Historical guide to Chattanoo -a 
 and Lookout Llountain. 
 
 George 0. Connor
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 CONNORS GUIDE 
 
 TO
 
 HISTORICAL GUIDE 
 
 TO 
 
 CHATTANOOGA 
 
 AND 
 
 LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, 
 
 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE BATTLES, BATTLE-FIELDS, CLIMATE, 
 INDUSTRIES, MINERALS, TIMBER, ETC. 
 
 PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORGE C. CONNOR, 
 
 FOB NEARLY TWENTY YEARS A RESIDENT 
 OF THE CITY. 
 
 1889
 
 /-444 
 
 TO THE STRANGER. 
 
 uj In the preparation of this Guide to Chattanooga and its Environs, the &uthor 
 
 M 
 
 ^_ has been animated by one desire above all others To tell the truth ! This he 
 
 * has tried to do to the best of his ability, avoiding the language of exaggeration, 
 ae 
 i so common in publications of this class. 
 
 Strangers visiting this city may rely upon the information given herein. "We 
 
 have gathered it with great care, and have winnowed the facts. It has been a 
 ot 
 h labor of love, and conscientious earnestness. Sincerely desiring a solid, con- 
 
 <M servative and permanent growth for the city that contains our home, we have 
 z carefully rejected all statements that tended to mislead the enquirer. 
 
 This GUIDE is a private venture of the author. It contains no advertise- 
 ments, no puffs, no unmerited commendations. "We have written without em- 
 barrassment, being under obligations to no one. At first we offered to insert 
 ' certain cuts free of charge, but as soon as the owners began to feel that they 
 were doing us favors we abandoned the intention. "We are, therefore, indebted 
 for patronage or favors to no one. 
 
 This much is due the stranger and the author. The Guide is now submitted 
 to the consideration of those who may desire to know and understand Chatta- 
 nooga. 
 
 (6) 
 
 447932
 
 CHATTANOOGA. 
 
 On the southern bank of the Tennessee River, in Hamilton County, Tennesk 
 Bee, at the mouth of a valley formed by Missionary Ridge on the east and Look- 
 out Mountain on the west, nestles the city of Chattanooga, famous as "Rosa* 
 Landing " when the Cherokees inhabited the surrounding mountains, and with 
 its present name in the annals of. the late "War Between the States. 
 
 The city lies in a basin, with mountain walls so securely protecting it that its 
 fruit seasons are equal to those of "West Point, Georgia, a point fully 150 rnileg 
 farther south ; fully four weeks in advance of Cincinnati, and nearly two weeks 
 in advance of Nashville and Knoxville. 
 
 Rising 1,700 feet above the beautiful Tennessee River, that for miles-laves the 
 streets of the city, world-famed Lookout Mountain lifts its hoary head, its 
 "point" of sheer and solid rock, standing out like a mighty sentinel to guard 
 against the approach of evil influences to the pretty valleys on either side. Be- 
 yond the river are Raccoon Mountain and "Walden's Ridge, and through the 
 chasm which separates these the Tennessee flows out reluctantly from the valley 
 in which it has lingered to plunge through the mountains that separate us from 
 Sequachee. On this side the river is the abrupt elevation known as Cameron 
 Hill, bedecked with cottages, and around its base spreads out the giant city, with 
 broad avenues that are reasonably well shaded, with its tall spires on house? 
 dedicated to the worship of God, its busy and crowded thoroughfares, its out- 
 reaching arms of steel on which trains are darting hither and thither, its numer- 
 ous factories whose smoke hangs over them like a veil, and its pretty houses 
 perched upon the eminences that range around the business quarter. 
 
 Chattanooga is peculiarly located. It stands at the apex of an inverted tri- 
 angle, whose diverging lines extend into the far northeast and northwest. The 
 mountain walls ward off the colder blasts of winter, while they form a funnel 
 through which sweep, from the opposite direction, the cooling breezes of summer. 
 These mountains surrender their bosoms to early fruit raising peaches, grapes 
 and strawberries, and to early vegetables of every name. There is no city of 
 the Union more attractively surrounded by scenery, or one more liberally pro- 
 vided with habitable mountain tops. 
 
 And now, with these few words by way of generalization, let us examine 
 this remarkably prosperous city in detail. And first, 
 
 HISTOKICAL. 
 
 The country extending from the Little Tennessee and Clinch Rivers, on the 
 north, to the Muscle Shoals on the south, and to the Chattahoochee River on the 
 east, was once inhabited by that most warlike tribe of the southern Indians, 
 
 (7)
 
 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 CHATTANOOGA AND THE BATTLE FIELDS.
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 9 
 
 the Cherokees. Soon after the settlement of the State of Tennessee this tribe 
 was subdued by the white man, and peaceful relations were ever after main- 
 tained. 
 
 About the year 1817, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- 
 sions established a missionary school for the education of the rising generation 
 of the Cherokees, six miles east of Chattanooga, on the Chickamauga. They 
 called it Brainard, in memory of the Rev. David Brainard, an honored mission- 
 ary to Indians in former years. In 1819 a treaty was made with the Cherokees, 
 whereby they ceded all that territory lying between the Hiawassee and Little 
 Tennessee Rivers, and all of their lands lyiug north of the Tennessee River, in- 
 cluding that part of Hamilton County lying north of that river. 
 
 In the latter part of 1835, another treaty was made with these Cherokees, 
 whereby they ceded to the United States all the country they owned east of the 
 Mississippi River, including portions of Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee, for a 
 tract of country west of the State of Arkansas and a bonus of five millions ol 
 dollars. This was called J;he treaty of New Echota, and was made by the Rev. 
 Mr. Schemerhorn, on the part of the United States, and the people of the Chero- 
 kee Nation, as it was alleged, on the other part. The great majority of the 
 nation, headed by their chief, John Ross, refused to agree to the treaty, and 
 made strenuous efforts to have it abrogated or modified ; but the powers were 
 Against them, and they had to yield. In the fall of 1838 the last of the race 
 bade farewell to their native hills and set their faces toward the setting sun. 
 
 The site of the present city of Chattanooga was formerly known as Ross' 
 Landing, and after the removal of the Indians it soon assumed the proportions 
 of a trading town, being the entrepot for the products of East Tennessee, and 
 the point from which supplies were drawn for the new settlements of North 
 <5eorgia and Eastern Alabama. In 1836 it was made a military post, four com- 
 panies of Tennessee Volunteers, in the service of the United States, being 
 stationed here. These were soon afterward relieved by a portion of the regular 
 army. 
 
 The settlement began in 1835, when there was only a forest, and a primitive 
 ferry maintained by the Indian Chief, John Ross, and in a log hut a tavern, kept 
 by mine host, Mr. Daniel Henderson. In 1837 a post-office was established, with 
 John P. Long as postmaster, and the mail came from Rossville on horseback. 
 Later in the year the establishing of the stage line between Murfreesboro, Teun., 
 and Augusta, Ga., gave the "Landing" office more importance, and letters were 
 actually received from "Washington, D. C., within ten days after date. 
 
 The struggles of those early times were with natural surroundings and white 
 depravity, the Indians giving the settlers scarcely any trouble whatever. The 
 Cherokees were brave and true to their treaties, and perhaps less treacherous 
 than any of the aboriginal tribes. The few citizens who remain and have mem- 
 ories of those early days tell us quaint stories, which lack of space only forbids 
 us to relate. It may be interesting to record, however, that necessity was never 
 more certainly the "mother of invention" than when "W. L. Dugger, as a lad, 
 dragged the timber from Market street to the brick kiln, on Mulberry, with a 
 yoke of oxen, hitched to grape-vines instead of to chains.
 
 10 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 In 1838, the town was laid ont, when the name Chattanooga was selected, 
 after a lively contest, which occurred in the log echool-house that stood on the 
 corner of Fifth and Lookont streets. Lookout City and Montevideo were the 
 names supported by a minority of the citizens. The meaning of " Chattanooga" 
 is unknown. The Cherokees have a tradition that it is the name another race 
 gave to the valley, and also to what we call Lookout Mountain, before they 
 came, and that the Cherokees adopted it without enquiry as to its meaning. 
 
 The boundaries of the town, as fixed in 1838, were as follows: ,0n the east by 
 Georgia avenue, and on the west by Cameron hill ; on the north by the Tennes- 
 see River, and on the south by what was then James street, but now known as 
 West Ninth. The land thus enclosed measured 240 acres. 
 
 In 1840, Market street was surveyed, and Tom Crutchfield, Sr., received the 
 timber standing thereon as compensation for opening it. "With the timber thus 
 cut he burned the first kiln of bricks on Mulberry street, now known as Broad, 
 and began the erection of two brick residences, one for James A. Whiteside and 
 the other for Dr. Milo Smith. 
 
 The year 1840 was one of melancholy memories to those sturdy pioneers. 
 The Tennessee River rose to a great height in the month of June, and when the 
 corn was in tassel overflowed the lowlands, and destroyed the crops. This de- 
 struction of vegetation poisoned the air with malaria when the waters receded. 
 A malarial fever immediately broke out, and it soon became epidemic. Before 
 long there were not enough healthy people to wait upon the sick. 
 
 Of those early days there remain (1889) only William Crutchfield and George 
 W. Snodgiass, whose cabin on the battle-field of Chickamauga or Chick-um-au- 
 ga, as the Indians pronounced it has been made famous. 
 
 In 1843 the Legislature took a vote on selecting Chattanooga as the State 
 capital. It was carried in the House, but was lost in the Senate by a majority 
 of two. The capital was then fixed at Nashville. In 1852 the first City Council 
 was chosen, and Dr. Milo Smith was elected Mayor. 
 
 It may be important to remember that as early as 1828 a steamboat, called 
 the "Atlas," was run between Muscle Shoals and Knoxville, and that in 1831 the 
 "Knoxville" ran between the same points, and went even higher into East Ten- 
 nessee than the city of Knoxville. 
 
 Quite early in the settlement of Chattanooga there was regular communica- 
 tion by river with New Orleans, except a portage of forty miles around Muscle 
 Shoals, on which a railroad had been built and operated by horse power, between 
 Tuscumbia and Dccatur. By this means Chattanooga was enabled to supply 
 the northern counties of Georgia and Alabama with groceries cheaper than from 
 any other point, which, with her East Tennessee productions, gave her a com- 
 manding and growing trade. 
 
 The first effort at iron manufacture was made about the year 1850. Mr. Hol- 
 liater, a practical iron master, visited the place, made an examination of the 
 ores and the coal, and was pleased with the prospect. Ho raised a company 
 and the necessary capital, went North and perfected plans and specifications, 
 but on bis way back took sick and died at Charleston. This ended the enter- 
 prise. Shortly after this the foundry and car works of the East Tennessee Iron-
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 11 
 
 Manufacturing Company was established, which was afterward bought out by 
 Thomas Webster. The same company erected a blast furnace on the river bank 
 near the bluff, which was afterward leased by James Henderson, of New Jersey, 
 but owing to the want of skill and capital proved a failure. The steam foundry 
 of John G. Bynum was a success, as was also the pork-packing establishments 
 of Chandler & Co. and Joseph Ramsey. The flouring mill of C. E. Granville, 
 with a capacity of fifty barrels a day, and the flouring mill and distillery of 
 Bell <fc Co., with a capacity of 150 barrels of flour and 60 barrels of whisky a 
 day, were successful until destroyed by the war. 
 
 DURING THE WAR. 
 
