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 THE PAN BRITANNIC LEAGUE. 
 
 It is not yet ; but he whose ear 
 Thrills to that finer atmosphere 
 
 Where footfalls of appointed things, 
 
 Reverberant of days to be, 
 Are heard in forecast echoings, 
 
 Like wave-beats from a viewless sea — 
 Hears in the voiceful tremors of the sky, 
 Auroral heralds whispering " It is qigh." 
 
 Brunlon Stephens.
 
 The Electoral Government of 
 Greater Britain: 
 
 A SUGGESTION. 
 
 FIRST ARTICLE : 
 
 Proposed Referendum Senates for the Parliaments of Great 
 Britain and Ireland. 
 
 SECOND ARTICLE: 
 
 Proposed Supreme Britannic Senate or Political Assembly 
 for Greater Britain. 
 
 THIRD ARTICLE: 
 
 The Colonial Conference at Ottaiva, August, 1894. 
 
 B. H. THWAITE, C.E., 
 
 Of Liverpool and London. 
 
 AUTHOR OF 
 
 '■'Our Factories, Workshops d~ Warehouses" " The Economics of Industrial 
 
 Hygiene,'" "Africa, ami our Future Cotton Trade" " Proposed British Society 
 of the Textile Industries," Prize Essayist : (" Liverpool Daily Post") '■•'Ike 
 Celebration of the Queen' a Jubilee,'' " The Metallurgic Department Sheffield 
 Technical School," " The Early Metallurgy of France," " On the Cultivation of 
 the Inventive Faculty: a lesson from America," "A Guide to Liverpool and 
 its Exhibition," " The Maritime Gateway to the Pacific" &c , &-e.
 
 
 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 
 
 The schemes outlined in the following brief articles were 
 formulated by the author some four years ago. Their publication 
 at the present moment may not be considered inopportune. 
 
 It is, perhaps, not necessary to remark that the author has 
 not been led by political motives to present these articles to the 
 public : his sole desire is to aid in the consummation of the work 
 that has for its aim the consolidation of the great brotherhood owing 
 allegiance to the British Flag. 
 
 THE DIAGRAMS. 
 
 The Diagrams are self explanatory. The author wishes to 
 acknowledge the usefulness to him of the Geographic data con- 
 tained in the published Maps of Messrs. George Phillip & Son, of 
 Liverpool and London
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 5NATK FOR EA 
 MENTS TO REPRESENT ENGLAND, IRELAND, SCOTLAND c\l WALES. 
 
 toot 
 
 Proposed Referendum Senate for each of the Local Pa rlia^T//^ p 
 
 The National Political Machinery at Westminster is composed of 
 two principal organs, one hereditary and the other representative, and 
 may be said to present a curious medley of the effete of feudal 
 origin, and virile elements, mainly the product of more modern 
 thought. The Dual Political .Machine may be compared to a train in 
 which a high-class locomotive is coupled up with a 17th century stage 
 coach. The result of such an incongruous combination, is that no 
 bridge in the direction of human progress, however direct, can be 
 crossed unless the speed is appropriated to the rickety construction of 
 the stage coach. 
 
 In an era when the intellect is becoming more dominant and all 
 powerful day by day, such a political structure is a laughable absurdity, 
 an i a stupid anachronism. The purpose of the first chapter of this essay 
 is to suggest a character or specification of a political structure that will 
 be more fittingly appropriate to this age of intellectual supremacy, and 
 more in accordance with the scientific standard to which all dynamic 
 structures are compared, ergo the standard of high efficiency in speed 
 of work and adequacy of effect. The structure of the political machine, 
 it has been explained, is composed of two constituent organs, the more 
 effete and decaying and hereditary one of feudal origin, and the active 
 and virile one of more modern and rational conception. 
 
 The effete and hereditary element is known as the Upper House, 
 or House of Lords. The members of this House own their seats by 
 hereditary right, a position that cannot be disturbed by any action of 
 the holder, who is only responsible to himself for any neglect of a duty 
 that by right should be held as almost sacred. That this obligation is 
 treated with indifference, is only too well known, a glance at the at- 
 tendance register of the House of Lords during the last 50 years proving 
 conclusively that this duty is honoured far more in the breach than to 
 the observance. 
 
 The theory, that a cultured and educated intelligence (assumed to 
 be possessed by the holders of the seats in the House of Lords) 
 would subject the decision of the Lower House to a refining 
 and improving influence, is a pretty and fairly satisfactory one, if such 
 characteristics were honestly owned by the majority of the members of 
 the Upper House. But, in this respect, we have evidence to prove that 
 with the exception of a small, and it must be admitted very capable 
 proportion of the number constituting the Upper House, the members 
 of this branch of the Legislature are not conspicuous for exceptional 
 intelligence, and this fact is not surprising when the mode of mature 
 life of the members of the Upper House is examined. 
 
 Consequently the theory that has been advanced that the L'pper 
 House, as at present constituted, is a useful element in the political 
 structure, is unworthy of serious confidence, and is not true. 
 
 The Upper House as an element in the political structure, acts 
 like a rusty organism that is ever impeding, and occasionally arrests 
 the movement of the active element of the political machine. 
 
 40G120
 
 The Lower House, on the contrary, if properly constituted, should 
 represent the opinions and desires of the individual human units 
 constituting the nation : and, in truth, the continued enlargement of the 
 electoral area is gradually bringing this part of the political structure 
 up to this standard. In many respects, the members of the Lower 
 House are, with rare exceptions, conspicuously fitted for the high 
 positions they occupy, and in more recent years this appropriateness 
 has become more and more real, because it is contended, that a nation 
 whose life sustenance is derived in a large measure from mechanical 
 and chemical industrial pursuits, should have in the National Senate a 
 large number of elected representatives whose life's battle has been, or 
 is engaged, in the typical industries that have made and are still 
 upholding the national position. 
 
 Assuming this ideal standard to be reached in the electoral repre- 
 sentation of the masses, is it desirable to subject the decisions of the 
 majority of such representatives to the refining influence of a second 
 political body ? 
 
 To answer this interrogation we must be guided by the adopted 
 procedure of other nationalities, whose intellectual development is as 
 advanced as our own. 
 
 The political procedure of nearly all the first-class powers, involves 
 the submission of the decisions of a Lower House to a second tribunal 
 or to a Referendum Senate. Granted then that a Second or Referendum 
 House is desirable, how should this Second House be constituted ? 
 
 The author submits deferentially the following programme as an 
 answer to this question : — 
 
 The Qualifications of the Candidate for Election to the Referendum 
 Senate : — 
 
 i. — Any Member of the Lower House of Representatives 
 who shall have been elected twice, or shall have represented a 
 constituency for ten years, and whose attendance at the House 
 shall be equal to the average attendance of the whole of the 
 members. 
 
 2. — Any member of the present House of Lords. Any 
 person who shall have at any time occupied the Presidency of 
 certain Technical and other Learned Societies, and the Masters 
 of the Great Universities. 
 
 The Constitution of the Electorate : — 
 
 The constitution of the Electoral Body shall represent, as 
 nearly as possible, the opinion of such persons as shall by the 
 confidence bestowed on them by the people or by their attain- 
 ments in the practical and learned sciences, have given proof 
 of an elevated intellect and true patriotism. 
 
