels for the year, which had been increased to nearly 240,000 in 1906. The manufacture of Portland cement began in 1899. The first mill was erected at lola and started with a capacity of 2,500 barrels a day, which was soon doubled. A second mill was established there in 1904. In 1905 mills were built at Independence and Neodesha. Mills are also in operation at Fredonia, Humboldt, Chanute, Yocemento and 304 CYCLOPEDIA OF Bonner Springs. In 1908 three of the largest mills were consolidated under one management — the United States Portland Cement company, with a capital of over $12,500,000. The industry was greatly stimulated by the discovery of natural gas, and in 1910 the fifteen mills in the Kansas and Oklahoma gas belt turned out over 1,000,000 barrels a month. There is also a large quantity of cement plaster manufactured in Kansas. (See also articles on Geology and Gypsum.) Cemeteries, National. — There are three national cemeteries in Kansas — one at Fort Leavenworth, one at Fort Scott, and one at Baxter Springs. The one at Fort Leavenworth was established in 1861, and contains an area of 15 acres, inclosed by a stone wall. It is a portion of the government reservation, which is a magnificent natural park. It is beautifully located half a mile west of the garrison, which ■ is approached by way of a broad macadamized roadway that connects the city of Leavenworth with the fort. The view of the government reserva- tion from the cemetery is imposing and picturesque. Water for the cemetery is supplied by cisterns and the post waterworks, and there is fine surface and underground drainage. The lodge is a six-room stone building, with a brick out-building, and there is a rectangular rostrum. The interments in the Fort Leavenworth cemetery number 3.174, of which 1,729 are known and 1,445 ^^^ unknown. The cemetery at Fort Scott is located about one and a half miles from the heart of the city. The grounds were established as a cemetery by the government on Nov. 15, 1862, with an area of 10.26 acres, inclosed by a stone wall. The cemetery is rectangular in shape, 924 feet long, extending east and west, and 478 wide, north and south. A part of the ground was donated by the city, a part by the Presbyterian church, and the rest was purcahsed by the government, for $75. Through the stone wall mentioned are entrances at either end of the cemetery made by means of iron folding gates swinging from stone pillars. The sur- face of the ground is a graceful slope. The crest of the slope is at the east end and for a short distance the descent is extremely light, but soon becomes of greater fall, extending about half the length of the grounds, and again becomes more mild reaching to the other extremity of the place. The main entrance is in the center of the west wall at the foot of the grade. A wide driveway passes up the gentle slope to the center of the cemetery, and at about half the length of the grounds divides, branching to either side around the more abrupt slope to the summit, enclosing a heart-shaped plat, tastefully ornamented with shade trees. At regular intervals upon the margins of this plat four mounted cannon are stationed to guard, as it were, these holy and sacred precincts. Immediately upon the brow of the crest, at about equal angular distances from the superintendent's resi- dence building and rostrum, rising out of a large, grass covered mound, is the tall flag stafi', upon Ihc summit of which the national emblem mournfully keeps untiring watch over the resting place of its defenders. At the other end of the cemetery and about half its length, separated KANSAS HISTORY 3O5 by the central driveway and surrounded by a driveway on the remain- ing three sides, are the two rectangular plats or panels occupied by the interments. These plats of equal size are of even and moderate grade. Here, side by side, in rank and file, like as in solid phalanx they marched, the veterans lie buried. The surface of these plats is smooth and even, with no perceptible marks of the graves except the little block of marble standing at the head of each. The entire grounds, excepting the drives, is covered with a blue grass sod, and the whole is under- drained with tiling, by which the surface is always kept dry. The enclosure is also adorned with a profusion of artistically arranged shade trees, and the burying plats are embellished with numerous evergreens, through whose dark green foliage may be seen the ghostlike white- ness of the marble blocks, giving the whole a weird and mournful appearance. There are 666 interments in the cemetery, 177 of whom are unknown. At different places among the graves are stanzas of poetry appropriate to the place, printed in enduring letters on tablets. The cemetery is reached from the city by a fine macadamized drive, alongside of which is a walk, and on either side of both a row of shade trees. This improvement was made during the year 1882 at a cost of about $18,000. Upon the summit of the grade, at the east end of the grounds and near one corner, is the tasty, two-story brick resi- dence of the superintendent, and back of this building in the corner are the stable and out-houses. (See Baxter Springs.) Census. — The first census taken in Kansas was in accordance with the provisions of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, which stipulated that "Previous to the first election, the governor shall cause a census or enumeration of the inhabitants and qualified voters of the several coun- ties and districts of the territory, to be taken by such persons, and in such mode as the governor shall designate and appoint." The enumeration taken under this provision was completed on the last day of Feb., 1855, and showed the total resident population of the territory to be 8,501, of whom 2,905 were qualified voters; 151 were free negroes; 192 were slaves, and 408 were persons of foreign birth. It was under this census that Gov. Reeder divided the territory into districts for the election of members of the first territorial legislature. On Jan. 21, 1858, Gov. Denver approved an act of the legislature pro- viding for a census to be taken in certain districts, viz: Oxford and Shawnee townships in Johnson county; Walnut township, Atchison county ; and Tate and Potosi townships in Linn county. The act also appointed commisioners to take the census. Each commissioner was to receive $5 for his w.ork, and was required "to visit every dwelling, cabin, tent or building in which he can find inhabitants, and take the name of each inhabitant, as provided in the first section, specifying the date of his settlement." The act was passed by the free-state legisla- ture to aid in the investigation of frauds committed at the election of Jan. 4. Section 26, Article 2, of the Wyandotte constitution provided that (I-20) 3o6 C^CLOl'EDIA Ol'- "The legislature shall provide tor taking an enumeration of the inhab- itants of the state, at least once in ten years. The first enumeration shall be taken in A. D. 1865." Several enumerations were made in the j-ear i860. On Feb. 7 a com- mittee of the legislature reported the population as being 97,570. The census made to and reported by Gov. Robinson showed a population of 71,770. In June the marshal caused a census to be taken, which showed a population of 143,643, and the official United States census — the first ever taken in Kansas — gave the number of inhabitants as 107,206. The first state census, taken under the provisions of the Wyan- dotte constitution mentioned above, was made in May, 1865, and showed the population to be 140,179, of whom 127,270 were whites, 12,527 were negroes, and 382 were Indians. During the first twenty years of statehood the growth of population was rapid. In 1870 it was 364,399, an increase of nearly 250 per cent, during the preceding decade, and in 1880 it was 996,096, an increase of nearly 175 per cent, over 1870. Since then the increase has not been so marked, yet Kansas has kept pace with her sister states. In 1890 the population was 1,427,096. This had increased to 1.470,495 in 1900, and in 1910, the last United States census year, the population was 1 ,690,949. Centennal Exposition. — (See Expositions.) Center, a little inland hamlet in Chautauqua county, is located on North Cheney Creek about 10 miles north of Sedan, the county seat, whence it receives mail daily by rural route. The nearest railroad station is Rodgers on the Missouri Pacific, about 7 miles south. The population, according to the report of 1910, was 38. Centerville, a village of Linn county, is situated in the western por- tion of the county on Sugar creek and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R. about 12 miles northwest of Mound City, the county seat. It has a money order posloffice, express and telegraph offices, and is the shipping and supply town for a considerable agricultural district. In 1910 the population was 175. Central City, a village of Anderson county, is located on a branch of Scipio creek, about 8 miles west of Garnett, the county seat, and 4 miles from Harris, on the Missouri Pacific, which is the nearest rail- road station. The population was ^j in iQio. Mail is received from Garnett by rural deliver}-. Central College, located at Entcrjirisc, Dickinson county, was foun5 by ~^ feet, in which was ojieucd "llar- rison Normal College." On July 10, 1891, the founders met with the Central College Association, to which the property was transferred, and the charier of Central College was filed on the T6th. The institu- tion was conducted under tlic name of Central ("ollege until in i.Sq6, when it was turned oMr to the western conference of the German Methodist cliurch. ami the name was changed to l-'nterprise Normal Academy. KANSAS HISTORY 307 Central Normal College, located at (aeat Bend, was first opened in 1888, with D. E. Sanders as president and William Stryker as principal. Hazelrigg's History of Kansas, published in 1895, says the school then enrolled 400 students. In 1898 the Central Normal College company was organized and purchased the property, which originally cost some- thing like $40,000, engaged a competent faculty, reorganized the institu- tion with Porter Young as president, and broadened the scope of the college. Under the new management eight courses of study were intro- duced, viz. : Preparatory, common school teachers', special science, scientific, classical, pedagogical, oratorical and commercial. There is also a special course in shorthand and typewriting. Centralia, one of the important towns of Nemaha county, is located 10 miles southwest of Seneca, the county seat, on the Missouri Pacific R. R. which runs through the southern part of the county east and west. It is also on the Vermillion river. It has banking facilities, a public library, a weekly newspaper (the Journal), telegraph and express offices, and an international money order postoffice with four rural routes. All the main lines of business activity are represented. The population in 1910 was 665. A settlement known as Centralia was made in 1859 a mile north of the present town. J. ^^^ Tuller erected a store in i860 and shortly afterward a school house, a drug store and a hotel were constructed. These, with a law oiifice and a blacksmith shop, comprised the town up to 1867. When the railroad came through the site was moved. The town company purchased 240 acres of land, half of which was given to the railroad for building a depot. The first building erected was a store by I. Stickel in 1867. Four other business buildings followed before 1871. In 1873 a $7,000 mill was built by John Ingram. The first school was taught in a frame building erected at a cost of $2,500, J. S. Stamm being the teacher. The first marriage occurred in i860 between Albert Clark and Sara Mitchell. The town was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1882 and the first election held the same year. Centropolis, one of the oldest settlements of Franklin county, is situated on Eight Mile creek about 10 miles northwest of Ottawa, the county seat, and 8 miles west of Norwood, the nearest railroad station. The first white settler on the town site was Perry Fuller, who estab- lished a store in 1855, for trade with the Indians. The business pros- pered and Mr. Fuller was the prime mover in the formation of the Centropolis Town compan}- in 1856. The men who formed tne organ- ization intended that it should not only be the seat of justice of the county, but also aspired to have it the capital of Kansas Territory. It was therefore named Centropolis at the suggestion of Joel K. Goodin, a member of the association. A number of business houses and dwell- ings were erected during 1856. The following year the town company- built a large sawmill, and during that year Centropolis reached the height of its importance. The first school in the town was taught dur- 308 CYCLOPEDIA OF ing the winter of 1855 by William Cater. The first school house was used until 1877, when it was replaced by a good frame building with a capacity of 80 scholars. The first newspaper in Franklin county, excepting that issued by Jotham Aleeker at the Indian mission, was the Kansas Leader of Centropolis, which appeared in the spring of 1857. Centropolis prospered up to i860, but as no railroad reached the town it never lived up to the great expectations of its founders. Today it has several general stores, a money order postoffice, is the supply town for a considerable district, and in 1910 had a population of 117. Cess, a rural postoffice in the extreme southeast corner of Morton county, is in Cimarron township about 25 miles from Richfield, the county seat. Hooker, Okla., is the most convenient railroad station. Chaffee, a small hamlet of Rush county, is located about 8 miles northeast of Lacrosse, the county seat and most convenient railroad station. Mail is received by rural delivery from the postoffice at Bison. Chalk, a small hamlet in the extreme southwest curner of Wabaun- see county, is about 17 miles south of Alma, the county seat, and 8 miles north of Comiskey on the Missouri Pacific, which is the nearest railroad station. Mail is delivered to the people of Chalk from the postoffice at Eskridge. Chalk Beds. — Not until the early '70s was the existence of chalk known in the U. S. About that time, however, it became known in scientific circles in Kansas that practically limitless beds of chalk occur in the Cretaceous formations of this state, the discovery having been made by the late Dr. Bunn, while a student at the University of Kansas. These beds have been found in a luimber of Kansas counties, the chalk once forming the bed of the Crelapeous ocean. Should a demand ever arise for the article the supply would be practically unlimited. As a rule this chalk is soft and fine grained. A large portion of it is slightly tingfed with yellow, from oxide of iron, while much is snowv white. It also dififers from the old world article, in that the Rhizopod shells, which sometimes comprises nearly the entire makeup of the latter, are entirely wanting in that found in the Kansas beds. The amount of impurities in llic Kansas chalk rarel}- amounts to more than 15 or i(S per cent. In 1909, Charles H. Sternberg of Lawrence, an authority on the Kansas chalk beds, issued a volume entitled "Life of a Fossil Hunter," in which the following description of conditions in one of the Kansas chalk beds might be typical of others: "Roth sides of my ravine are Ijordered with cream-colored, or yellow, chalk, with blue lielow. Some- times for hundreds of feet the rock is entirely denuded and cut into lateral ravines, ridges, and mounds, or beautifully scultptured into tower and obelisk. .Sometimes it takes on the seml)lance of a ruined cily, with walls of tottering masonrj', and only a near ajiproach can convince the eye that this is only another example of that mimicry in which nature so frequently indulges. The chalk beds are entirely bare of vege- tation, with the exception of a desert shrub that 'finds a foothold in the rifted rock' and sends its roots down every crevice. . . . .Sdmelimcs T KANSAS HISTORY 3O9 come upon gorges only two feet wide and fifty feet deep ; sometimes for five miles or more the sides of the ravine will be only a few feet high." These chalk beds are rich in specimens of extinct animal and plant life and have yielded many of the world's finest specimens of the fauna and flora of the Cretaceous period. The first thorough exploitation of the beds was in 1876, when expeditions under Prof. Benjamin F. Mudge and Mr. Sternberg went out, each procuring many rare specimens, During subsequent years Mr. Sternberg has been an assiduous collector, finding fossil remains of the mososaur, ram nosed tylosaur, giant Cre- taceous fish. Cretaceous shark, giant sea tortoise, crinoids and fossil leaves. The most of his specimens were obtained in the counties of Logan and Gove, and many now enrich some of the world's most noted museums, including the British Museum of Natural History, London; the Royal Museum of Munich; the Smithsonian Institution, Washing- ton ; American Museum of Natural History, New York ; Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, Pa. ; University of Kansas, Lawrence, and other institutions. (See also Geology and Paleontology.) Chance, a small hamlet of Stockholm township, Wallace county, is situated on a branch of Ladder creek, about 15 miles southwest of Sharon Springs, the county seat and most convenient railroad station. It has a money order postoffice and is a local trading center for the neighborhood. Chanute, the largest town in Neosho county and one of the most important in southeastern Kansas, is located on the Neosho river in Tioga township at the junction of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroads, 14 miles northwest of Erie, the county seat. It is a gas, oil and manufacturing center, having the largest oil and gas wells in the state located in the immediate vicinity. Some of the industries are car repair shops, of which the monthly pay roll exceeds $40,000, brick and tile works, cement plants, zinc smelter, glass factories, flour mills, oil refinery, planing mill, gas engine works, boiler works, egg case factory, machine shops, broom factories, torpedo manu- factory, an ice. plant, drilling tool factory and lime plant. Chanute has an electric light plant, city waterworks, good fire and police depart- ments, an opera house, 4 banks, 4 newspapers, fine church buildings and excellent schools. Several oil and gas companies have their head- quarters at this point. There are express and telegraph offices and an international money order postoffice with six rural routes. The popu- lation in 1910 was 9,272. In 1870 when the Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston R. R. (now the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe) crossed the Missouri, Kansas and Texas line within the limits of Neosho county four rival towns sprang up, in the vicinity of the junction. They were New Chicago, Chicago Junction, Alliance and Tioga. Two years of the most bitter animosity ensued until the four were consolidated in 1872, and the name of Chanute given it in honor of Octavius Chanute, a railroad civil engi- neer. The business buildings of the«other three towns were all moved 3IO CYCLOPEDIA OF to New Chicago and this location forms the business section of Chanute at the present time. At the time of the consolidation the combined population was 800. The next year the town was incorporated as a city of the third class. New Chicago, which was the largest of the four, had been organized as a town in 1S70 and incorporated as a city of er (the Advertiser), a Hour mill, some well stocked mercantile estahlishmcnls, churches of the lead- ing denominations, an international money order postoffice with four rural routes, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, a fine public school system and the county high school. It is the most import- ant shipping point between Abilene and Junction ("ily. and in loio repniU'fl a pojiulation of 781. Chardon, a rural money order posloflice of Rawlins county, is lucatod in Clinton townshij), between two branches of Sappa creek and aboiu la miles south of Atwood, the county seat. Tt is a trading point for that section of the county. KANSAS HISTORY ^II Charities and Corrections. — The tendency of modern j^overnment is to concentrate power and responsibility into fewer hands. Prior to 1873 each of the Kansas benevolent institutions had its own board of trustees, but by the act of March 13, 1873, the blind, deaf and dumb and insane asylums were all placed under the control of one board of six trustees. The legislature of 1876 created a "State Board of Charities and Corrections," to consist of five persons to be appointed by the governor, and placed under the control of this board the same institu- tions as were formerly controlled by the act of 1873. The first board of charities and corrections, appointed by Gov. Osborn in 1876. consisted of John T. Lanter, J. P. Bauserman, W. B. Slosson, John H. Smith and Thomas T. Taylor, any three of whom were to con- stitute a quorum for the transaction of business. By the act of Feb. 27, 1901, the state insane hospitals, the feeble minded school, the asylum of the deaf and dumb, the school for the blind, the soldiers' orphans home and the girls' and boys' industrial schools were placed imder the control of the board, which in 1905 was superseded by the Board of Control (q. v.). Charleston, a village of Gray county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka' & Santa Fe R. R. 13 miles west of Cimarron, the county seat. Tt has a money order postoffice. does some shipping, and is a trading point for that section of the county. Charlotte, a discontinued postofifice of Sherman county, is located on Beaver creek about 10 miles north of Goodland, the county seat, from which place the people receive mail by rural delivery. Chase, one of the principal towns of Rice county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & .Santa Fe R. R. 8 miles west of Lyons, the county seat. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with one rural route, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, a weekly newspaper (the Register), a hotel, some good mercantile establishments, churches of the leading denominations, and a graded public school. Chase was incorporated in 1902. and in 1910 reported a population of 263. Chase County, organized in 1859 and named for Salmon P. Chase, chief justice of the Ignited States supreme cotirt, is located 50 miles south of the Kansas river and 100 miles west of Missouri. It is bounded on the north by Morris county ; on the east by Lyon and Greenwood ; on the south by Greenwood and Butler, and on the west by Marion. The earliest settlement was made in 1854. when Seth Hayes,' an Indian trader at Council Grove located a cattle ranch on the Cottonwood river, near the mouth of Diamond Spring creek. Two years later Nathan Corey. Daniel Holsinger and Gabriel Jacobs located in the eastern part of the county. Among those who came in 1857 were: Dr. M. R. Leonard, B. McCabe. J. Lane, M. Coyne, A. Howell, C. T. Hegwer, William Osmer, William Dixon, Walter Watson, A. B. Wentworth, Milton Ford, James Fisher, and several families from Illinois. The first marriage was in 1857, between a Mr. Pine and Jane Wentworth. The first school house was erected in Bazaar township 312 CYCLOPEDIA OF in i860, the schools previous to that time having been taught in private houses. The first birth was that of George Holsinger in 1857. The first postoffice was located in Bazaar township in i860, with George Leonard as postmaster. The first death was that of Mrs. M. R. Leon- ard in 1859. The Fratchet grocery store, established in 1859 ''^ Cot- tonwood township, was the first business enterprise in the county. There were 549 people in the county when it was organized by act of the legislature in 1859. It was formed out of territory taken from Butler and Wise (Morris) counties. Three townships — Falls, Bazaar and Cottonwood — were formed, and voting places fixed. The first election was held on March 26 and resulted as follows : M. R. Leonard, probate judge; A. W. Smith, sheriff; Sidney A. Breese, register of deeds; R. C. Farnsworth, superintendent of public instruction; J. F. R. Leonard, surveyor; J. W. Hawkins, coroner; C. S. Hill, clerk of the board of supervisors; Samuel N. Wood, Augustus Howell and Barnard McCabe, supervisors. There were 72 votes polled. Chase county was located in the Fifth judicial district and for some time court was held in the Congregational church at Cottonwood Falls. Unlike many of the counties, Chase lived within her means and did not vote bonds in extravagant amounts or build expensive public buildings which she could not afford. The first court-house was a log building, which was bought in 1863 from George W. Williams for $175. In 1871 $40,000 were voted for public buildings, and two years later the present court- house was completed at a cost of $42,600. The square in which it stands was donated by the city. The first county officers served without pay. The first assessment was made in 1859 and the total valuation of prop- erty was $71,536. Lodges, churches and societies of dilfeient kinds were organized early in the history of the county. When the war began in 1861, out of the 262 voters of Chase county, 72 enlisted at once. Samuel N. Wood was made captain of Company I, Second Kansas infantry. He was made brigadier-general of the state militia in 1864. and a number of other Chase county men achieved distinction in the war for the preservation of the LInion. The first railroad was the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, built some time in the early '70s. It enters the county from the east, about 8 miles below the north line, runs west to Strong City and Cottonwood Falls, thence southwest through Elmdale and Clements and on into Marion county. There is a branch of the same line operating between Strong City and Abilene which runs northwest from Strong City and leaves the county near the northwest corner. A branch line connects Cotton- wood Falls with Bazaar, a few miles to the south. The county is divided into 8 townships: Bazaar, Cedar, Cutlonwood, Diamond Creek, Falls, Matfield. Strong and Toledo. There are 11 post- ofificcs as follows: Cottonwood Falls, the county seat; Bazaar, Cedar Point, Clements, Elk, Elmdale, Homestead, Hymcr, Matfield Green. Saffordville, and Strong City. In surface the county is somcwluil broken and hilly, especially in tlie KANSAS HISTORY 313 southern ijurtioii, while in the north are gently rolling slopes. In some places along the streams the slopes terminate in abrupt bluffs. The Cottonwood river is the principal stream and with its numerous tribu- taries forms the water system of the county. It enters the county from the west about 12 miles from the southern line, flows northeast to Cottonwood Falls and thence east into Lyon county. Some of the im- portant creeks are Diamond, Fox and Middle creeks on the north, and Fork and Cedar on the south. The river bottoms average over 2 miles in width, those on the creeks three-fourths of a mile and together com- prise about one-eighth of the total area. The timber belts along the streams average less than half a mile in width and contain the following varieties of wood : walnut, cottonwood, burr-oak, sycamore, ash, hickory, hackberry, box-elder, redbud and buckeye. Limestone of an excellent quality and material for building-brick is found in abundance. Chase is strictly an agricultural and stock raising county. Grazing lands are plentiful. The total value of farm products in 1910 was nearly $3,000,000, of which live stock sold for slaughter amounted to $1,500,000, and corn, the largest field crop, brought $500,000. Tame grasses amounted to $250,000. There are 100,000 fruit trees of bearing age. The population of the county according to the census of 1910 was 7,527. The assessed valuation of property that year was over $18,000,000, which makes the wealth per capita nearly $2,500. Chattel Mortgages. — Every mortgage or coriveyance intended to operate as a lien upon personal property, which is not accompanied by immediate delivery, followed by an actual and continued possession of the propert}- mortgaged, is absolutely void as against the creditors of the mortgagor, and as against subsequent purchasers or mortgagees in good faith, unless the mortgage or a true copy thereof be forthwith de- posited in the office of the register of deeds in the county where the property is situated, or if the mortgagor be a resident of some other county of this state, then of the county of which he is a resident. As between the original parties, any personal property that may be sold may be mortgaged, for the mortgage is at least a contract or an assign- ment. The description of the property in the mortgage must be suffi- ciently definite to enable third persons to identify it. If the mortgagor reserves the right of possession, the mortgagee cannot replevy or other- wise take possession before conditions are broken. After conditions are broken, the mortgagee may take possession or obtain it by replevin, but possession, however obtained, Avhether by replevin or consent, or under a stipulation in the mortgage, does not give the mortgagee an absolute ownership, though he may sell the property on reasonable notice to the mortgagor, but must account for the surplus after his debt is paid. The remedy for conditions broken is like foreclosure of real estate mortgages and cuts off all equities of redemption, for it is an enforcement of the terms of the mortgage. Every mortgage filed is void as against the creditors of the person making the same, or against subsequent purchasers or mortgagees in 314 CVCLOrF.DIA OF good faith, after the expiration of two years from the filing tliereof. un- less, within 30 days next preceding the expiration of the term of two years from such fiHng and each two years thereafter, the mortgagee, his agent or attorney, makes an affidavit exhibiting the interest of the mort- gagee in the property at the time last aforesaid, claimed by virtue of such mortgage, and, if said mortgage is to secure the pa\ ment of money, the amount yet due and unpaid. Such affidavit shall be attached to and filed with the instrument or copy on file to which it relates. If such affi- davit is made and filed before any purchase of such mortgaged property is made, or other mortgage deposited, or lien obtained thereon in good faith, it is valid to continue in effect such mortgage as if the same had been made and filed within the period provided. A copy of any such original instrument, or any cop}' thereof so filed, including any affidavit made in pursuance of the statute, certified by the register in whose office the same is filed, will be received in evidence, but only of the fact that such instrument or copy and such affidavit was- received and filed accord- ing to the indorsement of the register thereon. When the mortgage is paid or satisfied due entrj" must be made of that fact on the record. Chautauqua, one of the incorporated towns of Chautauqua county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. in Belleville town- ship, in the southern part of the county, 7 miles from Sedan, the judicial seat. It has a bank, a grist mill, a weekly newspaper (the Globe), ex- press and telegraph offices, and a money order postoffice. It is the ship- ping point for a large agricultural area. The population in 1910 accord- ing to the census report was 348. The chief incentive for founding a town at tliis point was the mineral springs. The landscape is interesting and pictures(|ue, and the springs are said to have great curative proper- ties. The town was located in 1881, and by the next year there were 300 inhabitants. The first newspaper, the Chautauqua Springs Spy, was estJiblished in 1882 liy C. E. Moore and I.. G. V>. McPherson. It had .?s ' subscribers. .Some of the early business men who came in during the first two years were: B. F. Bennett, drugs; T. J- Johnson, drygoods ; F. M. Fairbanks, livery barn ; Thomas Bryant, drygoods ; Bennett & Rinns, _grocery store ; George Edwards, drugs ; Richard Foster, hard- ware: C. C. Purcell, drugs: James Randall, grocery store; Mrs. Bush, millinery: James .Mlrcid, who owned a saw mill; Castleberry, the hotel man, and'Six others who esLublislicd livcrx- barns, l)l;u-ksnii|)ealed to the courts for an injunclinn. hut in the case of ihe Cherokee Nation vs. the Southern Kansas Railway it was decided that the Inited States had the power to exercise the right of eminent do- main over Indian lands, and the railroad went through. This did not please the Indians, and in 1892 the strip was sold to the T'nited States. It was opened to white settlers on Sept. 16, 1893. In the southern part of Kansas is another tract of land once known as the Cherokee Strip, or at least it was frequently called by that name. It was ordered to be sold to white settlers by the act of Congress, ap- proved May II, 1872. (See Neutral Lands.) Cherryvale, one of the four important towns of Montgomery county, is located near the east line, 12 miles northeast of Independence, the county seat. It is a railroad center, being the point wliere the main line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. diverges, one line running south and the otiicr southwest, and where the St. Louis & San Francisco diverges both lines running eastward. Cherryvale is a manufacturing town. It has a large zinc smelter which handles most of the zinc that comes from the world famous Joplin-Galcna district, 6 brick and tile plants, iron works, glass plant, im])!cmcnt factory, oil refinery, foundry, machine shops, shovel factory, grain elevators. Hour mills, planing mills, creamery, ice and cold storage plant, etc. The city also has 2 daily KANSAS HISTORY 323 and weekly newspapers (the Republican and the Journal), a well equipped fire department, an electric light and power plant, churches, lodges and schools, and good banking facilities. Cherryvale is con- nected with Independence and with Cofl'eyville by an electric interurban railway. It is supplied with telegraph and express offices and has an international money order postoffice with 6 rural routes. '!"hc popula- tion in 1910 was 4,304. The town was laid out in 187: by the Kansas City, Lawrence & South- ern Kansas Railway company. The first building was the Grand Hotel erected by a Mr. Dair. The first store was opened by C. A. Clotfelter and J. P. Baldwin. A number of business enterprises had been established by 1873, when the town was swept by fire. The buildings were later replaced by brick structures, but the growth of the town was slow until 1879, when a large increase in the railroad mileage in this section of the country opened up the avenue of trade. The first church organization was effected in 1871 and the first school was taught in 1873 by Miss Mary Greenfield. Cherryvale was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1880. The first election was held in April of that year and the following officers chosen; mayor, C. C. Kincaid ; police judge, A. Wood; councilmen, A. Buch, J. M. Richardson, Frank Bellchamber, J. A. Handley and A. V. McCormick. At the first meeting of the council, the following officers were appointed: treasurer, A. Palp; clerk, M. F. Wood; marshal, J. C. Cunningham ; street commissioner, B. F. Hinds. In 1889 bonds to the amount of $5,000 were voted for use in prospect- ing for coal. Gas was found instead of coal and later oil was discovered. There are at present 31 gas wells in the vicinity from which the total output is 160,000,000 cubic feet of gas per day, the largest well produc- ing 11,000,000 cubic feet. It is said to be the largest gas well in the state. Cherryvale has a live commercial club, which is doing a great deal to promote the general prosperity of the town. Chester, a small hamlet in the extreme southwest corner of Gray county, is in Montezuma township 25 miles from Cimarron, the county seat, and about 16 miles north of Plains, which is the nearest railroad station. Chester was formerly a postoffice, but the people there now receive mail by rural delivery from Colusa. Chetolah, an extinct town of Geary county- — or rather a projected town — was located near the mouth of Lyon creek in 1855 by a town company cif which Dr. William A. Hammond was president and Capt. Nathaniel Lyon was secretary. A survey was made by Abram Barry and G. F. Gordon, but there was never a house built upon the site. Chetopa, the third largest incorporated city in Labette county, is located at the junction of the Missouri Pacific and the Missouri, Kan- sas & Texas railroads 10 miles south of Chetopa, the county seat. It is lighted by electricity and natural gas, and has waterworks and 3. fire department. There are three public school buildings, an opera house, fine church buildings, 2 banks, 2 weekly newspapers (the Advance and 324 CYCLOPEDIA OF the Clipper), flour mills, a creamery and a brick plant. It has a money order postoffice with six rural routes, telegraph and express offices, and some well stocked stores. The population in 1910 was 1,548. The site of Chetopa was located by Dr. Lisle for a colony formed at Powhatan, Ohio, in 1857. ^^^ that time John McMurtry was living within the present limits of the town. The place was named for Chetopa, the Osage war chief, who was living in the vicinity at the time, and who was a great friend of Dr. Lisle. The little settlement flourished until the war broke out. In 1863 about 40 houses in and about Chetopa were destroyed by the United States troops to prevent them from falling into the hands of the Confederates. After the war was over the settlers returned, and others came with them and the permanent settlement was begun. The Chetopa town company, with George Lisle as president, met at Humboldt in 1868 and the town site was selected. A charter was secured in March of that year and the sale of lots began. The first building on the new site was the Western Hotel, opened by Perry Barnes. M. H. Dersham erected a house and put in a stock of drugs. Several other business enterprises were started that year. A weekly stage line was established between Fort Scott and Chetopa in 1869, which was soon made tri-weekly. The growth of the town was slow until the railroad boom, which began in Feb., 1870, when $50,000 bonds were voted to the Missouri, Kansas & Texas company, which completed its line to Chetopa. This was to be the railroad center for this part of the country. The Missouri, Kansas & Texas officials promised to build their shops and locate their offices here, and people came with a rush to get in on the "ground floor." Large wholesale and retail enterprises were undertaken on borrowed capital. The National Hotel was built at a cost of $12,000, costly public improve- ments, for which the town had to be bonded, were erected, the public school house costing $24,000. Finally a disagreement between the rail- road officials and persons interested in the town caused the railroad support to be entirely withdrawn. All prospects fell with a crash. Peo- ple moved away, property became a drug on the market until the assessed valuation of all property was less Ihan the town's bonded indebtedness. Chetopa was chartered as a village in 1869 and became a city of the third class in 1870. The trustees of the village were M. G. Pratt, W. Gage, Henry Lisle, Leander Brown and A. S. Corey. The following were the first officers of the city : Mayor, F. M. Graham ; councilmen, W. B. Gregory, C. H. Ludlow, W. A. Nix, G. A. Degraff and Dr. L. P. Patty. The postoffice was granted in 1859, but on account of there being no mail routes it was of no value to the town until 1866, when it was arranged to get the mail weekly from Humboldt. Col. W. Doudna, was the first postmaster. The first bank was opened in 1868 and operated for two years, the next was opened in 1870 by Kctchem &: Co., and was succeeded the next vear bv the National Bank. The first flour mill was hnilt hv KANSAS HISTORY 325 Gilbert Martin in 1869. The library association was established in 1875- The first and most disastrous fire occurred in 1871, when $25,000 worth of property was destroyed. Another fire in 1873 destroyed prop- ert}' to the extent of $4,000, and another in 1882 burned several good business houses. A hook and ladder company was organized in 1871, and a fire company in 1874. The town was invaded in 1873 by the Hiatt boys from the Territory, who were there for plunder and robbery. They were driven out before any damage was done. Cheyenne, a discontinued postoffice of Osborne county, is situated near the southeast corner, about 20 miles from Osborne, the count}' seat. Mail is received through the office at Luray by rural free delivery. Luray is the most convenient railroad station. Cheyenne County. — On March 6, 1873, Gov. Osborn approved an act creating a number of new counties out of the unorganized territory in the western part of the state. One of these counties was Cheyenne, the most northwestern county of Kansas, the boundaries of which were defined by the act as follows: "Commencing where the east line of range 2,^ west, intersects the fortieth degree of north latitude; thence south with said range line to the first standard parallel ; thence west with said parallel to the west line of the State of Kansas ; thence north with the state line to the fortieth degree of north latitude ; thence east with said parallel to the place of beginning." A survey of the public lands in the county was made in 1874, and in 1876 the first cattle ranch — the "T" ranch — was located about 9 miles above Wano on the Republican river. The country was then full of Indians and buffalo hunters. The first actual settlers came to the county in 1879, when the Day brothers located on the "Big Timber," but they left the following spring, about the time that A. M. Brena- man, L. R. Heaton and a man named Bateham came with their families. Jacob Buck also settled in the county, near Wano, and in the spring of 1880. By Aug. 23 of that year there were enough settlers to justify the establishment of a postoffice at Wano, with A. M. Brenaman as postmaster. The first mail was carried from Atwood, the county seat of Rawlins county, on Oct. 15, 1880. Graham & Brenaman opened the first store in Sept., 1880, in a sod house, and it said their stock of goods was neither large nor particularly well assorted, consisting of a few necessary staple articles, such as a frontier settlement de- manded. The first school was taught at Kepferle. School district No. I was organized on Dec. 3, 1881, and the following subscriptions were made to pay a teacher: G. T. Dunn, $5; L. R. Heaton, $5; S. O'dell, $5; Jacob Buck, $8; John Quistorf, $3; F. J. Graham, $3; H. Miller, W. H. Holcomb, J. A. Hoffman and John Long, $2.50 each ; G. W. Howe, $1.50, making a total of $40.50, in addition to which the patrons agreed to board the teacher. School was opened on Jan. 10, 1882, in a building donated by F. J. Graham, with ten scholars in attendance. 326 CrtLorEDIA OF In the wiiilC!" ol 1883 Cheyenne county was made a municipal town- ship and attached to Rawlins county for judicial and revenue pur- poses. It was organized as such with A. M. Brenaman as district clerk and cotinty superintendent, and John Long as sheriff and surveyor. Two 3-ears later (1885) the propert}^ of Che3'enne county was valued at $150,000 for taxation. In April of that year the site of Wano was selected by John Dunbar. W. W. McKay and John Goodenberger, in the southwest quarter of section 14, township 3 south, range 40 west, about a mile northeast of the present town of St. Francis. The name was selected by .\. M. Brenaman when the postoffice was established. Wano is a Spanish word, meaning "good," esto w^ano signifying "very good." On Sept. 7, 1885, the Cheyenne County Agricultural Society was organized at Wano, with the following directors: A. L. Emerson, Jacob Buck, L. R. Heaton, John G. Long, W. W. McKay, A. M. Brenaman. L. P. Rollins. Dr. J. C. Burton and John Elliott. At the same meeting it was decided to hold a fair on the ist and 2nd of October. The Cheyenne Rustler of Oct. 9, 1885, says: "The first exhibit of the Cheyenne County Agricultural Society was successful beyond the expectations of the most sanguine friends of the enterprise," and pub- lishes a list of the prize winners. The first newspaper publislied in the count}- was llic Wano Xews, which was established by A. M. Brenaman. It was printed at Atwood, and but five numbers were issued. It was followed by the Echo, which lived but a short time. The Che}'enne County Rustler was started on July 3, 1885, and was soon followed h\- the Cheyenne County Democrat and the Bird City News. Toward the close of 1885 an agitation was started I'or llie organiza- tion of the county. There was some oppcjsition to the movement, but on March 10. 18S6, a petition praying for an independent county organ- ization was presented to Gov. John A. Martin, who appointed Morris Stine to take a census of the inhabitants and the valuation of property. On the 30th of the same month Mr. .Stine made his report to the gov- ernor, showing a population of 2,607, of whom 855 were householders. The value of the property at that time, exclusive of railroad property, was "$509,124, of which $258,740 represented the value of iJie real estate." On April i, 1886, Gov. Martin issued his proclamation declar- ing Cheyenne county organized, appointing J. M. Ketcham, W. W. McKay and J. F. Murray commissioners; B. W. Knott, county clerk, and designating Bird City as the temporary county seal. On l''el). 26, 1889, an election was held to determine the location of the permanent county seat. The town of St. Francis received a majority of tJie votes, and the county authorities established their offices there. Within a short time the county owned lots worth $3,000 and luiildiugs worth $4,000 in the new county seat, when the question was raised as to the legality of the election. To settle the matter the legislature of |8')I p.issed an act, which was approved by Gov., llnniphrev on Feb. KANSAS lirSTCIRV 32/ 5, declaring "That the said election for the purpose of permanently locating the county seat of Cheyenne county, held Feb. 26, 1889, l^c and the same is hereby legalized, and the town of St. Francis is hereby declared to be the permanent county seat of said county." It was also provided that the act should take effect and be in force from and after its publication in the official state paper. Such pub- lication was made on Feb. 6, 1891, the day following the approval of the act by the governor. (See St. Francis.) By the act of Feb. 25, 1889, the section lines in the county were declared to be public highways, and roads have been opened and im- proved on a number of these lines. The count}' has but one line of rail- road — the Orleans & St. Francis division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy system — originally known as the Burlington & Missouri River railroad. On Feb. 20, 1903, the legislature passed an act providing that when a majority of the electors should petition the count}- commissioners for a county high school, the board should order such a school estab- lished at the point designated, if the school district would guarantee to furnish a suitable building, the necessary school furniture, etc. lender the provisions of this act the county high school was located at St. Francis, the town furnishing a modern school building of ten rooms. The surface of Cheyenne county is generally undulating, with a few high bluffs along some of the streams. The bottom lands are usually narrow. There is not much native timber, but a large number of artificial groves have been planted about the farm houses. The soil is largely of sandy nature. Cheyenne is one of the leading counties in the state in the production of Kafir corn, broom-corn and spring wheat. Corn, barley and sugar beets are important crops. The Repub- lican river flows in a northeasterly direction across the county and has a number of tributaries, the principal ones being Bluff, Cherry, Plum and Hackberry creeks. Little Beaver creek flows across the southeast corner, and about 3 miles of the Big Beaver are in the extreme southeastern part. Irrigation ditches have been constructed along the Republican river, and hundreds of acres of land are under irrigation. The county is divided into the following civil townships : Alexander, Beaver, Benkelman, Bird City, Calhoun, Cherry Creek, Cleveland Run, Dent, Eureka, Evergreen, Jaqua, Jefferson, Lawn Ridge, Nutty Combe, Orlando, Porter and Wano. According to the U. S. census of 1910, the population of Cheyenne county was 4,248, a gain of 1,608 during the preceding decade. The assessed value of the property in that year was $6,486,668, and the value of all farm products, including live stock, was $1,215,954. The five leading crops, in the order of value, were : wheat, $325,302 ; corn, $317,256; barley, $123,345": hay (including alfalfa), $101,737; broom- corn, $65,008. Cheyenne county has an altitude of over 3,000 feet. It was named for the Chevenne Indians, and was crossed bv the old Leavenworth 328 CYCLOPEDIA OF & Pike's Peak express, which was established in 1859. The area of the county is 1,020 square miles. It is in the 39th senatorial, the 107th representative, the 17th judicial and the 6th Congressional districts. According to the U. S. Postal Guide for July, 1910, there were at that time but four postoffices in the county, viz. : Bird Cit}', Jaqua, St. Francis and Wheeler. Cheyenne Expedition of 1857. — In the spring of 1857 the Cheyennes became somewhat troublesome on the western frontier. On May 18 Col. E. V. Sumner despatched Maj. Sedgwick with four companies of cavalry up the Arkansas river, and two days later left Fort Leaven- worth with a force of cavalry and infantry, intending to meet Sedgwick on the south fork of the Platte on July 4. The union was effected, and after leaving two companies of dragoons at Fort Laramie for Gen. Harney's Utah expedition, Sumner moved over to the Solomon river. On July 29, while passing down the Solomon in pursuit of the Indians, he came upon some 300 Cheyennes drawn up in battle array. Sum- ner charged and put the Indians to flight, killing 9 and wounding a large number, with a loss of 2 killed and 9 wounded. On the 31st he reached the Indian village, which he found deserted, with 171 lodges still standing and nearly as many more taken down ready for removal. Everything indicated a precipitate flight, and after destroying the vil- lage, Sumner continued the pursuit to within 40 miles of the Arkansas river. While encamped near old Fort Atkinson, on Aug. 11, he received information that the Cheyennes refused to come to Dent's fort, where the agent was waiting to distribute their annual presents, and that they had notified the agent that he would not be permitted to take the goods out of the country. Sumner wrote to the adjutant-general of the United States army, imparting this information, and adding: "I have therefore decided to proceed at once to Bent's fort with the elite of my cavalry, in the hope that I may find the Cheyennes col- lected in that vicinity, and, b)' further blow, force them to sue for peace; at all events this movement will secure the agent and the public property." Before reaching Bent's fort, Sumner received an order to break up the expedition and send four companies of cavalry to join Gen. Har- ney's expedition. The latter part of the order was subsequently coun- termanded, and on Sept. 16 the expedition reached Fort Leavenworth, having traveled over 1.800 miles. Cheyenne Raid, 1878. — When the last of the Indian tribes was removed from Kansas to the Indian Territory, hope was entertained that depredations on the western frontier would cease. But in Sept., 1878, Dull Knife's band of northern Cheyennes, dissatisfied willi tlio rations furnished by the government, decided to return to tlicir former homes. They accordingly left the reservation, moved northward inta Kansas, and on the 17th attacked the cattle camps south of Fort Dodge, where lliey killed several while men and drove olT some of the cattle. KANSAS HISTORY ' 329 News of the event reached Gov. Anthony the next day and he appealed to Gen. Pope, commanding the department, but Pope thought it was nothing more than a "scare." The governor sent Adjt.-Gen. Noble to Dodge City with arms and ammunition, but the Indians had moved on northward. Lieut. -Col. William H. Lewis, with a detachment ,of troops from Fort Dodge, pursued the Indians and came up with them at a canon on Famished Woman's fork. In the fight that ensued Lewis was killed. Telegrams from various points in the western part of the state poured into the governor's office appealing for aid, but still Gen. Pope declined to act. On Sept. 30 the Cheyennes appeared in Decatur county. Dr. W. B. Mead, in the Kansas Magazine for Nov., 1909, gives an account of a meeting at Oberlin when it became known that the Indians were in in the county. At that meeting a number of men volunteered and were divided into three small companies commanded by W. D. Street, J. W. Allen and Solomon Rees. They went in different directions, scouring the western part of the county, but Capt. Rees' company was the only one that came in contact with the savages. A running fight of several miles followed, in which one Indian was killed, and it was thought several others were wounded. All together, 17 white persons were killed in Decatur county. The Indians were finally overpowered and returned to the reservation. This was the last Indian raid of any consequence in Kansas. Hazelrigg's History of Kansas says : "Of the many In- dian raids in Kansas, none was ever characterized with such brutal and ferocious crimes, and none ever excited such horror and indigna- tion as the Cheyenne raid of 1878." On Nov. II, 1878, Gov. Anthony wrote to the secretary of war demanding the surrender of the chiefs to the civil authorities to be tried on the charge of murder. The chief. Wild Hog, and six others were surrendered in December, and on Feb. 15, 1879, were taken from Fort Leavenworth to Dodge City for trial. They were finally tried in Ford and Douglas counties, but the evidence was insufficient to con- vict, and in Oct., 1879, the Indians were released by order of Judge Stephens of Lawrence. After the raid the government established a cantonment in the In- dian Territory, on the north fork of the Canadian river, between Fort Supply and Fort Reno, for the better protection of the settlers in west- ern Kansas. The post was occupied by five companies of foot soldiers and one company of mounted infantry. Steps were also taken by the state to afford security to the western settlements. Gov. St. John, who succeeded Anthony in Jan., 1879, in his first message to the legis- lature, recommended the establishment of a military contingent fund. The act of March 12, 1879, appropriated $20,000 for such a fund. (See Frontier Patrol.) The legislature of Kansas in 1909 appropriated $1,500 to the board of county commisisoners of Decatur county for the purpose of erect- ing a monument to the memory of the citizens of that county who were killed on Sept. 30, 1878, victims of the Cheyenne raid. ^^0 CYCLOPEDIA OF Chicago Exposition, 1893. — (See Expositions.) Chicopee, one of the principal towns of Crawford county, is located in Baker township, 13 miles southeast of Girard, the county seat, and 4 miles southwest of Pittsburg. It is in the coal fields, and the chief occupation of the people is mining and shipping coal, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Missouri Pacific railroads furnishing excel- lent transportation facilities. The town has a money order postoffice, telegraph and telephone facilities. Catholic and Protestant churches, good public schools, some well stocked stores, and in 1910 reported a population of 955. Chief Justices. — The chief justices of Kansas during the territorial regime were Samuel D. Lecompte and John Pettit. The former served from Oct. 3, 1854, to March g, 1859, and the latter from March 9. 1859, to the establishment of the state government on Feb. 9, 1861. Following is a list of the chief justices since the state was admitted into the Union, with the term of service of each : Thomas Ewing, Jr., Fel>., 1861. to Xov. 28. 1862, when he resigned; Xelson Cob1i, Xdw 28, 1862, to Jan., 1864; Robert Crozier, Jan., 1864, to Jan., 1867; Samuel A. Kingman, Jan., 1867, to Dec. 30, 1876; Albert H. Horton. Dec. 31, 1876, to April 30, 1895, when he resigned ; David Martin, April 30, 1895, to Jan., 1897; Frank M. Doster, Jan.. 1897, to Jan.. 1903; ^^'illlam A. Johnston, Jan. 1903, to . Chikaskia River, a tributary of the Arkansas river system, is formed by the union of Sand creek and another small stream in the southern part of Kingman county. Its general course is southeast, across the southeast corner of Harper county and through the county of .'^uniner, crossing the southern boundary of the state near the town of Munne- well, and finally emptying into the salt fork (if the .Arkansas near the town of Tnnkawa. Okla. Children's Aid Societies. — \\'ilhin recent years the attention of the public has been drawn to the needs of dependent or neglected children, particularly the latter, who, while nominally possessed of a home, are permitted to grow up in an environment where they are almost cer- tain to become criminals or professional paupers. Many of the states, proceeding on the theory that it is easier and better to train the child than to reform the adult, have established houses of detention, juxenile courts, and similar institutions, and have given great encouragement to private societies engaged in caring for such children. In this work, Kansas has kept pace with the more progressive ideas in the other slates, as her reformatory, industrial schools, etc., bear witness, while from the early days of settlement in the state various private and religious societies have done benexolcnt work of a most important character in caring for and providing homos for dependent aiul neglected children. As an encouragement to such societies, an act was jiassed by the legislature on March 15. 1901, which defined "Children's .\\d Society," as "any duly organized and incorporated society, which had for its KANSAS nisroKv 3.^1 - object the protection of children fruni cruelty, and the care and con- trol of neglected and dependent children." The act prov^ided that "any constable, sheriff, police or other police officer, may apprehend with- out warrant" and bring before the court, as neglected, any child — apparently under the age of fourteen years, if a boy, or sixteen, if a girl — who is dependent upon the public for support, if found begging, receiving alms, thieving, or sleeping at night in the open air ; or who is found wandering about late at night, not having any home or set- tled place of abode or proper guardianship; or who is found dwelling with a thief, drunkard or vagabond, or other dissolute person ; or who may be an orphan or deserted by parents; or luning a single parent undergoing imprisonment for crime. Any child apprehended by an officer may be brought before the proper court within three days and the case investigated. If the child is found to be neglected the court may order its delivery to "such chil- dren's aid society or institution" as in his judgment is best suited to care for it. By this act the court has authority to appoint probation officers, whose duty it is to make investigations concerning the children brought before the court, report the same and take charge of the child before and after the trial. When a child is placed in charge of an aid society, the _society becomes its legal guardian, and is "authorized to secure for such children legal adoption in such families as may be approved by the society on a written contract for their education in the public schools." These contracts cover the entire period of the child's minor- ity, but the right is reserved to withdraw the child from custody when- ever its welfare requires. The trustees of charitable institutions may transfer children to aid societies, in order to have the socie'ty find homes for them. Any person over the age of sixteen years, who has charge of a child, who willfulh' ill treats, neglects, abandons or exposes such child to ill treatment or neglect, is subject to a fine or imprisonment at the discretion of the court. If it is suspected that a child is being ill treated, the proper officials may authorize any person to search for the child and when found, take it to a place of safety until brought before the court. When any county board commits a child to an aid society to care for and provide with a home, the county may pay the society a reasonable sum, not to exceed $50, for the temporary care of such child. Section 13 of the act provides that children under the age of six- teen, who are charged with oflfenses against the laws of the state, or brought before the court by the provisions of this act, are not "to be confined in the jails, lockups or police, cells used for ordinary- criminals," and the tnunicipalities are required to make separate pro- vision for their custody. No societies, except those incorporated under the laws of Kansas, are allowed to place a child in a home within the the state unless permission to do is first obtained from the proper state 332 CYCLOPEDIA OF autliorities. Under the operations of this law a number of children's aid societies have been formed in the state, and by their careful sys- tematic ■work, hundreds of children have been taken from unwholesome or immoral surroundings and placed in an atmosphere where thej- may become useful citizens. Children's Home Society of Kansas. — This organization is very similar to the Children's Aid Society. The National Children's Home Society was chartered on May 23, 1885, at Chicago, and the Kansas branch was chartered March 20, 1894, at Topeka, with J. T. Clark, president; Jesse Shaw, vice-president; S. S. Ott, secretary; Dr. J. E. Minney, treasurer ; and Rev. O. S. Morrow, state superintendent. The aim of the society is to place orphan children in homes where they are adopted or by contract and indenture. In addition to the general board there are local boards in different towns and cities. After the children are placed in a home, they are looked after by supervisor's, who see that they have proper care. Some 1,300 children have been placed in good homes by the society, which is chief!)' maintained by private donations, though the state has at times contributed to its sup- port, notably in 1893, when the legislature appropriated $1,800 to aid the society's work, and in 1897, an appropriation of $1,400 was made for a like purpose. Chiles, a post-village in the northeastern part of Miami county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 11 miles northeast of Paola, the county seat. It has a money order postofifice and telegraph station. In 1910 the population was 100. Chingawassa Springs. — These springs are located in a beautiful nat- ural park in the northeastern part of Marion county, about 6 miles from the city of Marion, and not far from Antelope station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. Within a radius of a quarter of a mile there are about 30 springs that bubble out of the blufifs. the water flowing from them forming quite a stream. One of the springs has a constant flow of about 1,500 gallons an hour. The bottoms and sides of some of them are encrusted with deposits of sulphur, and in a few the odor of hydrogen sulfid is pronounced. About 1888 steps were taken to improve the resort by building a hotel and constructing a "dummy" line to connect with the railroad, but the arrangements were never fully carried out. The park is a favorite place for picnic parties, etc. Chisholm Trail. — In the spring of 1865 Jesse Chisholm, a half-breed Scotch-Chcrokce, an adopted member of the Wichita Indians, who owned a ranch on the creek east of Wichita bearing his name, "located a trail from his ranch to the present site of the Wichita agency, on the Wichita river, Indian territory, distance 220 miles. This trail sub- sequently became, and is still known as the Chisholm trail. It was established for the purpose of enabling the traders in the Arkansas valley to obtain wagon communication with the Indians in the Indian Territory, and the trail was used by these traders for years in the KANSAS HISTORY 333 transportation of merchandise to tribes in the territory. Afterward the trail was used by Texas cattle drivers, and still later by the govern- ment in the transportation of supplies to Fort Sill, south of the Wichita agency. The principal points on the trail are Wichita, Clearwater, Caldwell, Pond Creek, Skeleton Ranch, Buffalo Springs, Mouth of Turkey Creek, Cheyenne Agency, Wichita Agency and Fort Sill." The Rock Island railroad now follows the Chisholm trail from Wichita to the north fork of the Canadian. The original trail started at Wichita and ended at the North Canadian, but lengthened out it reached from Abilene, Kan., to San Antonio, Tex. The trail is now a thing of the past, giving way as settlers occupied the lands. Cholera. — Pathologists describe the malady known as Asiatic cholera as "a malignant disease due to a specific poison which, whein received into the human body through the air, water, or in some other way, gives rise to the most alarming symptoms and very frequently proves fatal to life. An attack of cholera is generally marked by three stages, though these often succeed each other so rapidly as not to be easily defined. There is first a premonitory diarrhoea stage, with occasional vomiting, severe cramps in the abdomen and legs, and great muscular weakness. This condition is succeeded, and often within a remark- ably short period, by the second stage, which is one of collapse, and is called the algid or cold stage. This is characterized by intense pros- tration, great thirst, feebleness of circulation and respiration, with coldness and blueness of the skin, and loss of voice. Should death not take place at this, the most fatal period, the sufTerer will then pass into the third or reaction stage of the disease. This, though very frequently marked by a high state of fever, with a tendency to con- gestion of the internal organs, as the brain, lungs, kidneys, etc., is a much more hopeful stage than that which has preceded it, and the chances of recovery are very much increased." It is called the Asiatic cholera because it has for centuries had its home in the East, though some medical writers insist that under another name it has been epidemic in other parts of the world. In his History of India, Mill sa3'S : "Spasmodic cholera had been known in India from the remotest periods, and had at times committed fearful ravages. Its effects, however, were in general restricted in particular seasons and localities, and were not so extensively diffused as to attract notice or excite alarm. In the middle of 1817, however, the disease assumed a new form, and became a widely spread and fatal epidemic." This is said to have been the first great cholera epidemic recorded in history. In 1830 the disease made its first appearance in Europe, where its nature was recognized the following year, and in 1832 it crossed the ocean to the United States. The coast cities in the north- ern states were the first to suffer, after which the disease extended westward to the Ohio river, then descended that stream and the Mississippi to New Orleans, where it wrought fearful havoc, as many as 500 deaths occurring in one day. The disease also reached some 331 CYCLOPEDIA OF of the western tribes of Indians, the Sacs and Foxes losing man}' of their "braves" through cholera. A few case's appeared along the rivers each year imtil 1835, but at no time was the mortality any where near as great as in 1832. In 1848 there was another visitation of cholera, beginning at New Orleans late in the year. In April, 1849, ^t reached St. Louis, and before the close of the j'ear over 4,000 deaths from cholera were reported in that city. Gold seekers, on their way to California, came in con- tact with the malady at St. Louis, and several of the steamboats ascend- ing the Missouri carried cholera patients, thus aiding in the spread of the disease. One of these boats, the ''Sacramento,'' arrived at St. Joseph on April 21 and reported one death on the trip. The "James Monroe" left St. Louis with a large number of California emigrants, but by the time Jefferson City was reached the epidemic on board had become so alarming that the officers and crew deserted the steamer, which lay at Jefferson City for several months before being taken back to St. Louis. In September the news was received at St. Louis that the cholera was raging among the Indians of the northwest as far north as the headwaters of the Mississippi. The Eighth United States infantry, which was on duty in the West, lost about one-third of its members. Gen. Worth being one of the victims. About 900 deaths from cholera occurred at St. Louis in 1850, and a few deaths were reported in 185 1. Among those who died in the latter year was Father Christian Floecken, the Jesuit missionary, whose death occurred on board the "St. Ange" while ascending the Missouri river to the scene of his labors. In the summer of 1S55 the steamboat "Golden State" left St. Louis for the trip up the Missouri river with several hundred Mormons on board. Cholera broke out in the steerage and a number of the passengers died. It was in this year that the cholera appeared among the white peo- ple of Kansas for the first time. On Aug. i, 1855, a case was dis- covered at Fort Riley. The disease developed rapidly, and on the 2nd there were several deaths. Panic seized the troops and the citizens in the vicinity of the fort, and all who could get away left at the first opportunity. Even the surgeon at the fort abandoned his post, leaving Maj. Ogden to act as both commander and surgeon. ]'"iftcen deaths occurred on the 3d, among them the gallant Ogden. His remains were later taken to New York, but the attaches of the fort erected a monu- ment there to commemorate his fidelity and his unscllish efforts in striving to check the ravages of the disease and adniinislcr comfort to the suiTerers. Various estimates have been made as lo llu' number of deaths, but at this late day accurate figures are difficult to obtain. It is possible thai not less than 100 lost their lives as victims of the scourge in 1855. Another epidemic, and one more wide-spread .nul more fatal in its results, occurred in the summer of 1867. ( )n |nl\ 1 the first case was reported at Fort Barker. .At that tinie the population of the town of KANSAS IIISTOKV 335 .jLllswortli, not far from the fort, was about i,ooo. As soon as tlie news reached the town there was a general hegira, and in a few days the population was less than loo. The Eighteenth Kansas battalion was at the fort, and Company C lost 13 of its members, the other com- panies suffering less severely. About a week later the battalion was ordered to the southwest, and on the i6th encamped on Walnut creek, about 10 miles above Fort Zarah. Col. H. L. Moore, commanding the battalion, in an address before the I-Cansas Tlistorical Society on Jan. 19, 1897, said : "The day brought no new cases, and everybody felt cheerful, hop- ing that the future had nothing worse in store than a meeting with hostile Indians. B}^ 8 p. m. supper was over, and in another hour the camp became a hospital of screaming cholera patients. Men were seized with cramping of the stomach, bowels, and muscles of the arms and legs. The doctor and his medicines were powerless to resist the disease. One company had been sent away on a scout, as soon as the command reached camp, and of the three companies remaining in camp the morning of the 17th found 5 dead and 36 stretched on the ground in a state of collapse." That morning the quartermaster and commissary stores were thrown away, the sick were loaded in wagons, and the battalion resumed its march. Strange as it may appear, not a man died during the day, and when the command went into camp that night near Pawnee Rock some one shot a buffalo calf, from which soup was made for the invalids. This gave them additional strength and hope, and a little later they 'vere all turned over to the surgeon at Fort Larned. Concerning the epidemic at Fort Hays this year the official records )i the surgeon-general's office say : "The first case at Fort Hays was a citizen who had just arrived from Salina. On the same day, July II, a colored soldier of the garrison was taken sick and died ne.xt day. During July, August and September 33 cases and 23 deaths are reported among the colored troops, whose mean strength during the three months was 215 men. Sept. i a white soldier was attacked, but recovered ; the rest of the white troops, averaging during the three months 34 men, escaped." This report does not include any account of the ravages among the citizens, but it is known that the settlements along Big creek were stricken with terror and that many of the people abandoned their homes. Rumors of the fatality have no doubt been greatly exaggerated, but the epidemic was a severe one all over the western part of the state. R. M. \A'right, in his "Personal Reminiscences," in volume VH, Kan- sas Collections, says : "The cholera was perfectly awful that summer on the plains ; it killed soldiers, government employees, Santa Fe traders and emigrants. Many new graves dotted the roadsides and camping places, making fresh landmarks." Gen. Custer was at Fort Wallace when the news of the epidemic reached him. Fearing for the safety of his wife, who was at Fort 336 CYCLOPEDIA OF Rile}', lie left his regiment under command of a subordinate officer and, with an escort of 100 men, under Capt. Hamilton, hurried toward Fort Riley. For thus abandoning his command without orders, Custer was tried by a court-martial and sentenced to "loss of rank and pay for one year," though part of the sentence was afterward remitted upon the recommendation of Gen. Sheridan. The disease broke out among the Wichita Indians, where the city of Wichita now stands, and in what is now the northern part of the city early settlers found over 100 Indian graves, one being that of Owaha, the hereditary war chief. About the middle of the summer orders came from Washington for the Indians to remove to their old homes on the Washita, but they refused to go until their crops were gathered. In the fall they started for the Washita, but the scourge accompanied them, and at Skeleton creek so many of their dead were left unburied that their bleaching bones gave name to the stream. Other Indian tribes also suffered. The cattle trade was seriously inter- fered with, whole herds sometimes being left without any one able to look after them because herders were stricken witli cholera. This was especially true along what was known as the Abilene cattle trail, and also along the old Chisholm trail. For a long time cholera was supposed to be as contagious as small- pox, but in the latter '80s the investigations of such eminent physicians as Koch and Emmerich of Germany, and Jenkins of New York, have demonstrated that the disease is due to certain forms of bacilli, that it is not contagious, and that it can easily be prevented from becom- ing epidemic by proper sanitation and the prompt isolation of cases. The theories of these men were thoroughly tested in 1892, when four vessels arrived about the same time in New York harbor, each report- ing deaths from "cholerine" during the passage. The vessels were detained at quarantine, and by order of President Harrison a large num- ber of tents were sent to Sandy Hook early in September for the accommodation of the passengers until the danger was past. The epidemic was quite severe on board the ships and in the isolation camp, but the quarantine officers were so strict in the enforcement of the regulations established that only two deaths were reported in the city of New York, thus demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed mclhods in dealing with the disease. While the above mentioned conditions prevailed at New York, the Kansas State Board of Health was not idle. On Sept. 15, 1892, a cir- cular was sent out to the local boards of health, in which was the fol- lowing statement : "Asiatic cholera is today kept from our midst only through the excellence of our maritime quarantine service. The danger to us is imminent. If it does not eventually elude the vigilance which has thus far kept it at bay, it will be a fortunate exception to the usual history of the disease." As precautionary measures, the state board recommended : ist. Thorough sanitary inspection of every city, town and village ; 2nd, The KANSAS HISTORY 337 drainage of stagnant ponds and low, wet grounds ; 3d, Careful cleansing and disinfection of all sewers, public drains, privy vaults, slaughter houses, pig pens, etc.; 4th, The destruction, entire and complete., of all accumulations of filth that may be discovered ; 5th, Inspection of markets as to quality of food offered for sale ; 6th, Advising the people not to eat unripe, partially decayed or indigestible fruit or vegetables. On March 10, 1893, Gov. Lewelling approved an act of the legislature then in session authorizing the state board to establish and maintain quarantine stations whenever any part of the state was threatened with Asiatic cholera, and appropriating $10,000 for the fiscal years 1894-95. The act also provided severe penalities for failure to observe the regulations prescribed by the board of health. The stringency of the quarantine at New York prevented the disease from spreading to the interior, and by the act of Feb. 13, 1895, the Kansas legislature ordered the unexpended balance of the cholera appropriation of 1893 covered into the general fund. Since the successful quarantine at New York but little has been heard of the cholera in this country, and it is highly improbable that the United States will ever again experience a severe epidemic — a splendid illustration of the truth of the old adage, "Knowledge is power." Choteau, a hamlet of Johnson county, is located in the northern part on the south bank of the Kansas river and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. about 12 miles southwest of Kansas City. It was named from the trading post established in this locality by the Chouteau brothers about 1827, but has never lived up to early expectations. The mail for the town is received at Holliday, about three-quarters of a mile east. Chouteaus, The. — Among the early French traders and trappers who operated in the country from St. Louis west in the latter part of the eighteenth century and the early part of the nineteenth, the name of Chouteau stands preeminent. Auguste Chouteau, one of the founders of the city of St. Louis, was born at New Orleans on Aug. 14, 1750. In the early part of the year 1764, although not yet 14 years of age, he was sent up the Missouri river from Fort Chartres by his step-father, Pierre Liguest, with a company of 30 men to select a site for trading post, and it is said that the boy's suggestions led to the selection of the spot where St. Louis now stands. After Liguest's death, Auguste succeeded to the business, and later formed a partnership with John Jacob Astor which was the inception of the American Fur company. In 1794 he built Fort Carondelet in the Osage country ; was commissioned colonel of the militia in 1808; and in 1815 was appointed one of the commissioners to make treaties with the Indians who had fought on the side of the British in the War of 1812, the other two commissioners being Ninian Edwards and William Clark. He was one of the first trustees of the town of St. Louis; served as justice of the peace and as judge of the court of common pleas; was the first president of the Bank of Missouri, and held other important positions. His policv in dealing with the Indians was fI-22) 338 CYCLOPEDIA Ol- io treat them fairl} , and he enjoyed the confidence and friendship of the red men until his death, which occurred on Feb. 24, 1829. His tombstone in the CathoHc cemetery at St. Louis bears the epitaph : "Sa vie a ete un modele de vertus civilles et Sociales." Jean Pierre Chouteau, a brother of Auguste, was born at New Orleans on Oct. ID, 1758, and as soon as he was old enough he engaged in the fur trade. He established several trading posts in the Indian country, one of which was on the upper Osage river in what is now southwestern Missouri. Soon after Louisiana was ceded to the United States, he gave up the fur trade and became a merchant in St. Louis, where he died on July ID, 1849. About 1825 Frederick, Francis G. and Cyprian Chouteau, three brothers of a younger generation, received a license to trade with cer- tain Indian tribes west of the Missouri river, and immediately set about the establishment of trading posts in their new domain. As there were no roads at that time, their goods were transported through the woods on the backs of pack-horses. Chittenden, in his American Fur Trade, says that Francis G. Chouteau started a post on an island 3 miles below Kansas City, but that the flood of 1826 washed it into the river. He then went about 10 miles up the Kansas river and established a new post. For some time he was superintendent of the trading posts of the American Fur company. In 1828 he established his residence in Kansas City, where he passed the remainder of his life, his son, P. M. Chouteau succeeding to the business. Frederick Chouteau was born in St. Louis in 1810. When ho lirst came to the Kansas valley in 1825, he and his brother Cyprian first built trading houses about 5 miles above Wyandotte (Kansas City) on the south side of the Kansas river, where they traded with the Shawnee and Delaware Indians. A little later another post was established farther up the river. Daniel Boone, in a letter to W. W. Cone of Topeka, dated Aug. 11, 1879, says: "Frederick Chouteau's brother established his trading post across the river from my father's residence the same fall we moved to the agency, in the year 1827." Two or three years later Frederick Chouteau went up the river to the mouth of Mission creek, about 10 miles above the present city of Topeka, and opened a trading house there, taking his goods up the Kansas river in keel boats. Tliis ])()St was maintained until about 1842, when it was .ibando.ned. and a new one was started on Mill creek in Johnson county. Mere the floods destroyed practically everything he had in 1844 and forced him to move to higher ground. He was then engaged in the Indian u.ulr at Council Grove until 1852 or 1853, when he returned to Johnson coun- ty. He was burned out by Quantrill in 1862, but rebuilt and passed the remainder of his life in that county. Frederick Chouteau was married four times, two of his wives having been Indian women, and by his four marriages became the father of eleven children. Pierre Chouteau, jr., a grandson of Auguste, was born at St. Louis on Jan. 19, \yR(). In 1813 he entered the fin* trade in partnership with KANSAS lilSTOR'i' 339 a man named Berthold, and later was a member of the firm of Bernard Pratte & Co., which still later took the name of Pratte, Chouteau & Co. This firm purchased the western department of the American Fur com- pany in 1834. In 1831 Pierre Chouteau, Jr., was a passenger on the steamer "Yellowstone" up the Missouri river. About the last of May the steamboat was compelled to tie up just below the mouth of the Niobrara river on account of low water. While waiting there it was Mr. Chou- teau's custom to go ashore each day and pace up and down the blufTs looking for signs of rain. From this the place took the name of ''Chou- teau's Blufifs," by which it is still known. Chouteau's Island, an island in the Arkansas river, was one of the landmarks of the old Santa Fe trail. It may seem strange that a land- mark of such a character would get lost, but Chouteau's island has been located in several places. Probably the earliest mention of it in any written account was that made by Jacob Fowler in his journal of Glenn's Expedition. Coues, in a note on page 32 of Fowler's journal, says: "If there has been but one of this name, Chouteau's island has floated a good many miles up and down the river — at least, in books I have sought on the subject." Inman's "Old Santa Fe Trail" (p. 40) says: "The island on which Chouteau established his trading post, and which bears his name even to this day, is in the Arkansas river on the boundary line between the United States and Mexico. . . . While occupying this island, Chou- teau and his old hunters and trappers were attacked by about 300 Pawnees, whom they repulsed with the loss of 30 killed and wounded. These Indians afterward declared that it was the most fatal afifair in which they were ever engaged. It was their first acquaintance with American guns." He also describes the island as a "beautiful spot, with a rich carpet of grass and delightful groves, and on the American side was a heavily timbered bottom." On page 42, in referring to Beard's party being obliged to remain for three months "on an island not far from where the town of Cimarron, on the Santa Fe railroad is now situated," he identifies the island as Chouteau's. Capt. P. St. George Cooke, when parleying with the outlaw Snively (See Santa Fe Trail), said: "Your party is in the United States; the line has not been surveyed and marked, but the common judgment agrees that it strikes the river near the Caches, which you know is above this ; some think it will strike as high as Chouteau's island, 60 miles above the Caches." Thwaites, in his "Early Western Travels," locates the island "In the upper ford of the Arkansas river, just above the present town of Hart- land, Kearny county, Kan.," and further says : "The name dates from the disastrous expedition of 1815-17, when Chouteau retreated to this island to withstand a Comanche attack." (Vol. 19, p. 185.) This coincides with the statement of Capt. Cooke, that the island is 60 miles above the Caches. In the notes accompanying Brown's original 340 CYCLOrEDIA OF survey of the Santa Fe trail is the following statement regarding this island : "It is the largest island of timber seen on the river, and on the south side of the river at the lower end of the island is a thicket of wil- lows with some cottonwood trees. On the north side of the river the hills approach tolerably nigh and on one of them is a sort of mound con- spicuous at some miles distant." From this description, coupled with information from other sources, the island has been located by later writers in section 14, township 25, range 2,7 west, which brings it near the town of Hartland, as suggested by Thwaites, and which is no doubt the correct location. There is also a difference of opinion as to whether Chouteau had a trading post on the island. Inman states positively that he established a post there, and other writers make the same statement, but Chittenden, in his "Amer- ican Fur Trade" (p. 540), says: "Chouteau's island was a well known point on the upper Arkansas. The name dates from the Chouteau-De Munn expedition of 1815-17. While on his way to the Missouri in the spring of 1816 with the furs collected during the previous winter, Chou- teau was attacked by a war party of 200 Pawnees and lost i man killed and 3 wounded. He retreated to an island in the Arkansas where he could more effectually defend himself and the name arose from this incident. Chouteau did not have any trading post here, as asserted by some authorities." Christadelphians, or Brothers of Christ. — In 1S44 John Tliomas came to America from England and soon after landing in the New World became identified with the Disciples of Christ (q. v.), but within a short time his views on religion changed. He became convinced that "the cardinal doctrines of the existing churches corresponded with those of the apostolic church predicted in the Scripture; that the only authori- tative creed was the Bible, the originals of which were inspired of God in such a manner and to such an extent as to secure absolute truth- fulness; and that the churches should strive to return to primitive Christianity in doctrine, precept and practice." He soon began to publish these views and organized a number of societies in the United States, Canada and luigland. Xo name was adopted until the outbreak of the Civil war, when the members applied to the government to be exempted from military duty because of con- scientious scruples, and finding it necessary to have a distinctive name adnjjted that of Christadelphians. They do not accept the doctrine of the trinity, holding that Christ was son of God and son of man, mani- festing divine power and working out man's salvation, of which he was the only medium ; that the soul is by nature mortal and that eternal life is given by God only to the righteous; that Christ will come to earth ])ersonalIy to raise and judge his saints and set up a Kingdom of God in place of human governments. Admission to membership is upon con- fession of faith in the doctrines of the church and baptism by immersion. The jiolicy of the church is congregational, each congiegalion conduct- ing its own affairs. They have no ordaiiiccl ministers, those who speak KANSAS HISTORY 34I and conduct services being called lecturing or serving brethren. Usually their meetings are held in halls or private residences. There are no associations of the congregatitjns or ecclesias as they are called, although they have fraternal gatherings. In 1890 there were four organizations in Kansas, one each in Barber, Cherokee, Elk and Shawnee counties, with a total membership of 39. By 1906 the organizations had dropped to 3 but the membership had increased to 58. Christian Church, or Diciples of Christ, sometimes called Campbellites, is one of the distinctively American church organizations. It grew out of a great revival movement which began in northern Tennessee and southern Kentucky about the beginning of the nineteenth century. One of the centers of this revival was Cane Ridge, Ky., and John Allen Gano, one of the earliest of the disciples, at a meeting held June 22, 1845, said, "The first churches planted and organized since the great apostacy, with the Bible as the only creed or church book, and the name Christian as the only name, were organized in Kentucky in the year 1804. Of these the Cane Ridge was the first." The organizers of this church decided to take the Bible as the standard of faith to the exclusion of all creeds, and believed the name "Christian" to have been given the disciples by divine authority. Similar move- ments took place in other sections of the country about the same time. Thomas Campbell, a Presbyterian minister, arrived in the United States and began to preach in western Pennsylvania, where people of various Presbyterian denominations resided and he invited all to his communion. This caused dissention and charges were preferred against him. He insisted that he was acting according to the Bible and began to preach a restoration of apostolic Christianity, protesting against creeds and advocating the sufficiency of the scriptures, but at no time advocated separation from the fellowship of the church. Many were converted to the new belief and the Christian Association was formed. Campbell asked for admission to it but there was so much controversy over his admission that the members of his church formed an independent Church of Christ on May 4, 1810, under the name of "The First Church of the Christian Association of Washington." In 1812, the question of baptism came up. The Campbells, father and son, were immersed and at the next meeting of the church other members of the organization expressed a desire to be immersed upon confession of faith. From that time the church accepted baptism as a divine ordinance and the custom has been maintained. In 1831 a union of the Washington and Cane Ridge churches was effected which was the beginning of an era of great progress and expan- sion of the Christian church. In 1900 there were 10,000 churches with 1,250,000 communicants in the United States. The largest and strongest bodies of this organization are found in the newer states of the west and southwest; Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky and Ohio having the largest number of members. The first work of the Christian church in Kansas was begun during the early '60s, though services were held at 342 CVCLOI'EDIA OF Centropolis, Franklin county, as early as 1858. One of the first organ- izations was established at Helton, Jackson county, July 13, 1862, by Mr. and ]\Irs. Allen, B. Scholes and three others. The first services were held in the court-house by Elder A. J. Francis but no building was erected until ten years later. A Christian church was organized at Erie, Neosho county, in the spring of 1869 by C. F. Stauber, though services had been held previous to that time by George Booth. The same year a church was organized at Ottawa by Warren Skells. In 1869, the Christians organized in Jefferson county and erected a church within a short time after. A year later a church was organized at Girard, Craw- ford county, with 25 members who held services in a school house until 1871, when a church building was erected. Cherokee county was opened to white settlement in 1870, and in October of that year a Christian church was organized there with 40 members by J. A. Murray. There were a few Christians among the early settlers of Shawnee county. They met in a hall at Topeka under the leadership of elders, with an occasional evangelist, until 1870, when an organization was perfected and J. W. Mousen called as the first pastor. At Fort Scott, Bourbon county, a church was started in the fall of 1871 by Dr. Franklin of Cin- cinnati, Ohio, with 10 members. In 1876 a church was started at Hiawatha, Brown county, by James McGuire and it has become one of the leading congregations of the state. With the spread of the faith and growth of the church it has become divided and now consists of the Dis- ciples of Christ, or Christian church, and the Churches of Christ. In 1880, according to the census, there were 54 Christian church organizations in Kansas, with a membership of 18,570; by 1890 the organizations had increased to 394 with 190 church edifices and a mem- bership of 25,143, and by 1906 the Christian church ranked fourth of all denominations in Kansas, with a membership of 43,572. Christian College. — Kansas Christian College was founded at Lincoln on May 26, 1888. It is conducted under the auspices of the Kansas State Christian Conference. The college conducts a collegiate department, a business department, and a music department. The total value of the college property was estimated at .$18,200 in 1900. Christians (Christian Connection). — Following the war of the Ri\olu tion there was a period of general spiritual declension. This in turn was followed by a period of revival especially in the southwestern sections of the country. In many cases denominational lines were ignored and different churches united both in evangelistic and sacramental services. Efforts were made to enforce ecclesiastical discipline, which resulted in revolt in some cases, while in others independent movements were started. The pioneer of this movement was James O'Kelly, a Methodist minister in Virginia, who with some associates withdrew from the church and perfected an independent organization under tiic name of Republican Methodists l)ut in 1794 resolved to become known as Chris- tians finly, taking the Bilile as their guide and discijiline and accepting no test of church fellowshiii other than thai nf (^hristi;in character. A KANSAS HISTORY 343 little later a similar movement took place among the Baptists in New England, headed by Abner Jones, a Baptist preacher of Vermont. He was soon joined by many others and the movement grew. In 1800 a great revival took place in the Cumberland valley of Tennes- see and Kentucky. It was confined to no denomination and no atten- tion was given to the doctrines that divided the churches. In the Pres- byterian churches this was regarded with concern and resulted in charges being preferred against two ministers, who with three others, withdrew from the synod of Kentucky and formed the Springfield presbytery, which was dissolved within a short time and its members adopted prac- tically the same position as O'Kelly and Jones. General meetings were held in New England in 1809 but it was not until 1819 that the first general conference was held in New Hampshire. The Southern Chris- tian association was formed in 1847 which soon gave place to the South- ern Christian convention, which remained a separate organization until 1890, when the delegates from the south resumed their seats in the con- vention. The Northern Christian connection was incorporated in 1872. The Christians hold to the general principles of the Christian faith, insisting that the name Christian is the only one needed. They uphold the right of private judgment and liberty of conscience. They teach baptism of believers by immersion but admit all believers to communion. The general policy of the church is congregational and each local church is independent in its organization, but at an early period conferences were organized which admitted ministers to membership and in which the churches were represented by delegates. At first, these conferences were advisory only, but developed into administrative bodies. They have the oversight of the ministry, but do not interfere with the disci- pline of the churches. Besides the local conferences there are state con- ferences for administrative work. Nearly all the bodies are incorporated and hold property. The church has become well established in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi and it was settlers from these regions who planted the faith in Kansas where it has had a steady growth. In 1890 there were 49 chvirch organizations in the state with a total membership of 1,445. During the decade and a half from 1890 to 1906 there was a slight de- cline, for in the latter year there were but 26 organizations reported with n membership of 1,034. Christian Union. — The churches forming the denomination called the Christian Union, trace their origin to the great revival which took place in the first half of the nineteenth century, which led to a larger liberty in religious thought, a greater freedom from ecclesiastical domination, and a closer affiliation of the people of different creeds. A number of organizations arose that had no connection, most important among them being the Evangelical Christian Union, which consisted of seven congre- gations in Monroe county, Ind. These were united in 1857 by Rev. Eli P. Farmer, who went into the army as a chaplain at the outbreak of the Civil war and as a result some of the congregations were broken up. 344 CYCLOPEDIA OF During the war the intensity of tlie political strife became reflected in the services of the church to such an extent that many persons, both lay and clerg-y, withdrew from different denominations and joined the ranks of those who were impatient under the restrictions of ecclesiastical rule. Finally a call was issued for a convention to be held by all who favored "forming a new church organization" on broader lines than those of the existing denominations, free from both political bias and ecclesiastical domination. The convention met at Columbus, Ohio, Feb. 3, 1863, and adopted resolutions by which was formed a religious society under the name of Christian Union. In 1864 a general convention was held at Terre Haute, Ind., attended by delegates from several states, at which the action of the former convention was reaffirmed and a summary of principles was adopted as follows : The oneness of the Church of Christ ; Christ the only head; the Bible the only rule of faith and practice; good fruits the only condition of fellowship ; Christian Union without controversy ; each local church self governing; political preaching discountenanced. From this time the movement spread rapidly, some of its best known leaders being J. F. Given, J. V. B. Flack, and Ira Norris. On his return from the army Eli Farmer joined the movement and remained in active service until his death in 1878. The local organizations differ somewhat in name, those in tlie middle west being known as the Christian Union for both local and general organizations. Some of those farther west call the local organization the Church of Christ and the general organization the "Churches of Christ in Christian Union," but while they differ in name the organiza- tions affiliate and recognize one another as parts of the same general movement, while the general council in all the states is known as the General Council of Christian Union. Each local congregation or church is absolutely self governing. For purposes of fellowship and the trans- action of business various councils have been organized which meet annually. Of these councils there are four classes — charge, district, state and general. The church now has organizations in ten states, the greater majority of them being in Ohio, which has 118 organizations. The church was established in Kansas in the '80s by immigrants from the older communities in the Ohio valley. In 1800 there were iCi organ- izations in the state : 9 in Bourbon county, i in Dickinson, i in Doni])han, 4 in Riley and i in Wilson, with a total membership of 50. In iqo6 the number of organizations had dropped to four while the momborship had increased to 99. Church, a small hamlet of Geary county, is located on Humboldt creek about 10 miles southeast of Junction City, the comity seat and most convenient railroad station. Mail is received by rural delivery thrciuL'li the postoffice at Dwight. Church of Christ, Scientist. — This organization was founded by Mrs. Mary I'.akcr Eddy. As early as 1862 she had written and given to friends some of the conclusions she had made as a result of her study KANSAS HISTORY 345 of the Scriptures. In 1867 she began her first school of Christian Science mind healing at Lynn, Mass. Three years later she copyrighted her first work on Christian Science and in 1875 she published her Science and Health with key to the Scriptures. In Science and Health, Mrs. Eddy gives the principles and rules whereby the sick may be healed and the sinner saved. She teaches the necessity of a practical Christianity reviv- ing the apostolic healing which Jesus enjoined. The first ChurcJi of Christ, Scientist, was organized by 26 students of Mrs. Eddy and was incorporated in 1879. Two years later Mrs. Eddy became the pastor of the First Church of Christ. In 1892 a reorganiza- tion of the Boston church was eflfected under the name of First Church of Christ, Scientist. The central organization of the church is the mother church in Boston. Branch churches have been established throughout the United States and in some foreign countries, having their own rules and by-laws and managing their own affairs. There are also Christian Science societies not yet organized. There are no pastors in the sense in which that term is used in other religious bodies, the sermon lesson taking the place of the clerical address usually delivered by the minister. The sermon lesson, which forms the principal part of the service, is pre- pared by a committee connected with the mother church in Boston and is read in every church by two readers, who read alternately. The first reader from Science and Health, the second from the Bible. In 1890 there were 15 organizations in Kansas with a total member- ship of 424. During the next sixteen years many new organizations vv-ere established, and in 1906, this church reported 31 societies, with a membership of 1,131. Church of God and Saints of Christ. — This religious organization among the colored people was started by William S. Crowdy, a negro, who in 1896 claimed to have had a vision from God, calling him to lead his people to the true religion, at the same time giving him prophetic endowment. He at once began to preach in Kansas and soon organized the Church of God and Saints of Christ at Lawrence. Only a few per- sons joined him for some time, but the numbers gradually increased and the headquarters were established at Philadelphia. Crowdy w-as ap- pointed bishop of the new body and two white men who were associated with him in the work were subsequently apponited to the same office. Believing that the negro race is descended from the lost tribes of Israel, Crowdy taught that the Ten Commandments and a literal adher- ence to the teachings of the Bible, including both the Old and New Testa- ment, are the positive guides for the salvation of man. In order to make no mistakes in the commandments, a pamphlet has been published imder the direction of the church, called the Seven Keys, which gives references and authority for the various customs and orders of the church. Members are admitted to the church upon repentance of sin and baptism by immersion. The Lord's Supper, the washing of feet and the pledge of the holy kiss are observed. The central organization of the church is an e.xectitive board or coun- 346 CYCLOPEDIA OF cil called a presbytei\v, which is made up of 12 ordained elders and evangelists whose duty it is to look after the general business of the church. The prophet (Crowdy) is not elected, but holds his position by virtue of a divine call. He is presiding officer of both the executive board and of the church. The followers believe that the prophet is in direct ■communication with God, utters prophecies and performs miracles by liis will. The district assemblies are composed of the different orders of the ministr}- and delegates from each local church. The ministers hold office during good behavior. The temporal affairs of the churches are looked after by deacons under the general supervision of the assemblies. Since the founding of the church in Kansas it has had a somewhat rapid growth and in 1906 had 48 organizations, located in fourteen states and the District of Columbia, the total number- of communicants in the United States being 1.823. In Kansas there are 3 organizations with a membership of 78. Church of the New Jerusalem. — (See Swedenborgians.) Churches. — The first churches in what is now the State of Kansas were established while it was still unorganized territory. Missions were established among the Indian tribes during the first quarter of the nine- teenth century by various denominations, and from that time the church and the mission school dwelt side by side, and worked hand in hand for the evangelization and education of the red man. In 1854, when Kansas was erected as a territory, the Methodists had churches at .Shawnee mission and at Wyandotte; the Baptists had a mission church 2 miles northwest of the Shawnee mission, one near the Delaware postofifice and still another in what is now Mission township, Shawnee county; the Friends had a mission and school west of the Shawnee mission, and among the Sac and Fox Indians the Presbyterians had located a mission and school near the present site of Highland, Doniphan county. Two missions had been established by the Catholics — St. Mary's, located in what is now Mission township, Shawnee county, with three stations within a radius of 20 miles, and a second on the Neosho river, in what is now Neosho county. Nearly all the free-state settlers had belonged to churches in the com- munities from which they came, and one of the first provisions they made after settling in the territory was for religious services and schools for their children. At first the services were held in the open air, in tents or rude cabins, but as settlements increased church buildings were erected, many of which are used to the present day in different localities. In the outlying districts where settlement was ihiu, the people gathered at some convenient locality and were ministered to b>' circuit riders or missionaries. Many of these early congregations later became permanent and prosperous churches. The earliest available record of churches in Kansas is that taken by the state board of agriculture in 1875, which is meagre and may not accurately give an idea of all denominations, but it gives the largest which in that voar wpro: the Catholic church with 202 organizations and KANSAS HISTORY 347 a membership of 37,198; the Methodist church with 621 organizations and a membership of 22,696; the Baptists with 286 organizations and a membership of 12,197; the Presbyterians with 220 organizations and a membership of 7,962, and the Congregalionalists with 121 organizations and a membership of 4,458, making a total of 1,484 organizations and 85,924 communicants. By 1880 the number of organizations had increased to 2,155 and the membership to 189,629, or more than twice that of 1875. As settlement has passed westward across the state, churches have been established in nearly every community and their growth has been steady and satisfactory. In 1890 the proportion of church members to aggregate population in Kansas was about 28 per cent. There were 4,920 organizations with a membership of 336,575. In 1906 there were 994 church organizations in the state with a total membership of 458,190. Of the organizations reporting, 4,020 have church edifices and 602 use halls or other buildings for places of wor- ship. The aggregate value of the church piroperty in the state in 1906 was $14,053,454. It was found that in that year that 78.7 per cent, of all church members in the state belonged to Protestant bodies ; 20.3 per cent, to the Catholic church ; 0.5 per cent, to the Latter-day Saints ; and 0.5 to all other bodies. (For information concerning any particular church look under the denominational head.) Churches of God in North America. — This religious organization arose as a result of the revival movement which spread through the United Stafes during the first half of the nineteenth century. One of The leaders of the revival movement was John Winebrenner, a minister of the Reformed church at Harrisburg, Pa. His sermons were so impres- sive that some of his congregation became alarmed about their spiritual condition. Revivals were a new thing in that region and some of the members became so dissatisfied that they laid the matter before the synod of the Reformed church which met at Harrisburg, Sept. 29, 1822. The case was not disposed of until 1828, when Mr. Winebrenner's con- nection with the Reformed church was severed. After this he began to labor in the surrounding districts and towns, and in 1829 he organized an independent church calling it only the Church of God. Other congre- gations soon followed in and around Harrisburg, each assiuning the name Church of God, and adding the name of the town in which the congregation organized, as Church of God at Hagerstown. These churches, in which all members had equal rights, elected and licensed men to preach, but for some time there was no bond or general organization or directing authority. In Oct., 1830, a meeting was held at Harrisburg for the purpose of establishing a regular system of cooperation, which was attended by six licensed ministers. At this meeting an eldership, to consist of an equal number of teaching and ruling elders, was organized which was called the "General Eldership of the Church of God," to distinguish it from the local church eldership. The movement continued to spread to adjoining counties and to Mary- land, western Pennsylvania and Ohio. On May 26, 1845, delegates from 348 CYCLOPEDIA OF * the three elderships met at Pittsburg. Pa., and organized the "General Eldership of the Church of God in North America," but in 1896, the name was changed to "General Eldership of the Churches of God in North America." In doctrine these chtirches are evangelical and orthodox, and are Arminian rather than Calvinistic. They hold as distinctive from other denominations, that sectarianism is antiscriptural ; that each local church is a church of God, and should be called so; that in general, all Bible things should be called by Bible names, and a Bible name should not be given to anything not mentioned in the Bible. The members of the Churches of God believe that three ordinances are obligatory — the Lord's Stipper, baptism and the religious washing of the saint's feet. They have no written creed but accept the Bible as their rule of faith and practice. In policy the Churches of God are presbyterian. Each local church votes for a minister but the annual elderships make the appointments within their own boundaries. The congregation elects the elders and deacons, who with the minister constitute the church council and are the governing body, having charge of the admission of members and general oversight of the church work. The minister and an equal num- ber of laymen within a certain territory constitute annual elderships, corresponding to presbyteries, which have the exclusive right to ordain ministers. The different annual elderships combine to form the Gen- eral Eldership which meets once in four years, and is composed of an equal number of ministers and lay representatives (elders) elected by the annual elderships. The Churches of God have been established in many parts of the country and are now represented in sixteen states. They were estab- lished in Kansas by the settlers who came from the older communities in the east and brought their faith with them. In 1890 there were 26 organizations in Kansas with a membership of 956. Nearly all of these churches were in the eastern third of the state. In 1906 only 12 organ- izations were reported with a total membership of 613. This falling off in Kansas is doubtless due to the emigration of many of the members to Oklahoma and the Indian Territory, where good cheap land was to be had. Churches of the Living God. — This religious organization .imong the negroes was organized in 1899 at Wright ville. Ark., by William Chris- tian, with about 120 members. In general it holds to the articles of faitli of the Baptist church but in policy is more like the Methodist church. The first churcJi became very successful and others were formed on the same basis. The name chosen by the new denomination was Church of the Living God. It grew rapidly but was divided because of dissensions, and at the jirescnt time three bodies are recognized : Church of the Living God (Christian Workers for Friendship) ; Church of the Living God (Apostolic Chinch) ; and Church of Christ in God. There are now 44 organizations located in 12 states. In Kansas the church had three organizations in 1906 with ;i uuiulKislii|) of 135. KANSAS HISTORY 349 Cicero, a village of Harmon township, Sumner county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 7 miles northeast of Welling- ton, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, a grain elevator, some good general stores, telephone connections, etc., and in igio reported a population of 48. Cimarron, the county seat and largest town of Gray county, is located on the Arkansas river and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. R. R. a little northeast of the center of the county and 18 miles west of Dodge City. It was first settled in 1878, and in 1910 was the only incorporated city in the county. The population at that time, according to the U. S. census was 587. Cimarron has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, 2 banks, a weekly newspaper (the Jacksonian), tele- phone connections, a hotel, Christian, Methodist, Presbyterian and United Brethren churches, good public schools, and a grain elevator operated by the Farnlers' Cooperative Union. It is the most important shipping point between Dodge City and Garden City. Cimarron River. — The history of this stream discloses the fact that early map makers and explorers confused it with the one known as the "Salt Fork." One of the earliest mentions of the Cimarron was in 1807 by Pike, who called it the "Grand Saline" or "Newsewtonga." In Nut- tail's narrative, 1818-20, he calls the stream the "Grand Saline;" Melish, 1820, the "Jefiferson ;" Tanner, 1823, the "Nesuhetonga or Grand Sa- line;" Finlay, 1826, the "Grand Saline;" Gregg, 1840, the "Cimarron;" Mitchell, 1846, the "Cimarone or Salt Fork;" Tanner, 1S46, the "Semarone, Negracka, or Red River;" Mitchell, 1874, as "Cimmaron ;" and "First Red Fork of the Arkansas," "Red Fork" and "Salt River" attaching at various times. The term "Red Fork" was undoubtedly applied to the stream on account of the red tinge of its waters, received from contact with the red clay along its banks. "Negracka" is probably of Siouan origin, most likely an Osage word. Cimarron is a Spanish word, meaning "wild, or unruly." The name Saline and Grand Saline have been applied indiscriminately to the Cimarron and the Salt Fork of the Arkansas, the name Grand Saline being more applicable to the Cimarron. The Cimarron has. its source in the mountains of Union county, N. M. Flowing in an easterly direction its two branches enter Kansas in the southvi'est corner county — Morton — the north fork flowing across this county and the southeast corner of Stanton county and entering Grant. The south fork crosses Morton county and the northwest corner of Stevens and enters Grant county, where the two branches unite, the combined Cimarron then flowing in a southeast direction through Seward county and the extreme southwest corner of Meade county into Oklahoma. A few miles below the Kansas line the stream makes a turn, flows east about 25 miles, again enters Kansas in Clark county, flowing across the southeast corner of that county and leaving the state from the southwest corner of Comanche county. In Oklahoma the river flows about two-thirds the distance across that state and empties into the Arkansas river near the town of Leroy. 353 CYCLOPEDIA OF Probably no other stream in Kansas can boast the natural scenery to be found along the Cimarron. An early day writer has said that the river traversed a "country remarkably rugged and broken, affording the most romantic and picturesque views imaginable. It is a tract of about 75 miles square in which nature has displayed a great variety of the most strange and whimsical vagaries. It is an assemblage of beautiful meadows, verdant ridges, and rude, misshapen piles of red clay, thrown together in the utmost apparent confusion, yet affording the most pleas- ant harmonies and presenting us in every direction an endless variety of curious and interesting objects." The early freighters and hunters have made mention of the wild fruits they found in abundance along the stream, including plums, grapes, choke cherries, gooseberries and cur- rants, of which there were three kinds, black, red and white. About the ravines and in the marshy ground along the stream there were several varieties of wild onions, resembling garlic in flavor, and which the trav- elers found very acceptable in cooking, to season meats. The Santa Fe trail struck the Cimarron in what is now Grant county, and from there into New Mexico closely followed the stream. The Cimarron is about 650 miles in length, of which about 175 miles are in Kansas. Circieville, a village of Jackson county, is located 8 miles northwest of Holton, the county seat, on the Union Pacific and Missouri Pacific railroads. It has banking facilities, telegraph and express offices and a money order postoffice with two rural mail routes. All the general lines of business are represented. The population in 1910 was 325. The town was founded by Maj. Thomas J. Anderson in 1863, and shortly after the survey Rufus Oursler erected a store and put up a combination grist and sawmill. In 1865-66 the Methodist Episcopal church erected a $10,000 seminary which was abandoned later for the reason that the church became interested in Baker University at Baldwin. For many years the building was used for school purposes. At the time the town was founded the people had to go to Jefferson for their mail, but later a postoffice was established at Holton. Citizens' Industrial Alliance. — This association was organized at Topeka in Jan., 1891, and incorporated under the laws of Kansas. It suliscqucntK- bccanu' a i)art nf the l'"armers' Alliance mnxcmcnt. (See Farmers' Alliance.) Civil Service. — A standard authority defines civil service as "That branch of the pul-lic service which includes all executive offices not connected with the army or navy." The same authority says: "Owing to the complexity of modern government and the variety of its functions, the civil service has become very complex, and the jirnblcni of its effec- tive administration a difficult one." About 1830 what is known as the "spoils system" was engrafted upon the American civil service. Political parties adopted as their slogan the cry of "To the victors belong the spoils," and appointments to public office were made more with regard to political activity than to fitness for tiic (httics to be discharged. By 1835 the conditions bocinic svich KANSAS HISTORY 351 that Daniel Webster declared in Congress that "Offices are created, not fur the benefit of those who fill them, but for public convenience." Nearly half a century more elapsed before any steps were taken to reform the civil service or the methods of making appointments. But in Jan., 1883, Congress passed "An act to regulate and improve the civil service of the United States," in which it was provided that the "merit system" should determine appointment and tenure of office of a large number of employees in the various departments of the government service. Since that time a number of states and cities have adopted the merit system of making appointments in departments where the work is purely of an executive character, Wisconsin probably leading all the other states in the thoroughness with which the system is applied. Gov. Click sought to have the educational, charitable and reformatory institutions of Kansas placed under this system, and announced in one of his mes- sages to the legislature that, "whether you so amend the law or not, the course indicated will govern the present executive in his actions and appointments, so that none of our state institutions shall be run in the interests of any party or faction, or turned into a political machine." Nothing was done at that time, but the act of March 3, 1905, provided that "It shall be the duty of the governing board of trustees of the institutions hereinafter named forthwith to formulate rules and regula- tions prescribing, so far as can be done, the qualifications necessary in order to secure employment in their respective institutions, together with provision for ascertaining whether or not applicants for positions in such institutions are qualified to fill the same, with further provision for the selection of those most capable among such applicants." It was also provided that such rules and regulations, once established, should be strictly followed by boards in making appointments, and that assistants, subordinate officers and employees might be appointed by the superintendent or other chief executive officer, and removed by him for cause, provided "that no political action or political affiliation shall be sufficient cause for removal." Any superintendent removing any one for political reasons was subject to forfeiture of his position. The institutions named in the act were the schools for the blind, the deaf, the feeble minded, the soldiers' orphans home, the industrial schools, the state reformatory, the state penitentiary, "and all other charitable and penal institutions of the State of Kansas." In all cities adopting the commission form of government under the provisions of the act of Feb. 10, 1909, the city commissioners must, by ordinance, appoint three civil service commissioners, whose duty it shall be to hold examinations and determine the qualifications of applicants for positions under the city government. And when a vacancy occurs, the civil service commission shall certify to the city commissioners two names from the eligible list for every vacancy to be filled, from which names the city commissioners shall select the person for appointment. No removals from the municipal civil service shall be made except for cause. 352 CYCLOPEDIA OF The act of Feb. 12, 1908, placed the fire departments of cities of the first class under civil service regulations, by providing that all appoint- ments thereto should be made "solely on the basis of merit and fitness for service," and that no removals from the department should be made to make places for other men. Civil War.— (See War of 1861-65.) Claflin, an incorporated city of Barton county, is located in Independ- ent township, about 20 miles northeast of Great Bend, the county seat. The first settlement at Claflin was made in 1887, and in 1910 the city reported a population of 554. It is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R., has 2 banks, a flour mill, a creamery, a grain elevator, a machine shop, a weekly newspaper (the Clarion), Catholic and Protestant churches, a good public school system, and is the principal shipping and supply point for a large agricultural district, to the people of which its international money order postoffice supplies mail daily by two rural routes. The Odin school, a Catholic institution, is located at Claflin. Claims. — At various periods and for various reasons Kansas has pre- sented claims against the United States. The first instance of this char- acter was in 1857, while Kansas was still a territory. During the border troubles many of the settlers suffered losses by having their stock driven off, their houses burned, etc. In his message to the legislature on Jan. 12, 1857, Gov. Geary said: 'Tn traveling through the territory I have discovered great anxiety in relation to the damages sustained during the past civil disturbances, and everywhere the question has been asked as to whom they should look for indemnity. These injuries — burning houses, plundering fields and stealing horses and other property — have been a fruitful source of irritation and trouble, and have impover- ished many good citizens. They cannot be considered as springing from purely local causes, and as such, the subjects of territorial redress. . . . In adjusting the question of damages, it appears proper tliat a broad and comprehensive view of the subject should be taken ; and I have • accordingly suggested to the general government the propriety of recommending to Congress the passage of an act providing for the appointment of a commissioner to take testimony and report to Congress for final action, at as early a day as possible." Acting upon the governor's recommendation, the legislature on Fell. 23, 1857, passed an act authorizing the appointment of a commissioner. Iliram J. Strickler was appointed and on March 7, 1858, he filed his report showing that he had examined claims amounling to $301,225, of which he had awarded $254,279.28. His report also gave a list of the claimants. Marcus J. Parrott,,then the territorial delegate in Congress, presented a bill for the payment of these claims, Init it was never reported back from the committee to which it was referred. On Feb. 7, 1859, the legislature passed an act providing for the appointment of three commissioners — one by the governor, one by the council and one by the house — to investigate the claims and report, and a supplementary act autlmrizcd tlic commissioners to employ ,\n KANSAS HISTORY 353 attorney. The governor appointed Edward Hoogland, the council appointed Henry J. Adams and the house appointed Samuel A. King- man. William McKay was engaged as attorney. This commission reported claims filed amounting to $676,020.21, of which $412,978.03 had been allowed. Subsequently bonds to the amount of $95,700 were issued, covering $5,400 of legislative warrants and $90,300 of claim warrants. The territorial legislature of i860 adopted a concurrent resolution asking Congress to assume the payment of these bonds, but no action was taken by Congress, and the last territorial legislature in 1861 passed an act to prevent their payment. The first state legislature, which met in March, 1861, passed a similar act, and the claims for losses during the border war have never been paid. Kansas was admitted into the Union on the eve of the great Civil war. The machinery of the state government had been in operation less than three months, when President Lincoln issued his call for volunteers to suppress a rebellion. Kansas responded promptly, and during the war the state was at heavy expense in raising and subsisting troops. In addition to that, the general government, by the act of Congress, approved on Aug. 5, 1861, levied a direct tax upon the states, the amount apportioned to Kansas being $71,743.33. The citizens of the state lost heavily in the various guerrilla raids and the Price invasion of 1864, and at the close of the war filed claims for damages for property destroyed or appropriated by the contending armies. Immediately following the Civil war, the state incurred heavy expenses in suppressing Indian uprisings on the western frontier — expenses which the state authorities felt should be borne by the United States, the Indians causing the trouble having been "wards of the government." Under the provisions of the Wyandotte constitution and the act of admission, Kansas was to receive sections 16 and 36 in each township for school purposes, certain lands for the benefit of a state university, and five per cent, of the proceeds of all public land sales within the state, but while the war was in progress these provisions were apparently forgotten. In 1877 Gov. Anthony submitted a statement to the 45th Congress showing that the United States was indebted to the State of Kansas for miltar}' expenses to the amount of $470,726.15. In that year ex-Gov. Samuel J. Crawford was appointed state agent to look after the collec- tion of these claims, as well as the adjustment of the school lands and the recovery of the five per cent, of the public land sales. Crawford's final report in 1892 shows that he had adjusted claims and received pay- ment of the following sums of money to the state : School lands (276,376 acres) valued at $ 345,470.03 Five per cent, on public land sales 755,919.81 Military claims 372,236.38 Direct tax refund 7i •743-33 Total $1,545,369-55 a-23) 354 CYCLOPEDIA UK Under the provisions of the act of the legislature, approved by Gov. Crawford on Feb. ii, 1865, the secretary of state, adjutant-general and attorney-general were appointed a commission to audit the claim grow- ing out of the Price raid. This commission reported claims allowed amounting to $342,145.99. A new commission, consisting of W. N. Hanley, W. H. Fitzpatrick and D. E. Ballard, was appointed in 1867. This commission reduced the amount allowed by the former one to .'^240,258.77. Section 2 of the act of Feb. 26, 1867, provided : "That for the purpose of settling the claims audited and allowed by said board of commissioners, certificates to be known and designated as Union mili- tary scrip, shall be issued in sums of i, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1,000 dol- lars, as the claimants may desire, in an amount equal in the aggregate to the amoimt of claims allowed by said board of commissioners." Under the act of Feb. 17, 1869, Levi Woodard, David Whitaker and T. J. Taylor were appointed a third commission and allowed claims amounting to $61,221.87. On Feb. 2, 1871, President Grant approved an act of Congress atithorizing the appointment of a commission to investi- gate and report upon the Kansas Price raid claims. James A. Hardie, J. D. Bingham and T. H. Stanton, three officers of the regular army, were appointed, and they reported claims amounting to $337,054.38. which sum was appropriated by Congress by the act of June 8, 1872. Between the years 1878 and 1885, ex-Gov. Crawford, as state agent, col- lected $369,938.10 to be applied on these claims, and in Jan., 1888, an additional sum of $237.01 was received through Gov. Martin, making a total of $707,229.49 allowed by the general government for the pajr- ment of the claims. A joint resolution of the legislature, adopted on March 5, 1887, author- ized the governor to appoint a stiitable person as auditing commis- sioner "who shall report to the legislature at its next regular or extra session a full and complete statement in detail of all Price raid claims which are unpaid and which have been audited and allowed by any com- mission heretofore appointed by authority of the legislature of Kansas, and upon which Union military scrip has been heretofore issued, and also all claims not heretofore audited which may he presented to him." Gen. John C. Caldwell was appointed commissioner under the pro- visions of this resolution. He filed his report with the legislature of 1889, giving an alphabetical list of the original holders of the l^nion military scrip, of which the total issue was $584,035.20, and showing that of the .$707,229.49 appropriated by Congress, $26,604.05 was credited to the state on accoimt of the direct tax. He also showed that tjie stale treasurer had paid claims amounting to $46,414.36 that had not been allowed by any commission, and had left unpaid $19,352.44 of claims tJiat had been allowed. Of the scrip, certificates amoimting to $336,817 were canceled in 1873, leaving a balance of $247,218.20. The report alludes to the fact that the state legislature appropriated $130,000 in 1881 for the payment of the claims, and since that time something over $300,000 had been appropriated by the general government for the same purpose. KANSAS IllSTOKY .555 Jtist before the opening of the legislative session of 1905 an effort was made to have Gov. Hoch recommend an appropriation for the purpose of settling the claims. The Topeka Capital of Jan. 5, 1905, said: "Of the sums appropriated by Congress, $26,604.05 was illegally used to pay the government direct war tax ; $8,952.57 was illegally used for the state militia, and $334,618.48 was illegally turned into the state's general fund. The total amount of government money misued by the state was $372,175. Most of the original claimants are dead, and the bulk of the yellow scrip has been bought up by a few speculators for a cent or two on the dollar. On this account, perhaps, there is a lack of enthusiasm for the claims. However, there are a few old men and women, widows and children, who have held to the scrip as it came into the family, and they are making a strong appeal to the governor and the men who will direct the legislature this winter." George W. Veale, J. L. Allen, R. H. Semple, T. P. Moore, A. M. Har- vey, L. G. Beal and J. M. Meade were appointed a legislative commit- tee on behalf of the scrip-holders, with instructions to issue an address to the people of Kansas on the subject. The address was issued and considerable influence was brought to bear to have the legislature pro- vide for the final redemption of the scrip, but that body failed to act. The act of the legislature of Feb. 27, 1875, authorized the appoint- ment of a commission to audit and certify the amount of losses sustained by the citizens of Kansas through guerrilla raids at the time of the war, chiefly the Ouantrill raid on Lawrence in Aug., 1863. These claims were known as the "Ouantrill raid claims." The commission issued certificates for $882,390.11. Under the act of March 5, 1887, the state assumed the payment of these certificates, but a compromise was effected, the state paying $362,567.91 for principal and $104,720.26 for interest, a total of $467,288.17, which amount became a claim against the United States. At the time of the Spanish-.\merican war, Kansas expended $37,787.84 in raising, transporting and subsisting troops. Of this amount the United States refunded $37,200.19. Samuel J. Crawford was succeeded as state agent by W. W. Martin, who served until March i, 1905, but none of his reports can be found, if he ever made any. John C. Nicholson then became state agent, and in the Kansas Magazine for July. 1909, he presents the following recapitulation of Kansas' account with the United States, the first column showing the amount paid by the state, and the second the amount reimbursed by the United States : Raising troops. Civil war $ 52,202 $ 49,052 Interest and discount on above 101,938 97,466 For repelling Indian invasions 349,320 332,308 Interest and discount on above 438,961 425,065 Price raid 336,817 336,817 Ouantrill raid 467,288 Spanish-American war 37.787 37,200 Total $1,784,313 $1,277,908 356 CYCLOPEDIA OF Mr. Xicholson also shows the following claims allowed by authorized commissions, but unpaid: Territorial period $ 412,972 Price raid, balance 248,218 Ouantrill raid, balance 415,102 Total $1,076,292 Concerning the Price raid claims, Mr. Nicholson says : "The unset- tled Price raid claims have been for many years a source of great annoy- ance and dispute, and it is generally admitted that the state ought to pay the unsettled claims allowed by the Hardie commission. The dif- ficulty in adjusting the matter is greatly increased by the fact that duplicate scrip was fraudulently issued for part of the claims." Clara, a village of Washington county, is situated about 12 miles southwest of Washington, the county seat, and in 1910 reported a popu- lation of 40. Mail is received through the postoffice at Haddam, which is the nearest railroad station. Clare, a village in the central part of Johnson county, is located on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 5 miles southwest of Olathe, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express facilities and in 1910 had a population of 10. Clark County. — On Feb. 26, 1867, Gov. Crawford approved an act of the legislature defining the boundaries of a number of new coun- ties in the western part of the state. Section 39 of that act reads : "The county of Clarke shall be bounded as follows: Commencing where the east line of range 21 west intersects the sixth standard parallel, thence south to the thirty-seventh degree of north latitude, thence west to the east line of range 26 west, thence north to the sixth standard parallel, thence east to the place of beginning." By the act of March 6, 1875, the northern boundary was moved north- ward 6 miles, to the north line of township 30 south, and the western boundary was fixed at the "east line of range 27 west." The county was named for Charles F. Clarke, who entered the volunteer service in the Civil war as a captain in the Sixth Kansas cavalry, was com- missioned assistant adjutant-general on June 12, 1862. and died at Mom- phif^ Tenn.. on the loth of the following December. In the original creative act the name is spelled with the final "e," but in the act of 1873 and all subsequent legislation aflfecting the county the last letter was dropped from the name. As an iiiiiirganized county. Clark was attached to Ford county for judicial purposes only until Feb. 21, 1883, when Gov. Click approved an act including Clark in Ford county, in order that the latter might benefit by the taxation of the large cattle interests. This did not please the few settlers in Clark county, and by the act of March 7, 1885. Clark was reestablished with its present boundaries, extending from the east KANSAS HISTORY 357 line of range 21 to the east line of range 26 west, and from the north line of township 30 south to the southern boundary of the state. By the same act the county was attached to Comanche for judicial purposes. Clark county has an altitude of nearly 2,000 feet, Ashland, the county seat, being situated 1,950 feet above sea level. The surface is gen- erally level prairie, sloping gently southward toward the Cimarron river, which crosses the southern boundary near the center and flows in an easterly direction until it enters Comanche county about 5 miles north of the state line. All the streams of the county are directly or indirectly tributary to the Cimarron. The principal creeks are Bluff, Beaver, Bear, and Big and Little Sand creeks. Near the center of the county is an elevation, to which H. C. Inman, quartermaster of the Custer expedition in 1868 gave the name of "Mount Jesus." In the winter of 1868-69 ^ ti'ail was made from Fort Dodge to Camp Supply in the Indian Territory, over which government supplies were taken to the latter post. It passed near the elevation mentioned, and became known as the ''Mount Jesus trail." In 1870 a new trail was opened, over which the cattle drovers passed to Dodge City and the northern ranges. It was known as the "Texas Cattle Drive," and during the ten years from 1876 to 1885 some 2,000,000 cattle passed over this trail. There is not much native timber in the county. Along the streams are narrow belts of hackberry, walnut, mulberry and Cottonwood, the last named being the most common. The settlement of the county was slow for several years after it was established. In the spring of 1871 the county was surveyed, and in 1874 John Glenn built a road ranch where Ashland now stands. Two graves were found there, supposed to be th^ graves of men killed by the Indians in 1871, and the place was at first known as "Soldiers' Graves." A weekly stage route from Dodge City to Camp Supply was established in 1875 and four years later it became a daily stage line. In 1876 a large cattleman named Driscoll located a ranch in Clark county, being the first heavy cattleman in that part of the country. The following winter three Benedictine priests came to a mound about 3 miles northeast of Ashland, which they named Mount Casino, with a view of founding a college for invalids and establishing a colony. The movement was discouraged by the cattlemen, the priests lost their horses through an Indian raid, and after a few months aban- doned the attempt. Spencer brothers later located their ranch near Mount Casino. Two men came to the Sand creek valley in the spring of 1878 and made a crop there that season, but did not become per- manent settlers. In the Cheyenne raid of 1878 (q. v.) some of the Indians entered the state near the southwest corner of Comanche county and passed through Clark, stealing some horses from Driscoll's ranch. One In- dian was killed in the county. In the spring of 1879 a man named Dudley came from Sumner county and settled on Bear creek. Up to this time there had been nothing but cattle ranches in the county, the 35<^ CYCLOPEDIA OF principal ones being Driscoll's and Evans' ranches on Kiger creek ; Lustrum's and Carlson's below Bluff creek; Dorsey's at the mouth of the Red Earth, and Collar's on Bluff" creek. It was the value of these ranches that influenced the legislature to include Clark county in Ford, as above mentioned. Clark City was laid out in June, 1884, about a mile and a half north of the present city of Ashland. The first number of the Clark County Clipper, the first newspaper in the county, was issued at Clark City on Sept. 18, 1884, by Marquis & Church. Late in October of that year Ashland was laid out by a company of Winfield men, of which W. R. McDonald was president and Francis B. Hall secretary. The new town company offered for a certain length of time to give each of the house- holders of Clark City a lot and remove his house to the new town site free. Quite a number accepted the offer, and as Ashland went up Clark City went down, until it finally disappeared entirely. About the time that Ashland was founded, the Clipper said in an editorial : "The immigration into this county from the east does not seem to abate because of the approach of winter. The wagons still pour into the valleys south, southeast and southwest of here at a rate never before equaled, and we expect to see them continue to come all winter. ... If you have not used }i)ur right of preeni])lioii. wait no longer, as in all probability it will soon be forever too late." At the presidential election in Nov., 1884, Blaine received 85 votes in the county; Cleveland, 70; and Butler, 14. a total of 169 votes. At the same time J. Q. Shoup was elected to represent the county in the state legislature. When the news reached Ashland in March, 1885, that Clark county was again made an independent political organiza- tion by the legislature, it was received with demonstrations of joy. On the loth a meeting was held at the office of Ayers & Theis to take steps to organize the county. J. W. Ayers presided and Robert C. Marquis acted as secretary. .\ committee, consisting of Messrs. Likes, McCart- ne}- and Berry, was appointed to attend to the work of printing and circulating petitions to the governor asking for the organization of the county. .\nother meeting was held on April 17. when Robert C. Marquis offered the following resolution; "That this convention temporarily divide the county into three districts of ten miles each, running north and south, to be known as the Eastern, Western and Central districts, and that the representatives present from each district select a com- mittee of three to represent their district, and these committees from each district shall meet immediately and select a day, place and man- ner whereby the several districts shall select a man to be recommended to the governor for appointment as county commissioner in their respec- ti\'e districts, and also a person for county clerk." The resoluiton was adopted and the following committees appointed: Eastern district — C. B. Nunemacher, D. C. Pitcher, C. C Graham ; Cen- tral district — F. M. .Sanderlin, ]. AT. Blv, T. M. Lockhead ; Western » } i KANSAS HISTORY 359 district — H. W. Henry, A. F. Harmer, Joseph Hall. This committee of nine decided on April 25 as the date of an election, and met at Ash- land on the 27th to canvass the vote. A. F. Harmer, Daniel Burket and G. W. Epperly were chosen for county commissioners and John S. Myers for county clerk, and these men were recommended to the gov- ernor for appointment. In the meantime Thomas E. Berry had been appointed on March 20 to take a census of the county. His enumera- tion showed a population of 2,042, of whom 877 were householders. Upon his report Gov. John A. Martin issued his proclamation on May 5, 1885, declaring the county organized, appointing the commissioners and clerk recommended by the people of the county and designating Ashland as the temporary county seat. The first meeting of the board of commisisoners was held on May II, 1885, when the three districts authorized by the resolution of April 17 were declared civil townships. The Eastern district was named Liberty township, with voting places at Weeks' ranch, Kepler's and Mendenhall's; the Central district was named Center township, with voting places at Letitia, Ashland and Edwards; and the Western dis- trict was named Vesta township, with votintc places at Appleton, Vesta and Englewood. An election was ordered for June 16, for the election of county officers and the selection of a permanent county seat. The officers elected were: C. D. Perry, representative; John S. Myers, clerk; S. H. Hughes, treasurer; J. J. Kennedy, probate judge; J. L. Snodgrass, register .of deeds; Michael Sughrue, sheriff; W. A. McCartney, county attorney ; A. F. Harmer, clerk of the district court ; C. C. Mansfield, superintendent of education ; J. W. Henderson, surveyor ; Dr. S. H. Parks, coroner; G. W. Epperly, Daniel Burket and B. B. Bush, com- missioners. For county seat Ashland received 577 votes; Englewood, 257; Fair West, 98, and 34 were recorded as "scattering." The first school in the county, of which any record is obtainable, was a three months' term taught at Clark City by W. H. Myers, closing on Nov. 29, 1884. The first banking institution was the Clark County bank, which opened its doors for business on June 24, 1885, at .Ash- land. Since the organization of the county, its history differs but little from that of the other counties of the state. Constructive work has gone forward steadily, highways have been opened, public buildings erected, school districts organized, etc. Two lines of railroads operate in the county. The Wichita & Englewood division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe system enters the county near the center of the eastern boundary, runs west to Ashland and thence southwest to Englewood, and a line of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific system crosses the northwest corner through Minneola. According to the U. S. census, the population of Clark county in 1910 was 4,093, a gain of 3,022 during the preceding ten years, or more than 200 per cent. The county is bounded on the north by Ford county ; on the east by the counties of Kiowa and Comanche ; on the south 360 CYCLOPEDIA OF by the State of Oklahoma, and on the west by Meade county. It is divided into ten townships, viz. : Appleton, Brown, Center, Cimarron, Edwards, Englewood, Lexington, Liberty, Sitka and Vesta. The value of all farm products in 1910, including live stock, was $2,111,518. The five leading crops in the order of value were: wheat, $936,387; corn, $181,084; Kaffir corn, $87,715; oats, $44,677; sorghum, $42,160. Hay, barley, milo maize and broom-corn were also important crops. Clark, William, soldier and explorer, was born in Caroline county, Va., Aug. I, 1770. When fourteen years old his parents — John and Ann (Rogers) Clark — removed to Kentucky and settled where Louisville now stands, and where his brother, George Rogers Clark, had built a fort in 1777. William grew up in a wild region, with little opportunity for acquiring an education, but he became well versed in Indian traits and habits. He was with Col. John Hardin in a campaign against the Indians north of the Ohio river in 1789; was made an ensign in 1791 ; promoted to lieutenant in March, 1792; served as adjutant and quarter- master in 1793, and was with Gen. Anthony Wayne in his Indian cam- paigns of 1796. Ill health forced him to leave the army, but as a hunter and trapper he regained his strength. In 1804 he went to St. Louis, and in March of that year President Jefferson commissioned him a second lieutenant in the artillery and ordered him to join Capt. Meriwether Lewis for an exploring expedition through the Louisiana purchase and across the Rocky mountains to the mouth of the Columbia river. This expedition passed up the Missouri river, along what is now the eastern boundary of Kansas, and some of the streams in the eastern part of the state were named by Lewis and Clark. (See Lewis and Clark's Expedition.) On Sept. 23, 1806, the expedition reached St. Louis, hav- ing been for more than two years engaged in exploring the Missouri river, the Rocky mountain region and the Columbia valley. Con- gress granted Lieut. Clark 1,000 acres of land for his services. For sev- eral years he was Indian agent; was appointed governor of Missouri Territory on July i, 1813, by President Madison, and served as such until the state was admitted into the Union in 1820. Clark died at St. Louis, Mo., Sept. i, 1838. Clarke, Sidney, nnc of the carl_\- members of Congress frdin Kansas, was born at Southbridge, Mass., Oct. 16, 1831. He was not given the advantages of a liberal education, and at the age of eighteen left his father's farm to work in a general store in Worcester. While thus employed he studied nights, and within a short time began to write for the press. He soon gained recognition as a versatile and forcible writer, and joined a young men's literary society, where his natural ability as a debater quickly developed. In 1854 he returned to his native town and started a weekly newspaper known as the "South- bridge Press," which flourished for five years. He became an active member of the Free Soil party, casting his first vote for Hale and Julian in 1852. In the campaign of 1856 lie actively supported Gen. I'rcmniii. In ilic spring of 1858 Mr. Clark's hcallli liccamc impaired KANSAS HISTORY ^()l and upon the advice of his physician he went west, locating at Law- rence, Kan., the following spring. His interest in politics began to assert itself immediately, and he became an ardent supporter of the Radical wing of the Free-State party. In 1862 he was elected to the state legislature. The following year President Lincoln appointed him adjutant-general of volunteers, and he was assigned to duty as acting, assistant provost marshal general for the District of Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado and Dakota, with headquarters at Fort Leavenworth. The same year he was made chairman of the Republican state committee, a position previously held by the ablest of the old free-state leaders. From this time on Mr. Clarke was a conspicuous political figure in Kansas. In 1864 he was elected to Congress and reelected for two- succeeding terms. He was always alive to the interests of his con- stituency while in Congress, and was an able, faithful representative of a commonwealth extensive in territory, with diversified interests and developing resources. In Congress Mr. Clarke was chairman of the house committee on Indian affairs and a member of the Pacific rail- road commission. He participated in all the leading conflicts which, made th,e history of Congress memorable during the six years he served in that body. The defeat of the Osage Indian treaty and the passage of the Clark bill saved to Kansas much of her pul)lic school lands. During his three terms in Congress Mr. Clarke was the only representa- tive from Kansas and he referred proudly to himself as "the sole repre- sentative of my imperial state." He was in Congress at the time of the assassination of President Lincoln, of whom he was a close friend, and was placed on the committee that accompanied the body to its last resting place. He was defeated for election to Congress in 1870, but was elected to the state legislature in 1878 and made speaker of the house. In 1898 he removed to Oklahoma, and few men had a more powerful hand in shaping the destinies of the new state. He united his fortunes with the west at an early day and was an ideal pioneer in both Kansas and Oklahoma. Mr. Clarke was twice married. In i860 he married Miss Henrietta Ross at Lawrence, and four children were born to this union : George Lincoln, Sydne}', Jr., Lulu Louise and Ella Maria. Mrs. Clarke died in 1873 and in 1881 Mr. Clarke mar- ried Miss Dora Goulding of Topeka. One daughter, Josie, was born to them. Mr. Clarke died in Oklahoma City, Okla., June 19, 1909. Claudell, a village of Valley township. Smith county, is located on the Solomon river, and is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 15 miles southwest of Smith Center, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, a good local trade, and in 1910 reported a population of 50. Clay Center, the county seat and largest city of Clay county, is located on the Republican- river at the junction of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and two lines of the L^nion Pacific railroads, a little northeast of the center of the county. The first settlement at Clay Center was made in May, 1862, by John and Alonzo F. Dexter and' 362 CYCLOPEDIA OF Orville Huntress. When it was proposed to make Clay Center the county seat, Alonzo F. Dexter donated the ground for a court-house — a fact which is inscribed on the corner-stone of the building erected in 1900. Soon after that court-house was completed, Mr. Dexter, hav- ing grown old and suffered financial reverses, was made superintend- ent of the structure, with quarters in the building. On June 11, 1875, Clay Center was incorporated as a city of the third class. In April, 1880, the population having increased to over 2,000, a petition was pre- sented to the governor to make it a city of the second class, and in July Gov. St. John issued a proclamation to that effect. According to the U. S. census for 1910 the population of Clay Center was then 3,438. It has broad, well improved streets, a fine water- works system, an electric lighting plant, a fire department, sewers, a telephone exchange, 2 national and 3 state banks with a capital of $200,000, an opera house, lodges of the leading fraternal organizations, a number of fine church edifices, good hotels, a bottling works, a broom factory, grain elevators, foundries and machine shops, carriage and wagon works, planing mills, flour mills, an engraving company, brick and tile factories, and some well stocked and well conducted mercantile establishments. From the international money order postoffice of Clay Center eight rural delivery routes supply daily mail to the inhabitants of a rich agricultural region. The county high school is located at Clay Center, and the public school buildings of the city are as fine as those of an}' city in Kansas. The press is represented by one daily and three weekly newspapers, a monthly fraternal magazine, and a religious quarterly. Clay County, in the northeastern pari of the state, is in the second tier of counties south of Nebraska, and its eastern boundar\- is about 100 miles west of the Missouri river. It is bounded on the north by Washington county; east by Geary and Riley; south by Dickinson, and west by Ottawa and Cloud, and has an area of 660 square miles. By an act of the first territorial legislature in 1855, the territory embraced within the present limits of Clay count}' was attached to Riley county for all revenue and judicial purposes. Subsequently Clay was attached to Geary county. In 1857 Clay was created and named in honor of the great compromise statesman, Henry Clay. The first white men to visit this part of Kansas were the I'rcncli. who about 1724, passed up the rivers seeking to open up trade with the Indians. In 1830, David Atchison, an adventurous pioneer, jK-nctrated as far west as the present county of Clay. Col. John C. Fremont, in his expedition to the Rocky mountains in 1843 crossed what is now the southwestern part of the county, and in his report on June 11, 1843, says, "For several days we continued to travel along the Republican ... on the morning of the i6th, the parties separated, and beaiing a little out frfim the river . . . wc entered upon an extensive and high level prairie." Among the first jtermanent settlers were the Yoiinkiiis brothers from KANSAS inSTORI' 363 Pennsylvania, who in April, 1856, entered land on Timber creek. Within a short time they were followed by J. i!. Ouimby and William I'aync. who took up land on the west side of the Republican near the present site of Wakefield. The first a!ctual settler on the site of Wakefield was James Gilbert, who located there in 1858. Mrs. Moses Younkins and Mrs. Ouimby were the first white women in the county. In 1857 John Gill, Lorenzo Gates and a man named Mall located on Deep creek farther up the river, where Gatesville and Mall creek commemorate them. During the fall of 1857 and the spring of 1858 immigration was steady, some of the best claims being taken up by the new settlers. The first wedding occurred on Dec. 18, 1859, when Lorenzo Gates married Lucinda Gill. The first white child born in the county was Edward L. Younkins, whose birth occurred on Dec. 2, 1858. The drought of i860 almost entirely stopped immigration and the population of the county increased little until the close of the war. Then a second era of progress opened and many settlers entered land for permanent homes. When these pioneers came to Clay county, they found the land in the possession of the Kaw Indians, who were com- paratively peaceful, but the settlers were so alarmed by reports of depre- dations in adjoining counties, that they left their homes and fled to places of safety. During the war between the Pawnees and Delawares. in the Smoky Hill valle}^ in 1857, many of the pioneers sought refuge in Riley county, but returned when they were assured that the Indians would not wage war in their locality. Late in the summer of 1864, Indian troubles in Nebraska again frightened the settlers in Clay county from their homes. In the Historical Map Book of Clay county the fol- lowing statement is made: "In Aug., 1864, the Indians made a raid on the settlers living on the Little Blue, in Washington and Marshall coun- ties. The settlers from the northern part of Clay and the southern part of Washington county, fled from their homes and gathered at Huntress' cabin, where about 200 of them encamped for a month. . . . During the month the mail went no farther than the encampment ; the post- masters took their respective mails and distributed them there." In i 1868 the Indians left their reservations, committed depredations in Cloud. Washington and Republic counties and the frightened settlers hastened into Clay county from all directions. At the outbreak of the Civil war Clay was still an unorganized county, with but few inhabitants, hence but 47 men responded to the calls for volunteers and enlisted in the Union army. The settlers, few as they were, were much depleted by the troublous times of the Civil war. In i860 there were eleven families in what is now the Wakefield district, but by 1863 only two men were left, J. M. Ouimby and Edward Kerbv, while the only men left on Mall creek were Lorenzo Gates and John Butler. Dr. Burt, who came to Kansas in 1868, gives the following descrip- tion of the early settlements in Clay county: "In coming from Milford. the first house after leaving Mr. Hopkins' this side of the river, was Mr. 364 CVCLOrEDIA OF Ouimb3-'s log cabin, then Air. Todd's stone house, then an old fashioned log cabin where Mr. Paj'ne's house now stands, then a log house at what is now Wakefield. The next house to the north was, I think, Harvey Ramse3''s, and the next ones were in the Avery district, which seemed well on toward Clay Center. In Jan., 1870, there were no houses between Clay Center and Fancy creek, between Clay Center and Chapman's creek, nor between the head of Chapman's creek and Wake- field." Prior to 1870, nearly all the settlements were made along the streams, as the early settlers did not believe farms would be opened on the upland during their lives. But in the fall of 1869, a party of English colonists located on the prairie between the Republican river and Chap- man's creek, where they entered land and soon developed prosperous farms, the settlement becoming known as the Wakefield colony, (q. v.) The first blacksmith shop in the coimty was opened there in 1859. The first mail route in Clay county was established in 1862. The route ran from Manhattan to Clifton along the river valleys. The first postofiice was on Mall creek, and the first postmaster was Lorenzo Gates. The second was at Clay Center, with Orville Huntress as postmaster, and the third at Clifton, near the northern boundary, was kept by James Fox. The first carrier was James Parkinson, who made his initial trip on July I, 1862. At first the service was weekly but soon changed to- tri-weekly, and Junction City became the southern terminus. The settlers of Clay county took deep interest in educational mat- ters from the first, and in 1864 the first school house was built at Lincoln creek on government land. It was a rude structure of logs and was nearly completed when Samuel Allen went to the land office at Junction City and filed on the land, thus appropriating the school house as his personal property. This made it necessary to secure another school house and a log cabin was bought of F. Kuhnle. Mrs. Lack was engaged as teacher and opened the first school in 1865 when the first district was organized. The first physician in the county was Dr. J. W. Shepperd, who located there in 1862. Orville Huntress bought a stock of goods and opened a store in i86r, thus becoming llie pioneer merchant of Clay county. About the same time he started the first hotel, where the military road crossed Huntress' creek. In 1865 the first sawmill was established on Timber creek by H. N. Dawson, and the same year the Dexter brothers started the first steam sawmill. Dissatisfaction arose in 1866 in Clay county over the taxes imposed by the authorities of Geary county, and a meeting was held at the school house in Clay Center on July 28 to consider the question of organizing the county. At this meeting Orville Huntress was chosen chairman and George D. Seabury clerk. A committee, consisting of Lnrciizr) Gates, William Silvers, Joseph Ryan and John G. Haynes, was appointed to draft a petition and affidavit to be sent to the governor as required by law. On Aug. 10, 1866, the governor appcunlcd Lorenzo Gates, William Silvers and Tose]ili P. Rynn counly commissioners; KANSAS HISTORY 365 George D. Seabury, clerk, and named Clay Center as the temporary seat of justice. At the first election on Nov. 6, 1866, the county seat was permanently located at Clay Center. The county officers elected at this time were Thomas Sherwood, Henry Avery and William Silvers, comrnissioners ; S. N. Ackley, clerk; Orville Huntress, treasurer; S. N. Ackley, register of deeds; J. B. McLaughlin, surveyor; Russell Allen, sheriff; James Hemphill, coroner, and Orville Huntress, assessor. Lorenzo Gates was the first man to represent Clay county in the lower house of the state legislature and L. F. Parsons was the first state senator. A stone court-house was erected by the Dexter brothers in 1868, and used until 1875, when the county offices and records were moved into the Streeter building. For a number of years the building used as a county jail was rented. The first board of county commissioners divided the county into three civil townships, viz.: Sherman, in the northern part; Clay Center, in the central, and Republican in the southern part, each extending the full width of the county east and west. As population increased the original townships have been divided to form, Athelstone, Blaine. Bloom, Chapman, Clay Center, Exeter, Five Creeks, Garfield, Gill, Goshen, Grant, Hayes, Highland, Mulberry, Oakland, Republican, .Sherman and Union. The first term of the district court in Clay county was opened by Judge James Humphrey, Oct. 26, 1859. The first railroad to enter the county was the Junction City & Fort Kearney (now the Union Pacific), completed to Clay Center on March 12, 1873, and terminated there until 1878. It crosses the eastern bound- ary about 7 miles north of the southern boundary and follows the river northwest through Clay Center to Clifton. The Kansas Central, at first a narrow gauge road, was built in 1883. It crosses the county from east to west about the center, passing through Clay Center, and now belongs to the Union Pacific. Since then a line of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific system has been built from southeast to north- west through the county, following the general course of the Republican river. The Missouri Pacific crosses the northern boundary near Vining, and a branch of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe crosses the south- west corner, giving the county over 95 miles of main track railroad within its boundaries. The first issue of the Clay County Independent, edited by Houston & Downer, appeared on Aug. 20, 1871, being the first paper in the county. On Jan. 11, 1873, it was sold to J. W. Miller who changed the name to the Dispatch, the first number of which appeared March 12, 1873. Rev. R. P. West of the Methodist church preached the first sermon in the county, but the Baptists were the first denomination to organ- ize a permanent congregation. That was Aug., 1868, and the church was dedicated in Oct., 1874. The Presbyterian church of Clay Center was organized in the school house on April i, 187 1, and the first minister 366 CYCLOPEDIA OF was J. D. Perring. Father Tichler established the Catholic church at Clay Center in April, 1877.. Since then nearly all denominations ha\e organized and erected churches in the county. The surface of the county is rolling except in the north part of Oak- land and the southern part of Five Creeks townships, which are high and rocky. The river and creek bottoms vary from half a mile to a mile in width and comprise about one-twelfth of the area. Timber belts are common along the streams and consist of cottonwood, red and white elm, oak, hackberry and locust. Sandstone and magnesian limestone are abundant, clay for brick and pottery is plentiful and red ochre and gypsum are also found. Agriculture is the principal occupation. Corn, winter wheat and oats are the chief crops, while in 1907 there were 150,000 bearing fruit trees, peach and apple being the leading varieties. The county stands well to the front in stock raising and dairy products. Clay Center, on the Republican river, a little north and east of the center of the county, is the seat of justice and principal town and is the site of the county high school. Other towns of importance are Green, Idana, Industry, Morganville, Oakhill and Wakefield. The population of the coimty in 1910 was 15,251, and the value of the agricultural products, including live stock, was over $4,000,000. Clayton, a town in Noble township, Norton county, is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 17 miles southwest of Norton, the county seat. Clayton was incorporated in 1907, and in 1910 reported a population of 191. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper (the Vidette), creamery, a feed mill, a hotel, a money order postoffice with three rural routes, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, ^nd ships large quantities of grain and live stock. It is the principal trading point for a rich agriculttu'al district in the western part of Norton and the eastern jiart of Decatur county. Clayton, Powell, soldier and diplomat, was born at Bethel, Pa., Aug. 7, 1833. He was educated in the public schools and at the Partridge Military Academy at Bristol, Pa., after which he studied civil engineer- ing at Wilmington, Del. In 1855 he came to Kansas, where he followed iiis profession of civil engineer until 1861, having been city engineer of Leavenworth in 1859. On May 29, 1861, he enlisted as a captain in the First Kansas infantry; was made lieutenant-colonel of the Fifth Kansas cavalry on Dec. 28, 1861 ; promoted to colonel on March 7, 1862, and to brigadier-general on Aug. i, 1864. He was mustered out on Aug. 24, 1865, and from 1868 to 1871 was the reconstruction governor of Arkan- sas. He then engaged in business as a planter in Arkansas; was a dele- gate to every national Republican convention from 1872 to 1896; was minister to Mexico from 1897 to 1905, and since then has Iicen president and general manager of the Eureka .Springs railway. Clearfield, a hamlet in the southeastern jlu t nf Douglas county, is located on a branch of the Wakarusa river, 4 miles east of Vinland, the nearest railroad town. It has a rural free delivery from Eudora and in 1910 had a pcipulatinn uf less than 20 inh.'ihil.inls. 'KANSAS lUSTOUY 367 Clearwater, an incorporaled town of Ninnescah township, Sedgwick county, is situated 17 miles southwest of Wichita, near the Ninnescah river, and at the junction of the Missouri Pacific and the Atchison, To- ]jeka & Santa Fe railroads. It was first settled in 1870, was platted as a town in 1872, and in 1910 reported a population of 569. Clearwater has 2 banks, a money order postofifice with three rural routes, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, a weekly newspaper (the Courant), Baptist, Christian, Methodist and Presbyterian churches, good public schools, and is the principal trading and shipping point for a rich agricultural district in the Ninnescah valley. Cleaverdale, a hamlet of Clark county, is situated in the Bluflf creek valley about 12 miles north of Ashland, the county seat, and 10 miles southeast of Minneola, which is the nearest railroad station. It is a postoffice and trading center for that part of the county. Cleburne, one of the river towns o^ Riley county, is located in Swede township on the Union Pacific R. R. and on the Big Blue river, 28 miles north of Manhattan, the county seat. It is supplied with a bank, tele- graph and express offices and an international money order postoffice with one rural route. The population in 1910 was 225. Clements, a little town of Chase county, is located on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. and the Cottonwood river, 15 miles southwest of Cottonwood Falls, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice with one rural route, telegraph and express offices, all the regular line of mercantile establishments, and a state bank. Live stock, hay, grain and produce are shipped in considerable quantities and Clements is the trading point of a large agricultural district. The population according o the census of 1910 was 200. Cleveland, a village of Belmont township, Kingman county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 7 miles south of Kingman, the county seat. The railroad name is Carvel. It has a money order postoffice with one rural route, telephone connections, express office, grain elevator, some good general stores, and in igio reported a popula- tion of 75. Clifton, an incorporated city of the third class of Washington county, is located near the southwest corner, on the line between Clay and Mulberry townships, and about 20 miles from Washington, the county seat. It is on the Republican river, at the junction of the Union Pacific, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and the Missouri Pacific railroads, which gives the city unsurpassed shipping facilities. Clifton has 2 banks, a money order postoffice with five rural routes, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, churches of various denominations, some first class mercantile houses, a hotel, a good public school system, etc. Of the 614 population according to the U. S. census of 1910, 261 lived in Clay and 353 in Mulberry township. Climate. — Kansas is situated between 37° and 40° north latitude, and 94° 38' and 102° 2' west longitude. The elevation above sea level ranges from 700 feet in the southeastern part of Montgomery county to 4.100 368 CYCLOPEDIA OF feet in the northwestern part of Greeley county. Owing to its location and altitude, the state escapes the severe winters of those farther north, and the enervating heat of the summers of the sotith. Consequently, the climate of Kansas is mild, and under average conditions is without tropical heat or arctic cold. The air is dry, invigorating and particularly wholesome in western Kansas, and extremes of temperature are usually of short duration. Beween the northern and southern parts of the state there is a dif- ference of several degrees of temperature both summer and winter. The following statistics, covering a period of ten years, were taken from the United States weather bureau reports. The mean winter temperattne ranges from 28.5° in the northern counties to 34° in the southern. The mean summer temperature ranges from 74° in the northwest counties to 79° in the southeastern part of the state. Over a large portion of Kansas the highest temperature recorded exceeds 110°, the highest being 115° in i860, 1894 and 1896. The lowest temperatures recorded range from 15° below zero in Morton county to 32° below zero in Finney. The date of the last killing frost in spring ranges from April 6, in the extreme southeastern part of the state to May 5, in the north- west. The first killing frost of autumn ranges from Sept. 30 in the northwest to Oct. 25 in the southeast. The average number of growing days between these killing frosts ranges from 150 in the northwest coun- ties to 200 in the southeastern. According to Indian tradition the Kaw river remained frozen for a month during the winter of 1796-7. "All streams remained frozen for thirty suns," while Jan., 1908, according to the United States weather bureau, was the warmest January that Kansas ever knew. The pre- vailing direction of the wind is from the north and northwest during the winter. During March it is from the southwest and for the rest of the year generally from the south. The source of rain supply is mainly from the Gulf of Mexico. The average winter precipitation which in- cludes rainfall and water from melted snows, ranges from 1.19 inches in the extreme northwest to 6.53 in the extreme southeast. The average precipitation for spring ranges from 4 inches in the western part of the state to 12 inches in the east. In the summer the range is 8 to 14 inches for the same localities, and for the fall from 15 to 44 inches. The aver- age number of rainy days per year increases from 40 in the extreme west to 99 in the eastern part of the state, liie annual average number of days with thunder storms ranges from less than 20 in the extreme south- west to over 40 in the eastern coimties. The total annual prccijiitation in tiie dryest recorded year, ranges from less than 10 inches in the west- ern coimties to 26 inches in the eastern, and in the wettest year from 21.16 in the west to 58.30 in the east. The average snow fall ranges from 8.6 inches in Montgfimery county to 25.6 in Alcbison. .ind in ihe western part from t8.i inciies in 'i'homas C(iunt\ lo ji.j in Morton. McPherson has tin- heaviest average snow fall (24 inches) for the ccnli'.il part. KANSAS HISTORY 369 Where the rainfall in Kansas is deficient it is due more to the lack of the necessary conditions of the soil, vegetation and local evaporation than to the lack of humicfity in the aerial currents, as the same influences which bring the Mississippi Valley states their supply of moisture also bring it to Kansas. The conditions necessary to bring this moisture from the atmosphere are deeply plowed ground, well cultivated fields, growing crops, large areas of trees, ponds of water, etc. As most of these conditions are lacking in westena Kansas, the scarcity of moisture in that section may be easily accounted for. The rainfall is graduated from east to west in proportion to the natural fertility of the soil and the area of cultivated land. Commencing at the Rocky mountains and extending eastward almost to the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, lay the "Great American Desert" or "Staked Plains" of some sixty years ago. At that time, this new fer- tile region was almost as much of a desert as are the barren wastes of New Mexico and Arizona today. Then all of Kansas lying west of Topeka was what the Kansas of the present is west of the looth merid- ian. Immense herds of buffalo tramped the earth hard, and with the sun baking process it underwent, the soil became almost impervious to water. Prairie fires added to the hardening process, by burning the scanty vegetation. The earth's surface exposed to the sun's fierce rays became heated and by radiation gave its temperature to the atmosphere. Hot winds were the result. The desert gave these winds birth, and only the desert could nourish them. When civilization introduced elements foreign to their nature they became so much milder when compared with those of earlier years, that the present generation has no concep- tion of this terror of the first pioneers. Then the principal rain supply of the summer months was through the medium of thunder storms of great severity. Precipitation took place at a high level and was very rapid, slow gentle rains being extremely rare. For years farming in Kansas was carried on under the greatest diffi- culty, and few people believed that the frontier would ever extend much beyond the longitude of Topeka. But the pioneers were not daunted, step by step, mile by mile, year by year, they advanced upon the "Great Desert," until now the state is under cultivation practically to, and in some districts beyond, the looth meridian. The plow has done its work. Millions of acres of water shedding sod have been broken, and by this stirring of the soil it has been placed in condition to conserve the rain- fall that formerly was wasted. Tree claims have been set out, fruit trees have been planted, and these groves and orchards prove valuable acces- sories to the cultivated soil in increasing the humidity of the atmos- phere, and a more general dififusion of moisture has followed. As the tide of emigration flowed westward the blue stemmed grass has alwavs been found to follow closely, and has passed the looth meridian. The sand hills of Reno, Barton, Pawnee and Edwards counties are rapidly becoming grass covered.. The mirage, due to light reflected through several strata of air of (I-24) 3/0 CYCLOPEDIA OF different densities, lifting into view objects lying below this horizon, was common in the western counties in early days, and is still seen oc- casionally on the hot dry days of summer, wheii there is little radiation. The hot winds, already mentioned, always make vegetation wilt, and when they move with great velocity, burn the vegetation. Some of tiie most destructive winds have occurred when the soil was saturated with moisture. Wheat in the milk and corn just beginning to tassel are es- pecially liable to injury by these winds. When there is sufficient moist- ure in the ground the plants usually recover at night, but when con- tinuous hot winds have dried the ground the crops are often completely destroyed and seldom show more than a partial recovery. The leaves of the trees become so dry that they crumble when touched. But as previously stated, the hot winds have become toned down, and a few years more of civilization will probably cause them to disappear en- tirely. The average velocity of the Kansas wind, according to the gov- ernment weather bureau reports, is 8.5 miles per hour. Storms, such as the "blizzards" of the northwest seldom occiu', and cyclones, notwith- standing the common belief to the contrary, are equally uncommon. Climax, one of the villages of Greenwood cotmty, is located on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. and on Otter creek, 10 miles south- east of Eureka, the county seat. It has good churches and schools, and several of the leading lines of business activity is represented. There are telegraph and express offices and a money order postoffice. The popu- lation in 1910 v/as 100. Clinton, one of the early settlements of Douglas county, is located in tlie valley of the \\^akarusa river, 9 miles southwest of T.awrence and about 7 miles northeast of Richland, the nearest railroad station. The first settlement near the site of the village was made in June, 1834. The following year a postoifice was established about a mile east of the present town, at a place called Bloomington, but on Aug. 30, 1858, it was removed to Clinton, J. A. Bean becoming the first postmaster. Mr. Bean had opened a store on the north side of the public square in 1854 and by the time the postoffice was established several other general stores had been opened, houses erected and the town became so pros- perous that it was a prominent contestant for the county seat. The Presbyterians perfected an organization in the town in i860 and five years later erected a church edifice. No railroad has ever reached the town anfl it has not lived u]) to the great expectations of the early days. At the present time it has good churches, a school, several stores, ;i black- smith and wagon shop, a money order postoffife, and in kjkt had a jiopu- latio of 83. Clonmel, a village of Illinois tovvnship, .'^cdgwick comity, is a st.ition on the Kansas City, Mexico & Orient R. R. 15 miles southwest of Wich- ita. It is a comparatively new place, has a postoffice, a general store and some other business enterprises, and in 1910 reported a j)o])nlation of 40. £ KANSAS HISTORY 37I Cloud County, located just west of the 6th principal meridian, in the second tier ul counties south of Nebraska, was created out of unorganized territory by the act of Feb. 27, i860, and named Shirley (q. v.). On l'~eb. 26, 1867, the name was changed to Cloud in honor of William F. Cloud, colonel of the Second Kansas cavalry. It is bounded on the north by Republic coiuity ; on the east by Wash- ington and Clay; on the south by Ottawa; on the west by Jewell and Mitchell, and has an area of 720 square miles. On Feb. 4, 1865, the boundary lines of Washington county were ex- tended to include the counties of Shirley and Republic, provided, "how- ever, that at any time in the future, when the territory now comprised either in the county of Shirley and (or) Republic shall contain the num- ber of inhabitants that shall entitle them to a county organization, they shall be authorized to organize and become a distinct county." It is believed that the first white men to visit the territory now in- cluded in Cloud county, were French traders, who passed up the Re- publican and Solomon rivers early in the i8th century. A Spanish ex- pedition from New Mexico, passed through Cloud and Republic coun- ties early in Sept., 1806, about the time Pike's expedition (q. v.) was encamped on the Solomon. There has been much discussion as to who were the first permanent settlers in Cloud comity. According to J. B. Rupe and the statements of Lew Fowler, he and his brother and John and Harlow Seymore came to Cloud county in 1858 to hunt and trap. They were followed by C. W. Brown. The Fowlers were single men, but Brown brought his family with him. At the time these men came to Cloud county, they are sup- posed to have been the onh- settlers west of the 6th principal meridian. Within a short time the Fowler brothers built wliat afterward became known as the "Conklin House," platted a town site and called it Eaton City. This was the first real house in the county and was located in the western part of the present city of Clyde. Brown and Seymore set- tled first on Peach creek and then on Elk creek. The surveyors who laid out Eaton City were Sylvanus Furrows and a man named Starr, but the Fowlers did not file on the claims before they enlisted in a Kansas regiment at the outbreak of the Civil war. In the autumn of 1865, they returned to the county but found that their claims had been taken by others. Early in the spring of i860, John Allen of Kentucky, and his son-in- law, Sutton McWhorter, took up claims north of Lake Sibley, on the military road to Fort Kearney, and laid out a town called Union City. Allen brought some fine blooded cattle with him, the first introduced into that locality. Some of the other settlers were Thomas Heffington, who later moved to Elk creek, Joseph Finney on Elk creek, and John Sheets on Elm creek. Philip and Carey Kizer and Newton Race, with their families, some hired help and 40 head of cattle passed up the Republican valley and located on White Rock creek about 3 miles from the mouth. Daniel Wolf and several sons from Pennsylvania settled a few miles 372 CYCLOPEDIA OF south of the present city of Concordia, on a creek that bears their name. Jacob Heller settled on Elk creek, and was followed by his father and brothers. J. M. Hageman, J. M. Thorp and August Fenskie made im- prox'ements on their land at once and were the first to raise crops that were marketed. In July, i860, some of the settlers left on account of an Indian scare, and as the population was estimated to be only 80, it fell below that for a time. In Oct., i860, the first white child was born in the county — Augustus, son of August and Ellen Fenskie. In 1862, Richard Coughlen, John D. Robertson, Zachariah Swear- ingen and their families joined the frontier settlement. During the year Charles and Peter Conklin, with two sisters and an orphan child, took up their residence in the log house built by the Fowlers, which was the best in the county. These men were suspected of being mem- bers of an organized band of horse thieves, and as the county was yet unorganized, the settlers took the law into their own hands. A party of some 30 men of Washington and Cloud counties was organized to h'nch the Conklins, but they heard of the design and escaped. The mob tore down the house sheltering the women and child, who soon left the county. The Elm creek school house, the first in the Republican valley, was built in 1864. It was a rude structure of round Cottonwood logs, 14 by 16 feet in size, with dirt roof and floor and slabs were used for scats and desks, but the "three R's" were well taught by Rosella Honey, who was the first teacher. During the summer of 1864 occurred the second great Indian scare. Early in the spring. Company C, Seventeenth Kansas state militia, had been organized in this locality, with Col. J. M. Schooley as captain ; J. A'l. Hageman, first lieutenant ; J. C. Chester, second lieutenant ; David Meyers, third lieutenant ; G. D. Brooks, ensign, and 30 privates. This was the first military organization in the county and first saw duty in scouting that summer. Rumors were circulated that the savages were making war against the whites along the frontier from Minnesota south- ward, and though this report was not true, depredations had been com- mitted in southern Nebraska. The settlers in Cloud county being few and defenseless, the appearance of the Indians in Aug., 1864, caused most of those living along the creeks to flee to Washington and Clay counties, where they banded together for defense. After remaining at Clay Center for some time, the fugitives returned as far as Clifton, and while there determined upon building a fort. A blockhouse was erected near G. D. Brook's claim and a scouting party under Capt. Schooley went as far as the White Rock, but finding no Indians returned. The people finally returned to their homes though a few abandoned their claims en- tirely. The next year the Indians killed a party of hunters and J. M. Hageman in recounting it said, "One of the most diabolical crimes committed by savages on this border was the destruction of six hunters in the month of May, 1865. The party left home about the 4th of May, and were last KANSAS HISTORY 373 seen by the white men near Buffalo creek some two days later. Nothing more was ever heard of them except the finding of the bodies, but evi- dences were found that they had sold their lives dearly." Parties from Cloud county assisted in the search for Mrs. Ward after the White Rock massacre in April, 1867. In 1868 threatening Indian bands appeared in the Solomon valley, and on Aug. 11, an outbreak oc- curred. They began pillaging on the farms of Henry Hewitt and John Batchie, who lived near the river. By a ruse the Indians suggested shooting at buffalo heads and had the whites shoot first, then, when their rifles were empty, shot them down. News of this event traveled through the settlement and the people began organizing for defense. The next day three more white men were killed at Asher creek, and while the settlers were gathering to move to a stockade the Indians swept down upon them. Two Missel boys were captured, John Wear was killed, and Mrs. Henry Hewitt wounded. A message was sent to Jennie Paxton, who was teaching school, and she managed to get all the pupils safely to a house near by except Lewis Snyder, who was in the rear and was overtaken. He was badly hurt by the Indians and left for dead, but recovered. Benjamin White, who lived on Granny, now White's creek, west of Concordia, was killed on Aug. 13, and his daughter, Sarah, carried into captivity. A Mrs. Morgan was also captured by the same band of Indians and the two women were together until rescued by Gen. Custer, after a winter campaign. In the spring of 1869 the Cheyennes and Arapahoes again appeared in the Republican valley. Ezra Adkins, the twelve-year-old son of Homer Adkins, who lived about 6 miles up the Republican from Concor- dia, was killed by Indians within a short distance of his home while driv- ing home some cattle he had been herding on the west side of the Repub- lican. The Indians then destroyed the Nelson house, but the family had escaped. The first attempt to organize the county failed, and a permanent or- ganization was not effected until Sept. 6, 1866, with Moses Pleller, G. W. Wilcox and Dr. Lear as commissioners and N. D. Hageman clerk. Elk Creek was named as the temporary county seat. The first political convention in the county, held on Sept. i, 1866, nominated John B. Rupe for representative; Quincy Honey, sheriff; Zachariah Swearingen, treas- urer; Matthew Wilcox, clerk; J. M. Hageman, probate judge; John Fow- ler, assessor; Dr. Lear, superintendent of schools; and Lew Fowler, Robert Smith and William English, commissioners. Moses Heller sub- sequently took Smith's place on the ticket. J. M. Hageman was elected a delegate to the state convention to be held at Topeka on Sept. 5. At the first election to decide the location of the county seat Towns- din's Point received the majority of legal votes, but nothing was ever done there. In the summer of 1867 the town of Sibley sprang up, and at the next election Sibley and Concordia held first and second place with Clyde third. Every vote south of the Republican river was for Concordia, and the 18 votes from Clyde were also thrown to Concordia. 374 CYCLOPEDIA OF The county business, however, continued to be done at Elk creek, or Clyde, until 1870. At a convention in Aug., 1869, at Saunders' sawmill, a lialf mile below the site of the proposed city, it was suggested that the delegates visit the site. This was done, the settlers from the south side of the river, who were in the majority, approved and H. C. Snyder called it Con- cordia. The incorporators of the town company were J. M. Hageman, G. W. Andrews, William McK. Burns, Amos Cutler and S. D. Houston. The charter was filed with the secretary of state, and in Sept., 1869, word was received that the United States land office had been located there and orders issued for a building to be erected for the purpose. In Jan.. 1870, the commissioners met in the building which had been erected and presented to the county. It was built at a cost of some $275 and was used until the present court-house was erected. On May 31, 1870, Henry Buckingham issued the first number of the Republican Valley Empire, the first newspaper in Cloud county and one of the earliest in the Republican valley. It was started at Clyde, but was later removed to Concordia. In 1881, the Republican Valley Agricultural and Stock Fair Association was organized. It has since become one of the important and flourishing institutions of the county. The northern part of the county is watered by the Republican river and its tributaries, and the southern portion is watered by the Solomon river, which flows in a southeasterly direction across the southwest cor- ner. In the northeastern part of the county there are some salt springs and marshes. Coal is found near the center of the county, sotith of the Republican river, and is mined to some extent for local consumption. Magnesium limestone of a good quality is found in abundance. Good building stone is quarried in the vicinity of Concordia. Potter's clay is plentiful in all portions of the county, and these deposits have been extensively worked in the northeast portion. The county is well supplied with railroads, the I'nion Pacific, the Missouri Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy companies all have lines centering at Concordia ; the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific crosses the northeast corner through Clyde; a line of the Union Pacific crosses the southwest corner; a branch of the same system runs cast from Miltonvale, and a hvancli nf tlu- .Mis- souri Pacific runs southwest from Jamestown into Mitchell county, mak- ing a total of over 125 miles of main track in the county. Cloud county is divided into the following townships: .\ricin. Au- rora, Buffalo, Center, Colfax. Elk, Grant, Uawrence, Lincoln, T.yon. Meredith, Nelson, Oakland, Shirley, Sibley, Solomon, l-^tar and .Sum- mit. The population of the county in 1910 was 18,388, and tlu- x.ihu' of all farm products for that 3'ear, including live stock, was nearly $5,000,- 000. Corn, wheat, oats, hay and Irish potatoes were the leading crops. Cloud, William F., soldier, was born near ("olunibus. Ohio, March _'3, 1825. His .military history began when he enlisted at Columbus in 1846, in a com])any which became a part of the Second Ohio infantry KANSAS JJISTOEY ,575 in the war with Mexico. He was promoted to first sergeant and took an active part in all the battles in which his regiment was engaged. At the close of the war he was elected captain of the Columbus Videttes. of the Ohio vohinteer militia, but resigned in 1859, when he removed to Michigan. After a short residence in that state he removed to Law- rence, Kan., but later went to Emporia. At the outbreak of the Civil war he enlisted in the Second Kansas infantry and participated in the hardest engagements of the Southwest, especially distinguisliing him- self at Wilson's creek, Mo. At the expiration of his first enlistment he assisted in organizing the Second Kansas cavalry and was commissioned colonel of the regiment, which took part in the engagements of the Army of the Frontier in Missouri, Arkansas and the Indian Territory. Later he was transferred to the Fifteenth^ Kansas cavalry and served in the campaigns against the Indians in western Kansas and the Indian Ter- ritory. His most conspicuous act of bravery was in 1862, when with 500 men he attacked an enemy of 5,000 at Tallequah, rescued the Indian agent and saved the money held for payment of the annuities of the In- dian tribes. The legislature of. Kansas changed the name of Shirley county to Cloud in his honor. Soon after the close of the war he lo- cated in Carthage, Mo., but about 1889 removed to Kansas City, where he resided until his death on March 4, 1905. Col. Cloud was an eloquent public speaker and fluent writer, one of his best works being a "His- tory of Mexico from Cortez to Diaz." Clover, Benjamin H., member of Congress, was born in Franklin county, Ohio, Dec. 22, 1837, and was educated in the common schools of his native state, after which he engaged in farming. He was a man deeply interested in all questions of public welfare and policy ; served as a school commissioner, and held several other similar offices. When the Farmers' Alliance was organized he became an active member ; was twice chosen president of the Kansas Alliance and Industrial Union, and twice vice-president of the national organization. In 1890 he was elected to Congress from the Third district as the Alliance candidate, but was defeated for a renomination in 1892. At the expiration of his term in Congress he returned to Kansas and the following year severed his connection with the Populist party. During the administration of Gov. Morrill he held the position of farmer at the state reform school. Sub- sequently he removed to Douglass, Butler county, where he committed suicide on Dec. 30, 1899. Cloverdale, an inland village near the west line of Chautauqua county, in Caneyville township, is located on Big Caney creek, about 21 miles northwest of Sedan, the county seat, and about 12 miles south of Grenola in Elk county, whence it receives mail by rural route. The nearest railroad station is Cedar Vale, about 8 miles south. Clyde, an incorporated city of Cloud county, is located on the Repub- lican river at the junction of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Missouri Pacific and the Union Pacific railways, 15 miles east of Con- cordia, the county seat, and not far from the eastern boundary of the 3/6 CYCLOPEDIA OF county. It is the oldest town in the county, the original site of 40 acres having ben purchased from W. H. Page early in 1866 for $300 and soon afterward the town was laid out. Cowell & Davis had opened a store on the site before the town was platted. It was first named Shirlej', which was also the original name of the county, but in a little while the name was changed to Clyde. For a time the growth was slow, but since the advent of the railroads it has been more steady and substan- tial, and in 1910 the population was 1,057. For a city of its size, Clyde is one of the most progressive and metro- politan in character in the state. It has well kept streets, an electric light plant, waterworks, a fire department, a sewer system, 2 banks, 2 thea- ters, 2 weekly newspapers (the Republican and the Herald), a commer- cial club, good hotels, a graded school system, several fine church edi- fices, a flour mill, a creamery, grain elevators, marble and granite works, and annually ships large quantities of grain, live stock, watermelons and alfalfa. Its international money order postoffice has five rural routes which supply a large district with daily mail, and the mercantile es- tablishments of the city enjoy a large and profitable patronage. Tele- phone connection is maintained with the surroundine^ tnwna Coal. — Indications of coal in Kansas were first observed by Mr. Jessup, one of the geologists who accompanied Maj. S. H. Long on his expedi- tion through Kansas in 1819-20. "Mr. Jessup noted the horizontal po- sition of the strata of limestone and their prolific yield of fossils, and their connection with coal strata." In his report he concluded that the formations were of secondary age. This was when the main geologic divisions were known as primary, secondary, tertiary and alluvial. A map accompanies the report and a line on it through what are now the counties of Pottawatomie and Waubaunsee is designated as the "west- ern limit of the limestone and coal strata connected with the Ozark mountains." Geological observations were made by different interested persons up to the time Kansas was created a territory, and as early as 1857 the territorial legislature granted incorporation papers to mining companies. One of these was the Prairie City Coal Mining company which was or- ganized "for the purpose of exploring for coal within the space of 5 miles north and south, and the space of 15 miles east and west from the town of Prairie City, in the county of Shawnee, in the territory of Kan- sas, and for mining and vending the same." Another company incorpo- rated by the legislature was the Newcastle Coal and General Mining company which organized "for the purpose of exploring for coal and other minerals in Donii)han and Brown counties, and for mining and vending the same." In 1858 Prof. Swallow and Maj. ¥. llawn ])ublishcd an article en- titled, "The Rocks of Kansas." The desire of Kansas people to know somiething of the mineral resources of the state iniluciiced the legislature of 1864 to ])rovidc for a geological and mincralogical survey of Kansas. 'J'hc investigations of the state geologists determined that the coal KANSAS HISTORY • J^-JJ measures of Kansas constitute a heavy mass of rocks, almost. 3,000 feet in thicii)le in the fall of 1869, there was not a building of anv kind on the site of the present city. That winter a one-story building 16 by jo feet was erected for the use of the county commissioners, but only two meet- ings were held there, the bo.-ird adjourning lo Clyde, where better acconi- KANSAS HISTORY 39/ modations could be secured. Two town companies were organized soon after the election of 1869. The first, which was composed of G. W. Andrews, S. D. Houston, Sr., and J. M. Hagaman, owned what was known as the deeded part of the site, and the second, consisting of S. D. Houston, J. J., W. M. and Frank Burns, owned the Congressional site. Two surveys were made before the plat was finally adjusted to the satis- faction of all parties. In July, 1870, a United States land office was opened at Concordia and remained in operation there until consolidated with the Topeka office in Feb., 1889. There was a rush of applicants for lands, and the town grew accordingly. In Jan., 1S71, Henry Buck- ingham removed the publication office of the Republican Valley Empire from Clyde to Concordia. On Aug. 6, 1872, Concordia was incorporated as a city of the second class, with R. E. Allen as the first mayor. The Concordia of the present day is one of the prettiest and busiest cities of its size in the state, as well as one of the most progressive in the matter of civic improvements. Its streets are well kept, and it has an electric lighting plant, a good sewer system, waterworks, a telephone exchange, a fire department, etc. The early settlers were mostly people from the eastern states, who understood the advantages resulting from good schools, and it is due to their influence that the city has three fine graded public school buildings. A Catholic school and convent are also located there. The commercial and industrial enterprises include 3 l)anks, 3 grain elevators, a flour mill, a creamery, brick and tile works, marble and granite works, a broom factory, ice and cold storage plant, cigar factories, planing mills, hotels, well stocked stores, etc. Concordia also has a Carnegie library of over 5,000 volumes, express and telegraph offices, and an international money order postoffice, from which six rural routes supply daily mail to the inhabitants of a rich and populous agri- cultural district. The population of the city in 1910 was 4,415, a gain of 1,014 during the preceding decade. Congregational Church. — This name is applied to a religious denom- ination in the United States and the English colonies which assumes to follow the New Testament with regard to church administration, and the idea of the primitive and apostolic church. The doctrine of the early Congregationalists was a kind of general Puritan or Presbyterian Cal- vinism, while that of the modern church may be classed under the gen- eral head of Evangelical, but holding broadly to the general character- istics of the older Protestantism. Although no ci^ed statement is bind- ing on a local church, except that which it voluntarily adopts, the Congre- gationalist gatherings have adopted confessions of faith. The Congregational church is based on local organization, each congre- gation being competent to elect its officers, admit members, make rules for church discipline, state its faith and order its worship in a manner best adapted to the local needs, and its affairs are decided by the vote of the congregation, under the moderatorship of a minister, if there be one in office. In the United States the Congregational churches are united by three permanent representative bodies : the local association 398 CYCLOPEDIA OJ'" or conference, the state association, and the national council, while the muttia! fellowship that exists between the churches was strengthened by the formation of the International Congregational Council, with appointed delegates from the churches of all lands, which met first in London in 1891. The rise of this religious organization began with the dissensiLins dur- ing the EngHsh Reformation, and though Luther saw a system similar to Congregationalism in the New Testament, the time did not come during his life, when the reformed church could lay aside civil authority in its struggle against Rome. In 1567 a body of men and women met in London and formed a rudimentary type of Congregational church, and though it did not last, the Congregational system was set forth so as to come to the attention of Robert Browne, a student at Cambridge, who established a Congregational church at Norwich in 1580, but meet- ing with opposition, the church members emigrated from England and located in Holland. Other Congregational churches were established in England, but the real founder of the church was John Smith, who gathered a congregation in 1602 at Gainsborough. Other churches soon formed on this model, the most important at Scrooby under John Rob- inson. Both these churches sought refuge in Holland and from there in 1620, came to New England and formed the Plymouth colony of Massachusetts bay. From the arrival of the first in 1620 to the last of the Leyden associates nearly ten years later, the colony in all numbered onl}' about 300 souls. The Puritans came to America in 1629 to avoid persecutions in England, and located at Salem, Mass., where the first Puritan church was erected as a Congregational church, the second in New England. The Puritan immigration continued until 1640, and in 1643 the four Congregational colonies united in a confederacy. With settling up of New England, educational institutions were established by the church — notably Harvard and Yale Colleges — and missionary work was begun among the Indians. The first Congregational synod was held at Boston in 1837. It was a representative bod}- and had lay delegates, which distinguished it from the ministerial convention and marked its democratic character. The Westminster Confession, previously approved at Cambridge, was super- seded or modified in Massachusetts and Connecticut and subsequently in the other colonies. A great revival too|j place about the middle of the eighteenth'centur\ and at the same time emigration from New England began to take set- tlers bej'ond the mountains and these people carried tlieir faith witli them, which ultimately led to the planting of Congregational churches in the great valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi and from there spread across the continent to the western states on the coast. When migration first began from New England ciiurches were first established in western New York, then followed down the Ohio and the multiplication of organizations kept pace with opening up of the new territory in the northwest and northern states. In'iti/i, the national council of Congre- I KANSAS HISTORY 399' srational churches in the United States was formed, which usually meets every third year, though special sessions may be called. Missionaries were sent to Minnesota and Missouri and Congregational- ism introduced there early in the nineteenth century. From there it moved on westward and when the territories of Kansas and Nebraska were organized in 1854, the Congregationalists were among the first to become established in the newly organized territories. The first Congre- gational church organization in Kansas was perfected at Lawrence in Sept., 1854, by S. Y. Lum, a missionary from New York. The first .^^ermon was preached on Oct. i, 1854, a few months after the first free- state settlers had located in the town. Two years later Plymouth church was organized in the spring and a church building started which was completed in 1862, this being the first church edifice of this organiza- tion in the state. Most of the early Congregational societies were estab- lished by immigrants who had belonged to the church in the east. In 1871, Richard Cordley, for years pastor of the Congregational church at Lawrence,- wrote : "All denominations are represented in Kansas. The Congregationalists have some strong societies, especially in the southern part of the state." The first sermon in Shawnee county was preached in Topeka by Sam- uel Lum in 1854. The members of the congregation met in a log cabin of James Cowles on Oct. 14, 1855, to consult with regard to the forma- tion of an anti-slavery Congregational church, and an organization was perfected on July 14, 1856. The town company of Topeka donated lots and a building was soon erected. Lewis Bodwell was the first pastor. The Congregational church at Manhattan was established on April 22, 1855, being the second of the denomination between the Mississippi river ind the Rocky mountains, Lawrence being the first. The first services at Manhattan were held in a tent, which was succeeded by a log cabin, and it in turn was followed by a frame building, the material for which was brought up the river by boat. On Jan. 6, 1856, the church was formally opened at the home of Dr. Amory Hunting. Forty town lots were contributed to the church which gave it a good start and the build- ing was dedicated on July 24, 1859, when Charles E. Blood became the first regular minister. A. L. Adair organized a church at Osawatomie in April, 1856, and services were held in a school house until 1861, when a church was erected. As early as June, 1857, services were held at Atchison by J. H. Byrd, a Congregational minister, and on March 20, 1859, a church organization was perfected there. In Jefiferson county, the first Congregational church was organized in 1857 with eight mem- bers, the first pastor being O. L. Woodford, and the following year a church building was erected. In 1858 churches were organized at Leavenworth, with 27 members ; Wyandotte, where S. D. Storrs, a mis- sionary from Quindaro, had preached for some time ; at Emporia, I_.yon county, where in 1859 a building was erected. By 187s there were 157 Congregational church organizations in the state, with 59 church edifices and a membership of 5,620. In 1886 there 400 CYCLOPEDIA OF were 132 organizations, 122 church buildings and an aggregate member- ship of 9,361. The increase in the next four years was rapid, as in 1890 there were 202 organizations, with a membership of 12,053 members. In 1906 the Congregational church ranked eighth in Kansas in number of members, having 15,247 communicants. Congressional Districts. — Kansas had but one representative in Con- gress until after the census of 1870, which showed that the state was entitled to three members of the lower branch of the national legislature. In 1872 three Congressmen at large were elected, but by the act of ]\Iarch 2, 1874, the legislature divided the state into three districts. The first district was composed of the counties of Leavenworth, Doni- phan, Brown, Nemaha, Marshall, Washington, Republic, Jewell, Smith, Phillips, Norton, Graham, Rooks, Osborne, Mitchell, Cloud, Clay, Ottawa, Ellis. Ellsworth, Russell, Saline, Dickinson, Lincoln, Riley, Pottawatomie, Jackson, Jefferson, Atchison, Davis (Geary), "and all that territory lying north of the second standard parallel." The second district included the counties of Montgomery, Wilson, Labette, Cherokee, Crawford, Neosho, Bourbon. Allen, Anderson-, Linn, Miami, Franklin, Johnson, Douglas and Wyandotte. The third district included "all that part of the state not included in the first and second districts." This made the third district larger than both the other two. Along the eastern border of it lay the counties of Shav.-nee, Osage, Cofiey and Woodson, and it embraced all the terrt- tory west of these counties and south of the first district. No change was made in the apportionment thus established until after the census of 1880, which gave the state seven Congressmen. At the election of 1882 three representatives were elected from the old districts and four from the state at large. On March 5, 1S83, Gov. Glick approved an act of the legislature which provided for the following districts : First — the counties of Nemaha, Brown, Doniphan, Pottawatomie, Jackson, Atchison, Jefferson and Leavenworth. Second — the counties of Wyandotte, Johnson, Douglas, Miami, Franklin, Anderson, Linn, Allen and Bourbon. Third — the counties of Crawford, Cherokee, Neosho. Labette. Wilson, Montgomery, Elk, Chautauqua and Cowley. Fourth — the counties of .Shawnee, Wabaunsee, Osage. Lyon, Coffey, Woodson, Greenwood, Butler. Chase, Marion and Morris. Fifth — the counties of Marshall, Washington, Republic. Cloud, Clay, Riley, "Ottawa, Saline, Dickinson and Davis fGeary). Sixth — the counties of Jewell, Mitchell, Lincoln, Ellsworth, Russell, Osborne, Smith, Phillips, Rooks, Ellis, Trego, Graham, Norton, Decatur, Thomas, Sheridan, Gove, St. John (Logan), Rawlins. Cheyenne. Sher- man and Wallace. .Seventh — the counties of McPherson, Harvey, Sedgwick, Sumner, Harper, Kingman. Reno, Rice. P.arlon, Stafldrd. Pralt. Barbour, Comanche, Edwards, Pawnee, Rush, Ness. Hodgeman, Ford, Lane, Scott, Finney, Seward, Wichita, Greeley and Hamilton. I KANSAS HISTORY 4OI This apportionment was amended by the act of March 13, 1897, which placed Shawnee county in the iirst district and Pottawatomie county in the fourth. Although the census of 1890 showed the population of Kansas to be large enough to entitle the state to eight Congressmen, no additional district was created until in 1905, seven representatives being elected from the old districts and one from the state at large. By the act of March 9, 1905, the state was divided into eight districts. The first district embraced the counties of Nemaha, Brown, Doniphan, Jackson, Atchison, Jefferson, Leavenworth and Shawnee. The second district was composed of the counties of Wyandotte, John- son, Douglas, Miami, Franklin, Anderson, Linn, Allen and Bourbon. The third district included the counties of Crawford, Cherokee, Neosho, Labette, Wilson, Elk, Chautauqua, Cowley and Montgomer}'. The fourth district included the counties of Pottawatomie, Wabaun- see, Osage, Lyon, CoiTey, Woodson, Greenwood, Chase, Marion and Morris. The fifth district embraced the counties of Marshall, Washington, Republic, Cloud, Clay, Riley, Ottawa-, Saline, Dickinson and Geary. The sixth district was made to consist of the counties of Jewell, Mitchell, Lincoln, Ellsworth, Russell, Osborne, Smith, Phillips, Rooks, Ellis, Trego, Graham, Norton, Decatur, Sheridan, Gove, Logan, Thomas, Rawlins, Cheyenne, Sherman and Wallace. The seventh district — frequentl}' referred to as the "Big Seventh" — was composed of the counties of Harper, Kingman, Reno, Rice, Barton. Stafford, Pratt, Barber, Comanche, Edwards, Pawnee, Rush, Ness, Hodgeman, Ford, Lane, Scott, Finney, Seward, Wichita, Greeley, Hamil- ton, Clark, Grant, Gray, Haskell, Kearny, Kiowa, Meade, Morton, Stan- ton and Stevens. The eighth district included the counties of McPherson, Harvey, Sedgwick, Sumner and Butler. At the election in 1910 the Republican candidate was elected in each of the eight districts. In the first district D. R. Anthony defeated J. B. Chapman by a vote of 21,852 to 7,486; in the second district Alexander C. Mitchell was elected over John Caldwell, 23,282 to 19,852; in the third district Philip P. Campbell defeated Jeremiah D. Botkin, 20,771 to 19,943; in the fourth district Fred S. Jackson defeated H. S. Martin, 17,111 to 14,051; in the fifth district Rollin R. Rees was elected over G. T. Helvering, 17,680 to 15,775; in the sixth district L D. Young defeated F. S. Rockefeller, 21,020 to 18,985; in the seventh district E. H. Madison defeated George A. Neeley, 24,925 to 20,133; in the eighth dis- trict A^ictor Murdock defeated George Burnett by a vote of 16,239 to 2,354- Congressional Representation. — Kansas was first represented as a territory of the United States in the Thirty-third Congress (elected in 1852) by John W. Whitfield, who was elected delegate on Nov. 29, 1854, and served until Aug. i, 1856, when his seat was declared vacant. He (I-26) 402 CYCLOPEDIA OF was succeeded in the Thirty-tifth Congress (elected in 1856) by Marcus J. Parrott, who continued to serve as delegate until the admission of Kansas into the Union as a state. The Thirty-seventh Congress was elected in i860 for the term begin- ning on March 4, 1861. Before the commencement of the term, Kansas was admitted into the Union (Jan. 29, 1861,) and became entitled to representation in both branches of the national legislature. Conse- quently, Gen. James H. Lane and Samuel C. Pomeroy were elected to represent the state in the United States senate, and Martin F. Conway was chosen representative. Since that time the representation has been as follows : Thirty-eighth Congress (elected 1862) — Senators, James H. Lane and Samuel C. Pomeroy; Representative, A. Carter Wilder. Thirty-ninth Congress (elected 1864) — Senators, James H. Lane and Samuel C. Pomeroy until the death of Gen. Lane on July 11. 1866, when the vacancy was filled by the appointment of Edmund G. Ross ; Repre- sentative, Sidney Clarke. Fortieth Congress (elected 1866) — Senators, Samuel C. Pomeroy and Edmund G. Ross; Representative, Sidney Clarke. The representation was tlie same in the Forty-first Congress, elected in 1868. Forty-second Congress (elected 1870) — Senators, Alexander Caldwell and Samuel C. Pomeroy ; Representative, David P. Lowe. Forty-third Congress (elected 1872) — Senators, Alexander Caldwell' and John J. Ingalls ; Representatives. Stephen A. Cobb, David P. Lowe and William A. Phillips. This was the first Congress in which Kansas had more than one representative in the lower house. Some changes occurred in the senate during the term. Alexander Caldwell resigned on March 24, 1873. and the governor appointed Robert Crozier to fill the vacancy. Mr. Crozier served until James M. Harvey was elected by the legislature, taking his seat on Feb. 12, 1874. Forty-fourth Congress (elected 1874) — Senators, James M. Harvey and John J. Ingalls: Representatives. William R. Brown, Jolin R. Goodin and William A. Phillips. Forty-fifth Congress (elected 1876) — Senators, John J. lnf;;ills and Preston B. Plumb; Representatives, Dudley C. Haskell, William .\. Phillips and Thomas Ryan. Forty-sixth Congress, (elected 1878) — Senators, Jolin J. Tni^alls and Preston R. PlumlD; Representatives, John A. Anderson, Tliomas Ryan and Dudley C. Haskell. The representation was the same in the Forty- seventh Congress (elected in 1880). Forty-eighth Congress (elected in 1882) — Senators, John J. Tngalls and Preston R. Phunb ; Representatives, Edward N. ATorrill. Samuel R. Peters, John A. Anderson, Thomas Ryan, Lewis Hanback, Bishop W Perkins and Dudley C. Haskell. Mr. Haskell died on Dec. 16, 1883, and Edward H. Funston was elected for the unexpired term. Forty-ninth Congress (elected 1884) — Same as in the Forty-eighth Congress after Mr. Funston succeeded Mr. Haskell. KANSAS UlSTOKV 4O3 Fiftieth Congress (elected 1886) — Senators, John J. Ingalls and Pres- ton B. Plumb; Representatives, Edward N. Morrill, Samuel R. Peters, John A. Anderson, Thomas Ryan, Erastus J. Turner, Bishop W. Perkins and Edward H. Funston. Fifty-lirst Congress (elected 1888) — Senators, John J. Ingalls and Preston B. Plumb; Representatives, Edward N. Morrill, Bishop W. Per- kins, John A. Anderson, Samuel R. Peters, Erastus J. Turner, Edward H. Funston and Thomas Ryan. Mr. Ryan resigned before the expiration of the term and was succeeded by Harrison Kelley, who look his seat on Dec. 2, 1889. Fifty-second Congress (elected 1890) — Senators, Preston B. Plumb and William A. Peffer; Representatives, Case Broderick, B. H. Clover, John Davis, Jeremiah Simpson, Edward H. Funston, John G. Otis and William Baker. Senator Plumb died in office and the governor appointed to succeed him Bishop W. Perkins, who took his seat on Jan. i, 1892. Fifty-third Congress (elected 1892) — Senators, William A. Peffer and John Martin ; Representatives, William Baker, William A. Harris, Charles Curtis, Jeremiali Simpson, Case Broderick, Thomas J. Hudson, John Davis and Edward H. Funston. Mr. Funston's election was suc- cessfully contested b}' Horace E. Moore, who took his seat in the house on Aug. 2, 1894. Fifty-fourth Congress (elected 1894J — Senators, William A. Peiifer and Lucien Baker; Representatives, Richard W. Blue, Orrin L. Miller, Charles Curtis, William Baker, Case Broderick, Snyder S. Kirkpatrick, William A. Calderhead, Chester I. Long. Fifty-fifth Congress (elected 1896) — Senators, Lucien Baker and Wil- liam A. Harris; Representatives, Jeremiah D. Botkin, Marion S. Peters, Charles Curtis, N. B. McCormick, Case Broderick, Edwin R. Ridgely, William D. Vincent and Jeremiah Simpson. Fifty-sixth Congress (elected 1898) — Senators, Lucien Baker and Wil- ■liam A. Harris; Representatives, Willis J. Bailey, J. DeWitt Bowersock, James M. Miller, William A. Reeder, Charles Curtis, Edwin R. Ridgely, William A. Calderhead and Chester I. Long. Fifty-seventh Congress (elected 1900) — Senators, William A. Harris and Joseph R. Burton ; Representatives, Charles F. Scott, Charles Curtis, J. DeWitt Bowersock, Alfred M. Jackson, James M. Miller, William A. Calderhead, William A. Reeder and Chester L Long. Fifty-eighth Congress (elected 1902) — Senators, Joseph R. Burton and Chester L Long; Representatives, Charles F. Scott (at large), Charles Curtis, J. DeWitt Bowersock, Philip P. Campbell, James M. Miller, William A. Calderhead, William A. Reeder and Victor Murdock. Fifty-ninth Congress (elected 1904) — Senators, Chester I. Long and Alfred W. Benson, the latter appointed to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator Burton ; Representatives, Charles F. Scott, Charles Curtis, J. DeWitt Bowersock, Philip P. Campbell, James M. Miller, William A. Calderhead, William A. Reeder, Victor Murdock. Sixtieth Congress (elected 1906) — Senators, Chester L Long and 404 CYCLOPEDI.A OF Charles Curtis ; Representatives, Daniel R. Anthony, Charles F. Scott, Philip P. Campbell, James M. Miller, William A. Calderhead, William A. Reeder, Edmond H. Madison, Victor Murdock. Sixty-first Congress (elected 1908) — Senators, Charles Curtis and Joseph L. Bristow; Representatives, Daniel R. Anthony, Charles F. Scott, Philip P. Campbell, James M. Miller, William A. Calderhead, William A. Reeder, Edmond H. Madison, Victor Murdock. Sixtj'-second Congress (elected 1910) — Senators, Charles Curtis and Joseph L. Bristow; Representatives, Daniel R. Anthony, Alexander C. Mitchell, Philip P. Campbell, Fred S. Jackson, Rollin R. Rees, I. D. Young, Edmond H. Madison, Victor Murdock. Connelley, William Elsey, writer of historical works on the West, was born in Johnson county, Ky., March 15, 1855. The family was founded in Kentucky by Capt. Henry Connell}*, a soldier in North Carolina in the Revolutionary war. Mr. Connelley's father, Constantine Conlejr, Jr., was in the Union army and his property was destroyed in the Civil war, which made it necessary for the young man to make his own way in the world. With such help as he could get he qualified himself to teach in the common schools, teaching his first school when seventeen. He continued in this work ten years in Kentucky, when he came to Kansas, settling at Tiblow (now Bonner Springs), Wyandotte county, in April, 1881. He taught one year at Tiblow, then secured the position of deputy county clerk. In 1883 he was elected county clerk of Wyandotte county, and in 1885 was reelected. In 1888 he engaged in the wholesale- lumber business at Springfield, Mo., in which he con- tinued four years. He engaged in the banking business in Kansas City, Kan., in 1893, but in the panics which followed he lost all his jiroperty. He moved to Beatrice, Neb., in 1897, and took up the business of abstracting land titles and loaning money for eastern people. In 1897 he was offered a position in the book deparlmenl of the publishing house of Crane & Co., Topeka, which he accepted and filled until 1902, when he went to Washington with Hon. E. F. Ware, commissioner of pensions, and took a responsible place in the civil service. This he resigned in 1903 to go into the oil business at Chanute, in which he was successful. In 1904-5 he made tlie fight in Kansas against the Standard Oil com- pany, securing the enactment of laws which have saved the people of Kansas a million dollars annually. Mr. Connelley was always an enthusiastic student of history, and his library is one of the largest in the West. He is an authority on American history, and has written the following works: The Provisional Government of Nebraska Territory, John Brown, James H. Lane, Wyandot Folk-Lore, An Appeal to the Record, Kansas Territorial Governors, Memoirs of John James Ingalls, Doniphan's Expedition in the Mexican War, Quant rill and the Border Wars, Ingalls of Kansas and the Founding of Uarnian's .Station. With Frank A. Root he wrote the Overland Stage to California, and he edited the Heckewclder Narrative. All these have been published. Mr. Con- nelley belongs to numerous historical associations, is a life member of KANSAS HISTORY 405 the Ohio Archaeolot^ical and Historical Society, the president of the Kansas State Historical Society, and is a member of the National Geographic Society and the Kansas Society Sons of the American Revo- lution. Conquest, a village in the northwestern part of Kearny county, is about 25 miles from Lakin, the county seat, and 20 from Leoti, the near- est railroad station. Conquest is a postoffice and a trading center for the neighborhood in which it is situated. Constitutional Amendments. — Kansas was admitted into the Union under the Wyandotte constitution, the state government being inaugu- rated on Feb. 9, 1861. The following month the legislature met in special session, and among the acts of that body was the submission of an amendment to section 7, article 13, giving banks the right to issue notes of a denomination as l()\v as one dollar, instead of five dullars as originally provided. The amendment was ratified by the people at the election in November by a vote of 3,733 to 3,343. Since that time sev- eral amendments have been made to the state's organic law. Two amendments were passed by the legislature of 1864 and sub- mitted to the people in the fall of that year. The first amended section 3 of article 5 to read as follows: "For the purpose of voting, no person shall be deemed to have gained or lost a reason of his presence or absence while employed in the service of the United States, nor while engaged in the navigation of the waters of this state, or of the United States, or of the high seas, nor while a student of any seminary of learn- ing, nor while kept at any almshouse or other asylum at public expense, nor while confined in any public prison ; and the legislature may make provision for taking the votes of electors who may be absent from their townships or wards, in the volunteer military service of the United States, or the militia service of this state ; but nothing herein contained shall be deemed to allow any soldier, seaman or marine in the regular army or navy of the United States the right to vote." The second amendment was to change section 12, article 2, to read: "Bills may originate in either house, but may be amended or rejected by the other." The first of these amendments was ratified by a vote of 10,729 to 329, and the second by a vote of 8,708 to 329. No further amendments were found necessary until 1867, when, for the purpose of disfranchising certain classes of persons, section 2, article 5, was amended to read as follows: "No person under guardianship, non compos mentis, or insane; no person convicted of felony, unless restored to civil rights; no person who has been dishonorably discharged from the service of the United States, unless reinstated ; no person guilty of defrauding the government of the United States, or of any of the states thereof; no person guilty of giving or receiving a bribe, or offering to give or receive a bribe ; and no person who has ever voluntarily borne arms against the government of the United States, or in any manner voluntarily aided or abetted in the attempted overthrow of said government, except all persons who .406 CYCLOPEDIA OF have been honorably discharged from the military service of the United States since the 1st day of April, A. D. 1861, provided that they have served one year or more therein, shall be qualified to vote and hold office in this state, until such disability shall be removed by a law passed by a vote of two-thirds of all the members of both branches of the legis- lature." This amendment was ratified by the people at the election in Nov., 1867, by a vote of 16,860 to 12,165, and for years thereafter scarcely a session of the legislature was held in which there was not a bill, or at least a petition, asking for the removal of these political disabilities from some of the persons who had fallen under the ban. (See the adminis- trations of the governors subsequent to 1868.) In 1868 section 4 of article 15 was amended to read: "All public print- ing shall be done by a state printer, who shall be elected by the legis- lature in joint session, and shall hold his office for two years, and until his successor shall be elected and qualified. The joint session of the legislature for the election of a state printer shall be on the third Tues- day of January, A. D. 1869, and every two years thereafter. All public printing shall be done at the capital, and the prices for the same shall be regulated by law." The amended section was ratified by the people at the election on Nov. 3, 1868, by a vote of 13,471 to 5,415, and in 1904 the section was further amended, by a vote of 169,620 to 52,363, to read as follows: "All public printing shall be done by a state printer, who shall be elected by the people at the election held for state ofiicers in Nov., 1906, and every two years thereafter, at the election held for state officers, and shall hold his office for two years and until his successor shall be elected and qualified." The legislature of 1873 proposed a new section 2, article 2, relating to the number of members in. each branch of the legislature, and the new section was ratified by the people on Nov. 4, 1873, by a vote of 32,340 to 29,189. The amended section, which is still in force, is as fol- lows: "The number of representatives and senators shall be regulated by law, but shall never exceed 125 representatives and 40 senators. From and after the adoption of this amendment, the house of represen- tatives shall admit one member for each county in which at least 250 legal votes were cast at the next preceding general election ; and each organized county in which less than joo legal votes were cast at the next preceding general election shall be attached to and constitute a part of the representative district of the cotinty lying next adjacent on the east." Three amendments — all that could be submitted at one time — were presented to the electors of the state in 1875. The first provided for biennial sessions of the legislature by changing the language of section 25, article 2, to read as follows: "All sessions of the legislature shall be held at the state capital, and, beginning with the year 1877, all regular sessions shall be held once in two years, Cnnimencing (mi the second Tuesday of January of each alternate year thereafter." KANSAS HISTORY 4O7 This amendment was ratified by the people by a vote of 43,320 to 15,478 at the election on Nov. 2, 1875, and the other two amendments ratified at the same time were made necessary by the change from annual to biennial sessions. One changed section 3, article 11, to read: "The legislature shall provide, at each regular session, for raising suf- ficient revenue to defray the current expenses of the state for two years;" and the other added section 29 to article 2, as follows: "At the general election in 1876, and thereafter, members of the house of repre- sentatives shall be elected for two years, and members of the senate shall be elected for four years." The vote on these amendments was not materiall}' different from that on the amendment authorizing biennial sessions. The legislature of 1876 submitted two amendments to the people, to be voted on at the general election in November of that year. The first altered the language of section 24, article 2, to provide that "No money shall be drawn from the treasury, except in pursuance of a specific appropriation made by law, and no appropriation shall be for a longer term than two years." At the election this amendment was ratified by a vote of 95,430 to 1,768. The second amendment of 1876 related to the election of county officers as pro^'ided for in section 2 of article 9, but in 1902 the same section was amended to read as follows: "General elections and town- ship elections shall be held biennially, on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November in the years bearing even numbers. All county and township officers shall hold their offices for a term of two years and until their successors are qualified ; provided, one county commissioner shall be elected from each of three districts numbered i, 2 and 3, by the voters of the district, and the legislature shall fix the time of election and the term of office of such commissioners ; such elec- tion to be at a general election, and no term of offices to exceed six years. All officers whose successors would, under the law as it existed at the time of their election, be elected in an odd-numbered year shall hold office for an additional year and until their successors are qualified. No person shall hold the office of sheriff or county treasurer for more than two consecutive terms." In 1880, by a vote of 92,302 to 84,304, the following section was added to article 15 : "Section 10. The manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors shall be forever prohibited in this state, except for medical, scientific and mechanical purposes." (See Prohibition.) A proposition for a new constitutional convention was voted down in 1880 — 146,279 to 22,870 — and no further amendments to the organic law were made until 1888. In that year section 17 of the Bill of Rights was changed to read: "No distinction shall ever be made between citizens of the State of Kansas and the citizens of other states and territories of the United States in reference to the purchase, enjoy- ment or descent of property. The rights of aliens in reference to the purchase, enjoyment or descent of property may be regulated bv law." 408 CYCLOPEDIA OF The vote of the people on this amendment stood 220,419 to 16,611, and at the same election the proposition to strike out the word "white" in section i, article 8, relating to the militia, was carried by a vote of 226,474 to 22,251. In 1891 the legislature again submitted to the people the quescion of holding a constitutional convention, and at the general election in 1892 it was defeated by a majority of 466 in a total vote of 237,448. At the general election of 1900, the following amended section 2 of article 3 was ratified by a vote of 123,721 to 35,474, a similar amendment having been previously twice rejected at the polls: "The supreme court shall consist of seven justices, who shall be chosen by the electors of the state. They may sit separately in two divisions, with full power in each division to determine the cases assigned to be heard by such division. Three justices shall constitute a quorum in each division and the concurrence of three shall be necessary to a decision. Such cases only as may be ordered to be heard by the whole court shall be con- sidered by all the justices, and the concurrence of four justices shall be necessary to a decision in cases so heard. The justice who is senior in continuous term of service shall be chief justice, and in case two or more have continuously served during the same period the senior in years of these shall be chief justice, and the presiding justice of each division shall be selected from the judges assigned to that division in like manner. The term of office of the justices shall be six years, except as here- inafter provided. The justices in office at the time this amendment takes effect shall hold their offices for the terms for which they were severally elected and until their successors are elected and qualified. As soon as practicable after the second Monday in January, 1901, the governor shall appoint four justices, to hold their offices until the second Monday in January, 1903. At the general election in 1902 there shall be elected five justices, one of whom shall hold his office for two years, one for four years and three for six years. At the general election in 1904, and every six years thereafter, two justices shall be elected. At the general election in 1904, and every six years thereafter, two justices shall be elected. At the general election in 1908, and very six years thereafter, three justices shall be elected." At the election on Nov. 8, 1904, by a vote of 162,057 to 60,148, the people approved an amendment adding the following provision to sec- tion 14 of article 2: "If any bill presented to the governor contains sev- eral items of appropriation of money, he may object to one or more of such items, while approving the other portion of the bill ; in such case he shall append to the bill, at the time of signing it, a statement of the item or items to which he objects, and the reasons therefor, and shall transmit such statement, or a copy thereof, to the house of repre- sentatives, and any appropriations so objected to shall not take effect unless reconsidered and approved by two-thirds of the members elected to each house, and if so reconsidered and approved, shall take effect and become a part of the hill, in which case the picsidinii; officers of each KANSAS HISTORY 4O9 house sliall certify on such bill such fact of reconsideration and approval." Three amendments were proposed by the legislature of 1905, and all were ratified by the voters at the general election of 1906. The first added the following provision to section 17 of article 2: "And whether or not a law is repugnant to this provision of the constitution shall be construed and determined by the courts of the state." The vote on the ratification of this provision was 110,266 in favor of it and 67,409 against it. The second amendment of 1906 related to probate courts, adding to section 8, article 3, the following provision: "The legislature may pro- vide for the appointment or selection of a probate judge pro tem when the probate judge is unavoidably absent or otherwise unable or disquali- fied to sit in any case." This amendment was ratified by a vote of 107,974 to 70,730. The third amendment decreased the liabilities of stockholders in cor- porations by changing section 2 of article 12 to read as follows: "Dues from corporations shall be secured by the individual liability of the stockholders to the amount of stock owned by each stockholder, and such other means as shall be provided by law; but such individual liability shall not apply to railroad corporations, nor to corporations for religious or charitable purposes." This amendment was ratified by a vote of 110,021 to 63,485. Constitutional Conventions. — Kansas was organized as a territory of the United States by the Kansas-Nebraska bill (q. v.), which was approved by President Pierce on May 30, 1854. Scarcely had the echoes of the Congressional debates on that measure died away, when an agitation was started for the admission of Kansas as a state. The issue was whether Kansas should become a free or a slave state, and in the first efiforts for statehood the free-state men were the aggressors. On Oct. 9, 1855, delegates were selected to a convention to form a constitution, the pro-slavery men taking no part in the election. The convention assembled at Topeka on Oct. 23, and organized by the election of James H. Lane as president and Samuel C. Smith as sec- retary. Several of the delegates elected failed to attend the sessions of the convention. The following list of the men who framed the constitution has been compiled from the manuscript records of the convention, now in the possession of the Kansas Historical Society. James M. Arthur, Thomas Bell, Frederick Brown, Orville C. Brown, H. Burson, M. F. Conway, R. H. Crosby, A. Curtiss, G. A. Cutler, Mark W. Delahay, David Dodge, J. S. Emery, D. M. Field, Matt France, J. K. Goodin, William Graham, W. R. Griffith, W. H. Hicks, G. S. Hillyer, Cyrus K. Holliday, Morris Hunt, Amory Hunting, Robert Klotz, Richard Knight, John Landis, James H. Lane. S. N. Latta, Sanford McDaniel, Caleb May, Samuel Mewhinney, J. H. Nes- bitt, M. J. Parrott, James Phenis, Josiah H. Pillsbury, Robert Riddle, W. Y. Roberts, Charles Robinson, James L. Sayle, P. C. Schuyler, G. 4IO CYCLOPEDIA OF W. Smith, H. Smith. C. W. Stewart, J. C. Thompson, J. M. Turner. J. M. Tuton, N. Vandever, J. A. Wakefield. The convention completed its labors on Nov. ii, 1855. Provision was made for the submission of the constitution to the people on Dec. 14. and in the event the constitution was ratified by popular vote at that time, the chairman of the free-state executive committee of the territory was directed to issue a proclamation ordering an election for state officers and members of the legislature on the third Monday of Jan., 1856, and the legislature then chosen should meet on March 4, following. The Lecompton constitutional convention, which was the second attempt to form an organic law for the state, had a slight advantage over the Topeka convention, in that it was authorized b}' an act of the territorial legislature on Feb. 19, 1857. It does not appear, how- ever, to have had any advantage in popular favor, as the number of votes at the election for delegates to the Topeka convention was 2.710, while the number cast at the election for the Lecompton delegates was only 2,071, the free-state men taking no part in the election.- By the provisions of the act of Feb. 19 a census was ordered to be taken on April i, the returns to be corrected by the probate judges of the several districts and submitted by May i to the governor, who was then to apportion the 60 delegates among the various precincts. Dele- gates were to be elected on the third Monday in June, and the conven- tion was to meet on the first Monday in September. When the convention assembled on Sept. 7 a temporary organiza- tion was effected by the election of B. Little as president and Thomas C. Hughes as secretary. In the permanent organization on the 8th. John Calhoun was chosen president and Thomas C. Hughes secretary. Hughes was subsequently succeeded by Charles J. Mcllvaine. On the nth an adjournment was taken to Oct. 19, when the convention reassembled and continued in session until Nov. 7, when it finally adjourned. The constitution at that time adopted was signed by the president and sccretar}- of the convention and 44 delegates, viz.: James Adkins. Alexander Bayne, S. P. Blair, L. S. Holing, J. T. Bradford. M. E. Bryant, H.' Butcher, Thomas D. Chiids, Jesse Connell, Wilburn Christison, J. H. Danforth, Cyrus Dolman, L. J. Eastin, Rush Flmore. H. W. Forman, I. S. Rascal, W. A. Heiskell, John D. Henderson, J. T. Hereford, W. H. Jenkins, A. W. Jones, Ratt. Jones, Thomas J. Key, S. J. Kookager, B. Little, G. W. McKown, John W. Martin, Wil- liam Mathews, C. K. Mobley, Hugh M. Moore, Henry D. Oden, John S. Randol])li, Greene R. Redman, Samuel G. i^eed, ]. ]. Rcviuijds. Ilcin\ Smith. W. T. Spicely. Owen C. Stewart, W. H." Swift, '[arrelt Todd, D. Vanderslice, William Walker, W. S. Wells, H. T. Wilson. Section 7 of the schedule adopted by the convention caused consid- erable dissatisfaction among the people and contriliuled in no small degree to the defeat of the scheme to have Kansas ndmillcd under llie Lecompton constitution. Following is the full icxt of ihis '^ccliou: KANSAS HISTORY 4I I "This constitution shall be submitted to the Congress of the L'nitcd States at its next ensuing session, and as soon as official information has been received that it is approved by the same, by the admission of Kansas as one of the sovereign states of the United States, the presi- dent of this convention shall issue his proclamation to convene the state legislature at the seat of government, within thirty-one days after publication. Should any vacancy occur, by death, resignation, or otherwise, in the legislature, or other office, he shall order an election to fill such vacancy: Provided, however. In case of removal, absence, or disability of the president of this convention to discharge the duties herein imposed on him, the president pro tempore of this convention shall perform said duties; and in case of absence, refusal, or disability of the president pro temport, a committee consisting of seven, or a majority of them, shall discharge the duties required of the president of this convention. Before this constitution shall be sent to Congress, asking for admission into the Union as a state, it shall be submitted to all the white male inhabitants of this territory, for approval or dis- approval, as follows: The president of this convention shall, by proclamation, declare that on the 21st day of December, 1857. ''t ^^^ difl'erent election precincts now established by law, or which may be established as herein provided, in the Territory of Kansas, an elec- tion shall be held, over which shall preside three judges, or a majority of them, to be appointed as follows : The president of this convention shall appoint three commissioners in each county, in the territory, whose duty it shall be to appoint three judges of election in the several pre- cincts of their respective counties, and to establish precincts for vot- ing, and to cause the polls to be opened, at such places as they may deem proper, in their respective counties, at which election the con- stitution framed by this convention shall be submitted to all the white male inhabitants of the Territory of Kansas in the said territor}' upon that day, and over the age of 21 years, for ratification or rejection, in the following manner and form: The voting shall be by ballot. The judges of said election shall cause to be kept two poll-books by two clerks by them appointed. The ballots cast at said election shall be indorsed, 'Constitution with Slavery,' and 'Constitution with no Slavery.' One of said poll-books shall be returned within eight days to the president of this convention, and the other shall be retained by the judges of election and be kept open for inspection. The presi- dent, with two or more members of this convention, shall examine said poll-books, and if it shall appear upon said examination that a majority of the legal votes cast at said election be in favor of the 'Constitution with Slavery,' he shall immediately have the same trans- mitted to the Congress of the United States, as hereinbefore provided; but if, upon such examination of said poll-books, it shall appear that a majority of the legal votes cast at said election be in favor of the 'Constitution with no Slavery,' then the article providing for slavery shall be stricken from this constitution by the president of this con- 412 CYCLOPEDIA OF vention, and slavery shall no longer exist in the State of Kansas, except that the right of property in slaves now in this territory shall in no manner be interfered with, and shall have transmitted to Congress the constitution so ratified, as hereinbefore provided. In case of failure of the president of this convention to perform the duties imposed upon him in the foregoing section, by reason of death, resignation or other- wise, the same duties shall devolve upon the president pro tem." As all the delegates to the convention were pro-slavery men, they took ample precaution in the above section that their party should not lose control until after the state had been admitted under the con- stitution of their creation. The president of the convention was given almost imperial powers in the selection and appointment of commis- sioners who would control the machinery of the election. His powers in examining the poll-books and declaring the vote were likewise almost imperial, and the clause providing for the submission of the constitu- tion to the white male inhabitants of Kansas, "in the said territory upon that day," made it possible for the pro-slavery forces of Missouri to assist in bringing about the ratification of the constitution "with slavery." Besides all this, the constitution as a whole was not to be submitted to the people — only the slavery article being made subject to a popular vote. No matter how repugnant to the people's judg- ment some other feature of the constitution might be, they were given no opportunity to express their opposition. Is it any wonder that the free-state men refused to participate in the election? (See also the articles on Constitutions, Geary's, Walker's and Denver's Adniinistra- tions.) The third constitutional convention — that known in history as the Leavenworth convention — was authorized by the act of Feb. lo, 1858. On the 13th. before the governor had been given the three full days allowed by law for the consideration of the measure, the legislature adjourned. Gov. Denver therefore claimed that the act was not entitled to recognition as a law of the territory. However, under its provisions, an election for delegates was held on March 9, and on the 23d of the same month the convention assembled at Minneola. .V temporary organization was soon effected, after which James H. Lane was elected permanent president and Samuel F. Tappan was chosen clerk. The following day the convention voted to adjourn to meet at Leaven- worth on the 25th. After appointing the committees. Lane resigned the presidency of the convention and Martin F. Conway was elected as his successor. The convention worked diligently and reached a final adjnuniiucnt on A])ril 3, when the constitution adopted was signed by the ofiicers of the convention and the following delegates: F. G. Adams, 11. J. Adams, J. D. Allen, A. B. Anderson, W. F. M. Arny, M. L. Ashmore, R. Austin, H. S. Baker, W. V. Barr, 'W. D. Beeler, F. N. Blake, W. E. Bowker, C. H. Branscomb, j. L. P.rown, T. H. Butler, W. II. Coffin, G. A. Colton. I'lial) Conk. .\. i)aiifni(l, James Davis, J. C. Douglass, J. KANSAS HISTORY 41.3 M. Elliott, J. S. Emery, H. J. Espy, Robert Ewing, Thomas EvviIl!,^ Jr., Lucian Fish, R. M. Fish, James Fletcher, Charles A. Foster, G. M. Fuller, J. K. Goodin, L T. Goodnow, W. R. Griffith, J. F. Hamp- son, Henry Harvey, J. P. Hatterscheidt, G. W. Higinbotham, G. D. Humphrey, H. P. Johnson, R. A. Kinzie, Alburtus Knapp, James H. Lane, Alfred Larzelere, Edward Lynde, William McCullough, A. W. McCauslin, Caleb May, Charles Mayo, R. B. Mitchell, James Monroe, W. R. Monteith, B. b' Newton, C. S. Perham, D. Pickering, J. H. Pills- bury, Preston B. Plumb, J. G. Rees, John Ritchie, W. Y. Roberts, Hugh Robertson, Orville Root, W. W. Ross, E. S. Scudder, J. M. Shepherd, A. H. Shurtleff, Amasa Soule, William Spriggs, Samuel Stewart, J. R. Swallow, James Telfer, T. D. Thacher, J. C. Todd, R. U. Torry, Thomas Trower, G. W. K. Twombly, J. M. \Valden. W. L. Webster, A. W. Williams, A. L. Winans, James M. Winchell, Samuel N. Wood, C. A. Woodworth. If the Lecompton convention had been under the control of the pro- slavery element, the Leavenworth convention was no less under the control of the free-state men. Of the delegates, M. F. Conway, J. S. Emery, J. K. Goodin, W. R. Griffith, James H. Lane, Caleb May, W. Y. Roberts and J. H. Pillsbury had served as members of the Topeka convention, of which Charles A. Foster was assistant secretary. Sev- eral of the members of the Leavenworth convention afterward became prominent in the affairs of Kansas and the nation. Thomas Ewing, Jr., was the first chief justice of the Kansas supreme court; William Y. Roberts, Edward Lynde and H. P. Johnson commanded I-Cansas regi- ments in the Civil war; James H. Lane was one of the first LTnited States senators from Kansas; Preston B. Plumb served in the United States senate at a later date ; William R. Griffith was the first superin- tendent of public instruction ; Robert B. Mitchell rose to the rank of brigadier-general in the Civil war and was subsequently governor of New Mexico ; Addison Danford was attorney-general of the state ; Franklin G. Adams was for years the secretary of the Kansas State Historical Society, and a number of others served in the legislature. The fourth and final constitutional convention was authorized bv act of the territorial legislature, approved by Gov. Medary on Feb. 9, 1859. (See Medary's Administration.) By the prpvisions of the act the question of holding a convention was to be submitted to the peo- ple on the fourth Tuesday in March. At the election on that date the proposition to hold a convention was carried by a vote of 5,306 to 1,425, and on June 7 was held an election for the 52 delegates. Then, for the first time in Kansas, the Democratic and Republican parties, as such, faced each other in a contest at the polls. The Democrats carried the counties of Jackson, Jefferson and Leavenworth, elected 4 delegates in Doniphan and i in Johnson — 17 delegates in all — while the Republicans carried all the other counties and elected 35 delegates. Following is a list of the members of the convention by districts: 1st (Leavenworth county) — Frederic Brown, Robert C. Foster, 414 CYCLOPEDIA OF Samuel Hippie, W. C. McDowell, Adam D. McCune, Pascal C. Parks, William Perry. John P. Slough, Samuel A. Stinson, John Wright. 2nd (Atchison county) — Robert Graham, John J. Ingalls, Caleb May. 3d (Doniphan county) — John W. Forman, E. M. Hubbard, Robert J. Porter, John Stiarwalt, Benjamin Wrigley. 4th (Brown county) — Samuel A. Kingman. 5th (Nemaha county) — Thomas S. Wright. 6th (Marshall and Washington counties) — J. A. Middleton. 7th (Jefferson county)— C. B. McClelland. 8th (Jackson county) — Ephraim Moore. 9th (Riley county) — S. D. Houston. loth (Pottawatomie county) — Luther R. Palmer. nth (Johnson county) — J. T. Barton, John T. Burris. I2th (Douglas county) — James Blood, N. C. Blood, William Hutchin- son. Edwin Stokes, Solon O. Thacher, P. H. Townsend, L. R. Williams. 13th (Shawnee county) — J. P. Greer, H. D. Preston, John Ritchie. 14th (Wabaunsee, Davis, Dickinson and Clay counties) — Edmund G. Ross. 15th (Lykins county) — \V. P. Dutton, Benjamin F. Simpson. i6th (Franklin coun'ty)--James Hanwa}-. 17th (Osage, Breckenridge, Morris and Chase counties) — William McCullough, James M. Winchell. i8th (Linn county) — James M. Arthur, Josiah Lamb. 19th (Anderson county) — James G. Blunt. 20th (Coffey and Woodson counties) — Allen Crocker, Samuel E. Hoft'man. 2ist (Madison, Hunter, Butler, Greenwood, Godfrey and Wilson counties) — George H. Lillie. 22nd (Bourbon, McGee and Dorn counties) — J. C. Burnetl, William R. Griffith. 23d (Allen county) — James A. Signor. A glance at the above list will show that the leaders of bnili the free- state and pro-slaver)' parties of former days were absent. Lane, Robin- son, Wood, Speer, Branscomb, and others who gave such l()\a] support to the Topeka constitution, were missing; and on the other hand not a single prominent pro-slavery man was among the 17 Democratic dele- gates. Of the 52 delegates composing the convention, ihree-fourth.s of them were under the age of 40 \cars. It was a young men's conven- tion. Practically all occupations were re]iresente(l. riuMo were iS lawyers, 16 farmers, 8 merchants, 3 manufacturers, 3 pliysicians, i sur- veyor, I printer, i mechanic, and 1 land agent. Pursuant to the legislative enactment, the convention asscmlilcd at Wyandotte on July 5, and effected a temporary organization by the election of Samuel A. Kingman as president and John A. Martin as secretary. In the permanent organization James M. Winchell was chosen president and Mr. Martin was continued in the ollice of sec- KANSAS HISTORY 4' 3 retary. On the 29th the constitution was finished and signed by all the Republican members except Thomas S. Wright of Nemaha county. None of the Democrats attached their names to the document. On Oct. 4 the constitution was ratified by the people by a vote of 10,421 to 5,530, and a full quota of state officers was elected on Dec. 6, pre- paratory to admission into the Union, though more than a year elapsed before these officers were called upon to assume the duties of the posi- tions to which they were elected. (See Robinson's Administration.) Constitution Hall. — The building known as Constitution Hall, stood on the west side of Kansas avenue in the city of Topeka, almost opposite the present postoffice building. The site is marked by an iron tablet in the sidewalk, placed there b}' the Daughters of the .\merican Revolu- tion. (.See Capitol.) Constitutions. — The Topeka constitution, adopted in the fall of 1855, and ratified by the people the following December, was the first attempt to frame an organic law for the state. The preamble declared the right of, admission into the Union "consistent with the Federal con- stitution, and by virtue of the treaty of cession by France to the United States of the Province of Louisiana," and defined the boundaries of the state as "Beginning at a point on the western boundary of the State of Missouri where the 37th parallel of north latitude crosses the same ; thence west on the said parallel to the eastern boundary of New Mexico ; thence north on said boundary to latitude 38 : thence following said boundary westward to the eastern boundary of the Territory of Utah, on the summit of the fiocky mountains ; thence northward on said summit to the 40th parallel of said latitude; thence east on said parallel to the western boundar}' of the State of Missouri ; thence south with the western boundary of said state to the place of beginning." Article i — the "Bill of Rights" — contained 22 sections. The prin- cipal declarations of this article were that all men are by nature free and independent; that they have the right to enjoy and defend life, acquire and possess property, and seek happiness and safety ; that all political power is inherent in the people; that the people should have the right to assemble together to consult for their common good, and to bear arms for their defense and security ; that the right of trial bv jury should be inviolate ; that there should be no slavery in the state, nor involuntary servitude, except for the punishment of crime ; that all men have the right to worship God according to the dictates of their own conscience ; that every citizen might freely speak, write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of the right; that there should be no imprisonment for debt, unless in case of fraud, and the last section set forth that "This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair- or den)- others retained by the people: and all powers not herein delegated shall remain with the people." Article 2 related to the elective franchise, and defined as legal voters 4l6 CYCLOPEDIA OF every white male person and every Indian who had adopted the habits of the white man, over the age of 21 years, with certain restrictions as to residence, etc. The legislature was authorized to provide, at its first session, for the registration of voters, and was given power to exclude from every office of trust, honor or profit, and from the right of suffrage all persons convicted of heinous crime. Article 3 divided the powers of government into three departments — the legislative, the executive and the judicial — and the three succeed- ing articles defined the powers of each of these departments. Articles 7 to 14, inclusive, treated of education, public institutions, - public debt and public works, militia, finance and taxation, county and township officers, corporations, and jurisprudence. Article 15 contained several miscellaneous provisions, one of which was that no lottery should ever be established in the state, and the sale of lottery tickets within the state was prohibited. Section 4 of this article provided that "There may be established in the secretary of state's office a bureau of statistics and agriculture, under such regu- lations as may be prescribed by law, and provision shall be made by the general assembly for the organization and encouragement of state and county agricultural associations." Article 16 specified the method by which the constitution mio'ht be amended, and article 17 related to banks and currency, providing that no banks should be established except under a general banking law. It was also provided that, when the constitution was submitted to the people for their approval or disapproval, the electors of the state should vote on the question of. a general banking law separate and apart from the constitution proper: If a majority voted in the affirmative then the provisions of article 17 should become a part of the organic law, otherwise they should be void. At the election on Dec. 15, 1855. the constitution was ratified by a vote of 1,731 to 46, and the banking law was indorsed by a vote of 1,120 to 564. Another question submitted to a separate vote was whether negroes and mulat- toes should be excluded from the state. .\t the election. 1.287 viMcd to exclude them, and 453 voted in favor of their admission. Holloway says: "Copies of the constitution had been freely circulated, and notices of the election posted up, but in a few places this was not done. The election in the border towns was not allowed ti> he held. I'hese facts were supposed to account for the vote being no larger. .'\t Atchison no election was attempted." The long schedule accompanying the constitution provided for the election of state officers and members of the legislature, in case the constitution was ratified by the people; divided the state into 18 legis- lative districts and stipulated the number of senators and representa- tives in each, so as to constitute a general assembly composed of 20 senators and 60 representatives. (See Woodson's Administration.) T. D. Thacher, upon retiring from the presidency of the Kansas State Historical Society on Jan. 16, 1883, delivered an address, in the KANSAS HISTORY 417 course of which he said : "The Topeka constitutional moveriient was the instinctive effort of the free-state people for unity about some recognized center. A recent precedent had been afforded by California for the spontaneous action of the people in the organization of a state government, without an enabling act from Congress. Some of the most conspicuous leaders of the Topeka constitutional movement had participated in the California movement, and were enthusiastic in the conviction that a similar success would attend the effort here." And the Topeka movement did come very near being successful. On July 3, 1856, the national house of representatives passed a bill to admit Kansas under that constitution, but it failed to run the gantlet of the senate. The Topeka constitution, however, served to hold the free-state people together until the tide of immigration turned in their favor in 1857, and insured the admission of Kansas into the Union under a free-state constitution authorized by Congress. The preamble to the Lecompton constitution, in addition to assert- ing the right of admission, consistent with the Federal constitution and the French treaty of cession of the province of Louisiana to the United States, also claimed that right "b\' virtue of, and in accord- ance with, the act of Congress passed May 30, 1854, entitled 'An act to organize the territories of Nebraska and Kansas.' " ^Article i defined the boundaries, which were identical with the boundaries proposed by the Topeka constitution; article 2 related to county boundaries ; and the articles from 3 to 6, inclusive, related to the distribution of the powers of government into the executive, legisla- tive and judicial departments. The provisions of these articles were of the character usually to be found in state constitutions. The legislature was to consist of a senate and a house of representatives, the number of senators not to be less than 13 nor more than 35, and the number of representatives not to be less than 39 nor more than 100. Senators were to be elected for four years and representatives for two years. Section 6, article 5, provided that, "At the first session of the legislature, the senators shall, by lot, divide their senators into two classes ; and the seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, and of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, so that one-half, as near as may be, may be chosen thereafter every two years for the term of four years." Article 6, relating to the judiciary, provided for a supreme court, to consist of a chief justice and two associate justices; circuit courts, which were to have "original jurisdiction of all matters, civil and criminal, within this state, not otherwise excepted in this constitu- tion ;" a court of probate in each county, and a competent number of justices of the peace in and for each county. It was further stipulated that a circuit court should be held in each county twice in every year, and the legislature was given power to "establish a court or courts of chancerv, with original and appellate equitv jurisdiction." (I-27) 4l8 CYCLOPEDIA OF Article 7, which dealt with the slavery question, and which caused most of the opposition to the Lecompton constitution, was as follows: "Section i — The right of property is before and higher than any constitutional sanction, and the right of the owner of a slave to such slave and its increase is the same and as inviolable as the right of the owner of any property whatever. "Section 2— The legislature shall have no power to pass laws for the emancipation of slaves without the consent of the owners, or without paying the owners previous to their emancipation a full equiv- alent in money for the slaves so emancipated. They shall have no power to prevent immigrants to the state from bringing with them such persons as are deemed slaves by the laws of any one of the L'niled States or territories, so long as any person of the same age or descrip- tion shall be continued in slavery by the laws of this state : Provided, That such person or slave be the bona fide property of such immigrants ; And provided, also, That laws may be passed to prohibit the intro- duction into this state of slaves who have committed high crimes in other state or territories. They shall have power to pass laws to per- mit the owners of slaves to emancipate them, saving the rights of creditors, and preventing them from becoming a public charge. They shall have power to oblige the owners of slaves to treat them with humanity, to provide them necessary food and clothing, to abstain from all injuries to them extending to life or limb, and, in case of their neglect or refusal to comply with the direction of such laws, to have such slave or slaves sold for the benefit of the owner or owners. "Section 3 — In the prosecution of slaves for crimes of higher grade than petit larceny, the legislature shall have no power to deprive them of an impartial trial by a petit jury. "Section 4 — Any person who shall maliciously dismember, or deprive a slave of life, shall suffer such punishment as would be inflicted in case the like offense had been committed on a free white person, and on like proof, except in case of insurrection of such slave.'' Article 8, which related to elections and the right of suffrage, pro- vided that "Every male citizen of the Ignited States, above tJie age of 21 years, having resided in this state one year, and in the county, city or town in which he may offer to vote, three months next pre- ceding any election, shall have the qualifications of an elector, and be entitled to vote at all elections." Of the remaining articles, the 9th related to finance, the chief fea- ture of which was the restriction of the state debt to $500,000 ; the loth prescribed the methods of raising revenue by taxation, and pro- hibited lotteries: the nth provided for the preservation of Iho public domain and "a liberal system of internal improvements:" the i2th set forth the manner in which corporations might hi- fcirnicd, and defined their duties and powers within certain limits: the 13th specified that the militia of the state should consist of all able-bodied male citi- zens between the ages of 18 and 45, except such as might be exempted KANSAS IIISTCJRV 4 19 by law ; the 14th related to education and the preservation of the school lands; the 15th included several miscellaneous provisions, relating to oaths of office, public records, county seat removals, property of mar- ried women, treason against the state, etc.; and the "Bill of Rights" followed article 15, instead of being placed at the beginning of the document, as is customary in such cases. (Sec also Constitutional Conventions.) Holloway's History of Kansas (p. 466) says: "It was generally believed at the time, as the Covode investigation clearly shows, that the Lecompton constitution was transmitted entire from Washington, or at least those parts affecting admission and slavery, to the conven- tion for its formal endorsement. Though it is evident that as late as the I2th of July, Mr. Buchanan must have known nothing of this movement, and probably did not until after the action of the conven- tion. The whole design originated where all the other abominable measures of the administration towards Kansas had their origin, in the treasonable brain of Jefferson Davis. It was a movement of the rabid pro-slavery men either to fasten slavery on Kansas, or to inaug- urate a war that would eventuate in a disruption of the Union." Whether President Buchanan was cognizant of the scheme or not, on Feb. 2.' 1858, he transmitted a copy of the constitution to Congress, accompanied by a special message, in which he urged the speedy admis- sion of Kansas under the constitution. A bill to that effect passed the senate on March 23, by a vote of 33 to 25. On April i the house, by a vote of 120 to 112, adopted the Crittenden substitute for the senate bill. The Crittenden bill provided that the constitution should be "resubmitted to the people of Kansas and accepted only after it should be ratified by a full and fair election." When the substitute measure came before the senate, that body asked for a conference committee, and Senators Green of Missouri, Hunter of Virginia, and Seward of New York, were appointed members of such a committee. The house acquiesced and appointed English of Indiana, Stephens of Georgia, and Howard of Michigan. Several propositions on the part of the senate conferees were rejected, and on April 23 the committee reported a compromise known as the "English Bill" (q. v.), which was accepted by the senate by a vote of 31 to 22, and by the house by a vote of 112 to 103. Under the provisions of this bill the Lecompton constitution was resubmitted to the people on Aug. 2, 1858, when it was over- whelmingly defeated. (See Walker's, Stanton's and Denver's Admin- istrations.) In the meantime, as stated in the article on "Constitutional Con- ventions," the Leavenworth constitution had been framed by a con- vention authorized by an act of the territorial legislature, although the legality of the act had been called into question by the territorial gov- ernor. In the preamble of the Leavenworth constitution the same ))ou'ndaries were specified as in the Topeka and Lecompton constitu- tions. The "Bill of Rights" did not differ materially from that set 420 CYCLOPEDIA OF forth in the Topeka constitution, section 6 providing that "There shall be no slavery in this state, and no involuntary servitude, unless for the punishment of crime, whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted." Article 2, regarding the elective franchise, provided that "In all elec- tions not otherwise provided for by this constitution, ever}- male citi- zen of the United States, of the age of 21 years or upwards, who shall have resided in the state six months next preceding such election, and ten days in the precinct in which he may offer to vote, and every male person of foreign birth, of the age of 21 years or upward, who shall have resided in the I'nited States one year, in this state six months, and in the precinct in which he may offer to vote, ten days next pre- ceding such election, and who shall have declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, conformably to the laws of the United States, ten days preceding such election, shall be deemed a qualified elector." It is worthy of note that neither the Lecompton nor Leavenworth constitutions contained the word "white" in connection with the elective franchise, while the Topeka constitution confined the right of suffrage to "white" male citizens and Indians who had adopted the customs of civilized society. Had Kansas been admitted under either the Lecomp- ton or Leavenworth constitutions, no action of the legislature would have been necessary in ratifying the 14th and 15th amendments to the Federal constitution at the close of the Civil war. Following the article in the Leavenworth constitution relating to the elective franchise were four articles concerning the legislative, executive and judicial departments of government. The first legisla- ture chosen under the constitution was to consist of 25 setiators and 75 representatives, the uumber afterward to be regulated by law. The judicial department was to consist of a supreme court of three judges, circuit and county courts, and a "sufficient number of justices of the peace." Article 7 treated of tlie subject of education. It prcividcd, among other things, that the school lands should never be sold until author- ized by a vote of the people, and that no religious sect or sects should ever have any right to, or control of, any part of the school funds of this state. It also provided that "as the means of the state will admit, educational institutions of a higher grade shall be established by law so as to form a complete system of public instruction," etc. Tlie succeeding articles of the constitution related to public institu- tions, militia, jniblic debt f which was limited to $100,000 unless author- ized by a direct vote of the people), finance and taxation, counties and townships, elections, corporations, jurisprudence, miscellaneous, banks and currency, and amendments. The constitution was accompanied by an ordinance which stipulated •that the Slate of Kansas would never interfere with the title of the United .Slates to the public domain or unsold lands within the stale, KANSAS HISTORY 421 or the right of the United States to dispose of the same, provided: i — That sections i6 and 36 in each township, or their equivalent, should be granted to the state for school purposes. 2 — That 72 sections of land should be granted the state for a state university. 3 — That 36 sections of land be donated by Congress for the erection of public buildings. 4 — That the salt springs, gold, silver, copper, lead or other valuable mines, not exceeding twelve in number, should become the property of the state. 5 — That five per cent, of the net proceeds of the sales of public lands within the state, sold by Congress after the admission of the state, should be granted to tlie state for a school funtl. 6 — That each alternate section of land, within certain limits, should be granted the state to aid in the construction of railroads. Pursuant to the schedule adopted by the convention, the Leaven- worth constitution was submitted to the people on May 18, 1858, when it was ratified by about 3,000 votes out of some 4,000 cast, the light vote no doubt being due to the attitude of Gov. Denver with regard to the act authorizing the convention which framed the constitution. By the provisions of the constitution, the following state officers were elected at 'the same time : Governor, Henry J. Adams ; lieutenant- governor, Cyrus K. Holliday ; secretary of state, E. P. Bancroft ; auditor, George S. Hillyer; treasurer, J. B. Wheeler; attorney-general, Charles A. Foster; superintendent of public instruction, J. M. Walden ; com- missioner of school lands, J. W. Robinson; supreme judges, William A. Phillips, Lorenzo Dow and William McKay ; reporter of the supreme court, A. D. Richardson ; clerk of the supreme court, W. F. M. Arny ; representative in Congress, Martin F. Conway. Members of a legisla- ture were also elected. On Jan. 6, 1859, the Leavenworth constitution was presented to the LTnited States senate, with a petition praying for admission under it, but it was referred to the committee on territories and never reported back for action. Concerning the manner of its ratification and its treatment by Congress, Cutler says: "The indif- ferent vote showed plainly that it was viewed with no great favor at home, and consequently it did not meet a cordial reception by even the Republican members of Congress when presented." Nevertheless, there were some who were stanch supporters of the constitution. The platform upon which the state officers were nomi- nated contained the declaration "That should Congress accept the appli- cation accompanying the Lecompton constitution, and admit Ivansas as a sovereign state in the Union without the condition precedent that said constitution, at a fair election, shall receive the ratification of the people of Kansas, then we will put the Leavenworth constitution, rati- fied by the people, and the government under it, into immediate and active operation as the organic law and living government of Ivansas, and that we will support and defend the same against any opposition, come from whatever quarter it may." Holloway says : "There was a deeply laid plot, should the state be admitted under the Lecompton constitution, and the election declared 422 CYCLOPEDIA OF in favor of the pro-slavery men, to assassinate the territorial and state officers, and thus leave the whole machinery of government power- less." Well authenticated evidence of "a deeply laid plot to assassinate" is lacking, but there is no gainsaying the fact that the feeling at that time was bitter enough to have resulted in assassination, had Con- gress passed an act for the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton constitution. Martin F. Conway, in a public address, took the posi- tion that Congress could make a state, but not the constitution of that state. That power was vested solely in the people. T. D. Thacher, William A. Phillips, J. M. Walden and Charles A. Foster expressed themselves in a similar vein. Gen. James H. Lane went farther and solemnly declared that no government should ever be organ- ized, or even an attempt to organize under the Lecompton constitu- tion. Thomas Ewing, Jr., a conservative free-state man, afterward the first chief justice of the state supreme court, wrote to his father in Ohio, under date of Jan. i8, 1858, that there were not over 1,000 of the 16,000 voters then in the territory interested in the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton constitution, and that this 1,000 consisted of "the ruffians who figured conspicuously in the arsons and nxurders of the first two years and who have not yet died of delirium tremens." He also said: "I belive that the ringleaders of this faction \\ill be put to death the moment that Calhoun decides the election against us, and it is more than probable that they (the people) will seize the state government by killing enough of the pro-slavery men to give them a majority." With such open expressions of antagonism, there is no doubt that trouble would have ensued in the event an efl'ort had been made to establish a state government under the Lecompton constitution. The resolution adopted by the convention that nominated state officers under the Leavenworth constitution evidently meant something, and for a time a clash seemed to be inevitable. But the defeat of the I^ecomp- ton constitution under the provisions of the English bill averted the trouble and paved the way for the Wyandotte constitution. In the Topeka and Leavenworth constitutions the partisan sentiments of the free-state framers were too plainly manifested for those con- stitutions to find favor with Congress or the national administration. The pro-slavery sentiments in the Lecompton constitution were even more glaring and they aroused the indignation of the people. For- tunately for the country at large, and the people of Kansas in par- ticular, the men who framed the Wyandotte constitution were wise enough to avoid any expression of partisan feeling that would stir up the opposition of an unfriendly Congress and president and postpone the admission of Kansas into the Union. Therefore, the constitution was so constructed that is has been characterized as a "conservative and commonplace document." It was modeled largely after the con- stitution of the .State of Ohio, and as it is still the organic law of KANSAS HISTORY 423 Kansas, the full text of the constitution, as it was adopted by the con- vention and ratified by the people in 1859, is given below. (See also Constitutional Amendments.) PREAMBLE— BOUNDARIES. We, the People of Kansas, grateful to Almighty God for our civil and religious privileges, in order to insure the full enjoyment of our rights as American citizens, do ordain and establish this Constitution of the State of Kansas, with the following boundaries, to-wit : Be- ginning at a point on the western boundary of the State of Missouri, where the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude crosses the same ; thence running west on said parallel to the twenty-fifth meridian of longitude west from Washington ; thence north on said meridian to the fortieth parallel of north latitude ; thence east on said parallel to the western boundar}' of the state of Missouri ; thence south, with the western boundary of said state, to the place of beginning. BILL OF RIGHTS. Section i. All men are possessed of equal and inalienable natural rights, among which are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Sec. 2. All political power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and are instituted for their equal protection. No special privileges or immunities shall ever be granted by the legislature, which may not be altered, revoked or re- pealed by the same body; and this power shall be exercised by no other tribunal or agency. Sec. 3. The people have the right to assemble in a peaceable man- ner, to consult for their common good, to instruct their representa- tives, and to petition the government, or any department thereof, for the redress of grievances. Sec. 4. The people have the right to bear arms for their defense and security; but standing armies, in time of peace, are dangerous to liberty, and shall not be tolerated, and the military shall be in strict subordination to the civil power^ Sec. 5. The right of trial by jury shall be inviolate. Sec. 6. There shall be no slavery in this state; and no involuntary servitude, except for the punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. Sec. 7. The right to worship God, according to the dictates of con- science, shall never be infringed ; nor shall any person be compelled to attend or support any form of worship ; nor shall any control of, or interference with the rights of conscience be permitted, nor any preference be given by law to any religious establishment or mode of worship. No religious test or property qualification shall be required 424 CYCLOPEDIA OF for any office of public trust, nor for an}' vote at any election ; nor shall any person be incompetent to testify on account of religious belief. Sec. 8. The right to the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended, ' unless the public safety requires it in case of invasion or rebellion. Sec. 9. All persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offenses, where proof is evident or the presumption great. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel nor unusual punishment inflicted. Sec. ID. In all prosecutions, the accused shall be allowed to appear and defend in person, or by counsel ; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to meet the witness face to face, and to have compulsory process to compel the attendance of witnesses in his behalf, and a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the county or district in which the offense is alleged to have been committed. No person shall be a witness against himself, or be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense. Sec. II. The liberty of the press shall be inviolate, and all persons ma)' freely speak, write or publish their sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of such right ; and in all civil or criminal actions for libel, the truth may be given in evidence to the jury, and if it shall appear that the alleged libelous matter was published for justifiable ends, the accused party shall be acquitted. Sec. 12. No person shall be transported from the state for any offense committed within the same; and no conviction in the state shall work a corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate. Sec. 13. Treason shall consist only in levying war against Ihc state, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. N'o jierson shall be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of two witnesses to the overt act, or confession in open court. Sec. 14. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the occupant ; nor in time of war, except as prescribed by law. Sec. 15. The right of the people to be secure in their persons and property against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall be inviolate; and no warrant shall issue but on probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the ])lace to be searched ;nin Ix-twern the rights of males aiul females. Sec. 24. No money shall be drawn fimii the treasury, e\ci'|il in pnr- KANSAS HISTORY 429 suance of a specific appropriation made by law, and no appropriation shall be made for a longer term than one year. Sec. 25. All sessions of the legislature shall be held at the state capital, and all regular sessions shall commence annually, on the second Tuesday of January. Sec. 26. The legislature shall provide for taking an enumeration of the inhabitants of the state at least once in ten years. The first enumeration shall be taken in A. D. 1865. Sec. 27. The house of representatives shall have the sole power to impeach. All impeachments shall be tried by the senate ; and when sitting for that purpose, the senators shall take an oath to do justice according to the law and the evidence. No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the senators elected. Sec. 28. The governor and all other officers under this constitution shall be subject to impeachment for any misdemeanor in office ; but judgment in all such cases shall not be extended further than to removal from office and disqualification to hold any office of profit, honor or trust under this constitution ; but the party, whether acquitted or con- victed, shall be liable to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law. ARTICLE 3.— JUDICIAL. Section i. The judicial power of this state shall be vested in a supreme court, district courts, probate courts, justices of the peace, and such other courts inferior to the supreme court as may be provided by law; and all courts of record shall have a seal to be used in the authen- tication of all process. Sec. 2. The supreme court shall consist of one chief justice and two associate justices (a majority of whom shall constitute a quorum), who shall be elected by the electors of the state at large, and whose term of office, after the first, shall be six years. At the first election, a chief justice shall be chosen for six years, one associate justice for four years, and one for two years. ' Sec. 3. The supreme court shall have original jurisdiction in pro- ceedings in quo warranto, mandamus and habeas corpus; and such appel- late jurisdiction as may be provided by law. It shall hold one term each year at the seat of government, and such other terms at such places as may be provided b}^ law, and its jurisdiction shall be coextensive with the state. Sec. 4. There shall be appointed by the justices of the supreme court, a reporter and a clerk of said court, who shall hold their offices two years, and whose duties shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 5. The state shall be divided into five judicial districts, in each of which there shall be elected, by the electors thereof, a district judge, who shall hold his office for the term of four years. District courts shall be held at such times and places as may be provided by law. 430 CVCLOl'EDIA UF Sec. 6. The district courts shall ha\e such jurisdiction in their respective districts as may be provided by law. Sec. 7. There shall be elected in each organized county a clerk of the district court, who shall hold his office two years, and whose duties shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 8. There shall be a probate court in each county, which shall be a court of record, and have such probate jurisdiction and care of estates of deceased persons, minors, and persons of unsound minds, as ma}' be prescribed by law: and shall have jurisdiction in cases of habeas corpus. The court shall consist of one judge, who shall be elected by the qualified voters of the county, and hold his office two years. He shall hold court at such times and receive for compensation such fees or salary as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 9. Two justices of the peace shall be elected in each township, whose term of office shall be two years, and whose powers and duties shall be prescribed by law. The number of justices of the peace may be increased in any township by law. Sec. ID. All appeals from probate courts and justices of the peace shall be to the district court. Sec. II. All the judicial officers provided for by this article shall be elected at the first election under this constitution, and shall reside in their respective townships, counties or districts during their respective terms of office. In case of vacancy in any judicial office, it shall be filled by appointment of the governor until the next regular election that shall occur more than thirty days after such vacancy shall have happened. Sec. 12. All judicial officers shall hold their offices until their suc- cessors shall have qualified. Sec. 13. The justices of the supreme court and judges of the dis- trict courts shall, at stated times, receive for their services such com- pensation as may be provided by law, which shall not be increased during their respective terms of office ; provided such compensation shall not be less than fifteen hundred dollars to each justice or judge each year, and such justices or judges shall receive no fees or perquisites, nor hold any other office of profit or trust under the authority of the state, or the United States, during the term of office for which said justices or judges shall be elected, nor practice law in any of the courts in the state during their continuance in office. Sec. 14. Provision may be made by law for the increase of the num- Ijer of judicial districts whenever two-thirds of the members of each house shall concur. Such districts shall be formed of compact territory and bounded by county lines, and such increase shall not vacate the office of any judge. Sec. 15. Justices of the sujireme court and judges of the district courts may be removed from office by resolution of both houses, if two- thirds of the members of each house concur; but no such removal shall be made except upon complaint, the substance of which shall be entered KANSAS IJISTOKV 43I Upon the journal, nor until the party charged shall have had notice and opportunity to be heard. Sec. 16. The several justices and judges of the courts of record in this state shall have jurisdiction at chambers as may be provided by law. Sec. 17. The style of all process shall be "The State of Kansas," and all prosecutions shall be carried on in the name of the state. Sec. 18. Until otherwise provided by law, the first district shall consist of the counties of Wyandotte, Leavenworth, JefTerson and Jack- son. The second district shall consist of the counties of Atchison, Doni- phan, Brown, Nemaha, Marshall and Washington. The third district shall consist of the counties of Pottawatomie, Riley, Clay, Dickinson, Davis, Wabaunsee and Shawnee. The fourth district shall consist of the counties of Douglas, Johnson, Lykins, Franklin, Anderson, Linn, Bourbon and Allen. The fifth district shall consist of the counties of Osage, Coiifey, Woodson, Greenwood, Madison, Breckinridge, Morris, Chase, Butler and Hunter. Sec. 19. New or unorganized counties shall by law be attached for judicial purposes to the most convenient judicial districts. Sec. 20. Provision shall be made by law for the selection, by the bar, of a pro tem. judge of the district court, when the judge is absent or otherwise unable or disqualified to sit in any case. ARTICLE 4.— ELECTIONS. Section i. All elections by the people shall be by ballot; and all "flections by the legislature shall be viva voce. Sec. 2. General elections shall be held annually, on the Tuesday suc- :eeding the first Monday in November. Township elections shall be held on the first Tuesday of April, until otherwise provided by law. ARTICLE 5.— SUFFRAGE. Section i. Every white male person of twenty-one years and up- wards, belonging to either of the following classes — who shall have resided in Kansas six months next preceding any election, and in the township or ward in which he offers to vote at least thirty days next preceding such election — shall be deemed a qualified elector: ist. Citi- zens of the United States. 2d. Persons of foreign birth who shall have declared their intention to become citizens conformably to the laws of the United States on the subject of naturalization. Sec. 2. No person under guardianship, non compos mentis, or insane, shall be qualified to vote ; nor any person convicted of treason or felony, unless restored to civil rights. Sec. 3. No soldier, seaman, or marine, in the army or navy of the United States, or their allies, shall be deemed to have acquired a resi- dence in the state in consequence of being stationed within the same ; nor .=y Illinois ;uHi Indiana; in 1887. owing to a marked decrease in the acreage in eastern Kansas, il was ex- ceeded by r)liio, Indiana, Illinois and Kcnluckx ; in i8(jo, when the acreage fell off lo about one-half that nf tin- i)rcceding year, it was ex- ceeded by Ohio, Indiana, Illinois. Kentucky and Tennessee. The greatest corn crop in the history of Kansas was in iSS(), wluii ilie state ]>rii(liiced 273,988,231 buslu'ls, having over 5,000,000 acres in KANSAS lUSTOKY 447 "waving corn fields." 'i'his great crop led Gov. Martin to say in an in- terview : "Corn is the sign and seal of a good American agricultural country ; corn is an American institution ; one of the discoveries of the continent. It was known to the Indians, and to cultivate it was one of the few agricultural temptations which overcame their proud and haughty contempt for labor. Kansas has corn and so has luck." The corn of the twentieth century is a different product from that taken to Europe by Columbus. Although it retains its original form — only nature could change that — the ear of corn raised by the modern husbandman would make the ear raised by the Indian in the fifteenth century look like a "nubbin." Scientific agriculturists have spent much time in experimenting to improve both the quality and the yield of corn. Agricultural colleges in the various states and government experiment stations have added to this work by a careful study of the chemistry of soils, the value of commercial fertilizers, etc. In June, 1900, the Illinois Corn Breeders' Association was organized for the purpose of improving the standard of seed corn. It proved to be a success, and similar or- ganizations have since been formed in Indiana, Maryland, Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska. Members of these associations work in conjunction with the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, and in most of the states money has been appropriated from the ])ublic funds to further the enterprise. Veril}-, "Corn is King." The corn crops of Kansas for 1910, when over 8,500,000 acres were planted, amounted to 152,810,884 bushels, valued at $76,402,328. Corning, an incorporated town of Nemaha county, is located on the Missouri Pacific R. R. about half way between Centralia and ^Vetmore, in Illinois township, 14 miles south of Seneca. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper (the Gazette), telegraph and express offices, and a money order postoffice with two rural routes. The population in 1910 was 441. Old Corning was settled in 1867, about a mile and a half west of the present site. A postoffice was established in that year, with N. B. McKay as postmaster, and the place was named for Erastus Corning of New York. Two stores and two dwellings were all there was to the town when it was moved to the railroad by McKay, who bid in some school land and gave the railroad company half a section in considera- tion of its locating a station at this point. The first school was taught by Minnie Bracken in a small frame building in 1872. Coronado, a village of Wichita county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 3 miles east of Leoti, the county seat, from which place mail is received by rural free delivery. Coronado's Expedition. — Shortly after the discovery of America the Spanish people became imbued with the idea tliat somewhere in the in- terior of the New World there were rich mines of gold and silver, and various expeditions were sent out to search for these treasures. As every important event in history is the sequence of something which went before, in order to gain an intelligent vmderstanding of the expedi- tion of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, in search of the seven cities of 448 CYCLOPEDIA OF Cibola and the country of Quivira (1540-42), it will be necessary to no- tice briefly the occurrences of the preceding decade. Pedro de Castaneda, the historian of the expedition, begins his narrative as follows : "In the year 1530 Nuno de Guzman, who was president of New Spain, had in his possession an Indian, one of the natives of the valley or valleys of Otixipar, who was called Tejo by the Spaniards. This Indian said he was the son of a trader who was dead, but that when he was a little boy his father had gone into the back country with fine feathers to trade for ornaments, and that when he came back he brought a large amount of gold and silver, of which there is a good deal in that country. He went with him once or twice, and saw some very large villages, which he com- pared to Mexico and its environs. He had seen seven very large towns which had their streets of silver workers." The effect of a stor}- of this natiu"e upon the Spanish mind ca;i be read- ily imagined. It aroused the ambition and cupidity of Guzman, and ex- ercised an influence on all the enterprises he directed along the Pacific coast 'to the north. Gathering together a force of some 400 Spaniards and several thousand friendly Indians, he started in search of the "Seven Cities," but before he had covered half the distance he met with serious obstacles, his men became dissatisfied and insisted on turning back, and about the same time Guzman received information that his rival, Her- nando Cortez, had come from Spain with new titles and powers, so he abandfined the enterprise. Before turning his face homeward, however, he founded the town of Culiacan. from which post incursions were made into southern Sonora for the purpose of capturing and enslaving the natives. In 1535 Don Antonio de Mendoza became viceroy of New Spain. The following spring there arrived in New Spain Cabega de Vaca, Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, Andres Dorantes and a negro named Kstevan, sur- vivors of the Xarvaez expedition which had sailed frmn Spain in June. 1527. For six years these men had been captives among the Indians of the interior, from which they had heard stories of rich copper mines and pearl fisheries. These stories they repeated to Mendoza, who bought the negro with a view to having him act as guide to an expedition to explore the coimtry, but it was three years later before a favorable opportunity for his project was offered. In 1538 Guzman was imprisoned by a juez de residencia, the licentiate Diego Perez de la Torre, who ruled the province of Culiacan a short time, when Mendoza appointed his friend, Francisco Vasquez de Coro- nado, governor of the province of New Galicia, situated on the west coast of Mexico, between 25° and 27° north latitude, the new province including the old one of Culiacan. Coronado showed a willingness to assist and encourage Mendoza in the effort to find the "Seven Cities," and on March 7, 1539, wliat might be termed a rcconnoilcring party left Culiacan under tlic leadership of Friar Marcos de Niza, with Kstevan as guide. Father Marcos had been a member of Alvarado's expedition to Peru in 1534. Upon reaching a place called \'^apaca fin central Sonora) KANSAS HISTORY 449 Marcos sent Estevan toward the ni)rlli "with instructions to [jroceed 50 or 60 leagues and see if he could find anything which might help them in their search." Four days later Estevan sent to Father Marcos a large cross, and the messenger who brought it told of "seven very large cities in the first province, all under one lord, with large houses of stone and lime ; the smallest one story high, with a flat roof above, and others two and three stories high, and the house of the lord four stories high. And on the portals of the principal houses there are many designs of turquoise stones, of which he says they have a great abundance." A little later Estevan sent another cross by a messenger who gave a more specific account of the seven cities, and Father Marcos determined to visit Cibola for the purpose of verifying the statements of the messen- g'ers. He left Vapaca on April 8, expecting to meet Estevan at the vil- lage from \\'hich the second cross was sent, but upon arriving there he learned that the negro had gone on northward toward Cibola, which was distant thirty days' journey. The friar continued on his way until he met an inhabitant of Cibola, who informed him that Estevan had been put to death by order of the Cibolan chiefs. From the top of a hill Mar- cos obtained a view of the city, after which he hastened back to Com- postela and made a report of his investigations to Gov. Coronado. The immediate efTect of his report, in which he stated that the city he saw from the top of the hill was "larger than the city of Mexico," was to awaken the curiosity of the people of New Spain and create a desire to visit the newly discovered region. In response to this sentiment, Men- doza issued an order for a force to assemble at Compostela, ready to march to Cibola as soon as the spring of 1540 opened. Arms, horses and supplies were collected and the greater part of the winter was spent in preparations. In casting about for a leader the viceroy's choice fell on Gov. Coronado, a native of Salamanca, who had come to New Spain with Mendoza in 1535. Two years later he married Beatrice de Estrada, said to be a cousin b}- blood of Charles V, king of Spain. About the time of his marriage Mendoza sent him to quell a revolt among the Indians in the mines of Amatapeque, which he did so successfully that the following year the viceroy appointed himi governor of New Galicia, as already stated. Castaneda's narrative saj's : "There were so manv men of such high quality among the Spaniards, that such a noble body was never collected among the Indies, nor so many men of quality in such a small body, there being 300 men. Fran- cisco Vasquez Coronado was captain general, because he was the author of it all." In addition to the 300 Spaniards, there were from 800 to 1,000 Indians. Accounts vary in this respect. Mota Padilla says the expedition consist- ed of 260 horse, 60 foot, and more than 1,000 Indians, equipped with 6 swivel guns, more than 1,000 spare horses, and a large number of sheep and swine. Bandelier gives the number of men as 300 Spanish and 800 Indians, and savs the cost of equipping the expedition was 60,000 (I-29) 430 CYCLOPEDIA OF ducats, or over $250,000 in United States mone}-. On Feb.. 23, 1540, Coio- nado left Compostela with his army and, according to \\'inship, reached Ciiliacan late in March. Here the expedition rested until April 22, when the real march to the "Seven Cities" began. Coronado "followed the coast, bearing oiif to the left," and on St. John's eve "entered the wilder- ness — the White mountain Apache country of Arizona." Mendoza, be- lieving the destination of the expedition to be somewhere near the coast, sent from Natividad two ships, imder command of Pedro d'Alarcon, to take to Xalisco all the soldiers and supplies the command could not carry. As the expedition advanced, detachments were sent out ' in various directions to explore the country. In June Coronado reached the vallej' of the Corazones — so named by Cabe(;a de Vaca because the natives there offered him the hearts of animals for food. Here the army built the town of San Hieronimo de los Corazones (St. Jerome of the Hearts), and then moved on toward Cibola. There has been considerable specu- lation as to the location of the fabled "Seven Cities," but the best authori- ties agree that they occupied the site of the Zuni pueblos m the western part of New Mexico. A map in the ■14th annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology shows tliem there, and Prof. Henry W. Playnes, in an ad- dress at the annual meeting of the American Antiquarian Society on (~)ct. 21, 1881, sums up the arguments in favor of this location. On July 7, 1540, Coronado captured the first city, the pueblo of Haw- ikuh, which he named Granada. After the capture of this place the In- dians retired to their stronghold on Thunder mountain. Coronado recon- noitered the position and on Aug. 3 despatched Juan Gallego with a let- ler to Mendoza, advising liim of the progress and achievements of the expedition. The army went into winter quarters at Tiguex, near the present city of Albuquerque, and during the winter subjugated the hostile natives in the pueblos of the Rio Grande. While at Tiguex Coronado heard from one of the plains Indians, a slave in the village of Cicuye, the stories about Quivira (q. v.). This Indian, whom the Spaniards called "The Turk," told them his masters had instructed him to lead them to certain barren plains, where water and food could not be obtained, and leave them ihere to perish, or, if they succeeded in finding their way back tliey would be so weakened as to fall an easy prey. Winship says ; "The Turk may have accompanied Alvarado on the first visit to the great plains, and he doubtless told tjic white men aI)out his distant home and the roving life on the prairies. It was later, when the Spaniards began to question him about nations and rulers, gold and treasures, that he received, perhaps from the Spaniards tjiemsclves, the hints which led him to tell tliem what they were rejoiced to hear, and to develop the fan- ciful DJclnres which apjiealcd sn forcibly to all the desires of his hearers. The Turk, we cannot doubt, told the Spaniards many things which were not true. But in trying to trace these early dealings of the Europeans with the American aborigines, we must never forget how much may be KANSAS HISTORY 13 1 explained b}- the possibilities of misrepresentation on the part of the white men, who so often heard of what they wished to find, and who learned, very gradually and in the end very imperfectly, to understand only a few of their native languages and dialelcls. . . . Much of what the Turk said was very likely true the first time he said it, al- though the memories of home were heightened, no doubt, by absence and distance. Moreover, Castaneda, who is the chief source for the sto- ries of gold and lordly kings which are said to have been told by the Turk, in all probabilitx' did not know anything more than the reports of what the Turk was telling to the superior officers, which were passed about among the common foot soldiers. The present narrative (Cas- tenada's) has already shown the wonderful power of gossip, and when it is gossip recorded twenty years afterward, we may properly be cau- tious in believing it." Whatever the nature of the stories told by the Turk, they influenced Coronado to undertake an expedition to the province of Quivira. On April 10, 1541. he wrote from Tigcux to the king. That letter has been lost, but it no doubt contained a review of the information he had re- ceived concerning Quivira and an announcement of his determination to visit the province. The trusted messenger, Juan Gallego, was sent back to the Corazones for reinforcements, but found the town of San Hieron- omo almost deserted. He theii hastened to Mexico, where he raised a small body of recruits, with which he met Coronado as the latter was returning from Quivira. On April 23, guided by the Turk, Coronado left Tiguex, taking with him every member of his army who was present at the time of starting. The march was first to Sicuye (the Pecos Pueblo), a fortified village five days distant from Tiguex. From this point the route followed by' the expedition has been a subject for considerable discussion. Unquestion- ably, the best authorities on the Coronado expedition are Simpson, Bandelier, Hodge and Winship, and their opinions have not been suffi- ciently divergent to affect the general result, so far as concerns Coron- ado's ultimate destination. Gen. Simpson, who devoted much time and stud)- to the Spanish ex- plorations of the southwest, prepared a map of the Coronado expedi- tion, showing that he crossed the Canadian river near the boundary be- tween the present counties of Mora and San Miguel in New Mexico, thence north to a point about half-way between the Arkansas and Ca- nadian rivers, and almost to the present line dividing Colorado and New Mexico. There the course changes to the east, or a little north of east, and continues in that general direction to a tributary of the Ai-kansas river, about 50 miles west of Wichita, Kan. Bandelier, in his "Gilded Man," says the general direction from Cicnye was northeast, and that "on the fourth day he crossed a river that was so deep that they had to throw a bridge across it. This was perhaps the Rio de Mora, and not, as T formerly thought, the little Gallinas, which flows by Las Vegas. But it was more probably the Canadian river, into 452 CYCLOPEDIA OF which the Alora empties." The same writer, in his reports of the Hem- enway archaelogical expedition, says that after crossing the river Coro- nado moved northeast for twenty days, when the course was changed to almost east until he reached a stream "which flowed in the bottom of a broad and deep ravine, where the army divided, Coronado, witlt 30 picked horsemen, going north and the remainder of the force returning to Mexico. Hodge's map, in his "Spanish Explorations in the Southern United States," shows the course of the expedition to be southeast from Cicuye to the crossing of the Canadian river ; thence east and southeast to the headwaters of the Colorado river in Texas, where the division of the arm}' took place. Winship goes a little more into detail than any of the other writers. Says he : "The two texts of the Relacion del Suceso differ on a vital point ; but in spite of this fact, I am inclined to accept the evidence of this anonymous document as the most reliable testimony concerning the direction of the army's march. According to this, the Spaniards traveled diie east across the plains for 100 leagues (265 miles) and then 50 leagues either south or southeast. The latter is the reading 1 should prefer to adopt, because it accommodates the other details somewhat better. This took them to the point of separation, which can hardly have been south of the Red river, and was much more likely somewhere along the north fork of the Canadian, not far above its junction with the main stream." At the time the army divided in May, Coronado reckoned thai ho was 250 leagues from Tiguex. The reasons for the separation were tlic scar- city of food for the men and the weakened condition of many of the horses, which were unable to continue the march. During the marcli to this point a native kept insisting that the Turk was lying, and the In- dians whom they met failed to corroborate the Turk's account. Coro- nado's suspicions were finally aroused. He sent tdr the Turk, (jnestioned him closely, and made him confess that he had been untruthful. The Indian still maintained, however, that Quivira existed, thb for social enjoyment; 7 — the maintenance of a public or private cemetery ; 8 — the prevention or punishment of theft or willful injuries to property, and insurance against such risks; 9 — the insurance of human life and dealing in Annuities; 10 — the insurance of human beings against sickness or personal injury: ii — the insurance of lives of domestic animals or against their loss by other means; 12 — the insurance of property — marine risks ; 13 — the insurance of property against loss or injury by fire, or by any risk of inland transportation ; 14 — the purchase, location, and laying out of town sites and the sale and conveyance of the same in lots or subdivisions or otherwise; 15 — the construction and maintenance of a railway and of a telegraph line in connection therewith ; 16 — the construction and maintenance of any species of road and of bridges in connection therewith ; 17 — the con- struction and maintenance of a bridge; 18 — the construction and main- tenance of a telegrajih line; 10 — the establishment and maintenance of a line of stages; 20 — the establishnieiit and maintenance of a ferry; 21 — the building and navigation of steamboats and carriage of persons and property th'ercon ; 22 — the construction and maintenance of a telephone line; 2"^ — the suppl_\- of water to the public; 24— the manufacture and supply of gas or the sujiply of light or heat, to the public of any other means; 25 — the production and supply of light, heal or power by dec- KANSAS HISTORY 455 tricily ; 26 — the transaction of any manufacturing, mining, mechanical or chemical business ; 27 — the transaction of a printing and publishing business ; 28 — the establishment and maintenance of a hotel ; 29 — the establishment and maintenance of a theater or opera-house ; 30 — the pur- chase, erection and maintenance of buildings, including the real estate upon which same are or may be situated when erected ; 31 — the improve- ment of the breed ©f domestic animals by importation, sale or other- wise ; 32 — the transportation of goods, wares, merchandise or any valu- able thing; 33 — the promotion of immigration ; 34 — the construction and maintenance of sewers ; 35 — the construction and maintenance of street railways ; 36 — the erection and maintenance of market-houses and mar- ket-places; 37 — the construction and maintenance of dams and canals for the purpose of waterworks, irrigation or manufacturing purposes ; 38 — the construction, maintenance and operation of union stock-yards, and the erection of such buildings, hotels, railways and' switches as may be necessary for that purpose ; 39 — the conversion and disposal of agri- cultural products by means of mills, elevators, markets and stores, or otherwise ; 40 — the organization and maintenance of boards of trade and business exchanges, with powers to hold and improve real estate and to transact any and all business connected therewith ; 41 — the organization of loan and trust companies (but this privilege is not construed to author- ize such loan and trust companies to sell real estate held as security, except in the manner provided by law) ; 42 — the organization and con- trol of building and loan associations ; 43 — the organization and control of banks ; 44 — to raise necessary funds by an}^ settlers on any Indian lands in this state to defray expenses in endeavoring to obtain title to any such land so occupied by such settlers; 45 — the manufacture of any • kind of machinery, or the transaction of any manufacturing or mining business, including the selling, hiring or leasing of engines, cars, rolling- stock and other equipments for railroads to railroad companies ; 46 — the insurance of crops against damages by hail-storms : and 47 — the insur- ance of plate glass, etc. Telephone companies have all the rights and powers conferred and are subject to all the liabilities imposed by the general laws of this state upon telegraph companies. The corporate name of every corporation (except banks and corporations not for pecuniary profit) must com- mence with the word "the," and end with the word "corporation," "com- pany," "association," or "society," and must indicate by its corporate name the character of the business to be carried on bv the corporation. The charter of a corporation must set forth the name of the corporation; the purposes for which it is formed ; the place or places where its busi- ness is to be transacted; the term for which it is to exist; the number of its directors or trustees, and the names and residences of those who are appointed for the first year ; the amount of its capital", if any, and the number of shares into which it is divided ; the names and addresses of the stockholders, and the number of shares held by each ; and must be subscribed and acknowledged by five or more of the stockholders. 