 When the unfortunate civil war began Chattanooga was little more than a 
 straggling village, although it had been dignified by a Mayor and Board of 
 Aldermen during the nine years preceding. Its citizens were divided on the 
 secession of the State, and such bitterness as usually attends religious and po- 
 litical discussions resulted. Houses were divided against themselves. 
 
 After Shiloh Chattanooga received the sick and wounded of the Confederates, 
 and after the Fort Donelson defeat the importance of the place from a strategic 
 standpoint was recognized by the Confederate Government. Henceforward it 
 was a depot for supplies. It was attached and again detached as different gen- 
 erals came into command of departments. But it did not assume its greatest 
 importance until Bragg's army came from Tupelo, Miss., and began preparations 
 for the movement into Middle Tennessee and Kentucky in 1862. 
 
 Hospitals were scattered here and there, and prisoners were guarded until 
 exchanged or sent to other prisons farther south. The campaign of General 
 Kirby Smith into Kentucky withdrew attention from Chattanooga until Bragg's 
 retreat after Perryville. When Bragg returned to Middle Tennessee Chatta- 
 nooga was his base of supplies, and the army and floating population became 
 treble the number it was at the opening of the war. 
 
 During that time the brilliant but erratic Henry A. Waterson, now the editor 
 of the Louisville Courier-Journal, edited in this city the "Chattanooga Rebel," a 
 daily paper without a counterpart in English literature ; a thorn in the flesh to 
 General Bragg, a tonic and delight to the rank and file of his army. 
 
 In the last weeks of June, 1863, Rosecrans made a vigorous movement on 
 the Confederate right flank which compelled Bragg to fall rapidly back from 
 Shelby ville upon Chattanooga, the natural gateway from Tennessee to the At- 
 lantic coast. Rosecrans halted at McMinnville and Winchester, and awaited 
 Bumside's march upon Knoxville. Bragg reached Chattanooga on July 7th, 
 and Rosecrans reached Bridgeport, the railroad crossing of the Tennessee, on 
 August 29th. Those outside of the councils of the army innocently supposed 
 Chattanooga could not be captured by the Federals. 
 
 TWO IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 One of the most successful steps toward the obliteration of the animosities, 
 and the healing of the wounds of the late war, was taken by the Ladies' Con- 
 federate Memorial Association when they invited the Federal garrison of this
 
 1J HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOOA 
 
 port to unite with the veterans of the Confederacy in laying the corner-stone of 
 the Monument to the Confederate Dead. 
 
 It was a charming sunny day, that 10th of May, 1877, when the long proces- 
 sion of Freemasons, Knights Templar, ex- Confederates, citizens and the Ladies' 
 Memorial Association moved down Market and up Sixth streets, en route to the 
 Confederate Cemetery, led by the baud of Col. Wheaton's regiment, TJ. S. Army, 
 and Company C of the same, commanded by Capt. Cochran. And when that 
 United States military band entered the densely shaded City of the Dead, fol- 
 lowed by a company of U. S. troops, with arms reversed, there was not a dry 
 eye nor a disloyal heart in the vast throng assembled around the base of the 
 monument, or in the long procession that moved up the avenue. And such a 
 procession at such a time was possible in Chattanooga only. 
 
 The next important event was of a like character. The Society of the Army 
 of the Cumberland decided to hold its annual reunion in the city of Chattanooga 
 during Chickamauga week, September 21 and 22, 1881. The writer of this 
 pamphlet conceived the idea, of organizing a society of ex-Confederate soldiers 
 to extend a soldierly greeting to the Society of the Army of the Cumberland on 
 the occasion of its visit to us. His most sanguine expectations were realized, a 
 large society was organized, and ex- Confederates of every grade, from general 
 to private, wrote letters of approval and concurrence. The society chose J. B. 
 Cooke to be president, D. M. Key and J. A. Caldwell to be vice presidents. G. C. 
 Connor to be secretary, and "W. "W. Jackson to be treasurer. S. A. Key was 
 unanimously chosen to deliver the address of welcome, and by joint action of 
 the local committee and this society, Cameron Hill was selected as the most ap- 
 propriate spot for the ceremonies. 
 
 All arrangements were completed when the flash of the telegraph announced 
 "President Garfield is dead." It was nearly midnight of September 19th when 
 the tolling bolls announced the awful calamity. The programme was in the 
 hands of the printer; the buildings were rapidly assuming their gay decorations; 
 visitors were beginning to arrive ; all was bustle and expectation. In an instant 
 a cloud of gloom settled upon every heart. Crape was silently and tearfully 
 pinned to the national colors. The publication of the joyous programme was 
 suspended, and a call issued for a joint conference at ten o'clock the following 
 day. 
 
 Next morning the assembly hall was filled with ex-Confederates and Feder- 
 als, bowed with grief, and solicitous of doing nothing inappropriate to the 
 solemn surroundings. The Society of the Army of the Cumberland decided to 
 hold only the briefest sessions, and the ex- Confederates proposed that the pro- 
 gramme adopted for Thursday be carried out on Cameron Hill, the banners and 
 badges draped in monrning, and the ceremonies of the greeting and flag-raising 
 to b succeeded by requiem services. This was unanimously adopted. The 
 Confederates next proposed to surrender their reunion, appointed for Thursday 
 afternoon, and invited the Army of the Cumberland to unite with them at that 
 hour in a Union Memorial Service. This invitation was cordially accepted. 
 
 The sun rose into a cloudless sky on Thursday, September 22, 1881. All 
 trains entering the city were packed with visitors. Hundreds came by all kinds
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 13 
 
 of conveyances on the public roads, and by 10 o'clock there were not less than 
 ten thousand strangers in the city. The headquarters of both armies were 
 crowded, and the Reception Committees found it no small matter to keep up the 
 registers. 
 
 Promptly at 11 o'clock the two columns were formed at the points announced. 
 At 11.30 these columns united into a grand procession, led by the band of the 
 Fifth Artillery, U. S. A. 
 
 The sad death of our beloved President reduced the numoer of represeuta 
 tives more than one-hatf. Thousands were en route to our city, in hopes of hav- 
 ing a jollification of the must patriotic and exhilarating kind, but turned back 
 when they heard of the pall that settled down on Elberon. It did not occur to 
 them that this very sadness would add to the effects of the extraordinary exer- 
 cises devised lor them in Chattanooga. They thought only of mirth and rejoic- 
 ing at such a gathering, while the people of Chattanooga, with tearful eyes, 
 were draping their homes with mourning, and exchanging the entertaiments 
 and amusements for a requiem and a funeral. 
 
 The ceremonies on Cameron Hill we describe in the "Tour of the City," but at 
 4 o'clock in the afternoon memorial services were held in the court-house square by 
 apppointment of the societies of both armies. An immense throng again assem- 
 bled and listened to addresses by Gen. Wheeler and Rev. J. "W. Bachman, from 
 the Confederates, and Gen Cox, of Ohio, and Gen. Willard "Warner, from the 
 Federals. Hon. D. M. Key presided. 
 
 This union meeting appointed the following committee, after adopting suit- 
 able resolutions, to attend the obsequies of the President, in Cleveland, on the 
 following Monday, viz. : Maj. A. H. Pettibone, Maj. G. C. Connor, Capt. J. M. 
 Thornburg, Capt. M. H. Clift, Capt. H. S. Chamberlain, Rev. Col. J. "W. Bach- 
 man and E. A. James. The committee met and elected A. H. Pettibone, who 
 was a classmate of the President, chairman, and G. C. Connor, secretary. 
 
 On the evening previous to these ceremonies Judge R. H. Cochran, of Wheel- 
 ing, W. Va., delivered the official oration before the Society of the Army of the 
 Cumberland. So truly did it present the feelings of the ex- Confederates that 
 they unanimously requested it for publication. 
 
 GPAt this writing (May, 1889) preparations are again being made for an- 
 other reunion of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, in Chattanooga. 
 September next. Our people will welcome those brave men as heartily now as 
 they did in 1881. 
 
 POINTS OP WAR INTEREST. 
 
 The march of progress, we are happy to say, has blotted out nearly all of 
 the landmarks of the occupations during the civil war. The mighty earthworks 
 have nearly all been leveled, and Forts Wood and Negley have given place to 
 residences. The trenches have disappeared by the processes of erosion, and 
 only in memory do the forts, lunettes, redoubts and batteries announced in Gen- 
 eral Order ISTo. 63, April 27, 1864, exist. 
 
 On the eminence east of the town palatial residences are blotting out every 
 trace of Fort Wood. The huge earthwork that stood on the rising ground west
 
 14 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 of the Rosflville road, near Montgomery avenue and the Stanton House, has left 
 a few traces, but they will soon disappear. Cameron Hill has had the wrinkles 
 of forts and redoubts smoothed out of its summit and bosom, and the "old res- 
 ervoir," so often quoted, has turned to dust. 
 
 Department headquarters, established by Gen. Rosecrans, and continued by 
 Gen. Thomas, is now known as 316 "Walnut street, and it was there Thomas 
 welcomed Grant on October 23, 1863. There the battle of Missionary Ridge was 
 planned by Grant, Thomas and Sherman. At 302 "Walnut street was the office 
 of the adjutant general, and at 326 "Walnut was the headquarters of the chief of 
 artillery, Gen. Brannan. Around the corner, on First street from "Walnut, at 
 No. 110, was Sherman's headquarters. At 19 East Fourth was the office of the 
 provost marshal general of the Army of the Cumberland. 
 
 These buildings have been but slightly changed since the days of their mili- 
 tary occupancy. "We quote them here for the information of the members of the 
 Army of the Cumberland who are continually visiting the city. 
 
 The removal of the heavy forest growth from Cameron Hill and from various 
 parts of the city changes the aspect from what was seen by the Confederates 
 when they evacuated, and by the Army of the Cumberland immediately after 
 the disaster of Chickamauga, and only certain buildings remain as landmarks of 
 forts and hospitals. Ex-Confederates will remember the residence as the head- 
 quarters of Gen. Bragg, and the large building and fine grounds on the corner 
 of Pine and Sixth as the headquarters of Gen. D. H. Hill. This was Gen. Mo- 
 Pherson's headquarters in Federal days. 
 
 The marking of places by the erection of tablets is not to be commended, 
 since they would be memorials of a fraetricidal strife that should be forgotten as 
 soon as possible. The descendants of the gallant men on both sides should not 
 be perpetually reminded that their fathers once were enemies. 
 
 An HISTORIC HOUSB. 
 
 On the corner of Market and Fourth streets stands a three-story brick build- 
 ing, the first erected in Chattanooga, and perhaps the only landmark of those 
 early days with a pathetic history. Indeed, its seamed, bolted and battered ap- 
 pearance suggests an enquiry to every visitor. 
 
 This building was erected in 1840, and is now used by the city for its Council 
 chamber, its city offices, and police headquarters. It has been so used since 
 1883, the year it was purchased by the city. For six years previously it was 
 used by the county for like purposes. 
 
 Prior to the war the ground floor was used as stores, the second floor as sleep- 
 ing apartments, and the third as a Masonic hall. "When the Confederates occu- 
 pied the city they converted the upper floors into a prison, and the lower one 
 was occupied as military offices, especially by the provost marshal. There were 
 oaken floors laid above, to add security to the prison, and into these floors were 
 driven staples and rings, to which chains were attached, and to the chains the 
 shackles of the unfortunate prisoners were fastened. The prisoners, thus 
 chained, were of all classes; spies, deserters, traitors to the Southern cause, and 
 criminals. Even after making allowances for exaggeration, the stories told of
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 15 
 
 those gloomy rooms are most harrowing. Out of them went gallant fellows to 
 be shot as spies and as "traitors," and criminals to suffer the just decrees of 
 broken laws. The records are lo.st, and we arc glad that they are. 
 