 This restriction of the Electorate of the Referendum Senate to the 
 aristocracy of intellect will have obviously striking advantages. Fortu- 
 nately, the formation of County and Parish Councils has enabled the 
 restriction of the Electorate to be effected in such a way as to enable 
 close reflection of public opinion, on any first-class measure to be 
 obtained, and this without the election of the member of the Referendum 
 Senate being of such a character as to disturb industrial and commercial 
 action.
 
 The Electorate would therefore be constituted as follows : — 
 
 Tri elected members of the County Council. 
 
 Bi-elected members of the Parish Councils. 
 
 Tri-elected members of Local Boards 
 
 Tri-elected members of Cities and Corporations, and the 
 
 Mayors and Aldermen of such Corporations. 
 Tri-elected members of Chambers of Commerce. 
 The Governors of Chartered Universities. 
 Tri-elected Poor-Law Guardians. 
 Tri-elected members of the School Boards. 
 Representative Delegates selected from the different bodies of 
 
 Trades Unions. 
 The members of the Council of certain Technical and 
 
 Learned Societies, both civil, naval, and military. 
 
 The Electoral areas could be denned so as to give each of the 
 candidates, as near as may be, an equal number of votes. 
 
 An election of the Upper and Referendum Senate could be carried 
 out in one day. In order that the electorate shall be representative of 
 public confidence, it is proposed, and this will have been realised, that 
 only those shall be eligible who shall have been elected twice, or three 
 times, to the position they occupy as Councillors, Guardians, &c. 
 
 This eligible privilege will add honour and power to the position of 
 County and Parisn Councillor, &c, and tend to improve the personnel 
 of the governing bodies of our municipal, poor law, commercial and 
 educational administrations. 
 
 The proved cost of elections shall, up to the extent of 75 per cent, 
 of fixed maximum allowable limit of expenditure, be borne by the State. 
 
 The General Election of the Members of the Referendum Senate 
 shall follow that of the House of Commons, after a month's time has 
 elapsed between the date of the acceptance by Her Majesty of the 
 Government of the newly returned House. The acceptance of Cabinet 
 Rank in the Government shall not involve re-election of such Cabinet 
 Minister. 
 
 After the election of the Members of the Upper Senate, a certain 
 number of additional members of the Cabinet shall be eligible from the 
 members elected in the Upper and Referendum Senate, such election 
 being effected merely to facilitate the course of work, place the two 
 Houses en rapport, and establish a synchronism of action between the 
 two Houses. 
 
 The Referendum Senate shall have no power to discuss financial 
 questions, as far as supply is concerned, but it shall have the right to 
 discuss innovations on established practice that may be recommended 
 by the Chancellor of the Exchequer. 
 
 Any Ministerial Bill of first-class importance shall be discussed on 
 the Second Reading by at least 75 per cent, of the total number of 
 members. During Committee the discussion shall be entered into 
 before at least 50 per cent, of the members. Absences from discussions, 
 unless unavoidable or permissible, shall be considered to invalidate the 
 member's right to the seat, and the member shall further be debarred 
 from re-election.
 
 Should the deliberation of the Members of the Referendum Senate 
 on a first class Ministerial Bill produce an adverse vote, such Bill shall 
 
 turned to the Lower Mouse, where such adverse vote or amend- 
 ments shall be discussed and accepted or rejected as the Lower House 
 may decide. The Bill is then returned to the Referendum Senate and 
 if the vote is still adverse, the Referendum Senate shall be compelled 
 to seek re-election from their constituents. If the decision of the 
 Referendum Senate is re-affirmed after election, or on appeal to the 
 upper electorate, the suspended Bill shall be rejected or amended as 
 the newly-elected Referendum Senate may decide 
 
 Such a rejection shall not, however, be considered tantamount to a 
 vote of censure or want of confidence in the (lovernment ; but, in the 
 event of a first-class Phil being thus rejected, the Lower House may 
 consider it advisable to obtain the decision of their constituents on their 
 action with regard to the particular bill or measure ; and, if their action 
 is confirmed on election, such bill or measure shall be deemed as passed 
 and accepted by Her Majesty for final signature. 
 
 It will be seen that such a procedure would make the Political 
 Machine a most sensitive instrument for recording the opinions of 
 the Electorate ; and the Referendum Senate would form an admirable 
 cushion in preventing the too sudden adoption of measures of a drastic 
 and revolutionary character, at the same time the action of the 
 Referendum Senate in preventing the movement of the political machine 
 would be controlled, and unreasonable delay in the passing of any 
 measure would be preventable. 
 
 In the formation of Committees to deal with bills of minor 
 importance, the constitution of the Referendum Senate, partly composed 
 of men trained in business and parliamentary work, would be most 
 admirably adapted for the formation of assemblage of groups of men 
 ideally fitted to decide on Railway, Harbour, Sanitary, and other 
 Improvement Bills. This characteristic is not possessed by the Lords 
 Committees of the present Hereditary House. 
 
 In the Election of Members of the Referendum Senate, no 
 Member of the Lower House should be allowed to take part in the 
 election, and vice versa, on the election of the Members of the Lower 
 House no member of the Referendum Senate should be allowed to take 
 part. 
 
 The position of the Ministry regarding any Bill on which the 
 Referendum Senate has appealed to the country, could be well placed 
 before the country by the Members of the Referendum Senate holding 
 Cabinet rank. 
 
 In questions of dispute between the two houses, the Referendum 
 Senate having first to appeal to the country its views will have 
 been fairly placed before the country prior to the election of the 
 Lower House. 
 
 There appears to be no possibility of any action that will seriously 
 hinder the movement of the political machine on this basis in 
 working out the will or desires of the people,
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 The Supreme Britannic Senate 
 
 With Appendix. 
 
 Few Englishmen and fewer foreigners realize the grandeur of 
 the proportions of the aggregation of continents and islands that 
 constitute Greater Britain. 
 
 These colossal proportions may be realized by a perusal of the 
 following tablulated statistics : — • 
 
 Table shewing the Gross Value of the Trade, the Population, 
 and the area of greater britain. 
 
 
 Gross Trade 
 Imports and 
 Exports value 
 in £ sterling. 
 
 
 Territorial 
 
 Name of State. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. miles. 
 
 Eastern Hemisphere 
 
 
 
 
 (Asiatic) — 
 
 
 
 
 British & Protectorate India, 
 
 
 
 
 including Burmah 
 
 195,000,000 
 
 289,000,000 
 
 1,600,000 
 
 Other Eastern countries own- 
 
 
 
 
 ing allegiance to the British 
 
 
 
 
 Constitution 
 
 30,000,000 
 
 4,200,000 
 
 104,441 
 
 Africa — 
 
 
 
 
 The Cape, Natal, Zululand, 
 
 
 
 
 &c. , including • the West 
 
 
 
 
 Coast possessions and re- 
 
 
 
 
 cent annexations 
 
 45,000,000 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 295,000 
 
 Australasia 
 
 100,000,000 
 
 4,200 000 
 
 3,403,305 
 
 European Islands, not in- 
 
 
 
 
 cluding Great Britain and 
 
 
 
 
 Ireland 
 
 3,500,000 
 
 190,000 
 
 124 
 
 Western Hemisphere — 
 
 
 
 
 Canada and possessions of 
 
 
 
 
 the Northern Continent of 
 
 
 
 
 America 
 
 46,300,000 
 
 5,200,000 
 
 3,525,000 
 
 Possessions in the Southern 
 
 
 
 
 Continent of America 
 
 3,500,000 
 
 290,000 
 
 76,000 
 
 West Indies, &c 
 
 14,000,000 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 20.343 
 
 Total ... 
 