456 CYCLOPEDIA OF three of whom, at least, must be citizens of tliis state. The charter of a road company must also state the kind of road intended to be con- structed ; the places from and to which it is intended to run ; the counties through which it is intended to be run ; and the estimated length of the road. The charter of a bridge or ferry company must also state the stream intended to be crossed, and the place where it is intended to be crossed by the bridge or ferry. There is created a State Charter Board, composed of the attorney- general, the secretary of state, and the state bank commissioner, which meets on the first and third Wednesdaj'S of each month in the office of the secretary of state. The attorney-general is the president and the secre- tary of state is the secretary of the board. Persons seeking to form a private corporation under the laws of the State of Ivansas must make application to this board, ttpon blank forms supplied by the secretary of state, for permission to organize such corporation. The application must set forth the name desired for the corporation ; the name of the postoffice where the principal office or place of business is to be located ; the full nature and character of the business in which the corporation proposes to engage ; the names and addresses for the proposed incor- porators, and the proposed amount of the capital stock. Such state- ment must be subscribed to by all of the proposed incorporators. The charter board must make a careful investigation of each application and inquire especially with reference to the character of the business in which the proposed incorporation is to engage. If the board shall determine that the business or undertaking is one for which a corporation may law- fully l)e formed, and that the applicants are acting in good faith, the ap- plication is granted and a certificate setting forth such fact shall be en- dorsed upon the application and signed by the members of the charter board approving the same. The charter of every private corporation, alter the payment of the fees provided by law has been endorsed thereon by the secretary of state, is filed in the office of that official, who records the same at length in a book kept for that purpose and retains the original on file in liis office, giving a certified copy of it to the incorporators. A copy of the charter or of the record thereof, duly certified by the secretary of state under the seal of his office, is evidence of the creation nf ilic corjioration. The existence of a private corporation begins on the da\' the charter is filed in the office of the secretary of state and continues for a period of fifty years, 'i'he certificate of the secretary of state under the seal of his office is evidence of the time of such filing, but mi curimration for profit, excepting railroad ciirimratiiins, l);inking corporations and luiihl- ing and loan associations, can conunence business until there is filed with the secretary of state an affidavit, made by its president or secretary, setting forth* that nnt less than 20 per cent, of its authorized capital has 1)ccn paid in actual cash or in property e(Hii\aiciil thereto. .\ schedule rif such property must in such e.isc .■n-coin|iaii\ thr allid.ixit. Any corporation organized or existing m.iy aiiund its charter liy the KANSAS HISTORY 457 affirmative vote of two-thirds of the shares of the sttjck of such cor- poration, at a meeting of the stockholders called for the purpose, in con- formity with the by-laws thereof. When a corporation amends any of the provisions of its charter, a copy of such amendment, certified by the president and secretary of the corporation, must l)e submitted to the state charter board, and, when approved by such board, shall be filed in the office of-the secretary of state, along with the original char- ter of the corporation. Such amendments take effect and are in force from and after the date of filing the certificate of amendment. When the name of a corporation has been changed, or where the capital has been decreased, or when the location of the principal office or place of business has been changed, notice of such change of name, decrease of capital stock, or change of location, must immediately there- after be published once each week for four consecutive weeks in a newspaper printed and published in the county where the principal office of the corporation is located. If there be no newspaper printed or pub- lished in such county, then in some newspaper having a general circula- titm therein. Any corporation organized under the laws of this state may increase its capital to any amount not exceeding three times that of its authorized capital by vote of the stockholders, or such corporation may increase its capital to any amount by vote, provided there be an actual, bona fide, additional paid-up subscription thereto equal to the amount of such increase; and such increase must become a part of the capital of the corporation from and after the date of filing the certificate of such amendment in the office of the secretary of state. Each application to the charter board for permission to organize a dornestic corporation, or to engage in business in this state as a foreign corporation, must be accomplished by a fee of $25, which is known as an application fee ; but corporations organized for religious, educational or charitable purposes, having no capital stock, are not required to pay such fee. Every corporation for profit organized in this state must pay to the secretary of state, at the time of filing its articles of incorporation, a fee known as a capitalization fee, based upon the amount of the authorized capital of the corporation : For a corporation having an authorized capital of $100,000 or less, the fee is one-tenth of one per cent, of the amount, but the minimum capitalization fee paid by any corpora- tion is $10. For a corporation having an authorized capital greater than $100,000, the capitalization fee is $100, and, in addition thereto, one- twentieth of one per cent, of the amount of such capital over or in excess of $100,000. Corwin, a village of Blaine township. Harper county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 17 miles southwest of Anthony, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices^ telephone connections, a hotel, a good local trade, and in 1910 reported a population of 125. It is the principal shipping point for the south- western part of the county. 458 CYCLOPEDIA OF Costello, a discontinued postoffice in Montgomery county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 15 miles northwest of Independence, the county seat, and 6 miles north of Elk City, from which place it receives daily mail. Cotton. — The cotton of commerce, now so widely used throughout the civilized world in the manufacture of textile fabrics, is the product of several varieties of plants belonging to the genus gossypium, natural order malacese, of which the best known species is the gossypium bar- badense, the cotton that is cultivated so extensively in the L'nited States. Of this plant there are two varieties — the long staple, or sea-island cot- ton, which is grown exclusively upon the islands along the coast and in a few places on the mainland in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina, and the short staple, or upland cotton, which is successfully grown everywhere in the L'nion south of the 35th parallel. A small quantity is raised north of that line, but is usually of an inferior quality. India is the oldest cotton producing country in the world. In the early part of the seventh century the manufacture of cotton cloth was introduced into Spain by the Mohammedans, and in course of time it spread to all the European countries. In 1721 the first cotton was planted in Virginia, and eleven or twelve years later it was introduced in Georgia and South Carolina. The cotton crop of the colonies in 1790 was a little less than 9,000 bales. Three years later the cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney, and in 1800 the crop was nearly 180,000 bales, much of the increase being due to Whitney's invention. By i860 the production reached to over 5,000,000 bales, with an average weight of 445 pounds. Then came the great Civil war, during which the Southern ports were in a state of blockade, so that the cotton could not find an outlet to market, and the production practically ceased. It was in this period that the experiment of raising cotton in the North- ern states was tried. Illinois, Indiana. West Virginia, Nevada, Utah, California and Kansas all joined the ranks of the cotton growing states, and while the amount raised was not sufficient to supply the demand, and the quality was not as good as that of the cotton grown farther south, at the close of the war these states were producin.c: annually some- thing like 300,000 pounds of cotton. The experiment was tried in practically every county of Kansas, but it was found that only the southern portion of the state was adapted to the cultivation of cotton. After the v\ar came the reconstruction period, during which the industries of the Snnth were almost completely ]iara- lyzed. so that it was several years before the cotton growing states were able to produce anything like a normal crop. As late as 1878 cotton was grown in 22 counties of Kansas, the report of the state board of agri- culture for that year showing that there were 508 acres planted in cotton, and the value of the crop was $8,523.70. More than one-half the entire amriunt was raised in Crawford county, where there were 333 acres of cotton fields and the value of the product was $5,833.50. From that time cotton growing in the state gradnnlly declined, owing to the fad that the KANSAS HISTOR'i- 459 Southern states were increasing their production, and the cost of labor in those states made it impossible for the Kansas cotton planter to com- pete with them. The report of the state board of agriculture for 1-910 shows that cotton was raised in but two counties of the state — 10 acres in Cowley cotinty and 24 acres in Montgomery — and the value f)f the entire crop was but $790. Cottonwood FaUs, the judicial seat and largest town of Chase county, is located in the central part of the county on the Cottonwood river, at the junction of two lines of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. It is a well built little city with good appearing business houses, some ol' them elegantly constructed with plate glass windows, etc. There are 2 banks, 2 weekly newspapers (the Chase County Leader and the Cur- rant and Reveille). It is also an important market for farm produce. A fine quality of limestone is quarried near by and shipped from this point, and brick for building and walks is manufactured in considerable quan- tities. The town is supplied with tetegraph and express offices and had an international money order postoffice with one rural route. The popu- lation according to the census of 1910 was 899. Cottonwood Falls was made the temporary count}' seat upon the organization of the county in 1859. In 1862, having received a majority of the votes for the permanent county seat, it was declared such. The town became a city of the third class in 1872. The first officers were: Mayor, W. S. Smith ; city clerk, M. C. Newton ; marshal, C. C. Whitson ; police judge, J. S. Doolittle ; councilmen, George W. Williams, A. S. Howard and a number of others. As early as May. 1859, a newspaper was started by S. N. Wood called the Kansas Press. It was moved to Council Grove later and in 1866 Mr. Wood started the Chase County Banner. The earliest paper to sur- vive was the Chase County Leader, established in 1871 by William A. Morgan. The first bank was the Chase County National, established in 1882. The first churches were built about the year 1870. Cottonwood Falls is on the south side of the river and Strong ■Cit\. the railroad station, is on the nnrth side. The two are a mile and a half apart and are connected by street cars. Cottonwood River, one of the principal tributaries of the Neosho, is formed by the union of two branches known as the north and south forks. The north fork rises near the west- line of Marion countv, in township 30 south, range i east. It first flows southeast, crossing the east line of Marion county about 12 miles north of the southeast corner, and thence northeast to Cottonwood Falls, Chase county. The south fork rises in the northwest corner of Greenwood county^ and flows north- ward until it joins the north fork a short distance belo-w Cottonwood Falls. The main stream then follows an easterly course until it falls into the Neosho a few miles east of Emporia. Council Grove, the county seat of Morris county and one of the his- toric towns of Kansas, is pleasantly situated in the eastern part of the county, on the Neosho river at an altitude of 1,234 feet, and at the June- 460 CYCLOPEDIA OF tion of the Missouri Pacific and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas rail- roads. It has I national and i state bank, an international money order postoffice with five rural routes, express and telegraph offices, a tele- phone exchange, an electric lighting plant and waterworks, both of which are owned by the city, grain elevators, three newspapers (the Re- publican, the Guard, and the Morris County Advance), an opera-house, good hotels, a public library, an excellent public school system, churches of the leading denominations, marble and granite works, and a number of well appointed mercantile establishments. The population in 1910 was 2,545. The first settler at Council Grove was Seth M. Hays, who established a trading post there in 1847, i" "^ 'og cabin a few rods west of the Neosho river on the north side of the old Santa Fe trail. The next year a man named Mitchell came to Council Grove as a government black- smith, bringing with him his wife, who was the first white woman in Morris county. The Kaw mission was established in 1850, and in Alay, 185 1, T. S. HufFaker opened a school, which was one of the first schools attended by white children in Kansas. Other early settlers were the Chouteau brothers, the Columbia brothers and C. H. Withington, who came as traders, and during the early '50s their establishments formed "the last chance for supplies" for travelers bound for the Great \\'est. In Oct., 1854, Gov. Reeder visited Council Grove, with a view to making it the territorial capital, but the land was at that time an Indian posses- sion. A man named Gilke}" opened tlie first hotel in 1836, and in 1858 the town was incorporated, tlie incor])orators being T. S. Huffaker, Seth M. Hays, Iliram Northrui) and Christopher Columbia. The place where Council Grove now stands was mentioned by trav- elers as early as 1820, and in 1825 the treaty was here negotiated with the Osage Indians for the right of way for the government road known as the Santa Fe trail, a portion of which now forms the main street of the cit)'. There has been considerable speculation, and various rc])orts have been circulated, as to how the ]ilace received the name of Council Grove. Cutler's History of Kansas says it originated from the fact that emigrant trains were accustcmied to assemble there, and the leaders of those trains would hold a "council'" to determine means of safety while passing througli the Indian cnuntry farther west. Gregg, in his Com- merce of the Prairies, says: "Frequent attempts have been made \>y tra\elers to in\est Cmincil Grove with a romantic sort of interest, nf which the following fabulous vagary, which 1 (ind in a letter tJial went the rounds of our journals is an amusing examjile : 'Here the Pawnee, Arapahoe, Comanche, I-oup and Eutaw Indians, all of whom were at war with each other, meet and smoke the pipe once a year.' Now it is more tlian iirdi.iblc ih.u imt a soul of most of the tribes mentioned above ever saw tlie Council Grove. Tiie facts connected witJi the designation of this spot are sim- ply these. Messrs. Reeves, Sibley and Mathers, having been comniis- sionefl bv the I'niterl ."states in 182=;. to ni;irk a road from the confines KANSAS HISTORY 461 of Missouri to Santa Fe, met on this sput with some bands of Usages, witli wiium they concluded a treaty, 'flic cuniniissioners on this occa- sion gave to the place the name of "Council Grove.' " L'ndcr the trer known as the "Council (J)ak'', stands a granite marker, five feet in height, on one side of which is the inscription: "On this spot, Aug. 10, 1825, the treaty was made with the Osage Indians for the right of way for the Santa h'e trail." The inscription on the other side reads : "Santa Fe Trail, 1822-1872. Marked by the D. A. R. and the State of Kansas, 1906." There are a number of places and objects of his- toric interest about Council Grove. The most important of these are the Council Oak, the Custer Elm. Fre- mont Park, Belfry Hill, Sun- rise Rock, the Hermit's Ca\e and the Padilla Monument. Courtland, one of the principal towns in the western part of Republic county, is located in the township of the same name, at the junction of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroads, which makes it one of the best shipping [joints for that section of the county. Courtland was settled in I1SS5 and was incor- porated in 1892. The population in 1910 was 454. It is provided with an international money order postoffice with three rural routes, express and telegraph offices, 2 weekly newspapers — the Comet and the Register — . an opera house, good banking facilities, hotels, churches of various denominations, and in the summer of 1910 a $10,000 school building was erected. Courts. — The tribunals of Kansas consist of a United States circuit court, a United States district court, a state supreme court, thirty-eight district courts, municipal courts in certain cities, and at least one jus- tice of the peace in each civil township. The United States circuit court. William C. Hook, judge, meets at Topeka on the fourth Monday in November, at Leavenworth on the first Mondav in Tune, at Fort Scott AK AT COUXCIL GlioX'E. 4^12 CYCLOPEDIA OF on the first Monday in May and the second Monday in November, and at Wichita on the second Monday in March and September. The United States district court, John C. Pollock, judge, meets at Topeka on the second Monday in April, at Leavenworth on the second ]\Ion- day in October, and at Fort Scott and Wichita at the same limes as the circuit court. Originally the state supreme court consisted of three justices, but by a constitutional amendment, ratified at the general election of 1900, the number of justices was increased to seven. (See Constitutional Amendments.) In 191 1 the court was composed as follows: Chief Jus- tice, William A. Johnston; associate justices, Rousseau A. Burch, Henry F. Mason, Clark A. Smith, Silas Porter, Charles B. Graves and Alfred W. Benson. The. clerk of the court at that time was D. .\. Valentine, and the reporter was L. J. Graham. (See also Judiciary.) Covert, a village of Osborne county, is located on a creek of the same name about 15 miles southwest of Osborne, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice with one rural route, a daily mail hack running to Osborne, and is a trading center for the neighborhood. The popula- tion was 75 in 1910. Covode Investigation. — On March 5, i860, John Covode, a member of Congress from PennsA'lvania, introduced the following resolution in the national house of representatives: "Resolved, That a committee of five members be appointed by the speaker, for the purpose of investi- gating whether thf jiresident of the L'nited States, or any other officer of the government, has, by money, patronage, or other improper means, sought to influence the action of Congress, or any committee thereof, for or against the passage of any law appertaining to the rights of any state or territory ; also, to inquire into and investigate whether any officer or officers of the government have, by combination or otherwise, prevented or defeated, or attempted to prevent or defeat, the execution of any law or laws now upon the statute book, and whether the President has failed or refused to compel the cxcculion of any law thereof: and that said committee shall investigate and inquire into the abuses at the Chicago or other postoffices, and at the Philadelphia and other navy yards, and into any abuses in connection with the public buildings and other public works of the Tnited States. "And resolved further: That as the President, in his letter ti^ the Pittsburgh centenary celebration of Nov. 25, 1858, speaks of the em- ployment of monej' to coerce elections, said committee shall inquire into and ascertain the amount so used in Pennsylvania, and any other state or states, in what districts it was expended, and by whom, and by whose authority it was done, and from what source the money was derived, and to report the names of the parties implicated: and that for the purpose aforesaid, said committee shall have power to send the persons and papers, and to report at any time." The resolution was adopted by a vote of 117 to 45, and the speaker appointed on the committee John Covode of Pennsylvania. .'Xbram B. KANSAS illSTOKV 463 Olin of New York, Charles R. Train of Massachusetts, Warren Wins- low of North Carolina, and James C. Robinson of Illinois. The resolu- tion, as will be seen at a glance, was wide in its scope, and, even if somewhat vague in its charges as intimated by its opponents, was sweeping in its pravisions. The committee organized at once and held daily sessions until June i6, when it submitted its report, which was published .as Decument No. 648, Thirty-sixth Congress, First ses- sion, a volume of nearly 1,100 pages. Only the first part of the resolution related to Kansas — thnt I /lien as to whether the president or any officer ■ rnnient had exercised an undue influence to prevent the pa.-..-ay^ .j. any law affecting the right of any state or territory. On this subject the major- ity report of the committee says: "Your committee first direct atten- tion of the house to that portion of the testimony which relates to the Kansas policy of the present administration of the government. The patriot will mourn., the historian will pause with astonishment over this shameless record. Accustomed as the American people are to the errors and crimes of those in power, they will read this exposure with feelings of unmingled indignation. The facts revealed hv the te'^ti- mony prove conclusively — "I — 1'he enipluitic and uiimislakal)le pledges of the ])rc.sidcnt. as well before as after his election, and the pledges of all his cabinet to the doctrine of leaving the people of Kansas 'perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own wa}'.' "2 — The deliberate violation of this pledge, and the attempt to con- k'ert Kansas into a slave state by means of forgeries, frauds, and force. "3 — The removal of, and the attempt to disgrace, the sworn agents of the administration who refused to violate this pledge. ''4 — -The open employment of mone}' in the passage of the Lecump- ton Constitution and English bills through the Congress of the United States. "5 — The admission of the parties engaged in the work of election- eering those schemes that they received enormous sums for this pur- pose, and proof in the checks upon which they were paid by an agent of the administration. "6 — ^The offer to purchase newspapers and newspaper editors by oiTers of extravagant sums of money. "7 — And finally the proscription of Democrats of high standing who would not support the Lecompton Constitution and English bills." Among the witnesses examined by the committee concerning the Kansas policy of the administration were ex-Gov. Robert J. ^^'alker, ex-Gov. Samuel Medary, A. J. Isaacs, M. P. Bean, Henry Wilson, Ellis B. Schnabel, Thomas C. McDowell, and a number of members of Con- gress who testified to having received, or having been offered money to support the Lecompton Constitution bill. With regard to the testi- mony of ex-Gov. Walker the report says: '"The evidence of Hon. 464 CYCLOPEDIA OF Robert J. \\'alker is conclusive as to the first of these facts ; aiui it is so compact and clear as to require no comment. . . . The treat- ment which Gov. Walker received evinces a depth of ingratitude unusual among" politicians. It shows how, even in our happy country, power may not only be used to destro}' an honest citizen, but also may be wielded to overthrow the vital elements of constitutional liberty." The majority report closes by stating: "The testimony is now in possession of the house, and your committee have no further sugges- tions to offer." This report was signed by Covode, Olin and Train, and a minority report was submitted by Mr. Winslow. After going into details regarding the testimony — details that grow tiresome to the reader — he closes his report as follows : "As the majority of the committee has not thought proper to introduce articles of impeach- ment or censure, the undersigned is streng"thened in the opinion that the whole intent of the resolution was to manufacture an electioneer- ing document. At all events, the failure to take such action is a clear indication on the part of the majority that none was justified by the evidence, in which opinion the undersigned fully concurs." Cowboys. — The name '"Cowboys" was first ap])lied to a band of Tories which was organized in W^estchester county. X. Y., at the time of the .\merican Revolution for the purpose of harassing the Whigs and colonists who were fighting for freedom from Rrilish oppression, their specialty being that of driving off or stealing cattle. In later days the term came into use to designate the men who had charge of the herds of cattle on the large ranges in the western part of the I'nited States. The cowboy of modern times has been eulogized in song and story, and numerous dramas have been presented on the American stage, in which he has figured as a hero or a villain, according to the idea of the playwright. At the time of the Spanish-.\merican war a large number of cowboys enlisted in the volunteer cavalry of the United States, under the name of "Rough Riders," and were active in the campaign against Santiago, Cuba. Opinions ditTer as to the character and merits of the western cowboy. W^illiam D. Street, in an address before the Kansas Historical Society on Dec. 6, 1904, said: "The cowboy, who stood the brunt of the battle and acted as a buffer between civilization and barbarism, was here in all his ])ristine glory. They, as a class, have been much abused. I'.iit few loughs were to be found among the genuine cowboys of tlio West. They were generally a genteel set of men, in many instances well educated, always generous, some possessing excellent business qualifications. There was, however, a class who hung out at the shipping points, who did not belong to the cowboys, but lived off of them. They generally created most of the disturbances, shot up the towns, did the fighting and kill- ing. This class were the gamblers and salotm keepers; most of them, it is true, 'came up the trail,' and when they went broke turned to the range to raise a stake as cowboys. This disreputable class caused the rows, and the cowbov was given the credit (or discicdit") for the KANSAS IIISTORV 465 trouble, when in reality he usually had little or no part in the dis- turbance." J. T. Botkin, another Kansas man, now employed in the secretary of state's office, in the Topeka Capital of Nov. 21, 1910, has this to say of the cowboys : "I do not see things as the romancers do. . . . I have lived with the cowboys and been one of them ; have worked with them in the branding pen, on the round-up 'and the trail for weary weeks at a time; have lived with them in camp; have slept with them in all kinds of weather with only my saddle blanket for a bed, my saddle for a pillow, and the blue sky for a covering. I have sat on the back of a broncho during the silent watches of the night, humming softly to the herd and watching the course of the stars that I might know when to call the next 'relief.' I have been with them when we shipped the beef to Kansas City, and have seen and known them under almost every condition and ought to, and I believe I do, know something about their habits and character. "The real cowboy, the fellow about whom the songs, the plays and the stories have been written, and on whom so much gush has been wasted, was a very ordinary fellow. He was the best practical rider in the world. He possessed about the average intelligence, but he was usually illiterate and coarse. He was not overly cleanly about his person. He lacked energy and was without ambition. His language was profane and of the style of the braggart. He delighted to hear himself called 'Texas Jack,' 'Cimarron Dave,' 'Arizona,' or some other, to him, high sounding name. His habits were very bad and when he struck town he. sought the companionship of the evil and filled his skin with red liquor. He rode through the streets, shot holes in the atmos- phere and tried to rope a dog. He did this to impress the people with the idea that he was a 'Bad man from Bitter creek.' Ninety-nine times out of a hundred it was all bluff and bluster. . The country of 'magnificent distances' seemed to dwarf rather than to broaden him. He had no part nor interest in the greater affairs of life and neither his occupation nor environment tended to develop him. To be able to ride a horse, read the brands and rope a steer when necessary was all- that was required of him, and he naturally drifted into shiftless and lazy habits. "Compared to other characters of the border, he was not 'quick with the gun.' Ask any old timer of Dodge City, Baxter Springs, Hays or Abilene and he will tell you that but few gun fights between the gamblers and cowboys were won by the latter. He was an easy vic- tim and his money was a gift to the gambler." Such are the views of two Kansas men regarding the cowboy. And while these views seem to be contradictory, both may be right. It depends upon the point of view. Among the cowboys, as in all other occupations, there were doubtless men above the general average and others who fell below. In the former class would be found the men described by Mr. Street, and in the latter the "ordinarv fellow" men- (I-30) 466 CYCLOPEDIA OF tioned by Mr. Botkin. With the settlement of the West came the passing of the cowboy. Those above tlie average readily adapted themselves to changed conditions and entered other occupations. Some became ranch owners, others small tradesmen, etc. Those below the line — or at least many of them — drifted still lower down in their habits and associations until they dropped from view below the social horizon. One trait of the cowboy is worthy of more than passing notice. He was generally loyal to his employer and to his comrades on the ranch or range. The interests of the "boss" were carefully guarded, and when the boys belonging to an "outfit" went to town together, if one of them got into trouble the others could usualh' be depended on to help him out of it, even at the expense of personal risk. But the cow- boy with his fanciful costume and jingling spurs has gone, never to return. Just as the railroad put the old stage coach and the pony express out of business, so the homesteader and the husbandman have relegated the cowboy to the institutions of the past. Cow Creek. — One stream bearing this name rises in the central part of Crawford county and flows southward through the counties of Craw- ford and Cherokee until it empties into the Spring river near the city of Galena. Another and more important Cow creek rises in the north- ern part of Barton county and flows in a southeasterly direction, its waters falling into the Arkansas river a little below the city of Hutch- inson. This Cow creek was crossed by Lieut. Pike near the present town of Claflin on Oct. 10, 1806, and Fowler's journal of the Glenn expedition for Oct. 15, 1821, contains the following entr}- : "We set out at our usual time up the River N. 80 W^est and st(ipiio(). at which time the battle flags of the several regiments were presented to the state. Senator Lane's death on July 11 left a vacancy in the I'nilcd States senate, which Gov. Crawford filled on the 2oih b\ ihc a])poiiit- ment of Edmund G. Ross. At a Republican convention in To])eka on Sept. 5, (iov. Crawford wai rcnoniinatud, receiving 64 voles \i> iS fur \iidrcw \kin nf Aburis KANSAS IIISTOK')' 479 coiinly. Nehemiah Green was lujininated for lieutenant-governor; H. A. Barker and John R. Swallow were nominated for secretary of state and audilur; and the ticket was cuni|)letcd by the iinniinatiun of Alar- tin Anderson for treasurer; Peter McVicar for superintendent of pub- lic instruction ; George H. Hoyt for attorney-general ; Samuel A. King- man for chief justice of the supreme court, and Sidney Clarke for representative in Congress. At that time the controversj- between President Andrew Jackson and Congress over the reconstruction policy was at its height, and the platform declared : "That in the great and awful wickedness which our president has perpetrated in making treason a virtue and loyalty a crime; in giving to rebels protection, and to their anarchy the sanction of law : in cast- ing upon the noble and sacrificing L'nionists of the South the scorn and insolence of tyrannic power; in fostering and encouraging the spirit of disaiifection among the rebels, and in crushing the dawning hopes of the freedmen ; in usurping and overriding the authorit}- of Congress, and in trampling upon the sovereignty of the states ; and in his audacious and crowning wickedness in calling our representatives 'An assumed Congress,' meaning the tyrant's threat at anarchy and absolute power — has lost our confidence and respect, and to his inso- lence and threats we hurl back our defiance- and scorn." This was strong language, but from it the student of a younger generation ma}' learn how high the sectional and partisan feelings ran during the years immediately following the Civil war. The platform indorsed the Congress of the United States, especially the senators and representatives from Kansas, and recommended the next legisla- ture to submit to a vote of the people the question of impartial sufifrage. On Sept. 20 the National Union state convention met at Topeka and named an opposition ticket, as follows : J. L. McDowell, gov- ernor; J. R. McClure, lieutenant-governor; M. Quigg, secretary of state; N. S. Goss, auditor; I. S. Walker, treasurer: Ross Burns, attor- ney-general ; Joseph Bond, superintendent of public instruction ; Nel- son Cobb, chief justice; Charles W. Blair, representative in Congress. The convention gave an unequivocal indorsement to President John- son's policy vvith regard to the Southern states, in a resolution declar- ing: "That in the great crisis of our country, growing out of the dis- agreement between Congress and the administration, we heartily indorse the policy of President Johnson in liis manly defense of the constitution and the Union against the assaults of a partisan Congress and a fanatical party to destroy the government bequeathed to us by our fathers." On questions relating to Kansas afifairs, the platform declared that "The prodigality, corruption and imbecility of the present officials of this state merit and ought to receive the severest reprobation of the honest, tax-ridden people of the state," and condemned "the criminal conduct of the present executive in neglecting or refusing to extend the protection of the state to the hardy pioneers of our western borders 483 CYCLOPEDIA OF against Indian hostilities and savage barbarities daily and notoriously committed against them." Notwithstanding this severe arraignment of Gov. Crawford by the opposition party, he was reelected by an increased vote on Nov. 6, 1866. In 1864 his majority over Solon O. Thacher was 4.939. while in 1866 he received 19.370 votes, and his opponent, J. L. McDowell, received only 8,152. All the candidates on the Republican state ticket were elected b)' similar pluralities, and the party had a substantial majoritj"- in each branch of the legislature which met on Jan. 8, 1867. At the session Nehemiah Green, the newly elected lieutenant-gov- ernor, presided over the deliberations of the senate, and Preston B. Plumb was elected speaker of the house. Gov. Crawford submitted his annual message on the 9th. He reviewed at length the financial con- dition of the state, showing the total indebtedness to be $660,896.28, with the resources only slightly less. With regard to the educational progress of the state during the preceding year, he called attention to the fact that there had been an increase of 150 in the number of school districts; the number of teachers had increased 187, and there had been an increase of nearly $200,000 in the value of school property — not a bad exhibit for Kansas in the sixth year of her statehood. The mes- sage also gave a great deal of detailed information concerning the penal and benevolent institutions of the state ; the progress in the erec- tion of the new capitol ; urged legislation in behalf of the agricultural interests and to promote railroad building, and recommended that steps ' be taken to encourage immigration. On the subject of Indian hostilities, in connection with which the governor had been severely criticised by one of the political conventions the preceding year, the message says: "The Indians on our western border, during the. past year, have been guilty of frequent depredations and murders. The expenses would have been so enormous that I did not feel justified, under existing cir- cumstances, in attempting the defense of the frontier by the militia of the state. It would have been useless to attempt it unless by keeping troops at all times scouting in that portion of the state ; and it was impossible after the depredations or murders were committed to col- lect a force and overtake the perpetrators, as ample time must neces- sarily intervene to make good their escape before troops could oven reach the scene of their disturbances." The governor then goes on to explain the efforts he made to pro- tect the settlers on the frontier by trying to induce the general gov- ernment to send troops to that section of the state, or at least to pro- vide the settlers with arms and annnunition. and maintains that the reason for his failure to afl'ord such protection as the settlers required was not due to negligence on his part, but to absolute helplessness. He submitted to tlie legislature the proposed Article XIV of the Federal constitution (better known perhaps as the Fourteenth Amend- ment), and in connection tlierewith said: "Tlie abolition of slavery, the investment by the law- "f ""'Migress of all persons born within the KANSAS HISTORY 4K1 United States, or in case of foreigners when naturalized with citizen- ship, has precipitated upon us, as a practical question, sooner than many desired, the question of impartial suffrage. If we desired, we could not longer avoid the issue. ... I recommend that you provide for submitting to a vote of the people, at the next general election, a propo- sition to strike the word "white" from our state constitution ; and that all who gave aid or comfort, during the rebellion, to the enemies of the government, be forevei disqualified and debarred from exercising the rights, privileges and immunities of loyal citizens of Kansas." In referring to the appointment of Mr. Ross to the United States senate, he also reminded the legislature that the term of Senator Pome- roy expired on the 4th of the following March, and, the appointment of Ross having been made ad interim, two senators must be elected during the session. Accordingly the two houses met in joint conven- tion on Jan. 23, and elected Edmund G. Ross for the short term — the unexpired term of Gen. Lane — and reelected Samuel C. Pomeroy for the long term. Only one ballot was taken in each instance. For the short term Ross received 68 votes ; Thomas Carney, 40, and Samuel A. Riggs, I. For the long term Pomeroy received 84 votes and Albert L. Lee 25. On the subject of Indian titles the governor said in his message of 1867 : "In my last message I presented to the legislature the fact (as I then and still believe), that the boundary lines claimed by the Chero- kees to the Cherokee Neutral Lands, and by the Osages to the lands occupied by them, were not in accordance with the treaties made by the government with these tribes, that those lands were unjustly claimed and held, and that they in right and justice were subject to settle- ment. During the year just passed, thousands of immigrants have settled on these lands and the Indians finally ceded their alleged claims to the government. The rights of the settlers on these lands should be sacredly and securely guarded. A commission is now in the state to ascertain upon what terms or conditions the different tribes now own- ing reservations will relinquish their rights thereto, and remove to what is known as the Indian Country. The best interests of the state and the future prosperity of the Indians unite in demanding their speedy removal." (See Indian Treaties.) The legislature adjourned on March 6. During the session the Four- teenth Amendment was ratified ; an issue of $100,000 in bonds was authorized for the construction of the new capitol : a similar amount was authorized for the benefit of the penitentiary; an issue of $15,500 for the deaf and dtimb asylum ; a number of county boundaries were changed; steps were taken for the establishment of a blind asylum at Wyandotte ; and the payment of the Price raid claims were assumed by the state. Three constitutional amendments were proposed — one to strike the word "white" from the organic law of the state ; one to strike out the word "male," and the third disfranchising certain classes of persons. (I-31) 482 CYCLOPEDIA OF Early in the summer of 1867 the Indians on the western border again became troublesome, especially toward those engaged in railroad building, and on June 29 Gov. Crawford received authority to organize and call out a battalion to protect the frontier. The result was the organization of the Eighteenth Kansas — four companies — which was mustered in for four months. The battalion was commanded by Maj. H. L. Moore, formerly lieutenant-colonel of the Fourth Arkansas cavalry. In October Gen. W. T. Sherman notified the governor that the United States would pay the men when they were mustered out, which was done at Fort Harker on Nov. 15. A number of prominent Republicans met in convention at Lawrence on Sept. 5 and organized a campaign in favor of negro suffrage, but in opposition to female suffrage. On the i8th of the same month a Democratic convention at Leavenworth declared in opposition to all three of the ])roposed constitutional amendments. The election was held on Xov. 5. The proposition to strike the word "white" from the state constitution was defeated by a vote of 10,483 for to 19,421 against; that to strike out the word "male" was defeated by a vote of 9,070 for to 19,857 against, and the amendments restricting the elective franchise was carried by a vote of 16,860 to 12,165. In the legislative session, which began on Jan. 14, 1868, Lieut. -Gov. Green again presided in the senate and George W. Smith was speaker of the house. The governor presented his message on the opening day of the session. The principal topics discussed were the financial condition of the state; educational and railroad development; the Paris exposition; the condition of the public institutions of the state; In- dian lands and depredations ; immigration, and the work of the codify- commission. The laws enacted during the session were published in two volumes — the general statutes as revised by the commission, and special laws. Early in the session charges were made against Gov. Crawford, in that he had accepted 640 acres of land from the Union Pacific rail- road company, which had influenced him to report in favor of accept- ing ilu- road, and a s])ccial committee, consisting of C. R. Jennison, J. L. Philbrick and R. D. Mobley, was appointed to investigate. On Feb. 27 Mr. Jennison made a minority report, tending to show that the land in question was worth several thousand dollars, and that its transfer from the railroad company to the governor was in the nature of a bribe. The other two members of the committee rendered a major- ity report exonerating the governor from blame. This report closed as follows: "And we further believe that his persistent efforts in behalf of the road, in defeating the opposition of those interested in the Omaha line, resulted in great and lasting benefit to the company, and ten fold more interest to the State of Kansas. Your committee recommend that the evidence be printed." The first political activity in 1868 was manifested by the Democratic party, which met in convention at Topeka on Feb. 26 and selected KANSAS IUST(jlreaking into bluffs along the streams. The northern part is watered by Reaver creek ; the central by Sappa creek, and the southern by Prairie Dog creek and the north fork of the Solomon river, all of which llow in a north- easterly direction. The belts of timber along the streams arc narrow, less than five per cent, of the entire area being wooded land. ,\sh. white elm, box-elder, , hackberry and cottonwood are the most common varieties. Fine limestone is found in the bluffs along the creeks, and in fact good building stone is found in all parts of the county. Clay suit- able for the manufacture of brick and tile is abtmdant. A few settlers located within the limits of the county before tlie pas- sage of the act of 1873 defining its boundaries. Among lliese early comers were J. A. Hojjkins, who came in .Sept., 1872, and in Dcccmlier KANSAS HISTORY 499 located a claim, the land having been surveyed the previous summer, and S. M. Porter, John Griffith, Henry M. Playford and a few others, who came about the time the county was created. Henry P. Gandy brought his wife with him, and she was the first white woman to become a resi- dent of the county. A child born to them in 1873 was the first white child born in the county, and the first death was that of a man nam.ed Austin who settled on Sappa creek in that year and died soon afterward. In April, 1874, a postoffice called Sappa was established where the city of Oberlin now stands, with J. A. Rodehaver as the first postmaster. The first marriage was that of Calvin Gay and Margaret Robinson in the fall of 1875, and the same fall George W'orthington taught the first school, in what is now Oberlin township, not far from the present county seat. The experiences of the early settlers in Decatur county were not materially different from those in other frontier localities. Roads had not yet been opened; the ])iiineer residences were either dug-outs, sod houses or log cabins of the most primitive type ; markets were far dis- tant, and the trusty rifle had to be frequently depended upon to furnish food for the family. Fortunately game was plentiful. Buffalo hunts were common and seldom failed to provide a supply of meat, which was "jerked" — that is partially smoked and then dried in the sun — after which it would keep for an indefinite period. The coimtry abounded in antelope, jack rabbits and wild turkey, with an occasional elk or deer. But the hardships of frontier life, the loss of crops by drought, grass- hoppers, etc., caused a number of the early settlers to abandon their claims and turn their faces eastward. The discontent was heightened by the Cheyenne raid of 1878 (q. v.), when on Sept. 30 Dull Knife's band killed 17 white men in the countj^ The victims were William and Freeman Laing, John Laing, Jr., J. G. Smith, E. R. and John Humphrey. Moses F. Abernathy, John C. Htttson, George F. Walters, Marcellus Felt, Ferdinand Westphaled and his son, Edward Miskelley, Frederick Hamper, and three men named Lull, Weight and Irwin. At the legis- lative session of 1909. J. D. Flanigan, the member of the house from Decatur county, introduced and secured the passage of a bill, of which, after giving the names of the victims, the preamble and section i were as follows : "Whereas, Said citizens were buried near Oberlin, Decatur county. and their graves are unmarked and the location thereof is almost lost ; therefore, "Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Kansas: That the sum of $1,500 is hereby granted to the board of commissioners of Decatur county, Kan., in trust, for the fiscal year ending June 30. 191 1, to be by said board expended in the erection of a suitable monument at the last resting place of the persons above named. Said sum to be taken from any money not otherwise appropriated." The monument was unveiled with appropriate ceremonies on .Sept. 30, 191 1, the 33d anniversary of the raid. This monument is historically important, not so much because it pays a justly deserved tribute to men 500 CYCLOPEDIA OF who died in defense of tlieir liomes as because it commemorates the last Indian raid in Kansas. After the Indian scare had abated, other settlers began to come into Decatur county, and by the close of the year 1879 the population was over 1,500, the number required by law for the organization of the county, which prior to that time had been attached to Norton for judicial and revenue purposes. A memorial signed by 250 householders, duly attested, was presented to Gov. St. John, who on Dec. ri, 1879, issued his proclamation declaring the county organized. The governor appointed Frank Kimball, John B. Hitchcock and George W. Shoemaker as commissioners, E. D. Stillson as county clerk, and designated Oberlin as the temporary county seat. At their first meeting (Dec. 15, 1879,) the commissioners divided the count}' into six townships, viz : Grant, Beaver, Bassetville, Oberlin, Prairie Dog and Jennings ; defined the boundaries of each ; designated voting places, and ordered an election for county and township officers to be held on Feb. 3, 1880. At that election the following officers were elected : Commissioners, Henry Claar, H. C. Johnson and Frank Kimball; representative, M. A. Conklin ; county clerk, N. G. Addleman ; clerk of the district court, W. A. Colvin ; treas- urer, George Metcalf; sheriff. \V. A. P'rasier; county attorney, E. M. Bowman; probate judge, Luther Brown; register of deeds, George W. Keys; superintendent of schools, D. W. Burt; surveyor, S. L. Bishop; surveyor, Dr. Street. At the same time the question of a permanent county seat was voted on, Oberlin winning over all competitors by a majority of 181 votes, and officers were elected in each of the several townships. On March 8, 1887, Gov. Martin approved an act of the legislature authorizing the commissioners of Decatur county to levy a tax of two mills on the dollar for the erection of a court-house, and by the act of March 8, 1907, the commissioners were authorized to purchase a site and erect a court-house, the cost of which was not to exceed .'^scooo, and to levy a tax of not more than three mills on the dollar to pay for the same. On June 12. 1879. Humphrey & Ciuintcr issued the lirsl iiunil)or of the Oberlin Herald, the first newspaper in the county. In 1909 there were six weekly papers published in the county — three in Oberlin and one each at Dresden, Jennings and Norcatur. Decatur has three railroads. The Chicago, Rock Isl.uid & Pacific crosses the southeast corner; a line of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy crosses the northwest corner, following closely the course of Beaver creek, and a branch of the same system runs eastward from Oberlin. These three roads give the county over 56 miles of m.Tin track and afford fairly good transportation facilities. The educational opportunities are good. In i()09 there were loi organized school districts in the county, with a school population of 3,294. The estimated value of school property in that year was over $124,000. P.y the act of March 4, 1903, the county commissioners were KANSAS HISTORY 501 authorized to establish a county high school on receipt of a petition signed by a majority of the electors. A petition was filed and the school was established at Oberlin, the county seat. The county is divided into the following townships: Allison, Altory, Bassettville, Beaver, Center, Cook, Custer, Dresden, Finley, Garfield, Grant, Harlan, Jennings, Liberty, Lincoln, Logan, Lyon, Oberlin, Olive, Pleasant Valley, Prairie Dog, Roosevelt, Sappa, Sherman and Summit. The population in 1910 was 8,976; the value of taxable property was $12,659,175; the value of field crops for the year was $1,162,021, and the value of all farm products was $1,682,032. The five leading crops, in the order of value, were: Wht-at, $397,421; corn, $255,980; hay, $209,427; Kafir-corn, $73,308; barley, $66,104. Deeds. — Justices of the peace have authority to take the acknowledg- ment of deeds, mortgages and other instruments in writing. All convey- ances and other instruments affecting real estate, acknowleged within this state, must be acknowleged before some court having a seal, or some judge, justice or clerk thereof, or mayor or clerk of an incor- porated city. If acknowledged out of this state, it must be before some court of record, or clerk or officer holding the seal thereof, or before some commissioner appointed by the governor of this state, to take the acknowledgments of deeds, or before some notary public or justice of the peace, or before any consul of the L^nited States, resident in any foreign port or country. If taken before a justice of the peace, the acknowledgment must be accompanied by a certificate of his official character ; under the hand of the clerk of some court of record, to which the seal of said court shall be affixed. Any acknowledgment made in conformity with the laws of the state where the act is passed is valid here, but the official character of the per- son before whom the acknowledgment is made must be properly verified. Every acknowledgment or proof of any deed, conveyance, mortgage, sale, transfer or assignment, oath or affirmation, taken or made before a commissioner, minister, charge d'affaires, consul-general, consul, vice- consul or commercial agent, and every attestation or authentication made by them, when duly certified, has the force and effect of an authen- tic act executed in this state. Deeds or other papers by corporations are executed by the proper officer in the same form as individuals. No seal or scroll of private individuals is authorized or required by the laws of Kansas. All instru- ments concerning real estate must be evidenced by writing, and the same may be duly recorded in the office of the register of deeds of the county in which such real estate is situated. All persons owning lands not held by an adverse possession are deemed to be seized and possessed of the same. The term "heirs," or other words of inheritance, are not necessary to create or convey an estate in fee simple, and every convey- ance of real estate passes all the estate of the grantor therein, unless the intent to pass a less estate expressly appears or is necessarily implied in the terms of the grant. 502 CYCLOPEDIA OF Any conveyance of lands, worded in substance as follows : A. B. con- veys and warrants to C. D. (here describe the premises), for the sum of (here insert the consideration), the said conveyance being dated, duly signed and acknowledged by the grantor, is deemed and held a convey- ance in fee simple to the grantee, his or her heirs and assigns, with covenants from the grantor, for himself and his heirs and personal repre- sentatives, that he is lawful!}' seized of the premises, has good right to convey the same and guarantees the quiet possession thereof; and that the same are free from all incumbrances, and he will warrant and defend the same against all lawful claims. Deep Water Conventions. — Along in the "80s. when the sulijoci of railroad rates became of such vital interest to the people of the western states, the attention of the people of those states was called to the expe- dient of having the government establish a deep water harbor somewhere on the Gulf of Mexico, where the railroad haul would be much shorter than to the Atlantic sea-board. The agitation finally culminated in a deep harbor convention at Denver, Aug. 28-31, 1888, in which several of the western states and territories were represented. At that convention a permanent interstate deep harbor committee was appointed, with John Evans of Denver as chairman. Under the direction of this committee, a larger and more representative convention was called to meet at Topeka. Kan., Oct. i, 1889. In the meantime, however. Congress, in response to the resolutions adopted by the Denver convention, incorporated in the sundry civil appropriations bill a provision authorizing the secretar\- of war to appoint three engineer officers of the United States army to make an 'examination of the gulf coast and report as to the most eligible ]ioint for the establishment of a deep harbor. When the Topeka convention met on Oct. i, 1889, it was called to order by Gov. Humphrey. All the states and territories west of the Mis- I sissippi were represented by a full quota of delegates, and there were 16 delegates from Illinois. Kansas was represented by 24 delegates. Preston B. Plumb, United States senator from Kansas, was chosen per- manent chairman of the convention, and F. L. Dana of Denver was elected secretary. Of course, the principal object was to influence Con- gress to make an appropriation sufficient for the construction and main- tenance of a deep water harbor where the largest vessels could find safe anchorage. The subject was discussed at length, and resolutions urging an appropriation were adopted. As the resolutions show the trend of thought in the West at that time, they are given below: "Whereas, The general welfare of the country, in so far as it relates to navigable rivers, harbors and commerce, is committed by ihc consti- tution of the llnited States to the exclusive charge of Congress; and "Whereas, Cheap transportation of our commercial i)roducls consti- tutes one of the most important elements of ihe geiu-r.il welfare; pud "Whereas, The Congress has donated to private corporations more than $100,000,000 of money and ujiwards of 200,000.000 acres of his majority went with his jiarents to J KANSAS HISTORY 509 Ohio. Here lie studied engineering and in 1841 went to Misscniri to engage in the practice of that profession. The following year he returned to Ohio and took up the study of law, graduating at the Cincinnati Law School in 1844. In 1847 he was commissioned captain of a company in the Twelfth United Stales infantry, and served under Gen. Scott in Mexico until the close of the war in July, 1848. He then located at Platte City, Mo., where he practiced law until 1850, when he went to California. While serving in the state senate of California he got into an altercation with Edward Gilbert. A duel followed, with rifles as weapons, and Gilbert was killed. In 1853 Mr. Denver was elected sec- retary of State of California, and the next year was elected to Congress. He served but one term, but Forney says : "Gen. Denver, while in Con- gress, as chairman of the committee on Pacific railroad, in 1854-5, pre- sented in a conclusive manner the facts demonstrating the practicability of that great enterprise and the advantage to be derived from it." At the close of his term in Congress, he was appointed commissioner of Indian affairs, and in the spring of 1857 came to Kansas to make treaties. The following December he was appointed secretary of the territory, and subsequently was appointed governor. While governor of Kansas he was active in securing the erection of the Territory of Colorado, and in commemoration of his services in this connection, the capital of Colo- rado bears his name. On Oct. 10, 1858, he resigned his position as gover- nor to engage in the practice of law. In Aug., 1861, he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers by President Lincoln and served until in March, 1863, when he resigned. For a time he practiced law in Wash- ington, D. C, and then removed to Wilmington, Ohio. He was de- feated for Congress in that district in 1870, and in 1884 his name was mentioned as a probable candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency. On Sept. 3 of that year he attended the old settlers' meeting at Bismarck Grove, near Lawrence, Kan., where he delivered an address. Gov. Denver died at Washington, D. C, Aug. 8, 1894. Denver's Administration. — Mr. Denver took the oath of office as ter- ritorial secretary before Judge Sterling G. Cato on Dec. 21, 1857, and immediately became acting governor. In his inaugural address of the same date he quoted from the letter of Gen. Cass, of Dec. 11, notifying him of his appointment, wherein Cass said : "It is vitally important that the people of Kansas, and no other than the people of Kansas, should have the full determination of the question now before them for de- cision." The question at that time before the people for decision was the adop- tion of the Lecompton constitution. The convention which framed the constitution had submitted it to the people in such a way that the only question they were called upon to decide was whether it should be adopted "with" or "without" slavery. They had no option of voting upon the instrument as a whole — no power to reject it in its entirety. Dur- ing the last days of Gov. Shannon's administration (q. v.) a special ses- sion of the legislature had provided for an election on Jan. 4. 1S58, at ( 5IO CYCLOPEDIA OF which the people would be given the privilege of exercising the right denied them b}' the convention, i. e. to reject the constitution if a ma- jorit)' of them so decreed. In discussing this phase of the subject. Gen. Cass, in his letter to Denver, said: "It is proper to add that no action of the territorial legislature can interfere with the elections of the 3131 of December and the first Monday in January in the mode and manner prescribed by the constitutional convention." It was generally understood that the free-state men of the territory would not vote on the constitution as submitted by the convention, and Gov. Denver, in his address, referred to this attitude on their part as follows : "American citizens can never preserve their rights by abandon- ing the elective franchise, and punishment too severe cannot be inflicted on the man who by violence, trickery or fraud would deprive them of it. ... A very stringent law was passed at the late session of the legislature providing for the infliction of severe penalties on persons engaged in election frauds. This act meets with my most hearty ap- proval and if it is not yet sufficiently stringent, I will gladly assist in making it more so. It is not possible to throw too many guards around this great bulwark, which is the very foundation of our free institu- tions." In the light of subsequent events, the declaration of Gen. Cass that "no other than the people of Kansas" should have a voice in settling the question before them, and the utterances of Gov. Denver with regard to stringent election laws, became as "soimding brass and a tinkling cymbal." At the election of Dev. 21, the very day the governor delivered his inaugural address, Missourians in large numbers came into the ter- ritory and voted for the adoption of the constitution "with slavery." On tlie 22(1 the go\crnor wrote 10 Howell Cobb, the secretary of the United States treasury-, for $10,000 to defray the expense of the legis- latiu"e, which would meet in January, and $1,000 for the contingent ex- penses of the territory. "There is not a dollar here," said he, "and prompt action is requested." A free-state convention assembled at Lawrence on Dec. 23 to discuss the question of voting on Jan. 4 for state officers under the Lccompton constitiuion. Wilder says; "It was the most exciting convention ever held by the free-slate parly." After a spirited debate it was finallx dc cided by a vote of 74 to 62 nol to vole for state officers. A coniniittce of fifteen was appointed "to ])repare and transmit to Congress a i)riitcst against the admission of Kansas under iho I,ccoin]>ton constituliou." X'otwithstanding the decision of the Lawrence con\ (.'niiiui nn Iho sub- ject f)f voting for state officers, sonic frec-slatc men, un ihe c\ening nf Dec. 24, assembled in the basement of the Herald of Fiecdom oflice and nominated candidates for these offices as follows: For governor, George W. .Smith : liculenant-governor, W. Y. Roberts; secretary of stale, P. C. Schuyler; auditor, Joel K. Goodin ; treasurer, A. J. Mead; representative in Congress, Marcus J. Pairolt. KANSAS HISTORY 51I ill apprehension of Irtjublc k\ llil! river, on Turkey creek. The first white cliild Ixirn in the county was t". F. Staatz, son of C'. W. Staatz, who lived on Lyon creek, his birth occurring on June 24, 1837. The first deatli known to have occurred in the county was that of his sister Julia, wjio died in Oct., 1857. The first marriage was that of David Rcigart and a Miss J. F. Staatz in 1859. The first school was organized on Lyon creek, in what is now Liberty township, in 1859, and was taught by William Miller. In Dickinson county the pioneer religious services were held by the Methodists, who erected a log cliurch on Lyon creek in tlie spring of 1861, which was used for a school house on week days. Peter May was the first pastor of this ])ioneer congrega- tion. A man named Jones opened the lirst store in the county at Abi- lene in i860, and the first Jiotcl opened was the Drover's Cottage at Abilene in 1866, owned by Jose])!) G. McCoy. The Chronicle, the first newspa|)er of the coimlv, was eslahlislicd at Al)iKMU' in l'\-l)., 1870. b\' V. P. Wilson. KANSAS IlISTOKY 519, Dickinson county was organized in 1858 with tiie following officers: Commissioners, William Lamb, James Long and William Mulligan ; clerk, Dr. Gerot ; treasurer, John Lamb; sheriff, Henry Long; register of deeds, John Long. The county board declared Newport the county seat. The records of the territorial era were burned in 1882, but it is known that in 1859, a- voting precinct was established at Newport and 20 votes were cast at the November election. By i860, the population of Dickinson county had increased to 378 and the first regular election was held in the fall. The Smoky Hill river divides the county nearly in equal parts — the northern and southern. To accommodate the voters on both sides of the river the county commissioners established two voting precincts, one on the north side at Newport and one on the south side at A. J. Markley's house in Union City. The officers had hardly qualified when the county seat agitation began, the contesting points being Union City on the south and Smoky Hill (now Detroit), Abilene and New- port on the north side of the river. The settlers on the south side were fewer than those on the north side, but were united, while those on the north side were divided. Thompson and Hersey saw that, unless the people north of the river united, the county seat would go south of the river. A compromise was efifected by which the settlers on Chapman's creek withdrew their support from Newport in favor of Abilene, and thus it became the seat of justice. The election took place in 1861. In 1870 a brick and stone court-house was built at the corner of Broadway and Second streets. On Jan. 17, 1882, the court-house burned and nearly all the county records were destroyed, except those of the register of deeds, which were in another building. A new court-house was soon contracted for at a cost of $30,000 and was ready for occupancy late in the year. The first railroad to enter the county was the Kansas Pacific, built along the valley of the Smoky Hill in 1866. At the present time the Union Pacific railroad crosses the county from east to west, passing through Abilene, with a branch south from Detroit. The Atchison, To- peka & Santa Fe crosses the southern boundary a few miles west of the southeast corner, traverses the count}' in a northwesterly direction, and at Abilene branches, one line running west into Saline county, the other running northwest to Concordia. A line of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific system crosses the southeast corner of the county, with a branch from Herington to Abilene and Salina. A line of the Missouri Pacific crosses the southern part of the county, east and west, passing through Herington. These lines give the county more than 152 miles of main track road. Dickinson county is divided into the following townships : Banner, Buckeye, Center, Cheever, Flora, Fragrant Hill, Garfield, Grant, Havnes, Holland, Hope, Jeflferson, Liberty, Lincoln, Logan, Lyon. Newbern, Noble. Ridge, Rinehart, Sherman, Union, Wheatland and Willowdale. The surface of the conutry is gently rolling prairie which breaks into I 520 CYCLOPEDIA OF bluffs along some of the streams. River valleys average 2 miles in width while the valleys of the creeks are only about a mile in width. This "bottom land" comprises about a quarter of the total area and the soil is rich and deep growing somewhat thinner on the upland. Timber — mostly walnut, ash, elm, hackberry, burr oak, cottonwood, hickory,, honey-locust, box-elder and sycamore — is found along the streams. The largest water course is the Smoky Hill river, which flows across the county from west to east, a little north of the center. This stream, with its tributaries, the most important of which are Chapman's, Turkey and Vine creeks, waters all of the county. A few springs exist and good well water is found at a depth of 30 feet. The county is well adapted to agriculture, the principal crops being winter wheat, corn, and other grains. Tame grasses and prairie hay are also important products and Dickinson ranks high as one of the great stock raising counties. There are more than 225,000 bearing fruit trees, about half of which are apple. An excellent quality of limestone is abundant; mineral paint and clay for brick and pottery is found near Abilene; gypsum is plentiful in the southwest and is extensively utilized. Salt water is found at Solomon, in the western part of the county and in Hope township in the south- west. There are two mineral springs at Abilene supposed to have medi- cal properties and the water is bottled and shipped to some extent. Abilene, on the north bank of Smoky Hill river i6g miles west of Kansas City, is the county seat and largest town. The population of the county in 1910 was 24,361, a gain of 2.445 during the preceding decade. The value of farm crops in the same year was $3,293,338, and of all ag- ricultural products $5,610,505. Dighton, the county seat of Lane county, is centrally located on the Great Bend & Scott division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 96 miles west of Great Bend. The land which forms the town site was entered by W. A. Watson in the spring of 1879 and a postoffice was es- tablished the same year, but six years elapsed before the town began to grow. In May, 1885, there were only three houses and seven voters in Dighton, but the prospects of early railroad communication brought an influx of population. On Feb. 18, 1886, R. W. Montgomery issued the initial number of the Dighton Journal, which states that there tlien were 70 buildings and a ])opulation of 350, with about 50 new buildings in process of construction. The expectations of tiic founders at that time have not been realized, though Dighton is one of the active, energetic towns of western Kansas. It has a national and a state bank, a money order postoflfice, a flour mill, a grain elevator, 2 weekly news])apers (the Journal and the Herald), graded public schools, the county high school, a hotel, .several well stocked mercantile cslablishments, liap- tist. Christian and Methodist churches, telegraph and express service, a cornet band, and is connected with the surrounding lowns by tele- [)h<)nf. 1 1 is an incorporated city of tiie third class, and in 1910 reported a poi)uIatic)n of 370. The population in 1900 was only 194, and the gain din'ing the ten years has been of a permaucnl and suhslantial char- acter. KANSAS HISTORY 521 Dildine, an inland hamlet of Wilson county, is located in the extreme northeastern corner of the county 21 miles from Fredonia, the county seat, and about 5 miles north of Vilas, the nearest railroad station. It receives its mail from Chanute in Neosho county. Dillon, one of the larger villages of Dickinson county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. on the line between Jefferson and Ridge town- ships, about 16 miles south of Abilene, the county seat. The railroad name is Swayne Station. Dillon has a money order postoffice with one rural route, a creamery, a flour mill, some well stocked general stores, express and telegraph service, telephone connections, Methodist and Presbyterian churches and a good public school building. The popula- tion in 1910 was 161. Dillwyn, a small village in the western part of Stafford county, is in Richland township, 8 miles west of St. John, the county seat. It is a station on the Hutchison & Kinsley cut off of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections, a grain elevator, some good general stores, and in 1910 reported a population of 30. Dinas, a rural money order postoffice of Harrison township, Wallace county, situated near the head of Hackberry creek, about 15 miles south- cast of Sharon Springs, the county seat and most convenient railroad station. The population in 1910 was 27. Dispatch, a small hamlet of Smith county, is located on Oak creek, about 20 miles southeast of Smith Center, the county seat. Mail is re- ceived by rural delivery from Cawker City. Downs is the nearest rail- road station. Division, a rural postoffice of Lane county, is about 14 miles south of Dighton, the county seat and most convenient railroad station. Divorce Laws. — In the territorial days divorces between unharmonious husbands and wives were granted by acts of the legislature, but when Kansas became a state and the constitution was adopted, establishing the various departments of justice, the power to grant divorce was vested in the district court, subject to regulation by law. Under the code or civil procedure "an action for divorce, or to annul a contract of mar- riage, or for alimony, may be brought in the county of which the plaintiff is an actual resident at the time of filing the petition or where the de- fendant resides or may be summoned." (G. S. igoi p. 4484.) The causes for which the district court may grant a divorce are as follows : i — when either of the parties had a former husband or wife living at the time of the subsequent marriage; 2 — abandonment for one year; 3 — adultery; 4 — impotency; 5 — when the wife at the time of the marriage was pregnant by another than her husband; 6 — extreme 'cruelty ; 7 — fraudulent contract; 8 — habitual drunkenness; 9 — gross neglect of duty; 10 — the conviction of a felony and imprisonment in the penitentiary therefor subsequent to the marriage. (G. S. 1909.) The plaintiff in an action for divorce must have been an actual resi- dent in good faith of the state for one year next preceding the filing of 522 CYCLOPEDIA OF the petition, and a resident of the county in which the action is brought at the time the petition is filed, unless the action is brought in the county where the defendant resides or may be summoned. A wife who resides in the state at the time of applying for a divorce is considered a resident of the state although her husband resides elsewhere. When parties applying for a divorce appear to be "in equal wrong the court may in its discretion refuse to grant a di\orce, and in any such case, or in any other case where a divorce is refused, the court may make, for good cause shown, such order as may be proper for the custody. maintenance and education of the children, and for the control and equitable division and disposition of the property of the parents, or of either of them, as may be proper, equitable and just, having due regard to the time and manner of such property, whether the title thereto be in either or both of said parties, and in such case the order of the court shall vest in the parties a fee-simple title to the propert)- so set apart or de- creed to them, and each party shall have the right to convey, devise and dispose of the same without the consent of the other." (G. S. 1909.) After a petition has been filed for divorce and alimony, or for alimony alone, the court may make, without bond, and enforce by attachment, such order to restrain the disposition of the property of the parties or either of them, or for the use, management and control thereof, or for control of the children and support of wife, and for expense of the suit. Parties applying for divorce must have reliable competent witnesses and good proof. "When a divorce is granted the court shall make pro- vision for the guardianship, custody, support antl education of minor children of the marriage, and may modify or change any order wliene\^er circumstances render such change proper." (G. S. 1901.) The laws further provide for the restoration of the wife's maiden name and property, if she possessed any before marriage, and also for the division nf property acquired by both parties after marriage. Far- ties having been granted a divorce cannot marry for six months, or until after final judgment or appeal. Any person violating this law is deemed guilty of bigamy and if convicted may be punished by impris- onment in a penitentiary for a term of not less than one year nor more than three years. Furthermore, marriage by incapables may be annulled and the children be deemed legitimate. .'\lso, a wife may olilain ali- mony from the husband without divorce, for any of the causes for which a divorce may be granted. The husband may make the same defense to such action as he miglit to an actit)n for divorce, and may, for suffi- cient cause, obtain a divorce from the wife in such action. ■ In 1907 tlie legislature passed an act in regard to foreign judgments of divorce as follows: ".^ny judgment or decree of divorce rendered lipon service by publication in any state of the \1. S. in conformity with the law thereof, shall be given full failh and credit in this state, and shall have the same force with regard to persons now or heretofore resi- dent or hereafter to become a resident of this state as if said judgment had been rendered bv a court of this state, and shall, as to the status KANSAS HISTORY 523 of all i^ersons, be treated and considered and ^iveii force the same as a judgment of the courts of this state of the date which said judgment hears." Doby, a rural postoffice of Grant county, is located on the south ffjrk of the Cimarron river about 4 miles above its mouth and 15 miles south- east of Ulysses, the -county seat. Arkalon, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, in Seward county, is the nearest railroad station. Dodge City, the county seat of Ford county and one of the important cities of southwestern Kansas, is situated a few miles west, of the cen- ter of the county on the Arkansas river and the main line of the Atchi- son, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. It is also the terminus of a division of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific that connects with one of the main lines of that system at Bucklin, in the southeastern part of Ford county. The city takes its name from old Fort Dodge (q. v.), which was located about 4 miles below on the same side of the river. The history of Dodge City begins with the completion of the Atchi- son, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad to that point in Sept., 1872. About a month before the railroad reached the Arkansas river, the tide of emigra- tion tvu"ned toward Dodge City. Buffalo hunters found in the vicinity a profitable field, and in the fall and winter of 1872 thousands of hides were shipped eastward over the new line of road. Other branches of industry were introduced, and the saloon — that apparently inevitable concomitant of a frontier civilization — flourished in all its pristine glory. Among the early comers was a large class of adventurers who had lit- tle regard for human life and less for "the majesty of the law." This class was increased in numbers when Dodge City became the objective point of the Texas cattle trade. In fact, within a year or two conditions became so bad that on May 13, 1874, the commissioners of Ford county adopted a resolution to the efifect "That any person who is not engaged in any legitimate business, and any person imder the influence of intoxi- cating drinks, and any person who has ever borne, arms against the government of the United States, who shall be found within the limits of the town of Dodge City, bearing on his person a pistol, bowie knife, dirk, or other deadly weapon, shall be subject to arrest upon charge of misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined in a sum not exceed- ing $100, or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding three months, or both, at the discretion of the court, and same to take efifect from date." The adoption of this resolution and its enforcement had a tendency to purify the civic atmosphere, but it was several years before Dodge City was entirely purged of its undesirable population. When Presi- dent Hayes passed through the place in 1879 he declined to leave his coach because of the turbulent crowd on the outside. As late as 1883, n gambler named .Short committed some offense against the public wel- fare and was threatened with h-nching. Matters assumed such a serious aspect that Gov. Click sent Adjt.-Gen. Moonlight to Dodge City and a company of militia was held in readiness at Great Rend to move on short 524 CVCLOl'EDIA OF notice to the scene of the trouble, but the adjutant-general succeeded in securing promises to let Short be tried by the courts. The Dodge City of the present day is as orderly a city as any in the state. It has 3 banks, 2 weekly newspapers (the Globe-Republican and the Journal-Democrat), electric lights, waterworks, a fire department, a fine sewer system, good public schools, an opera house, and its inter- national money order postofifice has one rural route that supplies daily SIG.NAI^ .SERVICE O.N WEATHER BUILUIXG, DODGE CITY. mail lo the inhabitants in a large section of the adjacent country. Its manufacturing industries include flour mills, machine shops, an ice plant. etc. The city has a telephone exchange, telegraph and express olfices, hotels, and a number of well appointed mercantile houses. A United States land office was established at Dodge City in Feb., 1894; one of ihc state forestry stations and the state soldiers' home are located in liie vicinit}-, and in 191 1 Dodge City was designated by tlie natic^nal government as the site of a i)oslal savings bank. The pii|)iil:ili.iii in 1910 was 3,214, a gain of 687 during the preceding decade. Dodge, Henry, soldier, was born at Vinccnnes, Ind., Oct. 12. 1782, the son of Israel Dodge, who served in the Continental army during the Revolutionary war. In the war of 1812 Henry Dodge commanded a mounted company of volunteer rillemen and became major of a Louisiana reginuni nf militia under flen. f Inward. ITc w;is majcir in. KANSAS HISTORY 525 McNair's regimcnl of Missouri militia and commanded a haUalion of Missouri mounted infantry, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, from Aug. to Oct., 1814. He served as colonel of Michigan volunteers during the Black Hawk war, and was commissioned major of the United States rangers in 1832. On March 4, 1833, he became colonel of the First United States dragoons and the following year was successful in making peace with the frontier Indians. On May 29, 1835, he left Fort Leaven- worth in command of an expedition to the Rocky mountains. (See Dodge Expedition.) He resigned from the army in 1836 to become governor of Wisconsin territory and subsequently of the state. Col. Dodge died at Burlington, la., June 19, 1867. Dodge's Expedition. — A squadron of dragoons, consisting of 2,^ men under Capt. Ford, 40 men under Capt. Duncan, and 40 men under Lieut. Lupton, all commanded by Col. Henry Dodge, was sent to the Rocky mountains in 1835 to hold councils with the Indian tribes and to look after the interests of the United States on what was then the Mexican border. A large supply train of wagons was taken along, and in addition two swivels with which to impress the savages. Capt. Gantt was guide to the expedition. They left Fort Leavenworth on May 29, 1835, accompanied by Maj. Dougherty, Indian agent to the Pawnees, and marched up the valley of the Missouri. The route through Kansas can best be described by quoting from Col. Dodge's journal of the expedition : "Commenced the march in a direction N. \V. over a high rolling prairie, with frequent ravines, skirted with timber. Marched 15 miles, and encamped on a small creek. Commenced raining during the night, and continued during the whole of the next day, so as to prevent our marching. May 31 — Commenced the march in a direction N. 20 degrees W. over a rough, broken country ; crossed several small creeks skirted with timber, with flats or bottoms of considerable extent, the soil of which was very fertile. March 17 miles and encamped on Independence creek. June i — Marched 25 miles, and June 2d, 12 miles, in a direction N. 30 degrees W. and arrived at the Big Nemahaw. The general face of the country passed over was that of a high rolling prairie, in some places rough and hilly, with numerous small creeks and ravines, most of which were skirted with timber of a low growth ; the soil generally fertile, especially in the valleys of the small creeks. . . . The country between Fort Leavenworth and the Big Nemahaw belongs to the Kickapoo Indians ; it is sufificiently large and well adapted to afford them all the necessities, and many of the luxuries of life. There is a sufficient quantity of timber for fuel and for building purposes. The soil is fertile, and will produce all sorts of grain ; the pasturage good, and large numbers of cattle could be raised with but little labor. As the game is becoming very scarce they will necessarily be obliged to depend upon the cultivation of the soil for their future sustenance." The expedition reached a point a few miles from the mouth of the Platte river of Nebraska on June 9. A march of 7 or 8 miles further 526 CYCLOrEDIA OF lirought the party to the Otoe Indian village, where, on June 11, was held a council with the Otoes, of whom Jti-tan, or I-e-tan, was head chief. Here, also, the Omahas were brought b}' messengers, and a cotmcil was held with them on the 17th, Big Elk being the principal chief present. At all the coimcils presents were distributed. The expe- dition then marched up the Platte to the Pawnee villages about 80 miles distant, where another council was held the 23d, Angry Man being principal chief of the Grand Pawnees, Axe of the Pawnee Loups, Little Chief of the Pawnee Tappeiges, and Mole on the Face of the Republican Pawnees. Departing on the 24th, the expedition reached the lower extremity of Grand Island the following day. When well up the Platte a cotmcil was held on July 5 with the Arickarees, the chiefs present being Bloody Hand, Two Bulls and Star or Big Head. This cotmcil was held near the falls of the Platte. At this time, immense herds of Buffalo siuTounded the expedition. On the 15th the Rocky mountains were seen for the first time by the expedition, which was now well up the south fork. On the i8th they passed the mouth of Cache de la Poudre river, and on the 24th reached the point where the Platte emerges from the mountatins. After this date the expedition marched southeast, and on July 26, arrived at the divide between the Platte and the Arkansas. Passing down Boiling Springs creek and the Arkansas, they reached Bent's fort on Aug. 6. Near this noted place, councils were held with the Arapahoes, Cliey- ennes, Blackfeet, Gros Ventres and others. Leaving Bent's fort on Aug. 12, they moved down the Arkansas, holding councils with the Comanches, Kiowas and others, arriving on the 17th at Chouteau's island. On the 23d' they arrived at the point where the Santa Fe trail crossed the Arkansas river, and upon the following day they took up their line of march along this trail. Quoting again from the journal of the expcdiiion; '■C)n the nth | of September] a man of Company 'A' died, the first death thai has occurred on our whole march, and the only severe sickness. The colonel directed him to be buried on a high prairie ridge, and a stone placed at the liead of the grave, with his name and regiment engraved thereon. Continued the march; crossed the Hundrcd-and-ten-mile creek, and entered upon the dividing ridge between the Kansas and Osage rivers ; passed Round and Elm groves, and arrived at the crossing of the Kanzas, at Dunlap's ferry, on the 15th; crossed the river, and, on the i6tli, arrived at Fort Leavenworth. Since leaving the fort, the com- mand had marched upwards of T.600 miles, over an interesting country; had visited all the Indians between the Arkansas and Platte, as far west as tlic mountains; liad made peace between several tri1>cs, and established friendly relations with them all, and returned to Fort Leavenworth in a perfect slate of health, with the loss of but one man. Our provisions lasted until the day of our arrival ; and our horses, most of them, returned in good order. The expedition had exceeded, in inter- est and success, the most sanguine .nnticipations." KANSAS HISTORY 52/ Dog Soldiers. — Among the western Indian tribes there were a num- ber of military societies, most of them of a secret character. To illus- trate : The Kiowas had six warrior societies, viz : the Rabbits, the Young Mountain Sheep, the Black Legs, the Horse Caps, the Skunk- berry People (also called Crazy Horses), and the Chief Dogs. The first was composed of boys from ten to fourteen years of age, who, as they grew older were eligible into some of the other societies, determined by their skill in the use of arms, their bravery, etc. The Chief Dogs were limited to ten picked men, selected for their known courage, their fortitude, and their power of endurance. At the time of initiation each member was invested with a sash and took a solemn oath never to turn l)ack in the face of a foe while wearing it, unless it was the unani- mous decision of the Dog Chiefs that a retreat was necessary. The leader wore a long black sash around his neck when about to go into battle, and was expected to take his place in front of the charge, pin the end of this sash to the ground by driving his lance through it, from which position he could exhort his men to deeds of valor. After the fight, if he was still alive, he was released by his men pulling out the lance. It is worthy of note, however, that the black sash was not worn unless the battle w'as to be one of extermination. The Cheyennes had their "Ho-ta-mit-a-neo" or dog men, an organ- ization similar in character to the Dog Chiefs of the Kiowas. They were leaders, but the name "Dog Soldiers" was frequently used to designate all under their command. The Cheyenne chiefs White Horse and Bad Face were dog men. The initiation into the Ho-ta-mit-a-neo was one calculated to test thoroughly the bravery of the candidate and !iis ability to withstand punishment. For three days before the actual .zeremony of initiation, the candidate is not permitted to eat, drink or sleep. The initiation was generally observed in the spring of the year, and was the occasion of a tribal holiday, the festivities lasting a week or ten days. It was considered an honor among the young men to serve under a chief who had been accepted by the society as worthy of becom- ing a member, and some of the worst atrocities on the western frontier were committed by the dog soldiers. They were at the battle of Aric- karee in force, where their vindictiveness toward the whites was dis- played in the most cruel and brutal manner. The leading chiefs of the Cheyenne, Arapahoe, Comanche and Kiowa tribes disclaimed all respon- sibility for the depredations of the dog soldiers, but a large number of the young braves of these tribes followed the leadership of the Dog Chiefs in preference to following that of the recognized war chiefs of the tribe to which they belonged. Dolespark, a country postofBce of Canton township, McPherson county, is located near the eastern boundary, 15 miles from McPherson, the county seat, and about 4 miles from Canton, which is the most con- venient railroad station. Donalson, Israel B., the first United States marshal of Kansas Terri- tory, was born in Bourbon county, Ky., Jan. 12, 1797. His parents I 528 CYCLOPEDIA OF removed to Ohio soon after his birth, but at the age of sixteen years he returned to Kentuckj-, and in 1835 was elected to the legislature as a Democrat. In 1839 he removed to Pike county, 111., where he was elected probate judge and took 'part in the "Mormon war." He raised a company in 1847 for service in the war with Mexico, was made major of his regiment, and was voted a sword by the legislature of Illinois for his services. Upon the discovery of gold in California, he went there and remained for two years. In 1854 he was appointed United States marshal for Kansas by President Pierce and served through the administrations of the first four territorial governors, when he resigned and removed to Canton, Mo. He was a strong pro-slavery man. At the beginning of the Civil war he removed to Hays county, Tex., and. died at San Marcos, the county seat of that county, Oct. 27, 1895. Donegal, an inland village of Dickinson county, is situated in the Turkey creek valley, about 12 miles south of .Abilene, the county seat, and 8 miles northwest of Hope, whence mail is received by rural deliv- ery. Navarre is the nearest railroad station. The population in igio was 70. Doniphan, one of the older villages of Doniphan cnunty, is located in Wayne township on the Chicago, P>urlington & Ouincy R. R., 10 miles south of Troy, the county seat, and 7 miles from Atchison. It has express and telegraph offices and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The town is on the old site of the Kansas Indian village \\here Bourgmo'nt established his headquarters in 1724. The Doniphan town company was organized in 1854, with T. H. Christopher as presi- dent ; J. W. Foreman, treasurer; Dr. J. H. Crane, secretary; and S. K. Miller, G. \\'. H. Langdon, J. F. Foreman, Dr. L. A. Chambers and Felix Robidoux. trustees. The survey was made by J. F. Foreman in 1855 and the lots were put on sale. Previous to this a trading post under Joseph Utt had been maintained. The first building erected in the new town was the dwelling of James F. Foreman, the second a hotel known as the Doniphan House, kept by B. O'Driscoll. The first general store was opened Ijy the Foreman l'>ros., the first drug store by fiowdell & Drury. George A. Cutler was the first physician and Col. D. M. Johnson the first lawyer. The postoffice was established in 1855 and at the first election, which was held that year, J. A. Vanarsdale and William Shaw were elected justices, and Josliua Saunders was elected constable. Samuel Collins, who set up the first sawmill in the 'spring of 1855, was killed that fall in a political quarrel by Patrick I.aughlin. In 1857 James H. I,anc was made the president of the Doniphan town company. The government land office was located here in that year, but was subsequently taken to Kickapoo. At this time there were about 1,000 inhabitants in tlio town and it was an impurtaiil political and commercial center. The town was incorijorated in 1869, and the following trustees appointed liv the probate judge of the county: E. W. Stratton, T. N. KANSAS HISTORY 529 Smallwood, Thomas H. Franklin, y\dam Brenner and A. C. Low. The first council was organized with E. W. Stratton as presiding officer, L. A. Hoffman, town clerk, and T. H. Franklin, treasurer. The first school was taught in 1856 by Mrs. D. Frank. The population in 1910 was only 178. Doniphan, Alexander W., soldier and statesman, was born in Mason county, Ky., July 9, 1808. Both of his parents were Virginians. When eight years of age, he was placed under the instruction of Richard Keene of Augusta, Ky., a well educated Irishman, and at the age of fourteen entered Augusta College at Bracken, Ky. After leaving col- lege he read law with Martin & Marshall of Augusta, and in 1829 was admitted to the bar. The next year he located in Lexington, Mo., and in 1833 removed to Liberty, Mo., where he continued the active practice of his profession until i860, gaining great fame as a criminal lawyer. During the Mormon war of 1838, Col. Doniphan was in command of a brigade of state militia. When the Mexican war began in 1846 he enlisted as a private but was at once elected colonel of the regiment. With his command he was sent on an expedition against the Navajo Indians in the Rocky mountains. (See Doniphan's Expedition.) On his return to Liberty at the close of the war, Col. Doniphan resumed his law practice. In 1853 he was appointed commissioner of schools and organized the first teachers' institute in Missouri He took an active part in politics and in the legislature of 1854 was the Whig nominee for United States senator. In 1861 he was appointed a member of the peace commission that met at Washington, D. C., to try to avert Civil war. During the war he removed to St. Louis, and in 1868 to Rich- mond, Mo., where he resided until his death on Aug. 8, 1887. Doniphan County, one of the 33 original counties formed by the first territorial legislature and one of the first counties to be organized, is located in the extreme northeastern part of the state. It is small in area, but important historically. The Missouri river forms its northern, eastern and a part of its southern boinidary making 90 miles of river front, Atchison county on the south and Brown on the west form its complete boundaries. The white man's era in Doniphan county began with Bourgmont' the French explorer and embassador to the Indians. (See Bourgmont's Expedition.) The earliest settlement was effected in 1837, under the auspices of the American Board of Foreign Missions, which sent out Rev. S. M. Irvin and wife as pioneer missionaries. Six months later Rev. William Hamilton joined them. The Iowa and Sac mission was established and the two men wrote and printed a number of text books to be used by the Indians. The first mission school was taught by Rev. William Hamilton, Rev. S. !\I. Irvin. Miss Walton and Miss Fullerton. Lumber was brought all the way from Pittsburgh, Pa., in 1845 to construct a mission building. The California road ran through Doniphan county and was used as early as 1847 by emigrants to the Pacific coast, but occasional emi- grants passed through the county before that time, as is attested bv the (1-34) 330 CYCLOPEDIA OF fact that Mrs. Comstock, the wife of an emigrant, died on the Oregon trail near the mission in 1842. This was the first death in the county. The first birth was Elliott Irvin, son of the missionary, in 1837. The first marriage in the county and probably the first in the state occurred on Juh' 3, 1845, between Silas Pierce and Mary Shook. The ceremony was performed by Rev. William Hamilton. The first emigrant train of any consequence came through the county in 1842. It was led by Peter Burnett and was made up of 25 wagons. This was the beginning of the north branch of the California and Oregon trail. "Squatter Sovereignty" had its birth in Doniphan county in 1854 immediately after the treaty with the Kickapoos. The first meeting of "The Squatter Association of Kansas" was held at the home of J. R. Whitehead on June 24 of that year. A. M. Mitchell of St. Joseph, Mo., was chairman; J. R. Whitehead, secretary; and the executive com- mittee consisted of John H. Whitehead, H. Smallwood, J. B. O'Toole, J. W. Smith, Sr., Sam Montgomery, B. Harding, J. W. Smith, Jr., J. J. Keaton, T. W. W^aterson, C. B. Whithead, Anderson Cox and Joseph Sicliff. Vigilance committees to guard the rights of settlers and claim owners against loss of their property by claim jumpers were appointed and the members paid 50 cents for each service. The county was organized in 1855 and named after Alexander \\'. Doniphan (q. v.). an ardent partisan in the slavery agitation. It was surveyed by John Calhoun, who in 1854 was appointed surveyor-general of the twin terri- tories of Kansas and Nebraska. The first officer in the county was James R. Whitehead, who was commissioned constable of the district in 1854 after the state had been districted, and Doniphan. Wolf Creek and Burr Oak were named as voting precincts. The first commissioners were Joel P. Blair, Alexander Dunning and E. V. B. Rodgers. They held their first meeting on Sept. 18, 1855, ''"^ elected Mr. W'hitehead county clerk, ex-officio clerk of the probate court, and register of deeds. The commissioners appointed by the legislature to locate a county seat staked off the site of Troy in October of that j-ear. In the stale election held in March, 1855, the polling places were controlled b_y armed Mis- sourians. About fifteen minutes before the polls opened in the morning Maj. Fee, a free-stale candidate, announced from the stump that the ticket of his faction would be withdrawn and the pro-slavery men would be allowed a clear field. Notwithstanding this armed men guarded llie polls until they were closed. Daniel Woodson, who had been acting governor, was the first receivei of the land office at Doniphan and later at Kickapoo, holding this posi- tion from 1857 to 1861. The Pony Express from St. Joseph to the Pacific coast went through Doniphan county, the route leading by the sites of the present towns of Wathena. Trov. Rendena. Denton and Purcell. Tlie drouth of i860 caused great suffering in DuniplKni cinnly as well as other parts of the state and they received relief to the extent of 138.750 pounds of provisions. Doniphan being a iKirdcr county KANSAS IIISTOKY 531 suffered considerable annoyance and damage to life and properly from the raids of the border ruffians. In i860 guards were kept on duty in all the little cities at night. The women took an important part with the men in protecting their homes, and many are the instances of courage on the part of, young girls and women in times of distress and danger. In one instance a girl in men's clothes was shot by the guard. After the Civil war was over and the border troubles settled, the people began improvements again. Three miles of track had been laid in i860 near Wathena by the St. Joseph & Grand Island Railway com- . pany. After the close of the war a new company was organized, and Doniphan county voted bonds for the construction of the road. Travel up to this time had been carried on by boat on the rivers and by stage and freight wagon west of St. Joseph, Mo. This first road entered the covmty at Elwood, passed through Wathena and Troy, leaving about midway on the western line. The next road to be built was the Atchi- son & Nebraska, for which the county voted $200,000 in bonds and gave in individual subscriptions $10,000. This road was built as far as White Cloud in 1871, The St. Joseph & Elwood bridge was built the same year. In 1872 a railroad was built from Wathena to Doniphan via Palmero by George H. Flail, John L. Motter, O. B. Craig. William Craig and George W. Barr. It was finally acquired by the St. Joseph & Western company and the rails were taken up and used on that line. At present Doniphan county has three lines of railroad, the Chicago, Burlington & Ouinc}', extending from southeast to northwest, passing through Troy; the St. Joseph & Grand Island enters from St. Joseph at Elwood and crosses directly west; the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific enters in the southwest, runs northeast to Troy and east to St. Joseph. When the county was first organized it was divided into five town- ships, Wayne, Washington, Iowa, Wolf River and Burr Oak. In 1856 Center township was formed out of the western portions of Washing- ton and Burr Oak, in 1878 Union township was formed out of the terri- tory of Wolf River, Marion was formed later between Washington and 'Wayne. A number of the historic towns of earlier times have disap- peared from the map. These include Columbus, Charleston, Lafayette, Normanville, Mt. Vernon, Palermo, Ridge Farm, Syracuse, Walnut Grove, Whitehead and Wolf River. The towns and postoffices of the present are, Bendena, Blair, Brenner, Denton, Doniphan, Elwood, Fan- ning, Gabriel, Geary, Highland, Highland Station, Iowa Point, Leona, Moray, Palmero, Purcell, Severance, Sparks, Troy, Wathena and White Cloud. The surface of the county is rolling except for the bluffs along the Missouri river. There are a number of smaller streams among which Wolf river is the most important. It enters from the west flows in a northeasterly direction through Leona and Severance and empties into the Missouri. Clear creek and Mission creek also empty into the Mis- souri. The geological formations of Doniphan county are very interesting. 532 CYCLOPEDIA OF Many relics of prehistoric ages have been taken from the bluffs and banks of streams. A few years ago a large tooth weighing 5 pounds was unearthed. Mounds in which the prehistoric races were accus- tomed to bury their dead existed in considerable numbers in the early days of the white man's occupation. Limestone is found in considerable quantities, also sandstone of a good quality and potter's clav. Coal is lound to some extent but not in commercial quantities. The area is 379 square miles or 242,560 acres, of which 177,297 acres are under cultivation. The principal products are wheat, corn, oats and fruits. The county is one of the foremost in horticulture, having about 350,000 bearing fruit trees. In 1910 the total income from farm pro- ducts was $2,705,712, of which corn was worth $1,034,982; wheat, $119,247; and oats, $193,790. The assessed valuation of property was $24,909,152, and the population was 14,422, which makes the wealth of the county average nearly $1,700 per capita. The educational advantages cannot be surpassed anywhere. There are 68 organized school districts with a school population of 4,553. The Highland University, which was the outgrowth of the early missions of 1837, is the oldest chartered educational institution in the state. There are Roman Catholic and Lutheran schools at \Vathena. The first school for white children was estatblished near Highland in 1858. John F. Sparks was the first teacher. The school house, which was built of logs, was on the site of the building now belonging to district 56. In 1867 an unsuccessful attempt was made by the Methodist church to found a boarding school at Burr Oak. Doniphan's Expedition. — In May, 1846, Gov. Edwards of Missouri requested Col. Alexander W. Doniphan, a lawyer of 'Liberty, to assist him in raising troops in the western counties of the state for volunteer service in the war with Mexico, and he acceded to the request. The enthusiasm of the people was high and in a week or so the eight com- ])anies of men had volunteered, which, upon organization at Fort Leavenworth, formed the famous First Missouri mounted volunteers. This regiment formed a portion of the column known as the Army of the West, commanded b\^ that chivalric soldier, Gen. Stephen W. Kearney. .\11 of the troops rendezvoused at Fort Leavctnvorlli. The volunteers having undergone a few weeks' drilling, the Army of the West commenced its march to Santa Fe on June 26, 1846, and on Aug. 18 following (jen. Kearney's army entered Santa Fc without firing a gun. In November of the same year, Col. Doniphan was ordered with his regiment into the country of the Navajo Itulians, on the western slope of the Rocky mountains, to overawe or chastise them, lie completed this movement with great celerity. His soldiers toiled through snows three feet deep on the crests and eastern slope of the mountains. Hav- ing accomplished the object of the expedition by concluding a satis- factory treaty with the Indians, he returned to the Rio del Norte, and on the hanks of that stream collected and refreshed his men, jMeparatory to effecting what was tlnii intended to bo a junction with Ci-n. Wool. KANSAS IIISI'ORV 533 He was here reinforced by two batteries of light artillery. In Dec, 1846, he turned his little column to the south and put it in motion towards Chihuahua. In quick succession followed his brilliant and decisive victories at Brazito and Sacramento, the capture of Chihuahua, the plunge of his little army into the unknown country between Chi- huahua and Saltillo, and its emergence in triumph at the latter city. After his arrival at Saltillo, inasmuch as the period of enlistment of his men would soon expire, his regiment was ordered home. The march was continued to Matamoras, where the regiment embarked for New Orleans. The men were discharged at New Orleans and arrived at home about July i, 1847. The march of this regiment from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe, Chihuahua, Saltillo and Matamoras — a distance of near 3,600 miles — is called Doniphan's Expedition, and in a measure is germane to Kansas history. There was no road, not even a path, leading from Fort Leavenworth into the regular Santa Fe trail. The army, therefore, steered its course southwesterly, with the view of intersecting the main Santa Fe trail, at or near the Narrows, 65 miles west of Independence. In accomplishing this, many deep ravines and creeks with high and rugged banks were encountered. The heat was often excessive ; the grass was tall and rank; the earth in many places so soft that the heavily loaded wagons would sink almost up to the axle upon the level prairie, and the men were frequently compelled to dismount and drag them from the mire with their hands. Hence the march was, of neces- sity, both slow and tedious. About noon on June 30, they arrived upon the banks of the Kansas river, which they crossed in boats without loss or accident, and encamped for the night on the west bank among the friendly Shawnees. On July i the troops continued their march in a southwesterly direction, to intersect the road leading from Independ- ence to Santa Fe. After a toilsome march of some 15 miles, without a guide, through the tall prairie grass and matted pea-vines, sometimes directing their course to the southward and someti mes to the west- ward, they at length struck upon the old Santa Fe trace, and encamped for the night near Black Jack, in what is now Douglas county. Pro- visions (chiefly bread-stufifs, salt, etc.) were conveyed in wagons, and beef-cattle driven along for the use of the men. The animals subsisted entirely by grazing. By July 5 the troops had reached Council Grove, now the county seat of Morris county, Kan., one of the most important stations on the old trail. Advancing about 16 miles further they encamped near the Diamond Springs. On July 9, they arrived upon the banks of the Little Arkansas, in what is now Rice county. The evening of July 12 found them at Walnut creek, in what is now Barton county, and the following day brought them to the noted Pawnee rock, near which place they diverged from the main Santa Fe road and fol- lowed the Arkansas river to a point near the present city of Pueblo. Col., where they crossed into the enemy's country. Then ensued what proved to be one of the most remarkable military campaigns in American history. The principal engagement was the 534 CYCLOPEDIA OF battle of Sacramento, which one writer says "was the most wonderful ever fought by American arms." Col. Doniphan's men attacked a forti- fied position held by troops outnumbering them nearly five to one, and in speaking of their charge at that place the same writer says, "It has ne\-er been equaled in all the annals of the world's warfare." The State of Kansas has honored Col. Doniphan by naming a county and a town for him, and the State of Missouri named the seat of Ripley county in his honor. Dorn County. — (See Xeosho County.) Dorrance, one of the principal towns of Russell county, is located in Plymouth township, on the Union Pacific R. R. and near the Smoky Hill river, 17 miles east of Russell, the county seat. It was settled about the time the railroad was built, was incorporated in 1910. and the same year reported a population of 281. Dorrance has a bank, an inter- national money order postoffice with three rural routes, telegraph and express offices, telephone connections, a hotel, churches of various denominations, a good public school system, and a number of well equipped mercantile establishments. Being located in the midst of a rich agricultural district, it is an important shipping point for grain, live stock, and other farm products. Doster, a small village of Sumner county, is a station on the Kansas Southwestern R. R. 6 miles west of Caldwell and about 20 miles south- west of Wellington, the county scat. Mail is received by rural delivery from Caldwell. Doster, Frank M., lawyer anil the first Democrat to be electctl to the office of chief justice of the Kansas supreme court, was born in Virginia, Jan. 19, 1849. He received his education at the Indiana State University and Illinois College, and later graduated at the Benton Law Institute of Indiana. At the age of fifteen years he enlisted in the Eleventh Indiana cavalry, under Lincoln's last three-year call, and served for two years. In the summer of 1865 his company was sent from the south and served along the Santa Fe trail. Prior to his enlistment he served in the state militia and took part in the Morgan raid of 1863. He commenced to practice law in Piatt county. 111., but in about a year removed to Kansas and located in Marion cotmty. In 1872 Mr. Doster was elected to the state legislatiu-e. Three years later he was elected judge of the Twenty-fifth judicial district, but was defeated for reelection in 1891. In 1893 he was appointed judge of tlic district court and on Jan. 11, 1897, was made chief justice of the supreme court of Kansas, where he served until 1903. Judge Doster is an able lawyer, a close student, and though a Socialist, at the time of his elec- tion he said, "I know only one code of law and that is the same one studied by the other lawyers and T shall try to follow it as best I can." While upon the supreme bench Judge Doster advocated an amend- ment to the constitution which would increase the supreme court to seven members. On Jime 22, 1901, the following statement appeared in the Kansas rit\- Star, "lie cxnnunded the law as ho fmiml it and ;i'^ KANSAS HISTORY 535 he learned it from celebrated jurists who have gone before him in America and England. No judge was ever more impartial, and to the corporation and the humble citizen alike he has given equal and exact justice. More than a learned judge, Judge Doster is a man of scholarly attainments, and his opinions have a classic flavor seldom found on the dry pages of court reports." One able lawyer said, "He is a credit to the state, a credit to the bench and a credit to his profession." Douglas County, located in the second tier of counties west of Mis- souri and in the fourth tier south of Nebraska, is bounded on the north by Jefiferson and Leavenworth counties, from which it is separated by the Kansas river; on the east by Johnson county; on the south by Franklin county, and on the west by Osage and Shawnee counties. It is one of the original 33 counties created by the first territorial legis- lature with the following boundaries: "Beginning at the main channel of the Kansas river, at the northwest corner of Johnson county ; thence south to the southwest corner of Johnson county ; thence west 24 miles to a point e(|uidistant between the limits (embraced in the original plots) of the towns of Lecompton and Tecumseh." It was named in honor of Stephen A. Douglas, United States senator from Douglas at the time of the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. It has an area of 469 square miles and is divided into the following townships : Clinton, Eudora, Grant, Kanwaka, Lecompton, Marion, Palmyra, Wakarusa and Willow Springs. The general surface of the country is undulating, breaking into high blufifs along the Kansas and Wakarusa rivers. The bottom lands or valleys, which comprise about a quarter of the area, are from 2 to 4 miles in width. Timber belts are generally found along the streams, and average about a mile in width. The principal varieties of native timber are ash, elm, cottonwood, oak, walnut and hackberry. The main water course is the Kansas river, which flows in a general southeasterly direction and forms the northern boundary. The Wakarusa river, also an important stream, flows nearly across the county from the west and empties into the Kansas river. The main tributaries of the Wakarusa are Deer, Rock, Washington and Coal creeks, while Plumb creek flows across the extreme northeast corner. In the south are Eight Mile and Ottawa creeks, and along the eastern boundary Captain's creek. Springs are abundant and good well water is usually found at a depth of 25 feet. The soil is extremely fer- tile, and all grains grow well. The principal crops are winter wheat, Kafir-corn and hay, but the county ranks high in the production of Irish potatoes. Limestone is extensively quarried in Wakarusa and Lecompton townships. Potter's clay is foimd along the Kansas river, and coal has been mined in limited quantities south of Lawrence. The county also ranks high in live stock and there are over 200,000 bearing fruit trees in the county, more than half of which are apple. The first white men to visit the present Douglas county, so far as is known, were French traders, who passed up the Kansas river in the first quarter of the eighteenth century and carried on an extensive trade 536 CYCLOPEDIA OF with the native Indian tribes. Following them, but nearly a century later, were the white explorers who generally followed the waterways toward the west. Thomas Sa3''s route lay along the south bank of the Kansas river through what is now Douglas county, when he passed up the stream in 1819. Fremont followed this route in 1842 and again in 1843, when he went west to explore the Rocky mountains. In 1842, the expedition camped within the limits of Douglas county near the present site of Lawrence, and in his journal of the expedition, Fremont wrote, "We encamped in a remarkably beautiful situation on the Kansas bluffs, which commanded a fine view of the river." The Santa Fe Trail (q. v.), traversed the southern part of the country from east to west, and the route to the gold fields, which began at Westport, Mo., crossed the Wakarusa near what was once the town of Franklin, a little south- west of the present town of Eudora, passed near Lawrence, and left the county beyond the present town of Big Springs. Thousands passed westward over these famous highways after gold was discovered in California, but there were none who stopped to settle as it was Indian territory and the only habitations were the stations kept by \^•llites for the accommodation of the travelers. The first permanent white settlement in what is now Douglas county was made by Frederick Chouteau in 1827, when he established a trading post, on the south bank of the Kansas river, a little above the present hamlet of Lake View. It remained but a short time, as he removed to Shawnee county in 1830. In 1848 the Methodist Episcopal church established a mission am'ong the Shawnees on the south bank of the Kansas river, near the mouth of the Wakarusa, but in 1857 it was abandoned. Prior to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, much of the best land in the valley of the Kansas river had been marked for preemption by Missourians. The undue haste of the pseudo settlers, made against the protests of the Indians, and the great influx into the territory was probably stimulated by the knowledge that organizations were being formed in the north to send emigrants to Kansas with the avowed pur- pose of working to make it a free-state. Hence, by staking out claims, the Missourians hoped to hold the land against these undesirable set- tlers. Some of the first men who came tO Kansas in the summer of 1854 and settled along the California road were F. W. Lunkins, A. R. Hopper, Clark Stearns, H. R. Lykins, the Wade brothers, J. A. Wakefield, S. N. Wood, William Lyon, Josiah Hutchinson, and a number of others. South of the California road were Joel K. ("londin and William r.rey- man. A. W. and A. G. Glenn, William Shirley, and M. S. Winter set- tled at Lecompton ; Jacob Branson, Charles Dow and Franklin Cole- man located near the present site of Vinland in 1854. A little farther south, near the present city of Baldwin, claims were taken by Robert and Richard Pierson, Jacob Cantrell and L. F. Green. Douglas, a pro- slavery town, was laid out 2 miles southeast of Lecompton on the claim KANSAS HISTORY 537 of Paris Ellison, and later in the year William Harjier and J. 1857, he was a])pointed treasurer to the board of counl\ connnissioners, bi'inii' the lirsl man e\er to hold that office in the count}'. Neither Mr. |)niil);ir nor his wife li\cd long after their removal to Kansas. Slie . 16) says that Dutisne in 1719 "passed through Morris and Geary counties, and dis- covered indubitable evidence of Coronado's tr;iil .ind r.inip ncn I'ort Rilev." KANSAS lIISTdin' 555 Other writers have made similar statements, with the resiiU that the opinion has naturally become prevalent that J)iitisne was in Kansas. But the report of his expedition will hardly justify that belief. On Nov. 22, 1719, Dutisne wrote a letter to I'.ienville, in which he gave the following account of his expedition: "When T went among the Osages I was well received by them. Having explained my intentions to them, they answered me well in everything that regarded themselves, but when I spoke of going among the Panis ffawnees), they all opposed it, and would not assent to the reasons which I gave for going. Mav- ing learned that they did not intend for me to carry away the goods which I had brought, I proposed to them to let me take three guns, for myself and my interpreter, telling them decidedly that if they did not consent I would be very angry and you would be indignant ; upon which they consented. Knowing the character of these savages, T did not delay, but set out on the road. In four days I was among the Panis, where I was very badly received, owing to the fact that the Osages had made them believe that our intentions were to entrap them and make them slaves. . . . but when they learned the false- hood of the Osages they consented to make an alliance and treated me very well." Then, after explaining how he traded the three guns, etc., for three horses and a mule, "marked with a Spanish brand," he continues: "I proposed to them to let me pass through to the Padoucahs. To this they were much opposed, as they are deadly enemies. Seeing they would not consent, I questioned them in regard to the Spaniards. It seems to me we could succeed in making peace between this tribe and the Padoucahs, and by this means open a route to the Spaniards. It could be done by giving back to them their slaves and making them some presents. I told them it was your desire they should be friends. We could yet attempt the passage by the Missouri, going to the Panismahas to carry them some presents. I have offered M. de Boisbriant to go there myself, and if this is your wish I am ready to execute it so as to merit the honor of your protection. . . . The way to go there from the Osages is south, one-quarter west." In Margry's works (vol. VI, pp. 309-12) is an extract from one of La Harpe's relations, apparently taken from Dutisne's report. This relation says the Pani villages were 40 leagues southwest from the Osages. The latter Dutisne described as being 80 leagues from the mouth of the Osage river, near the present town of Osceola, in St. Clair county, Mo. Forty leagues southwest from that point would bring the site of the Pani villages near the southeast corner of Kan- sas, possibl}' inside the present boundary of the state. There is nothing in Dutisne's report, or any account of the expedition, to show that he made the fifteen days' journey up the Smoky Hill river mentioned by Hale, though Dutisne did say that, according to the report of the Panis, "it is fifteen days' journc}- to the great village of the Padou- •cahs." It is therefore extremely problematical whether Dutisne was 556 CYCLOPEDIA OF ever in what is now the State of Kansas, though from the distances and directions mentioned in his report he may have touched the south- east corner of the state. Dwight, an incorporated city of the third class in Ohio township, Morris county, is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. some 15 miles north of Council Grove, the county seat. It was settled about the time the railroad was built, and on March 4, 1903, Gov. Bailey approved an act authorizing the town to incorporate and organize as a city of the third class. The incorporation was not effected, however, until in 1905. In 1910 the population was 298. Dwight has a bank, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, express, tele- graph and telephone service, Christian, Methodist, Episcopal and Presby- terian churches, good public schools, and is the principal trading and shipping point in the northeastern part of the county. Dyche, Lewis Lindsay, zoologist, was born at Berkeley Springs, W. Va., March 20, 1857. In early life he came to Kansas, and in 1884 he received the degrees of B. S. and B. A. from the University of Kansas. During the years 1885-86 he was assistant professor of zoology, and in 1886 he received the degree of A. M. He was then made professor of comparative anatomy, which position he held until 1890, receiving the degree of M. S. in 1888. From 1890 to 1900 he was professor of zoology and curator of birds and mammals, and since 1900 has held the chair of systematic zoology and taxidermy. Prof. Dyche has made more than a score of scientific expeditions, covering North America from Mexico to Alaska, including Greenland and the Arctic regions, and as a result of his work the University of Kansas has one of the largest and finest collections of mammals in the world. A collection of these specimens was exhibited at the Columbian expedition at Chi- cago in 1893 and excited much favorable comment. On Oct. 4, 1884, Prof. Dyche married Miss Ophelia Axtell of Sterling, Kan. He has lectured at various places upon the subjects with which he is so welt acquainted, and has contributed articles on zoology and kindred topics to the leading magazines. In 191 1 he was appointed state game warden and fish commissioner, a position for which he is admirably fitted by his long training as a student of animal life, the habits of birds and mammals, etc. E Eagle, a small settlement of Elwood township. Barber county, is situated in the forks of Little Mule creek, about 12 miles southwest of Medicine Lodge, the county seal, and most convenient railroad slatinn. The people receive mail by rural delivery from Lasswcll. Earleton, one of the thriving little tinvns of Neosho county, is located in t anxillc township on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 12 miles west r)f Erie, the county seat. All lines of business are represented, including banking. There is an express office and a money order post- KANSAS HISTORY 557 office with two rural routes. The population in 1910 was 250. Earle- ton was founded by J. C. Lantz in 1870, in the interests of the railroad company, which was supposed to own the land. Mr. Lantz was the first postmaster and kept the first store. The growth of the town was retarded by litigation for the title of- the land and little was done in the way of building uiitil the matter was settled in 1876. In 1877 several new business enterprises sprang up, a depot was erected and the town started on its career. Early River Commerce. — When the first actual white settlers came to Kansas, there were no railroads west of the Mississippi river, and the various water-courses were depended upon to furnish the means of transportation. As early as 1819 four steamboats — the Thomas Jef- ferson, Expedition, R. M. Johnson and Western Engineer — were built for the navigation of the upper Missouri, and were used in the first Yellowstone expedition. Prior to that time the only species of water craft on the western streams were the Indian canoes or the keel boats and pirogues of the fur traders. In 1830 a steamboat called the Car of Commerce was built for the Missouri river trade, but was sunk near the mouth of the river two years later. The Yellowstone ascended the river in 1831, and between that time and 1840 the Assiniboine and the Astoria made regular trips. About the time Kansas was organized as a territory, the best known steamers on the Missouri were the A. C. Goddin, the A. B. Chambers and the Kate Swinney. The last named, a side-wheeler 200 feet long and 30 feet wide, was sunk on the upper river on Aug. i, 1855. Others steamers on the Missouri were the Key- stone (upon which Gov. Geary came to Kansas), the Robert Campbell, the Paul Jones, the Polar Star and the J. M. Converse. Lewis and Clark's journal for June 5, 1804, contains the following entry: "Passed the Creek of the big rock about 15 yds wide on the left side at 11 oClock brought too a small Caissee (raft made of two canoes tied together) in which was two french men, from 80 leagues up the Kansias R where they wintered, and brought a great quantity of Beaver," etc. It may be that this early report was partially responsible for the popular belief some years later that the Kansas was navigable for a distance of 80 leagues. (See Kansas River.) The first attempt to navi- gate the river by steam was in 1854, when Capt. C. K. Baker bought the Excel, a vessel of 79 tons with a draft of only 2 feet, for the Kansas river trade. On one trip down the river, this boat made the run from Fort Riley to Kansas City in 24 hours, stopping at thirty landings. In 1855 eight new steamboats attempted the navigation of the Kansas, viz: the Bee, New Lucy, Hartford, Lizzie, Emma Harmon, Financier No. 2, Saranak and Perry. The Hartford made but one trip. On June 3 she ran aground a short distance above the mouth of the Blue river, where she lay for a month waiting for high water. With a rise in the river she dropped down to Manhattan, where she unloaded her cargo, and with the next rise started for Kansas City, but grounded opposite I 558 cvcLorEDiA of St. Alary's mission, where she caught tire and was burned. The bell of this boat is now in the steeple of the Methodist church at Alanhattan. In 1856 the steamers Perry, Lewis Burns, Far West and llrazil made their appearance on the Kansas. In this year the fiat-boat Pioneer took out the first load of freight from up the river, arriving at Kansas City in April. The following year four new steamboats were added. They were the Lightfoot, \'iolet, Lacon and Otis Webb. The Lightfoot of Ouindaro, a stern-wheeler, was the first steamboat ever built in Kansas. The Violet was built at Pittsburg. She arrived at Kansas City on April 7, 1857, and two days later reached Lawrence. Here the captain noticed that the river was falling and declined to go any farther. Dis- charging his cargo and passengers, he started back down the river and arrived at Kansas City on May 10, having spent the greater part of a month on the sand bars. The vessel never tried a second trip. In 1858 the Otis A\'ebb, the Minnie Belle and the Kate Swinney were the principal steamboats on the Kansas, but in 1859 came the Silver Lake, Morning Star, Gus Linn. Adelia, Colona, Star of the West and the Kansas Valley. In i860 the Eureka. Izetta and Mansfield were added to the list. Then came the Civil war and but little was done in the way of river commerce until peace was restored to the country. The Tom Morgan and the Emma began the navigation of the Kansas in 1864; the Hiram Wood, Jacob Sass and E. Hensley were pu\ in com- mission in 1865, and in 1866 the Alexander Majors was added. The early navigation of the Kansas was attended by many difficul- ties. Wood was used for fuel, and it was no tmusual occurrence for a boat to tie up while the crew went ashore to fell trees and lay in a supply of wood. On one occasion the Financier No. 2 ascended the Rei^ublican river for a distance of 40 miles b}- way of exiJeriment. This was the farthest that river has ever been navigated. A correspondent of the St. Louis Democrat, on Nov. 18, 1855, said : "The bed of the Kansas, like that of the Missouri, is quicksand, ever changing and ever dangerous wdiile the water will not average over two feet in depth at any i)lace for a distance of 500 feet along its banks. If the bottom was rock and the banks precipitous, a line of steamers would pay well ; but as it is, no sensible capitalist will invest his money in a single boat. Kansas is destined bynature to be the Railroad state." When the counties of Cowley, .Sedgwick and Sumner were settled, about 1870, the question of steamboat navigation on the Arkansas became one of interest to the settlers, who were desirous of finding an outlet to market. In the fall of 1875 A. W. Berkey and A. C. Winton of Cowley county built a flat-lioat at .Arkansas City and loaded it witli flour, wliich they took down the river and sold at Little Rock. .\rk. Upon their return a stock company was formed iov the purcliase of a steaml)oat. A light draft boat was bought and it ascended the river nearly to Fort (iibson. when the engines were fimnd to be of insufficient power to stem llie current. In the summer of 1S78 W. II. Speer and Amos Walton huilt a flat-boat 50 feet long and 16 feet wide, equipped KANSAS HISTORY 559- it with a 10 liorse-puvver thresher engine, and with this riovel craft made several trips up and down the river lor a distance of 60 miles froni Arkansas City while the water was at a low stage. Through correspondence, the business men of I^ittle Rock were induced to send a boat on trial trip to Kansas. The boat selected was the Aunt Sally, which had been built for the bayou cotton trade of Arkansas. She arrfved at Arkansas City on June 30, 1878, and the officers of the boat expressed the opinion that a boat built especially for the purpose could make regular trips up and down the river at all seasons of the year. Thus encouraged, McCloskey Seymore had the Cherokee built at Arkansas City. This boat was launched on Nov. 6, 1878; was 85 feet long, 22 feet wide; and had a draught when loaded to the guards of only 16 inches. Other steamers that were built for the Arkansas river trade were the Gen. Miles, the Necedah and the Nonesuch. But, before the commerce of the Arkansas river was fully established, the railroad came, and the certainty of railroad traffic, when compared with the difficulties attending that of the river, made the operation of the steamboats unprofitable. However, as late as 1884 a steamboat called the Kansas Millers was built for the trade. This was the last attempt at steam navigation of the Arkansas, though some flat- boats and barges continued to transport wheat and flour down the river until the railroad lines were more fully developed. Eastern Orthodox Church. — (See Greek Church.) Eastern Star, Order of. — (See Freemasons.) Easton, one of the important early settlements of I^eavenworth :ount\ , is situated on the Stranger river and the Union Pacific R. R. n the north\\'estern part of the count}' 11 miles northwest of Leayen- worth. In the autumn of 1854, Gen. L. J. Eastin, and his associates located the town of Eastin and it was named in honor of the general. The spelling was changed to Easton through the influence of Gov. Reeder, for his native town in Pennsylvania. The first settler was Andrew Dawson, who opened a store just above the bridge in 1852. In 1855 Stephen Minard bought this store, settled in the village and opened the first hotel. In Dec, 1855, a postoffice was opened and the village began to thrive. A number of free-state men settled in the town and vicinity and during the border troubles it was regarded as a head- quarters for men of this political faith. (See Easton Expedition.) Sev- eral churches were built at an early day, a school was opened and great things were expected of the town. Early in the '80s it had two general stores, a blacksmith shop and grocery. Today the town is the supply and shipping point for a rich agricultural community, has several gen- eral stores, a hardware and implement house, lumber yard, money order postoffice, express and telegraph facilities, hotel, good graded school, and is one of the leading towns in the western part of the county. In 1910 the population was 310. Easton Expedition. — In the fall of 1853 a free-state mayor was elected in Leavenworth. He became intimidated bv the demonstrations at the 560 CYCLOPEDIA OF December elections, and fearing the dissatisfaction of the people because of the hopelessness of performing his duty, resigned on Jan. 13. 1856, two days before the date fixed for the election of state officers under the Topeka constitution. The president of the council forbade the election to be held, and although no polls were opened, the election was held in an informal way by carrying the ballot box around. Some of the free-state men determined that an election should be held in the Leavenworth district free from the pro-slavery influence. At Easton, 11 miles northwest of Leavenworth, the election had been postponed to the 17th because of the threats to break it up as had been done at Leavenworth. The election was held at the house of T. A. Minard, about a half mile from the village, and a number of Leavenworth men attended to see that the election was fair, one of them being Capt. Reese P. Brown, member-elect of the legislature. About 6 o'clock p. m. an attack was made upon the polls, which were defended by the free-state men under command of Stephen Sparks. A message was sent to Minard by the pro-slavery men, demanding the ballot box, and informmg him that unless it was given up they would come for it. No disturbance occurred, however, until the next morn- ing, when news was brought that Sparks and his son had been taken prisoners. Capt. Brown and a party started out to rescue them. On reaching the village they found Sparks and his son standing at bay in a fence corner. Sparks and his son were released, but threats were made that they would soon be recaptured. The parties" had not separated before guns were fired, a pro-slavery man named Cook being killed and two free-state men slightly wounded. Brown and seven others then started for Leavenworth, but when about half way there tliey were met by a company of Kickapoo rangers under command of Capt. Martin and a company from Leavenworth under Capt. Dunn on Iheir way to Easton to avenge the death of Cook. L'pon being assured that they would be treated kindly, the free-state men, seeing the odds against them, gave up their arms and were taken back to Easton, where a mock trial was attempted. The soldiers became unruly, and Capt. Martin said that nothing could save Brown. All the other prisoners were released, but Brown was kept locked in a room to prevent the mob from interfering. Upon being told thai iho men holding the trial Iiad decided to take Brown to Leavenworth to await his trial according to law, the mob said that he too would fscape. They broke open the door where he was confined, and a man named Gilbert struck liim on the head with a hatchet. He was dragged out of doors, stabbed and hacked from head to foot, and finally thrown in a wagon, in which he was jolted over the frozen ground to his home, where he died. Brown was a prominent free-state man, he had previously taken part in the defense of Lawrence and was feared by the pro-slavery men. Echo, a hamlet of Douglas county, is located in the soutliern portion about 10 miles northwest of Baldwin, the nearest railroad station, from which it has rural free delivery. The population in 1910 was 25 KANSAS HISTORY 561 Electric Medical Association. — (See Medical Societies, State.) Eden, a hamlet of Atchison county, is located in the northern portion on Independence creek, about 5 miles east of Huron, the nearest rail- road point. It has rural free delivery from yVtchison, the county seat, which is about 10 miles southeast. In 1910 the population was 20. Edgerton, one of the large towns of Johnson county, is situated in the southwestern portion, near the junction of two branches of Bull creek, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 14 miles southwest of Olathe, the county seat. The town was laid out after the building of the railroad in 1870 and named after the chief engineer. The first building was the railroad station. It was followed by a dwelling and store the same year and in 1871 Reuben Perkins built the first hotel. The first school house was also built in 1871 and school was taught by Robert Qtiay that winter. The town lies in a rich agricultural country and is a shipping point for produce sent to Kansas City. It has a money order postotiice, good hotel, hardware and implement house, lumber yard and good public school system. The population in 1910 was 400. Edith, a country postofiice of Lee township, Logan county, is situated on Twin Butte creek about 12 miles southeast of Russell Springs, the county seat, and about half-way between Monument, on the Union Pacific, and Scott, on the Missouri Pacific, which are the nearest rail- road stations. Editorial Association, State. — Wilder's Annals of Kansas fp. 372) says that on Oct. 7, 1863, a meeting of the state editors was held at Leavenworth, and that the next day a society was formed with John Speer as president; Hovey E. Loman, vice-president; D. H. Bailey, secretary ; and Daniel W. Wilder, treasurer. This is the only mention of this organization to be found, and it does not appear that a second meeting was ever held. In Dec, 1865, a call was issued for the editors of the state to meet at Topeka on Jan. 17, 1866, the anniversary of Benjamin Franklin's birth, to consider the advisability of organizing a state editorial association. At that time there were but 37 papers published in the state, and at the Topeka meeting 20 of these were represented as follows : M. W. Reynolds, Lawrence Journal; J. B. Oliver, Lawrence Tribune; W. H. Bisbee, Leavenworth Conservative ; H. Buckingham, Leavenworth Times; J. A. Martin, Atchison Champion; F. G. Adams, Atchison Free Press; F. P. Baker and S. D. McDonald, Topeka Record; J. F. Cum- mings, Topeka Leader; J. P. Greer, Topeka Tribune; P. LI. Peters, Marysville Enterprise; E. C. Manning, Marysville Union; R. B. Tay- lor, Wyandotte Gazette; D. B. Emmert, Fort Scott Monitor; Sol Mil- ler, White Cloud Chief; Jacob Stotler, Emporia News; M. M. Mur- dock, Burlingame Chronicle; Joseph Bond, Humboldt Herald; Sol Miller, Mound City Sentinel; William Springs, Garnett Plaindealer; George W. Martin, Junction City Union. A committee consisting of P. H. Peters, F. G. Adams and M. W. Reynolds, was appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws with a (I-36) 562 CYCLOPEDIA OF view to perfecting a permanent organization. This committee in its- report, suggested the name of "Kansas Editors' and Publishers' Associa- tion," the objects of which should be "to promote the mutual welfare of the Kansas press, protect its rights, inculcate feelings of harmony, and elevate its tone and character." The report of the committee was adopted and the following officers were elected: R. B. Taylor, president; M. W. Reynolds, John A. Mar- tin, M. M. Murdock and J. F. Cummings, vice-presidents ; S. D. McDon- ald, secretary; and P. H. Peters, treasurer. For some years the annual meetings of the association were held on Jan. 17, the anniversary of the organization. Then the time, as well as the place, of holding meetings was left for the members to decide. In 1871 the meeting was held at Lawrence late in October, and the meeting of 1872 was held at Emporia in May. Following the custom of similar organizations elsewhere, the meetings of the association were generally accompanied by a banquet or an excursion to some point of interest. No meetings were held in 1876, 1880, 1881 and 1884, though in 1876 a number of the members got together and went as an excursion party to Philadelphia to attend the Centennial exposition. The old associa- tion continued in existence until it was replaced by the present one. In May, 1892, the Kansas delegates, while on the way home from the meeting of the National Editorial Association, formed a temporary or- ganization with D. A. Valentine as president and Ewing Herbert as secretary. These officers called a state convention to meet on April 21, 1893, when about 40 newspaper men from various sections of the state assembled at the Copeland hotel in Topeka and organized the present "Kansas Editorial Association." On July 25 a call was issued for a meeting of the association on Sept. 11-12, 1893, to be followed by an excursion to the Columbian exposition at Chicago during Kansas week. Meetings have been held annually since the organization in 1892. At these meetings papers relating to the interests of the press are read and discussed, and the business exercises are usually followed by a banquet or a visit to the state institutions. The meeting of 191 1 was held in Topeka on Jan. 30-31, when the fol- lowing officers were elected: President, W. Y. Morgan, Hutchinson News; vice-president, Clyde H. Knox, Sedan Times-Star; correspond- ing secretary. Mack Cretcher, Sedgwick Pantagraph ; recording secre- tary, Charles Brown, Horton Headlight ; treasurer, W. E. Miller, St. Mary's Star. At that meeting 196 members were reported, and that alt parts of the state are fully represented may be seen from the following list of presidents, together with the papers with which they are con- nected : In 1892, D. A. Valentine, Cla}- Center Times; 1893, Charles F. Scott, Inla Register; 1894, J. E. Junkin, Sterling Bulletin; 1895, W. II. Nelson, Smith Center Pioneer; 1896, F. II. Roberts, Oskaloosa Inde- pendent; 1897, H. A. Perkins, Manhattan Nationalist; 1898, S. IF. Dodge, Beloit (iazette; 1899, George W. Martin, Kansas City Gazette; 1900, L. I'. Randnlpl), Nortonvillc News; 1901, G. T. Davies, Concordia Kai> KANSAS HISTORY 563 sail ; 1902, F. C. Raney, Fort Scott Republican; 1903, D. R. Anthony, Leavenworth Times ; 1904, Ewing Herbert, Hiawatha World ; 1905, Mack P. Cretcher, Sedgwick Pantagraph ; 1906, W. E. Blackburn, An- thony Republican; 1907, Thomas Charles, Belleville Freeman; 190S, Sheridan Ploughe, Hutchinson Independent; 1909, Arthur Capper, To- peka Capital; 1910, H. C. Sticher, Belleville Telescope; 191 1, W. Y. Morgan, Hutchinson News. Edmond, a town of Solomon township, Norton county, is located on the Solomon river and the Missouri Pacific R. R., about 14 miles south- east of Norton, the county seat. It is a flourishing place, has a national bank, a grain elevator, a flour mill, a creamery, a hotel, graded public schools, a money order postoffice with one rural route, and a large local trade in all lines of merchandise. The population in 1910 was 350. Edna, an incorporated town of Labette county, is located on the Mis- souri Pacific R. R., in Elm Grove township, 18 miles southwest of Os- wego, the county seat. It has 2 banks, 2 elevators, a flour mill and a machine shop. There are express and telegraph offices, and an interna- tional money order postoiifice with 3 rural routes. The population in 1910 was 489. In 1876 Alexander Patterson and Mr. Booth opened a general store at this point in a shanty 11 by 14 feet. That fall they built a frame store. Nothing was done toward building a town until the railroad came through in 1886. The plat was made that summer. A bank was opened in 1887 by C. T. Ewing, but it failed in 1892. There have been two disastrous fires, both of which burned several business houses, the first occurring in 1889 and the other in 1891. The town was incorporated in 1892 as a city of the third class. The following were the first officers: Mayor, J. H. Hoole ; police judge, J. H. Reasor ; city clerk, J- E. Blunk; councilmen, G. W. Reasor, T. G. Harris, H. H. Clark, A. C. Veach and J. C. Arnold. Edson, a village of Sherman county, is located in Washington town- ship, 9 miles east of Goodland, the county seat. It is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., has a money order postoffice with one rural route, an express ofSce, a general store, and does some ship- ping. There is also a village named Edson in Crawford county, a station on the Joplin & Pittsburg- electric railway. The people there receive mail by rural delivery from Franklin. Education. — In Kansas education is compulsory. It became so by the law of 1S74, which made it the duty of every parent ot guardian, having control of any child or children between the ages of eight and fourteen years, to send such child or children to a public or private school, taught by a competent instructor, for a period of at least twelve weeks in each year, six weeks of which time should be consecutive, unless such child or childten were excused from such attendance by the board of education. Lack of wearing apparel and ill health were the conditions upon which a child could be excused. In 1903 this law was revised and made more stringent, and provision was also made for 564 CYCLOPEDIA OF incorrigible children. In 1905 laws were passed requiring the educa- tion of the deaf, mute and blind. In 1907 the legislature created truancy districts, each under the charge of a truancy officer whose duty it was to investigate the cases of de- linquent children and see that the mandates of the educational act are obe3^ed. By this method many children with careless parents or with small inclination for study received benefit from the school where otherwise they would not. Provision was made for healthy children in the general schools, and for the afflicted and abnormal children in spe- cial schools, both of which are maintained by the state ; thus m Kansas education becomes a necessity insisted upon for the betterment of the state. The value of education was recognized b}' the first settlers, who came from communities in which the free schools had a high place, and who appreciated the power of a good public school system in the making of a state. These pioneers had been preceded by missionaries who entered the West to assist in civilizing" the Indians through the com- bined agents — religion and education — and who taught what white chil- dren there were in the vicinity of the missions, but until Kansas became a territory there were few white children to teach. The real beginning of educational life in Kansas was made in 1855, after the great influx of pioneers had begun. Small schools were organized in towns like Lawrence, \\''yandotte and Leavenworth, and maintained by public sub- scription. Although a territorial superintendent was appointed in 1857 to oversee all the schools of the territory, very little was done in an edu- cational way until 1859. Oii J^'^- i o^ that year not mure than five school districts had been organized in Douglas county, which was in better circumstances than any other in the territory. Rut before Jtme of the same year the number had been increased to thirty districts. On Jan. 4, 1866. Mr. Greer, then superintendent of schools, reported 222 organized school districts. School was taught in 138 districts and 2,087 persons were enrolled. In 1908 there were 8,689 districts and 507.827 persons of school age. (See Public School System.) The state constitution contains important sections relative to educa- tion, one of which provides that no distinction shall be ni.idc between the sexes. This principle has been observed in all the public schools and the state university. The men and women of Kansas have the same opportunity for learning. The public schools of the state have en- larged and developed into a permanent and effective system nf educa- tion, that touches every section of llie commonwealth, every ]ihase of activitv. Each county is divided into districts, the pupils completing the elementary work enter the high schools, the high schools arc accredited to the higher institutions of learning, the iini\crsily, Ihc state iicinnal school, and the state agricultural college. The instructors of common and high schools are involved in the svstcm by wav of normal institutes and teachers' associations, and those who have completed courses in the higher institutions of learning, as KANSAS JilS'l'OKY 565 well as those who have not, are organized into county, district and the state associations for the purpose of supplementing their training and improving the work in the schools. The higher institutions of learning perform a great duty in penetrating all districts with their messages and help. The university conducts an extension department, thereby sending the benefits of the institution to those people who cannot go to it, by lectures, by its professors, through correspondence courses and its public welfare department. The agricultural college, through lectures, through the experiment station bulletins, and through the farmers' institutes, does its part toward the improvement of the state, and the state normal school by sending out well-trained teachers con- tributes its quota. At the head of all is the state board of education, consisting of the state superintendent of public instruction, the chancel- lor of the university, the president of the normal school, the president of the agricultural college, and the others appointed by the governor. The course of study given to the public schools is broader than in early days, and embraces more departments. The high school gives the same grade of work the college used to give, and many high schools present a collegiate course — embracing literature, history and lan- guages — a normal course, and a business course. The introduction of industrial training into the schools marks the beginning of a new kind of education. To develoop the hand as well as the brain assists in bring- ing together the world of theory and practice and presents a more com- plete education. An indispensable adjunct of the school is the library, and this source of education has been developing accordingly. In 1855 the schools had scarcely enough text books for the pupils to learn their lessons, in 1910 the school libraries of Kansas owned 497,142 volumes. Another important factor in education is the Aplington art gallery (q. v.) which is sent to any part of the state by the request of any school or club. The public school system is supplemented by denominational schools located at various points throughout the state. There are nearly 200 of these schools, many of them small, but they do very good work. The -business college also has come to stay and assists in fitting students for direct entrance into the business world. Edwards County. — On March 7, 1874, Gov. Osborn approved an act creating several new counties and defining the boundaries of some pre- viously erected. By this act Edwards county was called into existence with the following described boundaries: "Commencing at the inter- section of the east line of range 16 west with the north line of town- ship 24 south, thence west with said township line to the east line of range 19 west, thence north with said range line to the north line of township 23 south, thence west with said township line to the east line of range 21 west, thence south with said range line to the north line of township 27 south, thence east with said township line to the east line of range 16 west, thence north to the place of beginning." By the act of March 5, 1875, which abolished Kiowa county, two tiers 566 CYCLOPEDIA OF of townships were added to Edwards on the south, giving it an area of 972 square miles. Kiowa county was reestablished b}- the act of Feb. ID, 1886, when the original boundaries of Edwards county were restored, so that the present area of the county is 612 square miles. It was named for W. E. Edwards, one of the early settlers, who erected the first brick block in the county, which block was occupied as a court- house for several years before a building was erected by the county. Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike's expedition passed through the county in 1806, following closely the route which afterward became historic as the Santa Fe trail. In the fall of 1872 the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad was completed as far as Edwards county, and in March, 1873, a colony from Massachusetts settled where Kinsley now stands, W. C. Knight, who was elected county superintendent of schools in Nov.. 1874, being the first man to erect a building. Soon after the first settlers lo- cated there E. K. Smart started a lumber yard, and a little later T. L. Rogers opened the first general store. A postoffice — called Peters — was established in May, 1873, with N. C. Boles as postmaster. The first school was taught the following fall by Mrs. A. L. ]\IcGinnis in a room 12 by 16 feet, a little over $30 having been subscribed for a three months' term, the law requiring three months of school to have been taught in the county before it was entitled to participate in the public school fund. On May 18, 1874, a memorial was filed with the governor, represent- ing that the population of the county was more than 600 and praying for its organization. The petitioners also asked for the appointment of Charles L. Hubbs, Nicholas L. Humphrey and George W. Wilson as county commissioners, James A. Walker as county clerk, and that Kins- ley be named as the temporary county seat. Robert McCause was ap- pointed to take a census, which showed the population of the county to be 633, and on Aug. i, 1874, Gov. Osborn issued his proclamation de- claring the county organized, with the officers and county seat recom- mended in the memorial. One of the first acts of the board of commis- sioners was to divide the county into the townships of Brown, Kinsley, and Trenton, and designate voting places for the general election in November, when the following officers were elected: Charles L. Hubbs, representative; F. C. Blanchard, J. A. Brothers and T. E. Rogers, county commissioners; William Emerson, county clerk: J- TT. Woods, clerk of the district court; E. A Boyd, treasurer; V. D. Billings, sheriff; L. W. Higgins, register of deeds ; Massena Moore, probate judge ; Taylor Flick, countv attorney; J. L. Perry, coroner; Frank A. White, sur- veyor; W. C. Knight, superintendent of public instruction. Edwards county suffered greatly the year it was organized from grass- hoppers. After investigating the conditions in the county, the com- missioners met in special session on Sept. 15. when they made out a report to the governor in which they said: "Our crops are totally de- stroyed; not one bushel of vegetables or grain being saved for man or beast. Our people are mostly poor |ii'i>|ilc, widmni wraltlix- rcl.-ili\cs or KANSAS HISTORY 567 friends to assist them in tlieir extremity. We have personally and care- fully investigated each case and find six families, containing 22 persons, totally destitute; five families, containing 18 persons, partially destitute. The above are the only persons in the county that will need aid to carry them to another crop. We believe $500, judiciously expended, will be sufficient with what -thev can earn, to keep them in the necessaries of life." The commissioners also suggested that, if aid was extended by the extra session of the legislature then about to meet, the persons having charge of the distribution of such funds employ needy, able-bodied men to work on the public highways, etc. The grasshopper scourge of 1874 and the short crops of 1878 retarded for a time the settlement of the county, but in 1885, the reports of abundant crops and cheap land brought hundreds of new settlers to southwestern Kansas, and the population of Edwards county was nearly doubled during the year. Along the Arkansas river, which enters the county near the south- west corner and flows northeast, the "bottoms" are about 3 miles wide, constituting about one-fourth of the area. The remaining surface is generally level or undulating prairie. Narrow belts, of cottonwood trees are found along the Arkansas river and Rattlesnake creek, which flows across the southeast corner. These comprise about all the native tim- ber, but many fine artificial groves have been planted. Building stone is found on the hills, which is the principal mineral of anv kind. Transpor- tation facilities are afforded by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., the main line of which crosses the county from east to west a little north of the center, and a branch runs northeast from Kinsley to Great Bend in Barton county. Altogether there are a little over 37 miles of main track. The population of Edwards county in 1910 was 7,033, a gain of 3.351, or more than 90 per cent, during the preceding decade. The county is divided into the following civil townships: Belpre, Brown, Franklin, Jackson, Kinsley. Lincoln, I^ogan, Trenton and Wayne. In 1910 the assessed valuation of property was $15,220,616. The value of farm products for the year was $2,137,608. The five leading crops in the order of value were: Wheat, $1,442,741; corn, $230,225; hay. $62,247; Kafir corn. $50,152; oats, $46,444. Edwardsville, one of the larger towns of Wyandotte countv, is located on the north bank of the Kansas river and the I 'uion Pacific R. R., about 13 miles west of Kansas City. A postoffice was established there in 1867. The town received its name in honor of John H. Edwards, gen- eral passenger agent of the railroad and state senator from Ellis county, at the time the town was surveyed in 1869. The land now covered by the town originally belonged to Half Moon, an Indian chief of the 13elawares. He sold his land to Gen. Smith, who in turn sold it to Wil- liam Knous, by whom it was platted. The Methodist Episcopal church perfected an organization at Edwardsville in 1868; dwellings were built, a school established, and several stores opened. Todav the town is a 568 CYCLOPEDIA OF thrifty conimunit)-, with hardware and implement houses, a mone)" order postoffice, express and telegraph facilities, and in 1910 it had a popula- tion of 209. Edwin, a small hamlet of Stanton county, is located on Bear creek about 5 miles northeast of Johnson, the county seat, from which place mail is received by rural delivery. Syracuse is the nearest railroad station. Another hamlet of the same name in Wabaunsee county, is about 3 miles southwest of Alma, the county seat, from which place mail is de- livered. It is a flag station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. Effingham, an incorporated town in Atchison county, is located in the southwestern portion on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 18 miles southwest of Atchison. The town was started soon after the building of the old Central Branch R. R. and was a thriving community early in the '80s. It was laid out on a part of the McGilvery farm, and from the first was the supply and shipping town for a large and rich agricul- tural district. Several churches were established at an early day; there were several general stores and a graded school in 1882, and since that time the town has continued to grow. It has a lumber yard, general stores, hotel, implement houses, 2 banks, a money order postoffice, a weekly newspaper (the New Leaf), telegraph and express facilities, and is one of the leading towns of the western part of the county. In 1910 it had a population of 674. Effingham is the seat of the county high school. Elba, an inland hamlet of Chase county, is located in the extreme northeast corner of the county, 13 miles from Cottonwood Falls, the county seat, and 6 miles north of Saffordville, on tlie Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., the nearest railroad station and shipping point, and the piistiifficc from which its mail is distributed. Elbing, a village of F'airmount townshi]). Butler county, is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. Iv. near the northwest corner of the county, about 22 miles from Eldorado, the county seat. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with one rural route, express and tele- grai)h offices, telephone connections, and is the principal trading ]iciint for that section of the county. The population in i<)io was 175. Elco, a small settlement in the southwestern corner of I. yon county, is 8 miles from Olpc, the nearest railroad station, whence it receives its mail by rural (k'li\erv. and 15 miles from Emporia, the county seat. Elder, Peter Percival, for man)' years intimately connected w ith Kan- sas affairs, was boni in Somerset county, Me., Sept. 20, 1823. He was educated in his native state and in 1857 came to Kansas, locating in Franklin county, which he helped to organize. In 1859 he was a dele- gate to the Osawalomic convention which organizccl the Keptiblican party in Kansas, and in 1860-61 he was a meml)er of ihc territorial legis- lative council. President Lincoln appointed him ageni of the ( )sage and Seneca Indians at Fort Scott, and while serving in that capacity he re- cruited a regiment of Osages for service in the liiion .iiniy in llic ('i\il KANSAS HISTORY 569 war. After four years as Indian agent, Mr. Elder resif^ned, and in 1865 engaged in the banking business at Ottawa. Jn 1870 he was elected lieutenant-governor on the Republican ticket. Subsequently he served several terms in the state legislature; was speaker of the house in 1878 and again in 1891. He is si ill li\ing at Ottawa, practically retired from active business cares. Eldon, a little hamlet of Cherokee county, is situated about 8 miles southeast of Columbus, the county seat, and 3 miles north of Galena, whence mail is received Vjy rural delivery. Eldorado, the county seat and largest city of Butler county, is beau- tifully situated on the Walnut river, a short distance northwest of the center of the county. The first known settler in the locality was William Hildebrand, who built a cabin there in the late '50s. His house became a rendezvous for men believed to be horse thieves, and in 1859 the place was raided by the settlers. Hildebrand was given a severe flogging and ordered to leave the neighborhood within 24 hours. He did not wait for a second notice. Two houses were built where the city now stands in 1867, but the history of Eldorado begins with the year 1868. On March 23 of that year B. F. Gordy entered the land, and a little later sold Byron O. Carr, Samuel Langdon and Henry Martin each one-fifth of his claim, retaining two-fifths for himself. These four men formed a town company and the first lots were sold at $10 each. Several houses were erected before the close of the year. Elias Main established a sawmill on the Walnut river, and Henry Martin built the first frame house in the town. As soon as it was completed he put in a stock of goods — the first store in Eldorado. Town companies were common in those days, but Eldorado being situ- ated at the crossing of the Fayetteville emigrant trail (sometimes called the California road), it soon outstripped its competitors. In 1869 Bron- son & Sallee published the "Emigrant's Guide," calling attention to the advantages of Butler county, and to Eldorado in particular. In 1870 there was an influx of settlers and the town was enlarged by several "additions." On March 4, 1870, the first number of the Walnut Valley Times was issued, a flour mill was established, and the town began to assume an appearance of permanency. The growth continued and on Sept. 12, 1871, Eldorado was incorporated as a city of the third class, J. C. Lambdin, who had been chairman of the board of trustees, acting as mayor until the election of Henry Falls. It was not many years before Eldorado became a city of the second class. The Eldorado of the present day has 4 banks, an electric lighting plant, waterworks, a fire department, fine public school buildings, 2 daily and 3 weekly newpsapers, good hotels, well kept streets, a num- ber of first class mercantile houses, a telephone exchange, some manu- facturing interests, an international money order postoffice with four rural routes, telegraph and express service, a number of fine church edifices, and in 1910 reported a population of 3,129. The transportation and shipping facilities are excellent. A line of the Atchison. Topeka & 570 CYCLOPEDIA OF Santa Fe system runs north and south through the city ; a line of the Missouri Pacific runs east and west, and a branch of the same system runs from Eldorado to McPherson. With these lines radiating in five different directions, the city is in touch with markets and easily acces- sible. Election Laws. — The first legislative assembly of the Territory of Kansas passed an act providing that on the first Monday in Oct.. 1855, and every two years thereafter, an election for delegate to the house of representatives of the United States should be held, and in October of the even years, beginning with 1856, representatives in the legislative assembly and all other elective ofiicers not otherwise provided for should be chosen. Every county was made an election district, "and all elec- tions shall be held at the court-house of such county." and if there be no court-house, then at such house as the county commissioners might name. It was made the duty of the sheriff to give notice of the place, either by posting or by publication in a newspaper, at least ten days before the day of the election. The county commissioners were given power to establish such additional precincts as might seem to them necessary and proper, but in no case could more than one precinct be established in a township. The county commissioners appointed the judges of election ; the polls were opened at g o'clock in the morning and continued open until 6 o'clock in the evening; but if all the votes could not be taken before the closing hour, the judges, by public proclamation, might adjourn such election until the following day, thoiigh in no case could it be continued beyond the second day. Every free white male citizen of the United States, and every male Indian who had been made a citizen by treaty or otherwise, and over the age of twenty-one years, who was an inhabitant of the territory and of the county or district in which he offered to vote, and who had paid a territorial tax, was deemed a qualified elector for all elective offices. It was provided further that no person convicted of any violation of any of the provisions of the "Fugitive Slave I.aw," whether such conviction was by criminal proceeding or by civil action, was entitled vo vote at any election, or to hold any office in the territory, .^nother provision was that if any person ofl'cring to vote should be challenged and re- quired to take an oath or affirmation that he would sustain the provisions of the "Fugitive Slave Law" and the "Kansas-Nebraska .Act," and re- fused to take such oath or affirmation, his vote should be rejected. Each member of the legislative assembly, and every officer elected or ap- pointed to office under the laws of the territory, was also required to take an oath or affirmation to support these two Congressional enact- ments. Elections were to be by ballot. The constitution of the State of Kansas, adapted at Wyandotic, July 2Q, 1859, provided that general elections sliould be licld annually on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in No\'cmber. This was changed by amendment, in 1902, to biennial elections for all offices, held in >ears bearing even numbers. This also includes township officers, which, in KANSAS HISTORY 571 the original constitution, were to be elected annually on the first Tues- day in April. In 1861 the first state legislature effectually disposed of the acts of what was known as the "Bogus Legislature" of 1855, and among those repealed was the one requiring an oath or affiimation to support the "Fugitive Slave Law," etc. By an act passed in 1862 no person was entitled to vote who should refuse to take the oath of alle- giance to the government of the United States. Chapter 78 of the Session Laws of 1893 introduced into Kansas what is popularly known as the "Australian Ballot Law." This act provided for the printing and distribution of ballots at the public expense, and for the nomination of candidates for public offices; regulated the manner of holding elections ; and was designed to enforce the secrecy of the ballot and to provide punishment for violation of the act. This statute was repealed, in 1897, by the passage of an act "To regulate nominations and elections," under which, as amended by the laws of 1909, the ballots are printed at public expense. As amended by the laws of 1901, all nominations made by political parties are known and designated as "party nominations," and the certificates by which such nominations are certified are known and designated as "party certificates of nomina- tion." Party nominations of candidates could be made only by a dele- gate or mass convention, primary election or caucus of voters belonging to a political party having a national or state organization, and such nominations were placed upon the official ballot. All nominations other than party nominations were designated "independent nominations," and might be made by nomination papers signed by not less than 2,500 voters of the state for each candidate. In counties, districts, etc., the papers must be signed by not less than five per cent, of the voters therein, and in no case by less than 25 voters, in a county or district, or 10 in a town- ship, cit}^ or ward. Party certificates of nomination were required to contain a representation of some simple device or emblem to designate and distinguish the candidates thus nominated. Certificates of nominations and nomination papers of state candidates must be filed with the secretary of state not less than forty days be- fore the day of election, and all other candidates with the county clerks of the respective counties not less than thirty days. No person can accept more than one nomination for the same office, and if he receive two or more he must elect which one he will accept, otherwise he will be deemed to have accepted the nomination first made. The names of all candidates for the different general offices are printed on one ballot. Election boards are composed of three judges and two clerks, and the voting places contain booths in which voters prepare their ballots, screened from all observation as to the manner in which they do so. Any voter who cannot read or mark his ballot is assisted by two elec- tion officers. Electoral Vote. — The first presidential election in which Kansas was entitled to representation in the electoral college was that of 1864. .Vt that time the state had two senators and one representative in Congress, 572 CYCLOPEDIA OF and was therefore entitled to three presidential electors, the votes of which were cast for Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. As the population increased, the number of electors increased in proportion, and since 1864 the electoral vote has been as follows: 1868, 3 for Ulysses S. Grant and Schuyler Colfax : 1872, 3 for Ulysses S. Grant and Henry Wilson; 1876, 5 for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler; 1880, 5 for James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur: 1884. 9 for James G. Blaine and John A. Logan; 1888, 9 for Benjamin Harrison and Levi P. Morton; 1892, 10 for James B. Weaver and James G. Field; 1896, 10 for \\'illiam J. Bryan and Arthur Sewall ; 1900, 10 for William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt ; 1904. 10 for Theodore Roosevelt and Charles W. Fairbanks: 1908, 10 for William H. Taft and James S. Sherman. Elgin, the oldest town in Chautauqua county, is a station on the Atchi- son, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. in Hendricks township, 10 miles south- west of Sedan, the county seat. It has banking facilities, telegraph and express offices, and a money order postoffice. The town is supplied with good schools and churches. The first preaching in the count)' was held here by Rev. S. Peacock. The first school house in the county, as well as the first store, the first mill, and the first Masonic lodge was at Elgin. The town was founded in 1869 by L. P. Getman. The popula- tion according to the 1910 report was 350. Elk, a country postoffice with one general store in Chase county, is located on Middle creek near the west line of the county, 19 miles northwest of Cottonwood Falls, the county seat, and 9 miles east of Antelope, in Marion county, the nearest railroad station and shipping point and the postoffice from which its mail is distributed. The popula- tion according to the census of 1910 was 45. Elk City, an incorporated town of Montgomery county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific and on the .-Xtchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroads, 13 miles northwest of Independence. It has natural gas for heating, lighting and commercial purposes. There is a brick and tile manufac- turing works, a flour mill, a weekly newspaper, one state and one national bank. The town is sujiplied with express and telegraph offices and has an international money order postoffice with 6 ruial routes. The population according to the 1910 census was 639. Elk City is the oldest town in Montgomery county, being an out- growth of the trading ])ost cstalilished at that point by John Ka|)pcl in 1868. A town company was formed the same year and the site located. A. E. Baird put in a stock of general merchandise and in 1870 M. 1). Wright, who had brought a stock of notions with him in his prairie schooner opened the third store. A. R. Qnigg started a hardware store. The first saw mill was built in i8ri9 by S. B. Davis, T. J. Brown and Samuel Mai)lcs. The first blacksmith shop was built l>y J. P. Morgan. The first death as well as the first birth was in the Ihimniond f.nnily. In .April, 1869, a son was born to Thomas and Bertha llammoiid. The child was killed by accident the same month. Thomas I l.-imun ind w ;is slH)t and killed by a man by llic name of Morrison in .1 iiu.urcl over a plow. KANSAS HISTORY 573 Tn 1870 the Elk City por.toffice was established with William II. H. Southard as postmaster. The next year the town was incorporated as a city of the third class. The first election resulted in the choice of the following officers: Mayor, Herbert Prentis; police judge, James Smith; councilnien, Uri Coy, J. Baldwin, William H. H. Southard, W. W. Woodring and A. R. Quigg. The first school was taught in a log school house by William Osborne in 1869. The first bank was established by E. E. Turner in 1881. Prior to 1882 three attempts had been made to establish newspapers. A brick yard and a flour mill had been put in operation. In 1902 a company was organized to prospect for gas, which was found after several failures. Several companies are now operating in the vicinity and a number of fine oil wells, as well as gas wells are producing. Elk County, in the southeastern part of the state, is the fourth county west of the Missouri line and in the second tier north from Oklahoma. It is bounded on the north by Greenwood county, on the east by Wil- son and Montgomery, on the south by Chautauqua, and on the west by Cowley and Piutler. The count}^ was established in 1875 by an act which divided Howard county into Elk and Chautauqua counties. Its history prior to that date will be as that part of Howard county which later became Elk. In common with the stu'rounding territory, the lands of Elk county were settled before they were legally open to white occupation. The first white man to locate within the limits of the county was Richard Graves in 1856. He was twice driven out by the Indians and finally abandoned his claim. A strip of land 6 miles wide along the eastern border which was legally open to settlement formed the attraction which drew the earliest immigrants, but once here many of the more adventiu"- ous risked their lives to take up the rich lands in the river bottoms be- longing to the Indians. By 1870 these squatters had reached a consid- erable number, among them being J. C. Pinney, James Shipley, R. M. Humphrey, Elison Neat, H. G. Miller, J. B. Roberts and others. Among those who settled within the legal limits were Isaac Howe and Eliza Lewis, who were among the first five that located in Libert}' township. The claims were all staked out by private sur-\'ey, which gave rise to a great deal of trouble among claimants when the government survey was made. Those who had been possessors of fine tracts of land bj' private survey often found themselves without anything or only with a small strip, when the true lines were run. The land which was cut off by the government survey having no legal owner, there were par- ties ready to file on it without delay. This brought about claim wars, which sometimes resulted in the death of one of the parties involved, and sometimes were settled peaceably. All pioneer districts experience trouble of some sort and this happened to be the difficulty which was most keenly felt in Elk county. The first church organization was made by the Missionary Baptists 574 CYCLOPEDIA OF in Liberty township in 1866. The first church building to be erected was at the town of Longton in 1871. The first newspaper was the How- ard County Ledger, published in 1871 by Adrian Reynolds. The first marriage was between D. M. Spurgeon and Sarah Knox, and the first birth was that of Sarah F. Shipley in Dec, 1866. The dissension among the towns of Elk Falls, Howard, Boston, Peru and Longdon, which had reached a serious and lawless stage, and in which three companies of militia took part, led to the organization of Elk county. In 1871 steps were taken to have two new counties formed, but it was not accomplished until 1875, when Edward Jaquins introduced a bill in the legislature to that end, which was passed, and the counties of Elk and Chautauqua formed out of Howard count}-, by running a line east and west through the middle. The organization of Elk was perfected by calling an election at which the following officers were chosen: Commissioners, Thomas \\'righl, John Hughes and G. W. IMcKey; county clerk, Thomas Hawkins; county treasurer, W'. W. Jones; sherifif, J. \\'. Riley; register of deeds, Frank Osborne; probate judge, A. P. Searcy; county attorney, S. B. Oberlander ; county super- intendent, J. N. Young. The county has suffered twice from defaulting- treasurers, and once from a defaulting sheriff. In 1879, '^'''^ citizens of Howard erected a court-house in return for the county seat being lo- cated at that place. The agricultural society of Elk county was organ- ized in that year and held yearly fairs. The first railroad to be built was what is now the east and west line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe in 1879. Another line of the same- system enters the county, on the north, runs directly south and connects with the first line at Moline. A third line runs southeast from Longton into Montg(3mery county. The county is divided into ten townships, as follows: Elk Falls, Greenlield, Howard, Liberty, Longton, Oak Valley, Painterhood, Paw Paw, Union Center and Wild Cat. The towns and villages are, Blanche, Bushy, Cave Springs, Chaplin, Elk Falls, Grcnola. Ploward, the judicial seat. Longton, Moline, Oak \'alley, Upola and \\'estern Park. The surface is rolling and in some places hilly and bluffy. Bottom lands, which average about one mile in width, comi)rise 20 per cent, of the area. The timber belts along the streams average a quarter of mile in width and consist of oak, cottonwood, elm, hackberry, box elder, maple, hickorj-, butternut, red-bud and sycamore. The principal stream is Elk river, which enters the county in the nortiiwest corner and (lows southeast. Its main trilnitaries are Wild Cat, Paw Paw and Painter- hood creeks. There are numerous other streams. Well water is found at a depth of 20 feet. Sandstone and limestone arc found in abundance; marble of a fair quality and coal are found in limited .ininnnis. ;in(l nil and gas are present in cmnmercial quantities. 'ilic farm products of the county amount to alxjul $2,250,000 a year. Tiic total area is over 400,000 acres, nearly two-thirds of which have been brought under cultivation. In 1876 there were 46,000 cultivated KANSAS HISTORY 575 and in 1882, 68,000. The number of apple trees in 1882 was 58,000, as against 100,000 in 1910. The most valuable crop is Indian corn which brings $250,000 a year. Kafir corn comes next, and is worth about $150,000 annually. Other leading products are millet, oats, wheat, hay, live, stock, poultry, butter and eggs. The total assessed valuation of property is over $14,000,000 as against $1,000,000 in 1880. The popula- tion in i$io, according to the government census report, was 10,128,. about ten limes what it was in 1880. Elk Falls, an incorporated city of Elk county, is located in Elk Falls township on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 10 miles south-- east of Howard, the county seat. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper (the Journal), good churches arid schools, a money order postoffice with one rural route, telegraph and express offices, and a large local trade. It derives its name from the waterfall in the Elk river near by. The population according to the 1910 census report was 271. The first house at Elk Falls was a 10 by 12 box house on the claim of R. H. Nichols, and was built in 1870. A postoffice was established in the same year. Mr. Nichols put up an office in which he conducted a loan and real estate business, and a store building was erected by A. F. Gitchell and his son, Charles Gitchell, in which they conducted a gen- eral merchandise business. The first school was taught by Miss Dora Simmons, in her father's residence in 1870. The attendance was about 25. The next year the first school building was erected. Elk River, one of the picturesque streams of southeastern Kansas, rises in the northwest corner of Elk county, flows in a southeasterly direc- tion past the towns of Western Park, Howard, Elk Falls, Longton, Oak Valley and Elk City, and empties into the Verdigris river not far from Independence, Montgomery county. Elkader, a money order postoffice of Logan county, is located in the Smoky Hill valley, 20 miles due south of Oakley, which is the nearest railroad station, and about the same distance southeast of Russell Springs, the county seat. It is a trading center for the neighborhood in^ which it is situated, and in 1910 reported a population of 25. Elkhorn, a rural post-hamlet of Ellsworth county, is situated on Elk- horn creek, about 12 miles northeast of Ellsworth, the county seat, and 9 miles from Carneiro, which is the nearest railroad station. The popu- lation in 1910 was 25. Elks, Benevolent and Protective Order of. — About the close of the Civil war a number of "good fellows" in the city of New York fell into the habit of spending their evenings at a public house, where they could "sing songs, swap 3'arns, and in other ways make the hours pass pleas- antly." In 1867 a permanent club of fifteen members called, "The Jolly Corks," was organized. Charles S. Vivian, the son of an Englishman, is given credit for inventing the plan of organization. A few of the orig- inal fifteen "charter" members are still living. By 1868 a number of new members had been added, and it was decided to make "The Tolly Corks" a secret society, with certain social and benevolent features. 576 CYCLOPEDIA OF The old name was considered inappropriate, and a committee was appointed to select a new one. A historical sketch of the order says : "This committee visited Barnum's museum, where they saw an elk and learned something of its instincts and habits worthy of emulation, wliich led to the adoption of the name." From the manner in which the order originated, many people have been led to believe that the Elks are a lot of congenial spirits banded together simply for the purpose of "having a good time." However, in recent years the convivial feature has practically disappeared, giving way to "charit\% justice, brotherly love and fidelity." The motto of the Elks is: "The faults of our brothers we write upun the sands; their virtues upon the tablets of love and memor3\" In the plan of organization there are no state grand lodges, and only one lodge is permitted in a city. As all these lodges are in direct com- munication with the supreme grand lodge, it is a difficult matter to secure any definite or authentic account of the Elks in any particular state, owing to lack of a state grand lodge or headquarters where records of work in the state can be consulted. Topeka Lodge was insti- tuted in April, 1891, by some Elks from Missouri, and at the time it was chartered it had 26 members. It now has about 500 and owns a fine club house at the northeast corner of Seventh and Jackson streets. Since April, 1891, lodges have been organized in most of the principal cities of the state, those at Kansas City, Leavenworth, Hutchinson, Pittsburg and Wichita being particularly strong and active. About the beginning of the present century an effort was made to form a state association "to bring the brothers of our state into closer relations with one another, to make us one large family with a common purpose, and to concentrate our state representation in the sessions of the grand lodge so that we may carry some weight in its deliberations and compel recognition of the fact that Kansas is 'on the map.' " The state association was only a partial success, and was never made a permanent institution. The purposes of the order, as expressed in tlie constitution and by- laws, are "to aid those in sickness and distress ; to comfort the widow and the orphan, and to lay away its dead with such heartfelt ceremony as may teach the lesson of the brotherhood of man." At the close of 1910 the order consisted of the grand lodge, 1,208 subordinate lodges, and 331,288 members. Since the beginning in 1868 the Elks have dis- bursed in benefits nearly $3,500,000, the amount in 1910 alone having been $401,091. The initials I!. P. O. E. have been interpreted as stand- ing for the "Best People On I'.arth," and in a social way tiie members come very near to living up to the interpretation. They are good enter- tainers and the man who may be so fortunate as to receive an invitation to an "Elks club house" is sure of a cordial welcome. Ellen is a little inland iiamlcl in Osage county, almui 3 miles soutli nf Lyndon, the county seat, whence it receives mail by rural route, and which is the nearest shipping point and railroad station. KANSAS IlISTOKY 577 Ellinor, a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., in Ciiase county, is located 6 miles northeast of Cottonwood Falls, the cotinty seat, and 3 miles west of Saffordville, from which place its mail is dis- tributed by rural route. Ellinwood, an incorporated city of the third class in Barton county and the third largest city of the county, is situated on the left bank of the Arkansas river 10 miles east of Great Bend, the county seat. It is on the main line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. and is the western terminus of the Florence & Ellinwood division of the same system. The town site was located and platted in 1871, and the first house — a small frame structure — was erected by William Misner. This building was occupied late in the year by A. Burlisson, who put in a stock of goods and became the pioneer merchant of the town. A few miles west was the old village of Zarah, and when Ellinwood was started most of the inhabitants of Zarah removed to the new town. One of the buildings thus removed in 1872 became Ellinwood's first hotel, conducted by Rugar & Greever. The railroad was completed to the town in the summer of 1872 and the settlement of the place was more rapid. A number of new inhabitants arrived in the spring of 1873, and that year the first school house was built, the first school being taught by Miss Carrie Bacon. For the next five years the growth was slow. Many of the pioneers were Germans, who broue'ht with them the customs of the Fatherland, and in 1875 ^ brewery was established, one of the first in western ICansas. The big crops of 1878 gave the town a new impetus. Early in that year the Ellinwood Express was started and the new paper aided materially in building up the town. The branch railroad was completed in 1881, a roundhouse was erected, and before the close of the year Ellinwood was incorporated as a city of the third class with F. A. Steckel as the first mayor. Since its incorporation the growth of Ellinwood has been of a sub- stantial character. In 1890 the population was 684; in 1900 it was 760. and in 1910 it was 976. It has 2 banks, 2 large flour mills, 2 creameries, a weekly newspaper (the Leader), 3 grain elevators, an international money order postoffice with three rural routes, a telephone exchange, hotels, churches, and annually ships large quantities of grain, flour and live stock. Elliott, a small hamlet of Sheridan county, is located in the valley of the north fork of the Solomon river, about 12 miles northeast of Hoxie, the county seat. Dresden, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, is the nearest railroad station, from which mail is delivered by rural carrier. Ellis, an incorporated city of the third class, the second largest in Ellis county, is located on the Union Pacific R. R. at the crossing of Big creek, 14 miles west of Hays, the county seat. The town was laid out in 1873 by the Kansas Pacific Tnow the Union Pacific) Railroad company, which established a roundhouse and machine shops there and erected a two-story stone building for a depot and hotel combined. Thomas Daily was the first merchant. Other early merchants were (1-37) 578 CVCLOPEDIA OF Nichols Bros., Eli Sheldon, Reading & Bovven and G. F. Lee. For a time in 1877-78 Ellis was the center of a large cattle trade, and during that period, like all towns where the cattle trade centered, it had the reputation of being a "tough place." Law-abiding people were glad when the trade moved elsewhere. In 1882 a two-story stone school house was built, the old frame building being sold to the Congrega- tionalists who converted it into a church, the first in the town. In 1910 there were four church edifices in the city. The Ellis of the present da}' has 2 banks, 4 grain elevators, the rail- road repair shops, a weekly newspaper (the Review-Headlight), good hotels, a modern public school building, several well appointed mercan- tile establishments, an international money order postoffice, etc., and in 1910 reported a population of 1,404, a gain of 472 during the pre- ceding decade. Ellis County, located in the third tier of counties south of the State of Nebraska and the sixth east of Colorado, was created by the act of Feb. 26, 1867, with the following boundaries: "Commencing where the east line of range 16 west intersects the second standard parallel, thence south to the third standard parallel, thence west to the east line of range 21 west, thence north to the second standard parallel, thence east to the place of beginning." The boundaries as thus established are the same as at the present tirrie, giving the county an area of 900 square miles. Popularly speak- ing, it is bounded on the north by Rooks county ; on the east by Russell ; on the south by Rush, and on the west by Trego. It was named for Lieut. George Ellis of Company I, Twelfth Kansas infantrj', who was killed at the battle of Jenkins" Ferry, Ark., .'\pril 30, 1864. The surface of the county is practically the same as that of all western Kansas — one broad stretch of prairie, with but little natural timber growth, though some artificial groves have been planted, and there are about 25,000 bearing fruit trees in the county. Across the northern portion the Saline river flows in an easterly direction, and the southern part is watered by the Smoky Hill river and its tributaries, the largest of which is Big creek. Along some of the streams there is a natural growth of maple, Cottonwood, black walnut, ash, box-elder and hackberry, but these belts do not average more than 200 feet in width. Magnesian limestone is plentiful ; limestone of a finer quality is found along the Smoky Hill river; clay suitable for brick making is abundant near Hays; gypsum is known to exist in some localities, and there are a few salt marshes in tiie county. Fort Fletcher (later Fort Hays, q. v.) was established in the fall of 1865, but the first settlement was made in the latter part of May, 1867, by the Lull brothers of Salina. They located on the west side of Big creek, a little north of the railroad, and by the middle of June several houses had been erected. The town was called Rome and its founders expected it to become the metropolis of the county. Early in June. Bli)nm(u'I(I, Moses & Co. established a general supjily store there, and KANSAS HISTORY 579 later Joseph Perry built a two-story frame hotel. A little later, how- ever, the "Big Creek Land company" platted the town of Hays, or as it was at first called, "Hays City," on the east side of the creek. .\ rivalr}' at once sprang up between the two places, but the railroad company threw its support to Hays and the town of Rome passed out of exist- ence. Some of the buildings, including Perr;^'s hotel, were removed to Hays. In Oct., 1867, a memorial praying for the organization of the county was presented to the governor. The petitioners recommended Pliny Moore, William Rose and Judson E. Walker for commissioners, James G. Duncan for county clerk, and Hays City as the temporary county seat. W. E. Webb, H. P. Field and U. S. Thurmond were appointed to take a census of the county. The census showed a population of 633 — a few more than the minimum number required by law for the organization of the county — and Gov. Crawford issued his proclamation declaring the county organized, with the officers and temporary coimty seat recommended by the petitioners. At a special election in Api'il, 1870, for the location of the permanent county seat, 59 votes were cast, all in favor of Hays. On the question of erecting county buildings, there were 58 votes in favor of the proposition and i opposed. Con- sequently, on April 22, the commissioners issued an order for the erec- tion of suitable buildings, but it was some time before the financial con- dition of the county would justify the execution of the order. At the present time (1911) Ellis county has a fine stone court-house, two stories high with basement, containing sufficient room for the transaction of all the county business. The settlement was slow for a time. In 1872 a small colony from Ohio located near Walker, in the eastern part of the county, and was soon followed by two others — one from Pennsylvania and one from New York. The same year an Englishman named George Grant purchased 50,000 acres of land from the railroad company, intending to colonize it with English farmers, and during the next two years some 300 Eng- lishmen, several of them with their families, located on the purchase. The grasshopper scourge of 1874 caused a large number of the settlers to leave the county, but in the three years beginning with 1875 a large number of Russian emigrants came to take the places of those who had left. The first white child born in the county was John Bauer, whose birth occurred on Jan. 29, 1868, and the same year witnessed the first mar- riage, the contracting parties being Peter Tondell and Elizabeth Duncan. The first court was held soon after the county was organized, Judge Humphrey presiding. The county has but one line of railroad — the Union Pacific — which crosses it from east to west near the center, giving it a little over 32 miles of main track. In 1910 the population of Ellis county was 12,170, a gain of 3,544 during the preceding decade. The county is divided into the following civil townships: Big Creek, Buckeye, Catherine, Ellis, Freedom, Hamil 580 CYCLOPEDIA OF ton, Herzog, Lookout. Pleasant Hill, Saline, Smoky Hill, Victoria, Walker and Wheatland. The assessed value of property for 1910 was $18,938,312, and the value of farm products, including live stock, was $2,867,960. The five leading crops, in the order of value, were : wheat, $1,718,900; corn, $261,882; hay, including alfalfa, $119,702; Kafir corn, $110,160; barley, $40,760. The value of dairy products for the year was $94,718. According to the report of the state superintendent of public instruction, there were 53 organized school districts, with a school population of 4,138. , Ellsworth, the county seat and largest city of Ellsworth county, is situated about 4 miles northwest of the center of the county, on the north bank of the Smoky Hill river and the Union Pacific R. R. It is also the terminus of a division of the St. Louis and San Francisco R. R. that runs southeast to Wichita. The town site was surveyed in the spring of 1867 by McGrath and Greenwood for a company of which H. J. Latshaw was president. E. W. Kingsbury built the first house, which was used for the double purpose of hotel and store and was known as "The Stockade." At that time it was thought by many people that Ellsworth would be the western terminus of the railroad for some years to come, and the place grew with such rapidity, that in a short time it boasted a population of 1,000 or more. The town was at first located on low ground near the Smoky tlill river, in sections 28 and 29. On June 8, 1867, that stream rose suddenly, and in a short time Ellsworth was in four feet of water, some of the frail frame houses being washed from their foundations. A new site was then surveyed in section 20, a short distance northwest and on higher ground. Those who had bought lots in the old town were given new ones in the "Addition." But the flood was not the only disaster the new city had to encounter. Scarcely had the new site been surveyed when the Indians began to commit dei)redations in the vicinity, and in July the cholera (q. v.) broke out both in town and at l*\irt Darker, about 4 miles to the southeast. Floods, Indian raids and cholera in such rapid succession were more than the people could stand, and in a short time the 1,000 population of Ellsworth dwindled to less than 30. Then came a second growth, more substantial and more permanent in character. In the fall of 1867 Arthur Larkin built a second hotel, called the Larkin House, business enterprises sprang up, buildings of a better class were erected, etc. For some time Ellsworth enjoyed a large trade from the 1.500 soldiers stationed at Fort Ilarker, especially in liquors, and from the emigrant trains that passed through on their way westward. In 1868 Ellsworth was incorporated as a village, with J. H. Edwards as ])resident of the council of five members. 'J'he first school was taught in rented quarters by a man named Wellington. In 1869 «i one-story school house was erected, which served imtil 1873, when the people voted $9,000 in bonds for the erection of a larger and more modern building. The first number of the Ellsworth Reporter was issued in Nov., 1870, by M. C. Davis. KANSAS IIISTORV 58 1 In 1873 a large sliarc tif the cattle trade came to h".llsv\i irth. and with it came the usual turbulent element that concentrated in the western cattle towns. Shooting scrapes were common, gambling houses were run "wide open," and the better class of citizens were pleased when the cattle trade moved on. westward, because its disadvantages more than offset its advantages. The pioneer church of Ellsworth was established by the Catholics in 1869, and it remained the only house of worship in the place until 1878, when a building was erected by the Presbyterians. Several other denominations came later and the city now has a number of cozy church buildings. The Mother Bickerdyke home for soldiers' widows and orphans is located here. Ellsworth is a city of the third class. It owns its electric lighting plant and waterworks, has a telephone exchange, 2 banks, 4 grain ele- vators, a large flour mill, a salt plant with a daily capacity of 500 barrels, a good public school system, a normal training school, an international money order postoffice with three rural routes, express and telegraph offices, two weekly newspapers (the Reporter and the Messenger), machine shops, wagon works, and a number of well appointed stores in all lines of merchandising. The streets are paved with a by-product of the salt works, making a roadway that is both dustless and noiseless. Coal and building stone are found in the vicinity and are a source of wealth. The commercial club is always alert to the interests of the city, which in tqio had a po])ulation of 2,041, a gain of 492 over the preceding U. S. census. Ellsworth County, located nearly in the geographical center of the state, was created in 1867 with the following boundaries : "Commencing at the southeast corner of the county of Lincoln, thence west 30 miles; thence south 24 miles ; thence east to the west line of McPherson county, thence north to the place of beginning." It was formed out of unor- ganized territory and has an area of 720 square miles. The county was named in honor of Allen Ellsworth, a lieutenant in the army, who built Fort Ellsworth on the Smoky Hill river in 1864. At the present time it is bounded on the north by Lincoln county, on the east by Saline and McPherson, on the south by Rice and on the west by Barton and Russell counties, and is divided into the following townships : .\sh Creek, Black Wolf, Carneiro, Clear Creek, Columbia, Ellsworth, Empire, Garfield, Green Garden, Langley, Lincoln, Mulberry, Noble, Palacky, Sherman, Thomas, Valley and Wilson. The surface of the country is diversified and may be divided into "bottom" land, upland or rolling prairie and bluff land. The "bottom" lands or valleys are from a quarter of a mile to a mile in width and aggregate about one-eighth of the entire area. The bluiT land is found near the rivers and creeks, while the south half of the county is nearly all undulating prairie or table land. The principal water course in the Smoky Hill river, which enters the county about 6 miles south of the northwest corner and flows in the southeasterly direction, leaving the county about t; miles north of the southeast corner. Its main tributaries 582 CYCLOPEDIA OF are Blood, Buffalo, Turkey, Ox Hide, Oak, Ash, Clear, Thompson's, Elm, Bluff and Mule creeks. Plumb creek crosses the southwest corner. The soil is well adapted to grains and the most important crops are corn and winter wheat, but oats, Kafir corn and prairie hay are also extensively raised. The county ranks high in live-stock raising and there are over 50,000 bearing fruit trees. Magnesium limestone is abundant in the northeastern portion and red sandstone in the central and southwestern parts. Mineral paint of a good quality and excellent potter's clay are found in many localities. Large quantities of gypsum exist in the high lands and in the central part are vast beds of rock salt which is extensively mined at Ellsworth and Kanapolis. Coal is the chief mineral product, however, three mines having been opened in the early '80s, near Wilson, south of the Smoky Hill river. One of the earliest settlements in the county was made late in the '50S by P. M. Thompson. Others who came about this time were Adam Weadle, D. H. Page, D. Cushman and Joseph Lehman. They all set- tled in the same locality. In i860 a settlement was made on Clear creek north of the Smoky Hill by S. D. Walker, C. L. and J. J. Prater and Henry and Irwin Farris. Late in the same year H. Wait and H. P. Spurgeon came to Ellsworth, the former settling on Thompson's creek and the latter with the Walker party on Clear creek. All of these men were unmarried or without their wives. T. D. Bennett moved to the county. in Aug., 1861, and his wife was the first white woman in the settlements. In the summer Indian troubles began, when a settler on Cow creek and S. D. Walker of the Clear Creek settlement were killed. Fearing another attack, the settlers in the county took refuge at the stage station on the Smoky Hill, where all the people of the surrounding country gathered, but learning that the Indians were coming in great numbers they left for the east. In June, 1864, Lieut. Allen Ellsworth and forty men were stationed at Page's old ranch, where they built a blockhouse, and in July Gen. Curtis named it Fort Ellsworth (q. v.) On April 2, 1868, the first marriage was solemnized in the county. when George W. Hughes married Rusha Maxon. For some years immi- gration was slow, and it was not until 1873 that rapid, settlement began by foreigners. The Swedes located in the southeastern part of the county, some Bohemians in the west, and the Germans were scattered, but were especially numerous in the south. A large colony arrived from Penns3'lvania in the spring of 1878 and located near tJic present town of Wilson. In the early '80s large tracts were bought up for ranches, some of tiiem containing as many as 18,000 acres, ami ihi.'^ li.id a It-n- dency to keep the population down. In time, as the hind increased in value, these large ranches were broken up and sold as farms so that today Ellsworth is essentially a farming country. When the county was organized in 1867, the following officers were appointed by the governor: J. H. Edwards, V. R. Osborn and Tra Clark, commissioners; E. W. Kingsbury, sheriff; M. O. ITaJl, clerk. At their KANSAS HISTORY 583 first meeting on July 9, 1867, the commissioners ordered an election to be lield on Aug. 10, for the election of county officers to serve until the next general election. There were to be four polling places, Ellsworth, Merriam's house on Elkhorn creek, Clark's house on Thompson's creek and Farris' house on Clear creek. At the election V. B. Osborn, W. J. Ewing and J. H. Blake were elected commissioners : E. W. Kingsbury, sheriff; M. O. Hall, clerk; J. C. Hill, probate judge; Thomas Delacour, register of deeds; M. Newton, treasurer; J. H. Runkle, attorney; C. C. Duncan, superintendent of public schools; J. C. Ayers, surveyor; M. Joyce, coroner, and J. E. New, assessor. They perfected the county organization on Aug. 24, 1867. Prior to that time it had been attached to Saline county as a municipal township. The town of Ellsworth was made the seat of justice. In 1871 agitation was begun for the erection of a county court-house. Bonds to the amout of $12,000 were issued for .its construction on July 30, 1872, two lots had already been donated the county for a site, and a fine two-story brick building was erected. A stone jail, also two stories in height, was built. The Ellsworth County Agricultural and Mechanical Fair association was organized in 1877, "for the purpose of advancing the agricultural, horticultural and mechanical interests of the county." It has become one of the well known institutions of the county. The first paper in the county was the Ellsworth Reporter. The second was the Wilson Echo, published by S. A. Coover, and made its initial appearance in Aug., 1879. The first railroad in the county was the Kansas Pacific, built in 1868, which followed the general course of the Smoky Hill river, while today five lines of railroad, with a total of 88 miles of main track, afiford excel- lent transportation and shipping facilities. The population of the county in 1910 was 10,444, ^ g^i" of 818 during the preceding ten years. The assessed valuation of the property was $25,103,723, and the value of agricultural products for the year, includ- ing live stock, $3,458,260. Elm City, a hamlet of Labette county, is located on the Missouri Pacific R. R. in Elm Grove township, 13 miles southwest of Oswego, the county seat, and about 2 miles east of Edna, from which place it receives mail daily. The population in 1910 was "jj. The town was founded by Jesse Edmundson soon after the railroad was built in 1886. The first building erected was occupied by Wilson & Vanbibber, the first merchants. This is a grain shipping point. Elmdale, a town in Chase county, is located on the Cottonwood river, in Diamond Creek township, 6 miles west of Cottonwood Falls, the county seat. It is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., has telegraph and express offices, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, all the main lines of merchandising, a bank, and a weekly newspaper called the Elmdale Gas Jet. The town was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1904. The population according to the census of 1910 was 253. Natural gas has lately been discovered in the vicinity. Elmo, a thriving little town of Dickinson county, is located in Banner 584 CYCLOPEDIA OF township and is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 16 miles south of Abilene, the county seat. It has a bank, a grain elevator, a money order postoffice with one rural route, express and telegraph offices, telephone connections. Catholic and Methodist churches, several well stocked stores, etc., and annually ships considerable quantities of agri- cultural products. The population in 1910 was 225. Elmont, a village of Soldier township, Shawnee county, is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 7 miles north of Topeka, with which city it has telephone connection. It has a money order postoffice with two rural routes, a good local trade, telegraph and express service, and in 1910 reported a population of 61. Elmore, Rush, one of the first associate justices of Kansas Territory, was born in Autauga county, Ala., Feb. 27, 1819. He was educated at the University of Alabama, then studied law and soon after attaining to his majority he was admitted to the bar at Montgomery, where he began the practice of his profession. In a short time he had established a lucrative practice, but upon the breaking out of the war with Mexico he raised a company in Montgomery, was elected captain, and served to the close of the war. After the restoration of peace, Capt. Elmore formed a partnership with his brother, John A. Elmore, and William L. Yancey. He was also made brigadier-general of the Alabama militia and held the office until appointed associate justice of the Kansas terri- torial court in the fall of 1854. After serving about a 3-car he was removed, at the same time Gov. Reeder and Judge Johnston were removed, but in the spring of 1857 '^^ ^^''"is reappointed by President Buchanan and continued on the bench until the establishment of the state government in Feb., 1861. In addition to his judicial duties. Judge Elmore was one of the delegates to the Lecompton constitutional con- vention, where he made a fight to have the constitution submitted to the people. When Kansas was admitted as a state he located at Topeka, where he formed a partnership with John Martin and continued in the practice of law until his death, which occurred on Aug. 14, 1864. El Paso County, one of the early counties of Kansas, was created by the territorial legislature on Feb. 7, 1859, out of territory which was later included in the State of Colorado. El Paso is a Spanish word meaning the passage, or the gap. At the time of its creation, the boun- daries of the county were defined as follows: "Commencing at the northeast corner of Fremont county and running thence due east to the southeast corner of Montana county, thence due south to a point 20 miles south of the 391h parallel of latitude, thence due west to a ]ioint 20 miles west of the 105111 meridian of longitude, tlience due north to- the place of beginning." The same act appointed William II. Green, G. W. Allison and William O. Donnall commissioners, and they were authorized to locate a temporary seat of justice as nc.ir the geographical' center of the county as was convenient. Elsmore, an incorporated town of Allen county, is a station on the Missouri. Kansas & Texas R. R. in the southeastern part of the cunnty,. KANSAS HISTORY 58S £.ome 15 miles soiitlieast of lola, the county seal. 'Hie old lown of Elsmore, which for several years was the center of attraction for the citizens of Elsmore township, was located farther west, not far from Big creek. On Aug. 25, 1888, after the route of the railroad from Kansas City to Parsons had been definitely settled, N. L. Ard, J. L. Roberts, J. A. Nicholson, W.'D. and H. W. Cox, and O. P. Mattson, purchased 20 acres where the present town of Elsmore stands and platted the town. It soon became a popular trading center and shipping point for that section of the county, and in 1909 was incorporated. In 1910 it reported a population of 216. Elsmore has a money order postofifice with two rural delivery routes, a bank, several good stores, some small manvifacturing enterprises, telegraph and express facilities, good schools, etc. Elwood, formerly "Roseport," one of the principaj towns of Doniphan county, is located on the Missouri river opposite St. Joseph, Mo., with which it is connected by bridges. It is at the extreme eastern point of the county, in Washington township, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and on the St. Joseph & Grand Island railroads. 14 miles east of Troy, the county seat. A trading post was established on the site of Elwood in 1852 by Henry Thompson, who in 1856 sold 160 acres to the "Roseport Ti:)\vn cfimpany" which had been organized by St. Joseph capitalists. The consideration paid Thompson was $10,000. The town grew rapidly in its early years and was a dangerous rival to St. Joseph. A hotel of 75 rooms was built and enjoyed liberal patronage. In 1858 there were ten stores, all lines of business was well represented. By 1859 the population was 2,000,, and the town might have outstripped its neighbor had not the inroads of the Missotiri river washing away acres of the best improved property, discouraged capital and enterprise. The first store was opened by A. N. Campbell, in 1856, and the first sawmill by William High in the same year. The next year Daniel W. Wilder, author of Wilder's Annals of Kansas, opened a real estate office, and James P. Brace was made post- master of the newly established postofifice. In i860 the town was incorporated as a "city of the first class." The first company of the first regiment sent into the Civil war by Kansas was or^fanized here. In 1876 the town was reorganized and an election held which resulted in the selection of J. W. Montgomery as mayor and the appointment of J. R. Stone as city clerk. The population in 1910 was 636. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, telephone con- nections, graded ptfblic schools, and a good local trade. Elyria, a village of McPherson county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R., 7 miles southeast of McPherson, the county seat. It is in King City township, not far from the former site of the historic King City. It has a postoffice, general stores and an express office. The population according to the census of 1910 was 100. Ematon, a money order post-village of Stevens coimty, is located about 15 miles southeast of Hugoton, the county seat, and the same 586 CYCLOPEDIA OF distance. from Liberal, which is the most convenient railroad station. It has a general store and is a trading point for the adjacent farmers, and in 1910 reported a population of 20. Emerald, a little settlement of Anderson county, is located in the extreme northwest corner, about 3 miles north of Amiot, which is the nearest railroad station. Mail is received by rural delivery from Wil- liamsburg, Franklin county. Emerson, a small hamlet on Rattlesnake creek in the southwest corner of Stafford county, is about 15 miles from St. John, the county seat, from which place mail is received by rural delivery. Emigrant Aid Societies. — While the Kansas-Nebraska bill (q. v.) was pending in Congress it became apparent that there would be a struggle between the friends and foes of slavery for the territory of Kansas as soon as it was organized. In fact before the bill became a law a number of aid societies and cooperative associations were formed in the North, for the purpose of peopling Kansas with a sturdy yeomanry opposed to slavery. Some of these societies were incorporated under the laws of different New England states; some were private companies; and some were of local significance — formed in a town or county — but all had the same end in view. Eli Thayer (q. v.), evolved the plan of a society which should oft'er to anti-slavery emigrants inducements sufficient to offset the hardships of frontier life. His plan was for an investment company to give advan- tages to those whom it induced to go to Kansas, and at the same time defeat slavery. Mr. Thaj'er, as a member of the Massachusetts house of representatives, presented to that body in March, 1854, a petition for the incorporation of the "Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company," and on April 26, 1854, more than a month before the passage of the Kansas- Nebraska bill, this company was chartered with a capital of $5,000,000. The incorporators selected a committee consisting of Eli Thayer, Alexander H. Bullock and Edward Everett Hale, to recommend a system of operation. The first charter proving unsatisfactory, the company reorganized under a charter granted by the Connecticut legislature, and a third charter was obtained -in 1855, when the name was changed to the "New England l-jnigranl .Xid ci)ni]iany." with a capital of $1,000,000. The work done by this society, directly and indirectly, was one of the greatest factors in making Kansas a free-state. Agitation of the ques- tion, advertisements in the papers and the literature distributed, started many for Kansas, who never knew of the country until this work com- menced. Charles Robinson, S. C. Pomeroy and M. F. Conway were the com- pany's agents. They secured low rates of transportation to the terri- tory, and the first emigrants, 30 in number, led by Charles 11. Rrans- comb, arrived at the mouth of the Kansas river on July 28, 1854. Two weeks later they were followed by a second and larger party, and these men laid the foundations of I.avvrcnrc, (he first free-state settlement in Kansas. KANSAS HISTORY 587 "The Emigrant Aid Company of New York and Connecticut," was organized on July i8, 1854, under a charter from the Connecticut legis- lature, its objects being the same as those of the New England society, with which it was ultimately consolidated, with John Carter Brown of Providence, R. I., as president, and Eli Thayer as vice-president. The company was not a financial success. Its original capital was depleted until in 1862, it amounted to only $16,000, but the work of the society was done, for Kansas had been admitted as a free-state. In 1901, the state legislature passed an act authorizing the regents of the state university to build a gymnasium with the money appropriated by Congress in payment of the claim assigned to the university by the New England Emigrant Aid company. Several minor aid societies were formed in the north. The "Union Emigrant Aid Societ}^" was organized in Washington, D. C, in the spring of 1854, "bysuch members of Congress and citizens generally, as were opposed to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise and the opening of Kansas and Nebraska to the institution of slavery." John Goodrich of Massachusetts was president; Francis P. Blair, vice-president; and its directors were from various northern states. Agents were appointed in several states to call the attention of the public to its work and organize auxiliary societies to promote immigration to Kansas. The "Kansas Aid Society," was formed just after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, with John Goodrich of Massachusetts as presi- dent, and a Mr. Fenton of New York as vice-president. Some assist- ance was rendered to emigrants, but its records can not be found, and it is supposed to have been absorbed by the New England Emigrant Aid company. The "Worcester County Kansas League," was formed at Worcester. Mass., July 6, 1854, "for the encouragement and organization of emi- gration to the new territory of Kansas." The plan of the league was to arrange parties of emigrants, so that they could travel together and settle in the same locality. Their first train for Kansas left Worcester on July 17, 1854, only eleven days after the league was organized. The "Kansas League," was organized by Eli Thayer about 1856. Its members promoted emigration, organized parties who wished to go to Kansas, and published a "History of Kansas, also Information Regard- ing, Rates, Laws," etc., which was widely circulated. Some of the other organizations of this character were the "Oberlin Kansas League," the "Kansas National Committee," and after the sack of Lawrence the "General National Kansas Aid Committee," the "Boston Relief Com- mittee," the "Kansas Aid Society of Wisconsin," and the "Female Aid Society of ^^'isconsin," all i)f which were formed to send people and supplies to Kansas, and in other wa3'S aid in defeating the friends of slavery. Eminence, a village of Garfield township, Finney county, is situated on the Pawnee river, 25 miles northeast of Garden City, the county seat, and about 18 miles north of Charleston, the nearest railroad station. 588 CYCLOPEDIA OF It has a money order postoffice with one rural route, a good local trade, and in 1910 reported a population of 92. Emmet, a hamlet in the southwestern part of Wyandotte county, is about 3 miles north of Bonner Springs, the nearest railroad station, from which it has rural free delivery. Emmett, a village of Pottawatomie county, is located in Emmett township on the Union Pacific R. R., 20 miles southeast of Westmore- land, the county seat. It has banking facilities, a local telephone com- pan}^ and all the main lines of business are represented. There is a money order postoffice with one rural route, telegraph and express offices, and the population in 1910 was 200. Emmons, a village of Charleston township, Washington county, is a slatimi 011 the (.hicago, ljurlingt(jn & Ouincy R. R. 4 miles nurtheast of Washington, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, some general stores, etc., and in 1910 reported a population of 50. Empire City, a station on the St. Louis iH; San h'rauciscn R. R. in the southeast corner of Cherokee county, was founded early in the year 1877 by the West Joplin Lead and Zinc company. A postoffice was established, and soon afterward the place was incorporated as a city of the third class with S. L. Cheeney as the first mayor. For some time there was a spirited rivalry between Empire City and Galena, located on opposite sides of Short creek within a stone's throw of each other, but in 1907 this rivalry was ended by the annexation of Empire City to Galena (q. v.). Emporia, the county seat of Lyon county and one of the principal cities of llie state, is located near the center of the county and is 6i miles southwest of Topeka. It is an important railroad center, being at the junction of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas and the main line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, and is the terminus of three branches of the latter system, one of wliich runs to Holliday, one to Chanute, and the other to Moline. It has waterworks, electricity for lighting and power purposes, police and fire departments, well paved streets, and a public library. A street railway is soon to begin operating its cars. Among the industries of the city are woolen and Hour mills, foundries, machine shops, carriage and wagon works, ice plant, broom facl(M-ies, a planing mill, creamery, brick and tile works, a corrugated culvert factory and a marble works. Emporia has 3 banks, i daily and 2 weekly newspapers, an international money order postoffice with ten rural' routes, an opera house, tclegrajih and express service, and is an import- ant mercantile center. The population in 1910 was 9,058. Emporia was founded in 1857, Preston B. Plumb (q. v.) being the princijjal promoter. Interested with him were George W. Dcit/.ler. G. VV. Brown, Lyman Allen and Columbus Tlornsby. Tlie first building was a boarding house erected by John Ilammotid; the second was the Store of Hornsby & Pick, and the third was the Emjioria House, the town company's hotel. In the fall the jiostoffirc \\;is nuneil from KANSAS HISTORY 589 Columbia to Emporia and Mr. Pick became postmaster. Tiic first number of the "Kansas News," later the Emporia News, was printed on June 6, 1857, in an up-stairs room of the Emporia House while the printing office was being built. No gambling and no selling of intox- icating liquor was allowed, the penalty being the forfeiture of the prop- erty on which the misdemeanor took place. The growth of the town was brisk from the first. During the year 1857 and subsequent years before the war, a steady stream of settlers located in the town and in the sur- rounding country, new business enterprises were established, churches and schools were built. The town company encouraged improvement by setting aside a number of lots to be given to those who would put up buildings on them. A special act was secured in 1862 allowing Emporia to issue bonds to the extent of $6,000 to build a school house. When finished it was the finest in the state except one at Leavenworth. Seeing how successfully the plan worked this special act was made the basis of a general school law for the whole state. Emporia has always figured prominently in the educational matters of the state. It is the seat of the state normal school and the College of Emporia; and is the home of the well known Kansas author, William Allen White. Emporia was one of the towns listed in Price's itinerary of destruc- tion and would have been sacked and burned but for the prompt response all through eastern Kansas to check the invasion. This was a stopping place for the soldiers on their various campaigns against the bushwhackers and Indians during and after the war. At the time of the operations of the Nineteenth Kansas Emporia had about 800 inhabi- tants. The town was incorporated as a village in 1865, the following being chosen trustees, R. M. Ruggles, chairman ; J. C. Fraker, John L. Catterson, William Clapp, and John Hammond. In 1870 it was made a city of the second class. The first election resulted in the choice of, H. C. Cross, mayor; E. W. Cunningham, police judge; H. W. McCune, clerk; S. B. Riggs, treasurer; a Mr. Wilson, engineer; P. B. Plumb, attorney: W. A. Randolph, marshal; E. Borton, L. N. Robinson. W. W. Williams, C. V. Eskridge. R. D. Thomas, C. Wheelock. F. Hirth, George W. Fredericks, councilmen. In common with the other river towns of Kansas, Emporia suffered severel}' in the flood of 1903, and on account of a cloud burst, suffered almost as severely in 1908. Emporia College, one of the best known denominational schools of Kansas, was founded on Oct. 9, 1882, by the Presbyterian synod of Kansas. Forty acres of land, overlooking the valley ofthe Neosho, and $40,000 in money were donated to the synod by the citizens of Emporia to aid in establishing the institution. The charter declares that the purpose of the organizers was "to found an institution for instruction in literature, science and art, according to the highest standards of education." The college was formally opened in Nov., 1883, witli 17 students in attendance. The second year 80 students were enrolled. For three years the college work was carried on in rented quarters, poorly adapted to teaching, but in 1886, a sum of $10,000 was given to 590 CYCLOPEDIA OF the college by Airs. Robert L. Stuart, of New York city, and a fine building was erected at a cost of $65,000. This was called Stuart Hall in memory of Mrs. Stuart. Class rooms, laboratory, museum, library, reading rooms and halls for literary societies, were provided in this building. In 1887, William Austin of Emporia gave $5,000 for com- pleting a chapel in the east wing, which was called William Austin chapel, after the donor. It was dedicated on Dec. 8, 1889. In 1886, a large residence on the north side of the campus was purchased for a dormitory for female students. Andrew Carnegie gave $30,000 to the college to erect a library in memory of his friend, John B. Anderson of Manhattan, Kan. This building was dedicated in 1902, and contains some 30,000 volumes. The college has a three-year preparatory and four-year college course, and a special course in music. Many young men attended Emporia College who are preparing to enter the ministry. The expenses of the institution are met by tuition and contributions from church and individuals. Enabling Act. — (See Admission.) Englevale, a village of Lincoln township, Crawford count}^ is a sta- tion on the Missouri Pacific R. R. about 9 miles northeast of Girard, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, telephone connections, a hotel, a feed mill, some good general stores, and in 1910 reported a population of 140. Englewood, an incorporated city of Clark county, is situated in the township of the same name 15 miles southwest of Ashland, the county seat. It is the terminus of a division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railway system, has 2 banks, grain elevators, a hotel, flour mills, telephone connections, an international money order postoffice, tele- graph and express offices, churches of some of the leading Protestant denominations, a weekly newspaper (the Leader-Tribune), some well stocked mercantile establishments, and in 1910 reported a population of 518. Englewood was founded in 1884 by a town company of which X. E. Osborn was president; M. L. Mim, vice-president; B. B. Bush, secre- tary, and Grant Hatfield, treasurer. The capital stock of the company was $60,000. Soon after the town was laid out a stage line was opened to Dodge City, the stages leaving Englewood on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. On April 24. 1885, G. M. Magill published the first number of the Clark County Chief at Englewood. In 1890 the popu- lation was 175, and in 1900 it was 181. English Bill. — On April 13, while the question of admitting Kansas under the Lecompton constitution was before Congress, the United States senate voted — 30 to 24 — for a conference committee. The next day the house, on motion of William H. English of Indiana, by a vote of 109 to 108, agreed to such a commiltec. James S. Green of Missouri, R. M. T. Hunter of Virginia, and William H. Seward of New York, were appointed on the part of the senate, and Mr. English, Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia, and William A. Howard of Michigan on the KANSAS HISTORY 591 part of the house. On the 23d Mr. English reported a measure — tlie work of the conference committee — which has become known in history as the "English Bill," Seward and Howard dissenting to its introduc- tion. The principal provisions of this bill were the clauses in the preamble and sectio.n i of the bill itself, the former relating to the changes made by Congress in the ordinance passed by the constitutional convention, and the latter to the submission of the constitution to the people. The provision of the preamble was as follows: "Whereas, Said ordinance is not acceptable to Congress, and it is desirable to ascertain whether the people of Kansas concur in the changes in said ordinance hereafter stated, and desire admission into the Union as a state as herein proposed : therefore, "Be it enacted, etc.. That the State of Kansas be and is hereby ad- mitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original states in all respects whatever, but upon this fundamental condition precedent, namely: That the question of admission with the following proposition, in lieu of the ordinance framed at Lecompton, shall be submitted to the vote of the people of Kansas, and assented to by them, or the majority of the voters voting at an election to be held for that purpose, namely: That the following propositions be and the same are hereby offered to said people of Kansas for their free aceptance," etc. Then follows the six propositions relating to land grants, viz: i. That sections 16 and 36 in each township should be given the state for the benefit of the public schools. 2. That 72 sections, to be selected by the governor, should be granted for the support of a state university. 3. That 10 sections, also to be selected by the governor, should be granted to the state for the erection of public buildings. 4. That all the salt springs within the state, not exceeding 12 in number, should be the property of the state. 5. That 5 per cent, of the proceeds of sales of public lands within the state should be paid to the state to aid in the construction of highways. 6. That the state should never tax the prop- erty of the United States. These provisions were substantially the same as those in the act of admission which was signed by President Buchanan on Jan. 29, 1861, and would no doubt have been accepted by the people of the state in 1858 had it not been for the bitter feeling growing out of the arbitrary course of the Lecompton constitutional convention. (See Constitutional Conventions.) Section i of the bill, which provided for the submission of the consti- tution to a vote of the people, in connection with the propositions of the preamble, was as follows: "That the State of Kansas be and is hereby admitted into the Union, on an equal footing with the original States, with the constitution framed at Lecompton; and this admission of her into the Union as a state is here declared to be upon this fundamental condition precedent, namely: That the said constitutional instrument shall be first submitted to a vote of the people of Kansas, and assented to by them, or a majority of the voters at an election to be held for that purpose. At the said S9- CYCLOPEDIA OF €leclion the voting shall be by ballot, and by indorsing on his ballot, as each voter may please, 'For proposition of Congress and admission,' or, "Against proposition of Congress and admission.' The president of the United States, as soon as the fact is duly made known to him, shall announce the same by proclamation; and thereafter, and without any further proceedings on the part of Congress, the admission of the State of Kansas into the Union on an equal footing with the original states, in all respects whatever, shall be complete and absolute; and said state shall be entitled to one member in the house of representatives in the Congress of the United States until the next census be taken by the Federal government. But, should the majority of the votes be cast for 'Proposition rejected," it shall be deemed and held that the people of Kansas do not desire admission into the Union with said constitution, under the conditions set forth in said proposition ; and in that event tlie people of said territory are hereby authorized and empowered to form for themselves a constitution and state government, by tlie name of the State of Kansas, according to the Federal constitution, antl may elect delegates for that purpose whenever, and not before, it is ascertained, by a census duly and legally taken, that the population of said territory equals the ratio of representation required for a member of the house of representatives of the United States ; and whenever thereafter such delegates shall assemble in convention, they shall first determine by a vote whether it is the wish of the people of the proposed state to be admitted into the Union at that time, and, if so, shall proceed lo form a constitution, aiul take all necessary steps for the establishment of a state government, in conformity with the Federal constitution, suliject to the limitations and restrictions as to the mode and manner of its approval or ratification by the people of the proposed state as they may have prescribed by law, and shall be entitled to admission into the Union as a state under such constitution, thus fairly and legally made, with or without slavery, as said constitution may prescribe." The remaining sections of the bill described how the election should be held, etc. On the 30th it passed the house by a vote of 112 to 103, and the senate by a vote of 30 to 22. President Buchanan signed it on May 4. The submission of the Lecomplon constitution lo the ]U'ople did not please the pro-slavery press, which denounced the bill as the "English Swindle," and some of the free-state men exi)ressed their dis- satisfaction with the measure because there was a possible contingency of Kansas being admitted imder a constitution to which they were so bitterly opposed. However, on June 3 Gov. Denver issued his procla- mation calling an election under the bill for Aug. 2, wlnu the Uecomp- ton constitution and the propositions of Congress were defeated l>y a vote of 11,300 to 1,788. As a matter of fact the English bill was a wise measure. It gave the people of Kansas an opportiuiity to express them- selves on a question that Congress had tried to settle without (heir voice, and it paved the way for the Wyandotte constitution, under which the stale was finally admiltod. (See Conslitulions.) X KANSAS HISTORY 593 English, William H., lawyer, member of Congress and capitalist, was born at Lexington, Scott county, Ind., Atig. 27, 1822. He was educated at Hanover College in his native state, studied law, and before he was 23 years of age was admitted to practice in the Indiana supreme court. He served as deputy clerk of Scott county; was chief clerk of the lower house of the state legislature in 1843; was principal secretary of the Indiana constitutional convention in 1850, and was elected a member of the first legislature under that constitution. In 1852 he was elected to represent his district in Congress, where he continued until 1861, when he resigned to engage in the banking business. While in Congress he was appointed on the conference committee to report a bill relating to the Lecompton constitution. (See English Bill.) In this capacity Mr. English showed himself to be the friend of fair play, as it was under the provisions of his bill that the proposition to admit Kansas under the Lecompton constitution was finally defeated, though he made many enemies among the administration members of his party. To these enemies Mr. English replied that the corner-stone of Democracy was the right of the majority to rule, and that the people of Kansas ought to have the right to express themselves upon a question which con- cerned them more than the people of any other state. During the time he was in Congress Mr. English was one of the regents of the Smith- sonian Institution. In 1880 he was the Democratic nominee for vice- president on the ticket with Gen. W. S. Hancock, which was his last appearance in public life. The balance of his life was devoted to literary work, and for several years he was president of the Indiana Historical .Society. He died at Indianapolis, Feb. 7, 1896. Enoch Marvin College. — About 1878 the Methodist Episcopal church South established an educational institution at Oskaloosa, JefYerson county, and named it Enoch Marvin College. Owing to sectional feel- ing, the college failed to receive local support sufficient to insure its success, and in 1880 the enterprise was abandoned. The building had been erected upon a tract of land dedicated to school purposes and so entailed that it could be used for nothing else. About 1904 the old structure was torn down and a high school building erected on the site. Enon, a small hamlet of Barber county is situated about 14 miles east of Medicine Lodge, the county seat, and 4 miles from Sharon, which is the nearest railroad station. Mail is received by rural deliv- ery through the postoffice at Attica. Enosdale, a little settlement of Washington count}-, is about 4 miles south of Morrow, the nearest railroad station, and 7 miles southwest of Washington, the county seat, whence mail is received by rural delivery. Ensign, a rural postoffice of Hess township, Gray county, is located 14 miles southeast of Cimarron, the county seat, and 12 miles south of Wettick, the nearest railroad station. The population in 1910 was 41. (I-38) 594 CYCLOPEDIA OF Enterprise, an incorporated city of Dickinson county, is located o» tlie right bank of the Smoky Hill river 6 miles east of Abilene, the county seat, at the junction of the Union Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific railways. A set- tlement was started on the site as early as 1868, when C. Ifoffman built a frame mill there. The following year Senn & Ehrsam opened a store, and in 1872 the Methodists erected a small church building. The town was not laid out, however, until 1872, when the survey was made by G. R. Wolfe, the county surveyor. In Jan., 1875, a town com- pany was organized with V. P. Wilson as president; John Johntz, vice-president ; T. C. Henry, secretary, and C. Hoffman, treasurer. Before the close of the year several new business enterprises had been launched, a hotel was built by Edward Parker, and Mr. Hofljman erected a larger mill, which was used as a woolen mill until 1881, when it was converted into a flour mill with a capacity of 200 barrels a day. Five years later the population had grown to such proportions as to demand better educational facilities, and a new school house was erected at a cost of $7,000. Enterprise has an appropriate name, as it is one of the most ener- getic and progressive cities of its size in Kansas. It has one of the largest flour mills in the state, machine shops, a manufactory of flour mill machiner}", wall plaster works, 2 banks, a creamery, good hotels, a weekly newspaper (the Push and Journal), waterworks, graded pub- lic schools, a normal academy, and is the center of trade for a large and populous agricultural district. The population in 1910 was 706. Entomological Commission, State. — The act creating the state ento- mological commission was approved by Gov. Iloch on March i, 1907. It provided that the commission should consist of the secretary of the state board of agriculture, the secretary of the state horticultural society, the professors of entomology in the University of Kansas and the Agricultural College, and some nurseryman — a resident of Kan- sas — to be appointed by the governor for a term of two years. The act also appropriated .$500 for the fiscal year ending on June 30, 1908, and a like sum for the year ending on June 30, 1909. The first commission was composed of F. D. Coburn, Prof. T. J. Headlee, Prof. S. J. Hunter, Walter Wellhouse and F. H. Stannard.. In the organization of the commission, IVTr. Coburn was elected chair- man and Mr. Wellhouse secretary. I'nder the law, the commission was given authority to adopt rules for the inspection of nursery stock, seeds, etc., and was required to report annually on or before Dec. i. For the sake of convenience, and in order to conduct llie work more systematically, the state was divided into two sections by a line run- ning east and west, as near the center as practicable, the northern half to be under the supervision of Prof. ITcadlce of the Agricultural College, and the sfnitltern under Prof. Hunter df tin- University of Kan- sas. Aided by the apprnprialinn, although small, the commission began a careful study of the insects that work u|ii>ii ijic cinps. pl.iuts. KANSAS HISTORY 595 and orchards of the state, and in the reports and bulletins issued there is much valuable information for the farmer and horticulturalist regard- ing the methods of destroying these insect pests, the spraying of fruit trees, the selection of nursery stock, etc. Epileptic Hospital: — In the establishment of this institution the intention of the legislature was to make it a third insane asylum, in order to relieve the crowded condition of the hospitals at Topeka and Osawatamie. It was authorized by an act of the legislature of 1899, which provided that a site should be selected by a committee of the legislature — four senators and five representatives — and appropriated $100,000 for the erection of buildings. There was a spirited rivalry among a number of cities for the new hospital, and when the com- mittee decided to locate it at Parsons, the citizens of Clay Center insti- tuted injunction proceedings. The question was finally settled by the supreme court, which sustained the action of the committee, but the litigation delayed the erection of the buildings so much that the appro- priation lapsed. The legislature of 1901 reappropriated the unex- pended balance of the $100,000 so that the work could proceed without further delay. '*'*^-»., liiiii .^iiWIi^: i;,-.v . . ■ VW'- ,Bi.i-t STATE HOSPITAL FOR EPILEPTICS, PARSONS. In the meantime, the state board of charities, in its report for 1900, said: "In the judgment of the board, it would be better to establish an epileptic colony, and thereby relieve the congested condition of the asylums, than to build a new asylum." Following this suggestion, the trustees of the state institutions reported in 1932, that "After a care- ful investigation of the subject, we decided to make the Parsons insti- tution one wholly for the treatment of epileptics, both sane and insane. 596 CYCLOPEDIA OF The Parsons purchase is especially adapted to an institution of this character. The large acreage of land gives us plenty of work, and the epileptic patients are not only capable of work, but are benefited thereby." With the appropriation a dormitory capable of accommodating 70 persons, two cottages capable of accommodating 30 each, and two capable of accommodating 16 each were erected, the institution being modeled after the epileptic hospital at Sonyea, N. Y. The legislature of 1903 made an additional appropriation of $200,000, with which the original five buildings were fully completed and five similar buildings were erected for women. In Oct.. 1903, the institution was ready for occupancy and more than 100 epileptic patients were removed from the insane hospitals at Topeka and Osawatomie, and the hospital was opened with M. L. Perry as superintendent. Since the opening an administration building has been erected at a cost of $70,000; a barn, laundr}', heating and power plant and a superintendent's residence have been built, and in 1910 the property of the institution was valued at $500,000. The legislature of 1905 designated the institution as the "State Hospital for Epileptics." Sane persons who are merely epileptics are admitted and many of these acquire a good common school education, as the hospital is edu- cational as well as curative. Nearly all the imnates can he taught some simple form of manual labor, and many leave the hospital improved in both mind and body. The institution has been under the charge of Mr. Perry ever since it was established. Equal Suffrage Association. — (See Woman Suii'rage.) Erie, the judicial seat of Neosho count}-, is located 3 miles east of the geographical center of the county, a little north of the Neosho ri\er, and at the junction of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fc ami the Mis- souri. Kansas & Texas railroads in Erie township. It is liglilcd and heated by natural gas, which is found in the vicinity, .\niong its busi- ness enterprises are sawmills, flour mills, grain elevators, a creamery, oil refinery, canning factory. 2 banks, 2 weekly newspapers, and numer- ous mercantile establishments. It has express and Iclegraph offices and an international money order postoffice with li\c rural mules. The population in 1910 was 1,300. Erie was founded in 1866 as a compromise between two rival towns in the vicinity — "Old Erie" and Crawfordsvillc. In November of that year, the two towns having both been abandoned, a new site was selected and a town company formed by D. W. Bray, Luther Packet. Peter Walters and J. F. TTcmilwright. .\ dozen others were admitted to membership later. Tlic lirsl house built was a log cai)in by Mrs. Elizabeth E. Spivey. The building was afterward used as a school house and church, for a boarding house, and for vari(^us other pur- poses in the early days. The first store was erected \>\ Hi. C. 15. Ken- nedy, Dr. A. F. Neely and J. C. Carpenter in 18^17, and the same ycir a hotel was erected by J. A. Wells. The first residence was put tip KANSAS HISTORY 597 by Virgil Slillwcll. Carpenter & Porter opened the first law office early in 1868. The postoffice was established in 1866, with A. H. Roe as postmaster, and was moved to the new town in 1867. The first child born was Byron C. Wells, son of J. A. and Matilda Wells. In July, 1868, the county offices were moved to Erie. After a contest lasting several years the county seat was permanently located at luie by a decision of the supreme court in 1874. The early growth of Erie was remarkable. It developed from a single log house in 1867 to a town of 800 inhabitants in 1869, and this in spite of the extreme difficulty of obtaining lumber and other build- ing materials. Its growth was checked by a destructive fire in 1872, and by a cyclone which swept the county the next year. The com- bined financial loss to Erie was $20,000. A depression followed and the town dwindled to 300 inhabitants, due to having no railroad. How- ever, when the Atchison, Topeka & Santa built a line, running east and west in 1863, the town began to show prosperity again. New brick buildings were erected and new enterprises started. In 1887 the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R. running north and south was built through Erie. In 1899 the Erie Gas and Mineral company was formed, which drilled and discovered oil and gas. The telephone exchange was added to the conveniences in 1901. Erie was organized by a decree of the probate court in 1869, and the following men were appointed trustees: J. A. Wells, G. W. Dale, John McCullough, Isaac M. Fletcher and Douglas Putnam. The trus- tees met on Dec. 30 of that year and declared the place a city of the third class. J. A. Wells was elected mayor and appointed all the other officers. The first newspaper was the Neosho County Record, estab- lished in 1876 by George W. McMillin. Esbon, an incorporated city of Jewell county, is located in the town- ship of the same name, 13 miles west of Mankato, the county seat. It is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., has 2 banks, a weekly newspaper (the Times), Christian and United Brethren churches, good public schools, a money order postoffice with four rural routes, a number of good stores, telegraph and express offices, tele- phone connections, and is the principal shipping point between Man- kato and Smith Center. Esbon was incorporated in 1904 and in 1910 reported a population of 347. Eskridge, an incorporated town of Wabaunsee county, is situated in Wilmington township, 16 miles southeast of Alma, the county seat, on the Burlingame & Alma division of the Atchison, Topeka &: Santa Fe R. R. It was first laid out by E. H. Sanford in 1868, but the town did not become a reality until after the completion of the railroad in 1880, when the railroad company selected a town site adjoining San- ford's. The first house in the place was built by Dr. Trivet in June, 1880. In 1881 a school house was erected, and that fall the first school was opened with Miss Emma Henderson as teacher. The same year the first store was started by William Earl, and the first church in the town was erected. I 598 CYCLOPEDIA OF Eskridge is the second largest town in the county. It has 2 banks, an international money order postoffice with four rural routes, elec- tric lights, a weekly newspaper (the Tribune-Star), express and tele- graph service, graded schools, telephone connections, a large retail trade, hotels, the Kansas \\'esleyan Bible school, churches of five dif- ferent faiths, and is a shipping point of considerable importance. The population in 1910 was 797. Essex, a money order post-hamlet of Finney county, is located on a small tributary of the Pawnee river, 18 miles northeast of Garden City, the county seat. The population in 1910 was 28. Charleston is the nearest railroad station. Ethelton, a rural postofifice and neighborhood trading point of Seward county, is located tin the Cimarron river in Seward township, about 20 miles northwest of Liberal, the county seat and most con- venient railroad station. Eudora, one of the largest towns of Douglas county, is located in the northeastern part of the county on the south bank of the Kansas river and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 7 miles east of Lawrence. Early in the summer of 1856 a company of Germans organ- ized in Chicago, 111., for the purpose of making a settlement some where in the west. From 50 members it grew to 600 stockholders and in March, 1857, a locating committee left for the west to select a town site. They spent some time in Missouri and Kansas and finally decided upon the site where Eudora now stands. A tract of 800 acres of land was bought from the Shawnee Indians through Pascal Fish, their chief, who was to receive every alternate lot. The land was surveyed and named Eudora in honor of the chief's daughter. When the com- mittee returned to Chicago it was determined to colonize the place and men representing different trades and professions were sent out by the association, under the leadership of P. Hartig. These pioneers arrived at Eudora on April 18, 1877, and at once erected rude cabins and made other improvements. Pascal Fish had built a cabin on the town site before the advent of the whites, which was used as a hotel and locally known as the "Fish House." In May a sawmill and corn cracker was sent out by the association and was put in operation. The first store was opened the following summer and the village began to flourish. A postoffice was also established in the summer of 1857, with A. Summerfield as the first postmaster. On Feb. 8, 1859, Eudora was incorporated under the territorial laws and ten years later the town was divided into two wards for municipal ]Mir]-)oses. It is now an incor- porated city of the third class. A fresh impetus was given to the town with the building of the .'Vtchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad, and it has become the shipping and supply point for a rich agricultural dis- trict. Eudora has many beautiful homes, good public schools, sev- eral general stores, hardware and implement houses, a drug store, wagon and blacksmith shops, a money order postoffice, express and telegraph facilities, 2 banks, and a population of 640, according to the U. S. census of lOTO. KANSAS HISTORY 599 Eureka, the judicial seat and largest town in Greenwood county, is located south and a little west of the center of the county on Fall river and on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Missouri Pacific rail- roads. It is 158 miles southwest of Atchison and 109 miles south of Topeka. Eureka has all the modern improvements expected in a city of its size. It is ligjited by electricity, has natural gas for lighting, heating and commercial purposes, a fire department and waterworks. Among the business enterprises are a wagon factory, broom factory, flour mill, 4 banks, good hotels and two weekly newspapers. All the leading denominations of churches are represented and the schools are unsurpassed in the state. This is an important grain, live-stock and produce shipping point. There are telegraph and express offices and an international money order postoffice with five rural routes. The population, according to the census of 1910, was 2,333. Eureka was located in 1857, and the first building was a school house built of short planks hewn from logs. This was a general purpose house and was used for all public purposes. The town site belonged to David Tucker and Levi N. Prather. Mr. Tucker bought out Prather for $160, and in 1867 sold the whole site to the town company for $50. The postoffice was established in 1858, with Edwin Tucker as postmaster. There was no store until after the war, and all goods had to be brought from Kansas City or Atchison with ox teams. The first store was a community afifair. James Kenner agreed to keep the store, with the understanding that if it interfered too much with his occupation of farming, he would turn it over to Edwin Tucker at the end of the year. This he did. The store was opened on April i, 1866. Among the first business and professional men were : Dr. Reynolds, the first physician; McCartney, blacksmith, 1866; Judge Lillie, the first lawyer, 1868: Hawkins, the first carpenter, 1867, and Mr. Akers, who was the first landlord of the company hotel. The first newspaper was the Eureka Herald, published by S. G. i\Iead, the initial number of which appeared in Aug., 1866. The first school was taught by Edwin Tucker in 1858. The first bank, which was also the firsfbank in the county, opened in the summer of 1870. It closed the first of the next year. The Eureka Bank, opened in Nov., 1870, and continued to do a successful business. In 1867 the town was laid out and lots were sold. It was incorporated first in 1870, with the following trustees : I. R. Phenis, A. F. Nicholas, L. H. Pratt, Harley Stoddard and C. A. Wakefield. The next year it became a city of the third class with Ira P. Nye as mayor and George H. Lillie as city clerk. Eureka became the county seat and the first term of court was held in May, 1867, but adjourned without transacting any business. Evangelical Association. — At the close of the eighteenth century a great religious awakening took place in the United States, which was at first confined to the English speaking population. In time the revival reached the Germans living in eastern Pennsylvania, whose ancestors 600 CYCLOPEDIA OF in the preceding century had fled from the Rhenish provinces of the Palatinate. Jacob Albright, a German Methodist minister, who was drawn more and more to his own people, devoted himself to work among them in their own language. It had not been Albright's idea to form a new church, but the opposition of the Methodists to the mode of worship by his converts made a separate organization neces- sary. In 1790 Albright began to travel as an evangelist. Ten years later he organized a class of converts, which in 1807 was organized as a church at a general assembly held in eastern Pennsylvania. Annual conferences were formed and the first general conference was held in 1816. Albright was elected bishop, articles of faith and the book of disciples were adopted, but the full form of church government was not completed for some years. While at the beginning the activities of the church were confined to the German language, it was soon widened by taking up work among the English speaking population. The faith spread into the other middle states, west to the Pacific coast, and north into Canada. A division occurred in 1891, which resulted in the organization of the United Evangelical Church, which took a large number of ministers and members. In doctrine and theology the Evangelical Association is Arminian and its articles of faith and plan of organization corre- spond very closely to those of the Methodist Episcopal church. The bishops are elected by the general conference for a term of four years, but are not ordained or consecrated as such. They have the general oversight of the church, preside at the annua! conferences, and, as a board, decide all questions of law between general conference sessions. Presiding elders are elected for four years by the annual conference, pastors are appointed annually, on the itinerant system, the time limit being five consecutive years in any field except a missionary con- ference. The Evangelical Association was established in Kansas sometime in the '70s. At first congregations were formed and churches erected in the eastern part of the state, but as settlements pushed farther west the people carried their faith with them and congregations were fnrnied all over the state. In 1890 there were 96 church organizations with 50 church edifices and a membership of 4,459. During a little over a decade and a half the association has increased but ahuut 400. while the United Evangelical church, etablisjied in t8i)1. now has ;i nu-tn- hership of 547. Evanston, a Iiamlct of Leavenworth county, is located in tlic west- ern portion on tlic Stranger creek 5 miles norlli of JarliaJo, tlic nearest railroad town, and 11 miles southwest of Leavenworth, the county seat, from which it has rural free delivery. Eve, a hamlet in tlie extreme nortliwestern part of P.ourlion county, is situated on a tributarj' of the Little Osage ri\ir. it has rural dcliv- erv from Bronson. I KANSAS HISTORY 6oi Everest, an incorporated town of Brown county, is situated in Wash- ington township on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 19 miles southeast of Hiawatha, the county seat. A CathoHc church was estabhshed there in 1868. but the town dates its beginning from the completion of the railroad and the fact that the company decided to establish a station at that point. One of the first imi)ortant business enterprises in Ever-- est was the elevator erected by the Farmers' Elevator and Mill com- pany in July, 1882. Everest has 2 banks, a money order postoffice with two rural routes, a metal stamping works, graded schools, a weekly newspaper (the Enterprise), telegraph and express offices, telephone connections, a hotel, Catholic and Methodist churches, and a number of well stocked mercantile concerns. The population in 1910 was 436. Ewell, a small village of Sumner county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 33 miles southwest of Wichita and 5 miles south of Con- way Springs, from which place it receives mail by rural delivery. Ewing, Thomas, Jr., soldier and first chief justice of the State of Kansas, was born at Lancaster, Ohio, Aug. 7, 1829. He was the third son of the statesman of that name, who was one of the leaders of the Whig party while a member of the United States senate and served in the cabinets of Presidents Harrison and Taylor. The Ewings are Scotch-Irish, being descended from Findley Ewing, of lower Loch Lomond, Scotland, who was presented with a sword by William H for conspicuous bravery at the siege of Londonderry. The first Ameri- can ancestor was Thomas Ewing, whose son, George, was ensign and subsequently lieutenant of the Second Jersey regiment in the Revolu- tionary war. On the maternal side, Gen. Ewing's great-grandfather was Neil Gillespie, who came from Donegal, Ireland, to western Penn- sylvania late in the eighteenth century. Chief Justice Ewing received a common school education and when only nineteen years old was appointed secretary of the commission to settle the boundary between Ohio and Virginia. He also served as private secretary to President TaA'lor during his administration. After the president's death he entered Brown LTniversity, where he graduated in 1854. A year later he received his degree from the Cincinnati Law School and was admit- ted to the bar. In Nov., 1856, he removed to Leavenworth, Kan., and became a member of the law firm of Sherman, Ewing 6c McCook. Mr. Ewing soon took a place at the head of his profession and played a conspicuous part in the great political struggle of the territorial era as a free-state man. When the free-state men met in convention in Dec, 1857, to decide whether the opponents of slavery in the territory should take part in the election of Jan. 4, 1858, Mr. Ewing urged that they vote. This motion was defeated and with twelve others Ewing retired. They organized and nominated men for all the offices, each candidate being pledged to vote for a new constitution that should for- ever prohibit slavery in Kansas. Ten days before the election Ewing and his twelve associates started to canvass the territory. The sur- vevor-general, John Calhoun, whose dutv it was to await the election 602 CYCLOPEDIA OF returns, tried to defeat the free-state party by declaring the pro-slavery men had won, and went so far as to start for \\'^ashington, to submit the Lecompton constitution to Congress for the purpose of having Kansas admitted as a slave state. Mr. Ewing was able to get the free-state territorial legislature to appoint a committee, of which he was the head, to investigate the election returns. (See Walker's and Denver's Administrations.) At the election for state officers on Dec. 6, 1859, the first held under the Wyandotte constitution, Mr. Ewing was elected chief justice for a term of six years, and took his seat on the bench in Feb., 1861, w^hen the state government was established. In the summer of 1862 he aided in recruiting the Eleventh Kansas. He was appointed colonel on Sept. 14, and soon after resigned as chief justice to take command of the regiment. He took part in the actions of Cane Hill, Van Buren and Prairie Grove, and on ]\Iarch 13, 1863, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers by President Lin- coln, for "gallant and meritorious services." Until June, 1863, he com- manded the first division of the Army of the Frontier, under Maj.-Gen. Herron. The division was then discontinued and Gen. Ewing was assigned to the command of the District of the Border, comprising all of Kansas north of the 38th yjarallcl and of the western tier of coun- ties in Missouri north of that line. His command was kept actively at work in repelling guerrilla raids. Gen. Ewing found that such men as Ouantrill and Yeager had an impregnable base of operations in the three border counties of Missouri, with spies scattered throughout the country. After the Quantrill raid and sack of Lawrence, he issued "General Order No. 11" (q. v:). a severe but necessary measure which efiFectually cleared the border of a population supporting the guerrillas. The order was sustained by the general government, but in the Demo- cratic national convention, which met in New York city on July 6, 1868, he was defeated for nomination for vice-president Ijecause of this order. The assaults made upon him by his political enemies in Kan- sas and Missouri, caused Gen. Ewing to ask for a court of inquiry, but the president refused to order it and at the same time enlarged the district under the general's command. In Feb.. 1864, when the District of the Border was divided by the erection of Kansas as a depart- ment. Gen. Ewing relieved Gen. Fisli of the command of southeastern Missouri, with headquarters at St. Louis. In the fall of 1864, he was actively engaged against Gen. Price, who invaded Missouri. On Feb. 23, 1865, Gen. Ewing resigned his command and on March T3, was breveted major-general. At the close of the war he resumed his law practice in Wasliingtrm. liut returned to his native state. Oliio. in 1870. In 1873 he was a member of the Oliio constitutional convention and served in Congress from 1877 to 1881. He opposed the use of Federal troops at the state elections; favored the rcmonetization of silver, rind was one of the leaders of tlie movement to preserve the greenback currency. In 1879 lie was the Democratic candidate for governor of Ohio. Three years later he rcirioved to New 'N'ork cit\- ;nul entered KANSAS HISTORY • 603 into i^artnership with Southard & Fairchild, subsequently the firm became Ewing, Wliitman & Ewing. He was the founder of the Ohio society in New York and its president for three years. In 1856 Gen. Ewing married Ellen E., daughter of William Cox of Piqua. Ohio. They had three sons and two daughters. Gen. Ewing died Ian. 21, 1896, as a result of an accident on a street car. Example, a rural postoffice in Lockport township, ITaskell county, is located near the northeast corner of the county, 12 miles from Santa Fe, the county seat, and about the same distance from Piercevillc, the nearest railroad station. Excelsior Colony. — Early in May, 1869, a colony of Scotch mechanics from New York city located in Jewell county. Lewis A. Walker was president and A. Macdonald secretary of the organization, the mem- bers of which selected claims on White Rock creek, between Burr Oak and Johns creek. This section at that time was on the frontier, and for protection against the hostile Indians the settlers erected a blockhouse about 2 miles east of the present Holmwood. On R-Iay 25 some of the settlers and colonists in that immediate neighborhood peti- tioned Gov. James M. Harvey for protection against the Indians, who they reported had killed and scalped about 20 settlers. Arms, am- munition and authority to raise militia companies were asked. Relief not coming as promptly as the situation demanded, the colonists decided to abandon their location. Some of them, while moving their effects to a place of safety, were attacked by Indians and robbed of all their possessions, but succeeded in escaping alive. But three women were with the colony at this time. During the summer the company probably underwent a reorganization, being known later as the Excelsior Cooperative Colony of Kansas. John F. McClimont was president ; Henry Evans, vice-president, and Hugh Mc- Gregor, secretary. At the time the colony was composed of about 200 families of Scotch mechanics and farmers who came to New York and there effected an organization. The cheap lands in the west proved an attractive inducement for their settlement in Kansas, and at a meet- ing held in New York, at their hall, on Oct. 2, 1869, John F. McClimont, Hugh McGregor and Alex Whyte (or White), Jr., were appointed a locating committee and immediately entered upon their duties. They must have spent the most of their time in Kansas, for inside of forty days they addressed a communication to Gov. Harvey, dated Topeka, Kan., Nov. 12, 1869, in which they said: "We, the undersigned, have been appointed a committee for the purpose of selecting a location for the colony. We have spent four weeks in the inspection of various localities and have finally resolved upon settling upon a tract embraced in townships i and 2, of the ranges i, 2, 3 and 4, west meridian, being situated in Republic county. ''Our colony numbers 200 families, composed of farmers and me- chanics of various trades. It is our intention to found a town in the center of our location for the purpose of carrying on various manu- factories. 604 CYCLOPEDIA OF "We would respectfully submit the following propositions, viz. : i — A free grant of one section of state land for the purpose of founding a town as near as possible in the center of the location. 2 — A loan of breech-loading arms, with amnumition, for the protection of the colony against the inroads of hostile Indians. 3 — That you furnish the officers of the colony with a copy of the statutes of the State of Kansas, with such other information as you would consider desirable for the further- ing of the interests of the colony. "If you would kindly answer the propositions at your earliest con- venience, you would be conferring a great favor upon, "Your most obedient servants, "John F. M-cClimont, "Hugh McGregor, "Alex. Whyte, Jr- "Locating Committee. "Please address John McKenzie, acting secretary. Cooperative Hall, 214 Bowery, N. Y." The colony left New York soon after and arrived in Rc])ublic county early in Dec, 1870. All were poor and the first money they earned was turned into a common treasury, the proceeds being used for the purchase of a yoke of o.xen to haul stone to build a colony house. After this was built the members occupied it until the spring of 1871. when they separated to work at their trades to obtain money to develop their claims. It is said that seventeen of these colonists had nc\cr driven a horse. They applied themselves to the task of developing their claims and of those who remained many are now among the most well-to-do citizens of the state. Executions. — The plaintifT wishing to execute his judgment must apply tn tlic clerk of the court rendering it, who will issue a writ directed to the sheriff of the county, ordering a seizure and sale of sufficient property of the defendant to satisfy the judgment and costs. Lands, tenements, goods and chattels not exempt by law are subject to the payment of debts and are liable to be taken on execution and sold. -Ml real estate, not bound by the lien of the judgment, as well as goods and chattels of the debtor, are bound from the time they are seized in execution. If execution is not sued out within live years from the date of any judgment, including judgments in I;i\im- of the state or any municipality in the state, or if five years intervene between the date of the last execution issued on such judgment and the time of suing out another writ of execution thereon, such judgment liecomcs dormant and ceases to operate as a lien on the estate of the judgment debtor. The officer who levies upon goods and chattels, by virtue of an execu- tion issued by a court of record, before lie ]Mocceds to sell the same, must cause public notice to be given of the lime ami place of sale. KANSAS HISTORY 605 The notice must be given by advertisement, published in sume news- paper printed in the county, or if none is printed tlierein l)y posting advertisements in five public places in the county. Two advertisements must be put up in the township where the sale is to be held. Lands and tenements taken on execution must not be sold inilil the officer cause public notice of the time and place of_ sale to be given for at least 30 days before the day of sale. All sales of lands or tenements under execution must be held at the court-house in the county where they are situated. The officer to whom a writ of execution is deliv- ered must proceed immediately to levy the same upon the goods and chattels of the debtor ; but if no goods and chattels can be found the officer indorses oji the writ of execution "No goods." and forthwith levies upon the lands and tenements of the debtor which may be liable to satisfy the judgment. If any of such lands and tenements be encum- bered by mortgage or any other lien or liens, such lands and tenements may be levied upon and appraised and sold subject to such lien or liens, which must be stated in the appraisement. If on any sale made there is in the hands of the sherifif or other officer more money than is sufficient to satisfy the writ or writs of execution, with interest and costs, the balance must be jiaid to the defendant or his legal representa- tives. The defendant owner may redeem any real property sold under execution, at the amount sold for, together with interest, costs and taxes, at any time within eighteen months from the day of sale, and shall in the meantime be entitled to the possession of the property. If he leaves the property it is deemed a forfeiture of his rights. Executive Council. — The executive council of the State of Kansas was created by the act of March lo, 1879. It consists of the governor, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, attorney-general and superintend- ent of public instruction, a majority of whom shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. By the provisions of the act, the coun- cil is required to hold regular meetings on the last Wednesday of each month ; examine all official bonds of the state officers, warden of the penitentiary, regents, trustees and superintendents of charitable and benevolent institutions; have charge and care of the state-house and grounds; provide furniture for the state offices and the legislature; make estimates of stationery and advertise for proposals for furnish- ing the same; approve the estimates of the state printer for materials, etc. Exemptions. — Under the constitution as adopted in 1859 "A home- stead to the extent of 160 acres of farming land, or of one acre within the limits of an incorporated town or city, occupied as a residence by the family of the owner, together with all improvements on the same, shall be exempted from forced sale under any process of law, and shall not be alienated without the joint consent of husband and wife, wjien that relation exists ; but no property shall be exempt from sale for taxes, or for the payment of obligations contracted for the purchase of said premises, or for the erection of improvements thereon : Pro- 636 CYCLOPEDIA OF vided, The provisions of this section shall not apply to any process of law obtained by virtue of a lien given by the consent of both husband and wife." ^^^hile the constitutional convention was in session, a warm debate occurred over the incorporation of this section, v and it was finally decided to submit it to a vote of the people, as a separate proposition, leaving to them the question whether it should become a part of the constitution. At the election the homestead exemption clause was ratified by a vote of 8,788 to 4,772, and was therefore made a part of the constitution. It is provided by appropriate legislation that whenever any levy shall be made upon the lands or tenements of a householder whose home- stead has not been selected and set apart, such householder, his wife, agent or attorney may notify the officer in writing at the time of mak- ing such levy, or at any time before the sale, of what he regards as his homestead, with a description thereof, and the remainder alone shall be subject to sale under such levy. Under the statute, every person residing in this state and being the head of a family shall have exempt from seizure and sale upon any attachment, execution or other process issued from any court in the state, the following articles of personal property : The family Bible, school books, and famil}' library; family pictures: musical instruments used by the family; a seat or pew in any church or place of public worship; a lot in any burial-ground: all the wearing apparel of the debtor and his family; all beds, bedsteads and bedding used by the debtor and his family; one cooking-stove and appendages, and all other cooking utensils; all other stoves and appendages necessary for the use of the debtor and his family: one sewing-machine, all spinning- wheels, looms, or other implements of industry: all other household furniture not herein enumerated, not exceeding in value $500: 2 cows, 10 hogs, one yoke of oxen, one horse or mule, or in lieu of one yoke of oxen and one horse or mule, a span of horses or mules ; 20 sheep and the wool from the same, either in the raw material or manufactured into yarn or cloth ; the necessary food for the support of the stock mentioned for one year, either provided or growing, or both, as the debtor may choose ; one wagon, cart or dray, two plows, one drag and other farming utensils, including harness and tackle for teams, not exceeding in value $300; the grain, meat, vegetables, groceries and other provisions on hand, necessary for the support of the debtor and his family for one year; all the fuel on hand necessary for their use for one year; the necessary tools and implements of any mechanic, miner or other person, used and kept in stock for the pnrjiose of carry- ing on his trade or business, and in addition thereto, stock in trade not enceeding $400 in value; the library, implements, ;nul nlTico fitniiture of any profesisonal man. The following property only is exempt from alt.ubnu'iil .ind execu- tion, when owned by any person residing in this st;itc, oilier than the KANSAS HISTORY 6oj head of a family: The wearing apparel of the debtor; a seat or pew in any church or place of public worship ; a lot in any burial-ground ; the necessary tools and instruments of any mechanic, miner or other person, used and kept for the purpose of carrying on his trade or busi- ness, and, in additictn thereto, stock in trade; the library, implements and office furniture of any professional man. No personal property is exempt from taxation or sale for taxes under the laws of the state, and none of the personal property mentioned is exempt from attachment or execution for the wages of any clerk, mechanic, laborer or servant. The earnings of the debtor for his per- sonal services at any time within three months next preceding an order of execution cannot be levied upon when it is made to appear by the debtor's affidavit or otherwise that such earnings are necessary for the use of a family supported wholly or partly by his labor. Wages earned and payable outside of this state are exempt from attachment or garnishment in all cases where the cause of action arose outside of the state, unless the defendant in the attachment or garnishment suit is personally served with process. The money that may have been received by any debtor as pensioner of the United States within the three months next preceding the issuing of an execution, attachment or garnishment process, cannot be applied to the payment of the debts of such pensioner when it is made to appear by the affidavit of the debtor or otherwise that such pension money is necessary for the maintenance of a family supported wholly or in part by said pension mone3^ A tenant may waive, in writing, the benefit of the exemption laws of this state for all debts contracted for rents, but with this exception neither the husband nor wife alone can waive his or her rights under the exemption laws as here outlined. The most important feature of the exemption laws of Kansas is that which protects the homestead and makes secure the abiding place of the family of the unfortunate debtor. Exeter, an inland hamlet of Clay county, is situated about lo miles southwest of Clay Center, the county seat, and most convenient rail- road station, from which place mail is received by the inhabitants by rural delivery. Exodus. — (See Negro Exodus.) Experiment Stations. — The Kansas Agricultural Experiment station, an adjunct of the Agricultural College at Manhattan, is the most im- portant station in the state. It was organized under the provisions of an act of Congress, approved March 2, 1887, commonly known as the "Hatch Act" and designated as "An act to establish agricultural experiment stations in connection with the colleges established in the several states under the provision of an act approved July 2, 1862, and the acts supplementary thereto." The objects of this measure is stated as being, "in order to aid in acquiring and diffusing among the people of the United States useful and practical information on subjects con 6o8 CYCLOPEDIA OF nected with agriculture, and to promote scientitic investigation and experiment respecting the principles and practice of agricultural science." The law specifies in detail, "that it shall be the object and duty of said experiment stations to conduct original researches or verify experiments on the physiology of plants and animals ; the dis- eases to which they are severally subject, with remedies for the same; the chemical composition of useful plants at their different stages of growth ; the comparative advantages of rotative cropping as pursued under a varying series of ciops; the capacity of new plants or trees for acclimation ; the analysis of soils and waters ; the chemical composi- tion of manures, natural and artificial, with experiments designed to test their comparative effects on crops of dift'erent kinds ; the adapta- tion and value of grasses for forage plants ; the composition and digestibility of the dift'erent kinds of food for domestic animals; the scientific and economic questions involved in the production of butter and cheese; and such other researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industr\- of the United States, as may in each case be deemed advisable." On the day following the passage of the Hatch act, the legislature of the State of Kansas, which was then in session, passed a measure, approved March 7, 1887, accepting the conditions of the Hatch act and appointing the board of regents of the Agricultural College as sponsors for the fulfillment of its conditions. I'ntil 1908 all the expenses of the experiment station were provided for by the Federal government. The Hatch bill carried an annual Congressional appropriation of ^15.000. In March. IQ06. the .^dams act was approved by the president. This bill provided, "for the more complete endowment and maintenance of agricultural experiment station, a sum beginning with $3,000 and increasing each year by $2,000 over the preceding year for five years, after which time the annua! appro]iriation was to be $15,000, "to be aj)plicd to ])aying the necessary expenses of conducting original researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industry of the United States, having due regard to the Aarying conditions and needs of the respective states and territories." It further provided that "no portion of said moneys exceeding Wve per centum of each annual appropriation shall be applied, directly or indirectly under any pre- tense whatever, to the purchase, erection, preservation or repair of any building or buildings, or to the ])urchase or rental of land." The Adams act, providing for original investigation and advanced research, supplied a great need of the experiment stali(^n. I'nder the provisions of this act only such experiments may be entered ujion as have first been passed upon and approved by the office of experiment stations of tiic United States dejiartment of agriculture. In igoX nine such investigations were being made. The legislature of Kansas in IQ08 appropriated the sum of $15,000 for that year, and the same .mionnl for the following one, for further support of the experiment st.itioii. Tlic whiilc income of the station for lOOQ and niio was as follows: KANSAS HISTORY 609 Hatcli fund, $15,000; Adams fund, .$13,000; state appropriation, $15,000, a total of $43,000. The work of the experiment station is published in the form of bul- letins, which record the results of investigations. These bulletins are of three sorts: technical bulletins, which record the result of researches of a purely scientific character provided for under the Adams act ; farm bulletins, which present the data of the technical bulletins in a sim- plified form, and including also all other bulletins in which a brief, condensed presentation is made of data which call for immediate a])])li- cation. In addition to the bulletins, the station publishes a series of circulars for the purpose of convej'ing needed or useful "information, not necessarily new or original. Up to 1909 the station had published 167 bulletins, 183 press bulletins and 6 circulars. The work of this experiment station is not confined to agricultural investigation and research, for it has been given state executive and control work. One important adjunct office created by the legislature of 1909 is that of state dairy commissioner, whose duty is tO' inspect or cause to be inspected all the creameries, public dairies, butter, cheese and ice cream factories, or any place in which milk, cream or their products are handled or stored .within the state, at least once a year, or oftener if possible. Another important state function is the State Entomological commission (q. v.), which was created in 1907. The state live stock registry board, created by the legislature of 1909, is another adjunct of the experiment station. All commissions are supported b}' appro- priation. By legislative act of 1909 a "division of forestry" at the Agricultural College is provided for. (See Forestrv-l The state has also placed the experiment station in charge of the execution of the acts concerning the manufacture and sale of concen- trated feeding stufTs, and of fertilizers by acts which make it "unlaw- ful to sell, or offer for sale, any commercial fertilizer which has not been officially registered by the director of the agricultural experiment station of the Kansas State Agricultural College." An important addi- tion to the experiment station is the department of milling industry. This was established through the cooperation of the board of regents and the millers' association. Investigation is being made of growing, handling and marketing methods; their relation to the milling value of wheat ; of systems of grading ; of insect enemies of wheat in the field and storage ; and of flour and its by-products. There is at the Agricultural College an engineering experiment sta- tion established by the board of regents for the purpose of carrying on tests of engineering and manufacturing problems important to the state of sufficient magnitude to be of commercial value. Experiments have been made in cement and concrete, and, in connection with these, tests of waterproofing and coloring cement building blocks. Experi- ments with Kansas coals, lubricants and bearings, relative adaptability, efficiency and cost of gasoline, kerosine and denatured alcohi^l for inter- nal combustion of engines, etc., etc. (1-39) 6lO CYCLOPEDIA OF There are two branch agricultural stations, one at Fort Hays, and one at Garden City. The land occupied by the Fort Hays station is a part of what was originally the Fort Hays military reservation. Be- fore final disposition of this land was made the Kansas legislature in Feb., 1895, passed a resolution requesting Congress to donate the entire reservation of 7,200 acres to the State of Kansas for the purposes of agricultural education and research, the training of teachers, and for the establishment of a public park. In 1900 a bill was passed setting aside this reservation "for the purposes of establishing an experimental station of the Kansas Agricultural College and a western branch of the Kansas State Normal School." The state legislature of 1901 accepted the land with the burden of conditions as granted by Congress, and passed an act providing for the organization of a branch experiment station, making a small appro- priation as a preliminary fund. The land at Fort Hayes is well suited for experimental and demonstration work in dry farming, irrigation, forestry and orchard tests, under conditions of limited rainfall and high evaporation. This station is supported entirely b)^ state funds and the sale of farm products. Under the terms of the acts of Con- gress establishing and supporting experiment stations, and under the ruling of the United States Department of Agriculture, none of the funds appropriated by the federal government may be used for the sup- port of branch experiment stations. For the Garden City cooperative station, the count}- commisisoners of Finney county in 1906 purchased a tract of land of 300 acres for the purpose of agricultural experimentation. This land, situated four and one-half miles from Garden City, was irrigated upland. The Kansas agricultural experiment station leased the 300 acres for a term of 99 years as an experimental and demonstration farm. It is being operated in conjunction with the United States department of agricul- ture for the purpose of determining the methods of culture, crop varieties and crop rotation best suited for the soutliwestern portion of the state under dryland farming conditions. The legislature of 1891 passed an act establishing an experinu'nt station at the state university, the purpose of which is indicated in the first section: "That the sum of $3,500 be and the same is hereby appro- priated out of the general fund not otlicrwisc appropriated, for the pur- pose of establishing, maintaining and conducting an experiment station at the State University at Lawrence to propagate the contagion or infection that is supposed to be destructive to chinch-bugs, and fur- nish the same to the farmers free of charge, under the dircclicm and supervision of the chancellor, F. H. .Snow, as hereinafter ]M(ni(led." In 1893 the legislature appropriated $4,500 for tlic mainlenance of this statiiin and the Icijislaturc of 1895 ajjpropriated .$3,500. Expositions, Industrial. — .\1 tiie time Katisas was admiilnl inid the Union in 1861 comparatively little was known by the civilized world 'if her i,'rc,-it rc>iiiiirces and pos^iibilil ii'><. During the territorial jjcriud KANSAS HISTORY 6ll the conllict over slavery so overshadowed everythin,q; else that htlle thought was given to industrial development. After the Civil war many of the leading citizens advocated legislation that would advertise Kan- sas abroad and thus encourage immigration. The first opportunity of the state to be represented in a great industrial exposition was at Paris in 1867. On Nov. 14, 1866, Gov. Crawford appointed Isaac Young of Leavenworth to act as agent or commisisoner of the state at that exposition. In referring to this appointment in his message to the legislature of 1867, the governor said: -"Mr. ^'oung produced the most abundant evidence of his fitness for the position, and has been actively engaged in collecting material to represent this state. If the state shall receive such benefits as is contemplated, it is not just that it should be done at the expense of a single individual. The whole mat- ter, however, is for your consideration, and you should make such an appropriation as the merits of the case demand." By the act of Feb. 26, 1867, an appropriation of $2,500 was made to further the work, and Mr. Young's report was submitted to the legis- lature of 1868 by the governor, who called attenticvn to the fact that Kansas grain and other products had received a fine bronze medal. The state also received honorable mention in the catalogue, which was printed in the various languages for general distribution among the visitors to the exposition. Through the medium of this catalogue, many of the people of Europe learned that Kansas was not the "tree- less desert" they had supposed it to be, and many Europeans afterward found homes in the state. No appropriation was made for the purpose of representing the state at the Vienna exposition of 1873, but the following commissioners were appointed: F. G. Hentig and John D. Knox, of Topeka : I. P. Brown and Frank Brier, Atchison : M. Hoffman, Leavenworth ; James Lewis and C. H. Pratt, Humboldt: and L. C. Mason, Independence. Wyan- dotte (Kansas City) and Leavenworth were the only cities in the state that made exhibits, but the commissioners distributed at the exposi- tion a large amount of printed matter advertising the state. On March 9, 1874, Gov. Osborn approved an act authorizing him to appoint five persons as state managers for the Centennial exposi- tion to be held at Philadelphia in 1876, commemorative of the first century of American independence. On the 30th he appointed George T. Anthony, Leavenworth; S. T. Kelsey, Hutchinson; Amos J. North, Atchison ; Edgar W. Dennis and David J. Evans, Topeka. John A. Martin and George A. Crawford were the national commissioners for Kansas. A supplementary act of March 6, 1875. directed the managers to collect an exhibit "of the natural and artificial resources of the state," and appropriated $5,000 to defray the expenses. A third act, approved on March 2, 1876, increased the board of managers to nine members ; authorized the erection of a state building on the exposition grounds, at a cost not to exceed $10,000, and made additional appropria- tions amounting to $33,625. The act also provided that, when the expo- 6l2 CYCLOPEDIA OF sition was over, the building was to be sold and the proceeds turned into the state treasury, and the managers were authorized to exchange specimens with other states, the entire collection to become a per- manent exhibit in the agricultural rooms in the state capitol at Topeka. A condensed history of the state was prepared by D. W. Wilder, T. D. Thacher, John A. Anderson, John Fraser, Frank H. Snow and B. F. Mudge for distribution at the exposition. Deaths, resignations and removals caused several changes to be made in the board of managers. In addition to those above mentioned, the persons who served on the board at some period were : Alfred Gray, Topeka; Edwin P. Bancroft, Emporia; Charles F. Koester, IMarysville ; Theodore C. Henry, Abilene; William E. Barnes, Vinland : R. AV'. Wright, Oswego; William L. Parkinson, Ottawa, and George W. Click, Atchison. Throughout the service of the board George T. Anthony was president and Alfred Gray secretary. Amos J. North was the first treasurer, but was succeeded by George W' . Click. Kansas was the first state to select a site for a state building. The structure was in the form of a Greek cross and cost about $8,000. In the exhibit was a large map of the state showing the location of every school house. A number of premiums were awarded the state, among them a certificate for the best collective exhibit : a first premium on fruit ; a prize for the best farm wagon ; a medal for a bound record book exhibited by George W. Martin, then the Kansas state printer, and what was a surprise to many was that Kansas received first prize for a display of timber, sections of native forest trees, etc. In his mes- sage of 1877, referring to the Centennial exhibit of Kansas. Gov. Anthony said: "It was not the cereals, the minerals and woods of Kansas that attracted the attenticm and excited the adniiralicn nf the representatives of all nations, making every American citizen feel that the victory of Kansas was a national honor. It was the boldness of conception, the daring of purpose, the intelligent and artistic arrange- ment, which shed so broad a light upon the manhood and culture of Kansas, as to force a conviction upon all sjiectators. that a iK'nple whose representatives could provide for, and whose agents could exe- cute, such an undertaking, own a land wherein it is good to dwell." Frederick Collins of Pielleville was appointed commisisnnor to the .American exposition in London in 1877, but tlic legislature ni.ule nn aj)propriation, anfl if Mr. Collins ever made a reimrl nf his work a cupy of it Can not be found. At the Paris exposition of 1S78, Flujd P. I'.aker was cunnnissioner, Eugene L. Meyer of Hutchinson and Mason D. Sampson of .S.ilina. hon- orary commisisoncrs. Most of the exhibit at Paris on this occasion was of an educational nature. Topeka furnished some fioo specimens of daily class work, in ,ill grades up to the high school, and ]ihoto- graphs of several of the city school buildings. Lawrence f\irnished about 250 specimens of class work in the public schools and a view of the state nniversitv. .Similar work was exhibited b\- Fort Scott, Alchi- KANSAS iUSTOKY 613 son, Leavenworth, Ottawa, Empuria, Saliiia, Hiawatha, and a nuinlx-r of other cities and towns in the state. A full account of the exhibit antl awards is given in the report of the state superintendent of pnbHc instruction for 1878. The next industrial exposition in which Kansas took part was at New Orleans in the winter of 1884-85. On Feb. 2, 1884, Gov. Click appointed Frank Bacon commissioner and George Y. Johnson assistant commis- sioner. Mrs. W. R. WagstafT and Mrs. Augustus Wilson were appointed lady commissioners. The exposition opened on Dec. 16, 1884, and remained open to visitors until May 31, 1885. In his message to the legislature in Jan., 1885, Gov. Martin said: "The commissioners in charge of the Kansas exhibit at the New Orleans exposition advise me that they are laboring under great disadvantages because of the limited appropriation made for their collecting and arranging a display of our products and industries. The legislature appropriated $7,000, and this was supplemented by $4,000 from the exposition managers. With this sum the commisisoners have done all in their power to maintain the reputation of Kansas, but they report, and other gentlemen who have visited the exposition have advised me, that our display does not do justice to the resources and development of the state. None of the state institutions has contributed to it, and educational exhibits are practically lacking." At that session the legislature passed an act appropriating $2,500 for a displa}' of women's work. Notwithstanding the disadvantages under which the commissioners labored on account of the meagre appropriations Ivansas took 65 first and second premiums. First prizes were awarded on wheat, corn, flour, sorghum sugar, apples and cattle. In 1889 another great exposition was held in Paris, France. The Kansas legislature of that year passed an act, early in the session, authorizing the governor to appoint a commissioner, on or before April I, who could speak French, said commissioner to prepare and have printed in the French language such pamphlets and circulars as would properly set forth the resources of the state. An appropriation of $5,000 was made to carry out the provisions of the act. On March 7, 1889, Gov. Humphrey appointed Emil Firmin, who went to Paris and during the exposition was active in advertising Kansas abroad. No attempt was made toward an exhibit of products, that portion of the work being confined to reports of the state departments, etc. A gold medal was awarded for the best agricultural report, and silver medals for the pub- lications of the state labor department and the department of public instruction. The Kansas City Journal, referring to the awards, after mentioning the fact that the Anheuser brewery of St. Louis took second premium for beer and Kansas for education, adds : "Missouri thus gets a premium for lager beer and Kansas for education. Kansas is ahead at Paris." A delegate convention, called by the state board of agriculture, met at Topeka on April 23, 1891, to take the preliminary steps to insure an 6l4 CYCLOPEDIA OF exhibit of the state's products at the Columbian exposition, to be held at Chicago in 1893. That convention decided that $100,000 would be necessary to make a display that would do credit to the state. A "bureau of promotion," consisting of 21 persons — 3 from each Congressional dis- trict — was appointed, with instructions to start the work, and with power call a convention for the selection of a permanent board of man- agers. A convention was accordingly called to meet in the senate chamber in the state capitol on Sept. 16, 1891, when the following board of managers was chosen : At large, A. W. Smith and Frederick Well- house ; 1st district, W. A. Harris; 2nd, R. W. Sparr ; 3d, E. H. Brown; 4th, A. S. Johnson; 5th, W. H. Smith: 6th, William Simpson; 7th, O. B. Hildreth. Meetings were held in various parts of the state, county societies organized and funds collected to defray the expenses of gathering and arranging an exhibit. In October a committee visited Chicago and selected a site on the exposition grounds for a state building. On Feb. 17, 1892, the plans submitted by Seymour Davis of Topeka were accepted by the board, the contract for the erection of the building was let on April 28 for $19,995, ^nd on Oct. 22 it was dedicated with appropriate ceremonies. Up to this time the work had been carried on by the citizens, the board of managers chosen in Sept., 1891, acting without authority of law. But on March 4, 1893, Gov. Lewelling approved an act authorizing the appointment of a board of managers, to consist of seven members, one, from each Congressional district, and not more than three of any one political party. An appropriation of $65,000 was made to further the work of preparing an exhibit at Chicago. As the time was short, the governor acted promptly by appointing the following members of the board: ist district, George W. Glick; 2nd, H. H. Kern; 3d, L. P. King; 4th, T. J. Anderson; sth, A. P. Collins; 6th, Mrs. A. M. Clark; 7th, M. W. Cobun. The new board met and organized on March 7, Mr. Cobun being elected president. Mrs. Clark was subsequently elected secretary. The new board indorsed the acts of the old one, assumed its indebtedness, and pushed forward the work of getting the exhibit in place before the opening of the exposition. Among the products exhibited in the Kansas building and the main buildings of the general exposition were spec- imens of agricultural products, salt, silk from the station at Peabody, live stock, minerals, timber, etc. Interesting exhil;its were made by several railroad companies, photographs of the packing interests of Kansas City and public buildings were shown, the various higher edu- cational institutions showed specimens of class work, drawings by pupils, photographs of buildings, etc. One exhibit that attracted wide attention was the collection of 121 North American mammals arranged under the direction of Prof. L. L. Dyche of the state university. In the matter of awards, Kansas fared as well as any of her sister states. The state university, the agricultural college and llic slate nor- KANSAS HISTORY 615 mal school all received premiums for the exhibits; none of the state exhibits failed to receive at least "honorable mention," and over 200 premiums were awarded to individual Kansas exhibitors. In the decade beginning in 1895 there was what might be aptly termed an "epidemic of expositions." Notable among them may be mentioned the expositions at Atlanta, 1895; Nashville, 1897; Omaha, 1898; Paris, 1900; Buffalo and Charleston, 1901 ; and the Louisiana Purchase Expo- sition at St. Louis, 1904. Kansas commissioners were appointed for the American-Mexico exposition for 1895, but for lack of adequate appropriations the exposition was not held. Commissioners were also appointed for the Atlanta and Nashville expositions, but no appro- priations were made by the state for the collection and arrangement of exhibits. Kansas grain and fruit received honorable mention at Atlanta. A bill was introduced in the Kansas legislature in 1897 to provide for the expense of having the state represented at the Trans-Mississippi exposition at Omaha the next 3'ear, but as the holding of the exposition was not at that time assured, the bill failed to pass. Subsequently, when the exposition became a certainty and promised to be a great national affair, the state board of agriculture qnanimously adopted a resolution asking that Kansas be represented. Mayors, councils and commercial clubs of various cities also asked that something be done to assure an exhibit of Kansas products at Omaha. Accordingly, on March 28, 1898, Gov. Leedy appointed George W. Click, John E. Frost, A. H. Greef, A. W. Smith and A. C. Lambe a board of state managers to collect and arrange the exhibit. In the organization of the board, Mr. Click was elected chairman ; Mr. Frost, vice president and treasurer, and Mr. Greef, secretary. Ready money being essential to success, the governor called for contributions and especially asked the railroad companies to guarantee $15,000 to the fund. The Atchison, Topeka «& Santa Fe, the Missouri Pacific, the St. Louis & San Francisco and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific responded promptly, the aggregate amount of their subscriptions being $14,542.90. Corporations and private citizens con- tributed enough to bring the total up to $21,073.90. With the funds thus obtained a state building was erected on the exposition grounds, at a cost of $3,500, and dedicated on June 22, 1898. Space was obtained in the agricultural, mineral and liberal arts build- ings, and the work of arranging the exhibits was prosecuted with vigor. The state received awards on educational work, fruits, agricultural and dairy products and live stock, and a large number of premiums were given to individual exhibitors for live stock, field, orchard and dairy products, honey, etc. At the special session of the legislature in Dec, 1898, Gov. Leedy explained the situation and asked for the passage of an act to reimburse those who had made it possible for Kansas to be so creditably repre- sented. The special session failed to make an appropriation as requested, but the regular session of 1899 passed an act appropriating $21,073.90 to repay the railroad companies and others who had con- tributed. 6l6 CYCLOPEDIA OF In his message to the legislature of 1899, after referring to the Omaha exposition, Gov. Stanley said: "It is expected that provision will be made by Congress through the department of agriculture for an exhibit of corn and corn products at the international exhibition to be held at Paris in the year 1900. . . . Many of the corn producing states are expected to aid this exhibit by an appropriation. Kansas is a great corn producing state, and should take advantage of this opportunity to identify itself with this undertaking." No appropriation was made, but through the enterprise of individual exhibitors and the arrangements of the national administration. Kan- sas corn and apples won victories at Paris, a bronze medal being received on fruits and three gold medal diplomas on other products. All medals issued by this exposition were of bronze. Kansas was not represented at the Charleston exhibition of 1901, but for the Pan-American exposition at Buffalo tlie same year the fol- lowing commissioners were appointed : W. A. Harris. Linwood ; A. R. Taylor and John Madden, Emporia; F. D. Coburn. \\'. H. Barnes and Mrs. A. H. Thompson, Topeka ; L. F. Randolph. Nortonvillc : H. F. Sheldon, Ottawa; C. A. Mitchell, Cherryvale ; E. C. Little, .