 When the Confederates evacuated and the Federals came into possession the 
 tables were turned sure enough, and guards and informers became prisoners, to 
 be watched and punished by those who stood in terror of incarceration only a 
 few weeks before. Spies, deserters and criminals still lay chained to the floor, 
 and brave as well as bad men went to their death as before. 
 
 Early in 1864 the block of buildings adjoining the house on the south caught 
 fire, and was destroyed. During the fire a Confederate, charged with being a 
 spy, succeeded in getting out upon the roof, and by superhuman efforts saved 
 his prison. He was released next day for his gallantry. 
 
 The close of the war returned this building to its owners in a dilapidated 
 condition, and it was variously used until October, 1877, when it was purchased 
 by the county for court-house purposes, at a cost of $10,000. Something over 
 $7,000 worth of repairs were made. When the court-house was finished this 
 building was vacated, and the city bought it in January, 1883, paying only 
 $6,000. Changes and repairs were made which have brought it to its present 
 appearance ; unsightly architecturally, but a landmark worthy of preservation. 
 
 A GREAT PROSPERITY. 
 
 After the disorders that followed the close of the war had ended, and honest 
 government had assumed control, Chattanooga began to struggle into the light. 
 A mighty effort was made by those interested in the Alabama & Chattanooga 
 Railway to practically remove the business of the city south of the Western & 
 Atlantic Railroad. The Stanton House was built, the foundation of an im- 
 mense opera-house was laid, a large railway station was erected, and that part 
 of Market Street was thoroughly macadamized. For a time success crowned 
 the effort; and then came the big fire in 1870, which swept away the "shanties 
 and shebangs" along the west side of Market. At the same time the Alabama 
 <fc Chattanooga Railway Company faUed, and with it failed the scheme for re- 
 moval. The Stauton House remains, but the opera-house foundation is occu- 
 pied by a freight-house, and the great wooden station-house has long since been 
 pulled down. The "shanties and shebangs" were gradually supplanted by 
 handsome brick stores. 
 
 Not until the eighties was the future of Chattanooga assured beyond the pos- 
 sibilities. In 1887 there came a marrellous wave of prosperity. To be sure it 
 had its exaggerations and some unhealthiness, but progress has been continuous 
 ever since. Now we are indeed assuming metropolitan airs. We have all the 
 conveniences of advanced civilization, and all the appliances necessary to build 
 up a solid, healthful, beautiful city. Our location has wrought wonders in our 
 behalf. 
 
 Ex-Mayor Hewitt, of New York City, made this city a risit in April last, 
 and predicted that a million and a half of people would occupy these valleys 
 and swarm upon their mountain walls long before the close of the twentieth
 
 16 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 century. Mr. Jay Gould expressed the opinion, while standing on the "Point" 
 last winter, that we would have one hundred thousand souls before the close of 
 nineteen hundred. 
 
 The negro problem is creating some anxiety among thoughtful citizens, but 
 the influx of Americans from the North, and of foreigners from Germany and 
 Ireland, will solve that problem. The writer will not live to see the pressing 
 southward of that unfortunate race by this invasion from the north and from 
 beyond seas. But the negro has been pressed southward from New England, 
 and his destiny is as assuredly southward as was the Indian's destiny westward. 
 Within fifty years the negro will be as infrequent in the valleys of Chattanooga 
 and Lookout as he now is in the valley of the Gennessee in New York. 
 
 Chattanooga is thoroughly cosmopolitan. All good people who desire to 
 make an honest living are sought after. The gates of the city swing inward 
 to welcome all such, for the commingling of the blood of northerner and south- 
 erner will produce the most vigorous race known to the annals of humanity. 
 Such a race will have but one Law, one Union, one God 1 
 
 THE CLIMATE. 
 
 Most important of all attractions to persons seeking a desirable place of resi- 
 dence is the climate of Chattanooga. Think of a spot where it is cool in sum- 
 mer and warm in winter the mountain walls that ward off the winter's chilly 
 blasts from the north form funnels, through which the gentle breezes in summer 
 from the southwest sweep through the valley by day, and especially by night. 
 This condition of natural surroundings makes the heat from the sun bearable by 
 day and the rest at night sweet and refreshing in summer. In winter the moun- 
 tains and ridges fold their arms around the city and protect it from the cruel 
 blasts of what the white flags, with black squares in the center, represent aa 
 cold waves. 
 
 A prominent physician, who came to this city from his home in Massachu- 
 setts because of lung troubles, said this in a public lecture: 
 
 " Who among us is not mindful of the rich delights of our usual March cli- 
 mate t March! that month of terror in other latitudes, brings us the blossoms 
 of spring in rich profusion, the working days in our gardens and flower-beds, 
 and gives us a noonday warmth of 80 degrees, while the coolness of night rarely 
 causes the mercury to fall to 40. April follows with its luxuriant wealth of 
 flowers in field, forests, and lawn ; the rich and varied verdure of the mountain 
 slopes ; the grand picnic days ; the profusion of blossoming laurel and azalea ; 
 the time when we feel most the exhilaration of a tonic atmosphere, and youth 
 comes again to age. And then follows May. Beautiful ! beautiful ! glorious 
 May ! Who can describe an East Tennessee May in any other way than by 
 exclamations T Mayflowers! No indeed. We squander those in March. We 
 hurry past our roses of the commoner sorts in April, and come into realization of 
 the complete bliss of living in the real native land of the continual blossoming 
 rose, in the early days of May, when the black boys peddle young mocking- 
 birds through the streets, and the luscious red strawberries come, so sweet, so
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 17 
 
 plenty and so welcome. And then comes June. Young summer, older than 
 May, wiser, larger, fuller, and bringing the first harvests of ripened grain; 
 holding in its provident lap the most liberal bestowals of the Almighty in re- 
 wards for the labors of man, with a great bonus of earth's spontaneous fruits. 
 And there are no hot days yet. No sweltering nights. 
 
 "Can a better summer resort be pictured? If consumptives want altitude 
 and mild climate together, and upon that all authorities agree, it is to be found 
 here. These mountains are so common to us, who use them for daily, weekly 
 ancfr monthly convenience in the summer days, a sleeping place away from the 
 dust and mosquitoes, as well as cooler home quarters, that we have no just 
 appreciation of them. But the mountains of East Tennessee are destined to 
 occupy a high place in the public estimation, in future, as a living place for 
 invalids." 
 
 Another physician, who also came here from the North, has this to say of our 
 surrounding mountains: 
 
 "During the last six years I have spent the summers on Walden's Ridge. I 
 speak of what I have seen with my own eyes, and know to be true, that if tubeiv 
 cles are not already formed on the lungs, and continue fully developed within 
 the body of the lungs, a residence of a year, yea, even sometimes a few months, 
 will dispel all fears of a consumptive death from the mind of the unfortunate. 
 I know that I have seen them carried up the ridge apparently in the last stages 
 of phthisic, coughing incessantly, and yet they lived for months, slowly improv- 
 ing every day, until, thinking they were nearly well, they left the mountain, 
 went back to the Northern clime, and in a few weeks the inevitable occurred. 
 I have visited nearly every house on "Walden's Ridge, every cabin and hut, and 
 I have rarely seen a native with any lung trouble whatever. 
 
 " I could almost say the same of Sand Mountain, Lookout Mountain and 
 divers other places, did time permit. 
 
 ""We, fortunately, are living in a clime midway between the icy regions of 
 the North and the hot, sultry air of the South a spot where it is not too warm 
 for comfort, not too cold to even bundle up on the coldest of days ; certainly the 
 most healthy, the most pleasant clime known to me on earth. Adopting Chat- 
 tanooga as my home in 1865, I say it, without fear of contradiction, that we 
 have the most healthy climate, the most prosperous city, the most pleasant and 
 hospitable people that the sun shines on. May the balance of my life be spent 
 among them, for verily my lines have been cast in pleasant places." 
 
 It may be of interest to those who determine the balminess of a city by the 
 general direction of the winds to say that the prevailing direction of wind at 
 Chattanooga is southwest, at St. Louis south, at Cincinnati southeast, at Toledo 
 southwest, at Albany south, at "Washington west, at Omaha south, and Pitts- 
 burg northwest. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES. 
 
 The Public School System of Chattanooga is an admirable one, patterned 
 after the best models, and conducted in the most practical, satisfactory manner. 
 There is a Board of Education, sixteen members, and a Superintendent, sixty- 
 2
 
 18 
 
 fonr teachers, five Primary Schools, four Grammar Schools, and two High 
 Schools. These are conducted in six large, convenient, well heated and venti- 
 lated, and thoroughly drained buildings. 
 
 There are four grades in the Primary Schools, four grades in the Grammar 
 Schools, and three classes, junior, middle and senior, in the High Schools. 
 
 LOCATION OP SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 
 
 CHATTANOOGA HIGH SCHOOL, corner of Gillespie and Early streets. 
 
 HOWARD HIGH SCHOOL, Gilmer street. 
 
 FIRST DISTRICT, corner McCallie avenue and Douglas street. 
 
 SECOND DISTRICT, corner of Gillospio and Early streets. 
 
 THIRD DISTRICT, William street. 
 
 GILMBR STREET SCHOOL, Giluier street. 
 
 MONTGOMERY AVENUE SCHOOL, Montgomery aveune. 
 
 There are a number of private schools, which are made necessary by the 
 views of their patrons. These schools are reported to be conducted to the 
 entire satisfaction of those patrons. 
 
 NOTRE DAME DE LOUDRES ACADEMY. 
 
 This School, under control of the Catholic Church, is conducted by the 
 Dominican Sisters. The building is large, conveniently arranged for its pur- 
 poses, and there are praises only for the charming, uniformed women who con- 
 duct it. It is a parochial school, as well as a young ladies' seminary, and the 
 building stands on the Catholic Church square. 
 
 We hazard nothing in affirming that the educational facilities of Chattanooga 
 (see "Chattanooga University," page 29) are all that can be desired, and this 
 opinion is continually being confirmed by families removing to this city to secure 
 the thorough education of their children. 
 
 Not only are the Public School buildingg for the separate education of whites 
 and blacks ample and commodious, they are handsome from an architectural 
 standpoint, and healthful. The colored people are as amply provided for as are 
 the whites. Their teachers are of their own race, without exception. 
 
 THE CHURCHES. 
 
 Chattanoogans, with pardonable pride, point out to visitors their handsome 
 church edifices. The Methodist Episcopal Church, corner of McCallie and 
 Georgia avenues, is of blue limestone, and surmounted by a lofty spire. Its 
 windows attract special attention. Near by, on Gilmer street, the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, South, is of brick, its tall, graceful spire visible from all 
 points in the valley. On the same street, and near to Georgia avenue, is the 
 immense Catholic Church building, flanked by the home of the Dominican 
 Sisters, who teach in the large school building close by, and by the pastor's 
 houne, on Georgia avenue. The First Baptist Church has a massive building, on 
 Georgia avenue, built of pink sandstone, with drab facings, the windows of
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 1'J 
 
 which are wonderfully beautiful ; and on the same avenue, corner of Sev- 
 enth, is the brick structure of the First Presbyterian Church. Close by, on 
 Walnut street, is the tasty, modestly trimmed Church of the Christians; and on 
 Oak street you see the delicate spire of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. 
 