 437.3 00 > 000 
 
 308,280,000 
 
 9,024,213 
 
 Compared with the Mother Country, 
 
 The gross trade of her expanded 437,300 X 100 = 56% of that of the Mother 
 
 self is Country. 
 
 750,000 
 The territorial area of her ex- 9,024, 213 = 74^ times greater than the Mother 
 
 panded self equals Country, 
 
 121,115 
 The Population is greater by the 308,280,000 or = S-^ times greater than that of 
 
 ratio of — ■ the Mother Country. 
 
 38,000,000
 
 It is, however, assumed that at present the connecting links of the 
 chain between the Mother Country and her Colonies and her other 
 possessions across the sea are only equal to the strength of the chain 
 that once bound the American States to the British Constitution, a 
 chain that when put to the test, failed most disastrously on the famous 
 4th of July, 1776, when the Declaration of Independence was signed 
 by the Conclave of American Patriots. 
 
 Therefore, if the chain associating the units constituting our 
 mighty Oceanic Nation is not more strong than the present red tape one, 
 a serious strain may smash the weakest link. The historic precedents 
 that we can refer to in the incidents associated with the ruin of the 
 Roman Empire, prove that merely official connections alone, unsup- 
 ported by ruinously expensive military domination will not prevent the 
 breaking away of the widely separate territorial units of a nation. 
 Something more is required to cement a connection that shall be 
 durable for all time. 
 
 We have in the possessions, Protectorates and Colonies of Greater 
 Britain elements, that if thoroughly and loyally cemented together, 
 would be a combination of impregnable and irresistible might, such as 
 never yet has been approached in the world's history. 
 
 The mere contribution of a certain payment to the Imperial 
 Exchequer by the different elements that has often been suggested, 
 and the existence of official jacks-in-office, however eminent, cannot 
 be considered a form or manner of association that has in it the 
 characteristics that will produce loving and independent loyalty to the 
 Britannic Constitution and to Her Gracious Majesty the Queen, the 
 Symbol Royal of that constitution. 
 
 What is required, and this is recognised by most of our advanced 
 statesmen and statisticians, is, the granting to each responsible unit of 
 population of a measure of national responsibility and some right of 
 control over the destinies of a Mighty Nation. 
 
 In the first instance, a limited electorate of the educated residents, 
 Native and British of each Colony or other possessions, could be permitted 
 to select a certain number of representatives to proceed to London, em- 
 powered to take part in the deliberations of the Supreme Britannic Senate. 
 
 The elections could be regulated at such intervals as to permit the 
 voyage and election of the members representing the dominions the 
 furthest removed from the seat of deliberation in London. 
 
 The elected representatives, immediately after election, should 
 proceed to form a selective council, who, in the event of failure, to 
 constitute a directly party cabinet, could act as Regent Government 
 pending re-election of the members, if such re-election is found to be 
 absolutely necessary. 
 
 The remarkable steaming records of high-class modern passenger 
 vessels would enable the representatives of these far removed colonies 
 or other possessions to travel to London within six weeks or two 
 months at the most.
 
 There is no doubt that the position of Member of the Supreme Britan- 
 nic Senate would be coveted by all patriots and loyalists to the Britannic 
 Constitution as almost the highest honour attainable in life, and con- 
 sequently the noblest and brightest amongst them would be eligible for 
 the distinction. 
 
 The only real difficulty to be overcome is in the apportionment or al- 
 location of the number of the representatives to the different constituent 
 territorial units of Greater Britain, in such a way as to give an equitable 
 and adequate representation. 
 
 The author ventures to suggest a basis of procedure that might, in 
 the absence of a more mature scheme, be worthy of consideration : — 
 
 The Qualifications of the Candidate for the Supreme Britannic 
 Senate : — 
 
 i. — He should be recognised as eminent in the commercial, 
 industrial or scientific world. There should be no baron account 
 of caste or religion. Any man who has been a member of the 
 British House of Commons for a period of ten years, shall be 
 eligible for election, and any member or peer who shall have been 
 elected to the Upper Referendum Senate shall also be eligible. 
 But it shall not be possible for any Members at the time being of 
 the sub and local Home Rule Parliament or the Referendum Senate 
 to be a member of the Supreme Britannic Senate. 
 
 Constitution of Electorate. 
 
 2. — The Constitution of the Electorate of all Colonies or 
 Possessions having their own Local or Home Rule Parliaments 
 shall be as follows : — ■ 
 
 Each member of the Lower and Referendum Senate, 
 if one exists, shall be qualified to vote for a certain number 
 of the Candidates of the Supreme Britannic Senate. In 
 the absence of a Local or Home Rule Parliament, a 
 franchise shall be constituted that shall represent the best 
 elements of the population of each Colony. 
 
 In order to prevent too precipitate and drastic action, 
 Her Majesty's Privy Council shall constitute a Great Council 
 of State that shall have the privilege of criticising the 
 decisions of the Supreme Britannic Senate.* 
 
 Should the decision of the Great Council of State clash 
 with that of the Supreme Britannic Senate, the question 
 shall be considered by the latter, and in the final vote the 
 members of the Great Council of State shall have the 
 privilege of voting in the Supreme Britannic Senate, and 
 the decision following the vote shall be considered binding 
 for the time being. 
 
 * It has been suggested by a Colonist that this precautionary clause is un- 
 necessary, because the Mother Country with her 356 members has the 
 controlling voice in the Supreme Britannic Senate, and a Privy Council 
 should not be allowed by its votes to override the decision of a body of 
 693 members.
 
 IO 
 
 THE ALLOCATION 7 OF REPRESENTATIVE POWER IN 
 THE SUPREME BRITANNIC SENATE. 
 
 The manner of constitution of the Referendum Senate has already 
 been described. 
 
 The author suggests the following formula as a basis on which to 
 determine the proportion of the degree of allocation of representatives, 
 for the Colonies, Protectorate, etc., in the Supreme Britannic Senate. 
 
 Let the total imports and exports, and the exports and imports, to 
 and from the United Kingdom, measured in £ sterling, be added 
 ther, and then let this sum be divided by two millions. 
 
 If the quotient is below unity or i — the representation shall be 
 limited to one member, if the quotient is over 1-25 then two members 
 shall be allotted, and wherever the fraction exceeds 0*25 an additional 
 representative shall be allowed. 
 
 Where small constituent island units of the Nation are aggregated 
 together, one representative shall be apportioned to represent this 
 aggregation. 
 
 A close consideration of the suggested principle of allocation of 
 representation will tend to shew that it is the only one that is practicable, 
 because the enormous population of some of the poorer colonies and 
 acquisitions puts the popular numerical franchise allocation out of a 
 practicable court altogether. 
 