-Xbilene ; W. H. Mitchell, Beloit ; J. E. Junkin, Sterling; Ewing Herbert, fliawatha, and Mrs. S. R. Peters, Newton. Mr. Randolph was elected president of the board, and accompanied by Messrs. Sheldon and Barnes, went to Bufl'alo to select a site for a state building, but the legislature failed to make an appropriation and the idea of a state exhibit was abandoned. The horticultural society, however, made a display of fruits and won a silver medal. A company, known as the "Kansas Semicentennial I'.xpnsitinn com- pany" was organized at Topeka about the beginning of the iiresent century, for the purpose of holding an exhibition to celelirale the fiftieth anniversary of the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, wliicli was appro\-ed by the president on May 30, 1854. John K. Frost was elected president of the company; IT. M. Phillips, secretary, and F. D. Coburn, treasurer. 'l"he legislature of 1901 was asked to ai)]iro])riate $300,000 in aid of tlic project, and while many of the memliers were in sympathy with the movement, it was deeined inadvisable to attemjit to Jiold an exhibition contem]iorary with the T.ouisiana Purchase ex]iosi- tion, liencc tiie ap])ropriation was not niaile. An effort was made to keep the organization intact, with a view to celel)rating the semi-cen- tennial of admission in 191 1, by holding a great industrial fan" of some sort. As late as Jan. 29, 1906, a meeting of those favoring tlie under- taking was held at Topeka, and the following committees were ;ip- ])ointed: Organization, Eugene F. Ware, cliairman : w.iys and means. John R. Mulvane, chairman: administration. |. A. 'rroulman. ch.iirman. Various j)Ians were discussed, tlie ])rcss of the state lent its aid to the scheme, but the state declined to encourage it by appro])riations and tlie company passed ont of existence. Ou Marcli 2, I9()r. (iov. .'^lanley .-ippinNt'd an act aniliori/ing the ap- KANSAS HISTORY 617 pointmcnt of five persons as commissioners to provide for an exliiliit of Kansas products at the Louisiana Purchase exposition. The commis- sion was given wide powers, having' authority to select a site and erect a state building, which was to be sold at the close of the exposition and the proceeds turned into the state treasury. An appropriation of $25,000 was made for the fiscal year ending on June 30, 1902, and $50,000 for the year ending on June 30, 1903. In July, 1901, the governor appointed as commissioners John C. Carpenter, J. C. Morrow, C. H. Luling, K. T. Simons and W. P. Waggener. The board organized on Oct. i by the election of Mr. Carpenter as president; Mr. Morrow, vice-j)resi(U-nt ; Mr. Luling, secretary, and Mr. Simons, treasurer. At the time of the appointment, of these commissioners it was thought the exposition would be held in 1903. When it was postponed to 1904 the legislature of 1903 passed an act extending the term of office of the commissioners and making an additional appropriation of $100,000. .^s Kansas was the first state in the L'nion to make an appropriation, it was awarded one of the best sites on the grounds at St. Louis for a state building, which was under the charge of Mrs. Noble L. Prentis during the exposition. Among the exhibits in this building was a collec- tion of paintings and drawings, the work of Kansas artists. Exhibits were also made in the agricultural, horticultural, dairy, live stock, min- eral forestry and educational departments. Grand prizes were awarded for the general horticultural and agricultural exhibits ; gold medals to the boards of education of Kansas City, Topeka, ^^'ichita and Junction City, and for the mineral exhibit and the school for the deaf; silver medals for the exhibits of the state university, the state normal school, the traveling libraries, the collection of maps and photographs, dairy products, the high schools of Kansas City, Topeka. Wichita and Pitts- burg, and 12 others for county and elementary school exhibits. In addi- tion to these awards, numerous premiums were received by indix'idual exhibitors in the various departments. The week beginning on Sept. 26 was Kansas week, and Sept. 30 was ' Kansas day. On that day hundreds of Kansas peo])le attended the exposition. After a parade a mile long. President Francis, of the exposi- tion company, made an address congratulating the state upon the char- acter of the exhibits. He -was followed by Gov. Bailey, who gave an interesting review of Kansas institutions and her individual develop- ment. Henry J. Allen also delivered an address, and David Overmver spoke on the "Spirit of Kansas." It was indeed "Kansas Dav." No exhibition was attempted by the state in the Lewis and Clark expo- sition at Portland. Ore., in IQ05. On June 20, 1906, Gov. Hoch appointed John E. Frost commissioner to select a site for a state building at James- town, Va., contingent upon an appropriation by the state. Gov. Hoch, F. D. Coburn and others worked to secure the passage of an act authoriz- ing an appropriation and the appointment of a board of managers, but the general assembly declined the overtures and Kansas was not repre- sented at Jamestown. 6l8 CYCLOPEDIA OF Extinct Towns. — In the early settlement of any state a period of specu- lation precedes that of actual development. Kansas was no e.xception, for no sooner was the Kansas-Nebraska bill passed than there was a rush of speculators into the new territory and hundreds of towns were located, many of which were never promoted any further than the plat- ting of the site. The majority of these first towns were later abandoned. In 1902 George W. Martin, secretary of the Kansas Historical Society, sent out printed forms to county officials and old settlers in an effort to get a list of these extinct towns, but only a few counties responded. Anderson county reported eight towns, lantha, Fairview, Elba, Pot- tawatomie City, Hyatt, Cresco, Shannon and Canton. They w^ere all founded in 1856-57-58, and none of them lasted longer than i860, except Pottawatomie Cit}-, which was abandoned in 1868. In Atchison county Summer was the only town reported. It was located on the river front in 1856, and a lithograph made in 1857 shows it as considerable of a town. It had a daily paper in that }'ear. It was almost destroyed in i860 by a tornado. Appleton, founded in 1870, and Memphis, in 1874. were rept)rtcd from Bourbon county; in Butler county Milwaukee, founded in 1871, is ex- tinct, and Whitewater has been mo\-ed ; in Coffey county .\urora, founded in 1857, was abandoned in 1864 because there was no water; Neosho City, California and Nashville, founded in 1856-57-58, lasted till 1859-60, and Hampden, founded in 1855, lasted until 1866; Lazette, in Cowley county, existed from 1871 to 1880. In Doniphan county, Cincinnati, in Iowa township, Buffalo, near Eagle Springs, Charleston, which occupied about the same site, lola, near Fanning, Winona, on the county line west of Highland, Lafayette, on the Missouri river in Center township, Columbus, in Burr Oak town- ship, at one time having 220 inhabitants, Petersburg, on the river be- tween Palermo and Geary, Rodgersville, 3 miles north of Troy, Kvans- ville, Fairview, and Whitehead are all extinct. Whitehead, alst) known as Bellmont, was once the county seat. Crawfordsville and Georgia City, in Crawford county, were abandoned in 1869 and 1872 respectively; in Decatur county, St. John and Decatur City are extinct: Douglas county reported ir towns: Douglas City; Oread, 12 miles northeast of Burlington ; Marshall, 8 miles west of Lawrence ; Franklin, 5 miles south- east of Law^-ence on the Oregon trail ; Pacific City and Louisiana. 10 miles south of Lawrence; Washington, in the southwest part of ihe county; Prairie City, 14 miles south of Lawrence: P.lonmingtoii. about ir miles southwest of Lawrence; Sebastian, 2 miles southeast of Frank- lin, and Benicia, just east of Douglas Cil\. which w;is .it the nioinli nf Big .Springs creek. In Ellis county Rome was absorbed by Hays City. (See Ellis County.) F'ive towns were reported from Franklin county — St. Bernard, c;ist of Centropolis; Mt. Vernon, 7 miles .southeast of Ottawa; Cheniing, witliin 2 miles of the present town of Princeton : Ohio Citv, which was the county seat from 1862 to 1864, and Minncola (see Capital). The report KANSAS HISTORY 619 from Geary county includes the following: Chetolah, Pawnee (q. v.), Whiskey Point and Ashland. Boston, a county seat asjjirant of Howard county; Chantilly, in Keary county; Dimon, Delaware and Alexandria, in r.eavenworth county, are among the missing. The abandoned towns of Linn county were : Douglas and Farmer City, in Paris township ; Keokuk, Brooklyn, Moneka (two and one-half miles from Mound City), Mansfield and Linnville (each six miles from the same place), Paris, on the same site as Linnville, once the county seat, and Twin .'^prin!LJs, g miles west of LaCygne. Twelve towns were reported from Lyon count}', viz: Columbia, one mile east of Emporia on the Cottonwood river, named for Charles Co- lumbia, a half-breed Indian; Agnes City; Breckenridge City; Elmendaro, formerly county seat of old Madison county ; Forest Hill ; Highland Park; Kansas Center; Withington ; Pittsburg; New Chicago; Waterloo, and Fremont. Marshall couftty reported six dead towns — Gertrude, Merrimac. Not- tingham, Ohio City, Vermillion and Sylvan. Montgomery City, Morgan City, Parker and Bloomfield were reported from Montgomery count}-. In Nemaha county the extinct towns were : America City, on the south line of the county, and Farmington, 6 miles north of Seneca, both founded in 1858; Ash Point, on the St. Joseph trail; Central City; Rich- mond, once quite a town, but being the Ifesing candidate in the county seat fight, did not survive; and Lincoln, in Mitchell township. From one to four towns were reported in a number of counties, among which were I^adore and Prairie du Chien, in Neosho county, and Sidney, an aspirant for county seat honors in Ness county. Ten towns were vacated by the legislature in Osage county, viz : Prairie City, Wash- ington, Switzer, Georgetown, Indiana City, Versailles, Havana, Lexing- ton, Olivet and Penfield ; Saratoga, in Pratt county, a half-mile north of the fish hatchery; Trano, in Rawdins county, on the westTine, died out, and Celia, a town of 300 inhabitants, was vacated by the legislature of 1889; in Reno count}^ Qakdale was made a suburb of Hutchinson; Ida, New Tabor, Saepo and White Rock, in Republic county; Chico, Mari- posa and Buchanan, in Saline; Indianola and Lhiiontow'n, in Shawnee; Kenneth, at one time a town of 200 inhabitants, and county seat of Sheridan ; AVatertown and Germantown. in Smith county, and .\ustin. Meridan, London and Sumner City, in Sumner county. During the boom period of the '80s there w^as another era of mush- room and paper towns, especially in the new counties in the western part of the state. The eight legislatures which convened from i88g to 1903 inclusive vacated 112 of these towns in the counties west of the sixth principal meridian. F Fact, a small hamlet in the northeast corner of Clay county^ is about 15 miles from Clay center, the county seat, and 8 miles from Palmer, the nearest railroad station, from which mail is received by rural deliv- ery. The population in igio was 26. 620 CYCLOPEDIA OF Fairhaven, a rural liamlet of Norton county, is located about 8 miles southeast of Norton, the county seat, and about the same distance north of Densmore, from which place mail is received by rural carrier. Fairmount, a village of Leavenworth county, is situated in the eastern portion on the Union Pacific R. R. about 9 miles south of Leavenworth. The town was laid out in 1867 and soon became a prosperous settlement. The ^Methodists and Presbyterians both built churches at an early day ; a school was one of the first considerations, and today the village has four stores and one factory. There is a money order postoffice, tele- graph and express facilities, and in 1910 the population was 100. Fairmount College, situated in what is known as Fairmount addition, Wichita, dates back to 1886. It was originally intended to be a first class college for women — the "Vassar of the Plains." The site, a beau- tiful piece of ground, overlooking the Arkansas valley, was selected by Rev. J. H. Parker and H. A. Clifford, and work on the main building was begun in 1887. The collapse of the Kansas "boom" and consequent business depression hindered the movement, and it was not until 1892, when the Congregational Educational Society of Boston took charge that the building was completed. A school called "Fairmount Institute," for both men and women, was opened as a preparatory school, with Rev. M. Tunnell as the first principal. He was assisted by two teachers. In 1906 the school had groA-'n so that it had a faculty of twenty instructors. Fairmount College proper was organized in 1895 "'"'^ niiericd in Sep- tember of that year, with Dr. N. J. Morrison as president. The acad- emy was still maintained for the preparation of students for the college,, or other colleges and scientific schools, and for practical business, teach- ing and housekeeping. The college offers a regular four-year course and has special departments of art, music and domestic science. The college owes its origin and chief financial suiijiort tn ilic Congregational church, but it nonsectarian. The endowment has been received fnnn the citizens of \\'ichita and people in the east. Fairport, a money order post-village of Paradise township, Russell county, is situated on the Saline river. 15 miles ncirthwcst of Russell, the county seat. It has a flour mill, a good local trade, and in 1910 rejinrted a population of 75. Paradise is the ncaiesl railroad station. Fairs. — (.Sec Slate Fairs.) Fairview, one of the incorporated towns of Brown couiily, is located on the Rock Island R. R.. in \^'aliin1 township, tn miles west of lli;i- watha, the countj' seal. It has a li.iuk. .-i weekly nc\vs])a]K'r (tlu' i'.nter- prise), 3 churches, a number of well-stocked mercantile eslalilishmcnts, telegraph and express offices, and a money order postoftice vvitli two rural routes. The ])o])l;ilion .-lecoiding to the census of iijio was 425. Fall, a hamlet of Leavenworth county, is locateeople." I'ciilow- ing this meeting President Clover, an old Greenbacker. issued a call for a conference of re])rcsentatives of the various labor and icform organizations at To])eka on June 12. Nothing dellnite was acconi- plislied by this conference, but another convention at liie s.inu- place on Aug. 13 nominated an Alliance state ticket, headed by J. 1". W'illits ;is llie candidate for governor. (.See Humphrey's .\dminislralion. ) KANSAS HISTORY 627 Tci (|iiole attain from Mr. Rightmire; "While the Southern Farmers' Alliance thus led the way for the Kansas political action, the North- ern Farmers' Alliance, not secret, led the way for political action in Nebraska, Iowa, Wyoming, Colorado, Montana, Minnesota and the Dakotas. The Farmers' Mutual Brotherhood (Farmers' Mutual Bene- fit Association) elected members of the legislatures in \\'isconsin, Illinois and Indiana, and the Southern .Mliance, working within the Democratic party, elected several Congressmen and controlled the legis- latures in several vSouthern states." In Kansas and Nebraska the .Alliance elected a majority of both branches of the legislature, and it held a balairce of power in the legisla- tures of Illinois, Minnesota and South Dakota. Nine members of the lower house of Congress were elected, and Kansas, South Dakota and South Carolina sent Alliance men to the I'nited States senate. En- couraged by the results of this campaign, the Alliance grew more aggressive, and this aggressiveness found vent in the annual meeting at Ocala, Fla., which assembled on Dec. 2, i8go. Of this meeting Dun- ning says: "This was doubtless one of the most important gather- ings, in many respects, that was ever held on American soil. Repre- sentatives from thirty-one state and territorial alliances were present, besides a large number of both friends and enemies of the order. The Republican party hoped that the meeting would result in certain indis- cretions which would break the power of the Alliance. The Democratic party was anxious to have the Alliance recede from its advanced posi- tion on economic cjuestions, in order to make cooperation more pi"oba- ble. There was a strong element from the West demanding independ- ent action. This was met by a conservative force largely from the South, but really from nearly all the states represented, which con- sidered it unwise and untimel}'. The wily politician was there also, and, as usual, dangerous to all honest purposes: the traitor and breeder of discord was not wanting: atid the coward could be met with occasionally." The platform adopted by the Ocala convention was more radical than any previous declaration of the alliance. It demanded the abolition of national banks and the substitution of legal tender notes for the national bank currency: the establishment of sub-treasuries or deposi- tories, in which farmers could store their surplus products and receive upon them a loan, at a rate of interest not exceeding two per cent, per annum ; the immediate increase of the circulating medium to $50 per capita ; the enactment of laws by Congress to prevent dealing in futures in all agricultural and mechanical productions: the free and unlimited coinage of silver; the issue of a sufficient amount of fractional paper currency to facilitate exchanges through the mails ; the reclamation of all lands held by railroad companies and other corporations not actually used by them, sitch reclaimed lands to be held for actual settlers: laws to prevent aliens from owning land in this country ; and for gov- ernment control of all means of transportation and communication, and 628 CYCLOPEDIA OF if this plan should prove inefficient, then the absohite ownership b\' the government of all railway and telegraph lines, etc. Shortly after the elections of 1890, and before the Ocala conven- tion, a movement for the organization of a third political party of national scope \vas started in Kansas. The president of the old reform association placed himself in correspondence with the alliance leaders in the various states and urged them to unite in calling a confeernce for the purpose of organizing such a party. The signature of every prominent alliance man in the North was secured to the call, but before it was issued came the Ocala convention. At Ocala on Dec. 3, 1890, the call was made public by C. A. Power of Indiana, and it aroused considerable displeasure among the Southern delegation. The Kansas delegates, in the interest of harmony, succeeded in having the call with- drawn, and as a reward Kansas was given two of the national officers — President Clover, who was made national vice-president, and J- F. W'illits, the alliance condidate for governor in 1890, who was made national lecturer. .\lthough the Kansas delegates used their influence to secure the suppression of the call at this time, they were practically a unit in favor of the third party movement. The members of the old reform association resolved to take the necessary steps to organize a secret society — something on the order of the Videttes, and on Jan. 13, 1891, about 250 persons met in Topeka and formed the "National Citizens' Industrial Alliance." A ritual and secret work were adopted and the organization was incorporated under the laws of Kansas. The secretary, W. F. Rightmire, was instructed, when deemed advisable, to issue a call for a conference at Cincinnati, Ohio, for the organization of a third party. Pursuant to this arrangement, a conference met at Cincinnati on May 19, 1891. This conference was attended by 483 persons from Kansas, who met at Kansas City, Mo., and went from there to Cin- cinnati by special train. Southern members of the alliance were there to oppose the third party. They succeeded in convincing a number of the Northern delegates, w'ho held a caucus and adopted the plan of getting control of the committee on platform, and then delay the report of the committee until many of the delegates would become tired and return home. They secured a majority of the committee, but their plan was thwarted by a little cunning on the part of the com- mittee on permanent organization of the convention. The latter com- mittee incorporated in its report the recommendation that the delegates present from each state "select three members of the executive com- mittee of the new party." When the seport was presented to the convention it was rushed through under the previous question. The conference, as a whole, having thus approved the new party organiza- tion, a recess was taken to permit the state delegates to select the three members of the executive committee, and the committee on platform was notified that the question was settled, though that committee was asked to suggest a name for the new party. The committee submit- KANSAS IJISTORY 629 ted as gracefully as possible, and olTered llic name of "I'eojjlc's parly," which was adopted by the conference. With the transfer of political power to the Peoj)le's party ort;aniza- tion the Farmers' Alliance began to wane. Meml^ers neglected to attend the meetings- of the sub-alliances ; many were displeased at the idea of "dragging the alliance into politics;" others were disappointed at not receiving the political recognition to which they felt they were entitled; politicians took advantage of the situation to sow the seeds of discord, and the Farmers' Alliance, once such a promising factor in the settlement of questions affecting the agricultural classes, met the fate that seems to be the common lot of all sucli organizations. Farmersburg, a little village in the northern part of Chautauf|ua county, is located about 1 1 miles from Sedan, the county seat, and about 9 from Longton in Elk county, whence it receives its mail by rural route. The nearest railroad station is Hale, 5 miles east on the Missouri Pacific. Farmers' Cooperative Association. — On Jan. 23, 1873, the Farmers' Institute at Manhattan, I'Can., passed a resolution recommending the farmers of the state to organize into clubs and place themselves in correspondence with the secretary of the state board of agriculture. The resolution further provided that whenever a sufficient number of such clubs had reported to the secretary, that official be requested to call a state convention, each county agricultural or liorticultural society and each township farmers' club to be entitled tq one delegate. Pursuant to this arrangement Alfred Gray, secretary of the state board of agriculture, on Feb. 10, 1873, issued a call for a state con- vention of farmers to assemble at Topeka on March 26. The conven- tion was in session for two days, and on the 27th a Farmers" Coopera- tive Association was organized with the following officers: President, John Davis; vice-president, Joseph K. Hudson; secretary, Alfred Gray; treasurer, Henry Bronson; directors, T. P.. Smith, John Mings, O. W. Bill, A. H. Grass and J. S. Van Winkle. A constitution was adopted, article 2 of which declared: "The objects of this association shall be the collection of statistics relative to the products of the state, and their amount, cost and value, to assist the farmers in procuring just compensation for their labor; to cooperate with similar organizations in other states in procuring cheap trans- portation, and remunerative prices for surplus products, and act gen- erally in the interest of the producing class." In a long preamble to a series of resolutions, the purposes of the organization were further defined as being for the purpose of showing that farmers can come together and cooperate like other folks for the common good; to control the prices of their products through their own boards of trade or their appointed agents, so that nothing should be thrown on the market for less than the cost of production and a rea- sonable profit ; to secure a reduction in railroad freight rates ; to enable them to purchase their supplies at lower prices; to secure tax reform, I 630 CYCLOPEDIA OF the abolition of sinecure offices, the reduction of salaries and a rigid economy in public expenditures; to encourage hume manufactures, so that the money paid for agricultural implements, etc., might be kept in the state, and to use all honorable means to prevent the remainder of the public domain from falling into the "hands of railrnad monopolies and land sharks." The resolutions following this preamble are given in full, tor the reason that they show the state of the farmers' minds at that time, their views on questions of public policy, their grievances, etc. The resolutions were as follows : "r — ^That organization is the great w'ant of the producing classes at the present time, and we recommend every farmer in the state to become a member of some farmers' club, grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, or other local organization. "2 — That the taxes assessed and charged ui)on ilie people, l)y the national, state and local governments, are oppressive and unjust, and vast sums of money are collected, far beyond the needs of an economic administration of government. "3 — That we respectfully request our senators and members of Con- gress to vote for and secure an amendment to the tariff laws of the I'nited States, so that salt and lumber shall be placed on the free list, and that there shall be made a material reduction in the duty on iron. and that such articles as do not pay the cost of collectidu be also jilaccd on the free list. "4 — That we earnestly request the legislature of our state, at its next session, to enact a law regulating freights and fares on our rail- roads, upon a basis of justice, and that we further request our mem- bers of Congress to urge the favorable action of that body, wlu-re the full power exists beyond all doubt, to the same end; and. if need be, to construct national highways at the expense of the govornniciit. "5 — That the act passed by the legislature, exempting bonds, notes, mortgages and judgments from taxation, is unjust, npjirossixe, and a palpable violation of our state constitution, and we call upon .ill asses- sors and the coun1\- boards to see that said securities are taxed at their fair value. "6 — ^That the practice of voting nuniici])al bonds is pernicio\is in its efifect. and will inevital^ly bring bankru])tcy and ruin on tjie people. and we therefore arc opposed to all laws allowing the issuance of such bonds. "7 — That giving lianks a moiKijjdly of tJie n;ition's cinrencv . lluMeiiv compelling the i)eo])K' to pay them --uch interest therefor as tiie\ may choose to impose, scvcn-lenths of which interest we lieiiexe is col- lected from the farmers, is but little less than legalized robbery of the agricultural classes. ' "8 — That for the speedy and thorough acconii)lislnnent of ,ili ihis vvc pledge each other to ignore ;dl political jireferences .iml preiiuliccs that have swayed us hilherto to our hurt, .■iiid support onl\ >ncli men KANSAS HISTORY 63 1 for office as are known lo be true to our interests-, and in whose intreg- rity and honesty we have the most implicit confidence." The proceedings of the convention, accompanied by an address to the farmers of Kansas, were printed and distributed over the state, with tlie result that, a number of local cooperative associations were formed in different localities, all of which took pattern from the parent or state organization. In time most of these associations wound up their afifairs and went out of existence, the Farmers' Alliance (c(. v.) extending its operations in such a way as to absorb practically all kin- dred organizations. Farmers' Institutes. — The development of the farmers' institute is due in a great measure to the Morrill land grant bill of 1862, though the foundation had been laid in the various agricultural societies that had been organized prior to the passage of the bill. Little was accom- plished, however, until after the Civil war. The object of the institute is to bring together the workers and investigators in the science of agriculture on the one hand, and the actual farmers on the other, in order that the practical knowledge gained by ihe former may be im- parted to and applied by the latter. Farmers' institutes are generally held in connection with or under the auspices of the state agricultural college or some experiment station. Kansas was one of the first states to hold a farmers' institute in connection with the agricultural college. That was in the winter of 1869, and the institute was attended by about 40 persons. The follow- ing year about 400 were in attendance. For several years the progress in organizing county and district institutes was comparatively slow, but in time the progressive element among the farmers learned that much useful and valuable information could be gained by association with those who studied agriculture from a scientific point of view. The act of March 13, 1903, provided that "whenever any county farmers' institute shall have elected a president, vice-president, secretary and treasurer and adopted a ^constitution and by-laws for its government, it shall be the duty of the county commissioners of such county to appropriate annually the sum of $50, or so much thereof as may be necessary, to defray the expenses of a two-daj's institute," etc. This gave an impetus to the movement, and within a few years insti- tutes were organized in all parts of the state. On March 4, 1909, Gov. Stubbs approved an act limiting the appropriation to one dollar for each bona fide member who is a resident farmer, and authorized the com- missioners to appropriate $15 for a one-day institute (not a county institute), not more than six such institutes to be held in any one county. This act repealed the law of 1903. All county institutes are required by law to hold a two-day meeting each year, while local insti- tutes are required to hold only a one-day meeting. Fall circuits are established, and no county institutes are held until after the local insti- tutes. At the institutes — both local and county — exhibits of bread, canned fruit and agricultural products are generally made, and sub- 1 632 CYCLOPEDIA OF jects relating to farming are discussed. In Aug., 1910, there were 282 farmers' institute organizations in the state, with a membership of over 10,000. A year later there were 340 organizations — more than were reported in any other state — with 680 active officers, and a correspond- ing increase in the general membership. Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association. — This association was formed in Johnson county. 111., in the fall of 1882 or 1883, and had its origin in the following incident : Five farmers each happened to take a load of wheat to town on the same day, but were informed by the local buyer that, owing to the uncertainties of the market, it was considered unwise to purchase any more wheat at that time. A telegram to grain dealers in Chicago brought the information that the price of wheat was actuall}' rising, and the five farmers concluded that the local buyers were in a conspiracy to force them to sell their grain for less than it was actually worth. An empty box car was standing on the side track, and in a short time it was secured, the wheat was loaded into it and sent to Chicago, where the farmers received the market price without trouble or delay. News of the transaction soon spread, cooperative shipping clubs were organized, and these clubs were ultimately consolidated into the Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association, the objects of which were to market farm produce by the cooperative method to better advantage than by selling in the open market, and to render mutual assistance along other lines. As soon as the benefits of the association were made manifest through its operations, it took on a comparatively rapid growth and extended to several states, including Kansas, where a number of local or county associations were formed, the members acting together in the sale of their products and the purchase of implements, household supplies, etc. At a general meeting of the asociation, held at Springfield, 111., in Nov., 1890, it was decided to send delegates to the Farmers' Alliance convention at Ocala. Fla., the following month. Delegates were accord- ingly selected, and although the asociation maintained for some time afterward a separate ex-istence as an organization, it really became a part of the Farmers' Alliance movement, the effects of which were felt all over the country. (See Farmers' Alliance.) Farmington, a village of Atchison county, is located in the central portion on the Missouri Pacific R. R., 12 miles southwest of Atcliison, the county seat. It was one of the towns laid out soon after the build- ing of the Central Branch. A school was soon built and a church was organized by Pardee Butler (q. v.) in 1867. It has a general store, blacksmith shop, money order postoffice, telegraph and express facilities, and in tqio the population was 46. Farnsworth, a money order post-hanilct nl Clioycnno lownshiij, i.anc county, is about 15 miles northwest of Dighton. the county scat, and 7 miles from Mealy, which is the most convenient railroad station. KANSAS HISTORY 633 Faulkner, a village of Cherokee county, is situated in Xeosho town- ship, and is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. about ii miles southwest of Columbus, the county seat. It has a money order post- office with one rural route, telegraph and express service, telephone connections, some good general stores, and is a trading and shipping point for that portion of the county. The population in 1910 was 75. Fay, a small settlement of Paradise township, Russell county, is located in the Solomon valley, about 10 miles northwest of Russell, the county seat, from which place mail is received by rural carrier. Fayetteville Emigrant Trail. — This trail ran northwest and south- east from the Arkansas Post, located on the Arkansas river, in the state of Arkansas, to its junction with the Santa Fe trail at Turkey creek in McPherson county, Kan. Leaving Arkansas Post or Ozark, the trail bore northwest, passing through the town of Austin, a few- miles northeast of Little Rock; thence northwest between the Arkansas and White rivers, being joined at Fayetteville by a road from Fort Smith on the Arkansas river; thence it crossed the northeast corner of Oklahoma, crossed the Neosho river and entered the state of Kan- sas in township 35 south, range 17 east, in what is now Montgomery county ; thence it crossed the Verdigris about 2 miles north of the state line, traversed the site of Coffeyville and continued along the north- east side of Onion creek ; thence in a northwesterly direction to its junction with the Santa Fe trail. In Kansas the trail crossed the coun- ties of Montgomery, Chautauqua, Elk, Butler, Harvey, Marion and McPherson, intersecting the Santa Fe road in township 20 south, range 2 east. This trail was of Indian origin and from the advent of the white man in that section was much used. During the Oregon and California travel it was a busy thoroughfare and the travel was only checked oy the outbreak of the Civil war. When the Osage lands in southern Kansas were thrown open for settlement, the old trail was soon obliterated and abandoned, and now the only traces of it to be seen are upon prairie lands not yet broken by the plow. Federal, a rural postoffice in the northeastern part of Hamilton county, is located in Richland township, about 18 miles from Syracuse, the county seat, and most convenient railroad station. The population in 1910 was 28. Federal Prison. — (See LT. S. Penitentiary.) Federation of Labor. — The American Federation of Labor was organ- ized in 1881. It was the outgrowth of the old National Labor Union, which nominated David Davis for president in 1872, and by this political action lost its power and prestige as a labor organization. On Aug. 2, 1881, a convention met at Terre Haute, Ind., to reorganize the old union or establish a new one which should be national in its scope. Nothing was accomplished at that convention, but at another, held in Pittsburgh, Pa., in November following, the "Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions" in the Ignited States and Canada 634 CYCLOPEDIA OF was affected. On Dec. 8. 1886, the name -was clianged to the "Ameri- can Federation of Labor." The organization consists of four depart- ments: 120 national and international unions, representing about 27.000 local unions; 39 state federations, and over 600 city central unions. the total membership in 1910 being about 2,000.000. At that time Samuel Gompers was president of the national organization, and Frank Morrison, secretary, with headquarters in Washington, D. C. On Aug. 12, 1907, delegates from a number of labor organizations in Kansas met at Topeka for the purpose of forming a branch of the federation. The convention lasted until the 15th, when the state federa- tion was formed, with the following officers : President, S. A. Bram- lette : vice-presidents, H. W. Coburn, Grant Parker, Lee Gunnison, C. A. Tygart. J. Hansel, Pratt Williamson, E. E. Brunk, G. L. Callard. J. E. Palmer, J. J. Jones and Frank Curry; secretary and treasurer, W. E. Bryan. A constitution was adopted, in which the objects of the federation were stated to be "to promote the industrial interests of the members and of wage-earners generally; to collect and publish facts regarding the injustices practiced upon individuals and collective work- ers ; to assist and encourage the formation of unions ; to urge upon laboring people the importance of buying only union made goods ; and to collect statistics relating to the labor problem," etc. The member- ship in the state in 1910 was a little over 42,500, being weaker then than it was tweh'e months after it was organized. Federation of Women's Clubs. — (See Women's Club.^.l Feeble-Minded, State Home For. — For centuries after the beginning of the Christian era, the idiot, the imbecile or the person of weak mind was regarded as a useless member of society, and was looked u]-)on with pity or loathing. It was not until 1838 that Dr. r^dward Sequin of Paris, France, organized a school for the pur]')ose of devckiping what little intellect unfortunates of this character possessed. ITis under- taking was successful beyond his anticipations, and ten years later schools for the feeble-minded were established in Massachusetts and New York, the first in the United States. Pennsylvania established such a school in 1853. Other states followed, and although Kansas is younger than any of the states cast of the Mississipjii. she was the eleventh state to found such an iu'^tilufion as one of the public charities. .\ccording to the returns made to the state board of agricnltui'c on March i. 1881. there were at that time 167 idiotic or weak-minded |)ersons in the slate, of whom 48 were under 15 years ol a.'^c. To pvo- vide proper care and instruction for these deficient children ilic legis- lature, by the act of March 5, 1881. established the "Kansas state asylum for idiotic and imbecile yotith." the object of which, as stated in the act. "is to tr;iin and e(hu-;iti' those reeei\ed. so as to render them more comfortable, hap|)\, and better fitted to care for and support themselves." To accomplish this object, ilie iiustees of the state char- itable institutions. nmU'r whpulation i.if 1,569 inhabitants, 375 of wKom were householders. The building of canals was begun early. The first ime was the Garden City canal, which was built in 1879. In 1881 the Farmer's ditch was dug; in 1882 the Great Eastern canal; and in 1887 the Amazon, with a capacity of 400 cubic feet and capable of irrigating 8,000 acres. These ditches are in use at the present time, and many of the farmers who do not have access to them irrigate with windmills. Many of them have learned to raise good crops of certain vegetables without irriga- tion, by cultivating in such a manner as to conserve mfiisture. .V gov- ernment irrigation plant was built at Deerfield a few years ago at a cost of $250,000. The Arkansas river, which flows from west to east through the southern part, furnishes water for irrigation purposes. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. follows the course of the river through the county, running through Pierceville, Mansfield, Gar- den City and Holcomb. The Garden City, Gulf & Northern K. T^. extends north from Garden City through Gillespie, Alfalfa and Tennis into Scott county. It is in process of construction south into Haskell county. There are but seven townships, the northeastern one being the territory which formerly comprised Garfield county. The town- ships are : Garfield, Garden City, Ivanhoe, Pierceville. Pleasant Valley, Sherlock and Terry. The postoffices are: Eminence, Essex, Friend, Garden City, Holcomb, Imperial, Kalvesta, Pierceville, Ravanna and Terryton. The surface of the county is nearly level north of the Arkansas river, and undulating prairie in the south, with a range of sand dunes. The bottom lands along the Arkansas average 4 to 5 miles in width. Nat- ural timber is very scarce, there being but a few cottonwood trees. The government has set apart 70.000 acres, which covers nearly the whole area south of the river as a forest reserve, and has planted the most of it to artificial forest. Magnesian limestone of a fair cjuality and sandstone are found in the northeast. Clay for bricks exists in various parts of the county and potter's clay and gypsum are found in small quantities. The area of the county is 829,440 acres, about 300,000 of which have been brought under cultivation. The value of farm products is about $1,500,000 per year. The principal crop is sugar beets, which in 1910 brought $252,000. The next in importance is alfalfa. A great many of the farmers, after cutting their alfalfa two or three times, let it go to seed, and Finney county alfalfa seed took the gold medal at the Louisiana Purchase exposition at St. Louis in 1904. Other grains and vegetables are also raised in commercial quantities. Wheat, corn, oats, sorghum, broom-corn, barley, milo maize and Kafir corn are impor- 644 CYCLOPEDIA OF tant field crops. Live stock yields about $250,000 per year. Dairv products, poultry, eggs and honey bring nearly $100,000 yearly to the farmers. There is a very fine and well equipped county farm Avitli seldom an inmate. The same is true of the county jail. The assessed valuation of property in Finney county in 1910 was $13,906,521, and the population in the same 3'ear was 6,908. which makes the average wealth per capita a trifle over $2,000. The gain in popula- tion from 1900 to TQio was 3,439, or nearly 100 per cent. Finney, David W., farmer, miller and legislator, was born in Parke county, Ind., Aug. 22, 1839. He received a limited education in his native state, served through the Civil war as a member of Company A, Eighty-fifth Indiana infantry, and in 1866 became a resident of Woodson county, Kan. From the time he reached his majority he took an active part in politics as a Republican, and in 1867 he was elected on the ticket of that party to represent Woodson county in the legis- lature. He was frequently called upon to act as delegate to state or district conventions; was state senator from 1876 to 1880, represent- ing the district composed of Woodson and Coffey counties ; was presi- dent of the senate when the first prohibitory law was passed ; was receiver of the Topeka land office for about three months in 1877; was right-of-way agent for the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad company for a time, and in 1882 was elected lieutenant-governor. The legislatur-e of 1883 changed the name of Sequoyah county to Finney in his honor. After his term as lieutenant-governor he became the senior member of the firm of Finney & Co., operating a large flour mill at Xeosho Falls. Fish. — A large ])art of Volume \T of the reports of the geological survey made by the University of Kansas is devoted to the fishes of the Cretaceous era. giving a list and description of these specimens of the finny tribe found in Kansas. A list of modern fishes was prepared by Prof. F. W. Cragin and published in the bulletins of the Washburn College laboratory. That list includes, among others, several species of cat-fish, lampreys, long-nosed gar, buflfalo, suckers and shad of dif- ferent varieties, black horse, dace, sun-fish, yellow, white, rock and grass bass, darters, big-mouthed black bass and pike, the last named having been introduced in Kansas waters by the fish commissioner. A. W. Bitting, a writer in Carter's Monthly for July, 1897. S'^.vs : "While Kansas does not compare with many other states in the variety and quality of game fishes, yet there is in the state, picturesquely beau- tiful rock and tree bound streams and rivers that have bass of as fine a flavor and are as gamey in the taking as Ihc most ardent Waltnnian may desire." The streams espcci;illy referred to 1)\- Mr. P.itling ;ire the Walnut and Whitewater rivers in F>utler county, and, in fact, any of the streams of snutliern Kansas east of Wichita, in all of which bass, croppie and channel cat are to be found in abundance. The Ij'ttic .Arkansas river is adapted Iri the propagation of bass, were it imI fur the f.ict that KANSAS HISTORY 645 the stream is lacking in tliose deep pools that alTord that fish a safe hiding place. Of the native fish the cat-fish is the most numerous and grows to the largest size. J. L. Smith, later a judge at Kansas City, Mo., when a boy, caught a cat-fish in the Missouri river that weighed 165 pounds. D. B. Long, who was appointed the first state fish commissioner under the act of March lo, 1877, in his report for the year ending on June 30, 1878, said: "The large territory comprising the State of Kan- sas, larger than all the New England States, with its long streams and numerous branches, gives to the fish culturist a vast field for labor. It requires time, patience, perseverance and money — with which there is no doubt of ultimate success in stocking our streams with a better variety of fish. Although an experiment to the people of Kansas, it is a reality to the people of the Old World. Fish farming has been in practice for over 2,000 years in China." In stocking the streams with "a better variety of fish" the commis- sioner made some mistakes. The shad was introduced in June, 1877, and two or three years later the German carp was introduced. In his report for 1882 the commissioner said: "Of the ponds stocked in Kansas two years ago and one year ago, a number have reported that the carp have made from two to three pounds growth in one year and a number of them had spawned. They will spawn the second year if located in a proper pond, I expect to commence stocking the public streams with carp next year. The carp is well adapted to the waters of Kansas, and I predict a verv favorable result from this introduc- tion." Evidently the result was not as favorable as the commissioiier anticipated. The carp multiplied rapidly, and by their habits drove away the game fish. On Feb. 18, 1905, the governor approved an act, section 10 of which contained the following clause: "Nor shall this act be construed to prevent the game and fish warden or his deputies from removing or destroying in anj^ manner any German carp or other worth- less fish, for the purpose of protecting the food and game fish." (See also the articles on Fish Hatchery and Game Laws.) Fish Hatchery. — In 1877 the legislature created the office of com- missioner of fisheries, and D. B. Long was chosen by Gov. George T. Anthony to fill the position. In his report to the governor in 1878, the commisisoner, among other things, recommended an appropriation of not less than $2,000 for the building of a fish hatchery. The next legislature may have considered the recommendation an extravagant one, as they made no appropriation. From that time until 1902 the various commissioners made recommendations for and against hatch- eries, and not until 1903 was anything done along this line. At that session of the legislature a law was passed authorizing the governor and fish warden to locate and establish a fish hatchery at some place which was well adapted to the propagation of fish, with reference to natural water supply, ponds, accessibility to railroads, etc. The law 646 CYCLOPEDIA OF provided that the hatchery sliould be under the supervision of the hsh warden, and also that no money should be expended on any such hatchery until there should be deeded to the State of Kansas, without cost to the state, at least 5 acres of land, which should have located thereon a stream or springs suitable for the propagation of fish, etc. The sum of $1,000 was appropriated b}' the legislature to carry out the provisions of the act. Pratt county made an offer of 12 acres of land, and individuals gave 3 acres more. This land, situated 3 miles from the city of Pratt, is well adapted to the purpose and fills all the require- ments of the law. It was accepted and the hatchery located thereon in June, 1903. For the purpose of enlarging the capacity of the hatchery the legis- lature of 1907 appropriated out of the license fund $3,200, with which 65 acres additional were purchased. This land is partially covered with propagation ponds. The equipment of the hatcher)^ in 1910 included a building, which cost about $15,000, a distributing car, which cost over $7,000, and some other improvements. On Oct. 14, 1911, Prof. L. L. Dyche approved plans made by the engineering department of the University of Kansas for the new fish hatchery, which will cost about $60,000, and which, when completed, will be the largest hatchery in the world. These plans provide for 83 ponds, from one-third to one-half acre in size, all connected so that b\' diflrerent screens the fish can be separated according to size. The new plant will not be built on the river, as is generally supposed, but the water will be carried by conduit a mile and a half east to the upper end of the hatchery grounds. The slope of this conduit being less than the fall of the river, the water will be delivered at the hatchery grounds at a level somewhat higher than that of the river, thus placing the plant out of reach of floods. .\ concrete dam 500 feet long across the river forms the source of water su])ply. .\ system of driveways is provided for, and islands in the ponds will add beauty to the plant. \V) accurate figures are ol)lainable of the number of }iiung fish placed in Kansas streams, the reports showing the annual distribulion to range from a few thousands to nearly three-fourths of a million. Fisher, a ])ost-hamlcl of .Stanton county, is located nc;ir the north- west corner, 15 miles fiom Jolinson, the county seat, and _'4 miles south- west of Svracuse. which is the nearest railroad station. Flag Day. — To George Morris of Hartford, Conn., is popularly given the credit of suggesting "Flag Day," the occasion being in honor of the adoption of the .American tlag on June 14, 1777. The city of Hartford observed the day in 1861, carrying out a program of a ])atriotic order, ]ira)'ing for the success of the Federal arms and the |)reservation of the Union. Kansas has never given any oflicial recognition to the day, and, aithoiigli it is being observed more generally over tiu' st.iie ,is the years go by, the demonstrations are purely local. Flavius, a discontinued postoffice of Relle Prairie tow iislii|i. Rush county, is situated about 14 miles southwest of La Crosse, the county si';i). .-md 7 mih".. from Nekoma, whence m.-iil is received bv rural rciute. KANSAS HISTORY 647 Fleming, a village of Baker township, Crawford county, is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 12 miles south of Girard, the county seat. The population in 1910 was 150. It is a mining town, has telegraph and express service and telephone connections, but no postoffice. Mail is delivered by rural carrier from the office at Pittsburg. There is also a hamlet called Fleming in Cherokee count} , the inhabitants of which receive mail by rural" route from Skidmore. Fletcher, a postoffice of Stanton county, is located in Mitchell town- ship, 12 miles northeast of Johnson, the county seat, and 20 miles from Syracuse, which is the most convenient railroad station. ■ Flint Hills. — The flint hills of Kansas extend through the counties of Chase, Butler, Cowley, the northeast part of Greenwood, and south through the Kaw reservation where they merge into sandstone. Their summits are in Range 8 east. North of the Cottonwood river they appear to merge into the general line of the uplands. The same strata of rock probably extends through Morris and Wabaunsee counties. The name is misleading. These hills contain no strata or ledges of flint. The thin deposit of "chert," styled flint, is derived from nodules of that material occurring in the limestone rock of that locality, the superimposed layers having weathered away, leaving the indestructible flint nodules on the surface. In the Walnut river above Arkansas City are large beds of this broken flint, washed down from the hills in tirrie of flood. In the Kaw reservation, on the summit of the hills, are ancient quarries where some primitive people obtained flint nodules from which to make arrow heads, spears and knives. To the west there is no stone in Kansas suitable for the purpose. Flintridge, a country postoffice in Greenwood county, is located in Salem township 20 miles northwest of Eureka, the county seat and nearest railroad station and shipping point. It receives mail tri-weekly. The population according to the 1910 census was 14. Floats, Wyandot. — By a treaty made with the Wjandot Indians on March 17, 1842, at Upper Sandusky, Ohio, 35 members of that tribe were each granted a section of land "to be located anywhere west of the Mississippi river on Indian land not already occupied." At the time the treaty was concluded, some of the recipients of these grants were little more than children, and several years elapsed before all the selec- tions were made. The 35 sections were not held by the usual title of occupancy, and could be acquired by white men without the customary formality and expense of entering land under the preemption laws. Probably for this reason they became known as the "Wyandotte floats." A majority of the 35 sections were located in Kansas and a number of them were purchased by speculators and town companies. Some of the floats in Douglas county were bought by Andrew H. Reeder, the first territorial governor. The cities of Topeka, Emporia, Manhattan and Lawrence are partly built upon some of these floats. Others were located in Pottawatomie count}-, but a complete list would be difficult to obtain. Il 648 CYCLOPEDIA OF Floods. — A petition to the King of Fiance in 1725 mentioned a dis- astrous flood in the Mississippi and some of its tributaries the preceding- year — the first reference to floods in America recorded in history. When the first white men visited the Indians in the Missouri valley, they heard traditions of floods in the years 1740 and 1750, and in 1772 a great flood did so much damage at old Fort Chartres that the troops there were sent up the river to Kaskaskia. Brackenridge's journal tells of a great flood in 1785, and there are accounts of another flood in 1823, but the first authentic account of a destructive flood in what is now the State of Kansas was that of 1844. The spring of that year was warm and dry until May, when the rain began to fall and continued every day for six weeks. Jotham Meeker, in charge of the Baptist Shawnee mis- sion, kept a diary, from which the following extracts are taken : "May 30. Never saw such a time of rain. It has fallen almost every da)^ for the last three weeks. The river has overflown its banks, and the bottoms in many places have been inundated more or less for three weeks, and continues all of today within our dooryard. Many of the Indians fear that they will have no crops at all this year. "June 17. All my outbuildings and all that was within them are swept away. Nothing left but the dwelling house and office. "June 21. Shut up our house and crossed the big creek, which is nearl}' full, in a piece of bark of a tree six or seven feet long with Brother Pratt and my family. We traveled 35 miles and encamp in the prairies." In this flood the Missouri river rose 7 feet in 24 hours at St. Joseph, Mo., June 13, and the entire river valle}' was under water. A flood is recorded for the year 185 1, but it was not nearly so disastrous as the big flood of 1844. The Neosho valley was completely inundated in 1858, and there was another flood in 1881. In 1873 the government established, through the weather bureau, at St. Louis and Kansas Citj- the present system of water measurement, and in 1888 "standard high and low water marks" were established in the Missouri river from Sioux City to the mouth. These marks are based on the highest and lowest stages of water prior to the year 1888, and the system has been of great benefit to the people along the lower river by giving them warning of the conditions prevailing farther up the stream. A similar system of measurement has been introduced at various points along the Kansas river. The uiost destructive flood in the history of Kansas was that of i()03. Most of the water on this occasion came from the Kansas ri\ cr, which drains an area of over 50,000 square miles. Heavy rains fell in western Kansas early in May, followed by a steady rainfall of several days' duration, and on May 26 the river overflowed its banks at Lawrence. On June 7 the water was 14 feet above the danger line at Kansas City. At Topcka all the lower portion of the city was inundated. It was in this flood that Edward Crafstrom ((|. v.) lost his life while trying to rescue the inhabitants of the flooded district. The damage done by this KANSAS HISTORY 649 flood in the Kansas valley has been estimated all llic way from $10,000,000 to $25,000,000. So great was the destruction that Gov. I'ailey (See Bailey's Administration) called a special session of the legis- lature to provide relief. A year later another lluod swept down the Kansas, starting with the Blue river. On Jurie 6 the government gauge at Topeka shov^^ed 19.7 feet of water, less than 2 feet below the danger line. In the Union Pacific passenger station there were 18 inches of water, and again North Topeka, North Lawrence and Armourdale, a suburb of Kansas City, Kan., were inundated. The flood of 1908 broke all records for duration. In 1903 the Missouri river was out of its banks at Kansas City from May 28 to June 10. In 1908 the water stood above the danger line ('21 feet) from June 8 to July 3. Then came a slight fall, but on July 10 the water again rose above the danger line, and as late as the i6th there was still 18 feet above the normal low water mark. North Topeka, North Lawrence and Armourdale were under water for the third time in five j-ears, and again great damage was done in the Kansas valley by the high waters. As an example of the damage done b}' the flood of 1903, the Union Pacific company spent o\er ,$2,000,000 in raising the grade and repairing the road between Kansas City and Topeka. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe company also rebuilt several miles of track, placing it on a grade above high flood marks. To avert similar calamities, the author- ities of Kansas City, Topeka, and other places along the Kansas river, have expended large sums in building dikes to protect the low lands along the river, and at Topeka the channel of the river has been widened by adding two spans to the Kansas avenue bridge, thus giving the waters a better opportunity to escape instead of flooding the lower portions of the city. Floral, a money order post-village of Richland township. Cowley county, is a station on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. 9 miles northeast of Winfield, the county seat. It has telegraph and express offices, telephone connections, some general stores, does some shipping, and in 1910 reported a population of 72. Florence, the third largest town in Marion county, is located in the southeast part of the county in Doyle township, where Doyle creek joins the Cottonwood river, and at the division point of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. It is 11 miles southeast of Marion, the county seat, and is a thriving little city, with a live Business Men's association to help out the general growth and prosperity. Building stone in commercial quantities is quarried in the vicinity, and most of the buildings in the town are of this material. There are city water- works, 3 banks, a newspaper (the Florence Bulletin); and all lines of mercantile enterprises. The town is supplied with telegraph and express offices and an international money order postoffice with two rural routes. The population in 1910 was 1,168. The territory about Florence was the earliest settled in the county, I 650 CYCLOPEDIA OF but it was not until the railroad came through in 1870 that the town was platted. It was the first town in the county to have a railroad. It was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1872. The first newspaper w^as the Florence Pioneer, established in 1871 bv W. M. Mitchell. Flush, a hamlet of Pottawatomie county, is located in Pottawatomie township 9 miles southwest of Westmoreland, the county seat, and 8 miles from St. George. It has a local telephone exchange and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The population in 1910 was 23. Folsom, a rural postoffice in the eastern part of Haskell county, is about 8 miles from Santa Fe, the county seat, and 20 miles from West Plains on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, which is the nearest rail- road station. Fontana, one of the oldest towns in Miami county, is situated on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. about 10 miles south of Paola, the county seat. It was laid out in Sept., 1869, and took its name from "Old Fontana," which had been laid out about a half mile w-est of the present town in 1858, at what was called the cross-roads. The old town had a postoffice and one store, but when the railroad was built the new town was surveyed and the old town abandoned. At the pres- ent time Fontana contains several general stores, a drug store, grocery, implement house, lumber yard, grain dealer and a small mill. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices and in loio had a population of 300. Fool Chief. — .\mong the Kansas or Kaw Indians there were two chiefs — father and son — who bore this appellation. The elder, whose Indian name was Ca-ega-wa-tan-nin-ga, was prominent in the tribe at the time Maj. S. H. Long held a council with the Kaws on tlie bank of the Missouri river and part of his expedition visited the Kaw village near the mouth of P>lue river. Frederick Chouteau says that when he became ac(|uainted with the Fool Chief in the fall of 1828 his village was located on the Kansas river some distance above Papan's ferry, where the city of Topeka now stands. Chouteau also says that when the old chief drank too much liquor he became crazy and hence got the name of "Fool Chief." He was finally killed while under the inllnence of li(|uor in JoJinson count\' by a Kaw Indi.in n;iincd \\'.i-lio-ba-kc. whom he attacked. 'i"he younger Fool Chief, Kah-he-ga-wa-ti-an-gah, inherited his rank from his father. In his youth he was a brave warrior and later in life a wise counselor, but. like his father, he was fond of "liro-w aler." I pon one occasion, when intoxicated, he killed a young Kaw brave who was popular in the tribe, and saved his life only by the i^aymcnt of heavy fine in ])onics, buffalo robes, etc., and for a time was dejirived of his chieftainship. Subsequently he was reinstated, went to the liidi.in Ter- ritory with the tribe in 1873, and died there at an advanced age. Foote County. — On March 18, 1879. the legislature created this county, wliicli i>- ■-u]iposcd to h:\\r lioen nanicil in honor of Andrew Hull Foote, KANSAS HISTORY 65 I a I'nited Stales lunal officer durinj^- the Ci\il war. 'I'lie l)(]Uiularies were thus described in the creative act: "Commencing at the intersection of the east line of range 27 west, with the north hne of township 24 south ; thence south along the range Hne to its intersection with tlie north line of township 29 south ; thence west along township line to where it inter- sects the east line of range 31 west ; thence north along range line to its intersection with the north Hne of township 24 south ; thence east to the place of beginning." The boundaries as thus defined embraced aU of the present county of Gray except the southern tier of Congressional town- ships. In 1881, by an act of the legislature the county was attached to Ford for judicial purposes, and another act of the same session changed the name to Gray. Ford, an incorporated city of Ford county, is a station on the Bucklin & Dodge City division of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 18 miles from Dodge City, the county seat. It has a bank, a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, sorne good general stores, and in 1910 reported a population of 205. Ford County, located in the southwestern part of the state, is in the second tier of counties north of the line dividing Kansas from Oklahoma, and the fifth county east from the Colorado state line. It is bounded on the north by Hodgeman county, east by Edwards and Kiowa, south by Clark and Meade and west by Gray, and has an area of i,o8o square miles. Ford county was created by the act of 1867, which provided for the division into counties of all the unorganized part of the state east of range 26 west, and was named in honor of Col. James H. Ford of the Second Colorado cavalry. It was not organized until 1873. One of the first parties to travel westward through this ])ortion of Kansas with a pack train was the McKnight expedition in 1812, which followed the Arkansas river. A few years later Maj. Stephen H. Long's expedition passed up the Arkansas valley and by 1825 this route be- came known as the "Santa Fe Trail" (q. \-.). One of the earliest military posts in Kansas was located in what is now Ford county. (See Fort Atkinson.) Fort Dodge, established in 1864, was on the north bank of the Arkansas, about 2 miles east of Dodge City. The old military reser- vation is now the site of the State Soldiers' Home. During the rush to California in 1849 thousands of gold seekers passed along the Santa Fe trail, through what is now Ford county, but few located there. Among the first permanent settlers were A. J- Anthony, who located on a ranch 20 miles west of Dodge City, in 1867. He kept a few cattle and a general store for a year, then moved to Fort Dodge and engaged in the sutler business until 1874. Herman J. Fringer came to Fort Dodge in 1867 as quartermaster's clerk. Later he opened one of the pioneer drug stores and served as justice of the peace before the county was organized. H. L. Sitler came to the county in 1868, and was one of the pioneer freighters, before the railroad was built. Dodge City grew up not far from the fort. In a few vears the frontier moved further west and Ford countv be- 652 CYCLOPEDIA OF came populated with industrious husbandmen, who established perma- nent homes and prosperous farms. On April 5, 1873, Gov. Osburn issued a proclamation providing for the organization of Ford county. He ap- pointed Charles Rath, J. G. McDonald and Daniel Wolf as special com- missioners, and Herman J. Fringer as special clerk. The commissioners met at Dodge Cit}- and elected Charles Rath chairman. James Hanrahan was appointed special commissioner in place of Daniel Wolf, who was not in the county. An election for county officers was ordered for June 5, 1873, when the following persons were elected : Charles Rath, A. C. Meyers and F. C. Zimmerman, commissioners; Herman J. Fringer, county clerk, and also clerk of the district court; A. J. Anthony, treas- urer; H. Armitage, register of deeds; George B. Cox, probate judge; M. V. Cutler, county attorney; Charles E. Bassett, sheriff, and T. L. Mc- Carty, coroner. P. T. Bowen and Thomas C. Nixon were elected jus- tices of the peace in the two civil townships. Dodge and Ford. At the election on Nov. 4, 1873, A. J. .\nthony, A. J. Peacock and Charles Rath were elected commissioners; William F. Sweney, clerk; M. T. Bruin, register of deeds; George B. Cox, probate judge; I^. D. Henderson, county attorney ; M. Collar, superintendent of public instruction ; John McDonald, clerk of the district court ; A. B. Webster, treasurer ; Charles E. Bassett, sheriff; T. L. McCarty, coroner; John Kirby, surveyor, and James Hanrahan, representative to the state legislature. In 1874, the old toll house Vas taken for a county poor-house. Up to 1875 rented buildings were used for court-house purposes and the county offices, but during the summer of 1876, a fine brick court-house was completed at a cost of $8,000, and all the county offices and records were removed to it. One of the earliest newspapers in the county was the Dodge City Messenger, established in Feb., 1874, by A. W. Moore, but the paper was suspended in 1875. On May 20, 1876, the Dodge City Times made its appearance. It was founded by Lloyd and Walter C. Shinn, and the Ford County Globe was started at Dodge City in Dec, 1877, by William N. Morphy and D. M. Frost. The Methodists. Baptists, Episcopalians and Catholics all have churches in the county, most of them substantial edifices. The surface of the county is generally level. Practically all the bot- tom land in the county is the valley of the Arkansas river, which varies from one to two miles in width and comprises about one-tcntli of the area of the county. There is very little native timber, and what there is consists of narrow belts along the streams. The cottonwood is the most numerous, but hackberry. walnut and cedar arc found, 'i'lie Arkansas river enters the county about 8 miles south of the norllnvcsl corner, flows southeast nearly to the eastern boundary and thence norUieast into Edwards county. Its most important tributary is Mulberry creek. Saw Log creek, a 1)ranch of the Pawnee, flows through the norlJiL-rn sec- tion. Magnesian limestone of good quality exists near Dodge City, and sandstone is fnnnd in the bluffs along the .Arkansas ri\'cr. ('lyp'-nin is KANSAS HISTORY 653 common in tlie northern portion, along Saw Log creek. Winter wheat, barley, oats and corn are the leading grains, Kafir corn, alfalfa and sor- ghum are extensively raised, and the county ranks high in live stock. Excellent transportation facilities are afforded by the main line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad, which enters in the northeast corner, passes southvC'CSt to Dodge City, and thence west along the Ar- kansas river. The main line of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific rail- road crosses the southeast corner, and there are nearly 90 miles of main track railroad within the bounds of the county, which is divided into the following townships: Bloom, Bucklin, Concord, Dodge, Enterprise, Fairview, Ford, Grandview, Pleasant Valley, Richland, Royal, Sodville, Spearville, Wheatland and Wilburn. The population in 1910 was 11,393, a gain of 5,896, or more than 100 per cent, during the preceding decade. The assessed valuation of property for that year was $19,040,450, and the value of all farm products, including live stock, was nearly $3,500,000. Forestry. — Under ancient English law, a forest was a tract of woody country where the king had the exclusive right to hunt. Whether inclosed or uninclosed, it was under the protection of a special system of laws and special courts, neither of which are now in existence. In those days forestry meant the enforcement of those laws in order to pro- tect the royal rights. In the United States forestry has to do with the supply of timber, its waste, the preservation of the natural forests through conservation, and the encouragement of tree planting. Wlien the first Europeans came to America they found the surface of the country along the Atlantic coast and far into the interior heavily timbered, and for 300 years after the first settlements were made little or no thought was given to the preservation of the timber supply. Valu- able trees — trees that would be valuable at the present time at any rate — were frequently cut down and burned to make room for crops, and in this way the pioneers literally hewed their way to the great prairies of the West. Then came the golden days of the lumberman, when acres and acres of land were denuded to cut luinber for export as well as for domestic use. In 1890 — the year of the greatest cut — over 8,500,000,000 feet of white pine were taken from the forests of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. The next year the cut dropped to 5,500,- 000,000 feet. In 1910 the cut of yellow or southern pine was over 8,500,000,000 feet, and the same year the cut of cypress was about 500,- ooo.ooo feet. Some years before this, thoughtful men foresaw what the result would be if the extravagance was allowed to go on, and in 1876 the commis- sioner of agriculture authorized an inquiry into lumbering methods. In 1882 the American Forestry Association was organized and it has been effective in arousing a sentiment in favor of forest preservation. The Montana State Universit}" established a chair of forestry — one of the first practical courses in the country — and in 1891 the first practical demonstration of forestry was given on the Biltmore estate near Ashe- ville, N. C. Ten }-ears later (1901) the United States bureau of forestry 654 CYCLOPEDIA OF was established. It consists of six departments, viz: i. Management, which has to do with the regulation of lumbering methods; 2. Exten- sion, which aids and encourages the planting of artificial groves and for- ests ; 3. Measurements, which prepares maps, etc., of the forest reserves ; 4. Products, which has to do with the examination of timber, its quali- ties, etc. ; 5. Dendrolog}', which is devoted to the names and natural history of trees ; 6. Records, which carries on the routine work of the bureau. The first white men who settled in Kansas found tlie country fairly well supplied with timber, especially along the water-courses, as far west as the junction of the Republican and Smoky Hill rivers. x\s civilization pushed its way westward the pioneers saw that in a few 3'ears the natural timbe'r supply would become exhausted, and to encour- age tree planting a timber culture law was passed, giving 160 acres of land to any one who would plant a certain number of trees. The law was a failure, the man who entered a claim under it caring more for the title to the land than for the timber. Consequently the species of trees selected were usually those that could be secured at the least expense, without regard to their adaptabilit}^ to Kansas soil and climate. After various amendments, the law was finally repealed. Then the botmty system was tried. In 1865 the legislature jiassed an act providing that any person who planted and successively culti- vated 5 or more acres of trees should be entitled to a bounty of 50 cents an acre, "to be paid out of the county treasury in which the tiees were located, for a term of 25 years," beginning two years after said trees had been planted. The next legislature raised the bounty to $2 an. acre, and also provided a bounty of .$2 for each half-mile of trees planted along any public highway. As a further stimulus to tree culture, the legislature of 1867 enacted a law providing that timbered land should be assessed no higher than cipen land adjoining. Forest extension was introduced in the Arkansas valley in i^j^^ by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad company. Trees were ])lanted at Hutchinson, Sterling, Fllinwood, Garfield, S])carville and some other points as far west as the state line. The varieties used were chiefly catalpa, Rtissian mulberry, white maple, elm and cnttoiuMKid. Twelve vears later a rejiort stated that most of the trees were in healthy con- dition and their growth had been rapid. .At that time nearly 150,000 trees had been planted in the state, .ind the people were beginning to learn that the climate and rainfall could be modified by the presence of tracts of timbered land. 'I he legislature of 1887 therefore created the ofifice of commissioner of forestry, who was directed to establish two forestry stations in the western part of the state, where trees were to be planted and issued free of cltarge tn any resident of the state under certain conditions. One station was located near Dodge City. I'ord count \. .ind tlie other near Ogallah, Trego county. The trees planted were cottonwxH kI. black and honey locust, box-elder, eatal|>a, Kii-<>ii.'in and common niul KANSAS HISTORY 655 berry and the osage orange. On Oct. 20, 1887, the commissioner reported that he had received over 1,000 apph'cations for the young trees, the appHcations coming from y^, counties, showing that the peo- ple of the state were interested in the subject of forestry. In 1907 a forest commissioner was provided for at each station, and in 1909 a division of forestry was establislied in connection with the agricultural college, the regents being authorized to appoint a state forester who should have charge of all the experiments made at the station. The act provided that the state forester should "promote practical forestry in every possible way, compile and disseminate information relative to forestr}', and publish the results of such work through bulletins, press notices, and in such other ways as may be most practicable to reach the public, and by lecturing before farmers' institute associations," etc. The stations at Ogallah and Dodge City were transferred to the care of the agricultural college and experiment station. Through the influence of the I'nited States bureau of forestry, the • government has established a "forest reserve" of 70,000 acres near Garden City, Finney county, where experiments in tree culture are carried on under the supervision of a forester appointed by the United States authorities. This forest reserve is an object lesson in many ways, and its influence is already being felt in the western part of the state. Formoso, an incorporated town of Jewell county, is located on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 12 miles east of Mankato, the county seat, and 5 miles from Courtland. It has banking facilities, a weekly newspaper (the New Era), telegraph and express offices, and an international money order postofifice with three rural routes. The population in 1910 was 475. Forsha, a hamlet in Reno count}', is located 1 1 miles south of Hutch- mson. the county seat, from which place its mail is distributed by rural delivery. It is 5 miles east of Castleton, on the Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., which is its nearest railroad station and shipping- point. Forsha has a flour mill and is a trading center for the neigh- borhood. Forts. — As the white man pushed his way westward from the first settlements along the Atlantic coast, a chain of military posts marked the line of demarcation between civilization and savager}-. The rifle and the stockade led the advance into the wilderness and paved the way for the home and the husbandman. Sometimes these forts were erected by the great fur companies — great for that day, at least ; some- times by a detachment of soldiers as temporary quarters while on a march or a campaign; sometimes by order of the war department; probably more frequently by the pioneer settlers as a place of shelter and defense in the event of an Indian attack. Usually they were of the stockade or palisade type, constructed of stakes set upright, close together, and sharpened at the top to make the attempt to scale the walls more difficult. The form was generally that of a square or a I 656 CYCLOPEDIA OF rectangle, with a blockhouse at each corner, though often the block- house feature was ommitted. -Much of the history of the country centers about these military establishments. Where is the school boy who does not feel a thrill of patriotism as he reads of Washington's march through the unbroken wilds and his founding of Fort Necessity, the valiant deed of Sergeant Jasper in nailing the flag to the mast under fire at Fort Moultrie, or the gallant defense of Fort Sumter by Maj. Anderson and his little band of heroes at the beginning of the Civil war? Some of the prin- cipal cities of the country owe their origin to the establishment of a military post. Pittsburgh, Pa., had its beginning in the founding of Fort Duquesne. and the great city of Chicago, 111., grew up ar(Tund nld Fort Dearborn. As the red man retired before the advance of a sujierior race, the necessity for the stockade and the blockhouse no longer existed, and the frontier forts gradually fell into decay. A few have been main- tained by the government as permanent institutions, not so much as a means of defense against hostile aborigines as for quarters of detach- ments of the regular army and schools for the soldier. These per- manent army posts are usually elaborate affairs, equipped with approved modern appurtenances for the comfort and convenience of the .gar- rison. Two of them — Fort Leavenworth and Fort Riley — are located in the State of Kansas. Following is a brief sketch of each of the principal military posts in the state, and each of which in its day played its part toward making Kansas a great commonwealth. fSee also Cnmps.") Fort Atkinson, mie of the early military posts erected along the line of the Santa Fe trail, was located on the Arkansas river, about 26 miles below "The Crossing." The place known as "The Crossing" was not far from the present town of Cimarron, the county seat of Gray county, hence the location of Fort Atkinson was in what is now Ford county, some 6 or 8 miles up the river from Dodge City. On Aug. 8, 1850, Col. E. V. Sumner established "Camp Mackay" on the site, after a "treaty talk" had been held there with the Indians. Col. Sumner nntificd the war department on .Sept. 10. 1850, that the spot was a suit- able location for a permanent post. It was approved by General Order Xo. 44. dated Dec. 16, 1850, and Maj. Hoflman. with Comjiany D, Sixth United States infantry, was ordered to begin the erection of the fort "as soon as the weather will permit." The fort was built of sod, covered with poles, brush, sod and canvas, and when completed was garrisoned by a detachment of the Sixth infantry commanded by Capt. Buckncr. The ])ost continued to be known as Camp Mackax- until Jinic 25, 1851, when tlic name was changed to Fort Atkinson, 'i'he soldiers quartered there gave it the name of "Fort Sod," and later "Fort Sodom," the latter no doubt having been inspired by the unsanitary conditions of the i)lacc and the fact that it was infested with vermin. While it was occupied by Capt. Piuckncr and his men, the fort was besieged by KANSAS HISTORY 657 a large body of Comanches and Kiowas, who surrounded the fort and endeavored to cut off supplies. The garrison was relieved by the timely arrival of Maj. Chilton with a detachment of the First dragoons. Fort Atkinson was occupied by garrison until Sept. 22, 1853, when it was abandoned. It was temporarily reoccupied in June, 1854, by Com- panies F and H of the Sixth infantry, but on Oct. 2, 1854, the post was abandoned and the buildings destroyed to prevent their occupancy by the Indians. On Aug. 4, 1855, a postoffice was established at Fort Atkinson, with Pitcairn Moirison as postmaster, but it was discontinued on June 5, 1857. Fort Aubrey. — About the close of the Civil war a number of volun- teer regiments were ordered to the western frontier to quell Indian uprisings, and these men erected several temporary fortifications at various points along the border of civilization. One of these was Fort Aubrey, which was located on section 23, township 24, range 40 west, on Spring creek, about two and a half miles from its mouth, not far from the present village of Mayline in Hamilton county. It was built by Companies D and F, Forty-eighth Wisconsin infantry, under the command of Capt. Adolph Whitman. The exact date of its establish- ment is not certain, but it was late in August or early in Sept., 1865. It was abandoned on April 15, 1866. Fort Bain, a famous rendezvous for John Brown and Capt. James Montgomery during the years 1857-58, was a log cabin built by a set- tler named Bain, and was located in the northern part of Bourbon county, on the north side of the Osage river, about 7 or 8 miles from the Missouri line. Redpath, in his life of John Brown, says 50 men in Fort Bain could have resisted a force of 500. According to the same authority, it was here that John Brown planned his invasion of Mis- souri in Dec, 1858. After the troubles of the territorial days were set- tled by the admission of Kansas, Fort Bain continued to be occupied as a peaceful residence for some years, when it gave way to a better structure. Fort Baxter, a military post at Baxter Springs, was established by Gen. James G. Blunt in May, 1863. Connelley says it "consisted of some log cabins with a total frontage of about 100 feet, facing east toward Spring river. . . . Back of the fort, and of the same width, was a large space enclosed by embankments of earth thrown up against logs and about 4 feet high." The west wall of this embankment was torn out on Oct. 5, 1863, for the purpose of extending the north and south walls some 200 yards farther west, and the fort was in this con- dition when it was attacked by Ouantrill's forces the next day. fSee Baxter Springs.) Fort Blair, one of three lunettes or blockhouses erected at Fort Scott in the spring of 1861, stood at the corner of Second street and National avenue. It was built under the same conditions as Fort Henning fq. v.) and was equipped with two 24-pounder siege guns. The govern- ment failed to furnish fixed ammunition for these guns, and Peter (I-42) 1 658 CYCLOPEDIA OF Riley, of the Sixth Kansas, then a clerk in the ordnance department at Fort Scott, made sacks of flannel and filled them with powder to be used in charging the guns. At the time of Price's raid iliese two pieces of artillery stood at the point of the mound north of the plaza, where they could be seen by the enemy, and no doubt served to deter the Confederate general from attacking Fort Scott. Fort Carondelet. — About the }ear 1787, Pierre Chouteau established a trading post on the high ground afterward known as Halley's bluff, on the Osage river, in what is now Vernon county, Mo. Later the post became known as Fort Carondelet, so named for Bai^on de Caron- delet, the Spanish governor of Louisiana. Early settlers in that local- it}' found the remains of a stone wall, which is belived to have been the ruins of the old fort. From old documents at St. Louis, it has been learned that the armament of the fort consisted of four small cannon, but no accurate description of the fort itself has been found. It was probably the customarv log trading-house, a blockhouse, a cabin or two, surrounded by palisades, and garrisoned by a dozen or more of the employees of the trading company, of which Chouteau was the representative. At the time it was established it was the farthest west of any of the trading posts founded b}- white men in what is now the State of Missouri, and it is quite likely that some of the Indians of southeastern Kansas traded there at that early day. Fort Clark, — This post was located on the blufT overlooking the Missouri river, about 40 miles below the mouth of the Kansas, and not far from the present town of Sibley. Lewis and Clark's Journal (Cones' edition) for June 23, 1804, mentions the fact that the expedi- tion was compelled to lie to at a small island during the day, owing to a high wind, and contains this entry: "Directly opposite, on the south, is a high commanding position, more than 70 feet above high- water mark, and overlooking the river, which is here but of little width. This spot has many advantages for a fort and trading house wiili the Indians." Gen. William Clark again passed the ijlacc in 1808 with a Iron]) of cavalry on his way to make a treaty with the Osage Indians, .-ind on his return selected it as a site for a fort. The liluft' became known as "Fort Point," and in Sept., t8o8, the government erectetl there a fort and named it Fort Clark. Biddle says a factory was also erected by the government, but does not tell what was manufactured tliere. The foit was occupied by a garrison until 1813, after which the Osage In- dian agency was maintained there for several 3'ears, and the post 1)ecanie known as Fort Osage. Later it look the name of Fort Sibley, for Maj. Sibley, who was the agent of the Osagcs from i8iS to 18^5. The place was permanently abandoned when b'ort I .cavenwortli w.is foniulcd in T827. Fort Cobb, ;t1 the junction of I'ond creek and the \\';isiiil.i river, in the Indian Territory, was established on Oct. 1, i85r). .uid was one of the early frontier posts erected and garrisoned for the purpose of KANSAS HISTORY 659 maintaining order among the Indian tribes. Gen. Custer's command, in which was the Nineteenth Kansas, was encamped at Fort Cobb from Dec. 18, 1868, to Jan. G. 1869. On March 12, 1869, the fort was abandoned. Fort Dodge. — In its ^ay, this fort was one of the most important military establishments on the western frontier. It was located on the north bank of the Arkansas river, a short distance southeast of the present Dodge City, on the site of the "Caches" (q. v.), which had been a favorite camping ground for freighters and hunters from the time of the opening of the Santa Fe trail. Some authorities state that a fort was located here in 1835 by Col. Henry I. Dodge, after whom the fort was named. Col. Dodge did erect some sort of a fort in this im- mediate locality, but the reports of the United States war department say that the Fort Dodge of later da3'S was established by Gen. Gren- ville M. Dodge in 1864, and that the site was selected by Col. Ford, of the Second Colorado cavalry. The first buildings were of adobe, but in 1867 several new structures were erected at a considerable outlay of money. The sanitary arrangements at Fort Dodge were of the best character, and the fort usually boasted one of the finest gar- risons in the country. At one time Gen. George A. Custer was the commanding officer of the post. When the fort was abandoned in 1882, the government left the property in charge of a custodian who allowed the inclosure to be used as a cattle corral, and the buildings fell into decay. The reservation — originally about 30,000 acres — was purchased from the Osage Indians. By an act of Congress, approved Dec. 15. 1880, all that portion of the reservation lying north of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad was ordered to be surveyed, as other public lands, and sold to actual settlers, not more than i6o acres to any one pur- chaser. The Kansas legislature in 1886 adopted a resolution asking the Kansas delegation in Congress "to secure, at as early a day as possible, the survej- and sale as public lands the military reservation in Ford county, Kan., known as Fort Dodge." Three years later, in 1889, the legislature adopted another resolution requesting Congress to donate the remainder of the reservation to the state, to be used as a site for a soldiers' home. On March 2, 1889, President Cleveland approved an act of Congress authorizing the secretary of the interior to sell and convey to the State of Kansas lots numbered 3, 5, 6 and 7, of section 3, township 27 south, range 24 west, on condition that the state pay for the same within twelve months from the passage of the act at the rate of $1.25 an acre, and establish a soldiers' home thereon within three years. The Kansas Historical Collections (vol. ix, p. 567) says that the entire reservation was opened to settlement except about 127 acres, which was bought by the citizens of Dodge City, under the provisions of the above act, and presented to the state for a soldiers' home (q. v.). 66o CYCLOPEDIA OF Fort Dodge, a town of Ford county, is located on the Arkansas river about 4 miles below Dodge City, the county seat and most convenient railroad station. It has a money order postoffice, telephone connec- tions, and some general stores, and is a trading center for the neigh- borhood. The state soldiers" home is located here. Fort Downer. — The Western Kansas ^^'orld, published at W'akecnev, says: "About 1863 Fort Downer, named from a captain in the United States army, was established, giving the name to the stream (Downer's creek). Here in 1866 occurred the Fort Downer massacre, in which all but one man were killed. Here Custer was encamped, and from this point and Fort Hays made several raids upon the wary red-skins." The fort was located on the Smoky Hill route, 50 miles west of Fort Hays and 182 miles from Fort Riley. It was an eating station on the Butterfield Overland Despatch line until the buildings were burned in 1S67, and nil May 28, 1868, the fort was abandoned. Fort Ellsworth. — (See Fort Harker.) Fort Fletcher. — (See Fort Hays.) Fort Hamilton. — Tomlinson, in his "Kansas in 1858," mentions this fort as the "stronghold of the robber Hamilton." Earl\- in the year 1858 Charles A. Hamilton (correct spelling Hamelton), the leader of the pro-slavery mob that perpetrated the Marais des Cygnes massacre, built a substantial log cabin not far from the elevation known as Sugar Mound in Linn county. Later in the year it was taken by free-state men and in May was occupied by Capt. Weaver's company of some 30 men, who named it "Fort Hamilton." Fort Harker. — The original site of this post was on the north bank of the Smoky Hill river, at the crossing of the old Santa Fe stage road, about 4 miles southeast of the present town of Ellsworth, where it was established in Aug., 1864, under the name of Fort Ellsworth. It is said to have been commenced by a detachment of Iowa volunteer troops, who erected the first buildings and garrisoned the place until the' fall of 1865, when they were relieved by a ])ortion of the Thirteenth United States infantry. On Nov. it, 1866, the name was changed to Fort Harker, and in Jan., 1867, a new site was selected, about a mile northeast of the old fort. For a long time Fort Flarker was the ship- ping point of freight bound for New Mexico. The report of Surgeon P>. F. Fryer, of the United Stales army, in May, 1870, gives a good description of the construction and sanitary condition of the fort at that time, as well as a mention of the cholera visitation of 1867. (See Cholera.) The report says: "Fort Harker is used as a base by troops not belonging to it for operations in the field, and many sick from commands in the vicinity have been sent here at various times for treat- ment or discharge. The sick-list is often enlarged in this way. There arc two out of five men in hospital at the present time who belong to commands which have never been at the post nor attached to it." Fort Harker was abandoned as a military estalilishnuiit in April, 1872. On Feb. 11, 1876, the Kansas house of representatives adopted KANSAS HrSTORY 66l a resolution askiiijj' L'l ingress to donate Uie rcser\ation of 10,240 acres (16 square miles) to the state, to ])e used f(jr educational purposes. The request was not granted, and the reservation was finally cjpcned to settlement by the act of June 15, i88o. Fort Hays. — This post was established on ( )ct. 11. 1865, and \sas first named Fort Fletcher, in honor of cx-Gn\-. IHctchcr of Missouri. It was located on Big creek, about 14 miles Miutheast of the ])rcsent Hays City, and continued to be known as Fort Fletcher until Xnv. 17, 1866, when the name was changed to Fort Hays, for Gen. Isaac G. Hays, who was killed at the battle of the \\'il(lerness. In the summer of 1867 the post was flooded by an overflow of Big creek, and Gen. Gibbs, then a major in the Seventh United States cavalry, selected a new site by order of Gen. Hancock. The new location was about three- fourths of a mile from Hays City, where a reservation of 7,503 acres in the form of an irregular triangle was laid out and substantial build- ings were erected. Gen. Sheridan's headquarters were at Fort Hays at the time of the Black Kettle raid in 1868. By the act of :\Iarc'h i, 1876, the Kansas legislature ceded to the United States jurisdiction over the reservation, which continued to be used as a m.ilitary post until June I, 1889. Early in that year it became known that the fort was to be abandoned, and the Kansas legislature adopted a resolution ask- ing Congress to donate the site to the state for a soldiers" home. No action was taken by Congress on the resolution, and in 1895 the legis- lature again asked that the reservation be donated to the state as a location for a branch of the state agricultural college, a branch of the state normal school, and a public park. Again no action was taken, and in 1899 a subordinate of the interior department declared the land opened for settlement, but in March, 1900, the Kansas delegation in Congress managed to secure the land and buildings for educational purposes. A branch of the state normal school is now established there, and the agricultural college maintains an experiment station on the reservation. Fort Henning. — .Shortly after President Lincoln's second call for volunteers in the spring of 1861, three blockhouses were erected at Fort Scott for the purpose of guarding quartermaster's, hospital and ordnance stores. Fort Henning, one of these blockhouses, stood at the corner of Scott avenue and First street, on the site afterward occupied by the postoffice building. It was built under the supervision of Capt. Wil- liam Holcke, an engineer of the United States army, who also superin- tended the erection of the' other two blockhouses. Some 'years after the war Fort Henning was purchased by Dr. W. S. McDonald and removed to the lot immediately south of his residence, in order that it might be preserved as a historic relic of the war. On Dec. 3, 1904, a flag was raised over old Fort Henning in its new location with appropriate ceremonies. While the fort was used for military pur- poses it was garrisoned by troops belonging to the Sixth Kansas, under command of Lieut. C. H. Haynes. ("See also Forts Blair and Insley.) 662 CYCLOPEDIA OF Fort Insley, the largest of three blockhouses erected at Fort Scott in the spring of 1861, under the supervision of Capt. William Holcke, was located on the point of the mound, where the Plaza school build- ing was afterward erected. It was garrisoned by a detachment of the Sixth Kansas, and was used for storing ammunition. (See Fort Henning.) Fort Jewell, also called Camp Jewell, was erected in the latter part of May, 1870, on the site of Jewell City. On May 13, 1870, a meeting of the settlers in that locality was held "to discuss means of defense against the Cheyennes," who were then on the war path. At this meet- ing W. D. Street proposed the erection of a fort, which suggestion was adopted, and a company called the "Buffalo Militia" was immediately organized to carry it out. Street was chosen captain of the company, and Cutler says : "At once selecting a spot fifty yards square, they plowed around it, laid a wall four feet thick and seven feet high, and in two days 'Fort Jewell' was completed." The fort was garrisoned by Street's company until some time in June, when it was occupied b)^ a detachment of the Third United States mounted artillery. No attack was ever made upon the post, but it is quite probable that the prompt action of the settlers in erecting this defense had a tendency- to prevent any demonstration on the part of the savages in that sec- tion. .\fter the Indians had been pacified, the fort was allowed to fall into decay. (See also Jewell county.) Fort Kansas. — Sometime in the first half of the i8th century the French established a trading post at the Kansa village, a little below Lsle au Vache, or Cow island, in what is now Atchison county, and this was probably the first post in Kansas where white men lived as permanent settlers. Bougainville, writing of the French posts, in 1757, said: "In ascending this stream (the Missouri) wc meet the village of the Kanses. We have there a garrison with a comm:indant, appointed, as is the case with Pimiteoui and Fort Chartres, by New Orleans. This post produces 100 bundles of furs." When it is known that a "bundle" of furs was equal to too ( it tor, wolf or badger skins, or 500 mink or muskrat skins, it will be seen that the trade at this old post was considerable. Like all the establish- ments engaged in the fur trade of that period, it was probably in the hands of some licensed trader, a favorite of the governor-general of Canada. The ruins of this old fort were still to be seen at the begin- ning of the iQlh century. Lewis and Clark's journal for July 2, 1804, shows this lentry : "Opposite (lur camp is a valley, in which was situated an did village of the Kansas, between two high points of land, on the bank of the river, .\bout a mile in the rear of the village was a small fori, built by the French on an elevation. There are now no traces of the village. but the situation of the fort may be recognized by some remnants of 'chimneys, and the general outlines of the fortification, as well as by the fine spring which sup])licd it with water. The ])nrt\ wlm were KANSAS HISTORY 663 Stationed here were probably cut off by Indians, as there arc no accounts of them." (Coues' Edition, p. 37.) Fort Lane. — An old map of Douglas county, drawn under the direc- tion of llic surveyor-general of the territory and published in 1857, shows "Fort Lane" a 'short distance west of the city of Lawrence, and about half a mile north of the California road. The following descrip- tion of the fort is taken from an address delivered by Brinton W. Woodward before the Kansas Historical Society on Jan. 18, 1898, on "The Invasion of the 2,700, Sept. 14, 1856:" "The fort on Mount Oread had been located and built, under the direction of Lane, at the point of the bluff coming north, where it drops down to the rather lower level or ridge on which Gov. Robinson's house had stood, and where the first university building (since called North College) was afterward placed. Its site has scarcely even vet been wholly obliterated by grading, and it was directly west (south) of where Mr. Frank A. Bailey's residence now stands. It occupied a sightly and commanding position; . . . was of irregular outline, following the curve or point of the bluff on two sides, with a straight chord subtending on the south. It was laid up as a loose, dry wall from the rough stone gathered about, to the height of from three to four feet, thus making a show of outline fairly exhibited to the east." When Lawrence was threatened on Sept. 14, 1856, the date men- tioned in Mr. Woodward's address. Fort Lane was manned by a com- pany of 40 men, of whom Mr. Woodward' was one. hence the above description is from an eye witness. Fort Larned. — In the fall of 1859 Capt. George H. Steuart, command- ing Company K, First I'nited States cavalry, was sent out with his company to establish a mail escort station on the line of the Santa Fe trail. On Oct. 22 he selected a site on the south bank of Pawnee Fork, 8 miles from the mouth, and his camp was known as "Camp on Pawnee Fork" until Feb. i, i860, when it was named "Camp Alert." On May 29, i860, pursuant to General Order No. 14, the post was named Fort Larned. in honor of Col. B. F. Larned, at that time paymaster- general of the LTnited States army. The reservation included a tract of land four miles square, but the extent was not officially declared until the issuing of General Order No. 22, from the headquarters of the Department of Missouri, dated Nov. 25, 1867. The first buildings were of adobe, but in 1867, when the reservation was officially estab- lished, sandstone buildings were erected. In the earh' part of 1870 frame additions to the subalterns' quarters were built, and further im- provements were made in 1872, when the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad was completed to the fort. The agency for the Arapahoe and Cheyenne Indians was maintained at Fort Larned for several years, but it was discontinued in 1868. Late in the '70s it became apparent that the necessity for a military post at this place no longer existed, and in Jan., 1880, Senator Plumb, from the committee on military affairs, recommended the passage of a bill to provide for the sale of the reserva- 664 CYCLOPEDIA OF tion to actual settlers. The bill did not pass at that time, but by the act of Congress, approved Aug. 4, 1882, the secretary of war was directed "to relinquish and turn over to the department of the interior, to the public domain, the Fort Larned reservation, to be sold to actual settlers at the appraised price, not more than a quarter-section to any one purchaser." Fort Leavenworth. — On Alarch 7, 1827. Maj.-Gen. Brown ordered Col. Henry Leavenworth, of the Third United States infantry, to take four companies of his regiment and ascend the Missouri, "and when he reaches a point on the left bank near the mouth of the Little Platte river, and within a range of 20 miles above its confluence, he will select such a position as, in his judgment, is best calculated for the site of a permanent cantonment. The spot being chosen, he will construct, with the troops of his command, comfortable though temporary quar- ters, sufficient for the accommodation of four companies." This order marks the beginning of one of the best known and most important military posts in the country. At the time the order was received by Col. Leavenworth he was on duty at Jefferson barracks at St. Louis. Taking four companies, commanded by Capt. Belknap and Lieuts. Wheeler, Hunt and Babbitt — 204 men in all — he started on his mission. On May 8 he reported that there was no suitable site for a cantonment on the left bank of the river, and recommended a bluflf on the opposite side, "about 20 miles above the mouth of the Platte." His recommendation was approved on Sept. 29, 1827, and on Nov. 8 the post was named Cantonment I^eavenworth, in honor of its founder. Temporary quarters were constructed, in accordance with Gen. Brown's order, but no reservation for the post was established until 1838, when President Van Burcn declared as such a large tract of tim- bered land on the east side of the Missouri. An entry in the records of the adjutant-general's office, under date of June 21. 1838, says: "The land held as reserved, extends from six to seven miles along the Mis- souri river, and varies from one to two rniles wide, containing about 6,840 acres." This land had been claimed by the Delaware Indians until the survey of 1830. By the survey of 1839 it became a part of the military reservation. In 1854 the secretary of war ordered a new sur- vey, and the boundaries of the reservation then established were approved by President Pierce. In 1872 the I'nited States attorney- general ruled that the land north of the post had never belonged to the Delawares, but became the property of Kansas when the state was admitted to the Union, and the state legislature, by the act of Feb. 25, 1875, ceded to the United Stales jurisdiction over that portion of the reservation. On July 20, 1868, Congress authorized the sale of 20 acres of the reservation to the Leavenworth Coal company. .\t the same session right nf way was granted to two railroad companies and a free public highway. By the joint resolution passed by Congress on Feb. Q. 1871, the reservation was further reduced in size bv the sale of 128.82 acres KANSAS HISTORY ()(lS to the Kansas Aoricnltural and Mechanical Association for a fair ground, the value of the land to be determined by a committee of army officers. On June 6, 1888, a tract of nearly 10 acres was sold to the Leaven- worth City and Fort Leavenworth Water company — the coal rights being reserved by the government — and the following March the water company was granted the privilege of leasing ground on the reserva- tion for a reservoir. The following description of the fort is taken from Hazelrigg's History of Kansas, published in 1895: "The reservation contains 5,904/-; acres on the west side and 936 acres on the east side of the Missouri river. Tlie reservation is crossed by three railroads. An iron-truss three span bridge crosses the Mis- souri. A wide military road leads through the reserve to the post, which is entered from the south through a handsome archway. The parade ground is 517 by 514 feet, is graded down on the west side and thrown up in the center. North of this beautiful ground is a row of officers' headquarters, some of them modern and new. others as old as 1828, with vines creeping all over them. On the east side of the parade ground are the quarters of the field officers; neat home-like houses, with all comforts and conveniences. Between these and the brick pave- ment that edges the carriage way around three sides of the ground is a beautiful lawn. The barracks are frame and face the east. The post headquarters is an L-shaped, one-story brick building. It con- tains rooms for the commanding officer, the adjutant and the sergeant- major. A large room in this building is the dread court-martial room.'' Since the above was written the government has made liberal appro- priations for additional improvements. About the beginning of the present century, when cavalry and artillery quarters were provided, .ontracts amounting to over $350,000 were let for the construction of a riding' school, cavalry stables, a new parade ground, barracks, quar- ters, stables and gun sheds for a battery of light artillery, and a new headquarters building. In 1900 an appropriation of $60,000 was made by Congress for a modern military hospital, and in 1904 an addition to the hospital was ordered at a cost of $30,000. Altogether, over $2,000,000 have been expended on the post, and with the completion of improvements under contemplation it will be probably the greatest military establishment in the world. The garrison in 1909 consisted of one regiment of infantry, five troops of cavalry, four companies of engineers and a battery of light artillery — a total of 3.078 officers and men. The importance of Fort I^eavenworth as a military post dates almost from its establishment. For years before Kansas was organized as a territory steamboats touched at the fort, which was a depot for mili- tary supplies for the entire department. A postoffice was established there on May 29, 1828, with Philip G. Rand as postmaster. During the war with Mexico Fort Leavenworth was a gathering point for soldiers and a shipping point for military stores bound for the front. 666 CYCLOPEDIA OF In 1846 Gen. Stephen Kearney stopped at the fort for some time w hile on his wav to Santa Fe ; Gen. Joseph I^ane"s Oregon expedition started from there in 1848; Capt. Stansbury's expedition to Salt Lake in 1840 rested for awhile at the fort, and Gen. John C. Fremont made his final preparations there before setting out on his exploring expeditions which gave him the sobriquet of the "Pathfinder." Upon the discovery of gold in California Fort Leavenworth became the outfitting point for a number of overland partfes bound for the Pacific coast; the fort was the rendezvous for the surveying parties of the proposed Central Pacific railroad in 1853, and in 1839 a L'nited States arsenal was located on the reservation. .Among the officers stationed at the fort in the early days were sev- eral who achieved distinction in military circles. Capt. Belknap, who accompanied Col. Leavenworth to locate the fort, was the father of W. W. Belknap, who was secretary of war in President Grant's cabinet, T^ieut. Henry T. Hunt was chief of artillery in the .\rmy of the Potomac in the Civil war. C. A. Finlej' was surgeon-general of the United States army during the first year of the Civil war. Col. E. V. Sum- ner and Col. George Sykes both rose to the rank of major-general. Albert S. Johnston, one time commandment at Fort Leavenworth, was killed at the battle of Shiloh while in command of the Confederate army, and Braxton Bragg also became a prominent Confederate officer. Fort Leavenworth is located 3 miles north of the city of Leaven- worth, with which it is connected by a line of electric raihva\', right of way of which was granted by Congress to the Leavenworth Papid Transit Railway company on Sept. to, 1888. fSec also Ainiy Service School and U. S. Penitentiary.) Fort Leavenworth, a town of Leaven\\(Trth county, the oldest per- manent white settlement in Kansas, is located on the Missouri river about 3 miles north of the city of Leavenworth. When Col. Leaven- worth established a military post here in 1827, a number of settlers soon located aroutid the fort, and although only squatters nn the gov- ernment land, they formed the first white settlement in \\h;it is now Kansas. With the passing years the fort has grown in importance and the population of the town has increased in proportion. Today it is a progre'ssive and well established community with .1 money order postofificc, telegraph and express facilities and other business enter- prises, and in iqio had a papulation of 2,000. Fort Lincoln. — Goodlander, in his "Memoirs and Recollections of the Early Da>s nf Fort Scott,'" says: "In the summer of t86[ Jim Lane had built a fort on the north side of the Osage river, and nanu-d it I'drt I,incoln. Tt was built on low bottom land that was no more a lit ])lace for a fori than where Knapp's park is now located. This fort con- sisted of a stockade and a large blockhouse. In later years this stockade and blockhouse were moved to Fort Scott and located about the junc- tion of Lowman and First streets." Fort Lincoln was ab'uit 12 miles northwest of the cit\ of l'"oil I-Jcott, KANSAS HISTORY 667 and a few miles west of the present town of Fulton. According to Wilder, it was fortified by Lane on Aug. 17, r86i. .Vfter the battle of Drywood, on Sept. 2, Lane, believing that the Confederates would attack Fort Scott the next day, ordered the town abandoned, the citi- zens and troops there to fall back to Fort Lincoln. The fort was gar- risoned by detachments of the troops belonging to Thane's command until Jan., 1864. when it was abandoned. Fort Lyon. — In 1826 the Bent brothers, fur traders, built a stockade on the Arkansas river, above where the city of Pueblo, Col., now stands, but finding this location out of the line of trade between the L^nited States and Taos, they removed down the river in 1829 to a point about half-way between the present towns of Las Animas and La Junta. There they erected "Bent's Fort," also called "Fort Wil- liam," for William Bent. The fort was 100 by 150 feet, the walls of adobe being 6 feet thick at the base and 17 feet high. The new location brought the brothers in touch with the trade of Santa Fe, and the fort continued to be occupied by them until 1852, when it was destroyed by Col. William Bent. In 1853 a new fort was built on the same side of the Arkansas, near "Big Timbers," and this was occupied by the Bents as a trading post until 1859. when it was leased to the I'nited States government. In the spring of 1860 the name was changed to Fort Wise, for Gov. Wise of Virginia, but on June 25, 1862, it was named Fort Lyon, in honor of Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, who was killed at the battle of Wilson's creek. Mo., Aug. 10, 1861. In the summer of 1866 the river undermined the fort, and on June 9, 1867, the new Fort Lyon was established on the north bank of the Arkansas, 2^ miles below the Purgatory or Las Animas river. This post was in the Territory of Kansas until the passage of the act of admission in i86r, fixing the western boundary of the state as it is at the present time. By an act of Congress, approved Oct. i, 1890, the Fort Lyon reserva- tion was opened to entr}' under the homestead laws. Fort Mackay, or Camp Mackay, was established on Aug. 8, 1850, and was named after Col. A. Mackay of the LInited States quartermaster's department. Subsequentlv the name was changed to Fort Atkinson (q. v.). Fort Mann. — Just when and by whom this old fort was founded is largely a matter of conjecture. It is supposed to have been estab- lished about 1845, ^s a part of Gilpin's battalion was quartered there in 1847-48. R. M. Wright, in an address before the Kansas Historical Society on Jan. 15, 1901, said: "At this side of Point of Rocks, 8 miles west of Dodge City, used to be the remains of an old adobe fort. Some called it fort ]\Iann, others Fort Atkinson." Mr. Wright said further: "There was some inquiry made from Washington about Fort Mann, about thirty years ago, and I remember going with an escort, and, on the sloping hillside north of the fort, finding three or four graves. Of these, one was that of an officer and the others of enlisted men ; also two lime-kilns in excellent condition and a well defined road leading 668 CYCLOPEDIA OF to Sawlog. In fact the road was as large as the Santa Fe trail, show- ing that they must have hauled considerable wood over it. This leads me to believe that the fort had been occupied by a large garrison." Mr. \\'right's address was delivered in 1901. The inquiries from Washington he refers to must therefore have been made early in the '70s. If Fort Atkinson (q. v.), which was abandoned in 1854, occupied the same site as old Fort Mann, the ruins of the adobe fort mentioned by him may have been those of Fort Atkinson. Marcy's book, "The Prairie Traveler." published by authority of the I'nited States war department in 1859, says Fort Mann was situated near the .\rkansas river, on the route from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe. about 359 miles from Fort Leavenworth and 423 miles from Santa Fe. Fort Orleans, established by Bourgmont about 1723. was the first military post ever built on the Missouri river, though its exact location is largely a matter of speculation. Du Pratz says: "There was a French post for some time on an island a few leagues in length over against the Missouris. The French settled in this fort at the east point [of the island] and called it Fort Orleans." This statement appears to have been accepted without question by some later writers, notably Chittenden, in his "American Fur Trade," and P'rentis, in his "History of Kansas." Chittenden says: "The actual location was about 5 miles below the mouth of Grand river, opposite the old village of the Mis- souris," and Prentis locates the island "near the mouth of the Osage." Thwaites' edition of the Lewis and Clark Journals says: "The exact site of Fort Orleans is not definitely known, and Ihere arc diverse opinions regarding it." Hon. Walter Tl. Douglas, of .St. Louis, thinks thai the fort was "on the north bank of the Missouri, above tiie mouth of Wakenda creek, in whal is now Carroll county. Mo., and 15 nr 20 miles above the town of P)runswick." This would place the fort nearly opposite Malta Bend, where Coucs locates it. But, wherever it may have been, authorities generally agree that it was creeled for a trad- ing post, and to guard against a Spanish invasion. Chillendcn sa}s: "There is a tradition that when Bourgmiml Icfl the fori a year or Iwo later to go down to Xcw Orleans, the Indians attacked it and mas- sacred every inmate." (See Bourgmont"s lCx])cdition.") Fort Riley. — .\ulhorities do not agree as to the exact date when I'orl kiky was founded, llioiigli it was some time in the } car 1852. A circular issued by the l'nitc7.3 Edward (jreenwood and J. Alilchell. The first hotel was o])ened in the west bh)ck of the government buildings by Thomas Arnett. When Kansas territory was thrown open to settlement in 1854, a number of settlers came into Bourbon county from Missouri, and Fort Scott received its share. Some of the first men to locate in the town were Dr. Hill, R. Harkness, D. F. yGreenwond and Thomas Dodge. Nothing was done toward organizing a tov\'n company until Jan., 1857, when George A. Crawford, Norman Eddy, D. II. ^\'ier, D. \Y. Holbrook, .K-e»«^N OLD GOVERNMENT BUILDING. FORT SCOTT James E. Jones and Charles Dimun came to Fort Scott to jnirchase claims and lay out the town. On Jan. 8, 1857, the Fort Scott Town com- pany was organized with Ceorge A. Crawford, president; G. -W. Jones, secretary; and H. T. Wilson, treasurer. The company purchased the claims of IT. T. Wilson, S. A. \\'iniams, G. \\'. Jones, N. E. Herson and A. Hornbeck. It was incorporated in Feb., i860, and obtained title to the land the following September. The company donated the lots to the settlers who had purchased the government buildings, lots for churches, one to the government for a national cemetery, and set aside a square for the county, upon which to erect a court-house and jail. In Jul}-, 1857, the government land office was opened at Fort Scott. The receiver was ex-Gov. E. Ransom, of Michigan, who was accom- panied by George J. Clark, and George \\'. Clark arrived about the same time, having been appointed register. In August a number of settlers arrived and the town began to grow. A store was opened in the old quartermaster's building by Dr. B. Little & Son; John G. Stewart started a blacksmith shop ; George A. Crawford, W. R. Jtidson and C. Dimon (1-43) 674 CYCLOPEDIA OF bought the Free State hotel, which had become a popular stopping place for travelers. A Mr. McKay in 1858 opened the Western hotel, which at once became the headquarters of the pro-slavery men. In the early winter a sawmill was erected at the foot of Locust street, where lumber was sawed for the building erected by the town compan}' and a number of the frame dwellings. Soon after the settlement of Fort Scott began it was recognized as the leading pro-slavery town of southeastern Kansas, and held the same relation to southeastern part of the territory that Atchison did to the northeastern. (See Bourbon County.) Early in March a dispute developed in the town company, George A. Crawford and George W. Clark being the principal disputants. Late in April matters reached a climax, when Crawford and two of his friends were notified to leave the town within 24 hours. Some of the soldiers stationed at the fort were drawn into the controversy, and it looked serious for a time, but within a few days Hamelton, Brocket, and some of the other border ruffians left and were not heard of again until after the Marais des Cygnes Massacre (q. v.), in which they took the leading roles. On April 24, 1861. a Union demonstration was made at Fort Scott, and local differences were lost sight of in face of the great issue. At the outbreak of hostilities, many of the loyal citizens enlisted for the defense of the Union, and Fort Scott has a long roll of honor of those who lost their lives in defense of the country. Several forts were built in the town, viz : Fort Henning, at the corner of First street and Scott avenue ; Fort Blair, at the corner of Second street and National avenue, and Fort Insley, north of the plaza. At one time there were 2,000 troops stationed in the town, and while it was menaced no Confederate force ever reached it. The first school taught in Fort Scott was a private one in 1857, and the next year another was opened in the old government hospital building. Up to i860 the school population of the town was only about 300. In that year the town was incorporated and the first mayor elected under the charter was Col. Judson. H. T. Wilson was chosen president of the council. No permanent school building was provided until 1863, when a building was erected which served the three-fold purpose of school house, church and city hall. In 1870 the central school building containing 12 rooms was erected at a cost of $60,000. Since then steady progress has been made in Fort Scott along educational lines, and today it has as fine a public school system as any city in the state. The First Presbyterian church, established in 1859, was the first religious organ- ization in the town. St. Andrew's Episcopal church was partially organ- ized the same year. The Catholic church was established in i860 and was followed by other denominations. The first newspaper in Fort Scott was the Southern Kansan. wiiich first appeared in 1855. J. E. Jones started the Fort Scott Democrat in the winter of 1857-58. The Western Volunteer was started in 1862. and within a few months it was enlarged and the name changed to the KANSAS HISTORY 675 Fort Scull ISiilk-liii. These ])ioiieer newspapers Iia\e Ijeen followed by a number of piiblicalions, some of which have been but short lived. The first railroad to reach Fort Scott was the Missouri River, I''ort Scott & Gulf, which was completed to the city in Dec, 1869, thus put- ting the town in coijimunication Avith the east. Today the town has fine transportation facilities afTorded l)y the Missouri Pacific, the St. Louis & San Francisco, and the Missouri, Kansas & I'exas railroads, which radiate like the spokes of a wheel from the city. Early in its history, Fort Scott became recognized as a manufacturing center. A brewery was started in 1863; a planing mill in 1876; a foundry and machine shop began operations in the fall of 1869; the woolen mills were opened in 1873; the Excelsior mills, for the manufacture of flour, in 1871. With the opening of the coal beds in southeastern Kansas, Fort Scott became established as one of the leading manufacturing ' centers in the state. In 1909 there were 36 manufacturing establish- / ments in the city; the capital invested was $626,000, and the net value / of the products was $340,000. The city is lighted and heated by natural/ gas, has waterworks and electric lighting systems, an electric street rai^ way, and in 1910 had a population of 10,463. / Fort Sill, located at the junction of Medicine Bluff and Cache creoKS, about 4 miles north of the city of Lawton, in the northern part' of Comanche county, Okla., was established by the Nineteenth Kansas Cav- alry late in the year 1868 or earlj- in 1869, and was at first knovv'n as "Camp Wichita." It was occupied by the regiment until March 2, when the. Nineteenth was ordered in pursuit of Little Robe's baiic Cheyennes. On July 2, 1869. the name was changed to Fort S reservation was established, and the post became a permanent instituyon. Fort Titus. — During the border troubles, Col. H. T. Titus buik a strong log house, about 2 miles south of Lecompton, and fortified it as a rendezvous and place of defense for pro-slavery men. After the cap- ture and destruction of Fort Saunders (q. v.) on Aug. 15. 1856, the free-state men decided to turn their attention to Fort Titus. That nigrt some 400 free-state partisans assembled, ready for an attack on the fort at sunrise the next morning. The assailants were divided into two parties, one under command of Capt. Samuel Walker and the other under Joe Grover. At daylight the place was surrounded, the one piece of artillery being placed in front of the house and loaded with slugs made from the type formerly belonging to the Herald of Freedom office, which had been destroyed by the pro-slavery men a short time before. As the cannon was discharged the first time the gunner remarked : "This is the second edition' of the Herald of Freedom." After a short but lively engagement, the inmates of the fort surrendered. Various accounts of the casualties sustained by the contending parties at the "siege and capture of Fort Titus" have been published. Capt. Walker, who was one of the free-state commanders, and was therefore in a position to know, says they captured 400 muskets, a large number of knives and pistols, 13 horses, several wagons, a stock of provisions and 34 prisoners. [869, d of 11, a 676 CYCLOPEDIA OF and that the pro-slavery forces had 1 killed and 6 wounded, among whom was Col. Titus. AX'illiam Crntchfield, a participant in the affair, gives the names of the free-state men who were wounded during the action as follows: Capt. H. J. Shombre. A. ^^^ White, James N. Velsor, J. M. Shepherd. Charles Jordan. George Henry and George Leonard. Of these Capt. Shombre was mortally wounded, the others soon recovered. Capt. Shombre had come from Wayne county, Ind., only three weeks before with 18 j-oung men. his company having joined Lane's party at Iowa City. Fort Titus was burned to the ground immediately after the surrender and the prisoners were taken to Lawrence, where the}' were "exchanged" on the i8th under a treaty made between Gov. Shan- non and the free-state leaders. (See Shannon's Administration.) Fort Wakarusa. — During the territorial days, while the free-state and pro-slavery citizens were almost at constant warfare, a number of places where the opposing forces were wont to gather were dignified by the name of '"fort." Fort Wakarusa was a free-state fortification at the crossing of the Wakarusa river, near the old town of Sebastian, about .3 miles from Lawrence, in a southeasterly direction. It is marked upon a'l old map of Douglas county, published in 1857. but aside from its location but little can be learned of its character, etc. Most likely its construction was similar to that of other "forts" of that day — a log cabin surrounded by a line of earthworks, or perhaps a line of palisades. Fort Wallace. — This post was established in Sept.. 1865, and was first known as Camp Pond Creek, so called from its location at the junction of Pond creek and the south fork of the Smoky Hill river, about 2 miles southeast of the present town of Wallace, a station on the Union Pacific railroad. On April 16. 1866, the name was changed to Fort Wallace, in honor of Gen. W. II. L. Wallace, who was mortally wounded at the battle of Shiloh, Tenn.. and died on .April 10, 1862. A reservation of 14 square miles was laid out and buildings erected afford- ing accommodations for 300 men. During the building of the railroad ''ort Wallace was an im]5ortant post. The railroad was completed to the fort in July, 1868, and during the following year several skirmishes with the Indians occurred in the vicinity. In 1872, Gen. John Pope, commanding the Department of Missouri, recommended the abandon- ment of Fort Wallace, but it ccmtinucd to be used as a rnilitar\- post for ten years after that date, being finally abandoned on May 31. 1882. By the act of Congress, approved on Oct. K), 1888, the reservation was ordered to be sold, except the right of way of the l^nion Pacific lailroad and the post cemetery, which was given to the ciiy of ^\'all.•u■c. The Wallace W'aterworks company was to be given the jireference in the l)in"chasc of certain lands, viz.: the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter section 25, township 13 south, range 3<) west. .Ml Ihc rest of the reservation was to be disposed of in ;ici-iir(l;uu-c with the provisions of the homestead laws. Fort Wayne, an ii in igio was 473. KANSAS HISTORY 679 Francis, a money order post-hamlet of Ness county, is situated in Highpoint township, about 12 miles southeast of Ness City, the county seat, and in 1910 reported a population of 20. It has a general store and is a trading center for the neighborhood. Ness City and Bazine are the nearest railroad statjons. Frankfort, the third largest town in Marshall county, is located on the Vermillion river and the Missouri Pacific R. R., 18 miles southeast of Marysville, the county seat. It is on the route of the Union Pacific branch which is building from Onaga.« All the principal lines of busi- ness are represented. The main commodities shipped are grain and produce. There are good schools and churches, weekly and daily news- papers, express and telegraph ofiices, and six rural delivery routes go out from the Frankfort postoffice. The neighborhood of which Frankfort became the trading point was settled in 1855-56 by free-state men from Ohio and Pittsburgh, Pa. After various attempts to make a town, Frankfort was laid out in 1867 by a town company of Marysville men, who bought section 16, township 4, range 9, and started a town by the name of Frank's ford. In consideration of receiving a station, depot and side track, the com- pany gave one-half the town site to the Central Branch R. R.. the line was extended to Frankfort that year and the depot built. The first houses were built by J. S. Magill, R. S. Newell and Frank Schmidt. The first store was erected by O. C. Horr in 1867. The next year seven buildings were erected. Frankfort was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1875 ^^'^ '^^ election was held in which R. S. Newell was made the first mayor. The population in 1910 was 1,426. Franklin, a village of Crawford county, is a station on the Joplin & Pittsburg electric railroad, about 8 miles east of Girard, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice and is a trading center for that section of the county. The population in 1910 was 150. Franklin, Battle of. — Almost immediately after the battle of Black Jack (q. V.) bands of both pro-slavery and free-state men began to con- centrate toward Franklin, the Wakarusa, Hickory Point and Bull creek on the Shawnee reserve. Franklin had not been entirely abandoned by the pro-slavery forces since the sack of Lawrence. Buford's men and a number of Missourians were assembled there, with a brass 6-pounder, a large quantity of ammunition and other camp supplies which had been taken at Lawrence, and the plunder taken from intercepted wagons had also been stored there. The pro-slavery forces used the town as a rally- ing point when they invaded from Missouri. To recapture the stolen property, secure the ammunition and break up the stronghold of the enemy who would have Lawrence at their mercy if the free-state forces were called to support Brown, an attack was planned upon Franklin by the free-state men in the vicinity of Law- rence. The plan of attack was poorly worked out and as a .result there was no concerted action. About 16 men left Lawrence on the night of June 4, for Franklin. The plan was to have the Wakarusa company 68o cvci.orEDiA OF attack uii one side and the Lawrence party on the other. Failing to find the \\'akanisa company at the place agreed npon. the men from Lawrence entered the town about 2 a. m. and went to the place where thev snijposed the cannon to be for the purpose of capttiring it and the ammunition, but the cannon was not to be found. In fact, nothing was found where it was supposed to be, and for nearly an hour the Lawrence men hunted about the town before the real operations commenced. By this time the pro-slavery men were awake and prepared. Finalh^ the free-state men marched to the ^lard-house and demanded the surrender of the garrison. The garrison had been warned of the approach of the free-state men. refused to surrender and fired a volley of rifle shots. This was returned by the free-state men and then the cannmi, which had been placed just inside the guard-house door, was fired. It had Ijeen loaded with nails, broken scrap iron, etc., which went screaming through the darkness but the aim was poor and no one was hurt. The firing on both sides continued and pro-slavery men in other houses began to open fire on the attacking party which did not desire to assail anything but the guard-house. The \\'akarusa company, which had lost its way in the darkness, was guided by the sound of the firing and foiuid its way into Franklin, but not knowing friend from foe. was unable to take any active jjart in the engagement. The men knew, however, that Buford had most of his stores in a place near where they entered the town. They broke into the storehouse, obtained a large (|uantit\- of ammu- nition, and some Sharpe's rifies as well as a few of the guns which had been seized from the free-state men. .\11 kinds of provisions were stored in this house in case of need. Much of these were loaded into a wagon and hurried away. Several wagons could have been loaded, had the Wakarusa men had them. As day began to break the firing; in the streets ceased. Tlu' free-state men feared the approach of the I'nited States troops wlm were in camp near Lawrence and were forced to leave Franklin witlmut taking with them the cannon they had captured. Only one free-state man was hurt during the fi.ght. while 4 of the o])posite side were badly wounded, one of whom died a few days later. .Mthough it had not been carried out as planned, the expedition was not an entire f.iilure. for su|i|)lies liad been secured and the pro-slavery party taught tli.it the free-stati- men could strike back. (.See Fort Saunders.) Franklin County, located in the eastern ]iait <<{ the stale, was one of the original 33 counties created by the first territorial legislatiue in 1X55. It was named Franklin in honcn- tn r.enjamin Franklin. At the present lime the county is bounded on the nortji by nonglas county, on the cast 1)\ Miami, on tiic siuilh by .Anderson, and on the west by Osage and Coffey counties. It has an area of 576 square miles, and had a i)0])ulation of 20,884 in iQio. 'i"he count)- is divided into sixteen townshi]is, as fol- lows: Ajjpanoose, Centropolis, Cutler. Franklin. Greenwood. Harrison. Hayes, Homewood. Lincciln, Ohio, Ottawa, Peoria, Pomona, Pottawa- tomie, Richmniid and Williamsburg. The surface of I'-ranklin county KANSAS HISTORY '18 1 is niDsllv iindulating prairie. The "Ijcittcmi" hiiuls along the creeks and Marais des Cygnes river average from i.me to iwo miles in width and comprise nearly onc-Hflh of the area. 'I'imber belts confined tn the streams average from one-half to one mile in width and contain trees of the following varieties: walnut, nak. coltonwood, elm, hickory, willow, locitst, ash, siift majjle, mulherry and hackberry. Winter wheat, Irish potatoes, and fla.x are important crops but corn is the leading cereal. Much efif(5rt is given to the [jrodiiction of live-stock and also to the growing of fruit trees, there being 150,000 bearing fruit trees in 1907. I^imestone and sandstone are abundant, marble and potter's clay are found near Ottawa, coal is mined in several localities, and oil and gas have been found in the southern portion of the county. The principal stream is the Marais des Cygnes (Marsh of Swans) which enters the count)- from the west and flows through it into Miami countv. Pottawatomie creek is second in size. It enters near the south- east corner and flows northeastward into Miami count}'. Franklin county was included in the tract of land ceded to the Great and Little Osage Indians on Nov. 10, 1808, and receded by them to the government in 1825. (See Indians and Indian Treaties.) The settle- ment of the cottnty by white people was not so early as that of the adjoining counties, due to the fact that most of the land was occupied by Indians until late in the '60s. However, along the northern line, was a strip of land belonging to the Shawnee reservation, the title to which was extinguished in 1854, and a number of settlements were made there in that year. Appanoose township was settled b}' Missourians in 1856. Some time later J. H. Whetstone conceived the idea of establishing a colon V in its western part. To this end in 1869 he purchased 15,000 acres north of the Marais des Cygnes, and in 1870 S. T. Kelsey became associated with him. They platted the land into small farms and laid out the village of Pomona. Harrison township was opened for settle- ment in 1865. In 1868 there was a large inflttx of settlers to this dis- trict. One of the first settlers in Centropolis township was J. M. Bernard, who was made postmaster, the postoffice being named' St. Bernard. Mr. Bernard being a pro-slaver}- man, the Missouri legislature of Kansas in 1855, located the county seat at St. Bernard. The town never grew and was finally extinguished by a raid of free-state men. Ohio town- ship was opened to settlement in 1857 and a large immigration set in from Ohio. A postofiice was established at Minneola in 1858. In 1856 the settlers of Pottawatomie valley organized the Pottawa- tomie Rifle Company. It was composed exclusively of about 100 free- state men with John Brown, Jr., as captain. The object in organizing the company was to protect free-state men against the border ruffians. After the first session of the territorial legislature, the company went to Judge Cato's court, in session at Henry Sherman's house, to inquire if the court intended to enforce the so-called "bogus" laws. Finding that it did, Capt. Brown, leader of the company, cried in a loud voice, "The Pottawatomie company will assemble on the parade ground !" I( 682 CYCLOPEDIA OF This order was quite sufficient, for Judge Cato and the jury hastened to Lecompton. On the night of May 24, 1856, occurred what is termed the Pottawatomie massacre (q. v.), the object of which was to protect the free-state settlers by terrorizing in the most effective manner the pro- slavery element. Franklin county did not contribute many men to the arni}- in the Civil war. In 1861 there were about 2,500 inhabitants in the county scattered along the northern, eastern and southern borders. There was very little town life, no rallying points, so the enthusiastic ones had to go to Lawrence or other points to enlist. There were some recruits, however. Company D of the Twelfth infantry was composed entirely of residents of the county. It was mustered in on Sept. 25, 1862, and was officered b}- George Ashley, captain ; Henry Shively, first lieutenant ; Alfred Johnson, second lieutenant. In addition to this company, men were enlisted in nearly ever)- regiment of the state. Two railroad companies operate in the county. A line of the Atchi- son, Topeka & Santa Fe crosses from north to south in the center, pass- ing through Ottawa, with a branch southwest from Burlington Junction into Coffey county. Another line of the same road enters in the north- east corner, crosses in a southwesterly direction through Ottawa, and enters Osage county. A line of the Missouri Pacific railroad crosses the southeast corner, and a branch northwest from Osawatomie, Aliami count}', following the valley of the Marais des Cygnes river passes through Ottawa, thence west into Osage county. The first bond elec- tion for any railroad was held Nov. 6, 1866, on the question of voting $125,000 to the L. L. & G. railroad, and the second was held Sept. 23, 1867, on the question of raising $200,000. Both were carried, the second on the condition that cars were running to Ottawa by Jan. i, 1868. The road was completed to Ottawa Dec. 30, 1867. Bonds for the Santa Fe road to the amoimt of $100,000 were voted on April 6, 1869, on con- dition that $50,000 should be issued if the cars were running to Ottawa by July I, 1870, and $50,000 when the}^ were running to the southern line of the county. Franklin county was organized in 1855 with a partial set of oftTccrs. In 1857 an election was held and officers chosen, part of whom failed to qualif}' and in the spring of 1858 the vacancies were filled. The first county officers were as follows: Commissioners, J. A. Marcell, ^^^lliam Tluirnhrnugli and John F. Javens, Marcell being also probate judge; clerk, Robert Cowden ; treasurer, T. J. Mewhinney ; sheriff, C. L. Rob- bins; prosecuting attorney, P. P. Elder; register of deeds. William Austin ; coroner, John Bingham. The contests over the location of the county seat were numerous and exciting. The legislature of 1855 placed it at St. Hernard. When St. Bernard became extinct Minncola was made the county seat. An elec- tion was held March 26, i860, to determine a location. Ohio City. Peoria and Minneola were the contesting villages, but no one of them received a majority of the votes cast. Another election was held on April 16, KANSAS HISTORY 683 i860, at which Peoria received 342 and Ohio City 320. Then followed a contest between Peoria and Minneola. Minneola enjoined the removal of the records. A law suit followed, which was carried to the supreme court, but while the -case was pending the territorial legislature passed an act resubmitting the matter to the people. Another controversy fol- lowed but the supreme court decided the act was legal so the question was resubmitted and Minneola won the election. The next election on the question was held March 25, 1861, when the contesting towns were Ohio City, Peoria, Centropolis, Mount Vernon and Minneola. Again no decision was made. Another election was held on April 15 when Ohio City l^ecawie the county seat and so remained until another election on Aug. I, 1864, decided the question in favor of Ottawa. The schools of Franklin county are among the best in the state. There are 94 organized school districts and a school population of 6,624. Aside from the district and high schools is Ottawa University at Ottawa (q. v.), which has been maintained by endowment since it was organized in i860. \\ hile Franklin county is preeminently an agricultural county, a few industries of other kinds are in successful operation. Among these are flour mills, furniture factories, brick and tile factories, machine shops and a soap factory, fn earlier days an eiifort was made to establish a silk industry. (See Silk Culture.; Among the earliest newspapers published in the county was the Western Home Journal, a sheet that did much toward attracting set- tlers to that section. A cabin of an early settler. Judge James fianway, located near Lane, and occupied by the Hanway family from 1857-.59 has frequently been called John Brown's cabin. While he visited there a great deal, he never owned the place. In 1910 the assessed valuation of Franklin countv property was $32,342,026. The total value of field crops was $1,630,506, the five lead- ing crops being corn, $822,603; hay, $387,269; oats, $171,931; wheat, $74,631; Kafir corn, $57,264. The value of animals slaughtered or sold for slaughter was $940,605, and the value of dairy products was S350.834. Franklinville, a small settlement of Ness county, is situated on the south fork of Walnut creek 8 miles southwest of Ness City, the county seat, from which place mail is received by rural carrier. Fraser, John, was born in Cromarty, Scotland, about 1823. He received his education at the University of Aberdeen and while there won the Fluttonian prize in mathematics, offered every ten years. He also excelled in classical studies and showed an extreme earnestness and devotion to intellectual pursuits. After graduating at Aberdeen he went to the Bermuda islands to teach in Flamilton" Institute. He spent several years in Bermuda, but failing health influenced him to go to New York, where he was appointed principal of a private schooL In 1850 he went to Connellsville, Pa., as tutor to two boys, and while there organized a private school. In 1855 he went to Jefferson College as professor of mathematics. He remained at Jeft'erson for seven vears. 684 CVCLOrEDIA OF (luring which period he raised money for the first telescope used in a western Pennsylvania institution and superintended the erection of an observatory. In 1862 he enlisted as a private at Canonsburg and fought for the North throughout the Civil war. He won the rank of captain of the One Hundred and Fortieth Pennsylvania volunteers in Aug., 1862 ; became lieutenant-colonel in September, and in July of the next vear was made colonel. "During the charge of Hancock at .Spottsj-lvania he was wounded by a shell, and in Sept.. 1864, he was captured and held prisoner at Libb}' ])rison. Richmond. \'a. ; Roper's hospital, Charles- town. S. C. and finally at Camp Sorghum, Columbia, S. C. \\'hile im- prisoned with many others, at Roper's hospital, under fire of the guns from the northern fleet, he cheered his fellov^' prisoners for their amuse- ment a course of lectures, notably on Shakespeare's plays." He was finally exchanged, and returning to his regiment was made brevet brigadier-general. He was mustered (^ut in May, i8ri3. He then became president of the State College at Bellefontaine, Pa. t_)n June 17, 1868, he became the second chancellor of the University of Kansas, succeed- ing Robert \\". Oliver. The university building which bears his name was erected during his term of service, which ended in 1874. During his connection with the university he served as state, superintendent of I)ub]ic instruction. His last position was in the ^^'estern L'niversity of Pennsylvania. He died at .Mlegheny. Pa., of small-jiox, in June. T878, leaving a widow but no cliildren. Fred, an inland trading ])oint in Marion count}-, is located 11 miles southwest of Marion, the county seat, and 8 miles from Peabody, from which place it receives its mail. Aulene. on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., 3 miles to the northeast, is the nearest railroad station and slii))])ing jioint. Frederick, one of the smaller towns of Rico count}, is located in I-lureka township, at the junction of the Missouri Pacific and the St. Louis & San h~rancisco railroads, 12 miles northwest of Lyons, the county seal. It is a ship])ing and trading point for a wealthy agricul- tural district; has banking facilities, telegraph and telephone offices, a iniml)er of churches, good schools, and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The town was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1909. The population according to the government census of i()io was 151. Fredonia, the judicial se.it .-ind largest cit} of Wilson coiuit}-. is located southwest of the cenlci' of the county, 90 miles east of Wichita, and 130 from Kansas City. If has cit}- waterworks, police and fwc dc|)ariments, nattiral gas and electric lights, 3 banks, 2 ncwspajiers, 2 large Ijrick plants, 2 independent gas plants, linseed oil mill, ice and cold storage plant, cement works, foundry and machine shops, ,-iiid the largest window glass plant in the entire West, There are 3 clmiches and 3 public schools. l'"redoni;i is well etpiipped with railroad facilities to take care of her manufactured and farm ])roducts, the Missotiri Pacific rimning north and south, the Atchison, Topcka iS: ,'~^atit;( Fe run- KANSAS lilSTOKY 685 ning northeast and southwest, and the St. Louis & San I'Vancisco run- ning east and west cross at this point. It is the raih-oad center of the county. There are telegraph and express offices and an international money order postoffice with live rural routes. The pnjjulatidn in 1910 was 3,040. The foundation f(jr the town was laid in i(S68, when Dr. J. J. Ikirrett put up the first building, in which Albert Troxel opened a store. The next spring the Fredonia town company was formed with Justus Fel- lows, president; J. J. ISarrett, secretary; the other members being, \V. H. Williamson, J. H. liroadwell, Elisha Hadden, G. F. Jackson, John T. Heath, W. T. Barrett. John E. King. Albert Troxel and D. P. X'ichols. Steps were at once taken to build a court-house. There was a little rival town half a mile north called Twin Mounds, which about this time tried to secure a postoffice but failed because there was already a post- office by that name in Kansas. Fredonia then succeeded in securing a postoffice and was thus officially established as a town. By 1870 there were about thirty buildings on the town site. That year immigration Avas heavy, new buildings sprang up on the prairies, and the population went to about 600. In May, 1871, the town was incorporated as a city of the third class. An election was held in which 144 votes were polled and the following- officers were elected: T. J. Hudson, mayor; John Hammert, W. W. Sholes, C. Christ and Robert Morgan, councilmen. In September of that year the first bank was opened. In 1872 a disastrous fire occurred which destroyed nine buildings, netting a loss of $30,000. Another bank was started, by R. M. Foster & Co.. which failed in 1877. The St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. was built in 1879. The next year there were two fires in Fredonia, with a total loss of $17,000. Another fire occurred in May, 1886, destroying eleven frame store buildings worth $13,500. That year several new buildings went up, the total capital used in construction exceeding $150,000. In addition to private enterprises, the court-house was erected in that j-ear and several buildings were erected by the railroads. In July the whole north side of the square was burned to the ground, but was immediately rebuilt with two-story stone buildings. Many new business houses were erected in the next two years, and new enterprises started. In T889 there was another fire in which Cliff King, a nine-year-old boy, lost his life and buildings worth $30,000 were destroyed. A flood that year carried away the Center town- ship bridge over Fall river and a new one, several feet higher, was built. In 1890 a canning factory began operations, and in 1891 a linseed oil mill. Otto's flour mill on Fall river burned in 1898, and his new electric mill was built in 1900. The telephone system was installed in 1900. Freedmen's Relief Association. — This association resulted from the large negro immigration to Kansas in the year 1879. (See Negro Exodus. ) It was incorporated on May 8, 1879, with the following direc- tors : John P. St. John, Albert H. Horton, P. I. Bonebrake, John Francis, Bradford Miller, N. C. McFarland, A. B. Jetmore, J. C. Hebbard, Lyman U. Humphrey, Willard Davis, A. B. Lemmon, James Smith, T. \V. 686 CYCLOPEDIA OF Henderson, C. G. Foster and John M. Brown. On Jtme 26, 1879, the association issued an appeal "to friends of the colored people," in which it was stated that the organization was controlled by two motives, the first of which was humanity, and the second was "to maintain the honored traditions of our state, which had its conception and birth in a struggle for freedom and equal rights for the colored man." The appeal also announced that efforts were being made to establish a colony in Wabaunsee county, about 50 miles west of Topeka, where a tract of land belonging to the state university could be bought for $2.65 an acre. Freedom Colony. — This communistic settlement is located on the Little Osage river, 4 miles west of Fulton, Bourbon county, Kan., mail being received at Fulton. The colony was organized in 1897 as Branch 199 of the General Labor Exchange organization, incorporated in Mis- souri, with headquarters at Independence, Mo. Only members of the organization are admitted to colony membership and then only by unanimous vote, the applicant making a permanent deposit of property in amount satisfactory to the existing members. The colony has a limited membership which is slowly growing; owns a town site of 60 acres, a coal shaft, etc., and in a business way the members carry on the occupations of farming, coal mining and lumber sawing. Colony members may buy a life lease on an acre city lot for .$40, or on four lots for $140, payable in installments if he so elects. The objects of the colony are "to alleviate the sufferings and avert the dangers arising from a constantly' increasing class of unemployed, by establishing industries to provide employment for the idle, and by saving the wealth thus pro- duced for the benefit of the actual producers and their families; to facilitate the equitable exchange of services and products among the members of the association ; to lighten the burdens of charitable insti- tutions b}' establishing one that will be self-sustaining; to establish industrial schools for the benefit of those who cannot afford to attend high-priced colleges and academies; and to conduct any other industrial, educational and humanitarian work within the scope of the association." Free Employment Bureau. — The Kansas free cmi)loyment bureau was estaljjished by the act nf March 5, 1901, "for the purpose of providing employment agencies in all cities of the first and second class within the state." It was placed under the management of an officer known is the "director of free employment," with a salary of $1,200 a year and $500 for postage and office expenses. Under the law free employment agencies were established in a large number of cities, the agents being required to register the names and addresses of all persons asking for employment and report the same to the director, who was to make reports annually showing the work of the bureau. Theodore B. Gerow was appointed director of free employment on April 8, 1901, and served until his death in 1908. Ilis widow continued to conduct the affairs of the bureau and made the annual report for that year. In 1909 Charles Harris was aiipninled director. His report for the year 1910 shows that during the year there were ,34, ,■^40 ajiplications KANSAS HISTORY 687 for employment, and on the other hand there were 33,153 applications from persons asking for help. Through the medium of the bureau, 29,575 found employment. One of the greatest benefits resulting from the bureau is in its aid in furnishing harvest hands to the great wheat fields of western Kansas. When harvest time comes, acres and acres of wheat in the western counties all ripen about the same time, and it sometimes happens that men despatched by the bureau for a certain district are intercepted by wheat growers before they reach their destination. In some instances harvest hands have been almost dragged from the trains by force, so great has been the demand for help. In the establishment of this institution Kansas has shown a progressive spirit, by giving the services of a state official to the assistance of the worthy unemployed, thus enabling them to escape the clutches of private employment agencies, with which the payment of a fee is the main consideration. Freemasons. — The first meeting of a Masonic lodge in Kansas was in the hall of the Sons of Temperance at W)'andotte (now Kansas City), Aug. II, 1854. This was a meeting of Grove Lodge, which was organized under a dispensation from the Missouri grand lodge, dated Aug. 4, 1854. In that dispensation John M. Chivington was named as worshipful master; Matthew R. Walker, senior warden; and Cyrus Ganett, junior warden. In the petition asking for the dispensation, the residence of A'latthew R. Walker was named as the meeting place, but it was later decided to hold the meetings in the Sons of Temperance hall. The name of the lodge appears in the records of the Missouri grand lodge as "Kansas Lodge," though the name Grove was given in the dispensation. The name was subsequently changed to Wyandotte. On Oct. 6, 1854, the Missouri grand lodge issued a dispensation to Smithfield (afterward Smithton) Lodge, with John W. Smith, worship- ful master; S. Reinheart, senior warden; and D. D. Vanderslice, junior warden. The first meeting of this lodge was held on Nov. 30, 1854, on a high hill overlooking the Missouri river, not far from the residence of John W. Smith. A burr oak stump was used for an altar, and the tyler, who guarded against the approach of outsiders, was mounted on a horse. The lodge continued to meet on this hill until after it received its charter in June, 1855, when a meeting place was found "in a warehouse at the residence of Brother John H. Whitehead, secretary of the lodge, about 10 miles from Smithton." On Nov. 8, 1856, the lodge was removed to the Nemaha Indian agency, near the present village of Sparks, Doni- phan county, where meetings were held until June 5, 1857, when a hall was secured at Iowa Point. On Jan. 20, 1872, the lodge was removed to Highland, where it still remains. The third lodge organized in the territory was at Leavenworth, the dispensation from the Missouri grand lodge being dated Dec. 30, 1854. with Richard R. Rees, worshipful master ; Archibald Payne, senior war- den; and Auley Macauley, junior warden. On May 30, 1855, the Missouri grand lodge adopted the report of the committee on lodges under dispensation, which recommended that 688 CYCLOPEDIA OF charters be issued to the three Kansas lodges. In compliance with this action of the grand lodge, Smithton Lodge was chartered as No. 140, Leavenworth. Xo. 150, and Kansas (afterward Wyandotte), No. 153. Had the charter numbers corresponded to the dates of the dispensations, Kansas Lodge would ha\e been No. 140, Smithton. No. 150, and Lea\-en- worth, No. 153. A dispensation was granted to Lawrence Lodge on Sept. 24, 1855, with James Christian as worshipful master ; James S. Cowan, senior warden: and Columbus Hornsby, junior warden. Kickapoo Lodge received a dispensation dated Nov. 5, 1855, in which John II. Sahler was designated as worshipful master; P. M. Hodges, senior warden; and Charles H. Grover, junior warden. Both these lodges received cliarters from the Missouri grand lodge on May 26, 1856. In the meantime, however, the Kansas Masons had decided to cast off their allegiance to the grand lodge of Missouri and organize a grand jurisdiction of their own. On Sept. 15, 1855, the following resolution was adopted by Leavenworth Lodge :' "Resolved, that the several chartered lodi.'es in this territory be requested to send in delegates to Leavenworth on the second Monday in November next, for the purpose of organizing a grand lodge in the territory, and that the secretary forward to each lodge a copy of this resolution." Leavenworth and Smithton Lodges were the only ones represented at the meeting in November, and an adjournment was taken to Dec. ly, following. .