 On the West side of Market, corner of Eighth and Chestnut, is the present 
 edifice of the Second Presbyterian Church. This church is preparing to build a 
 handsome house of worship. 
 
 On the corner of Pine and Seventh is the immense pile known as St. Paul's 
 Protestant Episcopal Church. The Rectory and Parochial School are included 
 in this pile. 
 
 The colored people have erected two handsome ehurch buildings one by the 
 Baptists, on Gilmer, the other by the Methodists, on corner of Lookout and 
 Fifth streets. 
 
 The Jewish Synagogue is on "Walnut street, and is soon to be remodeled and 
 beautified. 
 
 These are the main edifices, but there are quite a number of less expensive 
 buildings in different parts of the city and in the suburbs. The Unitarians 
 worship in the Hall of the Chamber of Commerce, but announce their intention 
 of erecting a house of worship next year. 
 
 THE KAILROADS. 
 
 Not only has Chattanooga a great waterway for the movement of raw mate- 
 rial that does not demand rapid transportation, but it is the terminus of eight 
 trunk railways, that are not only well equipped, but are provided with ampk 
 terminal facilities. 
 
 The "Western & Atlantic was the first railway to enter the valley; it was 5 
 built by the State of Georgia. In the early days of its business, cotton bales 
 were wont to be piled the entire length of Mulberry (now Broad) street, from 
 the river to the railway's freight shed, at Ninth street, awaiting transportation. 
 Then the locomotives and freight cars were but toys in comparison to those of 
 the present day, and complaints of shippers were loud and fierce. The city gave 
 this road a right of way down Mulberry to the river, and that right was not 
 surrendered until 1872. Mulberry street was widened from 60 to 126 feet for the 
 uses of the railroad, and its name was changed to Eailroad avenue. This will 
 yet be the main thoroughfare. 
 
 The Nashville & Chattanooga road came next after the "Western & Atlantic, 
 and gave access to the rich granaries of Middle Tennessee, and also provided a 
 continuous rail from the future capital of Georgia to the capital of Tennessee. 
 This stimulated the building of the Louisville & Nashville. 
 
 The East Tennessee did not at first extend the main line any further than 
 Cleveland, and built a branch to Dalton, Ga., to make connection with the 
 "Western & Atlantic, and supply the South with the surplus of cereals and meat 
 found in East Tennessee. Several years after the opening to Dalton the rnahi 
 line was built into Chattanooga, piercing Missionary Kidge with a tunnel instead
 
 20 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 of going around its northern extremity, as the "Western & Atlantic had done. 
 This road has since built a line from Chattanooga to Atlanta and Macon, con- 
 necting with its road to Brunswick, on the lower Atlantic. 
 
 The Wills Valley Railroad, which was surveyed to Meridian, Miss., in 1847, 
 was running to Trenton, Ga., when the war hegan. After the war it was com- 
 pleted to Meridian and called the Alabama & Chattanooga. Subsequently it 
 was bought by the present owners and the name changed to Alabama Great 
 Southern. 
 
 The Memphis & Charleston, whose rails end at Stephenson, Ala., and whose 
 connections with the East Tennessee system at Chattanooga are made over the 
 rails of the Nashville & Chattanooga, was the great East & "West line when 
 the war began. Its name implies a through rail connection of the Father of 
 "Waters with the broad Atlantic, through Chattanooga, Atlanta, Augusta and 
 Charleston. 
 
 The city of Cincinnati, in full appreciation of its southern trade, built the 
 great Cincinnati Southern through the mountains of Tennessee, boring thirteen 
 tunnels through its ridges, at an expense of over twenty millions of dollars. 
 The owners of the Alabama Great Southern are the lessees of this highway. 
 This and the Louisville & Nashville are competitors for the freights that pass to 
 and through Chattanooga. 
 
 The Chattanooga, Rome <fc Columbus is a new line, opening up a country of 
 great importance to Chattanooga. It passes the battle-field of Chickainauga, and 
 crosses close to Crawfish Spring, over the river that flows out of that spring. 
 
 The Union (or Belt) Railway surrounds the city, and sends out branches to 
 the various suburbs. It has created and maintained those suburbs by low rates 
 and quick service, both of passengers and freights. 
 
 Several railroads are projected one to Augusta, Ga., another to connect with 
 the North Carolina system via Murphy, and a local road to the summit of "Wai- 
 den's Ridge, and Signal Point; the latter the rival of the Point of Lookout. It 
 is also believed that the Memphis & Charleston will extend its rails into Chatta- 
 nooga through South Pittsburg and Sequachee Valley, crossing the Tennessee 
 at Chattanooga. "When this is done, and the bridge is completed over the river, 
 'Dill City" will become the most populous of the suburbs. 
 
 The railroads have made Chattanooga. The chronic war that always exists 
 between railways and cities has not escaped Chattanooga for all that. Hence, 
 the citizens are looking for the completion of the Muscle Shoals Canal with more 
 than ordinary anxiety. They expect to use the river as a liquid club with which 
 to frighten the railways into lower and more equitable rates of freight. But, 
 club or no club, the railroads will remain the great arteries through which will 
 come and go the life blood of Chattanooga. 
 
 The roads to the summit of Lookout were completed in 1887 and in 1889, and 
 are described in the Excursions. They have done much for the comfort of our 
 citizens by furnishing rapid transit during the warm months of summer. They 
 have also added to the importance of the mountain by making its airy summit 
 easy of access to excursionists and pleasure seekers. 
 
 The Electric Railway makes Missionary Ridge even more easy of access than
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 21 
 
 Lookout, and has added greatly to the comforts of the large population now 
 living on that beautiful and historic bill-top. 
 
 Next in importance to the railroads is the great river, whose passage to the 
 Mississippi has been interrupted by the Muscle Shoals. These obstructions and 
 the necessity of removing them are not by any means new discoveries. More 
 than fifty years ago the whole question was discussed by the ablest statesmen 
 and engineers in the country, and it is probable that the pernicious doctrine 
 which prevailed at that time, that the General Government ought not to engage 
 in internal improvements, had a great deal to do with the smallness of the 
 results. 
 
 A few facts will illustrate the importance of this waterway to Chattanooga : 
 
 The Tennessee is open all winter, at the very time when the Northern water 
 routes are frozen up and the railroads are putting on the highest rates. For this 
 reason boats from the Ohio Kiver which are obliged to lay up for the winter, and 
 are so much in danger of ice gorges that Congress has been considering the pro- 
 priety of expending a large sum to build harbors of refuge for them, could 
 aflbrd to come down here during the winter and work for the lowest rates that 
 would pay running expenses. 
 
 The Chattanooga coal and iron fields are 450 miles nearer the mouth of the 
 Ohio River than is the city of Pittsburg, which amounts to saying that we have 
 that distance the start of Pittsburg in reaching any point on the Mississippi, or 
 its western tributaries. Chattanooga has about the same advantage, so far as 
 distance is concerned, that she would have if Pittsburg were located above 
 Bristol, Tenn., and had to run its freights down the river. 
 
 The assurance is given at this writing that before Christmas of 1889 steam- 
 boats will be passing freely through the Muscle Shoals Canal, and Chattanooga 
 will have uninterrupted water transportation connection with the world.
 
 22 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 A TOUR OF THE CITY. 
 
 Let us now conduct the visitor on a short tour of the city, and we will begin 
 at the Union Passenger Depot, if he is willing to our guidance. 
 
 "We drive down Market street, along the fine asphalt pavement, until we 
 reach Fourth street, where stands the principal historical house of the city, the 
 three-story, plain brick building on the southwest corner. It is now the city 
 building, and is flanked by the city jail on the west. It is battered, bolted, and 
 somewhat unshapely, for it was the first brick house erected in the city. It was 
 built in 1840 of the bricks burned with the wood that was cleared off what are 
 now Market and Broad streets, and the owners, Messrs. Whiteside, Williams <fe 
 Bridgeinan, were pronounced the most venturesome of men. 
 
 Drive over to Broad, along Fourth, and then up Broad to Seventh. Go west 
 until you reach the large ecclesiastical pile known as the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church. Take a peep at its unique interior, and then ascend to the summit of 
 Cameron Hill by the road on the eastern brow. "While you ascend, the prospect 
 widens and brightens until the valley of Chattanooga, with its prosperous city, 
 its bright painted suburbs, its forest of brick and iron smoke stacks, its great 
 throbbing, rumbling factories, its iron highways, its historic mountain walls, its 
 vineyards and orchards and majestic river lies beyond and behind you; a beauti- 
 ful panorama, full of color, life and promise for the future. 
 
 The carriage will halt at the base of the now broken flag-staff, that was set 
 up there in 1881, when the stars and stripes were run up to its lofty summit by a 
 member of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland and a member of the 
 specially-organized-for the-occasiou society of ex-Confederates. And when the 
 grand old ensign flashed in the sun of that September day the cannons planted 
 on demolished Fort "Wood poured forth a salute that was echoed by the shouts of 
 the thousands that swarmed upon Cameron Hill and upon the streets of the city 
 below. 
 
 Descending from your carriage, you alight where stood a battery when Gen. 
 Mitchell indulged the diversion one Sunday morning of shelling the city while 
 the people were at prayer. Where you see the fine brick " Central Block," corner 
 of Market and Seventh streets, there stood the Presbyterian Church, which was 
 struck by one of those shells, and dismissed the congregation without a bene- 
 diction. 
 
 Begin" your examination of the panorama at the base of Mount Lookout, just 
 where the "Point" stands out so clear-cut against the southwestern sky. The 
 foliage of the Moccasin conceals the river as it sweeps around the base of the 
 great nb.-tructioii to flow northward again toward the open gateway, which is 
 seen beyond the heart-shaped island directly west. Kaccoon Mountain, 1,000 
 feet above the gently flowing water, forms the western wall of the valley, and a
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 
 
 23 
 
 pillar of the gateway to this valley of imperishable memories. It is only a few 
 hundred yards across the "ankle " to where the tide is parted by an island just 
 as it enters the mountain gorge, hurries on to the Father of Waters, and thence 
 to the gulf. 
 
 "Walden's Ridge, with its level plateau and precipitous bluffs, is dotted with 
 summer houses. Between the river, above which you stand, and the base of 
 this ridge, you can discover a well wooded stretch of land, on whose billowy 
 bosom numerous white cottages nestle in the ample shade. A church steeple 
 assures you of the permanancy of this suburb, now known as "Hill City," and 
 the superb bridge, soon to be thrown over the river, will make it a favorite 
 among the suburban claimants. 
 
 Below you see saw mills and planing mills and the rails of the Union Rail- 
 'way. On the rounded, detached terrace, on the eastern side of your point of 
 observation, are the reservoirs of the water- works, now abandoned for the works 
 described elsewhere. 
 
 Looking due east, and near to the river, you will discover the Confederate 
 monument in the densely shaded "old cemetery"; also the stacks of the water- 
 works and of Citico Blast Furnace. Turning a little to the right the floating en- 
 sign of the Union locates the beautifully kept enclosure of the National Ceme- 
 tery. Beyond these is Missionary Kklge, and dotting the valley from Boyce to 
 East Lake are the suburbs, better seen from the summit of Lookout.
 