 Take India alone, here we have a population of close on three 
 hundred millions. It would be impossible to give India the represent- 
 ation that might be warranted by the principle of manhood represen- 
 tation, whereas the author's basis is one that will do thorough justice 
 to the real value of the proportion of each national unit in the strength 
 of the nation ; further, the addition of the imports and exports to the 
 United Kingdom is a justifiable factor, because in proportion as the 
 Colonial child patronises the Mother Country, so shall its degree of 
 representatives in the Great and Supreme National family council be 
 apportioned. The system also gives the true measure of proportion of 
 the different national units. 
 
 The mere factor of population is no criterion of value, whereas the 
 value of the gross trade is a correct index of same.
 
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 14 
 
 Calculation showing the proportion of allocation to the Mother 
 •Country of Representatives in the Supreme Britannic Senate, taking as 
 a basis for calculation the B of T Returns for 1892 : — 
 
 Total British Imports, 1892 ... ^423, 793,812 
 
 Total British Exports, 1S92 ... 291,640,166 
 
 Gross British Trade equals ... ^715,434,048 
 
 Ther. -^ = 358, therefore the number of Representatives of the 
 Mother "Country would equal 358. This brings the total numerical 
 strength of the Supreme Britannic Senate up to 685 members. 
 
 The proportion of representative strength to be allocated to 
 England and Wales, Ireland and Scotland, may — in the absence of any 
 other method of calculation— be arrived at by taking as a basis of 
 calculation the respective values of Income Tax and Property Assessments 
 for the year, 1892 : — 
 
 The amount for England and Wales equals ... ^609,748,110 
 „ Scotland ,, ... 65,023,424 
 
 Ireland ,, ... ST^S 1 *^ 
 
 Treating these amounts in the manner adopted for the sum of 
 exports and imports, that is dividing the amount in millions by 2 : — 
 Then for England and Wales ... 607 = 304 
 
 2 
 Scotland... ... ... 65=33 
 
 2 
 Ireland ... ... ... 37 = 19 
 
 2 35 6 
 This practically agrees with the total number calculated on the 
 basis of imports and exports, or 358 
 
 So that the British and Irish proportion of Members would be 
 greater than the total number of the members of the other portions of 
 the Britannic Empire, and the Mother Country would, therefore, hold 
 the commanding voice in the deliberation of the Supreme Britannic 
 Senate. 
 
 The granting of the permission to the Indian Native States and 
 protectorates to participate in the deliberations of the Supreme 
 Britannic Legislature would tend to cement their loyalty to the 
 National Brotherhood. 
 
 In the collection of all these elements of varying caste and 
 characteristics, an assembly would be formed of unique splendour, 
 combining as it would the Eastern and Western talents and genius for 
 the united purpose of watching and defending the smallest unit of the 
 Britannic human brotherhood ; for enlarging the field of commercial 
 interchange and for extending the areas, so as to include desirable 
 acquisitions for strengthening the superb combination. In such an 
 assemblage the choicest, most distilled and subtle wisdom, would 
 be the outcome of the Great Senates' deliberations.
 
 This Assembly would present such enormous potentialities of 
 power before the world, as to make any possible combination oi 
 incapable of serious influence. 
 
 The moral force of such an Assembly, symbolic of heartfelt unity, 
 would be almost impossible to calculate. 
 
 The enormous importance that would justly attach to the 
 deliberations of the Supreme Britannic Senate would call forth the best 
 energies of the Britannic representatives, whose position, with its 
 influence and weight, would provoke the envy of kings. 
 
 The influence of the great and small elements constituting the 
 Greater Britain, would, in the Supreme Senate, be balanced fairly, and 
 justice would be dealt to all. 
 
 All questiotis relating to the Maintenance of the Army and Navy. 
 International questions relating to the Declaration of War, or the 
 Restoration of Peace, Britannic International and Foreign Fiscal 
 Questions, the Maintenance of the Oceanic Highway Free to all 
 Commerce. The Laws Relating to Commerce and the Means by which 
 Commerce between the Different Races of Greater Britain can be 
 encouraged. The Cultivation of the Natural Resources of each Colony 
 or Protectorate. The cultivation of bon accord between all the 
 Colonies owning allegiance to the British Flag. The correlation of 
 laws of the different Home Rule Parliaments. The division of costs 
 of maintenance of the Army and Navy among the different parts of 
 Greater Britain. The Collection and Distribution of Charitable Funds 
 to these Parts of Greater Britain suffering from depression, due to bad 
 harvests or other unkind natural agencies could be adequately and 
 appropriately discussed by the Supreme Britannic Senate. 
 
 Could a more noble and fitting monument be created to symbolise 
 the unity of the aggregation of races for the common welfare and that 
 of humanity at large than such a Senate ? And could we find a better 
 means of embodying the work of our countrymen to whose heroism, 
 genius, and perseverance we owe the most extraordinary combination 
 of races gathered under one flag that the world has ever seen ?
 
 i6 
 
 APPENDIX to ARTICLE II. 
 
 SHOWING THE 
 
 Methods of Government ok the Coi.onifs and Territorial 
 Possessions of Grf.ater Britain. 
 
 Arranged Alphabetically. 
 
 Name of Colony or 
 Possession. 
 
 Aden 
 
 Australia — Western 
 
 Australia — South 
 
 Bahamas ... 
 
 Barbadoes 
 
 Basutoland 
 Bermuda ... 
 
 Bechuanaland ... 
 Borneo — British North 
 
 Cape Colony 
 
 Canadian Dominion 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 Cyprus 
 
 Channel Islands 
 
 Character of Government or Constitution 
 of Legislature. 
 
 Resident Commissioner. 
 
 Governor, with Legislative Council of 15 members 
 and Legislative Assembly of 30 members. 
 
 Governor, with Executive Council of 24 members. 
 Legislative Council in Upper House, of 64 mem- 
 bers elected for 9 years, one-third retiring every 
 third year. 
 
 Governor, with Executive Council of nine members, 
 and Legislative Council of nine members, and a 
 Representative Assembly of 29. 
 
 Governor, with Executive Council of nine members' 
 appointed by Home Government, and a Repre- 
 sentative Assembly of 24 annually elected members. 
 
 Resident Commissioner. 
 
 Governor, with an Executive Council of 5 members, 
 appointed by the Crown, with Legislative Council 
 of 9 Crown appointed members, a House of 
 Representatives of 36 members, representing 
 9 districts. 
 
 Under the Cape Administration. 
 
 Governor, assisted by a Council and District 
 Residents. 
 
 Governor, with Legislative Council of 22 Elected 
 Members ; House of Assembly of 76 Elected 
 Members, 
 
 Governor General and Privy Council of 13 members. 
 
 Senate of 80 members. Life members selected 
 
 by the Ministry for the time being. 
 Qualifications — Property Qualifications of ^835, 
 
 Age not less than 30. Resident in the District 
 
 the Candidate desires to represent. 
 House of Commons of 250 members. Re-elected 
 
 within 5 years. Wide Franchise. 
 
 Governor, with Executive Council of 5 members, 
 and Legislative Council of 12 members. Legislative 
 Council contains Representatives of the principal 
 races and interests in the Island. 
 