\\ the adjourned meeting Leavenworth and Smithton were again the only lodges represented, but those present adopted a reso- lution lo organize a grand lodge, "and that a copy of the proceedings of this convention l)e forwarded to \\'yaiulcilte Lodge. No. 153, with a request thai they coojjerate with us and approxe the ])roceedings of this convention ; and that so Sdcn as ^\'yandotte Lodge shall infdrni the grand master-elect of their approval and cooperation in the proceedings of this convention, then the grand master-elect shall be installed as grand master and immediately issue his pniclamalii ai iloclai'ing this grand lodge full}- organized." The records do not show that the giand master then elecled was ever installed, but in Feb., iS^f), the Wyandotte Lodge signified its api)roval and coripeiatiim, and on March 17 another meeting was held at Lea\-en- worth, at which all three of the chartered lodges were represented, when the organizatinn (if the grand lodge was completed. The ch.irlers received I'mm the Missouri grand lodge were depositeil with the grand secretary and new charters were issued, .Smithton Lodge becoming No. I, Leavenwiirlh, No. 2. and Wyandotte, No. 3. On July 14, 1850, Kick- apoo Lodge was chartered as No. 4, Wasliingtcm Lodge at \tciiisou. tlie first organized by tiie Kansas grand lodge, as No. 5. .and Lawrence Lodge as No. 6. Since that time the growth of Masonry in K:uisas has kept itace with her growth in other directions, the rejiorts of tin- grand lodge in Feb.. kjii. showing 3<)o chartered lodges and 4 working under disi)ensalion. with .1 loi.il membershi]i of 35,496 f)n Dec. 31. igio. KANSAS mSTOKY 689 Following is a list of the grand masters since the organization of the grand lodge: Richard R. Rees, 1856-59; George H. Fairfield, i860; Jacob Saqui, 1861-65; Moses S. Adams, 1866-67; John H. Brown, 1868-70; John M. Price, 1871-72; Owen A. Bassett, 1873-74; Isaac B. Sharp, 1875; Jacob D. Rush, 1876; John Guthrie, 1877; Edwin D. Hillyer, 1878; Joseph D. McCleverty, 1879-80; William Cowgill, 1881-82; George S. Green, 1883; J. J. Buck, 1884; M. M. Miller, 1885; Silas E. Sheldon, 1886; Henry C. Cook, 1887; Watson M. Lamb, 1888; George C. Kenyon, 1889; J. C. Postlethwaite, 1890; Andrew M. Callahan, 1891 ; David B. Fuller, 1892; William D. Thompson, 1893; George W. Clark, 1894; James H. McCall, 1895; Chiles C. Coleman, 1896; William M. Shaver, 1897; Maurice L. Stone, 1898; Henry C. Loomis, 1899; Charles J. Webb, 1900; Perry M. Hoisington, 1901 ; Thomas E. Dewey, 1902; Bestor G. Brown, 1903; Thomas G. Fitch, 1904; Samuel R. Peters, 1905; Thomas L. Bond, 1906; E. W. Wellington, 1907; Henry F. Mason, 1908; Fred Washbon, 1909; M. K. Brundage, 1910; Alexander A. Sharp, 191 1. C. T. Harrison was the first grand secretary, holding the office but one year. Charles Mundee then served until i860; E. T. Carr from 1861 to 1870; John H. Brown from 1871 to 1893, and since then the office has been held by Albert K. Wilson. The first Royal Arch chapter was organized at Atchison and named Washington Chapter, No. i. Chapters were soon afterward instituted at Leavenworth and Fort Scott. On Jan. 27, 1866, representatives of the three Royal Arch bodies met at Leavenworth and organized the grand chapter, with Richard R. Rees as the first grand high priest. In 19x1 there were 90 chapters in the state. The grand council was organized at Leavenworth on Dec. 12, 1867, by delegates from the councils at Leavenworth, Lawrence and Atchison. Richard R. Rees was elected the first most puissant grand master. Thirteen councils were reported in 191 1. By 1868 there had been organized in the state four Knights Templars commanderies. They were Leavenworth, No. i ; Washington, No. 2, at Atchison ; Hugh de Payen, No. 3, at Fort Scott ; and DeMola}-, No. 4, at Lawrence. On Oct. 21, 1868, delegates from these four commanderies met at Lawrence and organized the grand commander}^ In 1911 there were 54 commanderies in the state. Kansas has six Scottish Rite consistories — at Kansas City, Topeka, Lawrence, Salina. Fort Scott and Wichita — and four temples of the Ancient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, located at Salina, Leavenworth, Pittsburg and Wichita. There are also a number of chapters of the Order of the Eastern Star, a degree to which the wives, mothers, sisters and daughters of Master Masons in good standing are admitted. The Eastern Star originated in New York in 1868, and in 1910 there were over 500,000 members in the LTnited States, of which Kansas had a fair proportion. Freeport, one of the smaller incorporated towns of Harper countv, is located on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 12 miles northeast of Anthony, the ri-44) 690 CYCLOPEDIA OF county seat. It has a score of business houses, a bank, an elevator, a monej- order postoffice with one rural route, and is supplied with express and telegraph offices. The population in 1910 was 250. Freighting, Overland. — Prior to the advent of the railroads west of the Missouri river, the transportation of freight to points in the remote west was an important problem. The immense traffic had its inception with the Santa Fe traders over the trail that led from Independence, AIo., to the southwest. This business was greatly increased a few years later when the Oregon, Utah and California emigrants pushed into the heart of the far west When the discovery of gold near Pike's Peak became known the rush that followed was almost unparalleled in the annals of history. This subject has never been thoroughly written up and it is impossible at this date to give any approximate estimate of the under- taking. The Santa Fe trade grew hum the start and as earl}- as 1854 as much as $1,000,000 worth of goods annualh" were transported to that place, which figures were greatly increased before the era of railroads. Josiah Gregg, of Independence, was one of the earliest freighters, and in his "Commerce of the Prairies," published in 1840, gives a good description of those early times, though it was published a little prior to the great freighting era. Bent, Aubrey and Maxwell were other well known freighters on this great trail. These men with loaded wagons averaged about 32 miles a day, and about 42 with empty ones, always stopping at noon and taking the harness ofT their mules and allowing them to run loose to graze and roll while the men cooked and ale dinner. Wagon trains along the Santa Fe trail numbered from six to fifty wagons each, every wagon being drawn by from six to eight spans of mules or as many yoke of oxen. During the period when Indians were trouble- some the smaller outfits always travelled in company with the larger ones, and at one time no wagon trains with less than fifty wagons were allowed to pass Fort Larned. At night these wagons were arranged in a circle and the stock placed inside to prevent stampeding by Indians. With the opening of the Oregon trail (q. v.) an immense business developed in that quarter. This trail had its start from Independence Mo., and up to the time of the Mormon emigration was practically the only route to the Pacific coast. On the completion of the military r(iad friim i-nrt Leavenworth to Fort Kearney, considerably shortening the haul from the Missouri river to that point, the transportation of freight and passengers was almost entirely abandoned over tin- lnilo|)endence road, starling west from Fort Leavenworth, St. Toseiili .md Coimcil Bluflfs. In the early fifties the firm of Majors & Russell, freiglUers, of h'ort Leavenworth, obtained a contract for the transjiortation of all govern- ment freight that was sent from this post to other military outposts in the western country. Some idea of the extent of this undertaking ma}- be gleaned from the fact that in 1856 this firm had .^50 wagons employed ;ind their ])rofits for the year anionnteii to .iboul ,'?35o,ooo. in 1838 liiis KANSAS HISTORY 69I firm, then known as Russell, Majors & Waddel, obtained the contract for the transptjrtation of supplies to Utah for the army of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston Up to this time the most of the government supplies had been forwarded west from Fort Leavenworth, but with this con- tract it became imperative to have another base of supplies, as the load- ing and unloading of hundreds of thousands of pounds of freight at any point would seriously retard business, and accordingly Nebraska City was chosen. This year the freight ofifered by the government amounted to over 16,000,000 pounds and the firm had to increase their transjjorta- tion facilities to 3,500 wagons and more than 40,000 oxen. To handle this immense business it required over 4,000 men and about 1,006 mules. All this freight was finally gotten through to its destination, and the wagons after being unloaded were taken to Salt Lake City and placed as closely together as the}- could be. After remaining there for a year they were sold to the Mormon authorities for $10 each, having cost at the factory from $150 to $175. The oxen were carefully looked over and about 3,500 were selected to drive to California to place on the market there. They were first driven to Rub}- Valley, Nev., which was thought to be a good place to go into winter quarters. Soon after reaching there, however, a great snow storm set in and continued for several days with unabated fury, fn less than forty days after reaching the valley all but about 200 of the animals were frozen to death, not being able to obtain any subsistence. About $150,000 was lost in this disaster. fn 1857 Indians attacked a herd of about 1,000 oxen owned by the firm that were being grazed on the Platte river west of Fort Kearney, killed the herd- ers and scattered the animals. This was also a complete loss. This firm employed six yoke of oxen to each wagon which contained from 5,000 to 6,000 pounds of freight. Trail wagons were not then used. Twenty-five wagons and the necessary teams constituted a "'train," and these trains were scattered along the road at intervals of from 2 to 10 miles apart, so as to keep out of each other's way. This firm finally failed in 1863 and much of their equipment fell into the hands of Augus- tus and Peter Byram, who took the same to Atchison and conducte'd a freighting business from that place. These gentlemen had previously been employed by the firm as yard and wagon master, respectively. Atchison from early days was one of the most important points for freighting along the Missouri river. Cutler's history of Kansas says : "In June, 1855, Atchison was selected by a number of Salt Lake freight- ers — the heaviest in the coimtry — for their outfitting and starting point on the Missouri river. This is what gave the place its first business start, and the great channel through which this immense traffic poured — the great overland route to Utah and California — brought Atchison into intimate communication with the whole west." In i860 the following firms were doing a freighting business with headquarters at this place : Irwin, Jackman & Co., government freighters, with 520 wagons, 75 mules, 6,240 oxen, and 650 men ; D. D. White & Co., with 125 wagons, 22 mules ; 1,542 oxen and 52 men; Livingston, Bell & Co.; Jones & Cartwright ; J. 692 CYCLOPEDIA OF B. Doyle & Co. ; M. Elsback &: Co. ; John Dold & l!ro. ; Robert & Lauder- dale; Hugh Murdock, and others. In that year there were 1,328 wagons, 502 mules, 15,303 oxen and 1,549 drivers employed in the business out of Atchison. In 1865 over 21,500,000 pounds of freight were received at Atchinson for shipment, a considerable portion Ijeing destined for Denver. The F.utterfield Overland Despatch (q. v.) was started this year and at once became a formidable competitor, but on account of troubles with the Indians was soon forced out of business. Wagon trains running out of Atchison carried from 6,000 to 8.000 pounds of freight each, and averaged their owners about $400 for the trip to Den- ver, making an average of 14 miles a day and consuming 90 days in a round trip. The slow gait of oxen precluded their making over three round trips a year. Mules, luuvever, made much better time, requiring from thirty to forty days for the trip and return. From 12 to 16 cents a pound was the charge for freight hauled by mule teams during the sum- mer months, while in winter as much as 25 cents a pound was asked and obtained. During the '60s as many as hve steamboats at one time liave been at the Atch.ison levee discharging freight for western points. Leavenworth was also an important point as a freighting center. In 1855 Majors, Russell & Co. were the largest freighters, the bulk of their business being transportation of government supplies. Clayton & Lowe, Powers & Newman, and others were engaged extensively in the business during the latter '50s. in 1862 Toussant & Boucher, Burris & Trow- bridge, John S. Hamill, Lewis H. Hershfield, Lawrence Page, David W. Powers, Everett Stanley and Thomas H. Young were doing a freight- ing business. The following year eleven firms were similarly engaged. In 1865 no less than forty-seven firms were employed in freighting, among whom were A. Caldwell. L C. Irwin. David Powers, \'>. L. Burris and others. With the discovery of gold near Pike's Peak, on Cherry creek, ihc real rush begun. Every trail, road and short cut leading tuwards these new diggings was soon crowded w ilh freighting outfits of every sort, loaded down with stocks of merchandise intended to sujij^ly every possible human want; lined with adventurous individuals in lighter vehicles, who pushed on as fast as horse flesh could endure the strain: men cm horse- back ; men with push carts ; to}- wagdus and wheelbarrows, and last Init not least, an ever increasing army on foot, with their earthly ])ossessions tied in a jiackage and slung over a shoulder. This rush started in 1X58 and by 1859 had reached the flood stage. The greater i);irt of this tr.ivel went over the California road, while much went uj) tlic K.iw ii\cr and up the Smoky Mill valley; up (he divide between the Rcimblican and Cha|)man creeks; and much b\- way of the .Santc Fe and Pike's Peak trails. Willi the advent of the railroads the prairie schnduers gradujilly dis- appeared and fragmentarj- jjurtions of the old lr;iils are the only remain- ing vestiges of a mighty commerce thai li.is ili'~a])iicarc(l. KANSAS HISTORY 693 Fremont, a ]3i'Sl-liamlct of Aid 'herscin cuunty, is locateil in the north- western part, on a hrancli Hue of tlie Missouri Pacific R. K. al)ont 13 miles northwest of MclMicrson, the county seat. It had a ijopnhition of 15 according to the census of mjio. The nearest imjiortant town is Lindsborg, about 7 miles east. Fremont County, one of the early couiuics of Kansas territory, was created in 1859, with the following boundaries: "Commencing at the southwest corner of Broderick county and running thence due west to the western boitndary of the Territory of Kansas ; thence northeasterly along the summit of the Rocky mountains, to the southwest corner of Montana county, thence due east to a point 20 miles west of the 105th meridian of longitude, thence due south to the point of beginning." T. C. Dixon, A. G. Patrick and T. L. Whitney were appointed commission- ers and authorized to locate the seat of justice near the geographical center of the county. When the Territory of Colorado was erected. Fremont count}- liecame a part of the new territory. Fremont, John Charles, soldier and explorer, whose earl\- ex])editions to the Rocky mountains brought to the notice of the American people the region of which the State of Kansas is a part, was born at Savannah, Ga., Jan. 21, 1813. His father died in 1818 and the widow removed with her family to Charleston, S. C, where John C. entered college at the age of fifteen years, but was expelled for absence and inattention to his work. He then became a private teacher of mathematics, in which he excelled, and later a teacher on the sloop of war Natchez, upon which he made a two years' cruise. He then passed an examination for a professorship in the United States nav}' and was assigned to the frigate Independence, but declined to become assistant engineer in the United States topo- graphical corps. In 1838 he was commissioned second lieutenant by president Van Buren, and on Oct. 19, 1841, secretly married Jessie, daughter of Thomas H. Benton, her parents objecting to the union on account of her age. The next ten years Fremont spent in exploring the country between the Missouri river and the Rocky mountains (See Fre- mont's Expeditions) and his reports gave to many their first kno\vledge of what is now the State of Kansas. His work also won for him the sobriquet of "Pathfinder." In 1850 he was presented with a gold medal by the King of Prussia for his discoveries. The first Republican national convention in 1856 nominated him for the presidency, and he received 114 electoral votes, Buchanan receiving 174. Soon after the Civil war began he was made major-general and assigned to the command of the Western Department, with headquarters at St. Louis. On Aug 31, 1861, he proclaimed martial law and the emancipation of the slaves belonging to those in arms against the government. President Lincoln indorsed the proclamation, except that part concerning emancipation, but this Fremont refused to rescind, and it was finally annulled by order of the president. This, and other complaints, caused him to be relieved of his command, but the following spring he was placed in command of the mountain district in Kentuckv, Tennessee and \^irginia. ^^'hen his 694 CYCLOPEDIA OF command was made a part of Gen. Pope's army of \^irginia, Fremont asked to be relieved. His request was granted, and this practically ended his military career. In 1878 he was appointed governor of Arizona and served until 1881. Gen. Fremont was the author of various works, most of them relating tc his explorations. He died at New York on July 13. 1890. Fremont's Expeditions. — The explorations of John C. Fremont, made under an act of Congress, were of much importance in placing before the people a faithful description of the region west of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. His first was made in 1842 with only 21 men, collected in the neighborhood of St. Louis, principall)^ Creole and Canadian voy- ageurs who had become familiar with prairie life in the service of the fur companies in the Indian country. Charles Preuss, a native of Ger- many, was his assistant in the topographical part of the survey; L. Max- well of Kaskaskia was engaged as hunter, and Christopher Carson (more familiarly known as "Kit" Carson) was the guide. From St. Louis the party proceeded to Cyprian Chouteau's trading house on the Kansas river, about 10 miles west of the Missouri line. The start was made from that point on June 10, 1842. In about 10 miles thev reached the' Sante Fe road, along which they continued for a short time, "and encamped early on a small stream, having traveled about 11 miles." They traveled the next day along the Sante Fe road, which they left in the afternoon, and encamped late in the evening on a small creek, called by the Indians, Mishmagwi. On June 12 the party seems to have camped near the site of Lawrence, for in Col. Fremont's narrative he says : "We encamped in a remarkably beautiful situation on the Kansas bluflFs, which com- manded a fine view of the river valley, here from 3 to 4 miles wide. The central portion was occupied by a broad belt of heavy timber, and nearer the hills the prairies were of the richest verdure." On the 14th he crossed to the no"-th side of the river, probably near the point where Topeka is now located. On the i6th he says: "We are now fairly in the Indian country, and it began to be time to prepare for tlie chances of the wilder- ness." The party continued its journey along the foot of the hills which border the Kansas valley, and on tiie 20th crossed the Big Vermilion, "which has a rich bottom of abciut one mile in breadth, one-third of which is oc- cupied by timber." After a day's march of 24 miles they reached the i'ig Blue, and encamped on the uplands of the western side, near a small creek, where was a fine large spring of very cold water. Ai noon on the 22nd a halt was made at Wyelh's creek, in the bed of which wore uu merous boulders of dark, ferruginous sandstone, mingled with nthcrs of the red sandstone variety. At the close of the same day lliey made their bivouac in the midst of some well-limbered ravines near the Little l^lue, 24 miles from their camp of the preceding night. Crossing the next morning a number of handsome creeks, with water clear and sandy beds, at 10 a. m. they reached a beautifully wooded stream, abiuii 35 feet wide, called Sandy creek, "and. as llu- Otdcs frccnu'iilK wiulcr tlutc. Ihc Otoe KANSAS HISTORY 695 fork." After aiiotlier hard day's march of 28 miles they encamped on the Little Blue, "where our arrival made a scene of the Arabian Desert." Thence their route lay up the valley, and on the night of the 25th they halted at a point in what in now Nuckolls county, Nebraska. "From the mouth of the Kansas, according to our reckoning, we had traveled 328 miles, and the geological formation of the country we had passed over consisted of lime and sand stone, covered by the same erratic deposits of sand and gravel which forms the surface rock of the prairies between the Missouri and Mississippi rivers." They marched up the Platte valley, but upon reaching the forks, the main party was sent up the north fork, while a few men under Fremont passed up the south fork to St. Vrain's fort. From here they marched northward to the north fork and joined the main body at Fort Laramie. Although the Indians were on the warpath farther up the river, Fremont determined to proceed. They continued to advance without serious interruption, arrived at the Sweetwater river, marched through South Pass, and a little later as- cended the highest peak of the Wind river mountains. The return journey down the Platte was made without notable incident. Fremont's second exploration was made in 1843, his party consisting principally of Creole and Canadian French, and Americans, amounting in all to 39 men. To make the exploration as useful as possible. Col. Fremont determined to vary the route to the Rocky mountains from that followed in 1842, the route decided upon being up the valley of the Kansas river, to the head of the Arkansas river, and to some pass in the mountains, if any could be found, at the sources of that river. By mak- ing this deviation, it was thought the problem of a new road to Oregon and California in a climate more congenial might be solved, and a better knowledge obtained of an important river and the country it drained, while the great object of the expedition would find its point of com- mencement at the termination of the former. The departure was made from what is now Kansas City, Kan., on the morning of May 29, and at the close of that day the party encamped about 4 miles beyond the frontier, on the verge of the great prairies. Resuming their journey on the 31st, they encamped in the evening at Elm Grove, and from then until June 3 followed the same route as the expedition of 1842. Reaching' the ford of the Kansas, near the present site of Lawrence, they left the usual emigrant road to the mountains and continued their route along the south side of the river, where their progress was much delayed by the numerous small streams, which obliged them to make frequent bridges. On the morning of June 4 they crossed Otter creek, and on the 8th arrived at the mouth of Smoky Hill fork, forming here, by its junction with the Republican, the Kansas river. On the nth they resumed their journey along the Republican fork, and for several days continued to travel through a country beau- tifully watered with numerous streams, handsomely timbered, "and rarel}^ an incident occured to vary the monotonous resemblance which one day on the prairies here bears to another, and which scarcely requires a particular description." 696 CYCLOPEDIA OF They had been gradually and regularly ascending in their progress westward, and on the evening of the 14th were 265 miles by their travel- ing road from the mouth of the Kansas. At this point the party was divided, and on the i6th, Fremont, with 15 men, proceeded in advance, bearing a little out from the river. That night he encamped on Sol- omon's fork of the Smoky Hill river, along whose tributaries he con- tinued to travel for several days. On the 19th he crossed the Pawnee road to the Arkansas, and on the afternoon of June 30 he found himself overlooking a valley, where, about 10 miles distant, "the south fork of the Platte was rolling magnificenth^ along, swollen with the waters of the melting snows." Upon reaching St. Vrain's fort, he concluded to remain a considerable length of time in order to explore the surrounding country. Boiling Spring river was traversed, and the pueblo at or near its mouth was visited. From Fort St. Vrain. the main party marched straight to Fort Laramie, while the party under Fremont passed farther to the west, skirting the mountain, and carefully examining the country. The two detachments met on the Sweetwater river, and after marching through South Pass continued on to Fort Bridger, whence they moved west down the Bear river valley. The expedition then marched to Cal- ifornia and passed a considerable distance down the coast, when it re- turned, reaching Colorado at Brown's Hole. While in Colorado, Fre- mont explored the wonderful natural parks there. On his return he passed down the Arkansas, visiting the "pueblo" and Bent's Fort, at which place he arrived on July i, 1844. On the 5th he resumed his jour- ney down the Arkansas river, traveling along a broad wagon road. De- siring to complete the examination of the Kansas, he soon left the Arkansas and took a northeasterly direction across the elevated dividing- grounds which separate that river from the waters of the Platte. On the 8th he arrived at the head of a stream which proved to be the Smoky Hill fork of the Kansas river. After having traveled directly along its banks fnr 290 miles, the expedition left the river, where it bore suddenly off in a northwesternly direction, toward its junction with the Repub- lican fork of the Kansas, and continued its easterly course for about 20 miles when it entered the wagon road from Sante Fe to Independence. On the last day of July Fremont again encamped a1 the site nf Kansas City, Kan., after an absence of fourteen months. The third expedition under Fremont in 1845 comprised nearly 100 men. Many of hi? old companions joined him, among whom were Car- son, Godey, Owens, and several experienced Delaware Indians. With him also was his favorite, Basil Lajeunesse, and I.ieuts. .'\bert and Peck. With this larger force he felt equal to any miergency likely to arise. The plains were crossed without noteworthy incident, except a scare from the Cheyennes, and on Aug. 2 Bent's Fort was reached. On the i6th, the expedition proper, consisting of about 60 men, mostly picked for their known qualities of courage, hardihood and faithfulness, left Bent's Fort and started on its journey. On the 2nlh it encamped at the mouth of Boiling Springs river, and wn tlie _'C)tli at the tuimth of the KANSAS HISTORY 697 great canon of the Arkansas. Un tlie night of Sept. 2, it reached the remote headwaters of the Arkansas. Two days later Fremont passed across the divide into tlie valley of the Grand river, and camped on Piney river, where a goodly supply of fish was caught. The marvelous beauty of the surroundings were specially noted by the scientists accompanying the party. Continuing westward without noteworthy incident, the party reached Great Salt Lake early in October, and after great hardships Sutter's Fort in California was reached in December. The following year Fremont assisted the Californias in gaining their independence. A fourth expedition, commenced in 1848, was prosecuted at his own expense, and ended in finding a passage to California from the east along the headwaters of the Rio Grande. This was later followed by the Southern Pacific railroad. He also fitted out upon his account a fifth expedition (1853), designed to perfect the results of the fourth, by fixing upon the best route for a national highway from the valley of the Mis- sissippi to the Pacific ocean. These expeditions involved great hardships, but every suffering was rewarded b}' marvelous disclosures of the geo- graphical variety and wealth of the country through which they passed. Kansas and the regions to the west were almost unknown up to this time. His report of the resources found attracted the attention of the people of the East, and from the time of these explorations may be dated the rapid influx of immigrants into Kansas and the speedy settlement of the territory. Traversing the state as he did, from its eastern to its west- ern boundary, his complete reports turned the tide of home-seekers in that direction. Friend, a post-hamlet of Finne}' county, is near the northern bound- ary on the line of the proposed Garden City, Gulf and Northern R. R.. ibout 22 miles from Garden City, the count)^ seat. Friends. — The religious order known as Friends, more commonly called Quakers, originated in England about 1647. The founder of the society was George Fox, a dissenter from the teachings and practices of the church of that period. His views and practical application of Chris- tian doctrines spread rapidly, and within a short time he had man}^ adherents. These people had no intention of establishing a new church, but as their preaching was incompatible with the practices of the church, it was inevitable that separation should follow. Fox preached in central England first, and from that region some sixty Quaker missionaries went forth to carry on the new movement. The members were variously known as Children of Truth, Friends of Truth and finally the name Re- ligious Society of Friends was adopted. The friends have no formal creed or doctrine and it is in spirit more than faith that they differ from other denominations. The first discip- linar\' meetings, established as earh' as 1856, were held each month and were in a sense congregational. By the term discipline, the Friends understand all regulations and arrangements for the civil and religious benefit of the church. Gradually certain meetings or assemblies were established and are now four in number: preparatory, monthly, quar- 698 CYCLOPEDIA OF terly and yearly meetings. The preparatory meetings are subordinate to the monthly meetings and have little power, being occupied with local affairs, and in America have been discontinued. Each of the other meet- ings is subordinate to the one above, up to the yearly meeting which has exclusive legislative power. The Quaker movement spread to Scotland and Ireland and in the middle of the seventeenth century to America. The first Friends to locate in Massachusetts colony were persecuted and deported, but in spite of this converts were made and meetings established in the Eng- lish colonies. The Friends who came to New Jersey settled along the Raritan river, and Burlington was founded by them. William Penn joined the society in 1667. He secured East Jersey and Pennsylvania, and it was through his eti'orts that his colony had a Quaker population of 7,000 within three years. As early as 1688, the Friends protested against slavery and no slaves were in their possession after the year 1787. Since the establishment of the Friends in America the organiza- tion has divided into the following bodies: Society of Friends (Ortho- dox), Religious Society of Friends (Hicksite), Orthodox Conservative Friends (Wilburite), and Friends Primitive. With the great migratory movement west after the Revolutionary war, Quakers passed into the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers and today their faith has been carried to the shores of the Pacific. In 1834 they founded a mission among the Shawnee Indians of Kansas, near the Methodist mission on the Neosho river, where in 1854, David Thayer and his wife and Richard Mendenhall had charge of llie mission and school for the Indian children. Some of the first Quaker settlers of Kansas were William H. L'nfiin, H. 11. Hiatt and Eli Wilson, who came to the territory in the fall of 1854, and located ihc lirsl I'riends settle- ment on Fall creek about 14 miles west of Eeavenworth. Mr. Coffin in his article. Settlement of the Friends in Kansas, says: "We held our first Friends' meeting (in Feb. 1856) which was probably the first Friends' meeting in Kansas Territory, outside of the Friends mission." This was at Benjah Iliatt's cabin on Fall creek about a mile above its continence with Stranger creek. After this meetings were held regularly. Jn Dec. 1857, there being about fifty Quakers in the settlement, they sent a request to the Milford monthly meeting of Indiana to have a pre- paratory meeting,- and a committee was sent from Milford in May, 1858 to attend the opening. Many more Friends came to Kansas in the sjjring and in tiic summer of 1859, tiie first Friends meeting-house in Kansas was Iniilt. ,\ second and (piite large settlement of Friends had been formed on the Cottonwood, near Emporia, and a third south of ( )sa\val- omie, where meetings were lield soon after the l^attlc of ( )savvalomie in 1856. Other settlements of Friends were formed by ininiigr.inls from tlie cast. Some of the earliest were ncir Lawrence, where a church was organized in 1865, This was the nucleus of the yearly meeting .after- ward held I here. The first census that gives a rejiort of the l-'rionds' organization^ in K.nisas was that of i8Sj, when ihcre were 4,^ . iS(n, fotir days after Fort Sumter was fired upoti by the Confederate l)atter- ies al Charleston, Maj. Ilunler (afterward niajor-gencr.ir) was sent to the ^Villard with a request from the secretary of war th.il I ..nir r()iort with his company at the White House, and that wilhiu half .111 hom the company was quartered in the great room, with pickets thrown ,.iii in all directions. KANSAS illSTOKV 7OI Adjt.-Gen. R. C. Drum, when asked for information rc<^arfling the ■company, made the following statement; "After April 19, iiS6i, when the Sixth Massachusetts regiment was attacked by a mob in Baltimore, there being but few troops in the city of Washington, the government accepted the services of a number of organizations in the District of Columbia. All of these companies were mustered in except the 'Clay Guards' commanded by Cassius M. Clay of Kentucky and the 'P'rontier Guard' commanded ijy Gen. James H. Lane of Kansas, United States senator." Clay's company was assigned to the duty of guarding the long bridge, and Lane's was stationed at the Executive Mansicjn, where it remained on duty for several weeks, the men never receiving or asking for com- pensation, though Lane, according to Speer, saw that they were honor- ably discharged. Speer also sa^^s that Charles H. Holmes, a member of the company, told him that he was sent by Gen. Lane with a squad of men to capture Gen. Robert E. Lee at Arlington, but Lee, whether warned or not, made his escape to Richmond before the detachment arrived. Eugene F. Ware, while pension commissioner, sent to the Kansas Historical Society on Aug. 4, 1902, a partial list of the members of the Frontier guard. This list shows the following officers : Captain, James H. Lane; first lieutenant, Mark Delahay; second lieutenant, J. B. Stock- ton ; first sergeant, D. S. Gordon ; second sergeant, John T. Burris ; third sergeant, I^. Holtslander ; first corporal, John P. Hatterscheidt ; second corporal, J. W. Jenkins. In the list of 51 privates furnished by Mr. Ware are the names of a number of men who were intimately connected with Kansas affairs in an early day. Among them may be mentioned Thomas Ewing Jr., D. R. Anthony, Sidney Clarke, j\Iarcus J. Parrott, A. C. Wild- er, Henry J. Adams, Robert McBratney, Samuel F. Tajipan, Charles F. De Vivaldi, Samuel C. Pomeroy. W. W. Ross, P. C. Schuyler, William Hutchinson. Charles Howells, M. H. Insley and Clarke J. Hanks, the last named a nephew of President Lincoln. The K^ansas Historical Society has the original discharge of Sidney Clarke, and copies of the discharges of Cunningham Hazlett and L. Holtslander. A complete list of those who served in the Frontier Guard will prob- ably never be obtained. Speer says that the original company numbered 200 men, other authorities equally as reliable place the number at 120. But whatever the number, all were men who did not swerve from duty in the hour of the nation's peril, and it is to be regretted that their names cannot be obtained, in order that a deserving tribute might be paid to their promptness and efficiency in defense of the nation's capital in the opening days of the great Civil war. Frontier Patrol. — (See Patrol Guard.) Fruit. — (See Horticulture.) Fuller, a town of Crawford count}'-, with a population ©f 351 in 1910, is a station on the Kansas City Southern R. R. 10 miles east of Girard. the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express 702 CYCLOPEDIA OF offices, telephone connections, a good local trade, etc. Coal mining is the principal industry, and large quantities of coal are shipped from Fuller annually. Fullerton, a post-hamlet of Hodgeman county, is situated about 15 miles southeast of Jetmore, the coimty seat, and 8 miles south of Gray, which i? the nearest railroad station. Fulton, one of the largest towns in Bourbon county, is situated in the northeastern part of the county on the St, Louis & San Francisco R. R. 13 miles north of Fort Scott, the county seat. It was founded in 1869 and the following year several stores were opened. Grain elevators and a mill were built, and as the population grew two good hotels and fine public school buildings were erected. The name of the town at first was Osaga, but the similarity to Osage was conftising, and it was changed to Fulton. The first postoffice was established in 1869 under the name of Osaga, but was changed with the name of the town. In 1874 Fulton was incorporated as a city of the third class, since which time it has con- tinued to prosper. The Methodist church was established in 1870 and a fine church edifice was soon after built. The Catholic church also per- fected an organization. A lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fel- lows was established in 1875 and in the early '80s the Masonic Lodge was established. The town is located in the midst of a rich farming dis- trict for which it is the supply and shipping point. In iqio it had a population of 416. Funston, a small hamlet a little southeast of the center of Allen county, is about 10 miles from lola, the county seat, and some 8 miles from Hum- boldt, from which place it receives mail by rural delivery. Elsmore is the most convenient railroad station. Funston, Edward Hogue, member of Congress, was born in Clark count)', Ohio, Sept. 16, 1836, a son of Frederick and Julia (Stafford) Funston. His parents were of Irish descent and well educated for the day in which they lived. With the other members of his family, F.dward shared the hardships and privations incident to pioneer life in the middle west. He was given a reasonably fair countr\- school education, attend- ing school until he was thirteen years old, when he hired out to a farmer for the summer but attended school in the winter. For three years he worked and studied in this way, until he qualified himself to enter New Carlisle Academy. At the age of twenty he became a country school teacher and thus obtained means to attend Marietta College for two years. He did not graduate, but later had the degree of Master of Arts conferred upon him by the college. In 1861 he entered the .Sixteenth Ojiid battery and took [lart in the principal actions along the Mississippi river, until mustered out of the service in 1865. in 1867 he came to Kansas and located on :i prairie farm in Carlyle townshi]), Alien county. He was elected \n the state legislatiux in 1873, was reelected at each of the two succeeding annual elections, and was speaker of tlie house the last year. In 1880, he was elected to the stale senate and served as president pro-tempore of that body. After four years in KANSAS IIIS'IOKV 7O3 the state senate, he was elected to Congress on March I, 1884, to till llie vacancy occasioned by the death of Dudley C. Haskell, and was reelected at each succeeding election until 1892, when he was defeated by a fusion of the Demcjcratic and ropulist parties, lie was given the certificate of election, but his seat was contested by Horace L. Moore, and he was unseated on Aug. 2, 1894. Mr. Funston died at his home in lola, Kan., Sept. 10, 191 1. Funston, Frederick, soldier, was born at New Carlisle, Ohio, Nov. 9, 1865, a son ot Kdvvard H. and Ann E. (Mitchell) Funston. When two years old, his parents removed to Kansas, and in 1885 he became a stu- dent in the state university. He also attended the university in 1889-90, after which he was employed as a newspaper reporter in Kansas City, and the next year was botanist with the Death Valley expedition. He was commissioned by the United States agricultural department in 1893 to explore Alaska and report on the flora. When this work was finished he went to Cuba, where he served for 18 months in the insurgent arm}' in 1896-97, receiving promotions to captain, major and lieutenant- colonel. Having received a wound, he returned to the United States, and when war was declared against Spain he was commissioned colonel of the Twentieth Kansas infantry on May 20, 1898. His regiment was ordered to the Philippines and on May 2, 1899, Col. Funston was pro- moted to brigadier-general of volunteers for his bravery in crossing the Rio Grande river at Calumpit on a small raft and establishing a rope ferry in the face of a severe fire. He organized and led the expedition that captured Emilio Aguinaldo, the insurgent leader, and on April i, 1901, was commissioned brigadier-general in the regular army. For a time he was in command of the Department of California, and was then made commandant of the army service school at Fort Leavenworth. • Furley, a village of Sedgwick county, is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 15 miles northeast of Wichita. It has a money order postoffice with one rural route, telegraph and express ofifices, general stores and implement houses, and is the principal shipping point for a rich agricultural district in the northeastern part of the county. The population in 1910 was 52. Fur Traders. — In the early settlement of America, the prospects of acquiring wealth through a trade in furs lured a number of adventurous spirits into the wilds for the purpose of trapping the fur-bearing animals and opening up traffic with the Indians. Chittenden says : "The nature of this business determined the character of the early white population. It was the roving trader and the solitary trapper who first sought out these inhospitable wilds, traced the streams to their sources, scaled the mountain passes, and explored a boundless expanse of territory where the foot of the white man had never trodden before." The Hudson Bay traders were operating on the upper Missouri in the latter part of the eighteenth century. The first fur company in the United States was organized in 1794 at the suggestion of Zenon Trudeau, but it did not last long. In 1802 a company was formed by Manuel Lisa. 704 CYCLOPEDIA OF Frangois M. Benoit, Gregoire Sarpj- and Charles Saiiguinet. Five years later Manuel Lisa, Pierre Menard and \\illiam Morrison organized a compan}- which in 1809 became merged with the Missouri Fur company, the most prominent members of which were Benjamin Wilkinson, Pierre and Auguste Chouteau, ]\Ianuel Lisa, William Clark, William Morrison and Pierre ^lenard. About the same time Astor began operations on the Pacific coast. The period of the active fur trade w.est of the Missis- sippi extended from 1807 to 1843. During the greater part of that time there was a spirited rivalry among a number of fur companies, the most notable of which were the Hudson Bay, the Missouri, the American, the Xorthwestern, the Pacific, the North American and the Rocky Moun- tain companies. The last named was organized by Gen. William H. Ashley, who in 1826 sold out to William L. Sublette, David E. Jackson and Jedediah S. Smith. Others who were interested in or closely con- nected with the fur trade were the Bent brothers, Campbell and Charles L'Arpenteur. All the companies employed men and established trading posts in the Indian country. Their pirogues, canoes, bull-boats, bateaus and keel- boats covered the western waters, bearing goods to the trading posts and peltries back to St. Louis, which city was for many years the head- quarters of the fur trade. There were, however, a large number of what were known as "free himters and trappers" — men who preferred to act in their individual capacity in the hope of making greater profits than they would bj' accepting wages from the fur companies. Of these. Han- cock and Dickson were jiunting and trapping on the Yellowstone as early as 1804. John Colter, who was discharged from the Lewis and Clark expedition, took up the work of a free trapper, and in his peregri- nations through the western wilderness discovered the great geysers that are now in the Yellowstone national jiark, F.zekiel ^\'illiams was another free lrap])cr in 1807. Tn numerous instances the Indians opposed the organization of fur companies, finding it easier to deal with an individual than with the representative of a corporation. The great fur companies did not operate to any great extent nn the prairie streams, but left them to the free hunters and trappers. When Lewis and Clark ascended the Missouri in 1804 they met two French- men who had been trapping during the winter of 1803-04 on the upper waters of the Kansas river. fSce Early River Commerce.) .\ French post was established in what is now Kansas, opposite Kickapoo island. Chouteau & De Mimn were operating on the Arkansas ri\er in 1815-17 and the .Sublettes were often in Kansas. Several trading posts were establisiied by the Chonteans (q. v.) along the Kansas river. Tile influence of the fur traders was felt in various ways. Brigham "S'oung selected the valley of the Great Salt Lake as a haven for the Mormons upon information imparted to hiin by trappers. Tn llie war with Mexico old trappers and traders were employed to guide the United Stales Irnnps .nerds'; the connlry. Audubmi, Nicollet, Catlin, and a host KANSAS HISTORY 705 of other students of nature and writers on Indian life and character, received many useful hints from the fur traders, whose experience proved of great benefit to the pioneer settler some years later. G Gabriel, an inland hamlet of Doniphan county, is located near the Missouri river in the northeastern part of the county in Burr. Oak town- ship, about 8 miles from Troy, the county seat, from which place it receives mail. The population in 1910 was 50. Galatia, a country postoffice in Barton county, is located in Fairview township 24 miles northwest of Great Bend, the county seat. Olmitz, on the Missouri Pacific, is the nearest shipping point, with which it has daily stage connections. The population according to the census of 1910 was 65. Galena, an incorporated city of the second class in Cherokee county, is located near the southeast corner of the county on .Short creek and at the junction of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas and St. Louis & San Francisco railroads. There is also an electric line to Joplin, Carthage and Webb City, Mo. The first railroad w^as completed to this point in 1871, but the town was not started until after the discovery of lead ore in the spring of 1877. The Galena Mining & Smelting company pur- chased 120 acres of land and laid out the town. Lots sold rapidly, and within two months the population numbered over 2,000. A postofifice was established soon after the town was platted, and in May, 1871, Galena was incorporated as a cit}' of the third class, with G. W. Webb as the first mayor. The first school was taught in the winter of 1877-78 in a building that had been erected for mercantile purposes, and the first regular school house — a frame structure of four rooms — was built in 1879. On May 16, 1879, the first number of the Galena Miner made its appearance. This was the first newspaper. For some time after Galena was started, the buildings were of that "balloon" type so generally found in new mining towns, and a large part of the population was composed of individuals as "rough" as the build- ings. Saloons flourished, the gambler was early on the ground, drunken brawls and shooting scrapes were common. But this has been changed. The Galena of the present day is equipped with substantial business buildings, waterworks, electric lights, a fire department, a sewer system, well paved streets, good sidewalks, a telephone exchange, an electric street railway, modern public school buildings, good hotels, well stocked mercantile establishments, and a number of fine residences. Lead and zmc mining and smelting are the principal industries, but there are also foundries, stamping works, grain elevators, a novelty works, a broom factory, etc. The city has 3 banks, i daily and 2 weekly newspapers, an opera house, and lodges of the leading fraternal organizations. The population in 1910 was 6,096. Empire City was annexed to Galena in 1907. (1-45) 706 CYCLOPEDIA OF Galesburg, an incorporated city of Neosho county, is located in Center- ville township, on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R., lo miles south- west of Erie, the county seat. It has a bank, telegraph and express offices, and a money order postoffice with two rural routes. The popu- lation in 1910 was 183. The land on which the town was located was taken up by a Mr. Tracy for a town company of which the following were the personnel : J- ^^ ■ Crees, David Boiiham, E. Sapp, Levi A. Doan and J. W. Snyder. The first building was erected by William Youn^. J. W. Snyder built and opened the first store. The postoffice which belongs to this place was at first located at Rose Hill, about a mile south, but when the town was founded in 1871, it was moved to Gales- burg. The first school was taught by Miss Parna Whittlesey in the winter of 1871-2, the school being held in the town hall. Gallagher, a rural postoffice of Logan township, Comanche county, is located a few miles east of Coldwater, the count}' seat and most con- venient railroad station. Gait, a country postoffice in Rice county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., 11 miles northeast of Lyons, the county seat. It is also a trading point, having one general store. The population according to the census of 1910 was 15. Galva, one of the thriving little cities of McPherson county, is located in Empire township 8 miles east of McPherson, the county seat. It is well equipped with railroads, having the main line of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and the Florence & Ellinwood branch of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. It is the receiving and shipping point 'for a large and prosperous farming district; is supplied with a bank, telegraph and express offices, and a money order postoffice with three rural routes. The population, according to the census of iQio, was 322. Galva was laid out in 1879 on lands belonging to the Marion & McPherson Railroad compan3^ Good stock yards were constructed and a number of general stores opened. In 1880 the "Central Kansas Congregational Academy" was chartered and a building was erected at Galva at a cost of $1,000. Galva has always been prosperous, and is at present a city of the third class. Game La\ys. — When the first white settlers came to Kansas the\^ found game, both large and small, in abundance. Herds of buffalo and antelope roamed over the plains; deer, wild lurkey and an occasional elk were to be found in the woody country; wild geese and ducks often stopped for awhile in Kansas in their migrations; in tlu- brakes and along the streams lived large numbers of rabbits, quails, snipes, plovers, etc. In those early days the riile was deiJcndcd on lo a large extent to furnish the supply of meat for the family. So plentiful were the game animals and birds that little or no thought was given to their protection until after the state was admitted into the I'nion. The act of May 10, 1861, made it unlawful "to shoot, kill or trap, within the limits of the state, any prairie chicken, cjuails, partridges, wild turkey and deer between the first day of April and September of KANSAS HISTORY 707 each year," and ini].)i)se(l a fine of $5 or less for each siolalinn nf the law. Justices of the peace were given jurisdiction for the enforcement of the provisions of the act. This was the first game law passed liy the legislature of the State of Kansas. As time passed and game grew scarcer, iiinrc stringent la\\> were passed for the protection of game animals anil birds. In 1871 the California quail was placed under legal protection. The act of 1897 imposed penalties upon railroad companies for shipping game out of the state during the closed season. The act of March 11, 1903, made it unlawful to kill quail or prairie chicken in certain counties of the state for a period of three years. On Feb. 18, 1905, Gov. Ifoch approved an act authorizing him to appoint a state fish and game warden for a term of four years, whose duty it should be to take charge of the fish hatchery fq. v.) and carry out the provisions of law regarding the propagation of game and food fish in the waters (jf the state. To assist him in the discharge of this duty, the warden was directed to appoint one or more deputies. The law of 1935 was repealed by the act of Feb. 28, 191 1, which reenacted. however, a number of the provisions of former laws. The office of fish and game warden was continued, the term of office to be for four years, the annual salary to be $2,000, and the warden was placed under the supervision of the regents of the ITniversity of Kansas. The warden was authorized to appoint one or more deputies in each county of the state, in which ten resident taxpayers might request him to do so, and the warden and his deputies were given power to arr.est any person caught in the act of violating the law. A license fee of $1 was required from ever}" resident of the state before he would be allowed to hunt, and non-residents were required to pay $15 for such privilege, all licenses to expire at the close of the fiscal years in which they were issued. Every person thus licensed was also required to carry his license with him while hunting, and to shov^' it to the warden, deputy warden, or other officer upon demand. The open season, that is the season in which game birds or animals might be killed, was as follows : For squirrels, from Sept. i to Jan. r; fur-bearing animals, Nov. 15 to March 15; wild geese, ducks and brants, Sept. i to April 15; snipe, Sept. i to April 30; grouse or prairie chicken, Oct. i to Nov. i: plover, Aug. i to April 30; quail, Nov. 15 to Dec. I. No game bird was to be shot at or killed while sitting on the ground or in the water, unless wounded, and none was to be killed earlier than one hour before sunrise nor later than one hour after sun- set. The number of birds that could be killed in any one day was limited to 12 snipe, prairie chicken, wild ducks, quail or plover, and fi wild geese or brant. Beaver, otter, deer and antelope could not be killed or trapped in any manner for a period of ten years from the passage of the act. Owners of farms, orchards or gardens were not prevented by the act from killing bluejays, owls, hawks, crows, blackbirds or other 708 CVCLOf'EDIA OF destructive birds, but it was made unlawful for any person to kill, destroy or take into captivit}- any eagle, or to destroy the nest or eggs of any wild bird or to have such nest or eggs in his possession except under certain conditions. Section 20 of the act provided that "'It shall be unlawful for any person to catch, take, or attempt to catch or take, from any lake, pond, river, creek, stream or other waters within or bordering on this state, any fish by any means or in any manner except by rod and line and 'ishhook; provided, that not more than one hook shall be used on such line ; and provided further, that no person shall use more than one trot-Hne at any one time, and that no trot-line shall have attached to it more than 25 hooks ; provided further, that no trot-line shall be set within 300 yards of a dam or within 200 yards of the mouth of any creek or river; and provided further, that this section shall not be deemed to prohibit the catching of fish in the creeks, rivers, ponds and lakes of this state by means of a seine having a mesh which stretches not less than three inches ; and provided further, that if any fish are caught less than three pounds in weight by means of any seine it shall be unlawful to injure or take said fish away, but they shall be thrown back into the water." Seines could not be used, however, from April 15 to June 15, nor from Dec. 15 to March 15, and owners of seines were required to secure a permit from the warden and give bond that they would be used according to law. The warden was authorized to seize and destro}' all nets, traps, etc., used in violation of the act. For violation of any of the provisions of the law the offender should be fined not less tliap $5 nor more than $25 for the first ofl'ense ; not less than $50 nor more than $200 for the second ofl'ense ; and not less than $100 nor more than $500 for the third and each subsequent ofl'ense. and should be committed to the county jail until fine an of which were taken from Finney county and 6 from Hodgeman, and in 1892 proceedings were instituted against the county to lest ilic \alidity of its organization, as it embraced only 432 square miles. It was accord- ingly declared illegally organized and was attached to I'inney county in 1893. Garfield University. — The idea of erecting a university in memory of {'resident (iailield originated with W. P). Hendryx. a personal friend of Mr. Garfield. There seemed to be no opportunity for establishing such a school in the east, so Mr. Hendryx came to Kansas and after some con- sideration the matter was taken up by the Christian church. The col- lege committee of that body, consisting of .\. J. Thompson, R. U. l.otz, W. D. Stone. Walter Chenault and Howard Rash, made a report to the Kansas convention of the church at Wichita on Oct. 7, 1886. The report stated that the committee lielieved $100,000 cotdd be secured for the location of the college, if the committee could guarantee that the chuich would raise an additional $100,000. Of the several locations considered. Wichita was chosen. I'liiit city named, organized and chartered Garfield University, w iih .1 bo.ittl of nine KANSAS HISTORY 711 directors, and secured options on desirable college sites. On May 29, 1887, a contract was signed by the directors and the college committee, by the terms of which the board was to erect a university building on a 23 acre campus in the southwest part of the city, the building to cost not less than $75,000, nor more than $100,000. Instead of following the orig- inal i)lan, wiirk was begun on a five-story building, covering three- fourths of an acre of ground, and in the second report of the committee this statement is found; "It is now certain that the building will cost not less than $200,000." Mr. Hendryx, who had been elected business manager, secured funds to carry on the work and efforts were made to complete the north wing of the building in time to open school in the fall of 1887, but this was found to be impossible. The board then secured another building near the university, and there the first classes were held, with Dr. Harvey W. Everset as chancellor. A faculty of twelve persons was selected, and the following departments were provided : preparatory, normal college of letters and science, college of music, college of Bibical theology, and school of art. The law school was opened in Sept., 1888, and the college of medicine the following December, Some 500 students were enrolled in 1889 and the faculty was increased to forty members. In 1890 a busi- ness college of Wichita was affiliated with the university, which swelled the enrollment to over 1,000. In the meantime the Wichita "boom" began to decline, property values decreased, and the land belonging to the imiversity could not be sold without great sacrifice, which meant ruin to the institution. A mort- gage of $65,000 was placed on the building and grounds, but the busi- ness depression continued and at the close of 1890 the university had no funds to continue its work. The university, therefore, closed its doors after three years in which it had gained an enviable reputation among the institutions of its class. Mr. Hendryx was not willing to give up the fight, and succeeded in interesting Edgar Harding, a wealthy resident of Boston, Mass., in the college. In Feb., 1892, Mr. Harding assumed all outstanding indebted- ness — some $125,000 — and settled the claims of all creditors. A new charter was obtained, a new board of trustees assumed the management, and the name was changed to "Central Memorial University," the name Garfield to be retained as a general designation. On March 28, 1892, the university again opened its doors. Subsequently the property of the institution passed into the possession of James M. and Anna Davis, who donated it to the "College Association of Friends." (See Friends Uni- versity.) Garland, a post-village of Bourbon county, is situated in the south- eastern portion on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. 11 miles south of Fort Scott, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express facilities, and is the shipping point for a rich agricultural district. In 1910 the town had a population of 276. 712 CYCLOPEDIA OF Garnett, the county seat and largest town of ^Anderson count)-, is located northeast of the central part of the county, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Missouri Pacific railroads. It has an electric light plant which produces current for lighting and power, waterworks, a fire department, an opera house, 3 banks, 2 furniture factories, a flour and feed mill, planing mill, creamery, cigar factories, 11 churches, high school and graded schools, 2 daih' papers (the News and the Review), 2 weeklies (the Eagle-Plaindealer and the Joiu-nal), and several blocks of substantially built business houses. The city is divided into four wards, and in 1910 had a population of 2,334. There are telegraph and express offices, and an international mone\ order postoffice with seven rural rotites. Garnett was founded by Dr. George W. Cooper, who first selected the site in 1856. He then returned to Louisville, Ky., where he organized a town company consisting of W. A. Garnett, president; R. B. Hall, vice-president; Theodore Harris, secretary; George W. Cooper and George A. Dunn. In May, 1857, Dr. Cooper had the site platted and built a double log cabin. A colony from Louisville came later in the year, bringing with them machinery for a sawmill and a flotu" mill which was erected at once. Dwellings and business houses were put up, and a school house was erected in 1858. The postoiiice was established in 1859, and in that year the county seat was removed from Shannon to Garnett. In the fall the commissioner of the general land office made an order canceling the entry of the town site. This was a serious matter for the citizens. Some of them on the north side of the town formed a stock company and secured titles to their lands. The south half of town was preempted by Dr. John B. Chapman. ^^latters went on till 1861, when at the instance of the citizens an investigation was made which disclosed the fact that titles could be given to the lots by action of the probate judge. It was found that the probate judge then in oftice had not properly qualified and they succeeded in getting another man put in his place who would take the action necessary to secure them legal possession of their homes. A great deal of red tape and trouble was occasioned before the matter was finally brought to a satisfactory close, during which time the town did not grow. The case was finally settled in the sujireme court in 1862. l"hc town was incorporated in Oct.. 1861, and the following were its first trustees, G. W. Her, G. A. Cook. William McLoughlin, B. F. Ridgeway and Thomas Lindsay. In 1870 the form of government was changed to that of a city of the third class. The first railroad reached Garnett that same year. In 1881 the town sufl'orcd a disastrotis fire, which burned 11 business buildings out of the heart of the town. Tlie first newspaper was the Garnett Flaindealcr, established in 1865 by T. K. OIney. Garnishment. — Any creditor is entitled to |)rocccd Ijv garnishment in the district court of the proper cotinty against any person, excepting a municipal corporation, who is indebted to nr has any property, real or personal, in his possession or under his control belonging to such crcdi- KANSAS lilSTORV "13 tor's debtor. Either at the time of the issuing of the summons, (jr at any time thereafter before final judgment in any action to recover dam- ages founded upon contract, express or implied, or upon judgment or decree, or at any time after the issuing in any case of an execution against property and before the time when it is returnable, the plaintiff, or some person in his behalf, may file with the clerk an affidavit stating the amount of the plaintiff's claim against the defendant or defendants over and abo\'e all offsets, and stating that he verily believes that some person (naming him) is indebted to or has property, real or personal, in his possession or under his control belonging to the defendant (or either or any of the defendants) in the action or execution, that such defendant has no property liable to execution sufficient to satisfy the plaintiff's demand, and that the indebtedness or property mentioned in such affidavit is to the best of the knowledge and belief of the person making such affidavit not by law exempt from seizure or sale upon execu- tion. Any number of garnishees may be embraced in the same affidavit ■ and summons ; but if a joint liability be claimed against an}- it must be so stated in such affidavit, and the garnishee named as jointly liable is deemed jointly proceeded against, otherwise the several garnishees are deemed severally proceeded against. The order of garnishment is not issued by the clerk until an under- taking on the part of the plaintiff has been executed by one or more sufficient sureties, approved by the clerk and filed in his office, in a sum not exceeding double the amount of the plaintiff's claim, to the effect that the plaintiff will pay to the defendant all damages which he may sustain by reason of such garnishment, if the order be wrongfully obtained ; but no undertaking is required where the party or parties defendant are all non-residents of the state or a foreign corporation. Upon the filing of such affidavit a garnishee summons is issued by the clerk and served upon the defendant or his attorney of record, and each of the garnishees, in the manner provided for the service of summons, and is returned with proof of service in five days. The garnishee summons may be served by the sheriff, or any other person not a party to the action. If any garnishee, having been duly summoned, fails to file an affidavit of non-liability or otherwise answer to the summons, the court may render judgment against him for the amount of the judgment which the plain- tiff recovers against the defendant in the action for damages and costs, together with the costs of such garnishee. Garrison, a village of Pottawatomie county, is located in Green town- ship on the Union Pacific R. R. 20 miles west from ^^'estmoreland, the county seat, and 6 miles from Olsburg. It has a money order post- office with one rural route, and express and telegraph offices. The population in 1910 was 160. Gas Talso called Gas City), an incorporated cit}' of Allen county, is situated in Elm township and is the first station east of lola on the Missouri Pacific railroad. When natural gas was discovered in Elm township in the summer of 1898 E. K. Taylor sold 60 acres of his farm 714 CYCLOPEDIA OF to some spelter companies and in October sub-divided the remainder into lots, which was the beginning of "Gas Cit)'." The place grew rapidly, the cheap fuel afforded by the immense supply of natural gas bringing in a number of large manufacturing plants of various kinds. In 191D the population was 1,281. Gas has a bank, a daily and a weekh' newspaper, an opera house, an international monc}- order postoftice from which mail is distributed to the surrounding country by rural free delivery, several good mercantile houses, telegraph and express offices, etc. The city is divided into four wards. Excellent transporta- tion facilities are aiTorded by the Missouri Pacific and Missouri, Kan- sas & Texas railroads. Gaskill, a small hamlet of Washington county, is located about 4 miles south of the Nebraska state line and 10 miles northwest of \A'ash- ington, the county seat, from which place mail is received by rural delivery. Gay, William, Shawnee Indian agent in 1856, was one of the victims of pro-slavery animosity. On June 21, 1856, accompanied by his son, he started to Westport, Mo., and when about 2 miles from that place was met h}' three men. One of them oiYered him a drink, and in the course of the conversation Mr. Gay was asked whether he was for or against slavery. He replied that he was from Michigan, but this indi- rect answer did not satisfy his inquisitor, repeated the question. Mr. Gay then replied that he was in favor of making Kansas a free slate. He was then, shot several times and fatally wounded. The son was also wounded, but managed to make his escape. It was thought by some that robbery was really the motive for Ga}'s murder, the per- petrators of the deed hoping to find on his person the key to the safe in which the agency money was kept. If they found the ke\' they were afraid to attempt to use it, because of the storm of indignation aroused by the murder. Gaylord, an incorporated town of Smith county, is located on the north fork of the Solomon river and the Missouri Pacific R. R. 10 miles south of .Smith Center, the county seat. It has a bank, a newspaper (the Sentinel), a number of good retail stores, three churches, daily stage to Smith Center, telegraph and express offices, and a money order postoffice with two rural routes. The population in 1910 was 308. Gaylord was named in honor of C. K. Gaylord of Marshall counl\'. Kan. The postoffice was establishctl in 1871, with W. D. Street as the first l)ostmaslcr. Mr. .Street opened the first store. The first grist mill in the county was built on the Solomon at this iioint by Piakcr dv Keeler in 1 871. 'J"he first white child born in Gaylord was Cora May McX'all. born in May, 1872. The first marriage was between Miss Rhoda Phillips and George Parker the same summer. The first town officers were: Trustee, E. R. Fowler; justice, Henry .Miercombie ; constable. Welib McXall; treasurer, George I'arker. The first school was taught by Mrs. Agnes L. C. Skinner in the summer of 1872. KANSAS HISTORY 715 Geary (formerly called Geary City), a hamlet of Doniphan county, is located in Wayne township about 9 miles southeast of Troy, the county seat, and 8 from Wathena, from which place it receives daily mail. The population in 1910 was 52. The town was located in 1857 by a company of Leavenworth people and named for J. W. Geary, who was at that time governor of the territory. The first building was a log house used as a saloon. The town company built a hotel. The first store was opened by a Mr. Cutter James McCahon was the first lawyer and Dr. F. Grubb the first physician. Flickinger & Langdon put up a sawmill in 1859. The postofifice was established in 1857, with J. L. Roundy as the first postmaster. An interesting paper called the New Era was started in 1857, with two editors, one a Democrat and the other a Republican. Geary County, originally called Davis, is located in the northeastern part of the state, being in the third tier of counties south of Nebraska and in the fifth west from the Missouri river. It is bounded on the north by Riley county, east by Riley and Wabaunsee, south by Morris and Dickinson, and west by Dickinson and Clay. It is irregular in shape, contains 407 square miles, and is one of the ^t, counties created by an act of the first territorial legislature in 1855. ^^ was organized at the time of its creation and named "Davis" in honor of Jefiferson Davis, who w^as at that time secretary of war. By act of the Kansas legislature of Feb. 28, 1889. the name was changed to Geary, in honor of John White Geary, third territorial governor of Kansas. An attempt was made by the act of March 11, 1893, to change the name back to Davis, provided a majority of the people of . the count}' favored the proposition, but the majority was against the change and the name Geary remains. It is generally believed that the first white men to visit Geary county were Coronado and his associates in their search for the unknown prov- inces of Quivira and Harahe3\ (See Coronado.) The Bourgniont expe- dition (q. V.) is supposed to have traveled along the south bank of the Kansas river through the present count}- of Geary. John C. Fremont, in his report of the expedition to the Rocky mountains, says, "we arrived on the 8th (June, 1843) ^t the mouth of the Smok}-hill fork, which is the principal southern branch of the Kansas, forming here, by its junction with the Republican, or northern branch, the main Kansas river." In 1853 settlers began to come into the territory now embraced within the bounds of Geary county. One of the first to locate permanently was Thomas Reynolds, who settled near Ogden. When Kansas was organ- ized as a territory, there w-ere only 20 voters in the region now embraced within the count}'. The Paw'nee town association was organized on Nov. 26. 1854. Col. W. P. Montgcimery was president of the association and William Hammond was secretary. Many of the officers stationed at Fort Riley took an active part in the management of local affairs. The first election, in what is now Geary county, was for the election of a dele- gate to Congress. It was held in Nov., 1854, and the voting place was at the house of Thomas Reynolds. The free-state candidate was R. P. Flenniken, and the pro-slavery candidate was J. W. Whitfield. The 7l6 CYCLOPEDIA OF judges of election were all officers of the army, and of the 40 votes cast^ Flenniken received 31 and Whitfield 9. In Dec, 1854, the town of Paw- nee was started on the north shore of the river not far from Fort Riley. Some trouble arose in its establishment, as a few settlers had already located on the land. It is said that Col. Montgomery, the president of the town compan}-, had the settlers driven off by a squad of soldiers, in Jan., 1855, and the association was assured by Gov. Reeder, the first gov- ernor of the territory, that if the necessary buildings were completed in time he would convene the first territorial legislature at Pawnee. In March a second town company was formed of which William Hammond was president, and a town was laid out and called Chetolah (q. v.). Before the close of March a third town company \\'as organized, which laid out the town of Ashland on McDowell's creek and made a settlement. On March 31, 1855, ^he first election for members of the territorial leg- islature was held, and Pawnee v\as the only voting precinct in what is now Geary county. It formed a part of the eighth representative and the sixth council district. M. F. Conway was the free-state, and John Donaldson the pro-slaver}- candidate for the council ; S. D. Houston was the free-state and Russell Garrett the pro-slavery candidate for the house of representatives. The free-state candidates were elected l^y a vote of 53 to 23. In 1855, according to the promise made by Gov. Reeder, the executive office was removed to Pawnee, and in Julj^ the first territorial legislature convened there, but soon after adjourned to the Shawnee Mission in Johnson county. The resolution to adjourn was vetoed by the governor, but the territorial court sustained the measure and Pawnee lost the cap- ital. This was a hard blow to the town company. Gov. Geary visited the county in 1856, and the same year the county was represented in the Topeka legislature by J. 11. Pillsbury in the council and Abram Barry in the house. An act to complete the organiza- tion of Geary county as a separate corporation was passed on Feb. 20, 1857. The legislature elected two county commissioners, a probate judge, who was ex-officio chairman of the board, and a sIierifF. Tliese officers were to hold office until the first Monday in October, when a county elec- tion was ordered, for county officers and to decide the permanent location of the county seat. The first commissioners were Robert Reynolds, C. L. Sandford, and N. B. White and the first meeting was held on March 16, 1857, but only Reynolds and Sandford were present. G. F. Gordon acted as clerk but E. L. Pattie was later regularly appointed to llial position. H. N. Williams was elected sherifif; P. M. Barclay, treasurer, and G. F. Gordon, justice of the peace. At the election of Oct. 5, 1857, for mem- bers of the legislature, the voting precincts were Ashland. Ogden, Che- tolah, Clark's Creek, Riley City and Montague's. \i llic eUciidu ij6 free-state and 30 Democratic votes were cast. The first postoffice in Ihe county was establisluil .ii I'di t Iviley in 1853, with Robert Wilson as postmaster. The first m;uri;ige snleninizcd in the count \- was that of Thomas Jenkins and I'.lla Wicks on Oct. 1. KANSAS MISTORV JIJ 1855, and the first white child born was John FIcminj;,'-, whose birth occurred on Dec. 20, 1854. The pioneer merchant of Geary county was John T. Price, who opened a grocery stofe at Pawnee in 1854. The legislature of 1859 located the seat of justice at Ashland. In the spring of i860 Junction City was made a voting precinct, and a jjctilion was presented to the commissioners for a change of the county scat. Accordingly, the question was submitted to the people and an election ordered for June 25, i860. Ashland, Junction City, Riley City and Union were the contestants. The election, resulted in 287 votes for Junction City, 129 for Union, 3 for Ashland and 3 for Riley City, and thus Jimc- tion City became the permanent seat of justice. The first meeting of the county board was held there on July 2, i860. Upon tlie outbreak of the Civil war there was much excitement in Geary county over the men who enlisted in the army. On March 10. 1862, some of the soldiers stationed at Fort Riley, dissatisfied with the secession sentiments expressed in the C(ilumns of the Kansas Frontier, attacked the newspaper office and did much damage. A meeting of the citizens denounced the action of the soldiers, and it is not certain whetl|(er this meeting or something published in the Frontier stirred the soldiers to a higher indignation, but the same week they again attacked the news- paper office and this time it was demolished. There were then several regiments encamped at Fort Rile3^ and the outbreaks of the soldiers became so frequent and annoying that the town was placed in charge of Capt. Syh'ester of the Twelfth Wisconsin, who acted as provost guard. About the same time great excitement was created in Geary and the adjoining counties, by a party of Comanche Indians, who ent^ered the Republican valley, committed depredations and drove out the settlers. The people within easy reach of Fort Riley had little to fear because of the troops stationed there, and many settlers from further west sought refuge in Junction City. Prior to 1866, the county officers were located in the ujjper story of a stone building at the corner of Sixth and Washington streets at Junction City. This building was destroyed by fire on the night of April 8. and a few da>s later the town\and county were swept by a cyclone that did great damage. On July 5, 1866, the count}- commissioners decided to build a bridge across the Smoky Hill river and authorized the sale of $20,000 of bonds for the purpose. In 1867 bonds were voted by the people to aid in the construction of the south branch of the Union Pacific railroad and the Kansas Pacific, which was the first railroad to enter Geary county, being completed as far as Junction City on Nov. 10, 1866. A great tide of immigration flowed into the coujity w-ith the opening of the railroads, and most of the desirable land was soon taken up. In 1870, Geary county was sued bv the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroad company for $165,000 in bonds that the county had voted to aid in the construction of the railroad, but which had never been paid. After being in the courts for some time, the case passed to the supreme court where a decision -was rendered in favor of the county. /IS CYCLOPEDIA OF Geaiy county constituted one municipal township up to Aug. 7. 1872, when the board of commissioners divided it into two civil townships, Smoky Hill and Jackson. In time these were subdivided to form the eight townships into which the county is now divided, viz : — Blakcly, Jackson, Jefferson, Libert}', Lyon, Milford, Smoky Hill and W'ingtield. In 1873, the legislature changed the boundaries of Geary county by tak- ing away Ashland township and adding it to Riley county. At the same time Milford township was taken from Rile)' and annexed to Geary The first newspaper was the Sentinel, edited by B. II. Keyser. It made its appearance in June, 1858, as the organ of the Democratic party. In 1859 this paper was bought by Samuel Medar\- and the name changed to Kansas Statesman. The Frontier Guide, started in 1861, was the sec- ond newspaper. Transportation is furnished by the main line of the L'nion Pacific rail- road, which runs across the northwest part of the country, from northeast to southwest, with a branch northwest from Junction City. A branch of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas enters in the south and terminates at Junction City, giving the county nearly 50 miles of main track railroad. The east and central portions of the county are rough and hilly along the streams but the southeastern and western parts are undulating prairie. The county is well watered by the Republican and Smoky Hill rivers, which unite near Junction City to form the Kansas river. The population of the county in 1910 was 12.631. a gain of 1,937 during the preceding ten years. The assessed valuation of property was S16,- •642.510, and the value of agricultural iirnducts for the ^•ear was $1,888,967. Geary, John White, the third territorial go\crnor of Kansas, was born in Westmoreland county, i'a., Dec. 3), li^K). Fvom his Scotch-Irish ancestry he inherited all those traits which developed in him a man of unquestioned courage, great force of character, and a high order of exec- utive ability. His early education was acquired under the instruction of his father, who conducted an academy, after which he entered JefTer- son College at Canonsburg, Pa., where he graduated in 1841. Tlie death of his father about this time made it necessary for him to contribute to the support of his widowed mother and her children. He clerked in a store in Pittsbiu'gh for a time, taught school, and finally took u]) the work of civil engineer— a profession for which he had thoroughly i)re]i;\red himself. He followed this occupation in Pennsylvania and Kentucky until the breaking out of the war with Mexico, when he raised a com- pany known as the "American Highlanders," which became a part of the Second Pennsj'lvania infantr\', of which he was made lieutenant-colonel. His regiment was attached to the army of Gen. Scott, and for his gal- lantry at the Helen gate. City of Mexico, he was i)ronioled to the rank of colonel. After the cajiture of the Mexican capitol he was jilaced in charge of the city as conini.ind.int. The discovery of gold in Californi;i lured him to the Pacific coast, and on Jan. 22, 1849, he was ajipoinled postmaster of San Francisco by President Tyler. .After a few months* KANSAS niSTORV 7I9 service he was removed by President 'I'aylor, and was then elected Ijy the citizens to the office of first alcalde of the city. He was also elected the first mayor of San Francisco under the charter of 1850. In 1852 he returned to Pennsylvania on a visit, but while there his wife died, and he never returned to California. On July 31, 1856, he was appointed gov- ernor of Kansas. Connelley, in his Territorial Governors, says: "lie was selected for the position because of his firmness and recognized executive ability." He resigned on March 12, 1857, and like Gov. Reeder left the territory at night to escape assassination at the hands of mem- bers of his own political party, returning to Pennsylvania, where he lived quietly on his farm until commencement of the Civil war in 1861. Upon the first call for volunteers, he raised the Twenty-eighth Penn- sylvania infantry and was commissioned colonel of the regiment. Sub- sequently he was promoted to brigadier and still later to major-general. During the Atlanta campaign and the famous march to the sea he com- manded the "White Star" division of the Twentieth army corps, and on Dec. 22, 1864. was appointed by Gen. Sherman military governor of Savannah. In 1866 he was elected governor of Pennsylvania, and at the close of his term was reelected. Gov. Geary died at Harrisburg, Pa., Feb. 8, 1873, eighteen days after the expiration of his second term as governor. His work in Kansas did much to break the power of the pro- slavery party and contributed materially to the admission of Kansas as a free state. Geary county was named in his honor. Geary's Administration. — At the time Gov. Geary received his appoint- ment, afifairs in Kansas were in a deplorable condition. Gov. Shannon's course had not been satisfactory, either to the people of the territory or the administration at Washington, and Acting Gov. Woodson was so much of a partisan that the executive power had been wielded in a way that amounted to virtual persecution of a large portion of the population. Gov. Geary arrived at Leavenworth on Sept. 9, 1856, and found the town under military control. Free-state people, who had asked in vain for the protection of the military, were fleeing from the border ruffians pouring into the territory in response to Woodson's proclamation of Aug. 25. (See Woodson's Administration.) On the loth the new governor went to Lecompton, then the seat of government, where he found a number of armed pro-slaver}- men, who tried to convince him that all the crimes that had been committed in Kansas were the work of the "Abolitionists." That they did not succeed in doing so is obvious from some of the utterances in his address to the people, which he issued on the following day, and from which the fol- lowing quotations are made to show his policy: "When I received my commission I was solemnly sworn to support the constitution of the United States, and to discharge my duties as governor of Kansas with fidelity. By reference to the act for the organi- zation of this territory, passed by Congress on the 30th day of March. 1854. I find my duties more particularly defined ; among other things, I am 'to take care that the laws are faithfully executed.' The constitution 720 CYCLOPEDIA OF of the United States and the organic law of this territor}- will be the lights bv which I will be guided in my executive career. "Let us banish all outside influence from our deliberations, and assem- ble around our council board with the constitution of our coimtry and the organic law of this territor}- as the great charts for our guidance and direction. The bona fide inhabitants alone are charged with the solemn duty of enacting her laws, upholding her government, maintaining peace, and laying the foundation for a future commonwealth. . . . This great right of regulating our own affairs and attending to our own busi- ness, without any interference from others, has been guaranteed to us by the law which Congress has made for the organization of this terri- tory. This right of self-government — this privilege guaranteed to us b\ the organic law of our territory — I will uphold with all my might, and with the entire power committed to me. . . . The territory of the United States is the common property of the several states, or of the people thereof. This being so, no obstacle should be interposed to the free settlement of this common property, while in a territorial condition. "I desire to know no party, no section, no North, no South, no Kast, no West ; nothing but Kansas and my countr}'." Naturally, such an address as this did not meet with favor among the pro-slavery men, with whom the idea of placing the constitution of the United States and the laws of Congress above the acts of the territorial (bogus) legislature was repugnant, to say the least. So. too, was the declaration of Gov. Geary that he would uphold the right of self-govern- ment as guaranteed by the organic law. To show that he meant what he said when he made this declaration, on the same day he issued his "address" he also issued two proclamations — one to disband the volun- teer militia which had "been called into service by the late acting gover- nor," and the other ordering "all free male citizens, qtialificd to bear arms, between the ages of eighteeen and forty-five years, to enroll them- selves, in accordance with the act to organize the militia of the terri- tory." On the iJth he issued the following order to Adjt.-Gen. Strickler: "You will proceed, without a moment's delay, to disarm and disband the present organized militia of the territory, in accordance with the iuslruc- tions of the jiresidenl and the proclamations which I have issued, copies of which you will find enclosed. You will also take care to have the arms belonging to the territory de])i>sited in a jilaco of safety and under ])i-o])er accountability." At the same time he ordered Thomas J. I'. C'raiuiv. the insiu'ctor-gen- eral, to take charge of the arms and ]ireservc the same. The militia thus ordered to be disbanded and disarmed had been collecting in resjxinse to Gov. Woodson's proclamation of Aug. 25. In a letter to \\ . I.. Marcy. secretary of war, under date of Sept. 12, 185''), Gov. Geary gives the fol- lowing reasons for his course: "] have determined to dismiss the |)res- cnt organized militia, after consultation with and by the advice of Gen. Smith, and for the reasons that lhe\' are not enrolled in accordance with KANSAS mSTOKY 721 the laws ; that some of them were committing outrages under pretense of serving the public ; and that they were unquestionably perpetrating, rather than diminishing, the troubles with which the territory is agita- ted." Theodore Adams, a special agent of the governor, wrote from Law- rence late on the 12th that a large number of men from Missouri were within 6 miles of that town, and that the citizens there were organizing to resist any attack that might be made, but that they would disband it assurance were given that they would be protected. At 1 130 a. m. on the 13th Gov. Geary wrote to Col. P. St. George Cooke to "send immediately to Lawrence a force sufficient to prevent bloodshed, as it is my orders from the president to use every possible means to prevent collisions between the beligerent forces," and closed his letter by saying: "If desirable, I will accompany the troops myself, and should be glad to have you go along." An hour later 300 mounted men, with four pieces of artillery, accom- panied by the governor and Col. Cooke, were on their way to Lawrence. Upon arriving there they found everything quiet. Gov. Geary addressed the people, who cheered him for his promptness in affording them pro- tection, and in the afternoon he returned to Lecompton. The next day he wrote to Col. Cooke: "The adjutant-general of the territory is about to proceed to disband the volunteer troops. At this late hour he has informed me that he must have an escort of two soldiers to accompany him. If you can let him have them, you will order them to report to me at once. The escort is also intended to accompany the secretary of the territory and my espe- cial agent, Mr. Adams. They will first proceed to disband the forces that are marching toward Lawrence." About three o'clock that afternoon the escort, with Adjt.-Gen. Strick- ler, Mr. Woodson and Mr. Adams, reached Lawrence, where they found a large body of pro-slavery forces under command of Atchison, Reid, Titus, Jones, Heiskell, Richardson, Stringfellow and others. Soon after the adjutant-general and his escort had left Lecompton. several messengers arrived there from Lkwrence with appeals for protection, and Gov. Geary sent the following order to Col. Cooke: "Proceed at all speed with your command to Lawrence, and prevent a collision if pos- sible ; and leave a portion of your troops there for that purpose." Despite the orders of the governor to lose no time in disbanding the militia, Strickler and Woodson were slow to act. At midnight of the 14th Mr. Adams wrote to the governor: "Sec. Woodson and Gen. Strickler had not up to the time I left delivered their orders, but were about doing so as soon as they could get the officers together." This information reached Gov. Geary at 3 a. m. of the 15th, and he hurried to the camp on the Wakarusa where he found 2,700 of the terri- torial militia. He at once called a council of the officers, enjoined the duty of obedience, demanded compliance with his proclamation, which was read, severely reprimanded some of the commanding officers, and (I-46) 722 CYCLOI'EDIA Ol-' commanded the army to disband and disarm. His order was obeyed, but not without some mutterings of displeasure. Some of the disbanded troops, on the way to their homes, committed outrages upon the free- state settlers, such as burning a sawmill near Franklin, driving away horses and cattle, etc. A detachment of the Kickapoo Rangers shot and mortally wounded David C. Buflfum. Before he died Gov. Geary and Judge Cato called on him and took his statement, and in Xovember the governor placed a warrant in the hands of .Marshal Donalson for the arrest of Charles Haj's for the murder of Buffum. Donalson declined to serve the warrant, which was then placed in the hands of Col. Titus, who arrested Hays. The prisoner was admitted to bail, over the protest of Gov. Geary. On Nov. 17 the governor went to Leavenworth to attend the Delaware land sales. He had scarcely left Lecompton when Hays was brought before Judge Lecompte, who discharged him on a writ of habeas corpus. On the other hand, over 100 free-state prisoners in the hands of Sheriff Jones were treated with great severity. These men had been arrested in September and had been refused bail by the court. The very day that judge Lecemipte released Hays, the sheriff notified the governor that it was "indispensably necessary that balls and chains should be furnished for the safety of the convicts under my charge," but Geary refused the request and Jones resigned his office. Of the free-state prisoners, 39 escaped, 16 were tried and acquittted, about 30 were sen- tenced to five years in the penitentiary, ami a number were pardoned li\ Gov. Geary on Feb. 28, 1857. When Lecompte discharged Ha}s from custody the govcrnr>r com- plained to the president of this manner of dispensing justice, and C. O. Harrison of Kentucky was appointed to succeed Lecompte, Init as the president failed to issue the necessary writ of supersedeas, the senate refused to confirm Harrison's ai)pointnienl. and Lecompte continued in office. On Oct. 6, 1856, was held an election for delegate to Congress, num- bers of the legislature, and on the question of calling a convenliun to form a constitution, preparatory to applying to Congress for admission as a state. The free-state men refused to vote. John ^^'. ^^'llit field received 4,276 votes for delegate, the members of the legislature elected were all pro-slaver}' men, and on the question of a constitutional con- vention there were 2,592 votes in the affimative and 454 in the negative. Four days after the election a large i)arty of free-state men under Shaler \^^ Eldridge was arrested near the Nebraska ri\ir liy ('i>l. ('nnko and W. S. Preston, a de])uly marshal, but on the 141I1 the men were all released by Gov. Geary. After this immigration was free. Having disbanded the militia and restored a semlilance of order in the territory. Gov. Geary left f.ecompton on Oct. i" for a "toiu- of obser- vation." He visited the Wakarusa valley. Hickory Point, I'rairie City. Osawatomie, Paola, Centropolis, "ito," Riley City, Pawnee and I'mt Riley, studying tiie conditions in .ill tlusc |i1;uhs, and ninriu-d in KANSAS HISTORY 723 Lecompton on Nov. 6. Wliilc at the Baptist mission on the I'ottawat- omie reserve near Topeka, a few liours before he reached Lecompton, he wrote a proclamation setting; apart Nov. 20 as a clay of thankst^iving'. This was the first official i)roclamation of that character ever issued in Kansas. In Nov. 1855, J. H. Lane and J. K. Goodin, chairman and secre- tary of the fvee-state executive committee, asked Gov. Shannon to pro- claim a day of thanksgiving, but the go\ernor decided that, in view of the discord then pre\ailing in the territory, the people of Kansas had no cause for being thankful. On Jan. 6, 1857, the free-stak; legislature met at Topeka. Gov. Robin- son and Lieut. -Gov. Roberts were both absent — the former in- Washing- ton trying to secure the admission of Kansas under the Topeka consti- tution — and there was no quorum present. No attempt was made to organize either house, but some of the members were arrested bv the sherifif of Douglas county, without resistance, and taken before Judge Cato, who admitted them to bail in bonds of $500 each. They were never brought to trial. The second territorial legislature met at Lcconiptian KANSAS HISTORY 735 MISSISSIPPIAN. Tlie Mississippian rocks occupy a surface area of about 30 square miles in the extreme southeast part of the state. It is triangular in out- line, about miles wide on the s()ulh and 10 miles wide on the east. Spring river almost determines the western boundary of the area, but here and there erosion has worn away the overlying- Coal Measures, exposing the underlying Mississippian in patches of irregular outline a few miles farther west. Beyond the limits of Kansas the Mississippian formations extend eastward, southeastward and northeastward over a large part of Missouri, northeast Oklahoma, northwest Arkansas and stretclies away bej'ond the limits of Missouri into Iowa, Illinois, Ken- tucky and Tennessee. They are from 200 to 300 feet in thickness, and have been drilled through in many places, such as Pittsburg, Girard, Columbus, Galena, lola, Neodesha, Stone City, Cane}-. They rest imme- diately upon Silurian rocks, where exposed at the surface in Missouri and Arkansas and presumably also in Kansas. The Mississippian rocks essentially are limestones, but here and there thin clay and shale partings are found, by drilling, although in general such partings are insignificant and unimportant. Throughout the lime- stone, also, are masses of flint rock, or chert, exceedingly variable in extent and outline. In the vicinity of Galena such chert masses are miles in surface extent and lumdreds of feet in thickness. Eastward in Mis- souri the)' are very large and abundant. A peculiarly great interest attaches to them because they are the principal bearers of lead and zinc ores throughout the entire Joplin area, which is the greatest zinc pro- ducing area in the world. The entire Mississippian limestone formation passes westward to an unknown distance, dipping about 25 feet to the mile along the south line of the state from Galena to Caney, which is the westernmost point, at which its presence positively has been identified. In a north direction the dip of the surface is much less, reaching only about 43-2 feet to the mile for the entire distance from Galena to Kansas City. Many hundreds of oil and gas wells have been drilled through the overlying Coal Meas- ures, so that the upper surface of the Mississippian throughout the oil and gas fields in the southeastern part of the state has been very well located. It is also interesting to know that flint bodies occur irregularly throughout the area explored b}' deep wells the same as farther east where the rocks are exposed to the surface. Numerous wells in the oil and gas fields went down into the Mississippian to variable distances, and some of them entirely through it. In some instances large quantities of flint have been found by the drill, and in others none at all, precisely as would be the case were one to di'iH throughout the area where thev are exposed to the surface. Eastward from the limits of Kansas the Mississippian limestones gradually rise to Springiield, and beyond, covering a large catchment area. Here rainwater finds its wav between the rock lavers and slowlv 736 CYCLOPEDIA OF works its way down the bedding plain slope westward and appears again in large quantities in the mines throughout the zinc mining area, and also farther west in deep wells where it is used for municipal supplies in such towns as Pittsburg, Weir City, Girard, Cherokee, Columbus, and a number of other smaller places. Economic Products. — The Mississippian rocks carry values of great commercial importance of three distinct characters, ist, Building stone and lime; 2nd, water; 3d, ores of lead and zinc. 1. Building Stone and Lime: The Mississippian limestones are usually solid and compact, and in many places are completely crystalline. These properties, added to a high degree of chemical purity, make an imusually valuable building stone which is almost white in color, and hence attractive for costh' buildings. Extensive quarries are operated in the same rock masses in nearby localities near Carthage, Mo., from which vast quantities are shipped in many directions to be used in high grade buildings. Also, the same limestone around Ash Grove, Mo., is burned into a superior white lime which is shipped all over Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma and elsewhere. Equally good building stone and lime may be had from the Mississippian rocks in Kansas and are now lying there awaiting the activity of operators. 2. \\'ater: As already explained, the Mississippian formation extends east and occupies the surface throughout the highlands of south central Missouri around Springfield where a copious rainfall supplies an abund- ance of water, portions of which become lodged between the rock layers and gradually work down the dip plains westward. In this way large quantities of water are obtained by deep drilling in many places in south- eastern Kansas, and different municipalities obtain a satisfactory supply of good water in this manner. 3. Ores of Lead and Zinc; P>y far the must impcirtant product obtained from the Mississippian formations in southeastern Kansas and sotithwestern Missotiri are the ores of lead and zinc which occur here in such large quantities. The i)rincii>al ore of lead is galena, a sulphide of lead (Pb.S), allhotigh small amounts of the carbonate and sulphate are found, named ccrussite and anglesite respectively. The principal zinc ore is sphalerite, or zinc blende, also a sulphide (ZnS), often called ■'jack" locally, zinc carbonate Smithsonite, and zinc silicate calamine occur sparingly. The productive area in Kansas has a much smaller acreage tiian is found across the state line in Missouri, but no richer lead and zinc mines have ever been developed in the world than in some ])ortions of Kansas. One piece belonging to the South Side Mining and Smelting company, containing only 80 acres, has already produced ore with a market value of more than $4,000,000, with scarcely a shaft as much as 200 feet dee]). The entire yield from Kansas has reached as high as $2,000,000 a year in ore values, which would be nmro than 83,000,000 if the value of the metal were counted. How Ic)ng these rich mines will continue to be profitable no one can foretell, l)nl when \vc consider that the mining thus far is all in shallow KANSAS HISTORY 737 t^round, and that elsewhere as great or greater values continue down- wards for I, coo feet or more, it seems probable that this area also will he productive for many scores of years yet to come. COAL MKASTRES. Stratigraphy. — The Coal Measures of Kansas occupy about 20,000 square miles in the eastern end of the state. They immediately overlie the Mississippian, and in turn are overlaid by the Permian. The eastern limit of their area is the line trending northeast and southwest previously described as the western limit of the Mississippian. Along this boundary the Coal Measure rocks are very thin. Their base plane dips gently westward about 25 feet to the mile on the south line, while the surface gradually rises, so that the Coal Measures formation constitutes a wedge pointing eastward. The lowermost formation of the Coal Measures is a shale bed, some- what variable in thickness in different parts of the state, but which averages about 450 feet. These have been called the Cherokee shales, on account of their extensive surface exposure in Cherokee county. Im- mediately above the Cherokee shales are two limestone formations separated by 7 to 8 feet of black shale which together are called the Fort Scott limestone. These in turn are overlaid by 40 feet of shale known as the Labette shales, followed by 22 feet of the Pawnee limestone, above which are alternating beds of limestones and shales, the latter often carrying large bodies of sandstone, from the bottom to the top of the Coal Measures. Each of these individual limestone and shale beds has been studied in detail by the Kansas Geological Survey, has been named and the line of outcroppings of all the principal formations traced on the various maps in Volume IX of the State Geological .Survey, to which the reader, if interested, is referred for a detailed discussion. These several individual horizons have been grouped together into stages named as follows, beginning at the base : Cherokee, Marmaton, Pottawa- tomie, Douglas, Shawnee and Wabaunsee. The scheme at the end of this article illustrates these details and generalities better than can be described in ordinary sentences. All of these several formations overlie each other in regular order, as shown in the above mentioned scheme. In every instance each individ- ual formation outcrops to the east and lies buried to the west beneath the overlying formations. Throughout the entire Coal Measures area from top to bottom, the strata dip westward, while the surface is inclined to the east. Traveling westward, therefore, one is constantly' passing from the lower formations to the higher, or from the older to the younger. A drill hole put down to the west, consequently, will pass through the succeeding formations downward in regular order. Beyond the limits of Kansas the Coal Measures extend east and north into Missouri and Nebraska and from there northeast into Iowa, making the Kansas coal fields continuous stratigraphicallv with the coal fields (1-47) 738 CYCLOI'EDIA OF of I\Iissouri and Iowa. On the south they extend far into Oklahoma, from which place they veer eastward and constitute the coal fields of Arkansas. The Kansas coal fields, therefore, lie midway between those of Arkansas and Oklahoma on the south, and Missouri and Iowa on the north. Economic Products. — Kansas Coal Measures are noted for being rich in five particular kinds of products, namely: i. Coal; 2. Oil and Gas; 3. Clays-Shales ; 4. Cement material ; and 5. Building Stone. 1. Coal: About the middle of the Cherokee shales three distinct beds of coal are found and are mined very extensively, particularly in Cher- okee and Crawford counties, while coal seams occupying the same strati- graphic levels are known to exist in many other places in the state, particularly in the vicinity of Kansas City, Leavenworth and Atchison. In some places but one of these veins seems to have been developed to a considerable extent, while elsewhere all three of them are of com- mercial importance. At present (lyii) nmre than 90 per cent, of all the coal being mined in the state is obtained from the Cherokee shales. Well up in the Marmaton stage is another bed of coal known to be extensively developed in the vicinity of Pleasanton and La Cygne, and probably futtire prospecting will find the seam in many more places. This is usually known as the Pleasanton coal and has been mined in many places in the valley lying between Pleasanton and La Cygne, and for miles to the east. No one knows the size of this coal area, but prob- ably it is much more extensive than is known al incscnl. Other lesser beds of coal are found irregularly here and there through- out the Pottawatomie stage, but none of considerable importance as we pass upwards until the Douglas stage is reached. Here, from 50 to 100 feet below the Oread limestone, a bed of coal occurs irregularly entirely across the state. It is developed in the bluffs along the Missouri river near Atchison, lying about 100 feet below the Oread limestone, where it was mined to a considerable extent in time past. Southward, in Douglas county, in early days of Kansas history, it was mined al prob- ably fifty different places. Still further southward, in Franklin count}, it was mined in many places around Pomona, Ransomville and Williams- l)urg. From here to the southwest a line of early day mines can be traced entirely across the slate, where local mines were operated in the winter season for wagon trade. Passing up the geological column to near liie top of the Shawnee stage another vein of coal is found marking a line here and there entirely across the state from northeast to southwest. 'J'he coal here is conlined principally to the Severy Scranton shales, with theniines most abundant all the way from a few miles west and southwest of Topeka, to the vicinity of Osage City, where mining is still prosccufeil on a cunmu-rcial scale. 2. Oil and Gas: Almost all the oil and gas thus far developed in Kansas has been obtained from the Cherokee and Marmaton stages, with more than nine-tcntiis of it coming from the Cherokee shales. The KANSAS IIISTDUV 739 principal productive fields, of course, lie to the west of the outcropping areas, so that wells are drilled from 300 to 1,600 feet in depth before reaching- the productive zones. ( )il and gas are found almost universally in sandstone, probably because the pores serve as receptacles for them, and these sandstones lie interbedded in the Cherokee shales and some of the shales higher up tlu- geologic column. l'"arther to the west in the vicinity of Elmdale, Augusta and Arkansas City small dex-elopments of gas have been made in wells of varying depth where tlie Permian rocks are exposed at the surface. In all cases ])robably the drill went entirely through the Permian and into some of the upper Coal Measure formations, but by no means deep enough to reach the formations which produce oil and gas in such large quantities farther east. 3. Clay-Shales: The Coal Measure shales, in general, are excellent clays for making a great variety of brick, tile and otiier clay products. The clay industry to date has been developed principally in the south- eastern part (.)f the state where fuel is al)u»idanl and cheap, either in the coal fields of Cherokee and Crawford counties, or in tlie gas fields a little farther west. Shales belonging to different stratigraphic horizons have been used in different places and have been found to be exceedingly valuable for making all kinds of street-paving brick, common building brick, dry-pressed, fancy red brick, side-walk brick, hollow clay building tile, drainage and sewer tile. At Pittsburg and vicinity the Cherokee shales have produced a desirable material for this purpose. At Coffey- ville the Cofteyville shales produce excellent brick, .\bout Cherryvale the Cherryvale shales are equally desirable, and so on almost to the top of the Coal Measures formations, with practically all the intervening shales producing very satisfactory material, as is witnessed by the high quality of brick produced from the Chanute shales at Chanute, the Lane shales at Table Mound west of Independence, the Lawrence shales at Lawrence, the Calhoun shales at Topeka, etc. 4. Cement Material : The limestone of the Coal Measures formations of Kansas, while in general not absolutely pure, is excellent material for the production of Portland cement, when properl}' mixed with Coal Measure shales. Fortunately, the impurities present in the limestone are identical with the materials of the shales, and therefore are in no way objectionable. The shales also, interbedded with the limestones, seldom contain any impurities which are detrimental to the manufacture of high-grade Portland cement. This fact in connection with the abundance of fuel coal, natural gas, and fuel oil, has resulted in the erection of numerous Portland cement plants in the southeastern part of the state, each of which draws its raw materials from the Coal Meas- ures limestones and shales. It is fortunate that such valuable ma- terials exist in such large quantities because the Portland cement indus- try has now become one of the leading manufacturing industries of the state and the supply of material is sufficiently abundant to last literallv millions of years. 5. Building Stone: Manv of the limestone horizons in the Kansas 740 CYCLOPEDIA OF Coal Measures produce excellent building stone and the broad prairies are dotted here and there with scores of stone quarries, some of which already have reached a considerable magnitude of production. The sandstone beds here and there interbedded with the shales likewise pro- duce good flagging stones for making walks and for other constructional purposes. Should the time ever come when a larger amount of high- grade building stone is required, either limestone or sandstone, the Coal Measures of Kansas may be called upon to increase the present pro- duction many hundred fold. l'ERMI.\N. Stratigraphy. — The Permian formations of Kansas are composed almost entirely of alternating beds of limestone and shales with much less sandstone in the shale than is found below in the Coal Measures. The Permian rocks overlie the Coal Measures conformably ; that is, their bedding planes are approximately parallel witli the bedding planes of the Coal Measures. In general physical and chemical properties also, the Coal Measures rocks grade into Permian so that the only definite criterion for separating them is the character of the animal and plant life as represented !\v the fossils found in them. The line of demarcation between the west limit of the Coal Measures and the eastern limit of the Permian is an irregular one trending, in general, nortli and south from near the northeast corner of Marshall county to the southeast corner of Cowley county. On the high ridges the Permian extends farther east, because it overlies the Coal Measures, while in the vallej'S, such as the Kansas river valley, erosion has worn away the overlying Permian expos- ing the underlying Coal Measures much farther to the west. In tliis way ihe line of demarcation is more or less tortuous, varying in extreme cases as much as 35 miles in an east and west direction. Naturally, the Permian is divided into two great divisions, ilie Uiwcr and the upper, the lower Permian being composed of light colored lime- stones and liglil or dark green colored shales, while the upper Permian is composed of red colored shales and imjierfect sandstones, commonly known as the Red-Reds. All the Permian formations dip gently to the west, so that here, the same as with tlie Coal Measures, one lraveli.ng westward is continuously passing from the lower to the higher strata — from I he older to the younger. Drill holes put down at any point at the western limit of the Permian, therefore, will penetrate the several sub- divisions in succession, and should they be carried far enough, would penetrate the Coal Measures likewise, which underlie the Permian. In a norlii and soulh line the rock strata arc continuous and almost level, so that Ihe outcroi)ping of any one formation may be traced north and south entirely across the stale. It appears that the Permian is much less in thickness at the north than at the south. All the ujjper Permian here is wanting, so that the overlying Dakota Cretaceous rests imniodi- ately on the Permian, while in the south, the thick red-heds inler\iMU' Iii'i v\i-ct) (111' lowci' I'i-rini;iii and the ( ■|-c(ac('ous. I'.eyond the limits of KANSAS HISTORY 741 Kansas, the J'ermian exleuds boUi north and smith. On the north it reaches only about 30 miles into Nebraska until it becomes entirely covered by the Dakota Cretaceous which laps eastward and rests on the Coal Measures formations. From the south side of the state it extends southward through Oklahoma and Texas. Economic Products. — The Permian of Kansas is particularly noted for its large (piantities of salt, but, in addition, il also supplies unlimited quantities of clay-shale and building stone. I. Salt: Kansas has enough salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), to sup])ly the world for many thousands of years. It is regularly ihterbedded with the Permian shales. The eastern limit of the salt beds is a few miles west of Wichita, McPherson and Salina. while the western limit has not been determined, neither has the northern nor the southern limits. At Hutchinson the salt is known to be 415 feet thick. Northward it appears gradually to grow thinner and is about 200 feet thick at Kanapolis and Ellsworth, and 150 feet thick at Lincoln, where a deep well drilled early in 191 1 proved its presence and quality. At Kingman and Hutchison it is about 600 feet below the surface, at Lyons 800 feet below the sur- face and at Ellsworth and Kanapolis 600 feet. A deep well at Anthony also showed an abundance of salt. From here southward it extends far across into Oklahoma. Salt is mined by two distinct processes. Rock salt is obtained by sinking a shaft to the salt and mining it much as coal is mined. It is then hand sorted, crushed and passed over sieves of different grades and sent into the market in desirable forms. The other grade of salt is obtained by first drilling a hole, like an oil well hole, down to the rock salt and inserting a pipe which fits lightly into the well and extends down to the top of the salt. A smaller pipe is now put inside the first one and carried down to the bottom of the well. A pump is then attached to the larger, or outside, pipe and water is forced down into the well. In time it dissolves all the salt it can dissolve, about one pound of salt to 36 pounds of water, and is forced up through the inner pipe. A new well furnishes but little brine, because the surface area is so small it requires so long a time for the water to become saturated. But as solu- tion continues the surface becomes larger, so that within a year or so the pump can be kept running constantly and a good strong brine is constantly delivered by the smaller pipe. The brine is then evaporated by artificial heat and "evaporated" salt is obtained. 3. Gypsum : Gypsum is the foundation for one of the great indus- tries of Kansas. Rock gypsum is found in many places in the Permian. Extensive factories are now in operation in the vicinity of Blue Rapids, in Marshall county, in southern Dickinson county, and in Barber county, all of which use rock gypsum. A few years ago a number of plants were operating on gypsum or on gypsite, beds of which are found here and there throughout the Permian area. Rock gypsum occurs in a well stratified form interbedded with other Permian formations. About Blue Rapids and Hope it lies beneath the surface, but in Barber colu^t^•, and 742 CYCLOPEDIA OF stretcliing away southward into Oklahoma, it caps the hills similar to the way limestone does so frequently throughout the Coal Measures area. It occurs in a well stratified form, can be quarried the same as stone and is sufficiently pure to meet all the requirements for the manu- facture of high-grade plaster and other goods made from gypsum. Gypsum is used for making different grades of hard wall plaster, in its present form it is a hydrated calcium sulphate ( CaSO^ + 2H,0). When ground to powder and heated it gives u]) a portinn nf the water of crj^stallization and takes on a propertx' Ijy which it may again absorb water and harden, or "set." Diflferent grades of plaster are made by driving off different proportions of water. Also by certain secret treat- ments a superior grade is made known as Keen's cement, which is used extensively for interior decorations of costly buildings. 3. Clay-Shale: But little development work has been done on the clay-shales of the Permian. It is known, however, that many of them will prove exceedingly valuable. Chemical analysis shows that they con- tain less iron than the Coal Measure shales to the east, and, therefore, it may reasonably be expected that a great variety of light colored brick and terracotta may be made from them. A rich harvest awaits the development of the Permian clay industry. 4. Building Stone : The Permian affords some of the best Ijuilding stone in the state, principally limestone. Here and tliere throughout the entire area from the nortJi side of the state to the smith good build- ing stone is available. cki-:taci-:ous. According to the general geological section previously gi\cn the great Cretaceous com])!cx is divided first into the lower and ui^pcr, and the upper again subdived into a luunber of individual stages and formations. For a proper study of Kansas Cretaceous, one should begin at the bot- tom of the Cretaceous colunui. which would carry him far to the south beyond the limits of the slate to the vicinity, we will say, ni I'.l I'aso. It seems thai the great mid-continental sea which existed in the west of tJie Coal Measures and Permian areas of Kansas had \ui>vc faxorable conditions for the production of thick lieavy beds southward than to the northward tliroitghout the earlier pail of Cretaceous tiiiic. and fur- ther, that a gradual uprising to the south drove the ocean waters north- ward into the .\rctic Ocean where they now are. In this way a great mid-conlineiit;il area was covered thousands of feet in di'ptii with Cre- taceous rocks, the lower and older ones towards the souili and the younger and up|)er ones towards the north. Comanche: In Clark, Comanche, Kiowa and ILirlur coiiiilics we lind a small mass of Comanche Cretaceous which is the iii)pennost sub- division of tlie Lower Cretaceous, 'i'liis is wedge-sliaped, tapering north- ward and thickening to the soutli in Oklahoma and Texas. It dis;ippears under the Tertiary sf)nth of the .\rkansas river and thus f.ir no tracings of it ii;ive I)ei'n found noitji of the counties n:imed. i'roli.ilih it under- KANSAS IITSTORY 743 lies the Tertiary for sonic distance north of where it is now observable, but where its true northern limit is can only be determined by proper explorations beneath the siu"face of the Tertiarx' in the area south of Great Bend. Dakota : The lowermost member of the Cretaceous found in con- siderable quantities in Kansas is the Dakota. It has a large develop- ment in an area reaching northeast and sotithwest from Washington county to Edwards coimty, as already described in previous pages, with traces of it here and there in the southwest part of the state where the Cimarron and Bear rivers have cut through the Tertiary, veneering and exposed long narrow strips of Dakota rocks. Probably it underlies the entire southwest corner of Kansas including six or eight counties south of the Arkansas river, throughout which the Tertiary mantle obscures it from sight. The Dakota rocks lie almost horizontally, but throughout their west- ernmost exposure dip gently to the east. For example, their elevation in Morton county is over 3,500 feet above tide, while their easternmost outcrop in the central part of the state is below 2,000 feet. This is in conformity with what one should expect when it is recalled that the same Dakota formation outcrops throughout a long zigzag area along the eastern foothills of the Rocky mountains, where they have a north and south extent of thousands of miles at an altitude of from 5,000 to 7,000 feet above tide. This easterly dip throughout eastern Colorado and western Kansas is common not only to the Dakota strata, but to all the rocks overlying them, due evidently to the uplifting of the Rocky mountai,ns, by which process the old interior ocean was drained north- ward as above explained. The Dakota Cretaceous consists of alternating beds of sandstone and shales aggregating a thickness of about 450 feet. Usually the sandstone is coarse and porous and has many springs bursting out along the eastern outcropping lines, the source of the water of which, of course, is the catchment area westward along the mountainous borders. The eastward migration of water throughout these many hundreds of miles is well proven from the various artesian wells available here and there over the Great Plains area. It seems strange to many that these springs should be on or near the hill-tops and on the high ground rather than in the valleys, where springs generally occur. When it is remembered, however, that the present eastern demarcation of the Dakota is largely controlled by erosion, and how, therefore, the easternmost limits neces- sarily will be on the high divides between the stream, one can readily understand how water traveling from the west towards the east finally will find outlets along the eastern border of the sandstone, and therefore, on the high ground. Another natural sequence follows from the con- ditions just named, namely, that these seeps and springs carrying traces of iron leached from the rocks will have the same iron deposited in the sandstones where the seeps are evaporated, so that, in general, the eastern limits of the Dakota sandstones have a reddish or dark iron- 744 CYCLOPEDIA OF stained appearance, often refered to by local residents and generally explained by assuming that at some previous time the rocks have been burned to give them their peculiar colors. The Dakota sandstone, therefore, in general is a coarse rock exceed- ingly pervious to water, colored yellow, reddish and brownish by iron rust stains, and suitable in every way for carrying large quantities of water, which is one of its most striking characteristics. Also, the Dakota shale beds of Kansas are particularly noted for the large amount of salt they contain. One result is. that the siliferous shale beds have been eroded away more rapidh' than the rocks below and many peculiarly shaped depressions result, the most noted of which is the so-called "basin" just north of Great Bend. Here the siliferous shales have been washed away and a circular "fry-pan" shaped basin formed. North- ward, in many places salt marshes exist, such as the famous one near Concordia. These marshes become more or less filled with water throughout the winter and spring, which leaches large quantities of salt from the siliferous shales. During the dry weather of summer and early autumn the water becomes evaporated, leaving a variable amount of salt behind. In early days of occupation of the plains by white men^ such salt marshes were visited by people for hundreds of miles around, the salt scooped up from the ground and hauled away li}- wagon loads. Recently, since our salt mines have been in operation in the central jnirt of the state, no further attention is given the salt marshes in an indus- trial way. I. Clays: The clays of the Dakota are munerous and variable in quality and bid fair to become some of the most valuable in the state, on account of their great variety. In places they are almost free from iron, producing a clay approaching fire-clay in quality, which is \ery suitable for making light colored and buf? colored brick and urnanuntal terracotta. Benton. — Immediately overlj'ing the Dakota, and conformable with it, we find the Benton complex of limestones and shales, aggregating a thickness of about 400 feet. It is composed almost entirely of alternat- ing beds of soft, light colored limestone and darkly colored, sometimes almost greenish shales, which in other places are practically black. The limestones are in broad thin layers much softer than the Coal Measures limestones, but substantially the same in chemical composition. They lend themselves readil}' to quarry purposes and may be broken readilx' into long slender pieces suitable for fence-posts, for which they are used to a great extent throughout the entire Benton area of the stale, in fact, one riding east or west across the state on any of the trans-state railroads north of the .'\rkansas river can recognize when he is in the Benton area by the limestone fence-posts so readily seen from the car window. This fence-post zone is from 30 to 40 miles wide and prac- tically outlines the area throughout which the Benton formation covers the surface of the ground. The stone is so soft it can be cut with a car- penter's saw and shaped at pleasure. Upon ex|)osure to ilic .ilmnsplu'rc KANSAS IIISTOUV 745 it dries and hardens s(i that it becomes ([uite servicable for structural pur- poses, and many prelentious buildings are built of it. The Benton shales thus far have been used but little in the economic arts, although, as shown from preliminary examinations, they are ser- \'icable for making many kinds of brick, tile, and other clay products. Also, they are servicable for making Portland cement when properly mixed with calcareous material, as is shown by the plant at Yocemento in Ellis county, which uses the uppermost horizon of Benton shales mixed with the overlying Niobrara chalk for making Portland cement. Niobrara. — Overlying the Benton and conformable with it we find the Niobrara shales and limestones, aggregating about 500 feet in thick- ness. The limestones are the famous Kansas chalk. The eastern limit of the Niobj-ara, which is also the western limit of the Benton, is an exceedingly irregular line stretching from the middle of the north side of Washington county southwestward, crossing the west side of the state about 8 or 10 miles north of the Arkansas river. Much of the area to the west is covered with Tertiary material, so that the exposure of Niobrara is confined principally to the valleys and blufifs of streams, although there is no doubt about it being a continuous formation under- neath the Tertiary. This general outcropping border corresponds with the ideas advanced in speaking of the northward recession of the great inland sea, the extreme southwest corner of the state being occupied by the Dakota, then a strip of Benton along the Arkansas river, and now the Niobrara on top of the Benton as one travels westward and northward. On a geological map of Kansas one would find, therefore, comparatively small areas occupied by the Niobrara, but, could one by magic remove the Tertiary mantle, without doubt the Niobrara would occupy as large an area, probably much larger, than either the Benton or the Dakota. The Niobrara limestone, or chalk, is distinguished from the Benton in physical properties principally by its thick, heavy beds rather than thin well-marked ones common to the Benton, and by the general chalky nature of the material. In chemical composition it is about as pure a limestone as is found in the state, ranging from 90 to 96 per cent, pure lime carbonate. It is particularly soft, so that it may be whittled with a knife or cut with a saw almost like shale. Here and there ground water has deposited silica within it, producing locally masses of agate and other silicious forms of rocks, some of which are of the moss-agate variety and fairly beautiful. The upper Niobrara, also, is noted for its abundance of fossils, reptiles and fishes which are found here and there wherever the Niobrara is exposed throughout the state. Pierre. — In the extreme northwest part of the state some of the streams have cut through the mantle of Tertiary exposing Cretaceous rocks which usually are considered to belong to the Pierre, or Ft. Pierre, as it was previously called. Some parties have also thought that the Fox Hill was exposed in the vicinity of St. Francis, Cheyenne county, althouofh usualiv this is considered Pierre. Both the Pierre and Fox 746 CYCLOPEDIA OF J] ill occur in much greater abundance farther to the north and north- west. How much of either of them underlies the Tertiary in Kansas probably never will be known, but so small an amount of each of them IS actually found that their importance is correspondingly reduced. Tertiary and Pleistocene. — As already explained, the western end of Kansas is covered b}- a veneering or mantle of material carried eastward by rivers from the great Rocky mountain area. This debris, or loess as it is now frequently called, covers the entire plains area from the foot- hills of the Rocky mountains eastward far into the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas. It consists principally of soil, sand and gravel, which in places seems to be reasonabl}' well stratified, but which in general is practically void of structure. Here and there are coarse gravel beds extending miles horizontall}' and from 5 to joo feet \ er- ticall)-, the sand and gravel of which is cemented together by calcium carbonate, forming a sandstone of variable hardness which has been called by different names, such as "mortar beds," "Tertiary grit." etc. This Tertiary mantle carries the vast amount of ground water found so abundantly throughout the plains area. Also, here and there it carries many fossils of vertebrae animals, important to the paleontologist. Tt seems that in geological age, the oldest of it is at least as old as the Loup Fork Tertiary, while recent winds and river action has worked over tlie surface material until part of it, at least, and probably much of it, should be designated as Pleistocene. In general, it has quite the appearance of river alluvium and, broadly speaking, is about as regular in character as alluvium usually is, while in detail it differs very materially from place to place, again very much like river alluvium. Gerardy, a little village of Washington county, is a statimi nu the C'hicagi). r.nrlington I'l- Ouincy R. R. 17 miles northeast of Washing- ton, the county scat, and 5 miles north of Hanover, from which jilace mail is delivered by rural carrier. The j)opulation in i<)i;i was ^j. Germaine Sisters. — One of the most thrilling instances of Indian atrocity that c\er occurred in Kansas was the murder of an emigrant named Germaine. with several members of his family, and tlu- carry- ing olT of four daughters into captivity in the fall of 1S74. In the early part of that ye;ir a great numl)er of buffaloes were killed by hunters and frontiersmen, the hides being shipped east, the tongues used ffjr food and the carcasses left to rot on the jilains. This whole- sale slaughter of their main food su|)ply exasperated the Indians to such an extent Ih.it the Kiowas, Comanclies, Cheyennes ami Ar.ipahoes held a council and determined to make war upon the whiles. The Germaine family, consisting of the father, niolher. one son and six daughters, was on the wa}' to Colorado. ( )n the morning of Sept. 10, 1H74, they were attacked on the bank of the .'^nioky llill river in western Kansas. Mr. Germaine. his wife and son wert' killed aii received by rur.'il delivery from Henkelman, Xeb. Glasco, an incorporated cit}' oi' ( lond county, is located in .Solomon tovvnsiiip on the Scjlomon river and tlu' I'lnon Pacific R. R.. about 20 miles southwest of Concordia, the county seat. It li.is j b.'uiks, an international money order ])ostoffice with four rural routes, express and tcle,L;r;i|)li service, telc])hone connections, a weekly newspaper (the Sun), KANSAS HISTORY 751 an opera house, graded and high schools, churches of the leading denominations, hotels, mercantile houses, etc. The population in 1910 was 720. deed, Charles S., lawyer and writer, was born at Alorrisville, Vt., ■ March 23, 1856, a son of Thomas and Cornelia (Fisk) Gleed. In early life he came to Kansas, and from 1876 to 1880 he was a student in the state university, receiving from that institution the degree of A. H. lie then became a student in the law school of the University of Kan- sas, and from 1880 to 1884 he was connected with the traffic and law departments of the Union Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroads. In 1884 hs was admitted to the bar, and on June 28, 1S88, he married Miss Mabel Gore of Lawrence, Kan. Mr. Gleed has served as editor of the Denver Daily- Tribune ; as president of the Ka«.sas City Daily Journal, the Missouri and Kansas Telephone com- paiiV, and the Bell Telephone company of Missouri; vice-president of tliii Pioneer Trust company, and as a director of the Atchison, Topeka /.,; Santa Fe railroad. From 1889 to 1893 he was a regent of the Uni- versity of Kansas. He has written many legal, economic and feature Articles for newspapers and magazines ; is a life member and director of the Kansas State Historical Society, and belongs to various clubs in Topeka, where he resides, and elsewhere. Gleed, James W., lawyer and brother of the above, was born at J\Ior- r.sville. Vt., March 8, 1859. In 1879 he received the degree of A. B. ,./om the University of Kansas, and from that time until 1882 was a iutor in Latin and Greek in that institution. He then received the degree of A. M., and for the next year was professor of Greek. In 1884 he received the degree of LL. B. from Columbia University. On hug. 25, 1886, he married Miss Grace Greer of Topeka. From, 1887 1 J 1900 he was professor of the law of real property in the University^ /f Kansas. In 1904 Columbia University honored him with the degree of LL. D. and in 1906 the same degree was conferred on him by Baker University. Mr. Gleed has served as general solicitor for the Missouri and Kansas Telephone company ; was for twelve years on the board of regents of the state university, and lias contributed articles to maga- zines on educational and economic subjects. He resides in Topeka, where he is engaged in the practice of law. Glen, a hamlet of Lincoln county, is located near the head of Spill- man creek, about 16 miles northwest of Lincoln, the county seat. Mail is delivered b)' rural carrier from the office at Cedron. A^esper, on the Union Pacific, is the nearest railroad station. Glendale, a hamlet of Bourbon county, is situated about 8 miles north of Fort Scott, the county seat, from which it has rural free delivery. Glen Elder, an incorporated town of Mitchell county, is located on the Solomon river and the Missouri Pacific R. R., in Glen Elder town- ship, 12 miles west of Beloit, the county seat. It has 3 hotels. 2 grain elevators, 2 banks, a weekly newspaper, express and telegraph offices and an international mone}' order postoffice with four rural routes. Z.-)^ CYCLOPEXIIA OF The population in 1910 was 565. The town was established in 1871 by Xeve & Spencer, and called West Hampton. The Glen Elder post- office, which was located half a mile north of this point, was moved •and the town took the name of the postoffice. The promoters of the town built a large flour mill. The Mitchell County Ivey, a green- back paper, was started by George E. Daugerty. who printed it by hand with a roller. Glengrouse, a small village of Cowley count}', is situated near the northeast corner of the county on Grouse creek, about 25 miles from W'infield, the county seat. The population in 1910 was 32. Mail is received from Atlanta by rural delivery. Glenloch, a hamlet of Anderson county, is located in Jackson town- ship, on the Missouri Pacific R. R.. 6 miles northwest of Garnett, the county seat. It has express and telegraph offices and a mone}- order postoffice. The population, according to the census of 1910, was 50. Glenn's Expedition. — Of all the expeditions that \isited Kansas, or some portion of it, in the early part of the 19th century, less seems to be known regarding that led by Col. Hugh Glenn than any other. It appears to have been merely a party of adventurers, acting without official authority, and with no other object in view than to see the country and learn something of its possibilities. The best, and per- haps the only, account of the expedition is that found in the journal of Jacob Fowler, who was the chronicler of the undertaking. This journal was edited and published by Dr. Elliott Coues a few years ago, and from it the following facts regarding the expedition are taken. Fowler and a few associates left Fort Smith, Ark., on Sc])t. 6. 1821, crossed the Arkansas river and made their way to the Neosho, near where Fort Gibson was afterward built. Hugh Glenn was a well known Indian trader, and at that time had a trading house on the Verdigris river, about a mile from its mouth. From the Neosho, Fowler's party moved on to Glenn's trading house, where the time until Sept. 25 was spent in "making arrangements for the journey to the mountains." A company of 20 men was formed, including Jacob Fowler and his brother Robert, Nathaniel Pryor, who had been with Lewis and Clark, several Frenchmen and a negro belonging to Jacob Fowler, lender command of Col. Glenn the expedition set out up the .Arkansas \;illc\-. Fowler, who kej)! the journal, was not much of a speller, hut what he lacked in a knowledge of orthography he made u]) b\' the zeal with which he kept a detailed record of each day's march. ( >ii ( )ct. o he says: "We now steered north leaveing the Uiver (the .\rkansas) on our lefft Hand Releveing the High Hill and I'.IutTs Near the River WCld be difequal to pass With loaded pack Horses — at six miles over lligh Uicli lime stone Pirarie We Cami)e(l on a Crick 60 feet \\'ide Wheare We killed some turkeys in the Evening." Coues thinks that this "crick" was the stream known as (irouse creek, which flows in a southerly direction through Cowley county. KANSAS HISTORY 753 Kan., and empties into the Arkansas river near tlie SDUlhern boundary of the state. For the next 30 days the expedition was in Kansas. From Grouse creek it moved west for a few miles, then turned north, and on the 9th it struck the Whitewater fWahuit) creek somewhere between the present towns of Arkansas City and Winfield. On the nth it again turned west, and two days later was about where Wichita now stands. The remainder of the course through the state was along the Arkansas river. According to Coues the camp of the I7lh was not far from the present town of Ellinwood in Barton county; the Pawnee fork was crossed near Larned ; the camp of the 25th was near Ford, in Ford county, and that of the 27th was not far from Dodge City. On the 29th the camp was pitched near Pierceville, Finney county, and on the 30th the expedition halted for the night about 8 miles west of Garden City. Fowler's journal for the 31st says they had reached a point where "a great many trees appear to Have (been) Cut down by White men and a french trading Camp Have been latly burned down Soposed to be Shotoes." (See Chouteau's Island.) On Nov. I the expedition "lay by to Rest Horses and dress Skins and prepare for winter. This morning the first Ice We seen frose in the Kittle about as thick as the Blaid of a knife and Ice floted down the River." All of the 2nd was spent in camp, but on the 3d the expedition pro- ceeded on up the river and that night camped near the present village of Kendall, not far from the boundary between Kearny and Hamil- ton counties. Here another short rest was taken, and on the 5th the expedition moved on westward, entering Colorado either that day or the one following. Glenwood, a hamlet in the southeastern part of Leavenworth county, is about 2 miles northwest of Jaggard, the nearest railroad point, and 8 miles northwest of Bonner Springs, from which it has rural free delivery. Glick, George W., the ninth governor of Kansas after the state was admitted into the Union, was born at Greencastle, Ohio, July 4, 1827, a son of Isaac and Mary (Sanders) Glick. His great-grandfather, Henry Glick, with four brothers, came from Germany during the colonial period, and all served as soldiers in the Continental army dur- ing the Revolutionary war. His grandfather, George Glick, served under Gen. Harrison in the War of 1812, and was wounded in the bat- tle of Fort Meigs, not far from the present city of Toledo, Ohio. When Gov. Glick was about five years of age his parents removed to San- dusky county, Ohio, where his father acquired extensive farming inter- ests and became a citizen of prominence, having been elected treasurer of the county three times in succession. Here the future governor of Kansas attended the public schools, and by his studious habits man- aged to acquire a good, practical knowledge of the English language and higher mathematics. His ambition was to be a lawyer, and soon after leaving school he entered the oiifice of Buckland & Haves at (I-48) 754 CYCLOPEDIA OF Lower Sandusky (now Fiemont), where he studied for two years^ when he was admitted to the bar in 1850 by the supreme court of Ohio, before which tribunal he passed an examination witli the stu- dents of the Cincinnati Law School. He began practice at Fremont and soon won distinction as a lawyer. A firm believer in the prin- ciples advocated by the Democratic party, he cast his political lot with that organization, and in 1858 was nominated for Congress, but declined the honor. The same year he made the race for state senator agains^ Ralph P. Buckland, one of his preceptors, and although defeated led his ticket by nearly 2,000 votes. About a year before this cam- paign he had been appointed colonel of the Second regiment and judge- advocate of the Seventeenth division of the Ohio militia by Gov. Salmon P. Chase. In the fall of 1838, after his defeat for state senator. Gov. Glick came to Kansas, locating at Atchison, where he formed a part- nership with Alfred G. Otis, under the firm name of Otis & Glick, which association lasted for fifteen years. At the election of Dec. 6, 1859 — the first election under the Wyandotte constitution — he was the Democratic candidate for judge of the Second judicial district: was a member of the legislature from 1863 to 1868; was. the Democratic candidate for governor in 1868, but was defeated by James M. Harvey ; was elected to the legislature again in 1875 and also in 1880; served as speaker pro teni in the session of 1876; and in 1882 was nominated and elected governor, being the only candidate on the Democratic stale ticket to win a victory. Gov. Glick had been active in political and legal affairs in many other ways. In 1866 he was elected a dele- gate to the Union convention at Philadelphia, Pa. ; he served as county commissioner and auditor of Atchison county ; was one of the early directors of the Union Pacific railroad and attorney for the central branch from 1867 to 1874: engaged in farming and stock raising in 1874, his "Shannon 14111" farm of about 600 acres being one of the best known farms in eastern Kansas ; was United States pension agent at Topeka from 1885 to 1892; was for over thirty years a member of the state board of agriculture ; was treasurer of the board of Centen- nial managers in 1876; was one of the commissioners to the Chicago exposition of 1893 '^"^1 the Louisiana Purchase exposition at St. Louis in T904; was one of the founders of the Atchison Gas company; was- thc first master of Shannon Hill Grange. Patrons of Husbandry; was a Knight Templar Mason, belonging to lodge, chapter and commandery in Atchison, and on Dec. 7, 1907, he was elected first vice-]MCsialdwin, the nearest railroad town, from which it has rural free delivery. In 1910 the population was 47. Goddard, an incorporated city of the third class in Sedgwick county, is a slaiiiMi on the Atcaison, Toi)eka & Sante Fe R, R. 14 miles west of Wichita, the county seat. It has a bank, grain elevators, general stores, graded schools. Baptist and Methodist churches, telegraph, express and telephone service, and a money order postoffice with two rural routes. The name was fornurly Blcndnn, In njio (Indd.ird reported a populatif)n of 225, KANSAS HISTORY 761 Godfrey, a small hamlet of Bourbon county, is situated at the junc- tion of the Missouri Pacific and the St. Louis & San Francisco rail- roads, 7 miles south of Fort Scott, from which place mail is received by rural delivery. Godfrey County. — This county was created by the first territorial legislature, with the following boundaries: "Beginning at the south- east corner of Greenwood county ; thence south to the southern bound- ary of the territory ; thence west 24 miles ; thence north to the south- west corner of Greenwood; thence east 24 miles to the place of be- ginning." In the original act the name is spelled "Godfrey." It was attached to Allen county for civil and military purposes and was never organ- ized as an independent political division of the state. By the act of June 3, 1861, the name was changed to Seward county, in honor of William H. Seward, and subsequently the territory was divided into the present counties of Elk and Chautauqua. Goessel, a hamlet of Marion county, is located 18 miles southwest of .Marion, the county seat, and 10 miles so^uth of Lehigh, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., the nearest railroad station and shipping point. It has a money order postoffice with one rural route. The population, according to the census of 1910, was lOo". Goff, one of the thriving towns of Nemaha county, an incorporated city of the third class, is located in Harrison township 15 miles south- east of Seneca, the county seat, at the junction of the two branches of the Missouri Pacific R. R. It was established by the railroad in 1880 and named after Edward H. Goff, a railroad man. In 1910 it had 422 inhabitants, a weekly newspaper, good banking facilities, telegraph and express offices, and an international money order postoffice with three rural routes. Gognac, a country postoffice in Grant county, is located near the west line about 9 miles southwest of New LHysses, the county seat, and 30 miles south of Hartland, the nearest railroad station. Gold. — From the earliest period of history gold has had a strange fas- cination for the human race. To secure the yellow metal men have imdergone all sorts of hardships. The lure of gold led Coronado (q. v.) to undertake an expedition into the wilds of North America in search of the wealthy province of Quivira. Since that time rumors of gold in what is now the State of Kansas have been repeatedly circulated. Du Pratz's map of Louisiana, published in 1757, has marked at the mouth of the Little Arkansas river "A Gold Mine." It may be, however, that this marking was due to a tradition that years before a party from New Mex- ico, while going down the Arkansas river in boats, was attacked at this point by Indians and all the members killed but one, who succeeded in making his escape after burying a large amount of money and treasure. In 1836 Jesse Chisholm guided a party to the place to search for this buried wealth, and other searching parties made investigations, but with- out success. 