 24 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 Ton now see within the corporate limits the University and the spires of the 
 two Methodist and the two Presbyterian churches, and also the towers of the 
 Baptist and of the immense Catholic Church. The court-house, handsomely de- 
 8'gned and honestly erected, stands in the open green beside the -wooden Baptist 
 church. 
 
 Having feasted yonr eyes on this attractive landscape, resume your carriage 
 and begin the descent by the old roadway on the western side. The rocky 
 "point" of Lookout is projected into the air, and to it you see the smoke and 
 steam of factories ascending like incerse an offering of gratitude to that vigi- 
 lant sentinel whose eyes never close in neglectful slumber. 
 
 Your carriage enters the western road at the spot where stood the catafalque, 
 and where the Society of the Army of the Cumberland and the Society of ex- 
 Confederates held memorial services on September 22, 1881, for the President of- 
 the United States, James A. Garfield, whose remains were then lying in state at 
 the nation's capital. Surely that spot was marie sacred by those tearful services. 
 
 We are unable to paint the scenes of that memorable day on Cameron Hill. 
 On the extreme summit, which you have just left, and on the brow overlooking 
 the Tennessee, had been reared the flag-staff, now gone to decay ; and a garrison 
 flag, heavily draped, lay with its halyards at the base of the pole. An immense 
 multitude, representing every race and color that has sought an asylum in our 
 great country, stood around, leaving only a small open space for the ceremonies. 
 Along the slope, down to the canopied stand on which the orations were to be pro- 
 nounced, stood the waiting thousands. The sun poured down its fierce meridian 
 rays, unobscured by a single cloud, but there was not a murmur. Southward 
 arose grand old Lookout, like a sentinel above the Moccasin Bend, and guarding 
 the approach to the sacred spot where slept the brave men who made the distant 
 fields of Missionary Ridge and Chickamauga immortal. Up from the city came 
 the long procession of ex-Federal and ex-Confederate soldiers, their banners 
 draped and drooping, and their bands playing solemn music. There was naught 
 of gaud or display ; it was a long funeral cortege, a tribute of love to him whose 
 ashes lay in state at the capitol of the republic. 
 
 The canopied stand, heavily draped, had a large portrait of the martyred 
 President suspended in the center. In front of the rostrum was an inclosure, iu 
 the center of which was a beautiful catafalque covered with white cloth and 
 decorated with the choicest of cut-flower emblems, vines and evergreens. On 
 the summit of that flowery pyramid an immense urn was surmounted by a floral 
 < ross and crown. This was the work of the ladies of Chattanooga, a committee 
 of whom tsat at its base during the ceremonies. 
 
 Soon the procession reached the hill-top and the base of the flag-staff. The 
 marshals of both armies approached the staff and saluted. The two chiefs 
 grasped the halyards, the baud rent the air with the " Star Spangled Banner," the 
 artillery at Fort "Wood fired a salve of thirty-eight guns. Up went the old flag, 
 the halyards moving under the hands of an ex- Federal and an ex-Confederate, 
 and as the breeze caught up the graceful folds of that most beautiful of ensigns, 
 the war-worn veterans went wild with delight. Cheer after cheer rent the air 
 T heu the band played " Dixie," and the enthusiasm arose almost to madness.
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 25 
 
 Men who once were enemies threw their hats into the air and rushed into each 
 other's armw, and on the summit of Cameron Hill, in full view of Lookout, Mis- 
 sion Ridge and Chickamauga, and of the National and Confederate Cemeteries, 
 the American Union was irrevocably restored beyond the disintegrating power 
 of demagogue or madman. 
 
 Presently the thrilling notes of the band changed to a dirge. The flag slowly 
 descended to half mast, hats were removed and a hush pervaded the multitude 
 that a moment before was wild with excitement. Every eye was moist with 
 tears of sympathy for the sweet, good woman who then sat by the bier of him 
 the nation delighted to honor. 
 
 The procession returned to the rostrum, which was already packed with dis- 
 tinguished ex-Confederate and Federal officers. The space around the inclosure 
 containing the catafalque was so densely packed that several fainted. When 
 the procession occupied the space allowed them, there was not a green spot or 
 Cameron Hill visible to the tallest man who stood upon the raised platform ; i> 
 was covered with a mass of human beings, densely packed, and awaiting with 
 bated breath the utterings of the Confederate welcome. 
 
 Following the addresses, made by S. A. Key for the Confederates and by J. 
 "W. Keifer for the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, came the requiem 
 services, led by Rev. J. "W. Bachman, D. D., an ex- Confederate colonel. The 
 music, the prayer, the Scriptures, the addresses, the sorrowing Templars and 
 weeping women, were all in unison a tribute of love to the martyred, and an 
 expression of affection and sympathy for the bereaved widow and fatherless 
 children. At its conclusion, the people silently descended the hill, and those 
 who stood near the catafalque begged far the flowers and vines to carry home as 
 *acred memorials of the tender occasion. 
 
 As yon continue the descent, you see on the narrow strip of laud between 
 mount and river the planing mill of Hughes A Co., the electric light plant, the 
 buildings of the Roane Iron Company's steel mill, and the plant of Montague 
 <fc Co., where are made fire-bricks and vitrified sewer pipes in very large 
 quantities. 
 
 Instruct your hackman to drive out Magazine street to Terrace, where yon 
 will find several of the handsomest residences of the city. The circuit of the 
 Terrace is made around the elegant residence of Capt H. S. Chamberlain, and a 
 .good view is obtained of the Tannery plant of Fayerweather & Ladew, in the 
 centre of which is securely sandwiched the lofty stack, cupola and outlying 
 buildings of the Chattanooga Iron Company's blast furnace. 
 
 Admission to this Tannery, one of the largest in the world, is obtained at the 
 office, and you are conducted over acres of concealed vats, in which lie thousands 
 upon thousands of hides ; on by the currying department, where scores of sable 
 artists, with huge knives, raise a scent that excells attar of roses; through 
 miles of leather, bark, leeches and drying-houses. You will see thousands of 
 gallons of bark coffee, heaps of white hair suitable for the making of camel's 
 hair shawls, thousands of cords of oak bark awaiting the embraces of the huge 
 coffee mills; enormous sheds full of belt leather, and then the clever acting 
 machinery that has made dismantled sad irons no longer a necessity to the
 
 26 
 
 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 shoemaker; the oiling and drying apparatus, and finally the loading of the com- 
 pleted stock for shipment to the hydraulic presses of Now York. The " sight" 
 repays a journey from New England. 
 
 If time permits, visit the Blast Furnace, examine its mighty blowers, its huge 
 cupola, its seventy times heated "stoves." its batteries of boilers, its storing 
 sheds for ore, coke and limestone. But most interesting is the making of a cast, 
 when the molten iron rushes down a narrow channel, and is adroitly turned into 
 the "sows," which feed the pigs on both sides, until thirty tons of the metal 
 lies steaming in its beds of sand. And when the iron has all run out, the pyro- 
 technics that follow exceed anything possible to less ambitious appliances. It 
 is believed by some that the attendants on such performances should hold a 
 lively appreciation of the startling possibilities of a life of depravity. 
 
 Now take your carriage and drive out Montgomery avenue, noting the hand- 
 some public school building recently erected for colored children. You whirl 
 over the smooth macadamized road until you reach the great stone gateway of the 
 
 NATIONAL CEMETERY. 
 
 As you approach the sacred enclosure the magnificent gateway looms up 
 before you. It is built of Alabama limestone, with an archway 37 feet in height, 
 In which swings a heavy iron gate. This gateway cost $17,000 by special con- 
 tract. While you halt, as the gate turns on its binges to allow you ingress, you 
 will read the following inscription on the entablature: 
 
 NATIONAL MILITARY CEMKTRRY. 
 CUATTANOOGA, A. D., 1363.
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 27 
 
 Passing under the lofty arch, you again halt upon the beautiful white gravel, 
 and, turning around, read on the inside entablature this inscription : 
 
 HERE REST IN PEACE 12,956 CITIZENS, 
 
 WHO DIED FOR THEIR COUNTRY 
 
 IN THE YEARS 1861 TO 1865. 
 
 You now drive slowly around the graveled walk, beside the dense and close- 
 clipped osage hedge, which nearly conceals the well-coped wall that entirely 
 surrounds the inclosure. The cemetery is circular, nearly one mile in circum- 
 ference, and contains 75i acres. It was purchased at a cost of $15,000. In the 
 centre rises a knoll fully 100 feet above the avenue on which you drive, and the 
 grounds slope down to this exterior avenue in the most beautiful and undulating 
 manner. It is well covered with blue-grass, which the diligent superintendent 
 keeps closely shaven. Ou these verdant slopes are nineteen special interment 
 sections, each marked by a small grauite obelisk, and lettered A to S; and these 
 are surrounded by the small white marble head and foot-stones. These sections 
 are of different forms, in the arrangement of the graves, some forming triangles, 
 others oblongs, others squares, others parallelograms, and others circles, while 
 section E forms a shield. 
 
 Starting from the gateway and turning to your right, you will reach Section 
 S., where are the private monuments of Major T. J. Carlile, Capt. B. S. Nickliu 
 and wife, Capt. W. H. McDevitt, Capt, G. A. M. Estes and Dr. R. N. Barr. 
 
 Just above this is Section H., where, in a semi-circle, lie the ashes of the 
 seven men who were hung for the capture of the passenger locomotive "Gen- 
 eral," at Big Shanty, on the Western & Atlantic Railroad, in 1862. You can 
 leave your carriage and go on foot over the green sward to this section, and 
 there you will find names on the headstoues thus : Samuel Slovins, S. Robert- 
 son, G. D. Wilson, Marion Ross, W. Campbell, P. G. Shadrach, John Scott all 
 of Ohio. 
 
 On the 6th day of March, 1889, the Legislature of Ohio appropriated $5,000 
 for the erection of a monument to the memory of these brave men. We are 
 told they were a picked company from a large number, each man being pecu- 
 liarly fitted for certain railway work. One or more had been locomotive 
 engineers, others were firemen, telegraphers, and each man knew just what duty 
 he would be assigned to. The capture of the engine and the race from Big 
 Shanty to the point near this city where they abandoned the engine and took to 
 the woods and were captured and hung is well known history. They took their 
 lives in their hands and they lost them. 
 
 The leader of this party, J. J. Andrews, was interred in this section on Sun- 
 day, October 16, 1887, with appropriate ceremonies. The writer of these lines 
 was one of the military witnesses of the death of Andrews, and he hereby bears 
 testimony that he died as does a fearless man. 
 
 You will continue (on foot) while your carriage drives around to meet you 
 before the Superintendent's Lodge, till you reach the summit of the knoll. On 
 this summit is the flag-staff, on which floats the Ensign of the Union, and the
 
 28 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 great brick rostrum of 40 x 20 feet area, 5 feet high, with handsome cut-stone 
 coping and an interior carpet ol velvety grass. An open roof of purloins and 
 joists is supported by 12 square pillars, and these are covered with the ivy, 
 woodbine and climbing vines so plentifully planted around the base. 
 
 Surrounding this rostrum is a close -shaven lawn, dotted with trees and 
 shrubs, on which stand on end four immense cannons. One of these has the 
 regulation shield, in bronze, on which is engraved, in raised letters: 
 
 UNITKD STATES 
 NATIONAL MILITARY CEMETERY, 
 
 CHATTANOOGA. 
 ESTABLISHED. - 1863. 
 
 The cemetery was established under an order of General Thomas, issued 
 December 25, 1863 
 
 The records in the Superintendent's office give the following details : 
 
 First interment, February 18, 1863. 
 