 Supreme Court of two English Judges, with 6 
 Commissioners, resident in six Districts. 
 
 Governor and Royal Court of 12 members, and a 
 Legislative Assembly or States composed of 50 
 members.
 
 ■7 
 
 Name of Colony or 
 
 Possession. 
 Falkland Islands 
 
 Gambia 
 
 Gibraltar 
 Guiana — British 
 
 Guinea— British New. 
 Hong Kong 
 
 Honduras — British 
 
 Jamaica 
 
 India 
 
 Leeward Island 
 
 Lagos 
 
 Malay Peninsula 
 
 Man, Isle of 
 
 Mauritius 
 
 New South Wales 
 
 Character of Government or Constitution 
 
 of Legislature. 
 Governor. 
 
 Governor, with Legislative Council of four Official 
 Members and two Unofficial Members, nominated 
 by the Ci 
 
 Govii 
 
 Governor and Court of Policy of 15 members, eight 
 of which are elected. Governor has right of veto. 
 
 Administrator, with nominated Legislative Council. 
 
 Governor, with Executive Council of six members, 
 and Legislative Council of ten members. 
 
 Governor, with an Executive Council of seven 
 
 meml ers. 
 Governor, with Privy Council of not more than eight 
 
 members, and Legislative Council of nine Elected 
 
 Members, besides two Government, and four 
 
 ex officio ones. 
 Viceroy or Governor General and Legislative Council, 
 
 with thirteen Local Government Administrators. 
 The Indian Councils' Act (55 and 56 Vict. ,c. 14) gives 
 
 power to enlarge and popularize the Legislative 
 
 Council. The exact numerical Constitution of the 
 
 Government of India — 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 imum 
 
 Council 
 
 
 comprising 
 
 . ,ibie 
 
 
 1 1 utive 
 
 
 
 
 Council. 
 
 number. 
 
 The Viceroy 
 
 
 Six 
 
 Sixteen 
 
 Governor of Madras 
 
 
 Two 
 
 Twenty 
 
 Governor of Bombay 
 
 
 Two 
 
 Twenty 
 
 Lt.-Gov. of BeDgal 
 
 ... 
 
 Two 
 
 Twenty 
 
 Lt.-Gov. of N.W.P. 
 
 of 
 
 
 
 Oudh ... . ... 
 
 
 Two 
 
 Fifteen 
 
 Governor General, Legislative Council of ten 
 nominated and ten elected members. 
 
 Governor. 
 
 States governed by Native Rulers and with one 
 
 British Resident, who is directly subject to the 
 
 Governor of the Straits Settlement. 
 
 Governor, with an Independent Legislative Assembly 
 or Tvnwald, consisting of two branches, viz. : 
 the Governor, his Council (eight members), and 
 
 the House of Keys (24 members). 
 
 Governor, with an Executive Council, composed of 
 five Officials and two elected members. 
 
 A Legislative Council of 27 member-, eight of « 
 are ex-officio, nine nominated by the Government, 
 and oine elected for the various districts into 
 which the island is divided. 
 
 rnor, with Legislative Council of not less than 
 21 m< mbers (67 members have already been 
 
 . elected). 
 
 Tii i Li gislative Assembly consists of 125 
 representing r lumber of electoral disti 
 
 Each member . num. 
 
 There is a complete fran le man one vote.
 
 iS 
 
 Name of Colony or 
 Possession. 
 New Zealand 
 
 Newfoundland 
 
 Natal 
 
 Queensland 
 
 Protectorate — Imperial) 
 British (East Africa) J 
 Royal Niger Co.mpv. ... 
 Sierre Leone 
 Straits Settlement ... 
 
 Tasmania ... 
 
 Trinidad & Tobago 
 
 Victoria ... 
 
 Windward Islands 
 Zanzibar ... 
 
 Character of Government or Constitution 
 of Legislature. 
 
 Governor, with Legislative Council of 46 Members 
 appointed by the Governor. House of Repre- 
 sentatives of 74 members elected triennially. 
 
 Governor, with Executive Council of 7. A Legis- 
 lative Council of 15 life members, and a House of 
 Assembly of 36 members, elected every iour years. 
 Universal Franchise of all males of twenty-one 
 years. 
 
 Governor, with a Legislative Council of 11 members, 
 nominated by the Governor, one-halt to retiie 
 every five years, and a Legislative Assembly of 
 37 members, having a property qualification. 
 
 Governor, with Legislative Council consisting of 37 
 life members nominated by the Crown, 
 
 Consul General. 
 
 Consul General. 
 
 Governor. 
 
 Governor, with Executive Council of 8 members, 
 
 ami a Legislative Council of 8 members. 
 Governor. Legislative Council of 18 members, 
 
 elected for six years, and House of Assembly of 36 
 
 members, elected triennially. 
 
 Governor, with Executive Council and a Legislative 
 one selected by the Home Government. 
 
 Governor, with Executive Council of 10 members, 
 and a Legislative Assembly of 95 members. 
 
 Governor, with three Subordinate Administrators. 
 
 Consul General. 
 
 The following is the List of the existing or Home Rule Local 
 Parliaments embraced in the Colonies of Greater Britain : — 
 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 Number of 
 
 ( ' ''■■ m; 
 
 
 Members in 
 
 Representatives 
 
 
 Legislative 
 
 in Home Rule 
 
 
 
 Council. 
 
 Pari ament. 
 
 Australia, Wj 
 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 ,, South 
 
 
 24 
 
 54 
 
 Bahamas 
 
 
 9 
 
 29 
 
 Bermuda 
 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 Barbadoes 
 
 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 Cape Colony ... 
 
 
 2 J 
 
 76 
 
 Canadian Dominion - 
 
 
 
 
 Privy Council 
 
 13 \ 
 
 93 
 
 2j» 
 
 Senate 
 
 80 J'"' 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 Channel Islands 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 5" 
 
 Jamaica ... 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Isle of Man ... 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 24 
 
 New South Wales 
 
 
 
 07 
 
 125 
 
 Newfoundland 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 36 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 74 
 
 Natal 
 
 
 
 1 r 
 
 37 
 
 Tasmania 
 
 
 
 iS 
 
 36 
 
 Victor w 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 95 
 
 Total Representation in existing ) 
 
 33i 
 
 997 
 
 Home Rule Parlian 
 
 lents 1
 
 J'J 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 The Colonial Conference at Ottawa, August, 1894. 
 
 Since the foregoing articles were written, the author has obtained 
 a copy of the Report of the Earl of Jersey on the Colonial Conference 
 held at Ottawa, Canada, in August of the present year ; and a short 
 resume of this report will impress the reader with the fact that it is 
 undoubtedly a foreshadowing of the Supreme Britannic Senate that 
 may ultimately govern, under the aegis of our Queen, the scattered 
 communities of Greater Britain. 
 
 The Colonies represented by special delegates were : — Dominion 
 of Canada, Cape of Good Hope, New Zealand, Tasmania, South 
 Australia, Queensland and Victoria. 
 
 The British Government was officially represented by Earl Jersey. 
 During the Conference, the following telegram was received by 
 the President from Lord Rosebery : — 
 
 " 1 am anxious to express to you as the President, the 
 sympathy and interest with which I am watching the proceedings 
 of the Conference, which should be of such happy augury to the 
 future of the Empire.'' 
 