762 CYCLOPEDIA OF William B. Parsons and O. B. Gunn both published in 1859 accounts of the gold mines in western Kansas. Parsons tells of a part}- being made up at Lawrence to go to the mines under command of J. H. Turney. These mines are in the vicinity of Pike's peak and have produced a large amount of gold, but they are now in the State of Colorado. The Kansas City Journal of June 17, 1859, in giving an account of a trip down the Kansas river by the steamer Gus Linn, says: "Mr. P>udd informs us that while the boat was aground near Topeka, some of the deck hands washed several particles of gold from the sand in the bed of the river. No claims have yet been sold, but it is really said that there is to be a daily express started from Leavenworth next week to the new diggings. The gold is a fact." If the Leavenworth express was started, or if any systematic effort was ever made to develop gold mines at Topeka, no account of the occur- rence has been preserved. The Kansas City Star of Feb. 25, 1896, pub- lished another report of mines having been found in Kansas. It says: "Gold has been found at Hollenberg, Kan., and is said to assay $16 to $20 to the ton. It is found in the sand and near a large creek. Hollen- berg is a German settlement in northeastern Kansas on the Grand Island road. According to the traditions of the country, gold was found in that locality by emigrants traveling to the far West in '42 and later. The excitement is increasing and people are coming into tlie little town in crowds from all directions." But again the gold seekers were doomed to disappointment and the crowds departed almost as quickly as they came, leaving Hollenberg to pursue "the even tenor of its way" as a quiet little village of A\'ashing- ton county. About the time of the Hollenberg discovery, C. K. Holliday, hearing reports of tin along the upper course of the Smoky Hill river, sent a man to investigate. No tin was found, but an ore bearing a low percentage of zinc was discovered. A shaft was sunk to the depth of some 200 feet, and in experimenting with the shale a metal was found that bore a strong resemblance to gold. In the spring of 1902 a company was formed at Topeka for the purpose of making more extended investigations. Prof. Ernest Fahrig of the Philadelphia commercial museum was em- ployed to come to Kansas and examine the shale. Samples assayed by him showed about $3 to the ton. Machincr}' was brought from Phila- delphia and a special mill was erected at Topeka for the reduction of the ore. Anotiier company established a mill at Smoky Hill, and a number of well known Topeka citizens invested in Trego and Fllis cminly lands. Anmng them were John R. Mulvane. C. K. Ilnlliday, W. A. L. Thomp- son arid Judge Frank Doster. I'or a time the press was filled with accounts of the development of the "Trego shales." Prof. TIaworth of the state university and Prof. Waldcmar Lindgrcn of the United States geological survey were skeptical as to the metal's being gold, and tliorf>ugh tests demonstrated lli.ii their skepticism was fotuuled (in scientific facts. Tiie Trego guld, while liming the color, was Licking in KANSAS HISTORY 763 specific gravity. When its true character became known tlic project of developing mines was abandoned, as the amount of zinc contained in the shale was so low that it could not be mined with profit. Hazelrigg's History of Kansas (p. 252) tells of the establishment of a gold and silver refinery at Pittsburg in 1891, and also states that during the next four years several were started, the largest being located at Argentine. The statement is further made that in the four years one of these concerns refined 9,600,000 ounces of silver, and the author adds : "With an abundance of ore near, and possibly in this state, this work promises to become an important industry." The prediction was not fulfilled, however. The smelters at Argen- time and Pittsburg were built to refine ores from Mexico, Colorado and Utah, and not with the hope of finding gold, silver or other valuable ores in Kansas. They were established upon the theory that the smelter should be near the center of manufacturing and transportation — a theory that was soon found to be false. The duty on fluxing ores from Mexico, and the impracticability of placing the smelter so far from the mines, caused the abandonment of the enterprise and resulted in the disman- tling of the smelter at Argentine, which was one of the largest in the United States With some people, the hope of finding gold in Kansas may linger, but with a large majority of her citizens the belief prevails that the real gold mines of the state are in her corn, wheat and alfalfa fields. Goode, a small hamlet in the northwestern part of Phillips county, is about 14 miles from Phillipsburg, the county seat, whence mail is deliv- ered by rural route. Long Island, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, is the nearest railroad station. Goodin, Joel K., lawyer and legislator, was born at Somerset, Perry county, Ohio, Feb. 24, 1824. He received an academic education, after which he took up the study of law. Early in 1854 he was admitted to the bar in his native state and the following June located upon the Waka- rusa river in what is now Douglas county, Kan. He quickly espoused the free-state cause ; was a delegate to the Big Springs convention ; was clerk of the lower house of the Topeka legislature until it was dispersed by Col. Sumner; was secretary of the council in the free-state legislature of 1858, and the same year he began the practice of law in Douglas county, but soon afterward removed to Ottawa. In 1866 he was elected to represent Franklin county in the legislature, and was reelected in 1867. While a member of the house he' assisted in organizing the State School for the Deaf at Olathe. On Jan. 8, 1846, Mr. Goodwin married Elizabeth Crist of Bucyrus, Ohio. She died on May 21, 1870, and he sub- sequently married Mrs. Catherine A. Coffin, nee Taylor, a daughter of one of the early presidents of Baker University. Mr. Goodin died at Ottawa on Dec. 9, 1894. Goodin, John R., judge and member of Congress, was born at Titifin, Seneca county, Ohio, Dec, 14, 1836. His father John Goodin, was county treasurer for several terms, state senator in the Ohio state legislature and 764 CYCLOPEDIA OF agent for the Wyandotte Indians at Upper Sandusky. In 1844 the family moved to Kenton, Ohio, and John was thus enabled to attend college. In 1854 he began to read law and was admitted to the bar three years later. In 1858 he married Naomi Monroe. Within a j-ear they went west and located at Humboldt, Kan., where Mr. Goodin resumed his law practice. During the raid on Humboldt, in 1862 he lost everything. In 1866 he was elected to the Kansas state legislature ; the following year he was elected judge of the district court; was reelected in 1871. He was kept on the bench term after term, although a Democrat living in a district that was unaminously Republican, having been elected as the reform and opposition candidate. He resigned to take a seat in Congress in 1874. Two years later he was defeated for reelection, and in the later "70s was a candidate for governor but was unsuccessful. In 1883, Judge Goodin moved to Wyandotte, now Kansas City, Kan., where he engaged in the iiractice of his profession until his death on Dec. 18, 1895. Goodintent, a hamlet in the eastern uortion of Atchison county, is about 7 miles northeast of Atchison, the county seat, from which it has free rural delivery. Goodland, the county seat of Sherman county and one of the most progressive cities in western Kansas, is situated almost in the exact geographical center of the county on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. It was settled in 1887. The railroad company established shops, round house and power house, coal chutes, and the largest stock yards between Topeka and Denver. The company also erected a fine passen- ger station and office building. Goodland has electric lights, water- works, a telephone exchange, 3 banks, 2 weekly newspapers (the News- Republic and the Sherman County Record), 2 opera houses, telegraph and express offices, and an international money order postoffice with four rural routes. Among the industries are the railroad shops, flour mills, a cigar factory, grain elevators, etc. The city has spent in recent years about $750,000 for improvements, with the result that the streets are well paved, and practically all the sidewalks are of cement. Mucli of the progress is due to the energy of the commercial club, which is com- posed of the active business men of the city. A $20,000 high school building was erected a few years ago, and the graded schools are equal to those in any city of similar size. The fraternal organizations are well represented, especially the railroad orders, and the Freemasons have a fine temple. The population in 1910 was 1,993, '^ S'^'" o^ 934 dni-ing the preceding decade. Goodnow, Isaac T., educator, was born at Whitinghain, \'l., Jan. 17, 1814. When fourteen years old he entered a store as a clerk. .\t the age of twenty he entered the W'ilbraham Academy and for four- teen years was connected wiili that institution, first as student ;ind later as an instructor. In 1848 he was elected to the chair of natural sciences in Providence Seminary at East Greenwich, K. I., which posi- tion lie iield until 1855, when he removed to Kansas, settling near Man- hattan. Two years later l.c went cast and raised .^4.000 f(ir building KANSAS JIISTORV 765 a Methodist church at Manhattan. He was one of the founders of Bluemont College, which later became the State Agricultural College. In the interest of this institution he again went east and raised $15,000 in money, a library of some 2,000 volumes, and some scientific apparatus. As a member of the state legislature he secured the passage of a bill to locate the state university at Manhattan, but it was vetoed by Gov. Robinson. In 1862 and again in 1864 he was elected state superintendent of public instruction, and during his two terms he wielded considerable influence in laying the foundation for the pres- ent public school system of the state. He was appointed agent to dis- pose of the 90,000 acres of the agricultural college lands, and in 1869 was made land commissioner of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas rail- road. Mr. Goodnow died in 1894. Goodrich, a village of Linn county, is situated in the northwestern portion, about 17 miles northwest of Mound City, the county seat. It is a station on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R., has a money order postofifice and telegraph station, and in 1910 had a population of 90. Goose Question. — Judge Lawrence D. Bailey, in an account of the border troubles in Kansas written for the Garden City Sentinel in 1887, says : "All who were actively and heartily in favor of making Kansas a slave state were pronounced 'S. G. Q.,' that is to say 'sound on the goose question,' and all others were abolitionists." McNamara, in his "Three Years on the Kansas Border" (p. 143., tells how some pro-slavery men from Platte county. Mo., came into Weston on March 29, 1855 (the day before the election for members of the first Kansas legislature), with a live goose fastened on the top of a long pole, thus giving a "living demonstration" that they were sound on the goose question and ready to invade the territory for the purpose of voting. Just how the expression originated, and for what purpose — if there was any fixed purpose — is rather problematical. A diligent search through the archives of the Kansas Historical Society fails to bring to light any information on the subject. It may have been a sort of password of some of the secret political organizations of that day, or it may have originated with some one in a spirit of levity and accepted by the pro-slavery advocates as a slogan. Whatever may have been its origin, the newcomer to Kansas territory was certain to incur the lasting displeasure, if not the mortal enmity, of the pro-slaverites if they discovered that he was not "sound on the goose question." Gophers. — (See Prairie Dogs.") Gordon, a little village of Butler county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 19 miles south of Eldorado, the county seat. It is in Walnut township, on the Walnut river, has a money order postofifice, an express ofiSce, and a good local retail trade, tnough the population in 1910 was only 28. Gorham, a village of Big Creek township, Russell county, is located near the western boundary, and is a station on the Union Pacific R. 766 CYCLOPEDIA OF R. 8 miles west of Russell, the county seat. It has a liank, a money order postoffice with one rural route, telegraph and express offices, a grain elevator, some good general stores, and in 1910 reported a population of 175. Goss, Nathaniel S., naturalist, was born at Lancaster. N. H.. June 6, 1826, a son of Nathaniel and Parmelia (Abbott) Goss. \Miile he was still in his boyhood his parents removed to Wisconsin, where he married in 1855 Miss Emma Brown of Pewaukee, who died in a short time, and in the spring of 1857 he came to Kansas, having been one of the first settlers of the city of Neosho Falls. In i860 he was com- missioned major in the Kansas militia, and in 1863 was made lieutenant- colonel of the Sixteenth militia regiment, with which he was engaged in active service in southwestern Kansas. After the war he was appointed register of the United States land office at Humboldt, but resigned to become land attorney for the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroad, and later held a similar position with the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. Mr. Goss is better known, however, for his work as a naturalist. His opportunities to acquire an education in early life were very limited. Unable to study in the schools established by man. he studied nature. Birds had a peculiar attraction for him. As a boy he loved them, and learned many interesting facts concerning their habits, etc. As he grew older he took up the work of gathering and pre- paring specimens of birds from every quarter of the country. In 1881 this collection — which is one of the finest in existence — was presented to the State of Kansas, with the understanding that it should be known as the "Goss Ornithological collection," and that he should be the cus- todian of it as long as he lived. The collection is now in the state capitol at Topeka. In 1883 Mr. Goss was elected a life member of the American Ornithological Union in recognition of his work. His Inter years were spent in writing a history of the "Birds of Kansas,'' which was published a short time before his death. Mr. Goss died suddenly of heart trouble at Neosho Falls, March 10, 1891. He was buried at Topeka, the funeral services being conducted in the senate chamber. Gove, the county seat of Gove county, is centrally located 11 miles south of Grainfield on the Union Pacific, the nearest shipping point. It is an incorporated city of the third class, has a bank, a weekly news- paper (the Gove County Republican-Gazette), over a score of mer- cantile establishments, and a money order postoffice. The population in 1910 was 196. Gove was founded in 1885. A number of buildings were at once erected and a telephone line to Grainfield was installed. It was made the county seat in 1886. In Jan., 1SS8. it was organized as a city of the third class. At that time it had a line two-story brick school house, a two-story court-house .md a newspaper, bank and stores, and a brick plant. The Gove county high school is located here. Gove County, in the western part of the state, is the third from the west line of the state, the third south from the Nebraska line and the fiftli north from Oklahoma. It is bounded on the north 1)\ Thoni.-i^ ;uid KANSAS HISTORY 767 Sheridan counties, on the east by Trego, on tlie south by Lane and Scolt, and on the west by Logan county. The first settlements were made in the latter '70s. The Union Pacific railroad was built through this section of the state about that time and the first towns were estab- lished along the railroad. Buffalo Park was the first town. It was established about 1878. One of the most important early settlements was the Bristol colony, which came from Bristol, Bucks county, Pa., in 1879. Its officers were: President, M. E. West; secretary, R. Robin- son ; treasurer, R. Shaw. Eleven families constituted the party. They came first to Buffalo Park and after prospecting through the surrounding territory- located southwest of the town. The people found native build- ing stone to construct buildings, plenty of good grass for cattle, and water at an average depth of 50 feet. There was no timber and the government granted timber claims, whereby the claim holder was required to plant ten acres of timber. Hundreds of these timber claims were taken, resulting in the planting of thousands of acres of trees. In 1879, the legislature erected Gove county and bounded it as fol- lows : "Commencing at the northeast corner of township 10 range 26 west ; thence west on said township line to the east line of range 30 west; thence south on said range line to the north line of township 15; thence east on said line to the west line of range 25 west; thence north on said range line to the place of beginning." The present boundaries extend to the east line of range 32, and to the south line of township 15 Gove township, as it was called at that time, was attached to Ellis county for judicial purposes. In 1881 the legislature removed it from Ellis and attached it to Trego. The drought of 18S0 was rather severe in Gove county and reduced man}' families to destitute circumstances. Outside aid was sent in and much suffering relieved in this way. There were several little towns in the county by this time, and two newspapers were established in this year, the Grainfield Republican and the Buffalo Park Express. In 1886 the governor appointed L. F. Jones census taker. He made his returns in August, showing that the population was 3,032, of whom 851 were householders, and that there were $549,909 worth of taxable property. Two petitions were sent in on the county seat matter, one asking that Grainfield be made the temporary county seat and the other asking the same thing for Gove. Delegations from each town went to Topeka to interview the governor, help count the names on the petitions, and to prefer charges of fraud against each other. Originally the peti- tion for Gove had 612 names and that from Grainfield 336. Some of the names on the Gove petition were not on the census taker's list, which cut the Gove majority down to 71. Then it was found that some of the names on the Grainfield petition were open to the same objection, and after a thorough investigation the governor proclaimed Gove the tempor- ary county seat. The following ofificers were appointed : Commission- ers, Jerome B. McClanahan, William T. Stokes and Lyan Raymond ; clerk, Dell A. Borah. The election was held at the time of the ereneral 768 CYCLOPEDIA OF election on Xov. 2, 1886, and Gove was made the permanent county seat, in spite of the olifer of Grainfield to furnish the site, put up a $6,000 court- house and buy $1,200 worth of books. The officers chosen were as follows: Clerk, Dell A. Borah; sheriff, J. W. Hopkins; probate judge, C. E. Hebard ; treasurer, George S. Dyer ; register of deeds, L. F. Jones ; clerk of the district court, U. W. Ohlinger; superintendent of public instruction, G. G. Lehmer; attorney, R. C. Jones; surveyor, F. B. Cope; coroner, David Blackwell ; commissioners, Lyman Raymond, J. W. Campbell and Gustavus Peterson. By this time there were 8 towns in the county, and 41,590 acres of cultivated soil. The settlers had recovered from the hardships of the early beginnings and most of them were raising fair crops. Gove county is divided into nine townships, viz : Baker, Gaeland, Gove, Grainfield, Grinnell, Larrabee, Lewis and Payne. The postoffices in the county are, Gove, Alanthus, Ball, Campus, Catalpa, Coin, Grain- field, Grinnell, Hackberry, Jericho, Jerome. Orion, Park, Ouinter, Tweed and Valhalla. The surface is undulating with bluffs and rough lands along the streams. Bottom lands average one-half mile in width. The largest stream is the Smoky Hill river which flows from west to east through the southern part. Two branches of Hackberry creek enter in the northwest and join two other creeks near the centef of the county, forming the larger Hackberry creek which continues in a southeasterly direction, joining the Smoky Hill in Trego county. Gypsum, limestone and mineral paint are found in considerable quantities. Winter wheat, corn, barley and sorghum are the principal field crops. Live-stock raising is profitable. The value of the farm products in 1910 was $1,194,476, of which field crops amounted to over $1,000,000, live stock, poultry, eggs and dairy products making up the balance. The population of the county in 1910 was 6,044, which was nearly three times that of 1900. The assessed valuation of property was $10,373,486. The school population is 1,437, '^"d there are 46 organized school dis- tricts. Gove, Grenville L., soldier, was a son of Moses Gove, who was at one time mayor of Manhattan. At the breaking out of the Civil war he enlisted in Company F, Sixth Kansas cavalry as a private, but was soon made a corporal. In the summer of 1862 he was assigned to duty as a recruiting officer and raised Company G, Eleventh Kansas cavalry, of which he was commissioned first lieutenant. In May, 1864, he was pro- moted to captain and remained in command of the company until his death at Olathe, Kan., Nov. 7, 1864. Gove county and a Grand Army post at Manhattan have been named in his honor. Governors. — Kansas became an organized territory on May 30, 1854, but the territorial government was not fully established until the "lli of the following October. Between that time and Feb. 9, 1861, when the state government was inaugurated, the territory had six governors and five acting governors. The governors and their terms of service were as follows: KANSAS HISTORY 769 Andrew H, Reeder, from Oct. 7, 1854 to April 17, 1855, and again from June 23 to Aug. 16, 1855; Wilson Shannon, from Sept. 7, 1855, to June 24, 1856, and from July 7, to Aug. 18, 1856; John W. Geary, from Sept. 9, 1856, to March 12, 1857; Robert J. Walker, from May 27 to Nov. 16, 1857; James W. Denver, from May 12 to Oct. 10, 1858; Samuel Medary, from Dec. 18, 1858, to Aug. i, 1859, Sept 15, 1859, to April 15, i860, June 16 to Sept. II, and Nov. 25 to Dec. 17, i860. Daniel Woodson, the first territorial secretary, was five times acting governor, to-wit: April 17 to June 23, 1855; Aug. 16 to Sept. 7, 1855; June 24 to July 7, 1856; Aug. 18 to Sept. 9, 1856; and March 12 to April 16, 1857. Frederick P. Stanton was acting governor from April 16 to May 27, 1857, and again from Nov. 16 to Dec. 21, 1857. James W. Den- ver was acting governor from Dec. 21, 1857, ^'^ May 12, 1858, when he was appointed governor. Hugh S. Walsh served as acting governor from July 3 to July 30, 1858; Oct. 10 to Dec. 18 1858; Aug. i to Sept. 15, 1859, and from April 15 to June 15, i860. George M. Beebe was acting gover- nor from Sept. 11 to Nov. 25, i860, and from Dec. 17, i860, to Feb. 9, 1861. Section i, article i, of the Wyandotte constitution, under which the state was admitted into the Union, provided that the governors should be inaugurated on the "second Monday of January next after their elec- tion, and with the exception of Gov. Charles Robinson, who came into office on Feb. 9, 1861, this date has been the beginning of the guberna- torial term of office. Following is a list of the state governors, each of whom was inaugurated on the date mentioned. Charles Robinson, Feb. 9, 1861 ; Thomas Carney, Jan. 12, 1863 ; Sam- uel J. Crawford, Jan. 9, 1865, (Gov. Crawford resigned on Nov. 4, 1868, and Lieut. -Gov. Nehemiah Green took the oath of office the same day, serving until the close of the term for which Crawford had been elected) ; James M. Harvey, Jan. 11, 1869; Thomas A. Osborn, Jan. 13, 1873; George T. Anthony, Jan. 8, 1877; John P. St. John, Jan. 13, 1879; George W. Click, Jan. 8, 1883: John A. Martin, Jan. 12 1885; Lyman U. Hum- phrey, Jan. 14, 1889; Lorenzo D. Lewelling, Jan. 9, 1893; Edmund N. Morrill, Jan. 14, 1895; John W. Leedy, Jan. 11, 1897; William E. Stanley, Jan. 9, 1899; Willis J. Bailey, Jan. 12, 1903; Edward W. Hoch, Jan. 9, 1905; Walter R. Stubbs, Jan. 11, 1909. Of the state governors, Crawford, Harvey, Osborn, St. John. ]\Iartin, Humphrey, Stanley, Hoch and Stubbs were each elected for two terms. Grace, a small hamlet of Sherman county, is situated in the Beaver creek valley, about 18 miles northeast of Goodland, the county seat. It was formerly a postoffice, but now the people receive mail by rural delivery from Edson, which is the nearest railroad station. Gradan, a country postoffice in Graham county, is located in Allodium township, 17 miles northwest of Hill City, the county seat, and 8 from Moreland, the nearest shipping point. Grafstrom, Edward, mechanical engineer, was born at Motola, Sweden, Dec. 19, 1862. He was educated at the Orebro University (1-49) •J-JO CYCLOPEDIA OF and the Boras Institute of Technology, where lie was graduated in mechanical engineering at the age of nineteen years. Soon afterward he came to America, where he found employment with the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad company, and at the time of his death he was chief mechancial engineer of that great corporation. Mr. Graf- strom met his fate in a manner that was both sad and tragic. .At the time of the great flood in the spring of 1903 he designed and hastily constructed a small steamer, with which he engaged in rescuing the inhabitants of the flooded districts of Topeka. Hundreds of people were conveyed to places of safety through his energy and foresight. On the night of June 2, while trying to rescue still more, his boat was capsized, and while the other five members of the crew succeeded in saving themselves, Mr. Grafstrom was swept a\va\- by the raging waters. His body was never recovered. On June 6, 1906, a commit- tee of railroad men presented to the Kansas Historical Society a fine bronze tablet bearing an inscription recounting his deed of valor and his heroic sacrifice. The presentation of the tablet was made in the hall of the house of representatives. Gov. tloch and James A. Trout- man delivering addresses in which they paid a high tribute to ]\Ir. Grafstrom's scholarly attainments and the unselfish dispositiim which caused him to forfeit his life while trying to save others. Grafton, one of the inland hamlets of Chautauciua counlw is located on Xorth Caney Creek, 6 miles north of Sedan, the county seat, from whence it receives its mail by rural route. Sedan is also the nearest shipping and banking point. Graham County, in the northwestern part of the state, is the fourth county from the west line and the second south from Nebraska. It is bounded on the north by Norton county, on the east by Rooks, on the south by Trego, and on the west by Sheridan. The first settlements were made on Bow creek in the norlhcrn part of the county in 1872. The first to locate was W. E. Kiclgley in May. Following him were: Dr. .\. 1). ^^'ilkinson, E. Poole. F. Schulcr, M. N. Colman, John McGeary, Binris Harper. Robert Morrison, Joseph Morrison, Charles Smith, Peter ^'oung, Paris Stevens, l-'rank Nickol, T. C. Deshon and some others. The first settler to locate elsewhere than on Bow creek was P. FI. Collins, who took a claim 10 miles south. Z. T. Fletcher located on the site of Nicodemus and started the first grocery store at that i)lace in 1872. • Mrs. Fletcher was the lirsl white woman in the count\'. ( )n coming into Graham couiilv tlu' settlers found plenty of building material — stone, lime and sand. There was timber on Bow creek but the contractors for the army cut it olT and in a few years fuel was very scarce. The blulTs along the streams formed natural stock corrals, and on the Solomon and on Brush, Spring and I'ow creeks there were plenty of good mill sites. l"p until 1875 the chief occu])alion was hunting, hauling bulTalo bones and raising a few cattle. It was not until 1876 that there was a mill luarcr than Glen Elder in Mitchell county, over 80 miles away. Iliire were 75 ])eo])lc in the county at this time, but six years later tluie were .l.-'.sS. KANSAS IlISTOkY 77I The early towns were: Hill City, established by W. R. Hill in 1876, Nicodenuis. Millbrook, Gettysburg, Roscoe and Sniithville. Nicodemus, the second town in the county, was established by a town company in 1877 on the site where Mr. Fletcher had established his store on Spring creek. The other towns were estaljlished in 1878: Millbrook, by N. C. Terrell; Gettysburg, by A. J. Wheeler; Roscoe, by G. E. Higinbotham. The postoffices in all these towns were estati- lished ill 1878, the postmasters being: J. W. Crawford at Hill City, Z. T. Fletcher at Nicodemus, N. C. Terrell at Millbrook, Joseph Getty at Gett>sburg, G. E. Higinbotham at Rosaoe. The first postoffice was called Graham and was on Bow creek. It was established in 1874, with H. W. Windom as postmaster. Houston, the second postoffice, was established in 1875, with Oren Nevins as postmaster. The first Sunday school was held at the home of J. A. Holliway in 1874, the first ser- mon was preached near the Houston postoffice by Rev. J. M. Brown in 1876. The first school district was organized at Nicodemus. The first drug store was opened by C. Fountain on the site of Millbrook in June, 1878. Three newspapers were established in 1879 — the West- ern Star at Hill Cit}- in Ma}-, by Beaumont & Garnett ; the ^Millbrook Times, a Greenback paper, by B. F. Graves in July, and the Graham County Lever at Gettysburg by McGill & Hogue in August. Another paper, the Roscoe Tribune, was established in May, 1880, by Worches- ter & Kellogg. In 1881 there were 22 postoffices. 2.2 church organiza- tions, 40 organized school districts and 42 business houses. County organization was effected on April i, 1880, with Millbrook as the county seat. The appointed officers were: Clerk, E. P. ]\Ic- Cabe ; commissioners, E. C. Moses and O. G. Nevins. The first elec- tion was held on June i. Hill City was chosen as the permanent county seat, and the following officers were elected : Representative, J. L. 'Walton; commissioners, A. Mort, G. W. Morehouse and J. N. Glover; county clerk, John Deprad ; county attorney, J. R. McCowen ; register of deeds, H. J. Harrvi ; treasurer, L. Thoman ; surveyor, L. Pritchard ; sheriff, E. A. Moses; coroner. Dr. Butterfield ; probate judge, James Gordon. The following incident is an illustration of the sufferings and jjriva- tions of early days in Graham county : A man by the name of Allen was living with his wife and five children about 20 miles north of Millbrook in the winter of 1880. On Wednesday Mr. Allen went to Millbrook to get some coal. On his way back he was caught in a blizzard and lost his way. \Mien he reached home Friday morning he found his family all frozen to death. Graham county is divided into 13 townships, A'iz : Allodium, Bryant, Gettysburg, Graham, Happy, Hill City, Indiana, Millbrook, Morlan, Nicodemus, Pioneer, Solomon and Wild Horse. The postoffices are. Hill City, the county seat, Bogue, Gradan, Morland, Nicodemus, Pen- okee. Saint Peter and Togo. The Union Pacific R. R. runs through the central part of the county from east to west, passing through Hill City. //^ CYCLOr'EDIA OF The largest stream is the south fork of the Solomon river which flows east through the central part. It has numerous tributaries. Sev- eral creeks in the southern part of the county are tributary to the Saline. The timber belts along these streams are narrow and contain the vari- eties of wood most common to Kansas. The bottom lands average one mile in width. Limestone, sandstone, and gypsum are plentiful. This is a remarkable alfalfa section, and has some of the largest farms in the state. It is also a stock and grain county. The farm products are worth about $3,000,000 per annum, that of 1910 lacking a few thou- sand dollars of that amount. Wheat in that year brought $794,716; corn, $872,060; tame grasses, $213,854; wild grasses, $91,259; animals sold for slaughter, $604,652. Dairy products, poultry, sorghum, potatoes and Kafir corn are also important. The assessed valuation of property in 1910 was $13,146,430. The population in that year was 8,700. Grainfield, an incorporated city of Gove county, is located in Grain- field township, on the Union Pacific R. R., 11 miles north of Gove, the comity seat. It has a bank, an elevator, a number of mercantile estab- lishments, a money order postofifice with one rural route, telegraph and express offices, and the population according to the census of 1910 was 309. The town was started by the railroad company which sent a Mr. Beal from Abilene in 1879 to project a town. He started at once to erect a $10,000 stone hotel, known as the Occidental house. The spirit was catching, and before his hotel was finished a number of buildings were put up, including two stores. In four months' time it was a full fledged town with all conveniences of life, and with a iJopulation of 150. The first newspaper was the Grainfield Republican established in 1880. Granada, one of the hamlets of Nemaha coimty, is located in Granada township 17 miles southeast of -Seneca, the county seat, and 8 miles north of AVelmore, from which place it receives its mail. It is one of the oldest settled places in the county, the first person to locate in the vicin- ity liaving been D. M. Locknane in 1855. Other early settlers were: Messrs. Chappel, Pilant, Haigh, Searles, Vilott, Spencer, Anderson, Ter- rill, Wright, Lelson, Knapp, Nevil, Swerdferger, O'Brien, Riley, Duwalt, Brown and Steer. A stose was built in 1856 and Granada became a station on the old overland route to Denver. It had one of the first wells in Kansas, and at the time of the Civil war was a thrifty little town. With the advent of railroads to both north and south it lost its prestige. 'J'he census of 1910 records it as having 47 inhaliitants. Grand Army of the Republic. — The membership of this palrintic nrder is coiTiposed of veteran Union soldiers and sailors nf tlu- ("i\il war. It was founded in the winter of 1865-66 by Dr. B. F. Ste])hcnson and Rev. W. J. Rudolph of Illinois, the first post having been instituted at Decatur, III., April 6, 1866, and the first national encaminuent assembled at In- dianapolis, Ind., on Nov. 20 following. The niniio of the order is "Fra- ternity, Commemoration and Assistance." .md iis nhjects are to .lid the widows and nrphans of soldiers, collect relics, and erect nmunnuiits KANSAS HISTORY 773 and hdmes to commemorate the valor (jf the L'nion soldier and pro- vide for themselves. Similar societies were organized in other states soon after the close of the war. Lieut. -Col. Henry S. Greene, of the Fourth Arkansas cavalry, located in Topeka in Sept., 18^5, and in December organized a society of veteran soldiers and sailors which took the name of the "Veteran Brotherhood." Greene was elected commander of the first camp at Topeka, other societies were organized, and in June, 1866, a state con- vention was held at Topeka. In the Indianapolis convention or en- campment in November, the Kansas Veteran Brotherhood was repre- sented by Maj. Thomas J. Anderson. In Dec, 1866, another state en- campment was held at Topeka, when it was resolved to transfer the Veteran Brotherhood to the Grand Army of the Republic. The camp at Topeka became Lincoln Post No. i, which is still in existence, though it was discontinued for a time. There were at that time 32 camps of the Veteran Brotherhood in the state. A provisional organization was effected in Feb., 1872, with \V. S. Jenkins as provisional department commander. In 1876 Col. John Guthrie became provisional commander, and on March 16, 1880, Kan- sas was made a regular department of the Grand Army of the Republic. The first annual encampment of the state department was held at Topeka, beginning on Jan. 18, 1882. The past department commanders since that time have been as follows : J. C. Walkinshaw, 18S2 ; Thomas J. Anderson, 1883; Homer W. Pond, 1884; Milton Stewart, 1885; C. J. McDivitt, 1886; T. H. Soward, 1887; J. W. Feighan, 1888; Henry Booth, 1889; Ira F. Collins, 1890; Tim McCarthy, 1891 ; A. R. Greene, 1892; Bernard Kelley, 1893; W. P. Campbell, 1894; J. P. Harris, 1895; W. C. Whitney, 1896; Theodore Botkin, 1897; D. W. Eastman,i898; O. H. Coulter, 1899; W. W. Martin, 1900; J. B. Remington, 1901 ; H. C. Loomis, 1902; A. W. Smith, 1903; Charles Harris, 1904; P. H. Coney, 1905-06; R. A. Campbell, 1907; W. A. Morgan, 1908; Joel H. Rickel, 1909; N. E. Harmon, 1910; T. P. Anderson, 1911. At one time the Grand Army of the Republic in the LInited States numbered over 400,000 members, but death has thinned the ranks until in 1910 the number was only a few over 200,000. The roster of the Kansas department for 191 1 shows 498 posts in the state, with a total membership in excess of 10,000. The largest post in the state is Gar- field Post No. 25, located at Wichita, which reported 444 members The second largest was Lincoln No. i, of Topeka, which reported 361. Some of the posts reported as few as 6 members, and others reported from 8 to 12, only 15 posts reporting over 100. On various occasions the Grand Army of the Republic in Kansas has influenced legislation. The order was largely responsible for the es- tablishment of the state soldiers' home, the orphans' home, and the erection of the memorial hall in Topeka. In 1885 an act was passed making it a violation of law to wear the Grand Army badge unless the wearer should be a member; in 1895 two rooms in the capitol were 774 CYCLOPEDIA OF set apart by law for the Grand Army museum. In 1901 the sum of $1,000 was appropriated to provide furniture for storing relics, flags, etc., and at the same session the state authorities were directed to turn over to the Grand Army 312 tents to be used at encampments. In 1905 an appropriation of $1,500 was made to provide additional cases for the display of relics, etc. The Women's Relief Corps, the ladies' auxiliary to the Grand Army oi the Republic, had its origin at Portland, JMe., in 1869, when some women whose husbands belonged to Bosworth Post organized a relief .society for local work among the needy. \\'ithin the next few years the women of other localities formed aid societies, etc., and in April, 1879, representatives of these societies from several states met at Fitch- burg, Mass., and organized the \\'omen"s Relief Corps. The first state society to take that name was that of New Hampshire in 1880. In New Jersey the "Ladies" L^oyal League " changed its name to the Women's Relief Corps in 1881. Two j-ears later the Grand Army, in annual encampment at Denver, Col., recognized the Women's Re- lief Corps as an auxiliary, and the following year the first national convention was held. In Kansas the first corps was formed at Leavenworth in 1883, by Mrs. Emily Jenkins and eleven other women. Mrs. Jenkins has been called the "mother" of the movement in Kansas. A state organiza- tion was effected at Mound City, April 28, 1896, when Lucy A. M. Dewey was elected president ; Mrs. M. M. Stearns, secretary ; and Mrs. Maria Hurley, treasurer. In 1910 were about 160,000 members in the United States, of which Kansas had a fair proportion. The principal officers of the Kansas corps for 191 1 were: President, Lillian M. Hendricks; senior vice-president, Mary McFarland ; junior vice-presi- dent, Kate Kilmer: secretary, Marian S. Nation: treasurer, Florence A. Bunn. Grand Haven, a small settlement in the extreme southwest cor- ner 111 .Shawnee county, is about 20 miles from Topeka. the county scat, and 8 miles from F.skridge, which is the most conxenii-nt rail- road station, whence mail is received by rural carrier. Grand Summit, a village of Cowley county, is a statimi cm llic .Atchi- son, To])cka & .Santa I""e R. R. 29 miles northeast of Winlield, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, some general stores, does some shipi)iug. .iml in njio n'piuled a popu- lation of 52. Grange Movement. — (.See Patrons of llusbandry.) Grant County, in the southwestern i)art of the state, is the second north from the ()klalii>ma line and the second east from Colorado. It was created in 1887 out of I'^inney comity territory, Ijy act nf fhc legis- lature which fixed its boundaries as follows: "Commencing at the interscctinu of the east line of range 35 west with tlu' noitli line of township 2'^ south; thence south along range line to whcii' it inter- sects the Cith standard parallel; thence west along the ()tli standard KANSAS HISTORY 775 parallel t(i where it is intersected by the east line of range 39 west; thence north alons:^ said range line to its intersection with the north line of township 27 south; thence east to the ])lace of beginning." In compliance with a petition from the citizens the governor appointed T. J. Jackson to take the census, fie made his report in Aug., 1887, which showed that there were 2,716 inhabitants, 653 of whom were householders, and $534,756 worth of taxable property. There were three candidates for the county seat, Ulysses, Cincinnati and Surprise, the latter being a little town 4 miles northwest of Ulysses and 2 miles north of Cincinnati. The governor's proclamation was not made until June, 1888. It named Ulysses as the temporary county seat, and ap- pointed the following officers : Commissioners, J. A. HufT, Richard Brollier and P. F. Raudebaugh ; clerk, Samuel Swendson ; sheriff, H. M. Bacon. . An election to decide the location of the county seat was held on Oct. 16, 1888, and resulted in favor of Ulysses, but the fight did not end there. It was settled in the supreme court in 1890, Ulysses in the end being the victor. Some interesting evidence was brought out in court by Alvin Campbell, who was a Cincinnati partisan. He introduced facts to show that the city council of Ulysses had bonded the people to the extent of $36,000 to buy votes. It was an open secret that votes were bought. Professional voters had been brought in and boarded for the requisite 30 days before the election and given $10 each when tiiey had voted, but it was not known at the time that this had been done at public expense. Professional toughs were also hired to in- timidate the Cincinnati voters. It was claimed that Ulysses bought 338 votes. The exposure of the fact that public fimds had been used created excitement among the citizens who found themseh'es thus in- volved for the payment of bonds, and those to blame for the outrage retaliated upon Alvin Campbell by tarring him in Aug., 1889. It was also shown in court that Cincinnati had bought votes and engaged in irregular practices, and Ulysses finally won, though it w^as a dearly bought victory. Added to the $36,000 spent in the county seat fight was $13,000 in bonds, which had been voted for a school house and $8,000 for a court-house. Then came the panic and crop failure of 1898. The population qf Ulysses fell from 1,500 to 400, and later to only 40. Buildings were moved away. Banks closed and the merchants let their stock of goods run down. A succession of good years brought prosperity. A new bank was opened, new buildings were erected to take the place of those moved away, and all would have been well but for the old debt which hung like a weight to the town. The bonds were due in 1908, and with accrued interest amounted to $84,000. It was decided to move the toVvn to a new location. Onlj- two people who had passed through the boom days remained, and the newcomers could not see the justice of their having to pay a debt from which they derived no benefit. A new and better site was selected, about half way to the old site of Cincinnati, 776 ' CYCLOPEDIA OF which had meantime become a field. It was no light work to move the whole town, which had a hotel of 35 rooms, a bank, a printing office, a number of fair sized stores and a number of residences. Mov- ing outfits were brought from Garden City and St. John to do the heaviest hauling while several local teamsters handled the lighter work. As a result of damage done to the bank building, the safe sat out in the street for several weeks without being disturbed. The court-house was left on the old site and the county officers continued to do busi- ness there. The school house was not moved, so the people did not take with them an)' of the "benefits" for which the town had been bonded. The town is now called New Ulysses. The surface of Grant county is prairie. The north fork of the Cimar- ron river enters 2 miles north of the southwest corner, flows in a north- easterly direction to the center, thence southeast across the eastern boundary. The south fork of the same river flows east across the southern part, joining the north fork near the east line of the county. The county is divided into three townships — Lincoln, Sullivan and Sherman. The postoffices are, Doby. Gognac, Lawson, New Ulysses and Warrendale. There arc no railroads at present, but a line of the Athchison, Topeka & Santa Fe will probably be extended from Jetmorc southwest through Grant county. The nearest shipping point is Hart- land in Kearny county. Grant is one of the counties in which irrigation is used. The special session of the legislature in 1908 passed an act authorizing the county commissioners to appropriate money to drill artesian wells for irri- gating purposes. The farm products amount to about $250,000 a year. In 1910 the wheat crop was worth $9,000, corn, $14,724, broom-corn, $70,000, milo maize, $30,000, Kafir corn, $47,000 and Jerusalem corn, $31,000. Animals sold for slaughter and dairy products amounted to over $30,000. The population in 1910 was 1,087 'is against 422 in 1900. The as- sessed valuation of property in 1910 was $1,797,214. Grant being one of the newer counties, and just having recovered from the efifccls of its boom days, has only begun to grow. The railroad and an increase of the irrigated area will doubtless cause a large increase in population and the value of property in the next few years. Grantville, a \illage of Jefferson county, is located in Kaw townsiiip on the Union Pacific R. R. 25 miles southwest of Oskaloosa, the county seat and 7 miles from Topeka. It has telegraph and express offices and a money order postoffice. The population in 1910 was 103. Grapevine Telegraph. — In the territorial days, while the conflict over sla\cry was Ibc leading issue in Kansas affairs, a sort of pro-slavery head- quarters was maintained at Weston, Mo., for the purpose of rendering prompt assistance to friends in Kansas. The territurial headquarters of the Kansas pro-siaveryites were at Lecompton, and a lino of communica- tion was kept up by what was known as the "Grapcninc Telegraiili." It was someliiing like the underground railway of the aliolitionists. If the KANSAS HISTORY "/TJ people al Lcconipton needed the aid or cooperation of then- Missouri friends, a messenger was mounted on a good horse and sent across the country at night, avoiding the roads most likely to be frequented by free- state men. On the other hand, if the Weston contingent had anything to propose, the messenger came from that end of the line. Along the route were certain pro-slavery settlers, whose cabins could be used as resting places, or where a fresh horse could be secured by the messenger. Grasshopper Falls. — (See Valley Falls.) Grasshopper Falls Convention. — The third session of the territorial legislature was the first session of the free-state legislature. The first legislature was composed of pro-slavery men who met at Pawnee, and adjourned to Shawnee Mission, in 1855. The second legislature, which met in Jan., 1857, was also composed of pro-slavery men. The third territorial legislature, which met in special session at Lecompton, Dec. 7-19, 1857, was the offspring of the "Mass and Delegate Con- vention which assembled at Grasshopper Falls in Jefferson county on the 26th of August of the same year. The situation in Kansas wa.s the topic of the times when Robert J. Walker was appointed governor of the territory. At the time of his appointment it was thought by the administration, and the real friends of the Democratic party, that civil war was on the eve of breaking out in Kansas which threatened to involve the whole Union. The Topeka legislature had determined to put its government into practical operation, which would evidently bring on a collision between it and the territorial authorities ; each party would be supported by different states, and thus war was inevitably the consequence. The policy therefore determined upon by Mr. Buch- anan and Mr. Walker, in order to avert this calamity, was to sustain the dignity of the territorial legislature by compelling obedience to its enactments, and suspend action on the part of the state legislatures, by giving every assurance and guarantee that the election of delegates to the constitutional convention should be fairly conducted, and the constitution framed by them be submitted "to a fair and full vote for ratification or rejection by the people." (See Walker's Administration.) At a delegate convention held at Topeka on June 9, the free-state men resolved not to participate in the constitutional convention, but determined to meet on July 15. Also it made Topeka its capital, passed an act for taking the census and for election of state officers. The delegate convention assembled in Topeka on July 15, 1857, declared its fealty to the state government, nominated candidates for state officers, to be voted for on Aug. 9, and asked for the resubmission of the constitution. The prominent members of the organization in an informal conference, agreed that the existence of the free-state party demanded the control of the territorial legislature and that it could be secured if the promises made by Gov. Walker for a fair vote and honest count were fulfilled. To insure honest voting at the fall elec- tion it was resolved "That Gen. James H. Lane be appointed at this convention and authorized to organize the people in the several dis- 7/8 CYCLOPEDIA OF tricts, to protect the ballot boxes at the approaching election in Kan- sas." The complement of this resolution was one calling for a mass meeting of the citizens of Kansas to be held at Grasshopper Falls on Aug. 26 to take such action as might be necessary in regard to the October election. Another resolution called for a delegate convention to be held at the same time and place, to carry out the decisions of the mass convention; there were to be twice as many delegates as there were free-state senators and representatives. The question of partici- pating in the October election, for members of the legislature and dele- gate to Congress, engaged the attention "of the free-state men dtuing the summer. The notion of abandoning the state organization, and so far recognizing the validity of the territorial legislature as to vote under the provisions was tmpopular at first, but the far-sighted ones reasoned that it was impractical to contest the election, and wiser to take part in said election. The Federal gmernment had recognized the territorial legislature as legitimate, which tended greatly to pre- clude the success of the Topeka constitution. Should the free-state men be victorious at the coming election Ihey would have obtained all they sought by the state organization. Should they be defeated they would stand the same chance of triumph under the Topeka government. The\' had, therefore, little to lose and much to gain by going into an election. The mass and delegate conventions met at Grasshopper Falls as planned. It was an important assemblage, and was a crisis in the his- tory of the territory. G. W. Smith was chairman of the mass con- venticni and W. Y. Roberts of the delegate con\ention. After much spirited discussion the following resolutions were passed by the mass convention : "Whereas, It is of the most vital importance to the people of Kansas that the territorial government should he controlled by the bona-fide citizens thereof; and, "Wiiereas, Gov. Walker has repeatedly pledged himself that the peo- ple I if Kansas should have a fair and full vote, before impartial judges, at the election to be held the first Monday in October, for delegate to Congress, members of the legislature, and other officers ; therefore, be it "Resolved, That we, the people of Kansas, in mass convention assem- bled, agree to participate in said election. "Resolved, That in thus voting, we rely upon the faithful fiilliliuK'nt of the pledge of Gov. Walker, and that we, as heretofore. ])roicst against the enactments forced upon us by the voters of Missouri. "Resolved, That this mass meeting recommend tlie appoinlmenl of a committee to wail upon the terriloiial authorities, and urgentlv insist upon a review and correction of the wicked apportionment enart of the slate, is IJie second county nointed receiver of public moneys at Salina, Kan. This position he held until he was elected to Congress as representative at large as a Republican in 1882. He was reelected in 1884. Mr. Hanback died at Armourdalc, Kan.. .Sept. 9, 1897- Hannum, a small hamlet of Cloud county, is a station on the Strong City &: Superior division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 3 miles northwest of Concordia, the county seat, whence mail is received by rural rnuto. Hanover, an incorporated city of Washington county, is situated 12 miles northeast of Washington, the county scat, at the junction of the Chicago, Burlington Si Quincy and the St. Joseph & Grand Island railroads, whicii makes it an important shipping point for .1 rich agri- cultural district. The town was laid out in the spring of 1860 by G. H. Hnlk-nbcrg. It was incorjiorated as a city of the third cl;iss in July, 1872. Mr. Ilnilcnberg died on July i. 1874. and Kft $600 fur the purpose f)f building ;i city hall, provided the citizens wonld i;iisc $i,ono. KANSAS niSTORY f>OJ The money was secured without difficulty and tlie hall was built in 1875. Hanover has electric lights, waterworks, public and Catholic schools, 2 banks, 2 weekly newspapers (the Democrat-Enterprise and the Herald), an international money order postoffice with four rural routes, express, telegraph and telephone facilities, a bottling works, a number of good mercantile establishments, hotels, etc. The popula- tion was 1,039 in 1910. Hanston, one of the principal towns of Hodgeman county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 11 miles northeast of Jetmore, the county seat. The railroad name is Olney. It has a bank, several general stores, an international money order postofiSce, tele- graph and express offices. Catholic and Methodist churches, good pub- lic schools, and ships large quantities of grain and live stock. The population in iqio was 350. Happy, a country hamlet in Graham county, is located 12 miles south of Hill City, the county seat and the postoffice from which it receives its mail. Harahey. — North of the ancient province of Ouivira (q. v.). in a district known as Harahey, lay the home of another Indian tribe, sup- posed to be the Pawnees of more modern times. This province is called "Arche" in Castaneda's relation of the Coronado expedition, and the Relacion del Suceso spells the name "Harale." It is also given as "Arahei" by some writers. The Wichita Indian name for the Pawnees was "Awahi," a word which in sound resembles Harahey. A map accompanying Hodge's "Spanish Explorations in the Southern United States" shows the province of Harahey in southern Nebraska, along the Platte river, with the southern portion extending into Kansas east of the Republican river and including the greater part of Republic, Washington, Marshall and Nemaha counties. Jaramillo says the peo- ple of Harahey were related to those of Ouivira. On Oct. 27, 1934, a monument was unveiled in the city park at Man- hattan, Kan., to Tatarrax, the great ruler or chief of the ancient nation of Plarahey, who with a delegation of his braves visited Coronado in Ouivira in 1541. The members of the Ouivira Historical Society believed that Manhattan was somewhere near the geographical center of the ancient kingdom of Harahey, but the probabilities are that Hodge is more likely to be correct, and that the greater portion of the province lay north of the 40th parallel of north latitude, in what is now the State of Nebraska. Hardilee, an inland hamlet of Smith county, is located 13 miles north- west of Smith Center, the county seat, and 8 miles north of Kensing- ton, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., the nearest railroad station and shipping point, and the postoffice from which its mail is dis- tributed by rural route. Harding, a hamlet in the northern part of Bourbon county, is situated on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 15 miles northwest of Fort Scott, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express facilities, and in 1910 had a population of 25. 8o8 CYCLOPEDIA OF Hardtner, a village in Barber county, is 20 miles south of Medicine Lodge, the county seat. It is the terminus of a branch of the Missouri Pacific R. R. extended from Kiowa, 9 miles east. There are about twenty retail establishments, an express office and a postoffice. The population, according" to the census of 1910, was 100. Harger, Charles Moreau, journalist and author, was born at Phelps, N. Y., Jan. 23, 1863, a son of Henry and Martha (Densmore) Harger. He graduated in the Phelps Classical School with the class of 1881, and subsequent!}' received the degree of L. H. D. and Litt. D. from Bethany College and Baker University. Upon coming to Kansas he engaged in teaching, and for some time he was principal of the public schools at Hope, Dickinson county, where on Oct. 3, 1889, he married Miss Blanche Bradshaw. In 1888 he became editor of the Abilene Re- flector, and in 1905 he was made a director and lecturer in the depart- ment of journalism in the University of Kansas. Mr. Harger is a Republican and a prominent Mason, being a member of the Mystic Shrine. He is a contributor to magazines and periodicals and a writer of peculiar force and charm. Hargrave, a post-village of Rush county, is located in Brookdale township and is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. " miles west of La Crosse, the county seat. It has a general store, a lumber yard and some minor business establishments, does some shipping, and in 1910 reported a population of 50. Harlan, a village of Smith county, is located on the north fork of the Solomon river and the Missouri Pacific R. R. 12 miles southeast of Smith Center, the county seat. It has telegraph and express offices, a money order postoffice with one rural route, and a number of retail stores. The population in 1910 was 175. The town was laid off in 1877 ^^^ named in honor of Judge Harlan, a citizen of the county. The first store was opened by F. R. Gruger in 1878. The postoffice was established in 1877, with A. L. Bailey as postmaster. A weekly news- paper (the Independent) was eslablished about 1878 by Garretson & Topliff. The L'nited Brethren founded Gould College here early in the history of the town. Harmony, a discontinued postoffice of Pawnee county, is sitnalod near the northwest corner of the county, about 18 miles from Larned. the county seat. Mail is received through the office at Nekoma, and Rozel is the nearest shipping point. Harper, the second largest town in Harper county, is located on Spring Creek 10 miles north of Anthony, the county seat, and on the Atchison, Topcka & Santa Fe and Kansas City, Mexico & Orient rail- roads. It has waterworks, an opera house, 3 banks, a foundry, machine shops, a flour mill, creamery, 2 weekly newspapers (the Advocate and" the Sentinel), 7 churches and excellent public schools. The principal shipments arc of live stock, flour, wool, creamery products, hides and produce. It has an international postoffice with four rur.il routes, tel- graph and express offices. The population, according Id the census of KANSAS HISTORY 809 1910, was 1,638. The town was founded by a parly from Iowa in April, 1877. The first building was built by J. B. Glenn, president of the town company, with lumber hauled from Wichita. In July, 1877, a postoffice was established and Mrs. Josie B. Glenn was appointed postmistress. Mail came weekly to Hutchinson, from which town it was brought to Harper, at private expense. The money order depart- ment was added in 1879. Harper was organized as a city of the third class in Sept., 1880, and the first election, which was held in that month, resulted as follows : Mayor, Sam S. Sisson ; police judge, J.- W. Appley ; councilmen, R. B. Elliott, H. Martin, R. J. Jones, S. D. Noble, L. G. Hake. G. W. Appley was appointed clerk. The population of the city at that time was about 700. Harper County, located in the central part of the southern tier of counties, is bounded on the north by Kingman county, on the east by Sumner, on the south by the State of Oklahoma and on the west by Barber county. It was first organized in 1873 ^"d named in honor of Marion Harper, of the Second Kansas cavalry. As first described the boundaries of Harper included the southern tier of townships in what is now Kingman county. The bill fixing the final boundaries passed the legislature in 1879. The organization of 1873 proved to be one of the most gigantic frauds ever perpetrated in connection with county organizations. There was not at that time a single resident in the count3^ and it was heavily bonded immediately. In 1873 three men from Cherokee county named Boyd, Wiggins and Horner, having laid a scheme to organize some of the uninhabited lands of southwestern Kansas for the purpose of exploitation, came into the territory which is now Harper county, where they met a trapper by the name of George Lutz, who took them to his camp. Taking Lutz into their scheme, a petition was drawn up asking that John Davis be appointed special census taker, and that H. H. Weaver. H. P. Fields and Samuel Smith be appointed special county commissioners. These names were copied from a Cincinnati directory. The petition further asked that Bluflf City, "centrally located in the county, and being the largest and most important business point in the county," be made the temporary county seat. To this petition was attached 40 names. The governor granted the petition and a census report was sent in which showed 641 names of persons declared to be "bona fide" residents. The countv was then declared organized. The next winter an investigating committee appointed bv the legis- lature visited Harper county and found that it had not a single resident, that it had been bonded for $25,000 and had a funded indebted- ness of $15,000. A. W. Williams, then attorney-general of Kansas, recommended that the organization be invalidated on account of fraud and that the county be attached to some other one for judicial pur- poses. Naturally these events gave Harper an unsavory reputation for some time, but which it has fortunately outlived. The earliest settlements were made in 1876, when M. Devore and 8lO CYCLOPEDIA OF family, II. E. Jesseph and family, John Lamar and family and \\'illiam Thomas and famih' located near the east line of the county. The next year a colony from Iowa located on the site of Harper City. The party included J. B. and M. H. Glenn, R. Barton and A. T. Barton, who brought their families, Joseph Haney, C. H. Snider. M. K. Kittle- man, G. jNI. Goss, C. C. Goss, Thomas Elder, B. L. Fletcher and H. C. Moore. They came to Hutchinson on the railroad and drove from that point. The first wedding was solemnized at Harper on Sept. 22, 1878, between Dr.' J. W. Madra and Miss Mary Glenn. The first child was born to Mr. and Mrs. H. E. Jesseph. The county was organized in 1878. In August Gov. Anthony appointed the following officers : Sheriff, E. McEnany ; surveyor, B. F. Lee; treasurer, J- L. Rinehart ; clerk, H. E. Jesseph: probate judge, R. B. Dawson ; attorney, W. R. Kirkpatrick ; register of deeds, H. C. Fisler ; county superintendent of public instruction, R. H. Lockwood ; county commissioners, T. H. Stevens, F. B. Singer and J. B. Glenn. At the first meeting of the commissioners Anthony was named as the county seat, the former county seat, Bluff City, never having had any existence except on paper. The first county seat election was held at the time of the general election in Nov., 1879. Although the county did not have at that time above 8oo legal voters, there were 2.960 votes cast. The county commissioners refused to count the ballots and left them in the boxes. When they finall}' decided to count them they had all disappeared. The citizens of Anthony and Harper, the two con- testing towns engaged in a legal battle over the matter, and although Justice Brewer of the supreme court held that 2,960 votes were too many for 800 voters to cast, the vote was finally counted and found to be in favor of Anthony, and that town became the permanent county seat. All the officers of 1878 held over till 1880. In July, 1880, bonds to the amount of $28,000 were \>i it unasked was the occasion of my going into the con- vention, and the result made mc governor and, later, United States senator." Mr. Harvey was reelected governor in 1870 by an increased majority, and upon retiring from the office in Jan., 1873, he resumed his old occupation of surveyor. He was thus employed in western Kansas when he was elected to the United States senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Alexander Caldwell, the term expiring on March 4, 1877. While in the senate he served on several important committees, and at the expiration of his service he again took up the life of a private citizen on his farm near Vinton, Riley county. Between the years 1881 and 1884 he was engaged in making surveys in New Mexico, Arizona, Utah and Nevada. Ill health in 1884 led him to return to Virginia, where he spent six years — three in Norfolk and three in Richmond — but in 1890 he came back to Kansas. In 1891 he surveyed No Man's Land, and the winter of 1893 ^^'^s passed in southern Texas. Gov. Harvey died on April 15, 1894, and w^as survived by his widow, four sons and two daughters, ^^^lile a member of the Kansas legisla- ture he received the sobriquet of "Old Honesty," which clung to him throughout his public career, and was a splendid, if somewhat homely, description of his character. Harvey's Administration. — Gov. Harvey was inducted into office at the opening of the legislative session which met on Jan. 12, 1869. Being a farmer and surveyor, he made no pretense of great erudition in his inaugural message, but dealt in a plain, straightforward way with those subjects which he considered of great interest and highest importance to the people of the state. In discussing the financial situation, he showed the state's liabilities to be $1,398,192.37, and the resources to be $423,- 309.95. Military matters, Indian affairs, education, railroads, immigra- tion, agriculture, suffrage and the general statutes of the state — just revised by a commission — all received attention and intelligent treat- ment. .\fter enumerating several lines of railroad, among them the Union Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka & Sante Fe, and reporting the pro- gress made in their construction, he said: "I would recommend a liberal and just policy towards all the railroad enterprises in the state, and that, while by judicious legislation you secure the people from wrong and extortion, and impose a fair share of the public burden of taxtation upon the property of these corporations, you should encourage in everv judicious and proper manner the rapid construction of all these roads." He referred to the work of his predecessors regarding immigration, and added: "I recommend that you at least make provision for the com- pilation, publication and dissemination of a large number of pamphlets in the English, German and Scandinavian languages, showing the advantages and resources of the state and giving the immigrants direc- (I-52) Sl8 CYCLOPEDIA OF tions how to avail themselves of the reductions in the cost of transpor- tation made for their benefit ; there are many calls for such information and it is important that it be furnished." The population of the state at that time was a little over 300,000. 1 he entire western portion of the state was inhabited only by wandering^ bands of Indians and the herds of buflfalo which supplied the savages with their principal article of food. All felt the necessity of increasing the civilized population of the state and bringing this vast domain under cultivation. Hence,, the question of immigration was one of great interest in determining the future of Kansas. (See Immigration.) In this legislature of 1869, the first to hold its session in the new State-house at Topeka, Lieut.-Gov. Charles V. Eskridge presided over the senate and Moses S. Adams was chosen speaker of the house. The session lasted until March 4. During the session the state debt was increased $259,000 by bond issues, as follows : $75,000 "for the purpose of liquidating the expenses incurred for military purposes for the year 1869; $100,000 for a military contingent fund "to be used in protecting the frontier of the state ;" $70,000 "to the exclusive use of erecting the east wing of the state capitol building at Topeka, as provided by law ;" and $14,000 "'for the purpose of paA'ing the expense of organizing the Nineteenth regiment of Kansas volunteer cavalry." The sum of $15,000, "or so much thereof as shall be necessary," was appropriated "to piu^chase 6,500 bushels of good, spring wheat, to be distributed by an agent appointed by the governor among the destitute citizens on the western frontier." What was then the western frontier is now the central part of Kansas, as ma}- be seen by the provisions of the act, which directed that 1,000 bushels of this wheat were to be dis- tributed at Ellsworth for Lincoln, Mitchell and Ellsworth counties; 2,000 bushels at Salina for Saline, McPherson and Ottawa counties ; 2,000 bushels at Junction City for Marion, Clay and Cloud counties ; and 1,500 at Waterville for the counties of Jewell, Washington and Republic. A commission was created by the act of Feb. 17 for the purpose of "auditing, settlement and assumption of the Price Raid claims" (q. v.), and by the act of March 3 the governor was authorized to appoint a com- mission of three disinterested citizens to examine into claims for stock stolen and property destroyed by Indians during the years 1867 and 1868. The claims thus audited and the allowance therefor were to be transmitted by the governor to the Kansas representative and senators in Congress, with a request to secure the passage of a law williholding annuities and goods due such Indians to indemnify the claimants. Immediately after the passage of llie act, Gov. Harvey appointed as commissioners Z. Jackson, of Ellsworth; Edson Haxter, of Saline; and James F. Tallman, of Washington. The commissioners met and organ- ized soon after their appoinlmenl. and on May 7 reported that they had audited and allowed claims amounting to $43,441.64. 'l"he report was forvvardi'd to tiie Kansas Congressional delegation, as the law provided, but nothing was done in the matter by Congress until KANSAS IJISTOUY 819 the following session. On Jan. 12, J871, Mr. Ross introduced a bill in the United States senate making it the duty of the secretary of the interior "to cause to be investigated, under such rules and regulations as he may establish, all alleged claims for property unlawfully taken in Kansas, or for damages sustained in said state, by reason of depredations committed without the bounds of any Indian reservations since the ist day of Jan. i860, by any of the Indian tribes or members thereof located in the State of Kansas with whom treaties of peace have been or may hereafter be made. . . . And whatever sum or sums may be found to be justly due, when approved by Congress, shall be paid by the secre- tary of the interior, if against the Indians, out of any moneys due or to become due from the United States as annuity or otherwise, to such tribe or tribes against which said sums shall be found due," etc. The bill passed the senate on March i, and the same day was sent to the house, where it was passed over on account of the objection of Mr. Buck of Alabama, and thus the settlers failed to receive justice for the many wrongs and outrages committed against them. Some trouble resulted in the spring of 1869 between the settlers on the "Neutral Lands" and the Kansas City, Fort Scott & Gulf Railroad company. During the war a number of people settled on the Neutral Lands, and after the treaty of 1866 others came in with the expectation of being permitted to buy their lands from the government. The rail- road company acquired title to 639,000 acres of the lands, and on Nov. 10, 1868, issued a statement to the effect that any settler, showing he had located prior to June 10, 1868, would be allowed to purchase 160 acres at from two to five dollars an acre upon long credit. Ten days later the company opened a real estate office at Fort Scott, but the settlers organized a "land league" to resist the company's taking posses- sion. The company's land office was mobbed and construction of the railroad was brought to a standstill by the threatening attitude of the people. On May 25, 1869, Gov. Harvey asked Gen. Schofield to send a detach- ment of troops to the scene of the disturbance. On the 31st he issued a proclamation calling upon the people of Crawford and Cherokee coun- ties to obey the civil authorities, and again asked for troops to assist in protecting property and preserving the peace. This time Gen. Schofield responded by ordering a detachment into the Neutral Lands and thus order was restored by the presence of an armed force, but at the next session of the legislature a resolution censuring the governor for request- ing troops was introduced in the house and was defeated by only a small majority. In his message to the legislature of 1870 Gov. Harvey ex- plained the difficulties and announced that the troops were still there. "I have refused," said he, "to request their withdrawal, for the reason that the controversy is still unsettled, and I believe their presence con- ducive to the peace and consequent prosperity of the locality in which they are stationed." (See Neutral Lands.) Nov. 2, 1869, was the date of the election for members of the tenth 820 CYCLOPEDIA OF legislature, which met in regular session on Jan. ii, 1870. Lieut. -Gov. Eskridge again presided over the senate and Jacob Stotler was elected speaker of the house. In his message, Gov. Harvey gave the state's resources as $809,550.43, and the liabilities as $1,771,407.94. Said he : "I desire to call your attention to the fact that the constitutional require- ment relative to the levy and collection of taxes each year, for the crea- tion of a sinking fund adequate for the liquidation of the state debt, has not been complied with in former years, and that the levy for that pur- pose the past year is inadequate. . . . Each law creating any part of the state debt contains the provision required by the 5th section of Article XI of the constitution; but in making the yearly levies, legisla- tures have failed to include in the revenue bill amounts set apart for this purpose sufficient to comply with the constitution and the laws made in pursuance thereof. I hope, and believe, that no argument is necessary to ctinvince you that this fund must be raised and sacredly applied to its legitimate purpose. Honor and interest alike demand it." (See Finan- ces, State.) The legislature of 1869 authorized the appoinlment of an agent to collect the military claims due the state from the general government, allowing him three per cent, of the amount collected. Gov. Harvey visited Washington soon after the adjournment of the legislature, and discovered that nothing could be accomplished in the way of collecting the claims, which at that time aggregated $846,000, until further legisla- tion by Congress. In his message to the session of 1870 he thus explains the situation : "It was also suggested to me that to have a claim prose- cuted by an agent haviug a large contingent interest in its liquidation, might prevent or delay the legislation necessary to secure an equitable settlement. I therefore refrained from making the appointment." Early in the session charges were made that George Graham, treas- urer of state, had been in the habit of depositing the state's funds in banks and appropriating the interest thereon to his private use. An investigating committee, consisting of Byron Sherry, Levi W'ilhelm, George P. Eves, John Parsons and Levi Billings, all members of the house, was appointed, with instructions to report as soon as possible. The committee reported on Jan. 27, that Graham had a contract witJi the Toijcka I'ank by which he was _to receive interest of four ])cr ci.'iii. on current balances; that there had been placed to his credit, as interest, the sum of $1,056.88; that the governor, secretary of state and auditor were guilty of non-compliance with section 52 of the general statutes in ncit making monthly examinations as the law required. It developed, liow- ever, that the interest on state funds had been placed to Mr. Graham's private credit without his knowledge or connivance, and ili.il he li:id not accepted it for his private use. The legislature adjourned on M:iri,li ^ Tlic principal ;u-ts of the session were those providing for a normal school in nortliern Kansas; creating the office of state librarian and a bo;ird of directors of tlic state library; ratifying the fifteenth amendnienl to the conslitntioti cif ilic KANSAS HISTORY 82I I'nilcd States; ceding;' to the L'nitcd States a site for a national cemetery at Fort Scott; granting- authority to the city of Lawrence to issue bonds to the amount of $100,000 for the erection of a building for the state university, and authorizing the state school commissioners to buy said bonds. According to the United States census for 1870, the population of Kansas was 364,399, an increase of 257,193, or nearly 240 per cent, during the preceding decade. This entitled Kansas to three representatives in Congress. In June, 1871, an assessment of all the property in the state was made by order of the census bureau, and the value was reported as being $89,905,470. An assesment made about the same time by the officers of the several counties showed the value -of all property to be $183,998,774, or more than twice as much as the value reported by the census bureau. The political campaign of 1870 was opened by the Republican party, which held a state convention at Topeka on Sept. 8. Gov. Harvey was renominated, and the rest of the ticket was as follows : Peter P. Elder, lieutenant-governor; William H. Smallwood, secretarv of state; Alois Thoman, auditor; josiah E. Hayes, treasurer; Archibald L. Williams, attorney-general ; Hugh D. McCarty, superintendent of public instruc- tion ; David J. Brewer, associate justice; David P. Lowe, representa- tive in Congress. The platform adopted indorsed the administration of President Grant; rejoiced in the rapid reduction of the national debt; expressed sympathy with the German people in their war with the French; demanded full protection of the rights of the settlers in the distribution of lands acquired by treaty with the Indians, and the reser- vation of sections 16 and 36 in each township for educational purposes. On Sept. 15 the Democratic state convention assembled in Topeka. Isaac Sharp was nominated for governor; A. J. Allen, for lieutenant-gov- ernor; Charles C. Duncan, for secretary of state; Hardin McAIahon, for auditor; S. C. Gephart, for treasurer; A. W. Rucker, for attorney-gen- eral ; Thomas S. Murray, for superintendent of public instruction ; Rob- ert M. Ruggles, for associate justice; R. Cole Foster, for representa- tive in Congress. The platform demanded the reduction, if not abolition, of the "hateful and oppressive internal revenue tax;" a national currency, secure against the effect of speculation, and distributed in a just ratio among the states; and condemned the state administration for "the quartering of United States troops upon the people of Cherokee and Crawford counties." A "Working-men's ticket" was nominated by a convention held at Topeka on Sept. 22, and was made up as follows : W. R. Laughlin, gov- ernor ; T. Moore, lieutenant-governor ; G. T. Pierce, secretary of state ; W. C. Fowler, auditor; T. S. Slaughter, treasurer; Hugh D. McCarty, superintendent of public instruction ; George H. Hoyt, attorney-general ; G. M. Harrison, associate justice ; John C. Vaughan, representative in Congress. At the election on Nov. 8 the vote for governor was: Harvey, 40,666; 822 CYCLOPEDIA OF Sharp, 20,469; Laughlin, 108. The vote for Laughlin was confined to two counties — Montgomery and Neosho — the former casting 97 votes and the latter 11. The remainder of the Workingmen's ticket did better, the Heutenant-governor and secretary of state receiving over 1,000 votes each. Some excitement occurred in Butler county toward tne close of the year. On election day a vigilance committee arrested several horse thieves and desperate characters ; hanged Lewis Booth and Jack Corbin, while James Smith was shot to death. On Dec. 2, Mike Drea, William Quimby, Dr. Morris and his son Ale.xander were hanged at Douglass, a little town about twenty miles south of Eldorado. Adjt.-Gen. Whitaker hurried to Eldorado with a supph' of arms and issued an order calling out the militia, but quiet being restored, the order was countermanded. The eleventh regular session of the state legislature met on Jan. 10, 1871, and orgrinized with Lieut.-Gov. Elder as the presiding officer of the senate and B. F. Simpson as the speaker of the house. Much of Gov. Harvey's message, delivered on the opening day of the session, was devoted to a review of the state's financial condition, the public institu- tions, and the educational progress of the preceding year. Immigration also received considerable attention, the governor urging that provision "be made for "the publication and distribution of a large number of pamphlets, printed in the principal languages of Europe," and also for "the publication of the history of the Kansas State Agricultural Society from its inception." On the question of suffrage, the governor said: "In my last annual message I recommended that steps be taken for the removal of disabil- ities imposed by our state constitution for participating in the late rebellion or dishonorable dismissal from the armv. Legislation was attempted with that view, but, through inadvertence, failed to become effective. I now renew the recommendation. . . . Now, when vic- tory has brought assured unity, and passions and feelings of hostility to rightful authority have passed away, magnanimity and clemency are as much in keeping with the character of a great people as valor in time of war." The amendment to section 2, article 5, imposing the disabilities referred to by Gov. Harvey, was recommended by Gov. Crawford in his message of 1S67, and was ratified by the people at the general election in November of that year. It provided that the disabilities could bo removed by a vote of two-thirds of the members of each house. (lOV. Harve}' himself was a soldier, and when he showed ihc disposition to pardon those who had thus been placed under the ban. the legislature caught the spirit and by the act of March 3, 1871, the political restrictions were removed from some 150 persons, most of whom resided in the east- ern counties. The message of 1871 congratulated the people of the western frontier upon their freedom from Indian attacks, a condition which the governor attril>nted to "the exertions of Gen. John Pope, CfimniandinL; the Depart- KANSAS HISTORY 823 ment of llie Missouri,'' and to the activity of Adjt.-Gen. Whitaker, who was "indefatic^able in organizing the frontier settlers and providing them with arms and ammunition for their protection." Gov. Harvey also urged the passage of a stringent law for the sup- pression of prize fighting, and that provisions be made for the prevention of prairie fires by designating "some local officer whose duty it shall be to investigate the origm of the fires and prosecute the parties responsi- ble therefor." The absence of legislation prohibiting prize fighting had led promoters of such enterprises, residing in other states, to make Kan- sas the scene of several disgraceful afl:'airs of this character. But by the act of Feb. i6, 1871, a penalty of from one to ten years in the peniten- tiary for promoting or procuring a prize fight within the limits of the state was imposed. The assembly adjourned on March 3. Among the acts passed were those making a new apportionment for members of the legislature ; authorizing the school commissioners to purchase $50,000 worth of the Lawrence bonds, issued for the benefit of the state university; creating the I2th judicial district; appropriating $6,000 for the purchase of seed wheat and corn for the settlers in the western counties ; directing the election of a board or railroad assessors, and several acts authorizing municipalities to issue bonds for certain specific purposes. On Jan. 25, 1871, the fifteenth day of the session, Alexander Caldwell was elected United States senator to succeed Edmund G. Ross. At the succeeding session of the legislature, which met on Jan. 9, 1872, Lieut.-Gov. Elder again presided over the senate, and Stephen A. Cobb was speaker of the house. Gov. Harvey's message dealt with the usual topics, such as financial matters, education, the public institutions, mil- itary affairs, industries, etc. He reported the state's liabilities as $1,403,- 069, offset by resources of $782,669.88, composed of current and delin- quent taxes, cash in hand, and the sinking fund in cash and bonds. He recommended a constitutional amendment giving members of the legis- lature an annual salary, instead of the present per diem allowance, and announced that, in response to an invitation from Hon. Hamilton Fish, he had named as commissioners for the State of Kansas to the Centen- nial exposition at Philadelphia Hon. John A. Martin, of Atchison county, and Hon. George A. Crawford, of Bourbon county, who had been appointed and commissioned. (See Expositions.) Considerable time was taken up at this session in investigating the elections of United States senators by the legislatures of 1867 and 1871. On Jan. 24 a special committee of five representatives and three senators was ordered by resolution to investigate the charges of bribery and report. James D. Snoddy, Elias S. Stover and H. C. Whitney were appointed on the part of the senate, and William H. Clark, G. W. Clark, J. Boynton, D. H. Johnson and J. J. Wood on the part of the house. On Feb. 24 the committee reported that, "At the senatorial election of 1867, a large sum of money was used and attempted to be used in bribing and in attempting to bribe and influence the members of the legislature to 824 rvCLOrEDIA OF secure the election of S. C. Pomeroy, E. G. Ross and Thomas Carney, by S. C. Pomero}^ Thomas Carney, Perry Fuller and others in their employ." (See sketch of Samuel C. Pomeroy, who was elected senator on Jan. 23, 1867.) Regarding the election of 1871, the committee reported that Sidney Clarke's friends engaged for him — an act which he afterward approved — some eighty rooms at the Tefft House ; that Clarke offered to members of the legislature appointments to office and other inducements, and that "From all the testimony, your committee find that Alexander Caldwell used bribery and other corrupt and criminal means, by himself and his friends, with his full knowledge and consent, to secure his election in 1871 to the United States senate from the State of Kansas." (The full report of the committee mav be found in the House Journal of 1872. p. 9850 On March 2 the legislature adjourned. The most important laws enacted during the session were those creating the state board of agri- culture ; providing for the settlement of claims for losses by Indian depredations from i860 to 1871 ; authorizing cities and counties to issue bonds; increasing the salaries of the state officers, the justices of the supreme court and the district judges; and providing for the sale of lands belonging to the state normal school. The political campaign of 1872 was probably the most exciting in tlie history of the state, up to that time. A Republican state convention met at Lawrence on Feb. 21 and selected as delegates to the national con- vention Henry Buckingham, Benjamin F. Simpson, John A. Martin, Wil- liam Baldwin, H. C. Cross, Charles A. Morris, George Noble, John C. Carpenter, Josiah Kellogg and John M. Haeberlein. The national con- vention met at Philadelphia, Pa., and on July 6 nominated President Grant for a second term, Henry Wilson being the nominee for vice-pres- ident. In the Republican party was a strong sentiment against the renom- ination of President Grant. A caucus of Republicans holding this view was held at Topeka on Feb. 23, two days after the Republican state con- vention at Lawrence. On the 28th there appeared an address to tlie people of Kansas, signed by ]\Iarcus J. Parrott, Edmund G. Ross, N. A. Adams, Samuel N. Wood, Alois Thoman and others. This address fa- vored civil service and revenue reform, and was opposed to "absolutism and imperialism." On April 10 this element of the party held a con- vention at Topeka, when tlie name "Liberal Republican" was adojiled and delegates elected to the Cincinnati convention of May 3, where Horace Greeley and B. Gratz Brown were nominated for the presidency and vice-presidency, respectively. A Democratic convention met at Topeka on June 11, and was ])rcsided over by ex-Gov. \\'ilson Shannon, who advised the party to nnilc with the Lilieral Republicans. Marcus J. Parrott addressed llic conxi-nlinn along the same line, after which a resolution indorsing the candidacy of Greeley and IJrown was ado|)tcd and the following delegates to the KANSAS HISTORY 825 lialtinioi-c convention of July 9 were elected: Wilson Shannon, Thomas P. Fenlon, E. M. Hulett, R. B. Morris, George 15. Wood, VV. R. Wagstaff, John Martin, Isaac Sharp, B. F. Devore and T. W. Waterson. On Sept. 4, the Republican party held a state convention at Topeka for the nomination of candidates for the various state offices. Six can- didates for governor were presented to the convention, and on the tenth ballot Thomas A. Osborn was nominated, receiving 103 votes to 71 for John M. Price and 20 for John C. Carpenter, the other three candidates having dropped out of the race. The ticket was then completed by the nomination of Elias S. Stover for lieutenant-governor; William H. .Sniallwood, renominated for secretary of state ; Daniel W. Wilder, for auditor; Josiah E. Hayes, for treasurer; Archibald L. W'ilHams, for attorney-general; Samuel A. Kingman, for associate justice; Hugh D. McCarty, for superintendent of public instruction, the last three being renominated. Although Ivansas was entitled to three Congressmen by the census of 1870, the state had not yet been divided into districts, and on Sept. 4 a Republican state convention met at Lawrence for the purpose of nom- inating three Congressmen at large and presidential electors. The Con- gressional nominees were David P. Lowe, William A. Phillips and Ste- phen A. Cobb ; the presidential electors were Charles H. Langston, John Guthrie, James S. Merritt, William W. Smith and Louis Weil. Just a w-eek after the- Republican conventions were held the Liberal Republicans and Democrats met in convention at Topeka. A conference committee of the two parties was appointed and reported in favor of a fusion ticket, the Liberals to have the candidates for governor, three presidential electors, attorney-general, auditor, superintendent of public instruction and two Congressmen, the other places on the ticket to be filled by Democrats. The conference committee also presented a list of names from which to select candidates, and the ticket as finally made up was as follows: Thaddeus H. Walker, governor; John Walrufif, lieuten- ant-governor; J. F. Wasken, secretary of state; Vincent B. Osborne, auditor; C. H. Pratt, treasurer; B. P. Waggener, attorney-general; L. J. Sawyer, superintendent of public instruction; H. C. McComas, su- preme court justice; W. R. Laughlin. Samuel A. Riggs and Robert B. Mitchell, representatives in Congress; Pardee Butler, William Larimer, Alois Thoman, F. W. Giles, N. A. English and A. W. Rusker, presiden- tial electors. Ex-Gov. Robinson presided at the convention. Some Democrats refused to indorse the. nomination of Greeley and Brown and on Oct. 3 selected the following presidential electors to vote for Charles O'Conor and John O. Adams : William Palmer, J. C. Canaan, G. E. Williams, W. H. Peckham and R. E. Lawrence. The highest vote received by any one on this ticket was 440 for William Palmer. James S. Merritt received the highest vote (66,942) of any of the Republican electors, and Pardee Butler's vote of 32,970 was the highest received by any one on the fusion ticket. Mr. Osborn's majority for governor was over 30,000. He was inaugurated at the opening of the legislative ses- 826 CYCLOPEDIA OF sion the following January, and Gov. Harvey retired from the office after an administration of four years, during which time the State of Kansas made great progress along all lines. Harveyville, an incorporated town of Wabaunsee county, is located in Plumb township, 25 miles southeast of Alma, the county seat. It is a station on the Burlington & Alma division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., has a bank, a money order postoffice with one rural route, telegraph and express offices, telephone connections, a weekly newspaper (the Monitor), several good mercantile establishments, Christian and Methodist churches, graded public school, etc. A branch of the Osage City Grain and Elevator company is located here. Harve}'- ville was incorporated in 1905 and in 1910 reported a population of 331. Harwood, a rural money order postoffice of Haskell county, is located near the southern boundary of the county, 12 miles from Santa Fe, the count}'^ seat, and about 18 miles from Liberal, the most convenient rail- road station. It is a trading center for the neighborhood in which it is situated. Haskell, a hamlet in Anderson county, is located in Lincoln township and is a station on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 10 miles southeast of Gar- nett, the county seat. It has telegraph and express offices and a money order postoffice. The population according to the census of 1910 was 75. The railroad name is Bush City. Haskell County, located in the southwestern part of the state, lies about 30 miles north of Oklahoma and 53 miles east of Colorado. It was created b}' the act of March 5, 1887, which defined the boundaries as fol- lows: "Commencing at the intersection of the east line of range 31 west with the north line of township 27 south ; thence south along range line to where it intersects the 6th standard parallel ; thence west along the 6th standard parallel to its intersection with the east line of range 35 west; thence north along range line to where it intersects the north line of township 27 south ; thence east to the place of beginning." The boundaries as thus established are the same as those given to Arapahoe county in 1873. It is bounded on the north by Finney county; on the east by Gra}' and Meade ; on the south by Seward, and on the west by Grant. It is exactly 24 miles square and has an area of 576 square miles, or 368.640 acres, and was named for Dudley C. Haskell, formcrl}- a Congressman from Kansas. The history of the early settlement of Haskell cotuit}- is abnul ilie same as that of the other western counties of the slate. A few cattle men established ranches, and emigrants from the older slates added to the population. On March 31, 1887, "in response to a memorial," Gov. Martin appointed Charles A. Slauber to lake a census and make an appraisement of the property in the county. Mr. Stauber filed his report with the governor on June 27, showing that there were 2,841 inhabitants, of whom 556 were householders, and that the value of I he taxable prop- erty was $850,119. Upon receipt of this inforniatiiui. the governor issued his proclamation on Tu1\ i, 18S7, declaring the cminiy organized. KANSAS HISTORY 827 He appointed as commissioners James E. Marlow, Joseph Comes and C. H. Huntington; county clerk, Lowry C. Gilmore ; sheriff, J. B. Shu- maker, and designated Santa Fe as the temporary county seat. The question of the location of the county seat had been decided by popular vote before the governor issued his proclamation, Santa Fe receiving 562 votes, Ivanhoe 396, and Lockport, i. At the general election on Nov. 8, 1887, a full quota of county officers were chosen as follows: Representative, M. C. Huston; probate judge, A. P. Heminger ; clerk of the district court, W. F. Felton ; county clerk, W. E. Banker; county attorney, C. R. Dollarhide; register of deeds, L. A. Crull ; treasurer, J. M. Beckett ; sheriff, J. P. Hughes ; county super- intendent of schools, L. McKinley; surveyor. W. M. Haley; coroner, J. C. Newman ; commissioners, James E. Marlow, C. H. Huntington and A. T. Collins. Of these first officials, Fluston Banker, Beckett, Hughes, ■ Haley and Collins belonged to the People's party and the others were Republicans. The surface of Haskell county is generally level or gently rolling prairie. The only water-course in the county is the Cimarron river, which flows across the extreme southwest corner, and the absence of streams means. a corresponding scarcity of timber, though a few arti- ficial groves have been planted. There are a few natural springs in the county, and good well water is obtained at a depth of from 50 to 100 feet. The opening of new lands in Oklahoma and a lack of railroad facilities caused many of the early settlers to leave the county. In 1890 the pop- ulation was but 1,077, less than one-half what it was when the county was organized, and by 1900 it had dwindled to 457. Then came a react- ion and in 1910 the population was 993, a gain of 536 in ten years, or more than 120 per cent. The completion of the Garden City, Gulf & Northern railroad through the center of the county north and south gives the county better shipping and transportation facilities. The county is divided info three civil townships — Dudle}', Haskell and Lockport. In 1910 the county reported 19 organized school districts, with a school population of 340. Agriculture is the principle occupation. The lead- ing crops are wheat, milo maize, Kafir corn, sorghum and broom-corn. The value of farm products in 1810 was $214,337, ''"d the assessed val- uation of property was $2,321,605. Haskell, Dudley Chase, member of Congress, was born at Spring- field, Vt., March 23, 1842. He was seventh in line of descent from Roger Haskell, a native of England, who settled in Beverly, Mass., about 1632. Four of this illustrious family fought in the Revolutionary war. Franklin Haskell, Dudley's father, was a member of the first New England company to settle at Lawrence, Kan., in Sept., 1855. He was one of the seven men who organized Plymouth Congregational church, and is credited with having made the first public prayer ever oft'ered on the town site of Lawrence. Mr. Haskell's mother, Almira Chase, belonged to an old New England family. She endured with 828 CYCLOPEDIA OF cheerfulness and courage the privations of frontier life in Kansas and her son inherited from her many valuable qualities. When thirteen years of age Dudley and his mother came to Kansas, following the father who had come before to make a home. The trying scenes of those early days soon made a man of the lad, and he acted as master of transportation with the quartermaster's department in the Missouri and Arkansas campaigns of the Kansas troops. At the close of the war he went to Williston Academy, Southampton, Mass.. to prepare for Yale University, where he completed the scientific course. On his return to Lawrence Mr. Haskell engaged in mercantile pursuits, but met with indifferent success. In 1871 he was elected a member of the Kansas house of representatives and succeeded himself for two terms follow- ing. During the last term he was speaker of the house. He was nominated for governor by the Temperance party in 1874. but declined to accept the nomination. Two years later he was nominated for Congress in the Second district and elected by a large majority. He was reelected in 1878, i88o and 1882. While a member of the house he served as chairman of the committee on Indian affairs and was vigilant and untiring in looking after the interests of the Indians of Kansas. The Haskell Institute, at Lawrence, Kan., where. Indian youths receive a fine technical education, stands as a monument to his memory .Although elected to the 48th Congress he was unable to take his seal on account of broken health. He died on Dec 16, 1883. In Dec, 1865, Mr. Haskell married Hattie M. Kelsey, a descendant of the cele- brated New England divine. Cotton Mather. Mrs. Haskell was a woman of great intellect and many attainments and by her sym])athy helped her husband over many of the difificnilies cnnnnitered in busi- ness and political life. Haskell Institute, located at Lawrence, is one of the industrial or trade schools maintained by the I'nited States government for the edu- cation of Indian girls and boys. The institute was founded in T882 through the efforts of Dudley C. Haskell, then a member of Congress. The citizens of Lawrence donated 280 acres of land lying south of the city for a site and Congress appropriated $50,000 for the erection of buildings. Work on the buildings was at once started and the school was formally opened in 1884 under the supervision of Dr. James Mar- vin with 17 pupils enrolled. The growth of the institute has Iiecn steady, and the original farm has been added to until it miw contains nearly 1,000 acres under careful cultivation. New buildings liave also been added to the place until now there are nearly fifty. Most of the buildings are of stone, only three being constructed of brick. They are lighted by electricity, heated by steam and furnished with sanitary conveniences. Among them are three dormitories, one for girls and two for boys, a domestic science and art building, fine modern hospital, employees' quarters, several shop buildings, warehouse, cottages, dairy barn, horse barn, etc. No pupil is received at Haskell who is under fonrloen years of age KANSAS HISTORY 829 The law provides that "A child showing one-sixteenth or less Indian blood, whose parents live on an Indian reservation, Indian fashion, who, if debarred from the government schools, could not obtain an educa- tion, may be permitted in the reservation day and boarding schools, but it is preferable that it be not transferred to a non-reservation day and boarding school, vi^ithout special permission from the office. Chil- dren showing one-eighth or less Indian blood, whose parents do not live on a reservation, whose home is among white people where there are churches and schools, who are to all intents and purposes white peo- ple, are debarred from enrollment in the government non-reservation schools." When a pupil has been enrolled in a non-reservation school "it can not be taken to another non-reservation school without the consent of both superintendents and the commissioner of Indian affairs," and the superintendent of every Indian school is accountable for every pupil enrolled under his charge. Another law provides ''that no Indian child shall be sent from an Indian reservation to a school beyond the state or territory in which the said reservation is situated without the volun- tary consent of the father and mother of such child, if either of them be living, and if neither of them are living, without the voluntary con- sent of the next kin." When an Indian boy 'or girl is over eighteen years of age, he or she may personally sign an application to be enrolled in one of the Indian schools, but even in this case the parents are consulted. In 191 1 there were 836 pupils enrolled at Haskell Institute, but the average enroll- ment is about 700. Of the 836 Indians enrolled 524 were boys and 312 girls. Nearly 700 were half Indian blood, or more, and 426' of the numljer were full blooded Indians. A library with all books required for reference is maintained in the school building. In connection with it is a reading-room, with a good supply of periodicals and newspapers where the students may pass the time. Nearly 60 dififerent tribes of all sections of the country are represented at Haskell, and this naturally gives rise to a diversity of religious services. People are encouraged to maintain their own church relations under the guidance of that particular denomination. Proselyt- ing is prohibited and change of religion by minors is not allowed with- out the consent of parents or guardian. The onlv religious service at the school is an undenominational Sunday school, a service held in the chapel, the Catholics and Protestants meeting separately. Early Sunday morning service is held by the Catholic priest from the Law- rence parish and on Sunday evenings the different religious societies hold their meetings. In igii there were 8 literary societies and a debating club, which included in their membership practically every pupil in the school. These societies meet on the first and third Friday evenings of each month from October to April. Each society is governed by officers of its own choice and election from among its members. . In the more S30 . CYCLOPEDIA OF advanced societies, the rules governing public assemblies are taught and followed, a teacher being present, as critic, at each meeting. The literary department of Haskell carries the pupil through the work covered in the eight grades of the public schools of the country and no higher course is given or required except in the business depart- ment. Any pupil desiring to go farther is encouraged to attend the high school in Lawrence and there have been cases where the student lived at the institute and did so, or even attended the state university. The academic course includes arithmetic, geography, language, read- ing, histor}% w-riting, spelling and physiology. Industrial education is given special attention. The school also has a commercial course of three years, planned to fit the pupils to become accountants, clerks, stenographers and all round practical business men. The course is thoroughly practical and business transactions are actually carried on by the pupils. When a student leaves Haskell it is the aim of the institution to have him well equipped for the everyday life of an average American citizen — self- supporting and self-respecting. Hatton, a small hamlet of Bear Creek township, Hamillon county, is situated 18 miles southwest of Syracuse, the county seat and most convenient railroad station. It has a money order postoffice and is a trading point for that section of the county. Havana, one of the smaller towns of Montgomery county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 16 miles southwest of Inde- pendence, the county seat. It is the trading center for a large territory devoted to agriculture and stock raising. It has a bank, telegraph and express offices and a money order postoffice with two rural routes. The town was founded in 1869 when Callow & Myers opened the first gen- eral store. It was incorporated as a city of the third class in igio, and the population according to the census of that year was 227. Haven, one of the thriving and prosperous towns of the wheat belt, is in Haven township, Reno county, and is located on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 15 miles southeast of Hutchinson, the count}' seat. It has 2 banks, a weekly newspaper (the Journal), a flour mill, an elevator. a creamery, and a number of well stocked retail stores. The town was laid out in 1886, and was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1901. It is supplied with lelegrajih and express offices and has an inter- national money order postoffice with three rural routes. The popula- tion according to the census of 1910 was 528. Havensville, one of the incorporated cities of Pottawatumic cminly, is located in Grant township on Straight creek and on the Leavenworth & Miltonvale branch of the Union Pacific R. R. 28 miles northeast of Westmoreland, the county seat. It has 2 banks, a weekly newspaper (the Review), express and telegraph offices, and a money order post- office with two rural mail routes. The population in 19T0 was 439. The plat of the town was filed in 1878 by the railroad company. The station was at that time called Havens and the postoffice Havensville KANSAS HISTORY 831 Haverhill, a villaLjc nf I'.ulItT counly, is a station on the St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. lo miles south of Eldorado, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, a cooperative telcplunic company, an express office, and is a trading- and shipping point for the neighborhood. The population was 50 in 1910. Haviland, an incorporated town of Kiowa county, is situated in Wellsford township on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 10 miles east of Greensburg, the county seat. It has a bank, an inter- national money order postoffice with five rural routes, telegraph and express offices, a weekly newspaper (the Qnlooker), a feed mill, hotels, good mercantile houses, etc. Haviland was incorporated in 1906 and in 1910 reported a population of 568. Hawley, a small hamlet of Fairfield township, Russell county, is located on the Smoky Flill river about 10 miles southeast of Russell, the county seat. It was formerly a postoffice, but the people now receive mail by rural delivery from Bunkerhill, which is the most con- venient railroad station. The population in 1910 was 33. Haworth, a money order postoffice in the eastern part _of Republic county, is a station on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R., about 15 miles east of Belleville, the county seat, and is a trading center for the neighborhood in which it is located. Haworth, Erasmus, professor of geology and mineralogy, state geologist, and director of the department of mines at the University of Kansas, was born on a farm near Indianola, Warren county, Iowa. In 1883 he received the B. S. degree and the following year the degree of A. M. from the University of Kansas. In 1888 the degree of Ph" D. was conferred on him by the Johns Hopkins University. In 1892 he was appointed professor of geology and mineralogy at the University of Kansas, a position which he still holds. In 1894 he organized the Kansas state geological survey. The reports of the survey are valu- able contributions to science. He wrote volumes one, two, three and eight, and part of volume five from 1896 to 1904. He has also written bulletins in connection with the United States geological survey and the Missouri geological survey as well as annual bulletins of statistics of the mineralogy and geology of Kansas. Prof. Haworth has given much attention to economic geology of Kansas and adjoining states in respect to gas, oil, water, coal and cement. An example of his ser- vice to the state was in directing the town of Newton how to obtain an ample supply of superior water for domestic use. He has been con- nected for years with the United States geological survey and has done much professional work for the Union Pacific Railroad company in Wyoming and Kansas and for private parties in Kansas and adjacent states. He is a fellow of the Geological Society of America and other scientific societies. In 1889 he married Miss Ida E. Hunstman of Oskaloosa, Iowa. Hay, Robert, writer and scientist, was born at Ashton-under-Lynn, Lancashire, England, May 19, 1835, of Scotch ancestry. He was edu- 832 CVCLOI'EDIA OF cated in the local schools and the College of London, and took a special course under Prof. Huxley. Soon after completing his education, his brother in Gear)- cotinty, Kan., sent him copies of the Junction City Union, which aroused his interest in American affairs. In 1871 he came to the United States and located at Junction City. For several years he was engaged in teaching and normal institute work, at the same time writing on historical and econoinic topics and making geological research, in which he visited all parts of Kansas. In 1895 he made -a special report of the undergroimd waters of Kansas for the United States geological survey. One of his articles, published in the Kansas Historical Collections, is a history of the great seal of the state. Mr. Hay died at Junction Cit}- on Dec. 14, 1895, soon after he had com- pleted the geological report above mentioned. Hayne, a post-village of Seward count}-, is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 9 miles northeast of Liberal, the county seat. It has a retail trade and does some shipping. Hays, the county seat of Ellis county, is located a little south of the center of the county at the point where the Union Pacific R. R. crosses Big creek. In early days it was known as Hays City, and that name is still sometimes used. The site was selected late in 1866 by \\'. E. Webb, W. J. Wells and Judge Knight, and the town was platted in 1867. Its location was decided in a great measure by its proximity to Fort Hays, from which it took its name. Hays was the point from which the west and southwest obtained supplies before the railroad was completed to Dodge City. During its early period it had the repu- tation of being a "tough" town, and it was the scene of numerous escapades of J. B. Hickcik (Wild Bill) in the late '60s. The growth of Hays was rapid from the start. In 1867 a newspaper called the Rail- way Advance began its existence there, the Hays City Times was started in 1873, and the Sentinel followed the next year. In Aug., 1874, a L'nited States land office was opened there, the Catholics buib the first church in the city in 1877, and in 1880 the first grain elevator was erected. (See also Ellis County.) The Hays (or Hays City) of 191 1 is one of the (irogressivc cities of western Kansas. It has an electric lighting |il;ml. waterworks, a fire department, a telephone exchange, and in the spring of 191 t comjiletcd a sewer system at a cost of $62,000. Educational opportunities are afforded by an excellent system of public schools and St Joseph's Col- lege, a Catholic institution. The western State Normal School is also located here, and a branch of the experiment station is maintained on the old military reservation, .\niong the industries and financial insti- tutions are 2 banks, 3 weekly newspapers (the News, the b'ree Press and the Review-Headlight), flour mills, grain elevators, machine shops, marble works, a creamery, good hotels, and a number of well stocked mercantile establishments which carry all lines of goods. Hays is pro- vided with an international money order postoffice. telcgr.-iph and express ofifices, and in 1910 reported a population of 1,931. KANSAS HISTORY 833 Haysville, a village of Sedgwick county, is located in Salem township and is a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 9 miles south of Wichita, the county seat. It has a money order postofifice, tele- grapfi and express offices, telephone connections, general stores, a hotel, etc., and in 1910 reported a population of 50. Hazelrigg, Clara H., teacher, author and e\angelist, was horn at Council Grove, Kan., Nov. 23, 1859. Her father, Col. H. J. Espy, was an officer in the United States army, and her mother, whose maiden name was Melora E. Cook, was principal of a girl's school in Toledo, Ohio, at the time of her marriage to Col. Espy. Soon after their marriage they came to Kansas, where the father's regiment was on duty. The mother died in 1861, and the little daughter was taken to Indiana. In 1866 she returned to Kansas, but upon the death of her father in i868 she again went to Indiana, where she attended school, and at the age of fourteen years commenced teaching in a private school. She also taught in the public schools of Ripley county, Ind., and on Dec. 27, 1877, she was married to W. A. Hazelrigg of Greensburg, Ind. In 1883 she and her husband removed to Kansas and located in Butler county, where Mrs. Hazelrigg resumed her work as teacher. She attended business college at Emporia and was elected superintendent of the Butler count}' schools. In 1895 ^'le published a History of Kansas, which shows evidence of con- siderable research and literary ability. This is her best known literary work. Later the family removed to Topeka, but their vacations are spent upon Mr. Hazelrigg's ranch in New Mexico. Mrs. Hazelrigg has devoted much time to active church work, and has won a wide reputa- tion as an evangelist. Hazelton, one of the incorporated towns of Barber county, is located on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Missouri Pacific railroads, 18 miles southeast of Medicine Lodge, the county seat. It has 2 banks, a weekly newspaper (the Herald), 3 churclies and a number of mercan- tile establishments. The town is supplied with telegraph and express offices and a money order postoffice with two rural routes. The pop- ulation in 1910 according to the government census was 350. Health, State Board of, was created by an act of the legislature on March 7, 1885, which provided for the appointment of a board of health to consist of nine physicians from difl^erent parts of the state — three to be appointed for one year, three for tw-o years, and three for three years ; thereafter three were to be appointed each year, to hold office for three years. The majority of the members of the board was not to be appointed from any one school of medicine, as the board was intended to be representative of all schools. Section 2, of the bill gave the board power to make rules for its own government and business, but provided that it must meet quarterly, or oftener if necessary, the first meeting to be held in Topeka, and annually after that a meeting was to be held in Topeka in June, when a majority of the members should constitute a quorum. Members of the board were not to receive a salary for their services, but all traveling and other expenses incurred when on business (1-53) 834 CYCLOrEDIA OF of the board were to be paid. The board was to elect a secretarj', who would act as an executive officer, but would not be a member, his salary to be such as the board mio;ht fix, when approved by the governor, and to be paid in the same manner as the salaries of other state officers. In section 3 of the act, provision was made for the secretary to hold office as long as he satisfactorily discharged his duties, which were stated as follows: "He shall keep record of all the transactions of the board; shall have the custody of all books, papers, documents and other prop- erty belonging to the office ; shall communicate with other boards of health, and with the local boards within the state." By the act of creation it was intended to have the state board super- vise the general health interests of the state, make inquiry into the cause of disease, especially epidemics, and the local boards of health were to assist in this work by sending the state board copies of all reports and publications '^hat might be useful. The act also gave to the state board the supervision of the registration of marriages, births, deaths and of forms of disease prevalent in the state, and the secretarj' of the state board is required to supervise the collection and registration of vital statistics. The state board was given the power, when occasion requires, to engage special persons for sanitary service, and to make rules for the transportation of dead bodies beyond the boundaries of the county where death occurs. As a result of this power, in 1900. after clue consideration, the state board of health, upon petition by the undertakers, passed a rule requiring every undertaker who desired to offer for transportation the body of any person who had died of an infectious or contagious disease, to pass a special examination and prove his fitness for the work, when a license would be issued to him by the state board of health. The act of 1885 provided that "The county commissioners of the several counties of this state shall act as local boards of health for their respective counties. Each board thus created shall elect a physician who shall be ex officio a member of the board and the health officer of the same." "The county boards are not allowed to interfere with munic- ipal boards of. health or their regulations, but the municipal boards are governed by the act as well as the county boards. This act provided that all practicing physicians in the state must keep a record of all deaths occurring in their practices and send this information to the stale board. The local and municipal boards were enjiowered to make all necessary rules and regulations for general health and quarantiiu' aiul to enforce the same. Gov. Martin appointed the following physicians mcnihirs nf the first board of health : G. H. T. Johnson, Atchison ; G. H. Guibor, Beloit ; D. Surber, Perry; D. W. Stormont; Topeka ; J- Milton Welch, La Cygne ; TT. S. Roberts, Manhattan : J. W. Jenny. Salina ; W. T.. Schenck, Osage City; and T. A. Wright. Americus. They met and ]icrfccted an organiza- tion on April 10, 1885, by electing Dr. Johnson president and l^r. J. W. Redden, of Topeka, secretary. After its organization the board adnpicd KANSAS HISTORY 835 rules, regulations and furmulas for the prevention of disease in the state, copies of which were sent to every county and municipal board of health in Kansas. In 1889 the legislature passed a supplementary law which gave full power and authority to the state and county boards of health in control- ling, regulating and suppressing all contagious, infectious and pestilen- tial diseases, and to call in aid when necessary to enforce the provisions of the act. The organization of the county boards went on rapidly after the act authorizing them, and by 1889 there were 86 counties with active and efficient health officers. Of the remaining counties 11 had health officers who had resigned. In a few years it was seen that the state board of health did not have sufficient power in regard to quarantine, and in 1893 an act was passed which gave the state board power to estab- lish and maintain quarantine stations at the limits of the state when- ever Asiatic cholera or other infectious disease is threatened from any adjoining state or territory. The next year a chemist and microscopist were added to assist in the work carried on by the state board. In his annual report to the governor in 1897, the secretary recom- mended that more power be given the state board of health, and its membership mcreased by the addition of a civil engineer, a professional chemist, and an expert bacteriologist, whose entire time would be devoted to the work. This recommendation was approved and the advisory board increased to consist of a sanitary adviser, chemist, bacteriologist and civil and sanitary engineer. In 1906 this advisory board was increased and changed so as to consist of a sanitary adviser, two food analysts, a drug anal)'St, bacteriologist and statistician. Owing to the great amount of work to be done b}' the state board of health the work has been divided among the following standing committees : oh state house, public buildings and charitable institutions ; on water supplies and sewage; on embalmers, barbers and epidemic diseases; on adulterated foods, drugs and drinks ; and on finance. From time to time laws have been passed v/ith regard to dangerous and epidemic diseases, quarantine, etc., and power given the board to enforce them. The first medical practice act of Kansas was passed in 1870, and pro- vided that only persons who had attended "two full courses of instruc- tion in some reputable school of medicine, either in the United States or some foreign country," or who could produce a certificate of qualifica- tion from some state or county medical society, could legally practice medicine in the state. In 1S85 the state board of health was given the power to regulate the practice of medicine and in 1889 another act was passed, by which the board was given authority to issue certificates to physicians of the proper qualifications to practice medicine in Kansas, and also provided for medical examination by the board of physicians who desired to practice in the state. A penalt}^ was provided for persons infringing the law, but many persons totally unfit to practice medicine were doing so, and it was not until 1901 that an efficient law- was passed which created a state board of medical registration and examination. It 836 CYCLOPEDIA OF consists of seven physicians appointed by the governor, who hold office for four years. All physicians practicing in the state at the time the act was passed w-ere required to satisfy this board of their qualifications either by diploma, affidavit or examination before they could secure a certificate legally to practice. Since that time all persons have had to pass an examination, except those who are graduates of reputable medi- cal institutions in the United States and foreign countries, "When licenses may be granted at the discretion of the board without examin- ation." As early as 1887, a pure food and drug law was enacted in Kansas, making this state one of the pioneers in this important work. It read : "If any person shall knowingly sell any kind of diseased, corrupt or unwholesome provisions, whether for meat or drink, without making the same fully known to the buyer, he shall be punished or imprisoned." The law was limited but it prohibited adulteration, and was the starting point of the later pure food laws. In 1889 a second food law was passed and under the provisions of these laws the secretary of the state board of health beg'in the great crusade for pure food for the people of Kansas. He collected samples of food in 1905 and submitted them to the state university chemist for analysis, and finding them adulterated began a systematic fight against adulteration. The work of anah"sis cc^ntinued and it is to the credit of the state board of health that before the national pure food law had been passed by Congress or the Reveridge meat- inspection bill was framed, the Kansas packers had been compelled to furnish the Kansas market ])roducts that were free from coloring matter and dangerous preservatives, and all this resulted without a single law suit. Drugs were also analyzed and the result was nearly as successful. The passage of the national pure food law called for a revision of the food laws of Kansas, and in 1907 one of the most stringent pure food laws now in existence in the country was passed with regard to the manufacture, sale or transportation of misbranded or poisonous or dele- terious foods, drugs, medicine and liquors. The law regulates the traffic in these articles: provides for ins|)ectors and penalties for its violation, so that today the people of Kansas are getting abmit the least adulterated food of any state in the Union. Tuberculosis, or "the great white plague," began to rccei\c special attention in this state about 1880, and Kansas is one of the pioneer states in the crusade against this dread disease. It has ])ut into o])cralion some of the most stringent laws in an effort to prevent its si)rea(l. The ])cr- centage of deaths from tuberculosis had grown to be alarming, consider- ing the number of days of sunshine, altitude and the few large cities in the state with slum districts. In 1903 there were 628 deaths from this disease in the 85 counties reported, and in 1904, there were (11)7 l:ite to the uses and purposes directed by law, and shall hold all its present and future collections and property for the stale, and shall not sell, mort- gage, transfer, or dispose of in any manner or remove fmni I he capital any article thereof, or part of the same thereof, without authority of the law ; provided this shall not prevent the sale or exchange of the duplicates that the sociclj' may have or obtain. KANSAS HISTORY 847 "Section 2. It shall be the duly of the society to collect books, maps, and other papers and materials illustrative of the history of Kansas in particular, and the west generally; to procure from the early pioneers narratives of events relative to the early settlement of Kansas, and to the early explorations, Indian occupancy and overland travel in the terri- tory and the west ; to procure facts and statements relative to the history and conduct of our Indian tribes and to gather all information calcu- lated to exhibit faithfully the antiquities and the past and present con- dition, resources and progress of the state; to purchase books to supply deficiencies in the various departments of the' collection, and to procure by gift and exchange such scientific and historical reports of the legis- latures of other states, of railroads, reports of geological and other scientific surveys, and such other books, maps, charts, and materials as will facilitate the investigation of historical, scientific, social, educational and literary subjects, and to cause the same to be properly bound; to catalogue the collections of said society for the convenient reference of all persons who may have occasion to consult the same ; to prepare biennially for publication a report of its collections, and such other mat- ters relating to its transactions as may be useful to the public; and to keep its collections arranged in convenient and suitable rooms, to be provided and furnished by the secretary of state, as the board of direc- tors shall determine; the rooms of the society to be open at all reason- able hours on business days for the reception of the citizens of the state who may wish to visit the same, without fee, provided, that no expendi- ture shall be made under this act or expense incurred except in pursuance of specific appropriations therefor, and no ofificer of said society shall pledge the credit of the state in excess of such appropriations." Section 3 has to do with the duties of the directors who are. appointed by the society, and provides for the exchange and collection of the pub- lications of the state; and of its societies and institutions. The society is not permitted tc duplicate the publications in the state library. In 1901 a state law was passed prohibiting the secretary "from permitting or allowing any of the files, documents or records of said society to be taken away from the building where its ofifice and rooms are or shall be located : Provided, "that the secretary in person, or by any duly author- ized deputy, clerk or employee of his office, may take any of said files, documents or 1 ecords away from said building for use as evidence or for literary or historical purposes ; the same to be left while so away in the personal custody of said secretary, deputy, clerk, or employee." The constitution of the societ}- as amended in 1902 decrees that "this society shall consist of active, life and honorary and corresponding mem- bers, who may be chosen by the board of directors of the society at any regular or special meeting of the society— the active members to consist of citizens of the state, by the payment of $1 annually; the life members by the payment at any one time of $10; the honorary and corresponding members, who shall be exempt from fee or taxation, shall be chosen from persons in any part of the world distinguished for their scientific 848 CYCLOPEDIA OF and literarj- attainments, and known especially as friends and promoters of histof)-. County or city historical societies may elect one delegate member, who shall have all the privileges of the state society, and who shall be exempt from the payment of annua! dues." There is a board of 99 directors of the society, elected from the mem- bers. No member of the board of directors, or other officer, except the secretary receives pay for his services. The secretary aside from pre- serving a record of all meetings and conducting" the correspondence of the societ}-, collects all moneys and has charge of all books, manuscripts and collections of the society. George W. Martin has occupied this position since 1897. The society has published 11 volumes of Historical Collections, biennial reports, and i volume extra in 1886, as well as many pamphlets and circulars. Its collections in 1910 consisted of 36,868 books, 38,816 newspapers and magazines, 115,242 pamphlets, 44,265 manuscripts, 7,555 pictures, 6,428 maps and 9,230 relics. Hoch, Edward W., governor of Kansas from 1905 to 1909, was born at Danville, Ky., March 17, 1849. After attending the common schools he entered Central University at Danville, but did not graduate, leav- ing the institution to enter a newspaper office, where he spent three years in learning the printer's trade. He then came to Kansas and preempted 160 acres of land near Florence, Marion county, where he engaged in farming. The fascinations of the newspaper office were too strong to be resisted, and in 1874 he gave up farming and bought the Marion Record. Mr. Hoch now had a taste of the troubles of the country editor. That was the great grasshopper year and for some time his paper had a struggle for existence. With the i)assing of the grasshopper plague times began to improve, and by 1876 he had paid his debts. On May 23, 1876, he celebrated his success by marrying Miss Sarah L. Dickerson of Marion. Mr. Hoch soon became one of the active editors of the state in proclaiming Republican doctrines, which brought him into prominence in the councils of that ])arly. In 18S8 he was elected to the lower house of the state legislature, and in 1892 was again elected a member of that body. That was during Gov. Lewelling's administration, when there were two houses of representa- tives, and Mr. Hoch was an influential factor in the settlement of the vexed question, so that the state supreme court recognized the Re- publican house. His conduct on this occasion won him many friends within his parly, and in 1894 he received considerable su]>porl in the state Convention for governor. In 1904 he was elected goxcrnnv, and at the close of his first term was reelected. He retired from the oflice in Jan., 1909, when he was succeeded by Gov. Stubbs. Since that time Gov. Hoch has devoted the greater part of his time to the lecture jdat- forni. He is a pleasing and forcible speaker, and is in demand by Cliautauc|Ha assemblies, etc. The active management nf liis paper has devolved njion his son. Homer Hoch. Hoch's Administration. — Gov. Hoch was inaugur.ileil on |,\n, <), 1905, and on tiie lotii tlie general assembly met in regnl.iv liicnnial sessinn. KANSAS HISTORY 849 The senate organized with Lieut. -Gov. David J. Hanna as the pre- siding officer, and Walter R. Stubbs was elected speaker of the house. As soon as the two houses were organized the governor's message was submitted through his private secretary, Thomas A. McNeal. In the introductory paragraph of his message the governor referred to the prosperity of the state by saying: "The mortgage debt, which fifteen years ago aggregated 240 million dollars, has been liquidated with remarkable rapidity, until now it is no longer a serious burden upon our people. Our banks are overflow- ing with money, largely the accumulation of our prosperous farmers. Our laborers command remunerative wages, and all of our business interests are prosperoous. That your legislative labors may advance rather than retard this upward movement, I am sure will be your highest ambition, as it is my most earnest desire." He urged the passage of a primary election law, and called attention to the primary law recently enacted by the legislature of Wisconsin, particularly that feature of it which provided that candidates for the I'nited States senate should run for the nomination at the primary election and the one who received a majority of the votes would be recommended to the legislature as the party's nominee. "Of course," said he, "this recommendation is not compulsory, because the constitu- tion of the United States provides that senators shall be chosen by the legislature, but it is hardly probable that a legislature would be found which would disobey the wishes of the people thus expressed. I sin- cerely trust that this subject will receive your careful attention, and that a wise bill will be finally agreed upon and promptly enacted into law." Another matter upon which he dwelt at some length was the reap- portionment of the state into eight Congressional districts. The census of 1890 allotted eight members of Congress to Kansas, but the state had never been divided into eight districts. ".Successive legislatures," said the governor, "have failed to perform their duty in the reapportion- ment of the state into eight Congressional districts, and I earnestly hope that this legislature will not neglect this duty. The people expect it, and will be greatly disappointed if it is not done." The legislature disappointed the governor in the enactment of a primary law, but on March 9, one day before the final adjournment. Gov. Hoch approved a bill dividing the state into eight Congressional districts. (See Con- gressional Districts.) Gov. Hoch expressed himself in favor of a public depository — or a s^'stem of depositories — where the public funds might be placed upon interest for the benefit of the state, and suggested two plans; ist, the establishment of a state depository, where interest upon funds would accrue to the state, and 2nd, that the semi-annual remittances from the various county treasurers be held in a county depository until the state treasurer might need the money, the counties to have the benefit of the interest. "The State of Missouri," said he, "received in interest from 850 CYCLOPEDIA OF its State depository last j-ear the handsome sum of $42,768.61. To the wisdom of the legislature this subject is confidently submitted.'' The act of March 4 provided for a board of treasury examiners, con- sisting of the governor, secretary of state and state auditor, which- should meet on the first Monday in July, 1905, and each two years thereafter, in the office of the treasurer of state, and issue a notice giv- ing the date when the board would receive sealed proposals from the incorporated banks of the state for the use and care of the state funds,, and the bank or banks selected should be designated as state deposi- tories. (See Finances, State.) On the subject of civil service the governor said: "The platform upon which a majority of the members of this legislature were elected favored the application of reasonable civil service rules to the em- ployees of the state institution. In the national government, civil service rules have been gradually extended to all departments, until now the tenure of office of thousands of governmental employees nO' longer depends upon the caprice of petty politicians. This movement for the betterment of the public service was at first bitterly opposed, but no statesman who values his reputation now opposes it. It is a distinct advance in intelligent government. With the principle involved I am in hearty accord, and will be glad to cooperate with the legislature in any reasonable enactment along this line." Two acts relating to the civil service (q. v.) were passed during the session. One of them was approved by Gov. Hoch on Feb. 25, and the- other on March 10, which was the last day of the session. The governor imparted to the legislature the information that there were yet unsold about 1,000,000 acres of the school lands, most of whiclv lay in the western part of the state. Under the law these lands were on the market at the minimum price of $1.25 per acre, notwithstanding the value of such lands had advanced far beyond that figure in the preceding five years. "These school lands." said he "should either be withdrawn from market or the price at which they will be sold increased commensurate with the growth and development of that country. I believe $1,000,000 can be saved to the state school fund by prom])t action on the part of the legislature in this matter." The members of the assembly evidently did not concur in the views- of the executive on this subject, or if they did concur they were not particularly desirous of saving the $1,000,000 to the school fund, as no legislation of that character was enacted. Other recommendations of the governor were in favor of juvenile courts, the establishment of a state printing plant, a pure food law. no- backward step on the subject of prohiliition. and a thorough revision rif the tax laws. With regard to the last named, he called attention to the fact that "the entire assessed value oi all personal property in the state aggregates only $66,000,000, while tlu' bank commissioner reports over $100,000,000 in the banks alone, and the secretary of the state board of agriculture reports the value of farm products and live KANSAS HISTORY Stock for the year at $367,301,000; and there are many other forms of personal property not included in these figures. Not only does this assessment make our aggregate statistics look insignificant abroad, but It makes our rate of taxation so enormously high as to frighten home- seekers, and to deter investments by those unfamiliar with the facts. In addition to these absurd valuations, purposely made by the various assessors, which belittle the state, many millions of dollars' worth of personal property escapes taxation altogether." Among the remedies suggested by the governor for this condition of affairs were a county assessor, with deputies in each of the several townships, some provision for the taxation of franchises of car-lines, telegraph and telephone companies at their full value, and "some simple amendment to the present law fixing a severe penalty for failure to assess at the full value all property in the state." About the time that Gov. Hoch came into office there was a war going on between the oil producers of Kansas and the Standard Oil company, and a movement was on foot to pipe the natural gas outside the state. Consequently, the discussion of these subjects occupied a considerable portion of the executive message. Said he: "The marvelous development of the gas and oil resources of the state, placing this commonwealth in the front rank of those endowed by the Creator with this kind of wealth, imposes a dutv upon this legislature which no former legislature has had to meet. Monopoly threatens to rob our people of the chief benefits of this great endowment and appro- priate the profits to itself. How lo save this wealth to the state and to Its people, and secure to them its greatest benefits, is a serious problem. "Whatever may be the limitations of power of the state in reference to piping the gas beyond its borders, one duty clearly within its power demands immediate performance. Vast amounts of gas are constantly going to waste in all the gas-fields of the state— a condition which Indiana and other states have learned to their sorrow, should not be permitted to continue. Stringent laws to prevent this waste should be immediately enacted. "Our oil interests are also in jeopardy. I am a firm believer in the competitive system, and entertain with caution any proposition tend- ing to the centralization of governmental power over commercial enter- prises which should, as far as possible, be left to individual control. I have been a student of these subjects for years, and am grounded in the_ philosophy of the competitive system in contradistinction to the socialistic idea of government absorption of business enterprises. . . . But while profoundly imbued with this conviction, I refuse to be blinded by a theory, however sound, if confused by misleading terms. If an arrogant and almost omnipotent monopoly is to control in any business circle, the competitive system is slaughtered in the house of its friends, for monopoly is but one form of socialism mas- querading under the name of competition. Monopoly destrovs compe- 852 CYCLOPEDIA OF tition, and that is all socialism does, considered from an industrial stand- point. Rather, therefore, than permit the great monopolies to rob us of the benefits of the vast reservoirs of oil which have been stored by the Creator beneath our soil, I am inclined to waive my objection to the socialistic phase of this subject and recommend the establishment of an oil refinery of our own in our state for the preservation of our wealth and the protection of our people." In harmony with this attitude of the governor, and pursuant to his recommendation, the act of Feb. 17, 1905, directed the warden of the state penitentiary to establish at Peru, Chautauqua county, an oil refinery to be operated as a branch of the penitentiary "for the refining of crude oil, and to market the same and its by-products, and to keep such refinery in repair, and ftirnish therefor requisite machinery and equipment, and necessary facilities and instrumentalities for receiving, manufacturing, storing and handling crude and refined oil and its by- products." To carry out the provisions of the act the sum of $410,000 was appropriated. Of this appropriation $200,000 was for the con- struction and equipment ; $200,000 to be used as a "revolving fund" for the purchase of crude oil and operating expenses until returns from sales came in, and $10,000 for the erection of suitable quarters for the convicts to be employed in the refinery. A supplementary act, approved on March 7, appropriated $58,800 to pay the interest on the refinery bonds for the fiscal years 1906 and 1907. A resolution was also adopted urging the Kansas representatives and senators in Congress to use their influence to perfect legislation to control the Standard (lil ccmiiany and protect the oil industry in Kansas. Although the state supreme court subsequently held the refinery act to be unconstitutional, this exhibition of the "Kansas spirit" had the eflfect of curbing the monopolies referred to by the governor in his message, and in an indirect way resulted in conferring substantial bene- fits upon the oil industry in the state. Of the 541 acts passed at this session of the legislature, a largo major- ity of them were of local significance only, such as defining or chang- ing county boundaries; legalizing acts of county and town authorities; conferring power on municipalities to issue bonds, etc. A long act of 59 sections provided for the organization of drainage districts for the construction and repair of levees, the removal of obstructions from the channels of water courses, etc. An appropriation of $1,000 was made for marking b}' suitable monuments the Santa Fc trail ; county com- missioners were given authority to appoint inspectors of natural gas wells and pipe lines; a board of control for certain state institutions was created: a child labor bill was passed which prohibited the employment in factories, mines and packing-houses of persons under the age of fourteen years, and regulated the employment of persons under the age of sixteen; provision was made for the .ippciintnunt of state fish and game wardens, and their powers .nul duties were defined; the office of countv inspector of bees was established; several acts were passed KANSAS HISTORY 853 relating to railroads, extending the power of the railroad commission ; the governor was authorized to appoint a parole officer for the state penitentiary; provision was made for the establishment of juvenile courts and for the care of neglected, dependent or delinquent children; and by resolution the board of directors and warden of the penitentiary were authorized to enter into a contract with the Territory of Oklahoma for the care of her convicts for a period not exceeding ten years, and at a rate of not less than 40 cents a day for each convict. Three constitutional amendments were submitted to the people to be voted upon at the general election in Nov., 1906. The first made a change in section 2, article 12, relating to corporations; the second amended section 17, article 2, relating to laws and their construction b\' the courts; and the third amended section 8, article 3, relating to pro- bate courts. All three were ratified by the people by substantial majorities. In an article on "Raijey's Administration" mention is made of a resolution passed by the Kansas legislature requesting the Kansas dele- gation in Congress to make efi'orts to have one of the new battleships named for the state. They were successful in carrying out the wishes of the legislature, and on Aug. 12, 1905, the battleship Kansas (q. v.) was launched at Camden, N. J.. Gov. Hoch and several other dis- tinguished citizens of Kansas being present. \\'hen Joseph R. Burton resigned his seat in the United States senate on June 4, 1906, Gov. Hoch tendered an appointment to F. D. Coburn, secretary of the state board of agriculture. Mr. Coburn declined and the governor then appointed Alfred W. Benson to serve as senator until the legislature convened. Judge Benson left for Washington on June II. In the summer of 1906 the Santa Fe trail was marked by the Daugh- ters of the American Revolution, and from Sept. 26 to 29 was held the first centennial celebration in Kansas. This celebration marked the looth anniversary of the raising of the American flag for the first time on Kansas soil by Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike. It was held on the site of the old Pawnee village near Republic Cit}-, Republic county. Sept. 26 was "Woman's Day." An address of greeting was delivered by Mrs. Edward W. Hoch, wife of the governor. Addresses were also delivered by Mrs. Noble L. Prentis, Mrs. Charles E. Adams, Mrs. Lilla D. Mon- roe and others. The 27th was "Historical Day," when papers by Prof. John B. Dunbar, James R. Mead and William E. Connelley were read, and an address was delivered by George W. Martin, secretary of the State Historical Society. On the 28th the principal orators were Capt. Patrick H. Coney, commander of the Kansas department of the Grand Army of the Republic, Capt. Charles E. Adams and Congressman W. A. Calderhead. On the 29th — the real anniversary of the raising of the flag — the speakers were Gov. Hoch and United States Senator Chester I. Long. The ceremonies were accompanied by artillery salutes and enlivened bv music of bands, etc. 854 CYCLOPEDIA OF The political campaign of 1906 was opened by the Democratic party, which held a state convention at Topeka on April 25. William A. Harris was nominated for governor; Hugh P. Farrelh', for lieutenant- governor; Louis C. Ahlborn, for secretary of state; W. F. Bowman, for auditor; Patrick Gorman, for treasurer: David Overmeyer, for attorney- general ; A. B. Carney, for superintendent of public instruction ; J. W. Murphy, for superintendent of insurance ; A. M. Jackson, D. j\I. Dale, W. S. Glass and Lorenz Hawn, for associate justices; Harry McMillan, C. A. Cooper and James Humphrey, for railroad commissioners, and W. F. Feder, for state printer. This was the first time the state printer was ever elected by the people. The platform indorsed and reaffirmed the national platforms of the party for 1896, 1900 and 1904; demanded of the board of railroad commissioners "an honest and earnest enforce- ment of all provisions of existing laws against rebates and all manner of discriminations; and of the legislature intelligent, fair supplementary legislation to the end that both the railroads and the public may have justice;" congratulated the countr}' upon the triumphant vindication of the quantative theory of money ; declared in favor of the initiative and referendum and the enforcement of all laws, and demanded the abolition of the free pass sj^stem on railroads. On May 2 the Republican state convention met at Topeka. Gov. Hoch was renominated by acclamation, and the balance of the ticket was as follows: Lieutenant-governor. W. J. Fitzgerald: secretary of state, Charles E. Denton : auditor, James M. Nation ; treasurer, Mark TuUey ; attorney-general, Fred S. Jackson ; superintendent of public instruction, Edward T. Fairchild : superintendent of insurance, Charles W. Barnes; associate justices. William A. Johnston, R. A. Burch, Silas Porter and C. B. Graves; railroad commissioners, C. A. Ryker, George W. Kanavel and Frank J. Ryan ; state printer, Thomas A. McNeal. The platform approved the administrations of President Roosevelt and Gov. Hoch ; commended the juvenile court and state depository laws passed by the last legislature: favored a pension of not less than $12 per month for every surviving soldier and sailor of the Civil war; approved the action of the legislature regarding oil and gas, and declared that "The Republican party enacted the first railroad law in Kansas. It has uni- formly stood for consistent and efficient regulation of these great public corporations. The last legislature, without any specific jilatform promises previously made, enacted a general railroad law conceded to be the 1)est in the United .States." The Populist state convention assembled ;it Topeka nn July 4. .\n effort to efl'ect a fusion with the Democratic party failed, after which the convention proceeded to the nomination of candidates for state officers with the following result: Governor. Horace A. Kecfor; lieutenant-governor, Joseph A. Wright ; secretary of state, Robert Hauserman ; auditor, E. C. Fowler; treasurer, D. C. Kay; attoiiiey- general, George H. Bailey; superintendent of public instrnction, D. O. Kcmphill ; superintendent of insurance, C. N. Mungenh.Tch : associate KANSAS IllSTOUt «55 justices, W. A. Eyster and H. C. Root, leaving two places to be filled by the state central committee; railroad commissioner, G. K. Sallyard, two places to be filled by the committee; state printer, Charles A. Southwick. For some reason the state central committee never sup- plied the vacancies on the ticket for justices of the supreme court and railroad commissioners. The platform adopted by the committee declared in favor of governmental ownership of railroads and the initiative and referendum ; demanded that all money be issued by the general government, a rigid enforcement of all laws, and railroad legis- lation in the interest of the man who "pays the freight;" and urged the adoption of an amendment to the state constitution which would make it possible for the state to establish an insurance department that would supply fire and life insurance at cost. The Prohibition party nominated J- B. Cook for governor; W. B. Jones, for lieutenant-governor; William Martin, for secretary of state; T. D. Talmage, for auditor ; C. F. Wolfe, for treasurer ; W. C. Wolfe, for attorney-general ; O. W. Newby, for superintendent of public instruction; P. J. Thwaites, for superintendent of insurance; G. W. Martin, J. D. M. Crockett, W. C. Fogle and E. B. Greene, for associate justices : Wallace Gibbs, G. C. McFadden and A. L. Evers, for rail- road commissioners, and F. B. Sweet, for state printer. The Socialist party also nominated a full state ticket, to wit: For governor, Harry Gilham ; lieutenant-governor, T. A. Curry ; secretary of state, Arthur E. Welch ; auditor, E. N. Firestone ; treasurer, John J. Price; attorney-general, C. R. Mitchell; superintendent of public instruc- tion, Grace D. Brewer; superintendent of insurance, Niels P. Larsen ; associate justices. A. M. Morrison, F. L. McDermott, Myron F. W^iltse and William E. Pierce ; railroad commissioners, Charles A. Brannon, P. B. Moore and James O. Smith ; state printer, Frank W. Cotton. At the Nevember election the entire Republican ticket was elected, the vote for governor being as follows: Hoch, 152,147; Harris, 150,024; Gilham, 7,621; Cook, 4,453; Keefer, 1,131. On Jan. 8, 1907. the legislature began its 15th biennial session. The . senate was called to order by Lieut. -Gov. David J. Hanna, who pre- sided until the 14th, when Gov. Hoch was inaugurated for his second term and Lieut. -Gov. W. J. Fitzgerald was also inducted into office, succeeding Mr. Hanna as president of the senate. John S. Simmons was elected speaker of the house. The message submitted by the gov- ernor at the opening of the session was a long one, covering almost ever\' phase of state affairs. He congratulated the people of the state upon their prosperit}^ ; announced that the state's wheat crop for the year 1906 was over 93,000,000 bushels, and the value of farm products and live stock aggregated $424,222,277, an increase of over $15,000,000 over the year 1905, and on the subject of bank deposits said: "The total deposits in Kansas banks, state and national, ten years ago aggregated only $32,031,780.39, of which the national banks held $16,811,672.97 and the state banks $15,220,107.39. For eight years there- 856 CM i.ui'i:dia of after the deposits increased at the enormous rate of an average of $10,000,000 per year, and on Sept. i, 1904, reached the highest point in the history of banking in the state up to that time, showing total deposits amounting to $110,325,895.90. . . . But during the past two years the increase has been greater than during any biennial period in the history of the state. During this biennial period the increase exceeded $30,000,000, or more than $15,000,000 each year, the total deposits at this time being $140,185,283.62. This is an average of over $90 per capita — nearly three times the average in the United States. . . . The population of the state increased 66,000 during the past year, the greatest annual increase in twenty years. Surely every Kan- san has a right to be proud of the wonderful progress and prosperity which characterize the state of his birth or adoption." He then reviewed with more or less detail the condition of the state institutions ; again urged the passage of a primary election law and a law providing for a better and more uniform system of assessment of property for tax purposes ; discussed the oil interests of the state, the good roads movement, equal suffrage, the sugar beet industry, the subject of grain inspection, the fish and game laws, the bureau of labor statistics and the work it had accomplished, the state depository law, school lands, the National Guard and the state museum, and com- mended the state board of health for its efforts "to impnive the sani- tary conditions of the state and promote the health of the people." He also urged the appropriation of a larger contingent fund for the board of railroad commissioners, pointing out the fact that the states of Texas and Minnesota allowed their boards of railroad commissioners $43,000 and $40,000 respectively, while Kansas allowed her board but $5,000. He congratulated the state upon the establishment of juvenile courts, the board of control and the state printing plant, all <r amendi-d in such a way as to make it eiT(!cti\c. Like some of his predecessors, he pointed nut the necessity for a radical revision of the constitution. Said lie: "It detracts nothing from the acknowledged wisdom of the framers of our constitution to sa\ that it is now very defective. Onr marvelous development and changed con- ditions, impossible ')f anticipation when it w;is devised, call now for KANSAS HISTORY 883 revision. ... At the time of admission the popuhilion of the state did not exceed 120,000. . . . The Kansas of today has reached the vast proportions of an empire, requiring a readjustment of her organic law to suit the present needs." Especially did he call attention to the inequalities in representation in the legislature through the constitutional provisions fi.^r apportion- ment,- some districts with a population of less than 2,000 having a repre sentative, while in others there were only one representative for population of 12,000 or more. Then, too, the time of making the ar * tionment was such that every few years a special session wor ,^ , ". necessary to carry out the provisions of the constitution. He ;* . ^ out several other weaknesses in the constitution, and disc \! f advisability of a constitutional convention. "I am sure," sai . ^ , ■ , , /-r , , . • r . 'J ne, that such a convention would afford the most satisfactory me? , .^ the many infirmities that have crept into the constitutior . . . ® of time. I am further persuaded, however, that a call f ^, ^ ' ^ V .1 J \ t • ■* ( 4^^- '^^ ^ Cohvention can never receive the endorsement of a majority 01 tl - ^„ ^1 r j^ 1 ,j u • \i ; •< 'C' people of Ivan- sas, unless some assurance could be given that nei i,o._ ^( , . V <- r i r .1 <- .•* 4-- 1 "^^^ °i several im- portant features of the present constitution sho' ,m ;« „„ • , 14. J • -J ^ • -1 r u- u ir ^ Jfa m any wise be altered, impaired or put in peril, of which I may r mention the prohibitorv amendment and the homestead exemption. .. As no t " ' tions respecting these features could be impos.ed upon a convention that would necessarily bind that body wh-n once called into existence it is doubtful if such a call would meet with popular favor; and the surest cheapest and speediest mode of relief vrould seem therefore to be through carefully prepared amendments." (See Constitutional Amend- ments.) The governor announced the appointment of delegates to represent the state at the centennial of Washington's inauguration, to be celebrated m New York City, and recommended an appropriation to defray the expenses of such delegates. He also recommended appropriations to pay the expenses of the Kansas delegates to the Farmers' Congress which m 1889 met in Alabama, and for the support of the state militia' ' On Jan. 22 each house of the legislature took a vote for United States senator. In the senate Preston B. Plumb received 35 votes— all that were cast— and in the house 118 votes. The next dav the two branches ' met m joint session, when Mr. Plumb received 153 votes and was declared .elected for the full term of six years, beginning on March 4. 