 Officers 204 
 
 White soldiers, known 6 804 
 
 White soldiers, unknown 4,94311,747 
 
 Colored soldiers, known 885 
 
 Colored soldiers, unknown 20 905 
 
 Civilians 154 
 
 Total interments to May 15, 1889 13,010 
 
 The only large monument in the cemetery is the one erected to the Dead of 
 the 4th Army Corps, and is a handsome marble obelisk, rising from a plinth 
 properly inscribed on all sides. There are several private monuments. One in 
 Section C to Lieut.-Col. J. B. Taft, of New York, and one in Section F to Dr. 
 A. L. Cox, of the 20th Corps. In Section E is one to Maj. S. F. McKeehan, of 
 Indiana, and one to Lieut. Adam Lowry, of Pennsylvania. In Section A is a 
 monument to Capt. J. H. Lereve, of Indiana; one to Col. G. de Mihalotzy, of 
 Illinois, and one to Capt. W. C. Russell, A. A. G. In Section D is a monument 
 to Capt. J. Gunsenhouser, of Indiana. 
 The following is a 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 By States of the interments : 
 
 United States Regulars 203 
 
 Alabama 38 
 
 Connecticut 20 
 
 Georgia 11 
 
 Illinois 1.103 
 
 Indiana 1 338 
 
 Iowa 187 
 
 Kansas 58 
 
 Kentucky 369 
 
 Maryland 2 
 
 Maine 1 
 
 Massachusetts 73 
 
 Michigan 489 
 
 Minnesota .. 107 
 
 Missouri 168 
 
 New Jersey 32 
 
 New York 346 
 
 Ohio 1,823 
 
 Pennsylvania 198 
 
 Rhode Island 2 
 
 Tennessee 133 
 
 Wisconsin 238 
 
 West Virginia 3 
 
 Pioneers 5 
 
 Signal Corps 3 
 
 Employes 14 
 
 Miscellaneous 5,018 
 
 Colored . 885
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 
 
 29 
 
 The Government built the macadamized road from Montgomery avenue to the 
 Cemetery gate. This is thirty feet wide. The right of way is 80 feet wide, and 
 shade trees will be planted on both sides the entire distance. It is a pity that 
 this drive is somewhat neglected. 
 
 The total expense of the Cemetery up to January 1, 1889, was $215,000 in 
 round numbers. It is now the second National Cemetery in point of beauty, and 
 if improvements continue it will soon be second to none. 
 
 No visitor to Chattanooga should fail to include this lovely City of the Dead 
 in excursions. Its beautiful lawn, shade trees and flowering shrubs, its roses 
 and trailing vines, make it all that affection and patriotism could desire. It is 
 sad to remember that thirteen thousand brave men sleep beneath this emerald 
 carpet, but the patriot finds consolation in the memory that they died for their 
 country. 
 
 After registering at the Superintendent's lodge, you will resume your carriage. 
 Passing under the archway again you are driven to the elevated site known as 
 Fort "Wood, near which stand the huge filters of the water-works. There, amid 
 piles of material for the building of the residences going up all around, you 
 have a very effective view of the valley of Chattanooga. 
 
 From Fort "Wood you drive to the 
 
 CHATTANOOGA UNIVERSITY, 
 
 an imposing stucture, which is easily discovered from the cars of each of the 
 railways that enter the city. It is the educational building erected by the
 
 80 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, whose beautiful house of worship is at the western 
 terminus of McCallie avenue. This institution was chartered July 9, 1886, and 
 the main building was completed September 16, 1886. The first term began on 
 September 15th. It has a full corps of teachers, and four schools are organized : 
 Academic, Collegiate and Art. There is a good library and good apparatus. 
 This school was consolidated with the one at Athens in 1889, and is now known 
 as the "Grant Memorial University." The real estate and endowments of these 
 consolidated schools are put down at $500,000. "The University is not operated 
 for financial profit, and uses its large revenues in reducing the cost of an educa- 
 tion to students." 
 
 The two-story brick building west of the campus is the "Central High 
 School " of the city system of public schools. It is more commodious than 
 beautiful. 
 
 You can now drive down the northern slope of the college eminence and visit 
 the 
 
 COBPKDERATK CBMKTKRY.
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 31 
 
 There lie thousands of those who wore the gray, beneath the shade of weep- 
 ing willows, with graves unmarked, while a monument, with a shaft thirty feet 
 in height, stands on the highest spot in the enclosure, bearing the simple in- 
 scription, "Our Confederate Dead." Mrs. G. C. Connor was president of the 
 association of ladies who built it, and Mr. "W. D. Van Dyke was their treasurer. 
 Maj. G. C. Connor was the designer of the monument. United States troops, 
 with Capt. Cochran at their head, entered this cemetery with reversed arms, the 
 band of his regiment (Col. "Wheaton's) preceding them, and participated in the 
 laying of the corner-stone, which was laid by Hon. Jas. D. Richardson, then 
 Grand Master of Freemasons, and now member of Congress. The larger portion 
 of the fund that reared this monument was contributed by Northern-born resi- 
 dents of Chattanooga. Such is the spirit that has animated our people since 
 1870. Such is the spirit that animates the entire South to-day. 
 
 Blot out the lines that would divide 
 
 And desecrate our sod ; 
 Bind close our States, give us one law, 
 
 One Union and one God. 
 
 And may we not hope that that spirit will spread until it animates the entire 
 nation, and its government shall recognize in these brave defenders of their prin- 
 ciples gallant citizens of the United States. The grassy, shaded necropolis is 
 indeed a sacred memory of American valor. 
 
 From the Confederate Cemetery you drive to your hotel along Vine street, 
 passing the Orphans' Home, the brilliant edifice of the First Baptist Church and 
 the court-house. "When driving down Seventh you will turn into Market street. 
 You soon reach the 
 
 UNION PASSENGER DEPOT. 
 
 All travelers admire this handsome depot, into which most of the railways 
 run their trains. It contains two waiting-rooms and a ladies' parlor, baggage- 
 room, telegraph office, ticket office, dining-room, lunch-stand, kitchen, and 
 seven handsome offices up stairs. The seatings are solid walnut, elegantly 
 finished. The mantels are slate and marble, and the chandeliers of modern de- 
 signs. Electric lamps, in addition to the gas, illuminate the building. The main 
 corridor is paved with Georgia marble. The front is of Zanesville pressed brick, 
 with black cut joints, and a fine clock decorates the cupola. Two grass plats, 
 surrounded by a massive curbing and pavement, lie between its front and the 
 street. All the conveniences are well up to the demands of the times, and the 
 city, as well as the railways, are justly proud of it. 
 
 Should you stop at the Stanton, you will go up Ninth street from the Union 
 Depot and pass the place where the Government is erecting the Custom-house 
 on "Stone Fort," a lofty site, with solid rock foundation. You will reach en 
 route the 
 
 CENTRAL RAILWAY STATION. 
 
 This spacious depot was erected by the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pa- 
 cific Railway Company. In addition to the arrival and departure of their own
 
 32 
 
 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 trains, those of the East Tennessee, Virginia <fe Georgia, of the Memphis <fc 
 Charleston, and of the Chattanooga, Rome & Columbus stop there on their 
 way in and out of the city. The open train shed is supplemented by handsome 
 waiting-rooms, lunch-stand and all modern comforts. 
 
 You are now ready for dinner, and there are three first-class hotels, that are 
 supplemented by a large number of smaller ones, in which you can obtain it. A. 
 tour of the Industries may be made after you are refreshed.
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 33 
 
 EXCURSIONS TO LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 
 
 There are three routes to the Summit of historic Lookout one, the oldest, by 
 carriage up the well-kept St. Elmo Turnpike, another up the standard gauge 
 "Lookout Mountain Railroad," and the other up the "Incline" and along the 
 Narrow Gauge to Sunset Rock. 
 
 1. BY CARRIAGE UP ST. ELMO TURNPIKE. 
 
 Taking your carriage early in the morning, you will drive out Whiteside 
 street, by the murky stacks of Lookout Rolling Mill, the Stove and the Pipe 
 Works, and in full view of the busy valley and its hundred factories, crossing on 
 the tall iron bridge over Chattanooga Creek, while you gaze at the projecting 
 mass called the "Point," now clearly defined against the western sky. 
 
 Having reached the foot of the mountain, you begin the ascent of the St. 
 Elmo road. You drive by easy grades to the bluff overlooking Cascade Glen; 
 then you descend to the bridge that crosses the brook, dashing along its rocky, 
 precipitous bottom to the valley beyond. The ascent grows steeper over the 
 remainder of the road, while passing in full view of the glen, every foot of 
 which reveals new beauties and wonders. When you reach the summit you 
 debouch on the regular mountain road. Then you look back into the glen, and 
 gaze on its silvery brook, rushing over abrupt precipices, winding around im- 
 mense bowlders, or singing along over its pebbly bottom till it is lost in the 
 dense foliage beyond the bridge. On either side the precipitous mountains close 
 in the view, and on a spur which projects into the glen, on the south side, you 
 catch a glimpse of the old United States Hospital, on its lofty perch, and ex- 
 claim, as thousands have done before, " What a lovely spot for a hotel." 
 
 Having reached the summit, you instruct the driver to turn his horses toward 
 Rock City. The drive is not as smooth as a boulevard, but its very ruggedness 
 adds to your enjoyment of the scenery. You dash along between the trees, 
 when suddenly you are in fall view of the ruins of the immense wooden build- 
 ings erected for a hospital by General Thomas, in 1864-5, at a cost of $285,000, 
 when General King was encamped with the 15th, 16th, 18th and 19th regulars on 
 the camp ground west of Rock City, and through the ruined chimneys of which 
 you will pass en route to Lulu Lake. At the close of the war these buildings 
 were purchased by the philanthropist, Mr. Robert, and used as a school for boys 
 and girls. The venture proved a failure, and the school was closed. Then the 
 buildings were removed, little by little, until scarcely any remain. 
 
 Having passed over the branch of Cascade Glen, and ascended to the ridge on 
 which stood this big building, you turn to the left into an almost abandoned 
 road that leads you to the northern entrance of 
 
 ROCK VILLAGE. 
 
 You descend from your carriage and walk through a stone gateway that is 
 formed by two rocks sixty feet high and fifty feet apart, each surmounted by a
 
 34 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 cone resembling a sentinel. Stopping a moment at the round-table, you pass 
 under the broken arch, leaving the "Witches Grotto," on your left, and pres- 
 ently you are in the " Coliseum," its massive ruins lying about in endless con- 
 fusion. Your carriage has gone around by the highlands, and awaits you in tho 
 " suburbs." 
 
 Yov now stroll down the graveled walk and halt at Payne's Spring, gushing 
 from a square opening in the rock, and taste its cool, freestone water. Then 
 you walk around some more "ruins," and turn to the ''Point,'' from which you 
 can look up Payne's Ravine, on the left, its rocky walls pierced by numerous 
 caves. On your right, the beautiful valley, hundreds of feet below, tempts you 
 to descend to its green shadiness. Returning, you pass between the " Sisters" 
 and the immense conglomerate, perched on one leg, called the "Pedestal.' 
 Here you see the " Ostrich Egg," which some fool soldiers overturned during the 
 war, and just beyond is the immense mass called " Elephant Rock." 
 