 The Premier of Natal, Sir John Robinson, wrote to the President 
 expressing sympathy with the objects of the Conference. 
 
 The following motions submitted by the Hon. George E. Foster 
 of the Canadian Senate, were discussed : — 
 
 1st. — Whereas: The stability and progress of the British Empire 
 can be best assured by drawing continually closer the bonds 
 that unite the Colonies with the Mother Country, and by the 
 continuous growth of a practical sympathy and co-operation 
 in all that pertains to the common welfare. 
 2nd. — And Whereas : This co-operation and unity can in no way 
 be more effectually promoted than by the cultivation and 
 extension of the mutual and profitable interchange of their 
 products. 
 3rd. — Therefore Resolved : That this Conference records its 
 belief in the advisability of a customs arrangement between 
 Great Britain and her Colonies by which trade between the 
 Empire may be placed on a more favourable footing than 
 that which is carried on with foreign countries. 
 4th. — And Further Resolved : That until the Mother Country 
 can see her way to enter such an arrangement, it is desirable 
 that, when empowered so to do, the Colonies of Great 
 Britain, or such of them as may be disposed to accede to this 
 view, take steps to place each other's products, in whole or in 
 part, on a more favoured customs basis than is accorded to 
 the like products of foreign countries. 
 After discussion the vote was taken : — 
 For. — Canada, Tasmania, Cape of Good Hope, South Australia, 
 
 Victoria. 
 Against. — New South Wales, New Zealand, Queensland.
 
 The Resolutions i, 2, 3 and 4, were adopted, the last one being 
 amended as follows : — 
 
 That: That until the Mother Country can see her way to enter 
 into a customs arrangement with her Colonies, it is desirable 
 that, when empowered to do so, the Colonies of Great 
 Britain, or such of them as may be disposed to accede to this 
 view, take steps to place each other's products, in whole or 
 in part on a more favoured customs basis than is accorded to 
 the like products of foreign countries. 
 
 In the discussion, one of the Australasian delegates, the Hon. 
 Mr. 1'l.iyt rd, spoke as follows : — 
 
 " Now we have got to give effect to the idea of practical 
 sympathy and co-operation, and how can we do it ? Is there any 
 way to do it except in the way suggested in the resolutions that 
 follow? I admit, with the member that represents New South 
 Wales, Hon. Mr. Suttor, that we are undoubtedly expressing a 
 wish, which, if England gives effect to it, will be a reversal of the 
 free trade policy that she has had for so many years past. But, I 
 think the time has arrived when the eyes of England are being 
 opened to the fact that her free trade policy is not going to produce 
 the results which were so fondly anticipated it would produce 
 when it was first brought into existence. Changed conditions 
 have altered the case altogether. She is not now, as she was at 
 the time of the great exhibition in 1850, the workshop of the 
 world. Other nations have learned from her, other people have 
 copied her, the machinery she has got they have got, and in 
 addition to that, they have something else which she has not got, 
 they have cheaper labour, and as a result of that cheaper labour 
 they are gradually forging ahead with their manufactures, they are 
 gradually taking the trade which ought to belong to the Mother 
 Country, and competing with her in her outside markets, and 
 actually importing manufactured material into Great Britain itself. 
 Having been connected for so many years with the Colony of 
 South Australia — it is only a small Colony, but I dare say I can 
 judge that the same processes are going on in the other parts of 
 theVorld — I have had special opportunities of being able to judge 
 of what is taking place with us. Year by year larger importations 
 of foreign manufactured goods are coming into our country. I 
 will only mention one instance to place the matter clearly before 
 the members of this Conference. A year or so ago we made a 
 contract for a large number of locomotive engines, 92 of them, 
 many of them of very large power, and therefore, entailing a great 
 deal of work. The contractor for those engines naturally went 
 about to see where he could obtain the material cheapest for the 
 construction of those engines. What was the result? That he 
 found that the bed plates of the engine, that the boiler plates of 
 the engine, that the wheel centres, the tires, the tubings, in fact 
 there was only one article he required in the construction that he 
 could get cheaper than at Krupp's manufactory, the great 
 German manufacturer of cannon. Krupp said, 'All right, if I 
 am going to give you the other things cheaper you must take all 
 irom me ; ' so that in fact the whole of the material for the qa
 
 engines is coming from that manufactory, simply b< i i an 
 
 make it cheaper than they can make it in the Mother Country. 
 Pie makes it cheaper simply because he has wages at a lower rate 
 than in the Mother Country. That is not all. If you go to the 
 other Colonies you will find that the same maker is supplying 
 Melbourne, and is supplying Sydney. I do not know whether he 
 supplies Queensland, but I know these two places have purchased 
 largely from him. Our government, for the try repairs to 
 
 our lines, are also purchasing largely from him, simply because he 
 supplies these materials at a lower rate, and we, who have not 
 merely a sympathy, but a practical sympathy, with the Mother 
 Country, would rather get our material from the Mother Country, 
 even if we paid a little more for it, than that we should be 
 dependent upon a foreign country for the goods we require. I 
 think the time will very soon come when England's eyes will he- 
 opened to the fact that she will have to treat her Colonies like- 
 France treats hers, that she will have to treat her Colonies and give 
 them advantages over foreign nations, jus: like France treats her 
 outside Colonies, and that she will find unless she does that her 
 trade will gradually diminish, and that she will not be able to 
 command the trade she has been doing in the past." 
 
 It was further Resolved and adopted that the Conference should 
 take into consideration the question of a mail service between Great 
 Britain and Australia via Canada : — 
 
 1. — That the Conference expresses its cordial approval of the 
 successful efforts put forth by Canada and New South \Yales 
 for the establishment of a regular monthly steamship service- 
 between Vancouver and Sydney, and affirms the advisabilitv 
 of the reasonable co-operation of all the Colonies interested 
 in securing the improvement and permanence of the same. 
 
 2. — That the Conference learns with interest of the steps now b 
 taken by Canada to secure a first-class fast mail and passei, 
 service, with all the modern appliances for the storage and 
 carrying of perishable goods across the Atlantic and Pacific to 
 Great Britain, and the large subsidy which she has offered to 
 procure its establishment. 
 
 3. — That it regards such an uninterrupted through line of swift 
 and superior communication between Australasia and Great 
 Britain as is above contemplated as of paramount importance 
 to the development of Intercolonial trade and communication, 
 and to the unity and stability of the Empire as a whole. 
 
 4. —That as the Imperial Post Office contributes towards the cost 
 of the mail service between England and Australia. 
 Brindisi or Naples, the sum of ^95,000 per annum, while the 
 sea postage amounts to only ,£3,000 : and to the mail sen ice- 
 between Vancouver and Japan and China ^45.000, less 
 ^7,300 charged against the Admiralty: this Conference deems 
 it but reasonable to respectfully ask that assistance be given 
 by the Imperial Government to the proposed fast Atlantic and 
 Pacific service : more particularly as the British Post Ofl
 
 whilst paying the large subsidy of ^"104,231 a year to the line 
 from Liverpool to New York, has so far rendered no assistance 
 in the maintenance of a direct postal line between Great 
 Britain and Canada. 
 