1889. During the session there were passed a large number of acts Ic'-al- izing the actions of individuals or municipalities. Among the appro- priations made was one of $36,000 for a Grand Armv buildino- at Ells worth : one of $18,658.30 for bounties on sugar manufactured in the state during the years 1887-88 ; one of $9,700 for the encouragement of silk culture; one of $9,733-54 for the benefit of the Kansas National Guard; one of $14,367.67 for the payment of interest on the Ouantrill raid scrip, and one of $5,000 for a commissioner to the Paris exposition 884 CYCLOPEDIA OF Six new judicial districts were created; the consent of the state was given for the purchase of the Haskell Institute by the United States; jurisdiction over the Fort Rile}' military reservation was ceded to the Federal government ; a law was passed for the prevention of cruelty to animals; the supreme court commissioners were continued; the office of oil inspector was created ; the sale of tobacco to minors was pro- hibited ; additional power was given to the railroad commissioners; the name of Davis county was changed to Geary ; provision was made for the erection of a building and the equipping of a girls' industrial school at Beloit ; the establishment of a state soldiers' home on either the military reservation of Fort Hays or Fort Dodge was authorized, provided Congress would donate the land for that purpose ; an act to encourage the growth of timber was passed, and also one for the regu- lation of trusts. On April 4, 1889, Thomas Ryan, the Congressman from the Fotirth district, resigned to become minister to Mexico, and a special election was ordered for May 21 to choose his successor. The Republicans nominated Harrison Kelley, and the Democrats nominated John Heas- ton. Several others were voted for, the result being as follows : Kelley, 10,506 votes; Heaston, 1,530; David Overmyer, yj \ John .\. Martin, 54; John Martin, 28; scattering, 121. At the municipal elections in the spring of 1889 the cities of Argonia, Cottonwood Falls, Rossville, Oskaloosa and Baldwin elected women to the office of mayor. Kansas participated in several conventions re the nomination of the Populist ticket, July 3, the Prohibitionists held a state convention at RlcPherson and nominated A. M. Richardson for governor; E. Leonardson, for lieutenant-governor; Charles Fairfield, for secretary of state; H. T. Potter, for auditor; J. A. M\'^rs, for treasurer: S. S. Weatherb)', for superintendent of pulilic instruction. No candidates were named for attorney-general and chief justice of the supreme court. On Sept. 3 the Republican state convention met in Topeka. Gov. Humphrey was renominated, as were all the state officers except the auditor and treasurer. Charles M. Hovey was nominated fur auditor, and S. G. Stover, for treasurer. The Republican platform declared in favor of the election of the railroad commissioners li\' the people; a uni- form system of text-books in the ])ublic schools of the state; the estab- lishment of a state board of arbitration ; a revision of the laws relating to the assessment of property 1( r taxation ; weekly payment of wages ; the prohibition of child labor in mines and factories; but it was silent on the subject of resubmitting the prohibitory amendment. The Democratic state convention was held in Wichita on Sept. 9. Ex-Gov. Charles Robinson was nominated for governor; D. A. Banta, for lieutenant-governor ; S. G. Isett, for secretary of state ; Joseph Dillon, for auditor; Thomas Kirby, for treasurer; M. H. Wood, for superin- tendent of public instruction; M. B. Nicholson, for chief justice, and for attorney-general indorsed J. N. Ives, the Populist candidate. The most important features of the platform were the expression in favor of the regulation of railroads by the state; the declaration in opposition to all sumptuary legislation ; the demand for the resubmission of the prohibi- tory amendment, and, in case of its rejection, the enactment of laws providing for high license and local option. James W. Hamilton, the treasurer of state, had resigned and Gov. Humphrey had appointed William Sims to the vacancy. At the election on Nov. 4, the candidates for slate treasurer on the several tickets were voted for to finish the unexpired term, as well as for a full term of two years. The vote for governor was as follows: Humphrey, 115,025; Willcts, 106,972; Robinson, 71,357; Richardson, 1,230. The unusually KANSAS HISTORY 887 light vote received by Mr. Richardson was due largely to the fact that many, conscientious Prohibitionists deemed the nomination of a state ticket ill-advised, as Gov. Humphrey had consistently enforced the pro- hibitory law, and by doing so had incurred the disjjlcasure of the so- called "liberal element" in the larger cities. This class of persons repu- diated the action of the McPherson convention and supported Gov. Humphrey. During the first term of Gov. Humphrey he was frequently called upon to exercise the appointing power. Besides the treasurer of state, already mentioned, the creation of six new judicial districts, and the establishment of new courts in several cities of the state, made it neces- sary for him to appoint a number of judges. The legislature of 1887 had passed an act placing the police affair.? of all cities of the first class in the hands of a board of commissioners, appointed by the governor and subject to removal by him at will. Gov. Humphrey, as a member of the state senate, had supported the measure, not thinking, perhaps, that within two years he would be called on to make the appointments. When he came into the office of governor he found that Gov. Martin had ap- pointed commissioners only in the cities of Wichita and Leavenworth, and announced his intention of making appointments in all cities subject to the provisions of the act, on the ground that "if good for one, it should be good for all." Accordingly, he selected police commissioners for the cities of Atchison, Fort Scott, Kansas City and Topeka. There was some dissatisfaction, not so much over the men appointed by the governor as against the law, which took the control of local affairs out of the hands of the citizens. Gov. Humphrey also appointed a board of railroad commissioners, an insurance commissioner, and the heads of various departments. In the game of politics, officials vested with the power to make appointments frequently become unpopular through the petty jealousies aroused in the defeated applicants for positions. Gov. Humphrey escaped this fate by the great care with which he selected his appointees, making no attempt to build up an organization to further his personal ambitions. Some of the judges he appointed were afterward elected to the office and held their judicial positions for several years. Gov. Humphrey was inaugurated for the second time on Jan. 12, 1891. The next day the eighth regular biennial session of the legisla- ture was convened, with Lieut.-Gov. Riddle again presiding over the senate and P. P. Elder as speaker of the house. Much of the governor's message to this legislature was devoted to the subjects of the state's financial condition and municipal indebtedness. (See Finances, State.) "Ivansas," said he. "has rounded out the third decennial period, and her growth in the last decade is certainly gratifying, as shown by the following vital statistics from the reports of the state board of agricul- ture. For convenience of comparison and conciseness of statement the sta- tistics referred to by the governor are arranged in the form of a table, given on the next page. 888 CYCLOPEDIA OF i88o 1890 Population 996,096 1,427,096 Acres of field crops 8,868,884 12,844,921 Value of field crops $63,111,634 $79,268,081 \^alue of all farm products. . . . $80,500,244 $129,144,909 Value of all live stock $61,563,956 $113,533,342 Assessed value of property. .. .$160,570,761 $347,717,218 Capital invested in mfrs $11,192,315 $45,000,000 Number of school districts 6,134 9,022 Number of children of school age 340,647 509,614 ^'alue of school property $4,633,044 $10,617,149 Number of church edifices 964 2,339 Value of church property $2,430,385 $8,801,870 Miles of railroad 3.400 8,866 The growth of cities had been especially marked during the decade. The five 3'ears from 1880 to 1885 were marked by general prosperity in all lines of industry. Large additions were made to the population ; new farms were opened in all parts of the state; cities issued bonds in liberal amounts for the construction of public improvements, water- works, electric lighting plants, new school buildings, etc. ; railroad lines were constructed to hitherto unsettled districts; speculation ran rife, and it seemed almost as though the magic power of some Aladdin's lamp was being exerted for the development of Kansas. Then came the reaction. The years 1885-86 fell far below the acreage in produc- tion, and in 1887 there was a severe drought. Many farmers having mortgages upon their homes were unable to meet [Kiyments when they fell due, and a large number of people left the state. The year 1888 was more fruitful, and as previously mentioned, the corn crop of 1889 was unusuall>- large. During these two years the people regained fresh courage, as well as some of the losses sustained, debts incurred in speculation were liquidated, and everything wore a more encour- aging aspect. There was still much suffering, however, among the settlers on the frontier, and Gov. ITumphrey said in his message: "Practical legislation, designed to encourage these people in western Kansas, should have early and favorable attention. In this connection your consideration is invited to the report of a convention held in Oberlin, Decatur county, in December last, to consider the subject of irrigation, and to ask state and n;itinn;d legislation in .-lid of the move- ment." ( See Irrigation.) On Jan. 27 the two houses cast a ballot for Ignited States senator, and the following day met in joint session to decide the result. On the ioinl ballot William A. PefTcr received loi votes; John T. Ingalls, 58; Charles W. F.lair, 3: II. P.. Kellcy. 1, and E. N. Morrifl, i. ' Mr. Peffer, having received a majority of all the votes cast, was declared elected for the term of six years, beginning on March 4. 1891. Pursuant to a recommendation of tlu' governor, an ,irt was ])assed KANSAS TIISTORV 889 at this session declaring tlie first Monday in Scptcm1)er to be a legal holiday, known as "Labor Day." The state was redistricted for legis- lative purposes into 40 senatorial and 125 representative districts; an act f(5r the regulation of alien land ownership was passed; the office of bank commissioner was created; jurisdiction was ceded to the United States for a site for a Federal building in the city of Atchison ; a board of public works was created ; the sum of $60,000 was appropriated for the completion of the state-house ; a similar sum for the benefit of those who had lost their crops by the drought, and $3,500 for an ex])eri- ment station at tlie state university to propagate the infectitjn for the destruction of chinch bugs — a discovery of Chancellor Snow in 1888. A law regulating banks was also passed at this session, and a proposi- tion to hold a constitutional convention was submitted to the people at the general election in 1892. Gov. Humphrey was again called upon to make several important appointments during his second term. Among these were supreme court commissioners ; the bank commissioner, which went to Charles F. Johnson of Jefferson count}' ; commissioners for the World's Colum- bian exposition at Chicago in 1893, and a number of district court judges. The death of Preston B. Plumb on Dec. 20, 1891, left Kansas with but one I'nited States senator, and the vacancy was filled by the appointment of Bishop W. Perkins on Jan. i, 1892. The Populists were the first to hold a convention for the nomina- tion of state candidates in 1892. Their convention met at Wichita on June 16 and nominated Lorenzo D. Lewelling for governor; Percy Daniels, for lieutenant-governor ; Russell S. Osborn, for secretary of state; Van E. Prather, for auditor; W. IL Biddle, for treasurer; J. T. Little, for attorney-general ; Henry N. Gaines, for superintendent of public instruction ; S. H. Allen, for associate justice. On June 30 the Republican state convention met in Topeka. Abram W. Smith was nominated for governor; Robert F. Moore, for lieutenant- governor ; William C. Edwards, for secretary of state ; Blanche K. Bruce, for auditor; John B. Lj-nch, for treasurer; Theodore F. Garver, for attorney-general ; James C. Davis, for superintendent of public instruction; D. J\L Valentine, for associate justice. A week later, July 6, the Democratic party held a state convention in Topeka, and after a stormy session indorsed the Populist ticket.. On July 13 the Prohibitionists held their state convention and nominated the following candidates: For governor, L O. Pickering; lieutenant- governor, H. F. Douthart ; secretary of state, H. W. Stone ; auditor, C. W. Hewlett: treasurer, Joel Miller; attorney-general, Robert L. Davidson ; superintendent of public instruction, Alice M. Henderson ; associate justice, C. P. Ste^'ens. The Lhiited States census of 1910 showed a sufficient increase in the population of Kansas to entitle the state to eight Congressmen, but as new districts could not be created in time for the election of 1892, the different parties nominated candidates for representatives in SpO CYCLOPEDIA OF each of the old districts, and each state convention nominated a candi- date for Congressman-at-Large. For this office the Populists named W. A. Harris; the Republicans, George T. Anthony, and the Pro- hibitionists, J. M. Monroe. At the election en Nev. 8 the Populists carried the state by pluralities ranging from 5,000 to 6,000 votes. The highest vote for presidential elector on each of the three tickets was as follows: W. N. Allen, Populist, 163,111; E. G. Dewey, Republican, 157,241; Charles Fair- field, Prohibitionist, 4,553. The electoral vote of the state was cast for Gen. James B. Weaver, the People's party candidate. The vote for governor was as follows: Lewelling, 163.507; Smith, 158,075; Pickering, 4,178. The proposition for holding a constitutional conven- tion was defeated by 466 votes. Gov. Humphrey retired from the office upon the inauguration of Gov. Lewelling in Jan., 1893. Concerning his administration McCray, in the review above mentioned, says: '"Be it said to his credit that he did not run his administration with a brass band and fireworks. He did not consider that the people elected governors for grand stand purposes, but honestly, faithfully and modestly to conduct the busi- ness of the state. Gov. Humphrey's ambition was to make a record that should be meritorious rather than notorious, useful rather tlian spectacular; that should be remembered as a quiet and faithful endeavor to perform each day's duties aright, rather than a noisy display of the brief authority vested in the chief executive." Hunnewell, one of the smaller of the incorporated towns of Sumner county, is located in South Haven township, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 18 miles south of Wellington, the county seat. It has a number of retail stores, a mill, an elevator and a bank. The town has gained considerable newspaper notoriety lately by having elected a woman mayor, who got into trouble with the council, which was made up of men. Hunnewell was founded in 1880, and the first house was erected bv Ford & Leonard. Within a month a number of buildings had been erected and the town had practically reached its growth. Two marshals and a police judge were hired by the railroad company and the citi- zens prior to the organization of the town. The postoffice was estab- lished in Aug., 1880, and Frank ShilTdaner was appointed postmaster. The organization of the city government took place in April, 1881. The following were the first officers: Mayor, J. A. Hughes; police judge, T. G. Ricketts; city clerk, Thomas T. Ivers; councilmen, A. B. Smith, F. Hoolcroft, T. B. Sullivan, J. Dickerson and B. F. Hall. The town is supplied with telegraph and express offices and has a money order postoffice with two rural routes. The population in 1910 was 208. Hunter, a country postoffice in Mitchell county, is located in Custer township in the southwest corner of the county, 25 miles southwest of Beloit, the county seat, and 16 miles from Lucas on the L^nion Pacific, the nearest shipping point. The po]nilation in 1910 was 50. KANSAS HISTORY 89 J Hunter County, now extinct, was one of the counties created in 1855, by the first territorial legislature. It was bounded as follows: "Be- gmnnig- at the southeast corner of Butler county; thence south to the southern boundary of the territory; thence west 30 miles; thence north to a point west of the place of beginning; thence east 30 miles to the place of beginning." In 1857, the county was enlarged by extending the western boundary to the line between ranges 4 and 5 east. In i860 Irving county was created out of the northern part of Hunter, and in 1864 Butler county was enlarged to include both Irving and Hunter, which disappeared. The greater portion of what was once the county of Hunter is now included in Cowley county. Huntsville, a little inland hamlet in Reno county is located between Salt and Peace creeks 24 miles west of Hutchinson, the county seat and 6 miles north of Plevna, from which place its mail is distributed by rural_ delivery. Plevna is also the nearest railroad station and ship- ping point. The population, according to the government census of 1910, was 60. Huron, the fourth largest town in Atchison county, is located near the northern boundary on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 16 miles north- west of Atchison, the county seat. The immediate site and vicinity was owned by D. R. Anthony (q. v.) of Leavenworth, who donated the railroad company 20 acres of land and the right-of-way for a mile. Within six weeks after the town was surveyed and named five dwellings had been completed or were under way; stores were erected; the village was well started toward prosperity ; a postoffice was established withtn the year and before the close of 1882 there were at least 50 houses in the town. Two churches were built before 1883, one by the Baptists, the other by the Presbyterians, on ground donated by Col. Anthony! Huron soon became an important shipping and supply town, and its growth has been steady. At the present time it has good schools, banking facilities, a money order postoffice, several general stores, a blacksmith shop, lumber yard, hardware and implement house, express and telegraph offices, etc. In 1910 the population was 300. Hurt, a country postoffice in Colony township, Greeley county, is located 16 miles from Tribune, the county seat, and 9 miles north- west of Astor, the nearest shipping point. The population in 1910 was 15. Huscher, a post-village of Nelson township. Cloud county, is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 6 miles southeast of Con- cordia, the county seat, with which it is connected by telephone. It has a local trade, does some shipping, and in 1910 had a population of 50. Hutchinson, the "salt city," is one of the important cities of the first class in Kansas. It is the judicial seat of Reno county, in the central part of the state, and is 168 miles southwest of Topeka. It is at the outlet of a great corn and wheat raising district, and has one of the largest salt works in the world. Hutchinson is a city of active, wide- 892 CYCLOPEDIA OF awake business men. excellent railroad facilities, fine hotels, extensive manufacturing and jobbing interests, shady streets, beautiful buildings, and plenty of automobiles. A home owned electric street railway sys- tem extends all over the city. The Hutchinson salt plants have been yielding from 2,500 to 5,000 barrels of salt per day for the last twenty 3'ears and the source still seems inexhaustible. The vein of rock salt is 400 feet thick and is found at a depth of 375 feet. The Hutchinson salt is unsurpassed as a table salt. The amounts of money spent in running these plants is enormous, the cost of fuel alone being more than the amount received for salt sold within the state, the profits coming from export sales — and that with natural gas for fuel at 10 cents per 1,000 feet. The various flour mills have a combined capacity of 3,000 barrels per day, most of which is shipped out of the country by way of Galveston. The elevators have a storage capacity of 6,500,000 l)ushels. The soda ash plant, which is probably the largest institution of its kind in the country, manufactures the raw material or base of all soda products. The wholesale business aggregates $11,500,000 annually and 400 traveling salesmen, representatives of Hutchinson firms, have their homes here. There is a meat i)acking establishment and the poultry and egg business is extensive and brings large returns. There are foundries, a -straw board factory, canning factory, paint factory, creamery, blank book manufactory, machine shop, furniture factory and boiler works. The five Hutchinson banks have a combined capital of over $500,000, and they were among the few banks in the country which did not in some manner restrict cash ])ayments during the panic of 1907. The city is paved, lighted with electricity, has a gnod sower system, waterworks, an efficient fire department and police force. The fniest hotel between the great lakes and the Pacific coast, and the best retail stores between the 6th principal meridian and the Continental divide are located here. This is the seat of the state reformatory. Hutchinson has a live commercial club, which is continually inducing new factories and new commercial enterprises to locate there. The railroad facilities are greatly to their advantage, in these matters, and have been one of the principal factors in the growth of the city into an im])ortanl commercial and manufacturing center. The main lines of both the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Atchison, To])cka & Santa I'"e pass through the city; the Missouri Pacific line from Ellsworth to Wichita runs through Hutchinson, and there are two additional lines of the .\tchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, one running south and the other running west to Kinsley, where it meets the main line. The In-ighl hauled from Hutchinson by the Snnta Fe alone amounts to more tons ])er month than that of any town on the line, except Kansas City and the terminals. Hutdiinson ranks sixth among all the towns on the road, terminals included. .\ state fair is held annually at llutcliin- .son by a fair association owning large grounds and i)niMings. Fxhibits f)f live stock and agricultural products cr)nic from all over K;ins.is and neighboring slates. KANSAS HISTOUV 893 Aside from her money making interests llutciiinson has other valu- able assets, not tlie least of these being her large and beautiful shade trees, which money cannot buy and which time alone can produce. A Carnegie library, many tine churches, and the best of schools make the town attractive from an intellectual and religious standpoint. The population in 1910, according to the government census, was 16,364. It is rapidly increasing, as a great deal of labor is needed in the factories. In 1900 the population was but a little over 9,000. The town was founded by C. C. Hutchinson in 1871. The first build- ing on the site was erected in the fall of that year and in early days was the stopping place for newcomers and travelers. It was also the grocery store, the meat market, and contained the real estate office of C. C. Hutchinson. In Aug., 1872, the new town having sufficient pop- ulation, it was incorporated as a city of the third class. The first officers were: Mayor, Taylor Flick; police judge, J. B. Brown; councilmen, John McMurray, G. A. Brazee, E. Wilcox. R. C. Bailey and D. M. Lewis. The founder of the town and the city officers from the first tried to eliminate the selling of intoxicants in or about the town. In spite of this some of it was sold outside the limits, and as there was no county government at the time the offenders could not be molested by the city. However, they were arrested by the United States marshal. Among the first to open stores were W. Bailey, general store; T. F. Leidigh, grocery ; Jordan & Bemis, general store ; E. Wilcox, hard- ware and farm implements; J. S. Fay opened a hotel, and J. & C. McMurray, a livery stable. The year 1872 was an eventful one. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. was built past this point; the first bank was started by the founder of the town; the Hutchison News was founded on July 4, and the first school was taught by Miss Jennie Hodgson in a small frame building on Main street. Mr. Hutchinson was elected to the legislature, and through his eft'orts Hutchinson became the county seat. Hymer, a hamlet of Chase county, is located on Diamond creek, in the township of the same name, and is a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 13 miles northwest of Cottonwood Falls, the county seat. It has telegraph and express offices, and a money order postoffice. The population, according to the census of igio. was 30. latan Flag. — Early in 1861, before war had been declared, a Confed- erat f^ag was raised at latan. Mo., a small village about 12 miles above Leavenworth. Col. D. R. Anthony of Leavenworth, one day hap- pened to be a passenger on a boat that was carrying regular troops from Fort Leavenworth to St. Joseph, and when the boat tied up at the landing near latan, he and a companion decided to visit that village 894 CYCLOPEDIA OF and make inquiries regarding the flag. They found the town loating^ place was a small grocery, at which place they made their inquiry. About a dozen men were in the store at the time, and one of them pointed to the flag that was folded and lying on the counter. "I'll take that with me," said Anthony, whereupon every individual in the store drew a revolver, and the colonel changed his mind. The story reached Leavenworth and the pro-slavery element had considerable fun out of the incident. Shortly after the organization of the First Kansas infantr}- a few members of Companies A and I learned that the flag still defiantly floated, and also that a force of Confederate cavalry had been organ- ized and armed at the place. A spy was sent to latan to make investi- gations and upon his return reported that the flag pole had been erected within a few feet of the railroad track, that a company of "rangers" had been organized and was then encamped, 140 strong, within the town. On June 3, 1861, a portion of the First Kansas received arms, and a few. of them resolved to lower the latan flag. The members of the proposed expedition, through the kindness of friends among the other companies, secured rifles enough to arm their crowd, together with a limited supply of ammunition. That night 17 men stole quietly out of camp and midnight found them hunting up and down the river for boats to enable them to cross. A small skift capable of holding 5 persons was found and the first load crossed. In the meantime another small boat had been found and pressed into service. When the first boat returned for the others, 5 men concluded to withdraw from the expedition, leaving but 12 to carry out the plans. The balance of the members were taken across the river, whereupon they started on a long march for their destination, arriving at the outskirts of latan about daybreak. The spy originally sent to make investigations was again delegated to make a reconnoissance, which he did, reporting that the flag would not be hoisted that day and that it was kept at the rear of a small store. Determining to have the flag at any cost, the party advanced on the town and when turning a corner within a hundred yards of the flag pole discovered that the stars and bars were being run u]). The members of the expedition charged and surrounded the flag pole just as the cord had been tied. A demand was made for the flag, which resulted in a little parleying, whereupon "Mell" Lewis, one of the expedition, whipped out a knife, cut the rope, and the flag fell at their feet. It was gathered up and a retreat ordered, when some one inside the store opened fire on them at a distance of less than 100 feet, three of the expedition being wounded by buckshot, two of them quite severely. The retreat was much slower than was hoped for on account of the wounded men, but at last all were safely landed on the Kansas side with their trophy. The men taking part in the caj)turc of the Hag were Fran]< II. I)ien- ning, Thomas Merrick. Frank M. Tracy, G. Mellen Lewis, Fred Amerine, William Smart and lames Liddle. of the Flwood Guards. ;ind I'lnil KANSAS HISTORY 895 Umfried, Theo. Kroll, ■ Voeth, Richard Lander and Jlenry Laurenzier, of the Steuben Guards. The boys reached camp about dusk and intended to keep the matter quiet, but the story got out and was printed in the Leavenworth Conservative the next morning. This noted flag now reposes in the museum of the Kansas State Historical Society at Topeka. Idana, a village in Clay county, is located in Five Creeks township on the Union Pacific R. R., 8 miles west of Clay Center, the county seat. It has about 25 business establishments, among which is a bank. There is a telegraph ofiice and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The population in 1910 was 225. Idell, a small hamlet in the western part of Crawford county, is 12 miles southwest of Girard, the county seat and most convenient rail- road station, from which point mail is delivered by rural carrier. Idenbro, a station on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R. in Labette county, is located in Labette township, 5 miles southwest of Parsons and 15 miles northwest of Oswego, the county seat. It receives its mail from Parsons. The population in 1910 was 104. Idylwild, a hamlet in Clay county, is located 11 miles north of Clay Center, the county seat and postoffice from which its mail is delivered by rural route. The population in 1910 was 15. Igo, a hamlet in Rooks county, is located on Big Medicine creek, 10 miles southeast of Stockton, the county seat, and 5 miles south of Woodston, the nearest shipping point and postoffice whence mail is distributed by rural route. Imes, a village in the eastern part of Franklin county, is located on the Missouri Pacific R. R. 7 miles southeast of Ottawa, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice and is a shipping point for the rich agricultural district by which it is surrounded. In 1910 it had a population of 40. Immigration. — The United States census of i860 showed the popula- tion of Kansas to be 107,206. Early the following year the state was admitted into the Union with a population of less than two persons to the square mile. Almost immediately came the great Civil war, which ♦ for four years overshadowed everything else. The people and author- ities of Kansas felt the need of increasing the population with an intelli- gent and industrious citizenship for the development of the state's vast and varied resources. In his message to the legislature in Jan., 1864, Gov. Carney said : "The subject of immigration is one which attracts the attention of the whole country. Near 200,000 of the young men of the republic sleep in the soldier's grave, or are disabled for life, and a million of kindred spirits are in the field. This drain upon the labor of the coun- try taxes it heavily, and will tax it still more, unless we supply it with alien labor. The president of the L'nited States, in his annual message, foreseeing this result, urges upon Congress the polic)' of facilitating, by every means in its power, a rapid immigration, and the secretary 896 CYCLOPEUIA OF of State, anxious to ward oft" its consequences, has sent a special agent to Europe to stimulate it. Every western state, acting upon this theory, has its bureau of immigration, or its agents abroad, laboring especially for their interests. . . . These are plain and simple facts ; but plain and simple as they are, none more important could be brought to your attention. You will weigh them and weigh them well, and after doing so, will determine which is the best course to pursue, or the wisest policy to adopt. Whether 30U will establish a bureau of foreign immigration, or send commissioners abroad or do both. . . I am so convinced of the necessity of prompt, systematic and thorough action, that I would gladly cooperate with you in any practical measure you may adopt." In response to this message, the legislature passed an act, which was approved by Gov. Carney on Feb. 26, 1864, "to establish a bureau of immigration and appoint agents therefor." 15}' the provisions of the act the governor was authorized to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, two commissioners, who, with himself, should constitute the bureau of immigration. The bureau was given power to appoint one or more agents to visit Europe for the purpose of encouraging and directing immigration to the state ; to make con- tracts with railroad and packet companies for the purpose of securing a low rate of fare to immigrants, and to perform such other duties as might be necessary to secure the ends aimed at in the act. The higher educational institutions of the state were directed to preserve a meteorological record and other scientific facts, which were to be forwarded to the bureau for publication. Aii appropriation of $5,000 was made to carry out these provisions, and the bureau was directed to try to eflfect the organization of county iiiiniigration societies to cooperate with it. The Congress of 1864 passed an act organizing a national bureau of immigration in the department of agriculture. Agents were sent abroad or stationed at all the leading coast cities of the I'nited States. In his message to the legislature in Jan., 1865, Gov. Crawford recom- mended that the law of 1864 "be so amended as to provide simply for a Kansas state agent in the city of New York, whose duty it should, in part, be to visit the principal cities of the Union, and make such arrangements with the railroad and steamboat ccnnpanies as will lessen the rate of fare, and otherwise facilitate the passage of emigrants to Kansas." The general assembly failed to addpt the governor's advice, and, in fact, no legislation supplementary tn tlir act of 1864 was enacted until 1870. Immediately after the close df the Civil war there was a tide cjf immigration to Kansas, many of the newcomers being dis- charged soldiers seeking to establish homesteads in the West. In the spring of 1868 Rev. S. G. Earsen, a Swedish minister, visited Kansas with a view to locating some of his countrymen in the stale. Ailjt.- Gen. McAfee, in his rejiort at the close of that year, said : "The great KANSAS HISTOKV 897 famine in Sweden has been causing tens of thousands to inimit^rate to this country; a great portion of them might, with proper effort, be secured to this state. Large purchases have already been made in Republic, Jewell, Cloud, Mitchell, Ottawa, Lincoln, Saline and McPher- son counties." (See Swedish Settlements.) In his message to the legislature of 1869 Gov. Harvey complained that the general assembly had "persistently refused to appropriate any money to induce immigration, throwing the burden upon those public spirited citizens, who, together with the governors, have con- stituted the board of immigration." lie recommended that the legis- lature "at least make provision for the compilation, publication and dissemination of a large number of pamphlets in tlie English, German and Scandinavian languages, showing the advantages and resources of the state," but again the legislature declined to make any appro- priation. The following year he again called attention to the subject and mentioned the fact that railroad companies, auxiliary organiza- tions and enterprising real estate firms were doing good work, while the state sat idly by and did nothing. Gov. Harvey joined with other governors in calling an immigration convention at Indianapolis, Ind., Nov. 23, 1870, and in 1871 he submitted a report of this convention to the legislature, which provided for the preparation and publication of some pamphlets. These were distributed by the governor. In Aug., 1873, the Catholic Publication Society of New York issued a book on "Irish Emigration to. the United States," which gave a good description of Kansas. About that time the military laws of Russia drove many of the inhabitants of that country to the United States. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad company had about 3,000,- 000 acres of land which it desired to dispose of to settlers. A. E. Touza- lin, general passenger agent and land commissioner of the company, and Carl B. Schmidt, immigration agent, succeeded in attracting some of these Russian immigrants to Kansas. Mr. Schmidt conducted a party of them to the vicinity of Great Bend and Earned, and A. Rodel- heimer, of the Kansas (now Union) Pacific, showed them lands in Rush, Ellsworth and Ellis counties. A large Russian settlement was planted in Ellis county. The Centennial exposition at Philadelphia in 1876 was of great benefit in stimulating immigration to the state. In presenting this matter to the legislature of 1877, Gov. Anthony announced that letters of inquiry were coming in by scores and that colonies had alreadv been located in various sections of the state. In Jan., 187S, a German immigration convention was held in Topeka, and the same year the "Kansas Hand Book" was issued by J. S. Boughton. The year 1878 witnessed the largest influx of settlers of any year in the history of the state up to that time. Concerning this tide of immigration the Atchison Champion said : "Bj- every railroad train and along every highway leading to Kansas, immigrants are pouring into the state. It is an immense immigration that is now pouring into and over Kan- (1-57^ 898 CYCLOrEDIA OF sas — the largest known for at least four years. And it is swelling in volume every week, and bids fair to continue for a year or more to come." By 1880 the population of the state had reached almost to the million mark, and the subject of immigration dropped to a position of secondary importance. Since that time the railroad companies, land companies, commercial clubs and business. men's associations have been somewhat active in advertising their respective localities, but the state has passed no additional laws for the promotion of immigration.. Imperial, a country postoffice in Finney county, is located in Garfield township, 2ji miles northeast of Garden City, the county seat, and 19 miles southwest of Dighton, Lane county, which is the nearest rail- road station. It has tri-weekly mail. The population in igio was 20. Independence, one of the important cities of southeastern Kansas, and from a manufacturing standpoint, one of the most important in the state, is located in the central part of Montgomery county, of which it is the judicial seat. It is on the Verdigris river in the midst of the great natural gas and oil fields, and the gas, which is furnished for commercial purposes for 3 cents per 1,000 feet, has been a great factor in developing the local mineral deposits. Coal, limestone, cement stone, clay shale and sand for glass are found in considerable quantities in the immediate vicinity. The manufacturing establishments include a rubber factory, 3 glass factories, 2 ice factories, 2 iron plants, vitrified brick plant, paper mill, cracker factory, cotton twine factory, shirt fac- tory, machine shops, foundries, candy factory, several oil refineries, extensive cement works and an electric light plant. The city is one of the best equipped in the state so far as public improvements are concerned. It has a good system of waterworks, a $50,000 opera house, more miles of paved streets than any other city in the gas belt, a fine sewerage and drainage system, a $25,000 Carnegie library, and an auditorium seating 3,000 people. It claims to have the best band and the finest high school building in the state. All the business houses are of brick and stone with plate glass fronts, and some of the finest lodge buildings in the state are located here. There are 4 banks, 2 daily and 2 weekly newspapers, flour mills and elevators. A hospital and nurses training school is maintained in a building erected for the purpose at an expense of $20,000. Independence is connected with Cherryvale and Coflfeyville by intcrurban electric railway. It is sup- plied with telegraph and express offices, and has an international money order postoffice with seven rural routes. The ]inpuIntion, according to the census of 1910, was io,.j8o. The site of Independence was bought from the Indians by George A. Brown in Sept.. 1869, before the land had been acquired by the government. The town was promoted by Oswego men, and a paper was started in Oswego called the "Independence Pioneer." through which the new town was extensively advertised. In October the first colony, consisting of 18 families fmni liuliana, settled on the town KANSAS HISTORY 899 site. They built temporary huts of prairie hay, and it is said that no less than 40 hay huts stood on the Independence town site that winter. The next spring building began. The town company erected a hotel called the Judson House. The first store was opened in Oct., 1869, by E. E. Wilson and F. D. Irwin. In May, 1870, Independence became the county seat, and in July the postoffice was established. A gov- ernment land office was established there in 1872. In January of that year the branch railway called "Bunker's Plug" was completed. .-\t this time over 200 houses had been built, the population numbered 2,300, mills had been put up and other business enterprises established. Independence now became a city of the second class, having been first organized as a village in July, 1870, and made a city of the third class in November of that year. The trustees of the village were: J. H. Pugh, J. E. DonLavy, E. E. Wilson, R. F. Hall and O. P. Smart. The first officers elected after the incorporation as a city of the third class were: Mayor, J. B. Craig; clerk, C. M. Ralstine; treasurer, J. E. DonLavy; councilmen, Thomas Stevenson, A. Waldtschmidt, W. T. Bishop, G. H. Brodie and F. D. Irwin. Independence was made a city of the second class March 20, 1872. The first school was taught by Miss Mary Walker in 1870. The first religious services were held in the hay-shed residence of Mrs. McClurg in 1869. The south Kansas Tribune, which is still published, was the first newspaper and was established in 1871 b}- L. U. Humphrey & W. T. Yoe. The first banking house, known as Hull's Banking company, was established in Dec, 1871. It was the only one that continued in business during the subsequent hard years. In 1881 a company was organized to mine coal. The discovery of gas and oil followed. Independent Churches. — Under this head are presented the religious organizations which are not identified with any ecclestical body and which have no affiliation with other churches that would entitle them to be included under a specific name. There is no general classifica- tion but certain distinct types appear. First, there are the churches which call themselves independent or unassociated, which originally were missions established in newly settled or outlying districts by people belonging to different denominations. The second class are churches that use a denominational name, but decline to have ecclesias- tical connection with any denominational body. The third class are union churches where members of two or more denominations have united to hold service but refuse to become identified with any of the regular religious body. The fourth class includes a number of religious organizations generally known as Holiness churches. They represent a definite church life but no denominational organization. Independent churches were established in Kansas in the '80s. In 1890 there were 2 in Cherokee county, 2 in Wyandotte county and one each in Johnson, Miami, Montgomery, Riley and Shawnee counties, having a total membership of 271. During the next fifteen years the 900 CYCLOPEDIA OF Independent churches more than doubled, as there were 28 organiza- tions reported in 1906, with a total membership of 685. Indianola, a discontinued postoffice in Butler county, is located 12 miles southwest of Eldorado, the county seat, and 8 miles northwest of Augusta, the usual shipping point and the postoffice from which its mail is distributed by rural route. Indians. — At the time Columbus discovered America, the continent north of Mexico was inhabited by four great groups of aborigines, to whom was given the general name of '"Indians," the discoverers believ- ing they had circumnavigated the earth and arrived at the eastern border of India. In the extreme north were the Eskimo tribes, who have never played a conspicuous part in the country's history. The Algonquin group, probably the most important of the four, inhabited a triangle which may be roughlj' described by a line drawn from the mouth of the St. Lawrence river to the Rocky mountains, thence by a line from that point to the Atlantic coast near the Neuse river, and up the coast to the place of beginning. Also within this triangle lived the Iroquoian group, whose habitat was along the shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario, extending to the lower Susquehanna and westward into Illinois. South and east of the triangle were the tribes of the Muskhogean stock, the Creeks, Choctaws, etc. \\'est of all these lay the Siouan group. When the first white men visited the region now comprising the State of Kansas, they found it inhabited bj' four tribes of Indians: the Kansa or Kaw% which occupied the northeastern and central part of the State (Morehouse, Kansas Historical Collections, vol. X, p. ^2~, says they owned the larger part of Kansas) : the Osage, located south of the Kansa; the Pawnee, whose country lay west and north of . the Kansa ; and the Padouca or Comanche, whose hunting grounds were in the western part of the state. A hand-book issued by the bureau of American Ethnology in 1907 defines the Kansa as "A southwestern Siouan tribe ; one of five, accord- ing to Dorsey's arrangement, of the Dhegiha group. Their linguistic relations are closest with the Osage, and are close with the Ounpaw. In the traditional migration of the group, after the Quapaw had first separated therefrom, the main body divided at the mouth of the Osage river, the Osage moving up that stream and the Omaha and Ponca crossing the Missouri river and ])roceeding northward, while the Kansa ascended' the Missouri on the south side to the niduth nf the Kansas river." The 15th annual report of the bureau (]). 191) says: "According tr) tribal traditions collected by Dorsey, the ancestors of the Omaha. Ponka, Kwapa, Osage and Kansa were originally one people dwelling on the Ohio and Wabash rivers, but gradually working westward. The first separation took place at the moulii of tlie Ohio. Those .going down the Mississippi became the Kwapa or 'down stream ])eople,' those will) went up became the Omaha or 'up stream people. ' " KANSAS HISTORY yOl After the Kansa separated from tlic Omaha and I'onka and estab lished themselves at the mouth of the Kansas river, they gradually extended their domain to the present northern boundary of Kansas, where they were met and driven back by the Iowa and Sauk tribes, who had already come in contact with the white traders from whom they had received fire arms. The Kansa, being without these superior weapons, were forced back to the Kansas river. Here thev were visited by the "Big Knives," as they called the white men, who per- suaded them to go farther west. The tribe then successively occupied some twenty villages along the Kansas valley before they were set- tled at Council Grove, whence they were finally removed to the Indian Territory in 1873. Probably the first white man to acquire a knowledge of the Kansa Indians was Juan de Ofiate, who met them on his expedition in 1601, and who refers to them as the "Escansaques." In this connection it is well to note that the name of the tribe is spelled in various ways. Morehouse, in the article already alluded to, says: "In the 9th volume of the Kansas Historical Collections Prof. Hay's article on the name Kansas, prepared in 1882, gives 24 ways of spelling the word. The editors of volume 9, in a footnote, add some 20 additional forms, and for several years past I have been gathering similar data coupled with authority for the same. At present (1907) I have all of the 44 forms mentioned and twice as many besides, or, in all, over 125 ways used in the past to spell the name designating this tribe of Indians, the verbal forerunners of the word Kansas." Although Marquette's map of 1673 showed the location of the Kansa Indians, the French did not actually come in contact with the tribe until 1750, when, according to Stoddard, the French explorers and traders ascended the Missouri "to the mouth of the Kansas river, where they met with a welcome reception from the Indians. Their success in this quarter obliterated from their minds the reverses they had experienced on the upper Mississippi as likewise the verv existence of the copper mines." These early Frenchmen gave the tribe the name of Kah or Kaw, which, according to the story of an old Osage warrior, was a term of derision, meaning coward, and was given to the Kansa by the Osage because they refused to join in a war against the Cherokees. .A.nother Frenchman, Bourgmont (q. v.), who visited the tribe in 1724, called them the "Canzes," and reported that they had two villages on the Missouri, one about 40 miles above the mouth of the Kansas and the other farther up the river, both on the right bank. These villages were also mentioned by Lewis and Clark nearly a century later. As the Lewis and Clark expedition ascended the Missouri a daily journal was J> with Pawnee.. KANSAS HISTORY 90s means slave. As it was from tliis lril)t' tlial the Ali^diniuian triljes alxnit the great lakes obtained their slaves, some writers maintain that the word Pawnee is equi\alent to the word slave, and that the tribal name resulted from the fact that so man_\- members of it were subjected to a. FULL-HLOUL) PAWNEE I.\]jiA.\S — FATHEK AND SuN. state of bondage. Hamilton says : "As most of the Indian slaves be- longed to the nation of Panis (English Pawnees), the name Pani was- given in the i8th century to every Indian reduced to servitude." Others^ among whom is Prof. John B. Dunbar, think the name Pawnee was- 900 CYCLOPEDIA OF probably derived from "pariki" (a horn), a term used to describe their manner of dressing the scalp lock, which they stiffened *vith paint and grease and bent it into a shape resembling a horn. The tribal organization of the Pawnees was based on the village communities, which represented subdivisions of the tribe. Each village had its name, its hereditary chiefs, a shrine, priests, etc. The dominat- ing power in their religion was Tirawa (father), whose messengers were the winds, thunder, lightning and rain. Pawnee lodges were of two types — the common form of skins stretched over a framework of poles, and the earth lodge. The latter was circular in form, from 30 to 60 feet in diameter, partly under ground, and its construction was usually accompanied with elaborate religious ceremonies. Among the men, the only essential articles of wearing apparel were the breechcloth and moccasins, though these were supplemented by a robe and leggings in cold weather or on state occasions. After marriage a man went to live with his wife's family, though polygamy was not uncommon. Juan de Oiiate, in his account of his expedition in 1601, says the Escansaques and Ouivirans were hereditary enemies, and Prof. Dun- bar has demonstrated almost to an absolute certainty that the Ouivirans mentioned by Onate were the Pawnees, who were also the inhabitants of the ancient Indian province of Harahey. The first Pawnee to come in contact with the white man was the one whom the Spaniards of Coronado's expedition (q. v.) called "the Turk." Soon after the expedi- tion of Onate the Spanish settlers of New Mexico became acquainted with Pawnees through their raids into the white settlements for horses, and for two centuries the Spaniards tried to establish peaceful relations with the tribe, but with only partial success. Consequently the Pawnee villages in the 17th and i8th centuries were so remote from the white settlements that they escaped the intluences generally so fatal to the aborigines. In 1702 Iberville estimated the Pawnee population at 2,000 families. When Louisiana was purchased from France by the United States a century later the Pawnee country was south of the Niobrara river in Nebraska, extending southward into Kansas. On the west were the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes, on the east were the Oniahas, and south were the Otoes and Kansa. Soon after the Louisiana purchase, the Pawnees came in contact with white traders from St. Louis. In Sept., 1806, at the Pawnee village in what is now Republic county, Kan., Lieut. Pike lowered the Spanish flag and raised the flag of the United States. CSee Pike's Expedition.) In 1838 the number of Pawnees was estimated at 10,000, but in 1849 the tribe was reduced to about 4,500 by a cholera epidemic. Five years before this, however, they ceded to the United .Slates their lands south of the Platte and were removed from Kansas. Between the years 1873 and 1875 what remained of the tribe were set- tled upon a reservation in the Indian Territory. .\t tliat time there were al)out 1,000, representing four trilics n( wii.il was once tlie great Pawnee {■onfcdcracy. KANSAS HISTORY 907 The Comanches or Padoucas, who inhabited western Kansas in the early part of the i8th century, were an offshoot of the Shoslioni of Wyo- ming, as shown by their language and traditions. The Siouan name was Padouca, by which they were called in the accounts of the early French explorers, notably Bourgmont, who visited the tribe in 1724. As late as 1805 the North Platte river was known as the Padouca fork. At that time the Comanche roamed over the country about the headwaters of the Arkansas, Red, Trinity and Brazos rivers in Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas. According to a Kiowa tradition, when that tribe moved southward from the country about the Black-hills, the Arkansas river formed the northern boundary of the Comanche country. The hand-book of the Bureau of American Ethnology says: "It must be remembered that from 500 to 800 miles was an ordinary range for a prairie tribe, and that the Comanche were equally at home on the Platte and in the Bolson de Mapimi of Chihuahua." For nearly two centuries the Comanches were at war with the Span- iards of the southwest and made frequent raids as far south as Durango. They were generally friendly with the Americans, but did not like the Texans. The Comanche was probably never a large tribe, as they did not settle down in villages, but lived as nomadic buffalo hunters, follow- ing the herds as they grazed from place to place. They were fine horse- men, the best riders on the plains, full of courage, had a high sense of honor, and considered themselves superior to the tribes with which they associated. In 1867 they were given a reservation in southwestern Okla- homa, but they did not go to it until after the outbreak of the plains tribes in 1874-75. (See Indian Wars.) The Cheyennes (people of strange language) belonged to the Algon- quian group. They are first mentioned in history by the name of "Chaa," some of them visiting La Salle's fort on the Illinois river to invite the French to their country where beaver and other fur-b'earing animals were plentiful. At that time they inhabited the region bounded by the Mississippi, Minnesota and upper Red rivers. According to a Sioux tradition, the Cheyenne occupied the upper Mississippi country before the Sioux. AVhen the latter appeared in that locality there was some friction between the two tribes, which resulted in the Cheyenne cross- ing the Missouri river and locating about the Black-hills, where they were found by Lewis and Clark in 1804. From there they drifted west- ward and southward, first occupying the region about the headwaters of the Platte and next along the Arkansas river in the vicinity of Bent's fort. A portion of the tribe remained on the Platte and the Yellowstone and became known as the northern Cheyennes. The Cheyenne have a tradition that when they lived in Minnesota, before the coming of the Sioux, they lived in fixed villages, practiced agriculture, made pottery, etc., but everything was changed when the tribe was driven out and they became roving hunters. About the onlv institution of the old life that remained with them was the great tribal ceremony of the Sun dance. 908 CVCLOPEDIA OV In 1838 the Cheyenne and Arapaho attacked the Kiowas on Wolf creek, Okla., but two years later peace- was established between the tribes, after which the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, Comanche and Apache were frequently allied in wars against the whites. The northern Cheyennes joined the Sioux in the Sitting Bull war of 1876. In the win- ter of 1878-79 a band of the northern Cheyenne was taken as prisoners to Fort Reno to be colonized with the southern Cheyenne in Oklahoma. The chiefs Dull Knife, Wild Hog and Little Wolf, with about 200 fol- lowers, escaped and were pursued to the Dakota border, where most of the warriors were killed. In Feb., 1861, the Che3'ennes and Arapahoes relinquished their title to lands in Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado and northwest Kansas, and in 1867 the southern Cheyenne were given a reservation in western Okla- homa. They refused to occupy it, however, until after the surrender of 1875, when some of their leaders were sent to Florida as a final means of quelling the insurrection. In 1902 the southern Cheyenne were alloted lands in severalty. Two years later the Bureau of Ethnology reported 3,300 members of the tribe — 1,900 southern and 1,400 northern. The Arapaho (our people), a plains tribe of the Algonquian group, was closely allied with the Cheyenne for ahnost or quite a century. They were called by the Sioux and Cheyenne "Blue sk\' men" or "Cloud men." An Arapaho tradition tells how the tribe was once an agricultural peo- ple in northwestern Minnesota, but were forced across the Missouri river, where they met the Cheyenne, with whom they moved southward. Like the Cheyenne, they became divided, the northern Arapaho remain- ing about the mountains near the head of the Platte and the southern branch drifting to the Arkansas. In 1867 the southern portion of the tribe was given a reservation with the southern Cheyenne in Oklahoma. By 1892 they had made sufficient progress to justify the government in allotting them lands in severalty, the rest of the reservation being thrown open to white settlement. The northern branch was established in 1876 on a reservation in Wyoming. Between the years 1825 and 1830, the Kansa and Osage tribes with- drew from a large part of their lands, which were turned over to the United States. This gave the national government the opportunity of establishing the long talked of Indian territory west of the Mississippi. Congress therefore passed a bill providing that the country west of the Mississippi, and not included in any state or organized territory of the United States, should be set apart as a home for the Indians. This In- dian territory joined Missouri and Arkansas on the west and was annexed to those states for judicial purposes. During the decade following, the ])assagc of the bill, a number of eastern tribes found what they thought were ])ermanent homes within the present State of Kansas. .Among them were the Shawnees, Delawares, Ottawas, Miamis, Chippewas, Kick- apoos, Sauks and Foxes, Wyandots, and a few others -of less miporlance. The Shawnees (southerners) were the first to seek a home in the new territorv. The carlv history of the .'^hawnec tribe is sdiuewhat arate tribes. Trouble with the Foxes led to a division of the Sauks, one faction going to the Foxes and the other to the Pottawatomies. In 1733 some Foxes pursued by the I'rench took refuge at the Sauk village near the present city of Green Hay, Wis. Sieur de Villiers made a demand for the surrender of the refugees, but it was refused, and in trj'ing to take liicm by force several of the ImcucIi were killed. Tlov. reauharnois, of Canada, llien gave orders to make KANSAS HISTORY y, , war on the Sai,ks and Foxes. This led to a close confederation of the ?oxes ' '"' """ ^'"^" ^'"'^' '^^^" '^^^" ^"--^ - the Sauks and In the early days of the confederacy there were numerous gentes but HI time these were reduced to 14, viz: trout, sturgeon, bass great Wnx tlnXr'^Sk H'alT 7'^'^^'' fT'^' ^''' ^-'"' ^-us^'eag.Vlnd c an After .. w ' ^^"^ ''"'^' ^^' ^ '^^'"'^^'- °f the thunder ^oxes n 1837 ceded their lands in Iowa and were given a reservation in abTff "hu t?oTd^;?"r"%''-^"- ^" ^^59 theWxes /eturned fro. cedinc the ?cV '' '" '^''" "'^''"" ^'^^ -'^^"'^^ '^^d made a treaty cedmg the Kansas reservation to the United States. The Fox chief refused to ratify the cession and with some of his trusty followers set out for Iowa, whither a few of the Foxes had previously returned Thev purchased a small tract of land near Tama City, adding to i by "subset quent purchases, until the tribe owned some 3 000 ac^-es From that United stt ^ "?' reservation passed into the hands of the United States government, the Indians accepting a reservation in the Indian Territory, and in 1889 they were allotted iLds in seve^altv Ihe lowas (sleepy ones), according to Dorsev, were a southwestern S.ouan tribe belonging to the Chiwere group, composed of Tow^^^^^ Otoes and M.ssouris, all of which spralig from Winnebago stock to ctiStoldV t^fV""' '>■ ^^"^^"i^ -^^ tradition.' Old twa chiefs told Dorsey that the tribe separated from the Winnebago on the shores of Lake Michigan, and at the time of the separation recdveS the the De°s I"^ '"°"- '''''''''' ^'^P^"^'^" ^'--^ '-^d successively on the Des Moines river, near the pipestone quarry in Minnesota at the mouth of the Platte, and on the headwaters of the Little RaUe in Mis sour,. In 1824 they ceded their lands in Missouri, and in 1836 r moved a reservation in the northeast corner of Kansas When this reTerva t.on was ceded to the United States the tribe removed to central Ok a- homa, where in 1890 they were alloted lands in severalty The K.ckapoos, a tribe of the central Algonquian group,' is first men- tioned in history about 1670, when Father Allouez found them livinl near the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. Ethnoro^icali? the Kickapoos were closely related to the Sauks and Foxes, with uSm 1 y entered into a scheme for the destruction of Detroit in i~T When the Illinois confederacy was broken up in 1765. the Kickaooos h.d th.Jr headquarters for a time at Peoria. They w'ere allied vitrTeclsel'^ bLTTI"^ '"'■'V" ''^ ^9th century, and in 1832 took part nth Black Hawk war. Five years later they aided the government in t le war with the Seminoles. After ceding their lands in cenraT Illinois they removed to Missouri and still later to Kansas, settling on a reser vation near Fort Leavenworth. About 18=52 a number of TC,VI. joined a party of Pottawatomies and went t^ Tex^^ Late hev ^nt to Mexico and became known as "Mexican Kickapoo." In 1935 the 914 CYCLOPEDIA OF Bureau of Ethnology reported 434 Kickapoo — 247 in Oklahoma and 167- in Kansas. Among the Kickapoos the gentile system prevailed and marriage was outside of the gens. The principal gentes were water, tree, berry, thun- der, man, bear, elk, turkey, bald eagle, wolf and fox. In summer they lived in houses of bark, and in winter in oval lodges constructed of reeds. They practiced agriculture in a primitive way. Their mythology was characterized by many fables of animals, the dog being especially venerated and regarded as an object of offering always acceptable to the great Manitou. The Pottawatomies belonged to the Algonquian group and w^ere first encountered by white men in the vicinity of Green Bay, Wis. They were originally associated with the Ottawa and Chippewa as one tribe, the separation taking place about the head of Lake Huron. Subsequently the three tribes at time formed a confederacj' for oiTense or defense, and when removed west of the Mississippi asked to be united again. They sided with the French until about 1760, took part in the Pontiac con- spiracy, and fought against the United States in the Revolution. The treaty of Greeneville put an end to hostilities, but in the war of i8i2- they again allied themselves with the British. Between the years 1836 and 1841 they were removed west of the Mississippi, those in Indiana having to be removed by force. Some escaped to Canada and this band or their descendants still live on Walpole island in the St. Clair river. In 1846 all those in the United States were united on a reservation in Miami county, Kan. In Nov., 1861, this tract was ceded to the United States and the tribe accepted a reservation of 30 miles square near Holton, Jackson county. Kan., where some of the tribe still live. From government reports in 1908, it is ascertained that there were then about 2,500 Pottawatomies in the United States, 676 of whom were in Kansas. The 15 gentes of the tribe were the wolf, bear, beaver, elk, loon, eagle, sturgeon, carp, bald eagle, thunder, rabbit, crow, fox, turkey and black hawk. Their most popular totems were the frog, tortoise, crab and crane. In early days they were sun-worshipers. Dog flesh was highly prized,. especially in the "feast of dreams," when their special manitou was selected. The Kiowas (principal people) once inhabited the region on the upper Missouri and the Yellowstone rivers. Next they formed an alliance with the Crows, but were driven southward by the Cheyenne and' Arapaho to the country about the upper Arkansas and Canadian rivers in Colorado and Oklahoma. They are first mentioned in history liv Spanish explorers about 1732, and in 1805 Lewis and Clark found them living on the North Platle. About 1840 they formed an alliance with tlie Comanches, with whom they were afterward frequently associated in raids on the frontier settlements of Texas and Mexico. In 1865 they joined with the Comanche in a treaty which ceded to the United States a large tract of land in Colorado, Texas and southwest Kansas, and tliree years later Ihey were put nn a reservation in tiMiilnvesl Texas and' the western jiart of the Indian Territory. KANSAS HISTORY 915 The Quapaws, or Kwapa, a southwestern tribe of the Siouan group, is frequently mentioned by early writers, such as Joutel, Tonti, Du Pratz, etc. Mention has previously been made of their separation from other tribes at the mouth of the Ohio river. In 1833 they ceded their lands in Arkansas, the map of the session showing a small strip in southeastern Kansas, extending from the Missouri line to the Neosho river. The Otoes, one of the three Siouan tribes forming the Chiwere group, were originally part of the Winnebago, from whom they separated near Green Bay. Moving southwest in quest of buffalo, the Otoes went up the Missouri, crossed the Big Platte, and Marquette's map of 1673 shows them on the upper Des Moines or upper Iowa river. Lewis and Clark in 1804 found them on the south side of the Platte, 30 miles from its mouth, where, having become decimated by war and small-pox, they lived under the protection of the Pawnees. The Otoes were never an important tribe in Kansas history, though in March, 1881, they ceded to the I'nited States a tract of land, a small portion of which lies north of Marysville, Marshall county. In Jan., 1838, several New York tribes were granted reservations in Kansas, but they refused to occupy the lands, only 32 Indians coming from New York to the newly established Indian territory. Some 10,000 acres were allotted to these 32 Indians in the northern part of Bourbon county. In 1857 the Tonawanda band of Senecas relinquished their claim to the Kansas reservations, and in 1873 the government ordered all the lands sold to the whites, including the 10,000 acres in Bourbon county, because the Indians had failed to occupy them permanently. By the treaty of New Echota, Ga., Dec. 29, 1835, the Cherokee nation ceded the lands formerly occupied by the tribe east of the Mississippi and received a reservation in southeastern Kansas. The tribe never as- sumed an important status in Kansas affairs, and in 1866 the land was ceded back to the United States. (See Neutral Lands.) The Cherokee tribe was detached from the Iroquois at an early day and for at least three centuries inhabited Tennessee, Georgia, southwestern Virginia, the Carolinas and northeastern Alabama. They were found by De Soto in the southern Alleghany region in 1540, and were among the most intelligent of Indian tribes. Last but not least of the Indian tribes that dwelt in Kansas at some period or other were the Wyandots, or Wyandot-Iroquois, who were the successors to the power of the ancient Hurons. Champlain says the habitat of the Hurons was on the northern shore of Lake Ontario. About the middle of the i8th century the Huron chief Orontony, or Nicholas, removed from the Detroit river to the lowlands about San- dusky bay. Nicholas hated the French and organized a movement for the destruction of their posts and settlements, but a Huron woman divulged the plan. The hand-book of the Bureau of Ethnology- says: "After this trouble the Hurons seem to have returned to Detroit and Sandusky, where they became known as Wyandots and gradually ac- quired a paramount influence in the Ohio valley and the lake region." 9l6 CYCLOPEDIA OF During the French and Indian war the tribe was allied with the French, and in the Revolutionary war they fought with the British against the colonies. For a long time the tribe stood at the head of a great Indian confederacy and was recognized as such by the United States government in making treaties in the old Northwest Territory. At one time they claimed the greater part of Ohio, and the Shawnee and Delaware tribes settled there with Wyandot consent. In March, 1842, they relinquished their title to lands in Ohio and Michigan and agreed to remove west of the Mississippi. On Dec. 14, 1843, they acquired by purchase 39 square miles of the east end of the Delaware reserve in Kan- sas. Connelley says : "They brought with them from Ohio a well organized Methodist church, a Free Masons' lodge, a civil government, a code of written laws which provided for an elective council of chiefs, the punishment of crime and the maintenance of social and public order." Soon after the W'yandots came to Kansas efforts were made in Con- gress to organize the Territory of Nebraska, to include a large part of the Indian country. The Indians realized that if the territory was organized it meant they would have to sell their lands, notwithstanding the treaty promises of the government that they should never be dis- turbed in their possessions, and that their lands should never be incor- porated in any state or territory. A congress of the Kansas tribes met at Fort Leavenworth in Oct., 1848, and reorganized the old confederacy with the Wyandots at the head. At the session of Congress in the winter of 1851-52 a petition asking for the organization of a territorial govern- ment was presented, but no action was taken. The people then con- cluded to act for themselves, and on Oct. 12, 1852, Abelard Guthrie was elected a delegate to Congress, although no territorial government existed west of the Missouri. At a convention on July 26, 1853, which had been called in the interest of the central route of the proposed Pacific railroad, a series of resolutions were adopted which became the basis of a provisional territorial government, with William Walker, a Wyandot Indian, as governor. (See Connelley 's Provisional Govern- ment of Nebraska Territory.) On Jan. 31, 1855, tribal relations aniung the Wyandots were dissolved and they became citizens of the Cnited States. At the same time the 39 sections purchased in 1843 were ceded to the government, with the understanding that a new survey was to be made and the lands conveyed to the Wyandots as individuals, the reservees to be permitted to locate on any government land west of Missouri and Iowa. In tlie social organization of the Wyandots four groups were recog- nized — the family, the gens, the phratry and the tribe. A family con- sisted of all who occupied one lodge, at the head of which was a woman. The gens included all the blood relations in a given female line. At the time the tribe removed to Kansas it was made up of eleven gentes which were divided into four phratrics. The first phratry included the bear, deer and striped turtle gentes; the second was composi'd of the black turtle, mud turtle and smooth large turtle gentes: the third KANSAS HISTORY pi/ included the gentes of tlic liawk, Ix'avcr and wolf, and the fourth liad but two gentes — the sea snake and tlic porcupine. Mooney says the Wyandots were "the most inlUiential tribe of the Ohio region, the keepers of the great wampum Ijclt of union and the lighters of the council fire of the allied tribes." But, like the other great tribes that once inhabited the central region of North America, the Wyandots have faded away before the civilization of the pale-face. The wigwam has given way to the school house, the old trail has been supplanted by the railroad, and in a few generations more the Indian will be little more than a memory. (Works consulted: Beach's Indian Miscellany, Brinton's Aboriginal American Literature, Cutler's, Ilazelrigg's and Prentis' Histories of Kansas, Kansas Historical Collections, Drakes North American In- dians, Gregg's Commerce of the Prairies, Lewis and Clark's Journal, Reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Brownell's Indian Races, etc.) Indian Brigade. — Although the LTnited States government had not always treated the western Indians fairly, at the breaking out of the Civil war in 1861 most of them promptly took sides with the North. On Jan. 15, 1862, a party of L^nion Indiahs was defeated in the Indian Territory and driven across the line into Kansas. They encamped on Fall river and later in the year these refugee Indians, with some of those living in Kansas, were organized into the "Indian Brigade," or, as it was some- times called, the "Indian Home Guard." The First Indian regiment was organized at Leroy on May 22, 1862. The Second and Third were organized on Big Creek and Five-mile creek in June and Juh-, and the three regiments were then organized into a brigade, which was commanded successively by William A. Phillips, A. Engleman, C. W. Adams and John Edwards. A fourth regiment was commenced, but was never completed, the men enlisting for service in it being distributed among the other regiments. The brigade served in the Departments of Kansas, Missouri and Ar- kansas, and in the Army of the Frontier. It participated in the opera- tions about Fort Gibson, Fort Blount and old Fort A\'ayne ; was at Cane Hill and the Boston Mountain engagements in Arkansas; fought at Newtonia and Honey Springs, and in a number of minor actions, and about 500 of the Indians were with Col. James M. Williams and his First Kansas colored regiment at Cabin creek. Much of their service consisted of scouting, in which they were particularly adept, and throughout their entire term of service the Indians proved themselves to be good soldiers. The brigade was mustered out on May 31, 1865. Indian Floats. — (See Floats.) Indian Treaties. — Prior to the beginning of the 19th century, when the white settlements were few in number and scattered over a wide expanse of country, the pressure of the white race upon the domain of the native population was so slight that the question of land acquisition was hardly considered. While Kansas was a part of the piovince of 9l8 CYCLOPEDIA OF Louisiana, the French and Spanish authorities found it expedient to enter into more or less formal agreements with the various tribes with which they came in contact, but these early treaties were merely for the purpose of establishing friendly relations with the natives, the question of land cession rarely, if ever, entering into the negotiations. Treaties of this character were made by Iberville, Bienville and Cadillac as gover- nors of the colony, and by such early explorers as Dutisne and Bourg- mont, but in many instances the records regarding these treaties are incomplete. East of the Mississippi river, it was the policy of the British govern- ment, especially after the peace of 1763, to prohibit the whites from settling on the Indian lands, and after the Revolution the same policy was pursued by the United States for several years, the Federal govern- ment during this time recognizing the several tribes and confederacies as quasi-nationalities, devoid of sovereigntj-, but having a right to the soil, with power to dispose of the same. etc. But almost immediately after the acquisition of Louisiana by the United States the government began the inauguration of a different policy, looking to the removal of some of the eastern tribes west of the Mississippi. The act of 1804, which divided Louisiana into two territories, provided for the removal of those tribes that could be persuaded to make the change, but made no provision for defraying the expenses of such removals. A few of the weaker tribes accepted the invitation and removed to their new domain, but it was not until some thirty years later that the removal policy assumed any considerable proportions. By the act of Congress of May 20, 1834, a large territory, extending from the Platte and Mis- souri rivers to the Mexican possessions and estimated to contain over 132,000,000 acres, was set apart for the exclusive occupancy of the Indians. The house committee, in reporting this bill, said: "The territorj' is to be dedicated to the use of the Indian tribes for- ever by a guaranty, the most sacred known among civilized com- munities — the faith of the nation. . . Our inability to perform our treaty . guarantee [heretofore] arose from tlie conflicts between the rights of the states and the LTnited States. Nor is it surprising that questions arising out of such a conflict, which h;i\e bewildered wiser heads, should not be readily coniprclicndcd or appreciated by the unlettered Indians." Some removals had been effected before the passage of this act. Imt after it became a law the transfer of the Indians was more rapid, and by 1837 '^ver 50,000 Indians had been located in the domain west of the Mississippi, a few of them coming into Kansas. Of the treaties of amity made with the western tribes by representatives of the United States, little need be said, as they were generally made for tenipor.uv purposes and were often unnfTicial, or at least partially so, in their ch.ar- acter. Treaties of this nature were made by Lewis and Clark, l.ieut. Pike, Maj. Stcplien 11. Long and others. The treaties of cession played a more important part in the iiistory of Kansas, as it w.is ihrongh KANSAS HISTORY 9I9 them that tribes east of the Mississippi were assigned homes in the new Indian Territory, and in the end the domain was acquired by the gov- ernment and opened to white settlers. Following is a list of the prin- cipal treaties oi this character that had an influence upon Kansas lands, given by tribes in the order, as nearly as possible, in which Ihev were neL;ritiated. Osage. — The first cession of Osage lands in Kansas was made by the treaty of June 2, 1825, at St. Louis, Mo., William Clark, superintend- ent of Indian affairs, acting as commissioner for the I'nited States. By this treaty the Great and Little Osage ceded to the United States all their lands in Missouri and Arkansas, and all lands "west of the State of Mis.souri and the Territory of Arkansas, north and west of the Red river, south of the Arkansas river, and east of a line to be diawn from the head sources of the Kansas southwardly through the Rock Saline," except certain reservations, etc. The northern boundary of the ceded lands was the divide between the Kansas and Arkansas rivers ; the line drawn through the Rock Saline crossed the southern boundary of Kansas near the western line of Clark county, after run- ning due south from the Arkansas river not far from Dodge City. In the treaty the boundaries of the general tribal reservation are thus described: "Beginning at a point due east of White Hair's village and 25 miles west of the western boundary line of the State of Missouri, fronting on a north and south line so as to leave 10 miles north [south?] and 40 miles south [north?] of the point of said beginning and extending west, v/ith the width of 50 miles to the western boundary of the lands ceded and relinquished." In addition to this general reservation, 42 square miles were reserved to certain half-breed members of the tribe and 54 square miles were set apart to be sold and the proceeds used to establish a school fund for the Osage children. For the lands ceded and relinquished the gov- ernment agreed to furnish the tribe immediately with 600 cattle,' 600 hogs, 1,000 domestic fowls, 10 yoke of oxen, and such farming utensils as the superintendent of Indian affairs might direct; to erect four com- fortable dwellings for the four principal chiefs at their respective villages; and to pay the tribe an annuity of $7,000 for 20 years. On Aug. ID. 1825, at Council Grove the Osage nation granted a right of way through the reservation for the Santa Fe trail (q. v.), and by a treaty concluded at Fort Gibson on Jan. 11, 1839, the tribe ceded all interest in any reservation claimed by another tribe and reaffirmed the cession of 1825, the government agreeing to pay them an annuity of $20,000 for 20 years, erect a saw and grist mill and furnish millers for 15 years, furnish 1,000 cows and calves, 2,000 hogs, certain farm- ing utensils, and pay all claims against the Osages for depredations, not exceeding $30,000, and was given the right to buy the 42 individual reservations of the Osage half-breeds at a price not exceeding $2 an acre. 920 CYCLOPEDIA OF The next treat}- with the Osage nation was at Canville, Kan., Sept. 29, 1865. Owing to the fact that the annuities granted by the govern- ment under the treaties of 1825 and 1839 had expired, the tribe was in an impoverished condition and readily consented to sell 30 miles off the east end of their reservation and a strip of 20 miles wide off the north side of the remainder, the latter to be sold in trust for their bene- fit. The government agreed to place $300,000 to the credit of the Osages, that sum being the purchase price agreed upon for the 30 miles off the east end of their lands, and to pay the tribe five per cent, upon that amount semi-annually, in money or goods as they might choose. The Indians promptly gave possession of the ceded lands, but the government was not so prompt in placing the $300,000 to their credit or in paying the interest. Consequently, in 1877 the Osage nation employed Charles Ewing, an attorney, to look after their interests in the matter. On June 16, 1880, President Hayes approved an act of Congress providing that the sum of $1,028,785 be placed to the credit of the tribe. Ewing's fee in this case was over $70,000. In the mean- time Congress had, on July 15, 1870. passed an act providing for the sale of the remaining Osage lands in Kansas, and on March 27, 1871, the secretarv of the interior was authorized to designate a new reserva- tion in the Indian Territory. Kansa. — On June 3, 1825, the day following the treaty with the Osage nation, the chiefs and head men of the Kansa tribe entered into a treaty with William Clark, superintendent of Indian aft'airs, at St. Louis, Mo., by which the tribe ceded to the United States all claim to lands in and west of the State of Missouri, the boundaries of the cession being described as follows : "Beginning at the entrance of the Kansa river into the Missouri ; thence nortli to the northwest corner of the State of Missouri; thence westwardly to the Nodcwa river, 30 miles from its entrance into the Missouri; thence to the entrance of tlic Big Nemahavv river into the Missouri, and with that river to its source; thence to the source of the Kansas river, leaving the old village of the Pania Republic to the west ; thence on the ridge dividing the waters of the Kansas river from those of the Arkansas to the western bound- ary line of the State of Missouri, and with that line to the place of beginning." This cession included all tlie northern half of Kansas east of the Araphoe and Cheyenne lands, except a triangular tract of the Pawnee country lying northwest of the divide between the Prairie Dog creek and the north fork of the Solomon river, and a reservation "beginning 20 leagues up the Kansas river and to include their village on that river; extending west 30 miles in width througli the lands ceded." The east line of this reserve was about 10 miles west of the present city of Tojjeka, and it included westward from that line townshijis 8, 9, 10. II anfl 12. the northern boundary of the reserve being 35 miles from the Nebraska line. At tiiat time the sources of the Kansas river were not definitely known, and from government maps of Indian cos- KANSAS HISTORY 92 1 sions it appears that the Kansa cession extended no farther west than the headwaters of the Solomon, the country farther up the Kc-publican fork belonging to the Pawnees. A second treaty with the Kansa Indians was concluded at the Methodist mission in Kansas on Jan. 14, 1846. By its provisioris the tribe ceded 2,000,000 acres off the east end of their reserve, the full 30 miles in width and extending west until the designated quantity of land was obtained. The government agreed, in the event there was not sufificient timber on the remaining portion of the reservation, to lay off a new reservation near the western boundary of the 2,000,000 acres ceded. Pursuant to this stipulation, when it was found that there was a scarcity of timber on the diminished reserve, the government assigned to the tribe an additional tract in the vicinity of Council Grove. Part of this tract was claimed by the Shawnees, but that tribe relinquished its claim in 1854, giving the Kansa Indians a clear title. On Oct. 5,, 1859, at the Kansas agency, a treaty was negotiated with that tribe by which the reservation was reduced to a tract 9 by 14 miles in the southwest corner of the reservation near Council Grove and the remainder of the reserve was ceded to the United States in trust, to be sold for the benefit of the tribe. An act of Congress on May 8, 1872, provided for the sale of the remaining "trust" lands and the "diminished reserve," and the removal of the tribe, to the Indian Territory. Another act, approved on June 5, of the same year, con- firmed a reservation selected in the Indian Territory, and by the act of June 23, 1874, the lands acquired from the Kansa Indians were ordered to be sold to actual settlers. Shawnee. — Contemporaneous with the Osage and Kansa cessions, which gave to the United States about iive-sixths of the present State of Kansas, other tribes ceded lands in Nebraska, thus giving the nation a large tract of territory to be set apart for the use and occupancy of the Indian tribes farther east. And almost immediately upon the acquisition of these western lands the government began negotiations for the removal of the eastern tribes to the new territory. On Nov. 7, 1825, at St. Louis, Mo., a treaty was concluded with the Shawnee tribe living near Cape Girardeau upon a tract of land acquired by Spanish grant, signed by Baron de Carondelet, governor of Louisiana, and dated Jan. 4, 1793. By the St. Louis treaty this tract was ceded to the United States, and the Shawnees were assigned another tract, equal to 50 square miles, "Commencing 2 miles northwest of the south- west corner of Missouri; thence north 25 miles; thence west 100 miles; thence south 25 miles; thence east 100 miles to the place of beginning." This tract happened to overlap the Osage lands in the Indian Ter- ritory and was not acceptable to the Shawnees, who were then assigned another reservation, "Beginning at a point in the western boundary of the State of Missouri, 3 miles south of where said boundary crosses the mouth of the Kansas river; thence continuing south on said bound- ary 25 miles; thence due west 120 miles; thence due north until said line 922 CYCLOPEDIA OF shall intersect the southern boundary of the Kansas reservation ; thence due east coinciding with the southern boundary of said reserva- tion to the termination thereof; thence due north coinciding with the €astern boundary of said reservation to the southern shore of the Kan- sas river ; thence along said southern shore of said river to where a line from the place of beginning" drawn due west shall intersect the same." As thus established the Shawnee reservation included the present counties of Johnson and Douglas, a little of the northern portions of Miami, Franklin and Lyon, the northern part of Osage, the southern part of Shawnee, the greater part of Wabaunsee, and portions of Morris and Geary, the northwest corner of the reserve being about 3 miles southeast of Junction City. By a treaty concluded with the Shawnee chiefs at Washington, D. C, May 10, 1854, all the above described reservation was ceded to the United States except 200,000 acres, which also included about 25,000 acres to be allotted to the "absentee Shawnees" upon their return to the tribe. Many of these never returned and the land was ordered to be sold to actual settlers by an act of Congress, approved by President Johnson on April 7, 1869. Another act, approved by President Hayes on March 3, 1879, provided for the disposition of the entire reserve and the removal of the Shawnees to a new reservation outside the state. Delawares. — As early as Oct. 3, 1818, the Delawares of Ohio, by a treaty at St. Mary's in that state, ceded their Ohio lands to the United States and were promised peaceable possession of reservation west of the Mississippi. The Ohio Delawares first joined their tribesmen near Cape Girardeau, Mo., but by the treaty of Sept. 24. 1829, the Missouri lands were ceded to the United States and the tribe was assigned a reservation "in the fork of the Kansas and Missouri rivers, extending up the Kansas river to the Kansa line and up the Missouri river to Camp Leavenworth, and thence by a line drawn westwardly, leaving a space of 10 miles wide north of the Kansas boundary line for an outlet," etc. These lands were surveyed the following year, and by the treaty at Castor Hill. Mo., Oct. 26, 1832, the cession and reserva- tion were reaffirmed. The Delaware lands in Kansas included the pres- ent county of Wyandotte, the greater part of the counties of Leaven- worth and Jefferson, and small portions of Jackson and Shawnee. By a treaty concluded at Washington, D. C, May 6, 1854, the Dela- wares granted the right of way for certain roads and railroads through their reservation, and ceded to the Ihiited Stales all their reserve except 39 square miles which had been sold to the W3'andots fq. v.) and "excepting that part of said counlry lying cast and south of a line beginning at a point on the line between the land of tlie Delaware and half-breed Kansas, 40 miles in a direct line west of the boundary between the Delawares and Wyandots ; thence north 10 miles; thence in an easterly course to a point on the south bank of Rig Island creek, KANSAS HISTORY 923 which shall also be on the bank of the Missouri river where the usual high-water line of said creek intersects the high-water line of said river." By the same treaty 4 square miles were to be confirmed to the Munsees or Christian Indians upon payment of $2.50 per acre. This, tract was sold by the Christian Indians to A. J. Isaacs and the sale was confirmed by act of Congress on June 8, 1858. Under the provisions of the treaty of May 30, 786o, which was con- cluded at Sarcoxieville, on the Delaware reservation, a portion of the reservation was allotted to them in severalty and the remainder was sold to the Leavenworth, Pawnee & Western Railroad company. This sale was confirmed by a treaty at Fort Leavenworth on July 2, 1861, and by a supplementary treaty at the Delaware agency on July 4, 1866, the entire reservation passed from the hands of the Delawares, whose tribal existence was at that time merged with the Cherokee nation. Ottawa. — Two bands of this tribe — the Blanchard's Fork and Roche de Boeuf — met with representatives of the L'nited States at the Miami bay of Lake Erie, near the city of Toledo, Ohio, Aug. 30, 1831, and entered into a treaty by which they ceded their lands in Ohio and accepted a reservation in Kansas. The Roche de Boeuf band received 40,000 acres and the Blanchard's fork band 34,000 acres. The present city of Ottawa, the county seat of Franklin county, stands near the center of this reserve. After the removal to Kansas the two bands became confederated. On June 24, 1862, the reservation was ceded to the L^nited States under certain conditions, one of which was that the tribal relations of the Ottawas were to be dissolved at the end of five years, when they were to become citizens of the United States and receive allotments of land in severalty. By a treaty on Feb. 23, 1867, which was concluded at Washington. D. C, a portion of the reservation was sold to the Ottawa University and the tribe was assigned lands in the Indian Territorj'. Thus matters stood until June 10, 1872, when Congress passed a law providing for the sale of the unsold portions of the Ottawa reserve, including the lands sold to the .Ottawa University under the treaty of 1867. Illinois Confederacy. — At Castor Hill, St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 27, 1832, a treaty was concluded with the Kaskaskias, Peorias and some minor tribes of the Illinois confederacy, by which they ceded certain lands in Missouri and Illinois and were assigned a reservation in Kansas, to consist of 150 square miles of land "to include the present Peoria village, west of the State of Missouri, on the waters of the Osage river, to be bounded as follows, to-wit : North by the lands assigned to the Shawanoes ; west by the western line of the reservation made for the Piankeshaws, W'eas and Peorias ; and east by the lands assigned the Piankeshaws and Weas." Prior to the negotiations of this treaty the government had made preparations for quartering the Piankeshaws and Weas in Kansas, and some had actually taken up their abode there. On Oct. 29, 1832, a 924 CYCLOPEDIA OF v treaty was concluded -with these bands at Castor Hill, whereb}' they accepted a reservation "within the limits of the survey of the lands set apart for the Piankeshaws, Weas and Peorias, bounded east by the western boundary line of the State of Missouri for 15 miles; north by the southern boundary of the lands assigned to the Shawanoes; west by the lands assigned to the Peorias and Kaskaskias, and south by the southern line originally surveyed for the Piankeshaws, Weas and Peorias, said tract being intended to include the present villages of the Piankeshaws and Weas." The reservation of the tribes of the Illinois confederacy embraced a tract 14 miles wide by 32 miles long, 250 sections of which were assigned to the Piankeshaw and Wea bands. The present city of Paola is not far from the center of the old reservation, the northern boundary of which is nearly represented by the third standard parallel. By the treatv of Feb. 23, 1867, these lands were ceded back to the United States and the confederated tribes were given another reservation in the Indian Territory. Kickapoo. — V>y a treaty concluded with this tribe at Castor Hill on Oct. 24. 1832, certain lands were ceded to the United States and the tribe was given a reservation of 1,200 square miles in Kansas. The boundaries as described in the treaty were not satisfactory to the In- dians, and on Nov. 26, 1832, a supplementary treaty was entered into fixing the boundaries as follows: "r>eginning on the Delaware line where said line crosses the left branch of Salt creek ; thence down said creek to the Missouri river; thence up the Missouri river 30 miles when measured on a straight line; thence westwardly to a point 20 miles from the Delaware line, so as to include in the lands assigned the Kickapoo at least 1,200 square miles." Near the northeast corner of this reserve as thus established now stands the little city of Troy, and the city of Hiawatha, the county seat of Brown county, is very near the north line of the old Kickapoo reservation. The southern boundary ran from the Missouri river near Fort Leavenworth in a northwesterly direction to a point not far from the southeast corner of Nemaha county. At Washington, D. C. May 18, 1854, a treaty was made with the Kickapoos by which they ceded a portion of their reserve, retaining 150,000 acres in the western part, and they also granted right of way for roads and railroads to pass through their lands. .\ further diminu- tion of the reserve was made by the treaty of June 28, 1862, which was concluded at the Kickapoo agency in Kansas, and which set apart a certain tract to be held in common and authorized the sale of the remainder of the reserve to the Atchison & Pike's Peak Railroad com- pany. The tract reserved for the Indians is in township 4 south, ranges 15 and 16 east, a little west of the city of Ilorton. By an act of Con- gress, approved on July 28, 1882, the sale of the tracts reserved by the treaty of 1862 for a mill site, mission and agency was authorized, .nul by an executive order of Aug. 15. 1883, President Arthur set njiart a Kickapoo reserve in the Indian Territory. KANSAS HISTORY y25 Quapaw.— A treaty wiili the Ouapaws at Fort Gibson, liul. Ter., May 13. 1833, assigned that tribe a reservation of 150 square miles "west of the state line of Missouri and between the lands of the Senecas and Shawnees not previously assigned to any other tribe." Of this reserva- tion a strip about half a mile wide in the southeast corner of Kansas extended from the Missouri line to the Neosho river. It was ceded to the United States by the treaty concluded at Washington, D. C, Feb. 23, 1867, except 320 acres which were reserved and patented to Samuel G. Vallier. Pawnee.— From the time of the Louisiana purchase the Pawnees never manifested hostility toward the United States, and their lands in Kansas and Nebraska were acquired with little difficulty. On Oct. 9, 1833, at the Grand Pawnee village on the Platte river, the confederated Pawnee bands ceded to the nation all right and title to lands claimed by them south of the Platte river. That portion of the cession lying in Kansas is a triangular tract, bounded on the north by the line separating Kansas from Nebraska, on the west by a line running near the center of range 36 west (near the western "boundary of Rawlins and Thomas counties), and on the south, or southeast, along the divide between the Solomon river and Prairie Dog creek, extending eastward to the state line in range 11 west. Cherokee.— By the treaties of May 6, 1828, and Feb. 14, 1833, tliis tribe had been granted lands west of the Mississippi, but in the negotia- tion of the treaty of New Echota, Ga., Dec. 29, 1835, ihe Indians set up the claim that the lands thus granted were insufficient for their use and the United States assigned to them an additional tract of land "situated between the west line of the State of Missouri and the Osage reservation, beginning at the southeast corner of the same and run- ning north along the east line of the Osage lands 50 miles to the north- east corner thereof; thence east to the west line of the State of Mis- souri ; thence with said line south 50 miles; and thence west to the place of beginning." The tract above described is situated in the southeast corner of Kansas, embracing approximately the present counties of Cherokee and Crawford, and was known as 'the "Cherokee Neutral Lands." By the treaty of July 19, 1866, the Neutral Lands were ceded in trust to the L'nited States, with the condition that they be sold for the benefit of the Cherokee nation, and at the same time the Delaware, Chippewa and other tribes were merged with the Cherokee. The lands were sold to James F. Joy, and on April 27, 1868, at Washington, D. C, a treaty with the Cherokees reaffirmed the sale. (See Neutral Lands.) Chippewa. — Henry R. Schoolcraft, acting as commissioner for the United States, negotiated a treaty with the chiefs and head men of the Swan Creek and Black River bands of the Chippewa tribe at Wash- ington, D. C, May 9, 1836, when these bands ceded their lands in Michigan, and the government agreed to give them a reservation of 13 square miles west of the Mississippi river or northwest of St 926 CYCLOPEDIA OF Anthony's Falls, to be located by an agent of the government. The reservation selected was situated south of the Shawnee lands, between the lands assigned the Ottawas and Sauks and Foxes, near the western line of Franklin county. When the tribal existence of the Chippewa was merged with the Cherokee nation by the treaty of July 19, 1866, their reservation reverted to the United States and was opened to white settlers. ■ Sauk & Fox. — In most of the treaties made with the Sauk and Fox, especially the earlier treaties, the Iowa Indians were also interested. At Fort Leavenworth Sept. 17, 1836, William Clark, superintendent of Indian affairs, concluded a treaty with the Sauks and Foxes and lowas, by which those tribes ceded their lands in Missouri to the United States. B}'- article 2 of the treaty the United States granted to these tribes "the small strip of land on the south side of the Missouri river. King between the Kickapoo northern boundary line and the Grand Nemahar river, and extending from the Missouri back and westwardly with the said Kickapoo line and the Grand Nemahar, making 400 sec- tions to be divided between the loways and the Missouri band of Sacks and Foxes, the lower half to the Sacks and Foxes and the upper half to the loways." This reservation included an irregular shaped tract of land in the northeast corner of Kansas and the southeast corner of Nebraska. The west line of the reserve was about the middle of range 15 east, and the city of Hiawatha stands near the southern border. By a treaty concluded at Washington, D. C, May 17, 1854, the lowas relinquished their title to the reservation established by the treaty of Sept. 17, 1836, except a tract "Beginning at the mouth of the Great Nemehaw river, where it empties into the Missouri ; thence down the Missouri to the mouth of Noland's creek ; thence due south one mile ; thence due west to the south fork of the Great Nemehaw river, and thence with tJie meanders of said river to the place of beginning." The tract of land thus excepted from the cession lies partly in Kan- sas and partly in Nebraska. At the same time a lialf-section was set apart for the Presbyterian board of foreign missions, and anolhcr half- section was reserved for John B. Roy. On Oct. I, 1859, at the Sauk and Fox agency, Kan. Ter,, the tribe reserved 153,600 acres of their lands in Osage and Franklin counties and ceded the remainder to the United States to be opened to white settlers. The boundaries of the portion reserved were described in the treaty as follows: "Beginning at a point on the northern boundary line of their reservation 6 miles west of the northeast corner of the same; running thence due south to the soutliern boundary of the same; thence west along the southern boundary 12 miles; thence due north to the northern boundary of said reserve 20 miles; thence east along the said boundary 12 miles to the place of beginning." The city of Lyndon, the county scat of Osage county, is near the center of this diminished reserve. KANSAS HISTORY 927 By a treaty concluded at the Great Nemaha agency in Nebraska on March 6, 1861, the lowas ceded to the Sauks and Foxes all that part of the resefve in northeastern Kansas and southeastern Nebraska lying south of Robert's creek, after which the Sauks and Foxes ceded the reservation to the United States. Congress, by the act of Aug. 15, 1876, provided for the sale of 10 sections off the west end of this reserve —partly in Kansas and partly in Nebraska— and by the act of March 3, 1885, the secretary of the interior was directed to survey and sell all the Sauk and Fox and Iowa lands in Nebraska and Kansas. Pottawatomie.— The lands held by this tribe in the State of Indiana were ceded to the United States by the treaty of Washington, D. C, Feb. II, 1837, and the Indians agreed to remove to a reservation in Kansas within three years. The lands assigned to them were situated between the Shawnee reservation and that of the New York Indians, just west of the Miami reserve. The city of Garnett, the county seat of Anderson county, stands near the center of the original Pottawatomie reservation. In 1842 the Sauks and Foxes were granted a reserve which overlapped the Pottawatomie lands. This led to a controversy, and by the treaties of June 5 and 17, 1846, concluded near Council Bluffs, the Pottawatomies ceded their claims to lands in Iowa and were given a new reservation including the southern half of Jackson county, the greater part of Shawnee, the southeastern part of Pot- tawatomie and the northeastern part of Wabaunsee— a tract 30 miles square, embracing the lands in ranges 11 to 15 and townships 8 to 12, inclusive. On Nov. 15, 1861, at the Pottawatomie agency in Kansas, was made a treaty by which 576,000 acres of this reserve were to be held in com- mon, T7,2,S7 acres were set apart for the "Prairie Band," a portion was sold to the Leavenworth, Pawnee & Western Railroad company, and a portion was allotted in severalty to certain individuals. The part set apart to be held in common is located in Jackson county, now known as the Pottawatomie reserve, and is inhabited by what is left of the Prairie Band. On Feb. 27, 1867, the tribe was assigned a tract 30 miles square in the Indian Territory, but with the understanding that this arrangement was not to affect the rights of those holding their lands, in commnn under the previous treaty. New York Tribes.— At Buffalo ' creek, N. Y., Jan. 15, 1838, the Oneidas, Tuscaroras, Senecas, Cayugas and some minor tribes entered into an agreement by treaty to relinquish all their lands in the State of New York and accept a reservation in Kansas. Accordingly a tract of land was set apart for their use and occupancy, embracing prac- tically the counties of Bourbon, Allen, Woodson and the greater part of Greenwood, but they refused to occupy it. A few of the New York Indians came to Kansas and were assigned a small reservation in the northeastern part of the present Bourbon county, but the lands were all finally sold by order of Congress under the provisions of the acts, of Feb. 19, 1873, June 23, 1874, and April 17, 1878. 928 ■ CYCLOPEDIA OF Miami. — At the forks of the Wabash river in Indiana, Xov. iit..i838, a treaty was negotiated with the Aliamis by which they agreed to relinquish their claims to certain lands in Indiana and accept in exchange therefor a reservation in Kansas. The tract assigned to them lay between the lands of the Illinois tribes on the north and the New York tribes on the south, extending from the Alissouri line to the Pot- tawatomie reservation, in what is now Linn and Aliami counties, and contained 500,000 acres. By a second treaty at the forks of the Wabash on Nov. 28, 1840, the reserve was to be held in trust for the chief Me- shing-go-me-sia and his band, and by the treaty of Washington, D. C, June 5, 1854, the reservation, except 70,000 acres for the use of the tribe, 640 acres for school purposes and 50 sections reserved to indi- viduals, was ceded to the United States. By an act of Congress, approved by President Grant on June i, 1872, the reserve was par- titioned among the members of the band and patents issued in sev- eralty, and by the act of March 3, 1873, the remainder of the reserve was ordered to be sold, the Miamis at that time bei g merged with the Kaskaskias, etc. Wyandot. — At Upper Sandusky, Ohio, March 17, 1842. the Wyandot Indians ceded their lands in Ohio, and on Dec. 14, 1843, they pur- chased 39 square miles off the east end of the Delaware reservation in Kansas, where Kansas City, Kan., now stands. The purchase of this tract was approved by act of Congress on July 25, 1848. By the treaty of Washington, D. C, April i, 1850, the 39 sections were ceded to the United States for a consideration of $1.25 per acre, and by the treaty of Jan. 31, 1855, the lands were ordered to be subdivided and reconveyed to the W3^andots as individuals. On Feb. 27, 1867, a por- tion of the Wyandot tribe was assigned lands in the Indian Territory. Arapaho and Cheyenne. — A few years before the organization of Kansas as a territory some of the western tribes became involved in a dispute as to their respective domains. To settle this controversy and fix definitely the boundaries of the Sioux, Gros Ventres, ]\Tandan, Blackfoot, Crow, Arickarce, Cheyenne and .Arapaho, a treaty was arranged with these tribes at Fort Laramie Sept. 17, 1851. By this treaty the boundaries of the Cheyenne and Arapaho wefe thus described : "Commencing at the Red Bute, or the place where the road leaves the north fork of the Platte river; thence up the north fork of the Platte river to its source; thence along the main range of the Rocky moun- tains to the headwaters of the .Arkansas river: thence down the Arkan- sas river to the crossing of the .Santa Fc road : thence in a northwesterly direction to the forks of the Platte rixcr; and thence up the Pl.ille river to the place of beginning." Within these boundaries lies that pnvtion of K.'insas north of the Arkan.sas river and west of the cessions of the Osage, Kansa and Paw- nee tribes. This tract was ceded to the Ignited States by the Cheyenne and Arapaliri in a treaty concluded at Fort Wise, Kan. Ter.. Feb. 18, ]P.f>J. KANSAS HISTORY 929 Oto and Missouri. — These two tribes never cut much figure in Kan- sas history. By a treaty concluded at Washington, D. C, March 15, 1854, they were given a reserve consisting of a strip 10 miles wide on the Big Blue river. About 3 miles of this strip was in the northern part of Marshall and Washington counties, extending from about the middle of range 4 to the middle of range 8 east. After several supple- mentary treaties their reserve was ordered to be sold by act of Con- gress of May 3, 1881, and the Oto and Missouri Indians were given a new reserve in the Cherokee nation. Munsee. — This tribe, known also as the "Christian Indians," was allowed to purchase 4 square miles from the Delawares by the treaty of May 6, 1854. (See Delawares.) This tract was sold to A. J. Isaacs on June 8, 1858, when a new home was found for the Munsees with the Chippewas a little south of Leavenworth, and on July 16, 1859, the tribe was merged with the Chippewas. Comanche and Kiowa. — The United States came into possession of the lands claii»ied by these tribes, including that portion of Kansas west of th'e Osage reservation as established by the treaty of June 2, 1825, and south of the Arkansas river, by a treaty concluded at a camp on the Little Arkansas river, Oct. 18, 1865. At the same time the two tribes were given a reservation in the Indian Territor}'. With the exception of the reservations previously established, this was the last Indian cession of Kansas lands. Indian Wars. — During the early years of settlement, while Kansas was a territory, but little trouble with the Indians was experienced. A few depredations were committed by some of the tribes, but none of them was of sufficient magnitude to cause serious alarm. Col. Sum- ner led an expedition into the Indian country in 1857 (see Cheyenne expedition), and in the spring of 1839 a battle was fought on Crooked creek, near the southwest corner of the present Ford county. The action was an incident of the Washita expedition, which was under command of Maj. Earl Van Dorn, who afterward became a general in the Confederate army. These two affairs w'ere the most important events in connection with Indian warfare during the territorial period. Shortly after the outbreak of the Civil war, while the Federal gov- ernment was engaged in conflict with the so-called Southern Confed- eracy, the Indians took advantage of the opportunity to harass the white, settlements in the states west of the Mississippi river. The first notable instance of this character was the Sioux uprising in Minnesota in the summer of 1862. The following year the Comanches, Cheyennes and Kiowas became troublesome in Colorado, requiring the presence of troops to protect the people. On Nov. 27, 1863, Col. Chivington's com- mand attacked a camp of Cheyennes and Arapahoes on Sand creek and killed a large number of Indians, for which Col. Chivington was sub- jected to an investigation. In 1864 Gen. Samuel R. Curtis was sent to Fort Riley, Kan., by the war department to raise a force of militia for the relief of some trains corralled on Cow creek on the Santa Fe trail (1-59) 930 CYCLOl'EDIA OF on account of the hostility of the Indians. The same summer Capt. Henr}- Booth and Lieut. Hallowell, escorted by their company — Com- pany L, Eleventh Kansas — while on a tour of inspection, became separated from their escort and were chased for some distance by a large body of Indians, but succeeded in escaping. Some of the In- dians in the Indian Territory acted with the Confederate armies and caused some apprehension among the settlers of southeastern Kansas. (See War of 1861-65.) In the years 1865-66 several expeditions were led against the hostile Indians of the northwest, the storm centers being at Fort Laramie and in the Black Hills of Dakota. The massacre by the Sioux at Fort Phil Kearny in the fall of 1866 increased the prestige of the chief Red Cloud, who planned a general uprising for Aug., 1867. But by that time the government was in a position to send sufiScient military forces into the Indian country to forestall the movement. None of these conflicts was in Kansas, but the successive defeats of the Indians in the northwest caused the tribes to break up into small bands which gradually worked their wa}' southward, raiding the settlements as they went. On June 27, 1867, Gen. W. T. Sherman called upon the governor of Kansas for volunteers, and on July i Gov. Crawford issued a proclama- tion authorizing the organization, "as speedily as possible, one regi- ment of volunteer cavalry, to be mustered into the Lhiited States service for a period of six months, unless sooner discharged." A full regiment was not organized, but a battalion, known as the Eighteenth Kansas, was mustered in on July 15, "for the purpose of guarding the employees on the Union Pacific railroad, the western settlements and the emigrant trains bound westward." The battalion was commanded by Maj. Horace L. Moore, formerly lieutenant-colonel of the Fourth Arkansas cavalry. It consisted of four companies, to-wit : Company A, Capt. Henry Lindsey ; Company B, Capt. Edgar A. Barker ; Com- pany C, Capt. George B. Jenness ; Company D, Capt. David L. Payne, the entire battalion numbering 358 officers and enlisted men. It served in western Kansas until Nov. 15, when it was mustered out. Com- panies B and C were engaged in a fight with Indians on Prairie Dog creek on Aug. 2r, though the action is known as the battle of Beaver creek (q. v.). The summer of 1868 witnessed considerable activity on the part of hostile Indians. I^arly in June the Chcyenncs made a raid as far as Council Grove, ostensibly for the purpose of revenging themselves on the Kansas Indians for injuries received through that tribe the fall before near Fort Zarah, but tliuy robbed settlers, killed cattle, and com- mitted other outrages on the whites. On Aug. 4 some 225 Cheyennes, Arapahrics and Sioux left Pawnee fork and a few days later were on the Saline river. Tlicx repaid the kindness of the white settlers with treachery, raided the valleys of the Saline and Solomon, captured trains, killed the escorts and burned the wagons, and carried two women — Miss White and Mrs. Morgan — into captivity. They finally cxlcnded KANSAS HISTORY 93 1 their field of o|)crations to within 20 miles of Denver, their numbers increasing by the addition of other bands until a formidable force was gathered together. The governors of both Kansas and Colorado reported the outrages to the authorities at Washington, urging that something be done with the Indians, and threatening to call out the state troops. The national government tried to induce the savages to return to their reservations, and failing in this. Gen. I'. II. Sheridan, commanding the Department of the Missouri, was ordered to take the field against the Cheyennes under Roman Nose and Black Kettle. It was in this campaign that Col. George A. P'orsyth's band of scouts, armed with revolvers and repeating rifles, scouted the country about the headwaters of the Solomon and Fort Wallace, and in September fought the battle of Arickaree. (See Arickaree, Rattle of.) On Oct. 9, 1868, Gen. Sheridan called upon Gov. Crawford for a regiment of mounted volunteers "to serve for a period of six months, unless sooner discharged, against the hostile Indians on the plains." The regiment consisted of twelve companies of loo men each, and was ofificered as follows : Colonel, Samuel J. Crawford ; lieutenant-colonel, Horace L. Moore; ma-jors, W. C. Jones, Charles Dimon, Richard W. Jenkins and Milton Stewart. On Nov. 4 Gov. Crawford resigned his office to take command of the regiment, which left Topeka the next day for the Indian country, under orders to join Gen. Sheridan's com- mand at Camp Supply. The march took 24 days, and was made on 9 days' subsistence and 7 days' forage, the regiment reaching Camp Supply on the 29th. In the meantime, upon the approach of winter. Black Kettle's band moved southward to the \\'ashita river. Gen. George .\. Custer was sent out from Camp Supply in pursuit, and late on Nov. 26 the scouts came within sight of Black Kettle's village. Bivouac was made for the night, and at daybreak the next morning his bugles sounded the charge. With the band playing the Seventh regimeiit's fighting tune of "Garry Owen," Custer's men swept like a tornado through the village. Black Kettle was killed early in the fight and the command of the Indians fell on Little Rock, a Cheyenne chief almost as well known as Black Kettle himself. The village was destroyed, but Custer soon learned that this band vi-as only one of many, and that there were in the vicinity about 2,000 warriors — Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Kiowas. Comanches and a few Apaches. He dismounted his men and assumed the defensive. The Indians were led by Little Raven fan Arapaho), Satanta (a Kiowa), and Little Rock. The ammunition ran low, but the quartermaster, Maj. Bell, charged the line and brought in a wagon loaded with a fresh supply, after which the Indians grew more wary and finally began to retreat. Custer threw out flankers and followed, his object being to make the savages think his command was but the advance of a large army, until he could withdraw with safety. The ruse succeeded, and as soon as the Indians were in full retreat Custer started for Camp Supply, where he arrived on Dec. i, two davs 93-2 CYCLOPEDIA OF after the Nineteenth Kansas. Official reports give the number of officers, soldiers and citizens killed during the year 1868 as 353. From Dec. 18, 1868, to Jan. 6, 1869, the Nineteenth was in camp at Fort Cobb. It then moved 28 miles southward and established Fort Sill. Col. Crawford resigned on Feb. 12, and on March 23 Lieut.-Col. Moore was made colonel, i\Iaj. W. C. Jones at the same time being promoted to lieutenant-colonel. On March 2, 1869, the command left camp at Fort Sill, dismounted, and moved along the southern base of the Wichita range "to stir up the Cheyennes." Salt fork was crossed on the 6th, and after a hard march the Indians were overtaken on the 20th. The men of the Nineteenth were ready to open fire, when Col. Moore received an order from Gen. Custer not to fire. For a short lime there was almost mutiny in the ranks. The men begged, argued, swore, and some even shed tears in their disappointment, but the prin- cipal object was to recover the two women (Mrs. Morgan and Miss White) who had been captured in Kansas the year before. .\ parlej'^ was held, which resulted in the chiefs Dull Knife, Big Head, Fat Bear and Medicine Arrow being left with Custer as hostages until the women were safeh" delivered to their friends, which .was done on the 22nd. No battles were fought by the Ninteenth, but its presence in the hostile No battles were fought by the Nineteenth, but its presence in the hostile regiment was mustered out at Fort Hays on April 18, 1869. Early in May, 1869, predatory bands of Indians began to lurk around the settlements on the frontier. On the 21st they attacked a party of hunters on the Republican river and drove them and the settlers on White Rock creek, in Republican county, down to Lake Sibley. Five days later B. C. Sanders of Lake Sibley v^'rote to Adjt.-Gcn. W. S. Morehouse that 6 men had been killed, and that i woman and 2 boys were missing. On the 30th the Indians made a raid on the set- tlements along the Saline river, killed and wounded 13 persons, and carried Mrs. Allerdice, Mrs. Weichell and a child into captivity. Mrs. Weichcll was recaptured, but the other prisoners were killed during a fight Ijetwecn the savages and the white troops under Gen. Carr. For the protection of the settlers, the adjutant-general mustered a battalion of four companies — 311 men and officers. Company .\. commanded by Capt. A. J. Pliley, was stationed at a blockhouse on Spillman creek; Company B, under Capt. W. A. Winsell, was placed on Plum creek; Company C, commanded b}' Capt. I. N. Dalrymple, was located near the mouth of Spillman creek, with detachments from Alinneapolis to Fisher creek; Company D, commanded by Capt. Richard Stanfield. was stationed near the forks of the Kepul)lican river and Beaver creek. Lieut. Stinson, with 30 men, was placed on Turkey creek in miles from tiic mouth. The expense of this battalion was a little over $83,800, but its presence in the menaced districts held the Indians at liay and no doubt saved several limes llie cost in pro|H-rty. to say noljiini;' of the preservation of human life. The year 1870 was comparatively quiet. ,\ccording tn the report of KANSAS HISTORY 933 tlic adjutant-general, some 20 or 30 Indians early in May attacked the settlements on Limestone creek, Mitchell county, and killed 3 unarmed men. These were the only persons killed in the state by Indians during the year. No further Indian troubles of consequence occurred in Kansas until 1874. In the spring of that year some roving bands began to molest the settlers in Ford, Barber and Comanche counties, and Gov. Osborne sent a small body of state troops into that section. In August about 20 or 30 Osages belonging to Black Dog's and Big Chief's bands came into Kansas, under pretense of hunting on their old hunting grounds. Capt. Ricker, with some 40 men, was occupying a stockade near Kiowa, Barber county. Knowing that the Indians were ofif their reservation without permission or authority, he marched out to their camp to learn their intentions. The chief came out and met him a short distance from the camp. When Ricker told him to order the others to come up the chief gave orders in the Osage language to fire upon the whites. Lieut. Mosely understood the order. He promptly seized the chief and informed him that any more evidence of treachery would result in his having the top of his head blown off. The action of the leader probably incensed Ricker's men to a degree that made them more vindictive than they would otherwise have been in dealing with the Indians. The camp was broken up. the ponies and camp equipage car- ried off by the whites, and in the fight that ensued 4 of the Osages were killed. Edward P. Smith, Indian commissioner, wrote to the interior department that Ricker acted without authority, but that after the out- rage, as he called it, Gov. Osborn had the company mustered as militia and the order of muster antedated, in order to make it appear the act was committed by authority of the state. Gov. Osborn commissioned Capt. Lewis Hanback to investigate the affair and report. The con- clusion reached by Capt. Hanback was that "The attempt made by the Indian authorities to fasten the charge of murder and robbery on the whites, is wholly and utterly without foundation. It arises either from a misconception of the facts, or a willful desire to malign and mis- represent." (See Osborn's Administration.) Following this event came four years of peace, and then came the last Indian raid in Kansas. That raid has been deemed sufficiently im- portant to receive separate treatment in this work. fSee Chevenne Raid, 1878.) Industrial Schools. — John Howard, who died in 1790, was the first man to advocate a system of prison reform that would separate young persons, convicted for the first time, from hardened criminals— a sys- tem that has since found expression in the establishment of reform schools. As early as 1803. Edward Livingston, while mavor of New York city, suggested legislation in favor of such separation, and in 1821 he incorporated his ideas in the Louisiana code. The first organ- ized effort for the reformation of juvenile offenders was in Engfand in 1817. Seven years later the city of New York established a "House 934 CYCLOI'EDIA OF of Refuge" in what is now known as JMadison square ; Boston followed with a similar institution in 1826, and Philadelphia opened a reform school in 1828. In 1900 there were 56 such schools in the L'nited States. 1 ,1^ J^Ljt ^ m^A f. ^ ^PJI r .^^^^^BBS M-^ % i .^^^^^H 1^ ll 4 1 1 ■l-j±i-r - ' "^ ''IV^^^s^l^^^^^^H i ' 1 ^'^S^.i - ji ]\ MAIN BUILDING. BOYS' INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL. Kansas has two schools of this character, viz. : the "State Industrial School for Boys," at Topeka, and the "State Industrial School for Girls," at Beloit. The former was established under the. provisions of an act passed by the legislature ol' 1S70. which appmiirialed .'f^^s.ooo for the erection of buildings, etc. The control and sujicrvision of the school was i)laced in the hands of the board of trustees of the state charitable institutions, which was directed to select a siic witliin 5 miles of the state house, provided tlie city of Topeka wmild doii.ite a tract of not less than 160 acres of land fur the ptir])iise. ."^Imrily after the passage of the act, the board appointed Dr. J. I.. W'evcr. .\. T. Sharpe and C. E. Faulkner as a cnmmiltee to visit other states and examine into the workings of their refcnm sohodls. '\'hv cuniniitlee reported in favor of founding an institution that should be educitional rather than jienal : that cells, bolts and bars should be omitted; that none over sixteen years of age should be admitted; that forms of tri.il in making commitments should be omitted as far as jKissible, and that there should be a complete separation of the sexes. The report was adfipted and the school was founded upon that basis. It is located 3 miles north of the capitol building, on a tract of 170 acres which was KANSAS HISTORY 935 given by the city of Topeka, and to this has been added 70 acres by purchase. The west wing of the main building was completed in time to open the school on June i, 1881, with J. G. Eckles as superintendent. Mr. Eckles was succeeded on March i, 1882, by J. F. Ikick, who served to the close of the fiscal year on June 30, 1891. Since then the superin- tendents have been as follows: W. E. Fagan, 1891-92; E. C. Hich- cock, 1893-94; W. H. Flowell, 1895-96; J. M. Hart, 1897 to May i, 1899; W. S. Hancock, May i, 1899, to Jan. i, 1902; H. W. Charles, Jan. i, 1902 . In his report for the fiscal year ending on June 30, 1900, Supt. Han- cock stated that upon assuming the management of the institution he found a number of boys whose conduct merited a discharge, but could not be discharged because they had no suitable homes to which they could go. He consulted with Gov. Stanley and the board of trustees, with the result that the parole system was adopted. That year 31 boys were sent out on parole and only two came back. They were again sent out — to different places — and that time remained. Since then the parole system has been made a permanent feature of the institution. GIRLS' INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, BELOIT. On Feb. i, 1888. the Women's Christian Temperance Union of Beloit opened a school of a reformatory character for girls. This school was kept up by private contributions until the meeting of the legislature 936 CVCLOl'EDIA OF in 1889, when a law was passed appropriating $25,000 for the estab- lishment of a reform school for girls at Beloit, provided that city would "secure a suitable tract of land, without cost to the state, not less than 40 acres, within 3 miles of said city, as a site for said school," the site to be approved by the state board of charitable institutions. The people of Beloit donated a tract of 80 acres within half a mile of the city, and on March 18, 1889, the state took over the school that had been started the year previous by the Women's Christian Temperance Union. A building capable of accommodating 100 inmates was erected, and the first commitment was from Butler county on May 10, 1889. The act creating the school gave courts of record and probate courts the power to commit: i. Any girl under the age of sixteen years who might be liable to punishment by imprisonment under any existing law of the state. 2. Any girl under sixteen, with the consent of her parent or guardian, against whom any charge of violation of law might have been made, the penalty for which would be imprisonment. 3. Any girl under sixteen who is incorrigible and habitually disregards the commands of her father, mother or guardian, and who leads a vagrant life, or resorts to immoral places or practices, and neglects or refuses to perform labor suitable to her years, and to attend school. Every girl so committed to the institution was required to remain until she reached the age of twenty-one, unless sooner discharged upon the superintendent's recommendation, though girls might be apprenticed or dismissed upon probation, to be returned to the school if they proved untrustworthy. Biennial reports have been made by the super- intendents as follows: Mary Marshall, 1890; Martha P. Spencer, 1892; Tamsel F. Hahn, 1894; Mrs. S. V. Leeper, 1896; Phoebe J. Bare, 1898; Hester A. Ilanback, 1900; and since thai time to 1910 by Mrs. Julia B. Perry. The aims and objects of the industrial schools are to surround way- ward boys and girls with an atmosphere of refinement and morality which will aid in their reformation, and to teach them the rudiments of some useful employment that will place in their hands the means of supporting themselves after being discharged from the institution. The boys are taught tailoring, shoe and harness making, woodworking of various kinds, baking, printing, etc., and the girls are taught sewing, weaving, cooking, gardening and horticulture, wood carving, clay modeling, and the general duties of the household. Music is taught in both schools, which are provided with libraries. A printing press has been installed in the boys' school, and a monthly paper called the "Boys' Chronicle" is issued and circulated llir(UiL;lii mt llu- stale and mailed to similar schools elsewhere. Industry, a village in Clay county, is locatiil nn ( lia]iinaii creek, 16 miles south of Clay Center, the county scat, and 9 miles southwest of Wakefield, the postoffice from which it receives its mail. There are several business establishments, among which are 2 llnur mills The population in 1910 was 250. KANSAS HISTORY 937 Ingalls, a lilllc town in Gray county, is located in the township of the same name, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 6 miles west of Cimarron, the county scat. There are a number of stores, tele- graph and express offices, and a money order postoffice. The popula- tion, according to the census of 1910, was 250. Ingalls was one of the candidates for county scat in the latter '80s, and at one time had the cnunty offices. Ingalls, John James, I'nited States senator, was born at Middle- town, Mass., Dec. 29, 1833, a son of Elias T. and Eliza (Chase) Ingalls. He was a descendant of Edmond Ingalls, who, with his brother Francis, founded the town of Lynn, Mass., in 1628. In 1855 he graduated at Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., and two years later was admit- ted to the bar in his native county of Essex. In 1858 he came to Kan- sas ; was a member of the Wyandotte constitutional convention in 1859; and was secretary of the territorial council in i860. While secretary of the state senate in 1861, at the first session of the state legislature, he submitted a design for a state seal (see Seal of State), and in 1862 was elected to the state senate. During the Civil war he served as judge advocate on the staff of Gen. George W. Deitzler, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and in 1864 was nominated for lieutenant-governor on the "Anti-Lane" ticket. Mr. Ingalls married Miss Anna L. Cheese- borough of Atchison, Kan., in 1865, and in 1873 was elected to the United States senate to succeed Samuel C. Pomeroy. He was twice reelected and served in the senate for 18 years, part of that time being the presiding officer. Lie was a great reader, a close student of men and events, a fine parliamentarian, and was probably the readiest man in debate that ever represented Kansas in the upper house of Con- gress. Senator Harris of Tennessee said of him: "Mr. Ingalls will go down in history as the greatest presiding officer in the history of the senate." Mr. Ingalls was possessed of fine literary talent, and had he turned his attention in that direction instead of entering politics, his name would no doubt have been among the great writers of the country. His poem entitled "Opportunity," which has been widely quoted, is a classic. He died at Las Vegas, New Mex., Aug. 16, igoo. The writings, including essays, addresses and orations of Mr. Ingalls, were published in 1892 by Mrs. Ingalls. The book is dedicated to the people of Kansas. Inman, one of the important little towns of McPherson countv, is located on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 11 miles south- west of McPherson, the county seat. It has a bank, a weekly news- paper (the Inman Review), telegraph and express offices, and an inter- national money order postoffice with four rural routes. The population, according to the census of 1910, was 484. Inman is one of the newer towns of the county, and was named in honor of the famous pioneer character, Henry Inman. It is on the route of the old Santa Fe trail. Inman, Henry, soldier and author, was born in the citv of New York on July 3, 1837, of Dutch and Huguenot ancestry. In 1857 he was. 938 CYCLOPEDIA OF commissioned second lieutenant in the United States arni_\- and was sent to the Pacific coast. On Oct. 22, 1861, he married Eunice C. D}er of Portland, Me., where her father, Joseph W. Dyer, was a well known ship builder. During the Civil war Lieut. Inman served as an aide on the staff of Gen. George Sykes, and on Feb. 11, 1869, was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. After the war he won distinction as a magazine writer. In 1895 he published "The Old Santa Fe Trail," which was widely read. This was followed by '"The Great Salt Lake Trail," "The Ranch on the Oxhide." and the "Delahoyd Boys." For several 3'ears before his death ^Ir. Inman was in feeble health and he left a number of unfinished manuscripts. He died at Topeka, Kan., Nov. 13, 1899. Insane Asylums. — The three Kansas institutions for the care and treatment of persons of unsound mind are the "Topeka State Hospital," the "Osawatomie State Hospital," and the "Epileptic Hospital." each of which is treated under its own title. Internal Improvements. — Section 8, Article XI, of the state constitu- tion of Kansas, reads : "The state shall never be a party in carrying on any works of internal improvements." By this provision Kansas escaped the heavy burden of indebtedness that fell on some of the Western and Southern states through the adoption of a so-called "liberal policy" in the construction of railroads, canals, etc. But, while the state as a unit was thus prohibited from aiding in the work of internal improvement, the legislature has repeat- edly given authority to county commissioners and to municipal authori- ties in incorporated cities to issue bonds for internal improvements. The General Statutes of 1868 (Chapter 52) provides the method in which counties and cities might issue bonds for building bridges and erecting buildings for public purposes, said bonds to be made payable in not less than ten nor more than twenty years, but before being issued the question was to be submitted to a vote of the people. Since that time there has been scarcely a session of the general assembly at which bills have not been introduced providing for bond issues by counties or municipalities for bridges, school houses, court- houses, waterworks, electric light plants, poor houses, jails, etc. Many of these bills have become laws, and much of the improvement of Kan- sas counties and cities is due to such legislation. Invasion of the 2,700. — Early in the forenoon of Sept. 14, 1856, a mes- senger rode into Lawrence and announced that a large body of Mis- sourians, which had been in camp on the Wakarusa. were advancing on the town. They were the territorial militia called into service liy the order of acting Gov. Woodson, and the plan was to destroy Lawrence before any contrary instructions could be received from the newly ap- pointed governor, Geary. Brinton W. Woodward, in his address before the Kansas Historical Society in 1898, said: "The actual numl)er of the enemy was unknown to us, but we had reason to believe that it was overwhelming in comparison with our deplctc-d remnant. There has alwavs been some latitude in its estimate — whelluT j,=;()o cir 2,800; KANSAS HISTORY 939 Ijtil su])])licd as they were with the best of arms, 4 pieces of cannon, officered by the men of most military experience among our Ijilter foes, and led by John W. Keid, ex-colonel of the Mexican war, there were surely enough of them to wipe us out utterly." Including all the defenders, old and young, there were probably not more than 200 men in Lawrence. The three forts located near Vermont, Massachusetts and Rhode Island streets, bearing east and west from each other in a line coinciding to that of Henry street, were first manned. These earthworks were rudely constructed and about 4 feet high. A second detachment, about 40 in number, was stationed in the fort on Mount Oread, south of where North College now stands. It occupied a commanding position but without cannon was in no condition to put up a strong defense, yet some historians believe that this fort had much to do with saving Lawrence. John Brown was among the defenders, and while he had no command gave the defenders council and advice. Anxiety increased as the day wore on and no news or relief came from Gov. Geary. At length — between 4 and 5 o'clock p. m. — the enemy was seen advancing toward Franklin, about 3 miles southeast of Lawrence, having fired Stroup's mill on the way. The defenders realized that the enemy must be repulsed or they would all perish in the city. Col. O. E. Learnard, who had been commanding a little force of horse- men, left the town with what few men he could gather, and started down the road toward Blanton's bridge. Two other parties were also sent out, one under Capt. Cracklin, but the leader of the second party, sent out by John Brown, is not known. The party in command of Col. Learnard went about 2 miles from town, and finding no enemy in that direction, turned eastward and joined the other parties upon an elevated ridge nf land which commanded the road from Franklin, where they intercepted the advance of the Missourians about 300 strong. The free- state men, seeing that the southerners were attempting to cut them of?, began to retreat up the road toward town, keeping up a running fire for some distance. When the Missourians had advanced some distance they left the road, approached much nearer the town and circled around northward on the prairie. It is thought the pro-slavery men believed that there was a cannon in the fort on Mount Oread, and that this idea prevented them from making a dash into the town, as the men in the fort deployed in a manner to present quite a formidable array. The Missouri force evidently concluded that they had not sufficient strength to take the town and retired to their main body. That evening Gov. Geary arrived with the United States troops, the crisis was passed and Lawrence was saved from the sack, burning and plunder which was some few years later to be her fate. (See Geary's Administration.) lola, the seat of justice and largest city of Allen county, is situated a little northwest of the center of the county, at the junction of the Atchi- son, Topeka & Santa Fe, the Missouri, Kansas & Texas, and the Mis- souri Pacific railways. Duncan's History of Allen County says that a meeting was held in Jan., 1859, at the residence of J. C. Clark, near the 940 CYCLOPEDIA UF mouth of Deer creek, to locate a new town w ith a view to making it the count}' seat. A town company was organized with John W. Scott, president ; John Hamilton, vice-president ; J. M. Perkins, secretary ; and James McDonald, treasurer. The town was named for Mrs. lola Col- born, the wife of J. F. Colborn, who erected the first fraine house, a log house having been previously put up by Bolivar B. Bayne. In i860 James Faulkner and Aaron Case removed their stores from the old town of Cofachique to lola. Little progress was made during the war, but in the few years immediately follow-ing the growth was more rapid. In 1866 \V. H. Johnson began the publication of the Neosho Valley Regis- ter, which was the first newspaper. The first bank was started by the King Bridge company, but when the bridge company went out of busi- ness the bank also ceased to exist. L. L. Northrup then started a private bank, which later developed into the present Northrup National bank. The city also has two state banks and a savings bank. lola is well equipped W'ith paved streets, a good waterworks system, electric lights, a street railway system, a fire department, gas for both heating and illuminating purposes, an opera house, two daily and three weekly news- papers, a public library, five fine graded public schools and a high school^ and various religious denominations are represented by handsome houses of worship. Eight large cement factories turn out about 25,000 barrels a day, employing about 3,000 men ; the 9 zinc smelters produce about one-third of the world's supply; and a large spelter employs some i,8oO' persons. There are also flour mills, brick and tile works, iron works, planing mills, ice factory and cold storage plant, rug factory, bottling works, creamery, broom factory, and a number of smaller manufacturing enterprises. lola is connected by an electric railway with La Harpc, the line passing through the gas field, with branches to Bassett and Con- crete. On Feb. 28. 1870, lola w'as incorporated as a city of the second class by an act of the legislature. The population in 1910, according to the U. S. census, was 9,032, and the city was at that time composed of six wards. Four rural delivery routes emanate from the lola post- office and supply mail to a large agricultural district anil a number of smaller villages. Ionia, a village of Jewell county, is located in Ionia township, 12 miles southwest of Mankato, the county seat, and 9 miles west of Jewell City, on the middle branch of Limestone creek and the Smith Center and Jewell City road. It has banking facilities, postoffice and telegraph. It was homesteadc'd in iSfig and settled in 1870. The population in 1910- was 250. Iowa Point, an old town in Doni]ihan county, is located dii the Mis- souri river and the Chicago, lUirlington & Ouincy R. R. in Iowa town- ship 74 miles northwest of Troy, the county seat. It has express and telegraph oiTices and a money order postoffice. The poinilation in T910 was 150. This is one of the important towns of the county, historically. It was founded in 1855 ^'X ^^- W. Forman, J. W. Forman and J. S. Pem- berton on land fornu-rly belonging to Rev. S. M. Irwin, the missionary. KANSAS HISTORY 94I The first two buildings were erected by members of the town company in 1854. The first store was occupied by Beeler & WiUiams. A hotel was opened by B. Beeler. The first drug store was opened by Leigh & Brown, the former being the first physician. Jn 1856 the town took a decided boom. Fine brick buildings went up, among them a $10,000 hotel, a sawmill and a grist mill. One of the earliest Masonic lodges in the state was moved to the town in 1857, ^^'^ the first lodge of Good Templars was organized. The town soon out-stripped Atchison in size and iDecame second in the state in point of population and first in busi- , ness. Several wholesale iiouses were in operation by 1858, a brick yard was started, and a ferry boat was put in operation on the Missouri. With the beginning of the war the citizens promptly organized a company of militia under Capt. C. J. Beeler, which took part in the war during the entire four years. In 1862 a company of the Eighth Kansas was stationed at Iowa Point for the protection of the river front. In that year a great fire destroyed the main part of town (the big hotel had already been burned), the ferry boat sunk, and the newspapers sus- pended. The town never recovered from the effects of these disasters. It was southern in its sympathies and the only slave ever offered for sale was sold at auction in the street in 1857. Irene, a country postoffice in Hamilton county, is located in Bear Creek township, 15 miles southwest of Syracuse, the county seat. It has mail tri-weekly. The principal occupation in the vicinity is farm- ing and stock raising. The population in 1910 was 25. Ironquill. — (See Ware, Eugene F.) Irrigation. — In the late '70s and early '80s a general interest in irriga- tion spread throughout the western states. The settlers of western Kansas realizing the extreme fertility and richness of their soil, if only sufficient moisture could be obtained, received the irrigation idea with enthusiasm, which resulted in much speculation about the possibilities of irrigating from the Arkansas river, and its ultimate trial. One com- pany, organized at Garden City in 1879, dammed a channel in the river between an island and the main land. From the reservoir thus formed was dug a ditch 8 feet wide, 2 feet deep and 10 miles long. This was successful enough to induce man}- other companies to organize irriga- tion projects, and in 1883, not less than five large ditches had been con- structed in that vicinity. All of these ditches when first made had an ample flow of water from the river and would, if the flow had been unin- terrupted, have supplied water for all of the lands below the ditches. About 1887 and 1888, Colorado people began an extensive system of irrigation from the Arkansas river. The great area watered from the stream diverted so much water, that by 1891-92 the ditches in the Kan- sas valley were practically abandoned. Litigation between Kansas and Colorado followed in the supreme court of the L^nited States. The case was settled soniewhat indefinitely, but practically against Kansas In 1895 the state took up the question, created a board of irrigation and- defined its object and duties, as is seen in Section 5, Chapter 162, 942 CYCLOPEDIA OF the Session laws of 1895, which reads: "In order that tliere may be made a practical test of the water supply on the uplands of western Kan- sas for irrigation purposes said board shall cause to be constructed twenty irrigation wells and pumping stations, or more if possible under this appropriation, not more than one of which shall be located in the same county, which shall be constructed and operated under the direc- tion of said board in such manner that correct data of the depth of wells, quality of water supply, kinds of pumps and power employed, and the capacity of each of said wells, and said board are hereby em- powered to make a practical test of the so-called underflow water for irrigation purposes, to make a fine and complete examination of said underflow water as they may be enabled to do with the means placed at their command, to demonstrate the best method of raising water to the surface and storing it for irrigation purposes, making as full and complete report of their investigation in detail." etc. Full provision was made in the bill for directing all phases of the work and an appropriation of $30,000 was made to carry it on. This law is supplemented in Chapter 21, Session laws of 1897, by ''an act relating to forestry and irrigation." combining both lines of investigation under one commissioner, manner of appointment, length oi time, defining duties of said commission, and disposing of irrigation plants established by the state irrigation commission. In 1900 the commissioner reports that owing to lack of water and too heavj^ machinery, the irrigation plant at Ogallah station had not been as successful as had been hoped. The irrigation plants in Kansas had not met with the results anticipated when F. H. Newell, of the U. S. geological survey, reviewed the condi- tions in western Kansas and recommended wells as the best solution of the water supply problem. In April, 1905, the United States geological survey announced to the public that ]ircparation was being made to install an irrigation plant near Deerfield, Finney county, Kan., Prof. Schlichter, an engineer of the reclamation service, having demonstrated that there is a great underflow at that point which, by the use of pumps, cnuld l>e utilized for irrigation. This plant was immediately constructed at a cost of $250.- 000 and used water from wells and from the Arkansas river for its canals. Up to this time the idea of irrigating from wells had existed in a limited way, but the discovery of an inexhaustible supply of under- ground water in Finney and other western counties along the .Arkansas river, which can be found at a depth of 16 to 200 feet, created a system of windmill irrigation that is both extensive and successful. The water is pumped by the windmill into reservoirs, and from these it is car- ried by ditches leading to difTerent fields. One windmill and one reser- voir 73 by 150 feet and 6 feet deep will irrigate from 10 to 20 acres. While irrigation in the valley of the Arkansas river is the most exten- sive and inipf)rtant, there arc other sections where difl'erent modes of irrigation have been employed advantageously. As early as 1877 a Mr. .Mlnian. who 'supplied I'Url Wallace witii jirovisions, fell the necessity KANSAS HISTORY 943 of artificial watering of crops, and built a satisfactor}' ditch from the Smoky Hill river, which ditch has been in continual use since that time. In Scott county, a Mr. Jones has a fully developed system of hillside irrigation, the water being obtained from springs. Mr. Warner, in the same county, has installed a system of flumes through which to convey spring water to his fields. In many parts of western Kansas are never failing springs, from which individual irrigation may be made. As they are located at different elevations, sometimes on the bed of an arroyo, at other times on the side of a high blufif, different engineering methods have to be used to control the water. In Meade county is an artesian area of about 20 miles in length by 6 miles in width. In this area wells have been drilled from 50 to 250 feet in depth. The flow of these wells varies from a pailful in five minutes to over 1,000 gallons per minute. (See Artesian Wells.) The water obtained is used for irrigation purposes. The accessible water supply of western Kansas has been of untold value, not only to its immediate territory, but to Kansas as a whole. Irrigation, State Board of. — This board was created by the legislature of 1895 '^o be known as a board of Irrigation Survey and Experiment, and to be composed of five members, the geologist of the State Univer- sity at Lawrence, the president of the agricultural college at Manhattan, and three others to be appointed by the governor. (See Irrigation ante.) The men appointed on this board were George T. Fairchild, president of the Agricultural College, Erasmus Haworth, professor of geology in the State I'niversity. D. M. Frost, of Garden City, M. B. Tomblin, of Goodland, and William B. Sutton, of Russell. The board organized March 13, 1895, with D. M. Frost as president and William B. Sutton as secretary. The board considered it impossible to accom- plish all the act embraced with the appropriation made, but deter- mined to carry out the principal provisions of the law as far as was practicable. As a preliminary step the territory to be investigated was divided into three districts under the supervision of Mr. Tomblin, Mr. Sutton and Mr. Frost. Stations were located in Rawlins, Sherman, Rooks, Trego, Logan, ^^'allace, Greeley, Wichita, Lane, Hodgeman, Hamilton, Grant, Haskell, Gray, Ford and Seward counties. In 1897 the legislature reorganized the irrigation work, created the office of commissioner of forestry and irrigation, thus doing away with, the board of irrigation. In this act relating to irrigation all stations estab- lished by the state irrigation commission were ordered to be sold. Irvin, Samuel M., an earl}- missionary and teacher to the Sac and Fox Indians, was born in Pennsylvania in 1812. In 1835 the Presbvterian foreign board appointed him missionary to the Iowa Indians, or rather to act as superintendent of the mission, which was established in April, 1837, on what is known as the "Platte Purchase," in northwestern Mis- souri. The next year it was moved across the Missouri river and located near the present town of Flighland, Doniphan county, Kan'. Here Mr. Irvin and his wife continued their labors until the mission 944 CYCLOPEDIA OF was discontinued, after which he was for several years connected with the Highland University. At the time he came to Kansas the nearest postoifice was at Liberty, Mo. On Feb. 12, 1879, Mr. Irvin delivered an address before the Kansas State Historical Society. He died in 1887. Irving, an incorporated city of Marshall county, is located in Blue Rapids township 15 miles south of Marysville, the county seat, at the junction of the Union Pacific and ^Missouri Pacific railroads, and on the Big Blue river. All lines of business enterprise is represented. There are good banking facilities, a weekly newspaper, telegraph and express ofifices, graded schools, public library, churches of all denominations, and three rural routes extend from the Irving postoffice. In 19 10 the popu- lation was 403. Irving County, which has disappeared from the map of Kansas, was created by the act of Feb. 27, i860, aind named in honor of Washington Irving. The territory included in the county was taken from Hunter, and it was bounded as follows: "Commencing at the point where the guide meridian crosses the 5th standard parallel, between ranges 8 and 9; thence due west 36 miles; thence due south 24 miles; thence due east to a point due south of the first named point; thence north to the place of beginning." The territory included within these boundaries now embraces the southern part of Butler county, the northern tier of Con- gressional townships of Cowley, a little of the southwest corner of Greenwood, and the northwest corner of Elk county. Isabel, an incorporated town in Barber county, is located on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 13 miles north of Medicine Lodge, the county seat. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper (the Herald), over a score of mercantile establishments, express and telegraph offices, and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The population in 1910 was 222. Island, an inland hamlet of Neosho county, is located in Lincoln town- ship, about 12 miles southeast of Erie, the county seat, and about 8 from St. Paul, from which place it receives daily mail by rural route. luka, an incorporated city of the third class in Pratt county, is located in the township of the same name on the Missouri Pacific R. R., 5 miles north of Pratt, the county seat. It has a bank, 2 elevators, a hotel, a number of mercantile establishments, churches and schools, express and telegraph offices, and a money order postoffice with one rural route. The population in 1910 was 223. The lown was seltUnl in 1X77. and was at one time the county seat. (See Pratt County.) Ivanhoe, a hamlet in Haskell county, is located 6 miles north of Santa Fe, the county scat, and 7 miles northwest of Jean, the postoffice from which its mail is distributed by rural route. UNrVERSITY OF CALITORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 1989 HS, l- EB181988 APR 1 3 1990 ^mm 'mA