 Avoiding the prickly cactus, which pierce your gloves and hands if you touch 
 them, and feasting your eyes on the exquisite mosses, ferns and lichens, you bid 
 adieu to the suburbs of Rock Village, re-euter your carriage, and drive over to 
 
 ROCK CITY. 
 
 A short walk between the trees brings you to the " Grand Corridor," the walls 
 of which exclude the rays of the sun. You enter the narrow streets, whose 
 mighty walls are conglomerate, and which are washed entirely smooth, rising 
 sixty feet in height, and in many cases closing to less than a foot's distance 
 apart. 
 
 One street leads up to the "Fat Man's Misery," a narrow and precipitous 
 pass to the summit of the rocky battlements. If unable to ascend this pass, you 
 can return and go around by the path you entered ; but if you are small and spry 
 enough to ascend there, you can walk along the battlements, jumping over the 
 deep crevices between there and "Rook City Bluff'." This is the wildest view 
 on the mountain, overlooking the valley of Chattanooga, hundreds of feet below. 
 It gives you a glimpse of the battle-fields of Chickarnauga and Missionary Ridge, 
 and an excellent view of Chattanooga and of the Tennessee River. 
 
 After testing the seats and niches of this bluff, you can visit the " Smoking 
 Parlor," which is formed by an overhanging rock, with convenient seats scat- 
 tered about. You next descend to "Rock City Avenue" through a narrow 
 gateway, and find tfce street covered with loam, well shaded with elms and pop- 
 lars, streams crossing it at various points, while narrow streets from other parts 
 of the city oorne in through its tall conglomerate walls in a number of places. 
 This is a favorite resort for picnic parties, being cool, well shaded, and supplied 
 with delicious water. About one hundred yards from its southern entrance is 
 the "Anvil Rock." 
 
 Prom this southern entrance you can drive to Chickamauga Bluff (a mile 
 way), over which pours a stream of crystal water one hundred and fifty feet 
 perpendicular, and from which point you can see distant Eagle Cliff, and Lulu 
 Falls, the latter gleaming in the sunlight like a ribbon of silver. 
 
 You may now drive back by Rock City and out between the ruins of the
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 80 
 
 chimneys of the Camping Ground, and turn your horses toward Lulu Lake. 
 Take the upper, or right-hand road, which is a very fair mountain highway. 
 You pass the "Georgia Chalybeate Springs," and soon after passing "Two Mile 
 Tree" you reach Jackson's Hill, where charming glimpses are obtained of the 
 Chattanooga and Lookout valleys on either side, and the white walls of the 
 buildings around ancient Summer Town. In front you behold lofty High Point 
 and Rising Fawn Bluff, resembling a cross range of mountains. Over "rough 
 and rugged ways " you continue until at last you reach 
 
 LULA LAKE AND "WOODBINE FALLS. 
 
 Quitting your carriage at the site of a once popular refreshment booth, you 
 will descend to the rocky banks of Rock Creek, which pours down through lofty 
 ledges, between mountains rising up into the clouds, and halt at "Woodbine 
 Falls, a sloping ledge, about thirty feet high, down which the brook pours into 
 the blue waters of the circular basin called Lulu Lake. In spring the woodbine 
 and honeysuckle bloom here in great profusion. You walk carefully along the 
 northern ledge until you reach a projecting cliff of the stone wall, that looks 
 down upon the stream, three hundred feet below. Here you take a rocky seat 
 
 SADDLE ROCK. 
 
 and feast your eyes on the sublime scene. Just above is the little brook pouring 
 down "Woodbine Falls into a circular basin resembling an inverted washbowl, 
 about two hundred feet in circumference, and over fifty feet deep. After caress- 
 ing the crystal lakelet, this scurrying brook escapes from the east side, rushes
 
 36 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 along a shelving channel and pours over a tall, curved precipice in silvery white- 
 ness, forming the beautiful Lulu Falls, which you saw from Chickamauga Bluff. 
 On the left are Chickamauga Bluff and Eagle Cliff, and the valley of Chicka- 
 mauga is seen through the wildest of ravines, that begins at your feet. 
 
 Many prefer to cross the brook above Woodbine Falls and follow the path- 
 way around the lake and the point to the base of the falls. Such can enter be- 
 neath the falls a capacious cavern, an exceedingly refreshing spot on a summer's 
 day. 
 
 After feasting your eyes on this wild, weird scene, you resume your carriage 
 and turn homewards. Having reached the road that leads to the "Natural 
 Bridge" you will drive there at once. 
 
 The "Natural Bridge" property belongs to the Spiritualists, who have 
 erected there an amphitheatre in which to hold their summer conventions. 
 The "Bridge," the "Old Man of the Mountain" and the "Telephone Rock" are 
 attractions and worthy of a visit. 
 
 From the "Natural Bridge" you can walk over to the Broad Gauge Railroad 
 and ride down to the park, or you can continue on with your carriage to the 
 southern terminus of the Narrow Gauge, just above Sunset Rock. 
 
 2. BY THE STANDARD GAUGE RAILROAD. 
 
 You will go to the Union depot and board a train of the Union, or Belt, 
 Railroad early in the morning if you desire to make the entire tour of the moun- 
 tain. It will be prudent, if you intend visiting the "city" and the lake, to tele- 
 phone from your hotel to have a carriage in waiting when your train arrives at 
 the Lookout Mountain House on the summit. 
 
 You will be comfortably conveyed through the valley, and by the pretty 
 suburb, St. Elmo, and delivered at Mountain Junction in twenty minutes. 
 There a climbing locomotive, equipped with all the appliances of strength and 
 safety things so necessary to mountain climbing will seize hold of your coach 
 and dash away with it up the bosom of the lofty hill at a speed of twenty miles 
 an hour. The ascent is thrilling. First, a glimpse of St. Elmo, then a look of 
 a few minutes' duration at that solemnly beautiful city of the dead, called For- 
 est Hills; presently a vision of the valley, and of its suburbs leaning against 
 Missionary Ridge, and then Chattanooga, reaching out to possess the land, which 
 the broad, gently flowing river has limited only for a season. 
 
 Up and up and up races the iron horse, until he dashes into the field of the 
 " Battle Above the Clouds." There it shrieks a halt, and cutting loose hurriea 
 to the rear of your coach. Again it ascends, but in the opposite direction, and 
 its speed is not slackened. The galleried "Point Hotel" hangs out threaten- 
 ingly upon a terrace 200 feet above, and the sheer precipices frown their disap- 
 probation of this noisy intrusion. Their immensity fills you with awe. The 
 ladies on the galleries of the summer cottages, on the lower terrace, more hos- 
 pitable than the beetling cliffs, wave their welcome to these lofty eyries with 
 handkerchiefs and veils. And while you return the salutations the train dashes 
 under the trestle of the "Incline" and speeds upward with quick pulsation!
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 37 
 
 until it rounds the bluff where stands "Lookout Mountain House" and its 
 smiling cottages. The giant halts and you may alight. 
 
 You will now repair to the hotel and secure your carriage, as aforesaid, if 
 you intend visiting Rock City and Lulu Lake. But before starting walk over to 
 the bluff, on which stands a pretty summer-house. There you have a charming 
 view of the valley, with the low line of Missionary Ridge on the east, and of 
 the silvery river laving the feet of the city towards the north. Beyond Mission- 
 ary Kidge are the foot hills that recall Chickamauga. 
 
 On this spot is frequently seen a remarkable phenomenon at sunrise. The 
 valley is then filled up with a dense fog, entirely concealing it and the city, 
 though not reaching quite up to the level of your point of observation. The 
 sun, rising over Missionary Ridge, gives the white mist the appearance of the 
 ocean, its waves rolling over the ridges, while the higher peaks of the foot hills 
 loom up like islands in an Archipelago. The scene is indescribably lovely. 
 
 In the afternoons of summers there are other visions of loveliness, and which 
 are never seen outside of such environments. Seated on this bluff you will fre- 
 quently discover wreaths .of vapor gracefully ascending here and there in the 
 sunshine, to be kissed by cooling breezes, and descend in showers of pearls. 
 The writer has counted as many as fifteen of those sunshine showers falling at 
 one time in the valley beneath you, each shower bedewing an area of only a few 
 hundred yards. The rainbow effects which sometimes accompany these showers 
 are like those that were known to Solomon, when he said, "It compasseth the 
 heaven about with a glorious circle, and the hands of the Most High have bended 
 it." He who would attempt to paint such beauty must first dip his brush in 
 dyes of heaven. 
 
 To visit Rock City and Lulu Lake follow the directions given in Route No. 1. 
 But if you do not wish to drive there you can stroll along the brow of the moun- 
 tain, or go over to the "Natural Bridge House" on foot. 
 
 If you do not alight from the train at Lookout Mountain House your train 
 will whirl you over a tall trestle, beyond the Natural Bridge House, with its 
 cottages and amphitheater, until the site of the park is reached, in which they 
 are erecting a magnificent hotel. 
 
 From the park station you go on foot to the "Point." Do not halt at "Rock 
 Bluff"; it will mar the effects of the vision at the "Point." Neither should 
 you stop to climb "Observation Rock," or insist upon having a glimpse from 
 "Signal Rock." Do not indulge more than a glance at curious "Umbrella 
 Rock," but rush right down to the " Point." There you will be entranced. 
 
 And before we speak of the "Point" let us inhale a fragrant breath of these 
 glorious mountains. Surely the prophecy of the wrapt Isaiah is here fulfilled : 
 Tea, verily, the mountains and the hills break forth into singing, and all the 
 trees of the valley do clap their hands for joy. These lofty hills raise their 
 voices to the heavens, while the vales around, with their groves and streams, 
 and human life, resound the notes, and "Let us worship God," they say with 
 solemn sound. 
 
 447932
 
 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 POINT." 
 
 38 
 
 Nothing short of the divinely imparted descriptive afflatus is sufficient DOTT. 
 The view is unobstructed beautiful, sublime. Down from the mountains of 
 East Tennessee, North Carolina and Virginia flows the broad Tennessee, gleam- 
 ing in silvery whiteness through the purple haze that hangs over the hills, and 
 lovingly entering the valley that lies at your feet. The piers of the Cincinnati 
 railway bridge show you where Sherman crossed that river and scaled the heights 
 the morning of the battle of Missionary Ridge. Bejond the flag that floats 
 %bove the National City of the Dead is Orchard Knob, the headquarters of Grant,
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN 39 
 
 and on the Ridge, due east of where you stand, a lone tree marks the site of the 
 headquarters of Bragg. What memories these historic spots recall ! 
 
 In front of your lofty observatory is "Moccasin Bend," which the river haa 
 formed from the tongue of land that separates Chattanooga from the ridges on 
 the west. Note the toe, the heel, the ankle, the almost perfect image of the 
 Indian shoe. In the early summer the fields of waving grain, interspersed with 
 patches of meadow and shade, give impressions of a beautiful garden, fenced 
 with silver, and guarded from rude approach of storms by forest-clad hills just 
 above the ankle. Many a lady has exclaimed, "It is an exquisite crazy quilt," 
 and not a few masculines have poetically declared, "It is Eden." 
 
 Between you and the city, which spreads out around the base of Cameron 
 Hill its avenues and public buildings plainly visible, its very house signs being 
 easily read with a glass is the manufacturing district, the smoke of whose fac- 
 tories form a veil over the houses of the operatives. Ah ! there is the source of 
 Chattanooga's prosperity, and we will go with you to these factories to-morrow. 
 Let us further scan the landscape. 
 