 On the question of steam oceanic intercommunication between the 
 Mother Country and Australia vid Canada — the scheme under consider- 
 ation — comprised the payment of a subsidy of £"300,000 per annum, 
 of which it was suggested that ^175,000 should be borne by Canada, 
 ,£75,000 by Great Britain, and ,£50,000 by Australasia. The service 
 to be provided would consist of tour 20-knot ocean liners to give a 
 weekly service between Great Britain, and five 16-knot ships to give a 
 bi-weekly service across the Pacific to Australia. Canada has already 
 voted her, and the largest, proportion of the subsidy. 
 The following Resolutions were also adopted : — 
 
 That the (Canadian Government be requested to make all necessary 
 inquiries, and generally take such steps as may be expedient 
 in order to ascertain the cost of the proposed Pacific cable, 
 and promote the establishment of the undertaking in accord- 
 ance with the views expressed by the Conference. 
 
 That the Conference desires to call the continued attention of 
 their respective Governments to the proceedings of the 
 Colonial Conference of 1887, in regard to the Bankruptcy 
 and Winding-up of Companies' Acts, with a view to com- 
 pleting the necessary legislation upon the question therein 
 raised. 
 
 That the President be requested to forward the resolutions and 
 proceedings of this Conference to the Secretary of State for 
 the Colonies, and to the Premiers of the Colonies represented, 
 and to take such steps as may be necessary for calling 
 continued attention thereto. 
 
 A most historic incident occurred during the holding of the 
 Conference, that is, the placing of a brass tablet on the wall of the 
 corridor leading to the library of the Canadian House of Commons. 
 The inscription on the tablet is as follows : — ■ 
 
 INT HONOUR OF THE MEN 
 
 BY WHOSE ENTERPRISE, COURAGE AND SKIM. 
 
 THE 
 
 ROYAL WILLIAM 
 The first vessel to cross the Atlantic by steam power, was wholly 
 constructed in Canada, and navigated to England in 1833. 1 ne 
 pioneer of those mighty fleets of ocean steamers by which passen- 
 gers and merchandise of all nations are now conveyed on every 
 sea throughout the world. 
 
 During the proceedings of the Conference the following telegram 
 was received by the President : — 
 
 " Edinburgh Imperial Federationists express satisfaction at 
 meeting of Conference. Hope great question naval defence will 
 also be considered and Imperial unity consolidated." 
 
 Along discussion occurred on a motion submitted having reference 
 to the Pacific Cable.
 
 The terms of the resolution were : — 
 
 That in the opinion of this Conference, immediate steps should be 
 taken to provide telegraphic communication by cable, under 
 sole British control, between the Dominion of Canada and 
 
 Australasia. 
 
 This resolution was the outcome of a previous one, introduced at 
 the London Imperial Conference of 1887, its terms were as follows : — 
 
 That the connection recently formed through Canada from the 
 Atlantic to the Pacific by railway telegraph opens a new and 
 alternative line of Imperial communication over the high seas 
 and through British possessions which promises to be one of 
 great value alike in naval, military, commercial and political 
 aspects. 
 
 That the connection of Canada with Australasia by direct sub- 
 marine telegraph across the Pacific is a project of high 
 importance to the Empire, and every doubt as to its prac- 
 ticability should without delay be set at rest by a thorough 
 and exhaustive survey. 
 
 In reference to this subject, one of the Australian delegates 
 said : — 
 
 "We feel that this cable question is much more of an 
 Imperial question than one of trade between Canada and Australia. 
 " We feel the deepest concern in everything that affects the 
 safety of the British Empire, and the progress of every portion of 
 the English domain. We consider, whatever may be urged to the 
 contrary, that the present cable line should be made, and that it 
 ought to be under the control of British influence and British 
 influence only. When it touches a foreign soil, should there be a 
 disturbance in Europe, the safety of cable communication is at 
 once endangered ; we think that at points in the Mediterranean it 
 is in danger. 
 
 " It is in danger in Egypt, and it is decidedly in danger as it 
 passes through Portugal." 
 In respect to the proposed Pacific cable, the resolutions were not 
 adopted, pending the absence of data re cost of cable. 
 
 In the discussion on Colonial reciprocity, most valuable information 
 was elicited. It was stated that in the Australian Colonies there are 
 125 millions of sheep principally grown for their wool. The Australian 
 mutton can be bought in Sydney for one penny per lb. The Hon. 
 Mr. Forrest said "that, including the cost of freezing, the cost of 
 delivering the mutton in London Markets is 2^d. per lb. 
 
 The following resolution relating to Commercial Reciprocity was 
 submitted, and adopted after a long discussion : — 
 
 That in the opinion of the Conference, any obstacles which may 
 
 at present exist to the power of self-governing dependencies 
 
 of the Empire to enter into agreements of Commercial 
 
 Reciprocity with each other, or in Great Britain, should be 
 
 removed. 
 
 In a discussion on the subject cf trade with the Empire, it was 
 
 stated by the Britannic representative that in 1S91 the trade between 
 
 Great Britain and her possessions was 22-84 P er cent, of imports, and 
 
 30*20 per cent, of exports. In 1892, it was stated, that the total
 
 imports equalled ^424, 000,000. The foreign trade equalled 
 7^26,000,000 of imports, whilst trade with British possessions equalled 
 ^."98,000,000. The export trade for 1892 was stated to be equal to 
 ^"291, 000,000, trade as follows: — Foreign, £2 1 0,000,000 ; trade with 
 British possessions = 7^8 1,000, coo. Therefore the trade with Greater 
 Britain was -'',' or under a third of the total exports, and the trade 
 imports equalled '.,-..', or under a fourth of the total trade. 
 
 When our democracy has attained its coming majority, it will then 
 have power to control the fiscal policy of Greater Britain. Then it will 
 say to all foreign industrial and commercial competitors "We will 
 have free interchange of manufactured commodities with you on the 
 clear understanding that your labour is paid the rates of wages of 
 equivalent purchasing power as we ourselves are paid, and that the 
 of labour ntical with those we work in identical occupa- 
 
 tions, and that furtl workmen shall be subjected to the same 
 
 stringent hygienic regime that wisely controls the conditions of labour 
 throughout the territories of Greater Britain. If these terms are not 
 followed, we shall institute a system of tariffs depending in proportion 
 upon the imperfections of the laws controlling your workmen." Thus 
 the democracy would compel the levelling up of the standard of labour 
 in all countries, and there would be no place for the employer who paid 
 starvation wages and insisted on slave-driving and insanitary conditions 
 of labour. 
 
 Once the Supreme Britannic Senate is created, it would estab- 
 lish closer than ever that industrial esprit de corps between the British 
 democracy throughout Greater Britain, and although free trade with 
 foreign countries will be permitted on the conditions foreshadowed, 
 there will naturally be a preferential desire of interchange between the 
 different Colonies of Greater Britain. 
 
 In the discussion on Commercial Reciprocity at the Colonial 
 Conference the following commodities were suggested as the basis of a 
 fraternal commercial interchange:-- 
 
 From the Australian Colonies to Canada and the Mother Country .•' — 
 Australian Mutton. 
 ,, Wool. 
 
 ,, Skins and Raw Hides. 
 ,, Hard Woods, Iron Bark Ties. 
 ,, Red Spotted and Grey Gum, Black Butt for Street 
 
 Paving. 
 ,, Fruits— Oranges, Lemons, Bananas, Mandarins. 
 
 Wines from Australian Vines. 
 
 For Winter months, Australian Butter can be exported, sale- 
 able even in British Columbia. 
 Manufactured New Zealand Woollens and Australian Paper. 
 From Canada to Australia, the Cape and the Mother Country : — 
 Frozen Fish of all kinds, especially Salmon. 
 Lumber, Oregon Timber. 
 
 ultural Implements, Paper, Minerals. 
 Seal Skins. 
 The Cape, Natal and South Africa to Canada and the Mother 
 Country : — 
 
 Wool, Wine and Fruit. 
 Minerals, Gold and L)iam< 1
 
 2 5 
 
 Allocation of the Colonial Trade with the Mother 
 
 Country in 1890. 
 
 It appears, according to Sir Charles Hill, that the Colonial trade, 
 excluding India, the Straits Settlements and Hong Kong, represents 
 15-1 per cent, of the total trade of the United Kingdom, made up as 
 follows : — 
 
 North America — Canada, Newfound- 
 land, &c. 
 Australasia 
 
 South Africa — Cape and Natal 
 Other Colonies 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 2' 
 2 
 
 7 per cent. 
 
 •5 M 
 2 
 
 7 ,. 
 
 i5' 
 
 1 per cent. 
 
 THE SPEECH OF THE LATE SIR JOHN THOMPSON. 
 
 During the time the Third Article was going through the Press, 
 news arrived of the tragic death of the Canadian Premier, Sir John 
 Thompson, during his visit to the Queen at Windsor Castle. It 
 is fitting at this juncture that the speech of this noble son of 
 Britannia delivered before the Colonial Conference should be 
 produced. 
 
 " After the address which Lord Jersey has made, little remains 
 for me but to express, in a few words, the heartiest of welcomes 
 to the delegates assembled, on behalf of the Canadian Government, 
 the Canadian Parliament, and the people of this Dominion. 
 (Applause.) Your Excellency, I can assure the delegates who are 
 assembled, that the Canadian people, filled with zeal for the 
 greatness and development of their own country, and for the 
 strengthening of the Empire, are delighted, to see the kindlings of 
 the same ambition in the sister Colonies throughout the world. 
 ^Applause.) While entertaining these opinions, the people of 
 Canada rejoice that the business for which the delegates are 
 assembled on this occasion is not necessarily connected with our 
 relations with foreign countries — not necessarily connected with 
 considerations of peace or war — but is immediately concerned 
 in all those questions which relate to the increase of commerce, tlu> 
 cultivation of the arts of peace and the promotion of civilisation and 
 prosperity generally throughout the Colonies of the Empire. We 
 realise fully that the questions which you shall have to deliberate 
 upon, are questions requiring the greatest care and the closest ex- 
 amination of details. When we are to consider questions relating 
 to the promotion of trade between the different Colonies, trade 
 with the mother country, the facilities of communication through- 
 out the different portions of the Empire, we realise that, while 
 there is ample field for patriotism and loyalty, methods of 
 business have to be followed. Matters connected with trade, 
 with tariffs, with steamboats, and with telegraphs, will require the 
 most practical as well as the most patriotic deliberations of the 
 gentlemen who are assembled to - day. That they may 
 be guided to useful conclusions with regard to all these 
 
 40G120
 
 26 
 
 matters is one great ambition to-day of every portion of 
 the Canadian people among whom they are assembled. 
 The great object of our hope is that as a result of the 
 deliberations of the Conference, the ocean which divides the 
 Colonies shall become the highway for their people and their 
 products. (Applause.) Your Excellency has recalled some Con- 
 ferences between Colonies which have preceded this, although 
 hardly furnishing examples for it. We cannot but recall, on this 
 occasion, that conferences have taken place between Colonies, at 
 which they deliberated, after years of great development and pro- 
 gress, whether the relations which bound them within the Empire 
 were not too restrictive for their future progress, and whether the 
 time had not come when a separation should take place from the 
 motherland. On this happy occasion, these delegates assemble after 
 long years of self-government in their countries, of greater progress 
 and development than the Colonies of any Empire have ever seen in 
 the past, not to consider the prospects of separation from the motlier 
 country, but to plight our faith anew to each other as brethren, and. 
 in plight anew, with the motherland, that faith that has never yet 
 been broken or tarnished. (Loud applause.) Under these circum- 
 stances, your Excellency, I beg to express, as your Excellency has 
 done on our behalf, a cordial welcome to the delegates who are 
 assembled, and the hearty aspirations of the people of Canada that 
 their deliberations may result in wise and practical conclusions, 
 which shall have the effect of binding the Colonies together in 
 greater strength, and of making the people of the motherland feel 
 that the Empire is becoming greater and stronger, with the growth 
 and development of the British Colonies throughout the world. If 
 such a result shall have been reached, it will indeed be a happy 
 conclusion to a most auspicious gathering ; and I may express 
 another sentiment : that the happy circumstances which have 
 called this Conference together will be but the prelude of occasions 
 on which we shall not only meet in Canada the statesmen of the 
 other Colonies, but on which we shall be able to meet, with 
 greater facilities than we now possess, the people whom they 
 represent. (Loud applause.) " 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 Although India was not represented at the Colonial Conference, 
 that our Indian brethren are ripe for legislative assimilation, by repre- 
 sentation in the Supreme Britannic Senate, will be recognised by every- 
 one who has watched the growth of the 
 
 INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS. 
 
 This Indian Association represents the native sentiment, and, 
 although comparatively young, its vigour is unquestioned, and its 
 electoral potentialities will be realised when it is known that, attending 
 the Congress meeting of December 26th, 1894, there were present — 
 As Delegates ... ... ... 1,150 
 
 ,, Visitors... ... ... ... 3.000 
 
 verb, sap
 
 27 
 
 Among the resolutions submitted to and adopted by the Indian 
 National Conference was one which expressed an opinion that the rules 
 in force relating to the Indian Council Acts of 1892 arc materially 
 detective,' and the Congress expressed a desire that new rules may be 
 framed in a more liberal spirit, to secure the better working of the A< t, 
 suited to the conditions and requirements of each Province. The 
 Indian National Conference further expressed the opinion that any 
 enquiry into the financial expenditure of India, to be adequate and 
 useful must include an enquiry into the ability of the Indian people to 
 bear the existing financial burdens, and should include in its scope the 
 financial relation.-, between India and England. 
 
 A simultaneous Conference of Indian gentlemen, to consider the 
 government of India, was held in London on December 29th, 1894. 
 The Congress included amongst its numbers delegates from the Indian 
 Associations of Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh. A resolution 
 was proposed by Mr. Ghani, B.A., and adopted by the meeting, 
 declaring that the time had come for the introduction of the representa- 
 tive system into India, and until that system of Government had been 
 granted justice would not be done to the People of India. 
 
 Wightman & Co., " The Westminster Press," 104 and 106, Regency Street, S.W.
 
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