 On the northern extremity of Missionary Eidge we can detect among the 
 heavy foliage the cottages and church spire of "Sherman Heights," the farthest 
 away of our suburbs. Just a little beyond, at the base, is the village of Boyce, 
 the junction of the Cincinnati Southern and the "Western & Atlantic Railways. 
 Nearer in are the cottages of "Stanley Town," a suburb set apart to colored 
 people exclusively. Foaming up on the bosom of the ridge is the pretty suburb 
 of Ridgedale, and as you peer through the haze, just over the beetling cliff be- 
 yond the photograph gallery you catch a glimpse of pretty East Lake, Chatta- 
 nooga's favorite valley resort in the summer. Perhaps your eye can follow the 
 train of the Union Railway as it winds around the lake on its way back to the city. 
 
 No pen, no matter how deeply dipped in romance, poetry and imagination, 
 can describe the landscape you now behold. N"or is it in limner's power to 
 transfer to canvas this prospect of hills and vales, of streams and lawns, of 
 spires and factories, for the scene is ever changing, ever new ; and with its shad- 
 ing of sun and cloud never like what it was an hour before. There are loftier 
 mountains, more sublime stretches of precipice and beetling cliff, taller peaks 
 and deeper gorges, but there is no spot on this western world where beauty is so 
 charmingly united to sublimity, and where one's soul is so thrilled without being 
 awed by appalling surroundings. 
 
 Glance at the two pretty streams that bend and curve through the valleys 
 on each side of you and empty their excess of fructifying blessings into the river 
 in front ; look away beyond Sunset Rock to the last of the Appalachian hills 
 vanishing on the plains of Alabama, and then look up to the great plateau of the 
 Cumberland, where is established the University of the South, and the Southern 
 Chautauqua Monteagle. This mountain wall divides Tennessee into Eastern 
 and Middle. Turn around, and the mountains you see away to the north and 
 east are in Yinginia, the Carolinas and Georgia. Directly eastward, and beyond 
 Missionary Ridge, are the mountains that bound the battle-field of Chickamauga 
 and through which Sherman marched and fought to Atlanta. Five States com- 
 pose this glorious panorama.
 
 40 
 
 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 41 
 
 On the west the mountain wall is pierced by a gateway, through which the 
 Tennessee flows out of this valley on its way to the sea. Reluctantly does this 
 mountain give it passage, for the broken edges of the chasm abut right on the 
 water's edge for miles. And the river itself appears to leave with equal reluc- 
 tance, while it forms an island-heart as a symbol of its affection lor the vale it is 
 Jeaving. And ever and anon this seemingly gentle stream rises up to emphasize 
 its affection for the enchanted valley, by embracing the lowlands and bathing 
 the dusty feet of the highlands. Thousands annually reciprocate this affection 
 by floating on its placid bosom, in excursions, through the exquisite scenery its 
 channel has created. 
 
 While you gaze on all this loveliness you can scarcely bo persuaded that 
 twenty-five years ago these now peaceful valleys were filled with armed men, 
 thirsting for each others blood ; and that up the slope of that mountain where 
 now are white houses, orchards and vineyards, these same armed men rushed 
 through a storm of iron hail. But the emerald green knoll over yonder, 
 with wall and massive gateway, and dotted with specks of white marble, tell 
 the story of those terrible days. And that melancholy story is continued in an- 
 other green spot, shaded by elms and willows, near the bank of the river. There 
 the heroes of the blue and the grey await the resurrection trump. 
 
 Leaving the "Point," you take the pathway that leads by the "Umbrella" 
 to the stairs that descend from Roper's Rock. Descending these steps and the 
 rugged pathway you quickly reach the platform of the Narrow Gauge Railway, 
 and the lower gallery of Lookout Point Hotel. Prom this platform you will 
 take the train for 
 
 SUNSET ROOK. 
 
 Lookout Valley, with its green fields, white houses, meandering brooks and 
 iron highways, is in full view from the windows of your car. The Tennessee 
 disappears just as a locomotive screams good-bye while the train hurries away 
 into Alabama. 
 
 Soon you reach the Rock, which is projected boldly out from the mountain, 
 and on which a photograph gallery is securely anchored. Prom this point, in 
 mid-air, the Confederates watched the Federals maneuvering for the relief of the 
 garrison of Chattanooga. And here is frequently seen as brilliant sunsets as 
 occur in any part of the world. In certain kinds of weather the vision of the 
 god of day descending beyond lofty Cumberland, to lay aside his robes, is pecu- 
 liarly beautiful. The sun always descends slowly and regularly until half its 
 disc is concealed, and then it seems instantly to drop out of sight, as if to con- 
 ceal its blushes over this exposure of his couch. 
 
 During the summer evening*, when storms gather about the mountains, the 
 sunsets are most beautiful. The writer has seen several of these ; one he remem- 
 bers most vividly. While he stood gazing at the contending elements the black 
 cloud which veiled the sun suddenly parted, revealing beyond a vista of cloudy 
 embankments a gloriously illuminated chamber of purple and gold, which grad- 
 ually expanded, changing its tints, until the whole became a heavenly landscape, 
 through which, we fancied, could bo seen flowing the pellucid water of the
 
 42 
 
 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA . 
 
 Hirer of Life. And while we stood entranced, oblivious to surroundings, there 
 descended a gauzy veil, leaving in front of it an avenue of crystal and azure, 
 bounded by walls of gold and sapphire. The next moment there drooped upon 
 these walls banners of scarlet and purple. They remained but a minute, when 
 all vanished. The sun had gone entirely out of sight. 
 
 Ascending to the railway station yon again enter the coach and are whirled 
 hack to the Point along the terrace cut out of the bosom of the mountain, sheer 
 precipices frowning above you, deep gorges yawning beneath you. The rule is 
 short but thrilling, and the impressions you receive will never be effaced. 
 
 The train halts at the hotel, which stands upon solid rock, each story having 
 a broad gallery, from which the guests feast their eyes on the beauties above, 
 below and around them. During all seasons of tho year the views from this 
 particular spot are charming. 
 
 THE INCLINE RAILWAY. 
 
 You are now at the head of the Incline, and its pretty car awaits you. The 
 seats are parallel to the rails, but are raised in parquet style, so that passengers 
 may see over each others heads. The faces of the passengers are toward the 
 east, whether ascending or descending. Two great ropes of steel sweep ilong 
 
 ROCK CITY."
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 43 
 
 the sheaves between the rails, one drawing your car downward, the other draw- 
 ing a corresponding car upward. While you gaze a sensation akin to floating in 
 air seizes upon you, and you feel exhilarated. The pleasure continues even 
 when you reach precipitous "Jacob's Ladder," for you are certain of the safety 
 of the machinery. You pass the ascending car, and salute its occupants, and 
 once more look out over the beautiful valley. Soon you see the breath of white 
 steam arising from the building at the foot of the Incline, in the tower of which 
 you discover the engineer who guides your car. The engines and hoisting ma- 
 chinery are beneath his feet. 
 
 From the Incline station you can return by horse car to the city, passing in 
 full view of the South Tredegar Iron "Works, the Abbattoir, Tannery, Blast Fur- 
 nace, the handsome residences on College Hill and East Terrace, th Palace 
 Hotel and Head House, and alight at the Union Passenger Depot. 
 
 3. BY THE INCLINE AND NARROW GAUGE. 
 
 Yon take horse cars that pass in front of the Union Passenger Depot These 
 will deliver you, in summer time, at the station of the Lookout Incline. Taking 
 the cosy little car the ascent is made with your face looking down the track, 
 the floor of the car being parallel to the rails. As you ascend you catch glimpses 
 of St. Elmo, of the hills topped with cottages above East Lake, and then of 
 Chattanooga and the Tennessee. In a few minutes you are on the lower gallery 
 of the company's large hotel. 
 
 From these galleries you have an exquisite view of the valley and of the cot- 
 tages and gardens of the field of the 
 
 "BATTLE ABOVE THE CLOUDS." 
 
 It would seem a pity to spoil the poetic battle which war correspondents cre- 
 ated out of the skirmish that occurred on this open space, with its fringe of 
 woods concealing the tall precipice that overhangs the Nashville, Chattanooga 
 & St. Louis Railway, as it skirts the river on its outward passage to the valley 
 on your left. The story related by Gen. Hooker in his report (Conduct of the 
 War, p. 167) would be amusing to you now as you gaze upon this peaceful 
 spot. Hooker says : 
 
 "After two or three short but sharp conflicts the plateau was cleared, the 
 enemy, with his reinforcements, driven from the walls and pits around Craven's 
 house, the last point at which he could make a stand in force, and, all broken 
 and dismayed, were hurled over the rocks and precipices into the valley." 
 
 What became of those "rocks and precipices" over which Fighting Joe 
 hurled those ill-fated Confederates is a question that not even the "Bohemian" 
 is able to answer. The facts seem to be about as follows : 
 
 On November 23, 1863, Gen. Hooker's corps encamped in the valley west of 
 where you stand. A battery of rifled guns was planted on Moccasin Bend, in 
 front. The Federal army occupied the city of Chattanooga. The Confederates 
 were in possession of Lookout Mountain top, and occupied the pallisades and 
 the plateau beneath yon, the valley on the east and Missionary Ridge.
 
 44 
 
 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 About 11 o'clock of the morning of the 24th the battery on Moccasin Bend 
 opened furiously on the Confederates in the valley, while Honker advanced from 
 the west. Skirmishing soon began on the western side of the mountain, while a 
 cloud slowly settled down upon the Confedrates, on the plateau, entirely con- 
 cealing them from the Federals. The Federals were not discovered by the Con- 
 federate brigade at Craven's house until they were only a few yards away. For 
 about half an hour the Confederate general Walthal kept up a sort of running 
 fire, slowly falling back until fully one-half of his men were made prisoners. 
 Very few were killed on either side, owing to darkness, the movements occurring 
 in the cloud and not above it. The firing of artillery on the Moccasin and from 
 Fort Negly, near Chattanooga, gave Gen. Hooker his idea of the "roar of bat- 
 tle," and yet Geu. Grant correctly states it when he says "there was no battle 
 fought on Lookout Mountain." During the night firing was kept up, at short 
 intervals, as the Confederates evacuated the mountain, along what is now called 
 the "old road," seen on your right; and when the morning dawned the flag of 
 the Union floated from the Point, having been planted there by a member of the 
 8th Kentucky Regiment just at dawn. In addition to the heavy fog which cov- 
 ered the valley during the entire night, there was an eclipse of the moon. 
 
 Taking the Narrow Gauge coach you are carried along the bosom of the 
 mountain, where, from the valley beneath, the train resembles a tin toy of 
 
 LULU I.AKH,
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 45 
 
 Christmas days, and presently you reach Sunset Rock, which is described in 
 Route 2. 
 
 From Sunset Rock you can take carriage for "Natural Bridge" and for Rock 
 City and Lulu Lake, returning to the city by the Broad Gauge Railway, if you 
 prefer. 
 
 This is but a hasty examination of Historic Lookout, and is prepared for tour- 
 ists, who are always in a hurry. Those who have leisure can spend weeks upon 
 its lofty summit, enjoying its breezes in summer time, and its dry air in winter. 
 They can dream of the Indian possession ; yes, of the Indians who came and dis- 
 appeared before the Cherokees, and can read the story of the Cherokee possession 
 and ejectment. And then they can visit the camping grounds of the armies of 
 the Union and of the Confederacy ; the site of the great hospital, and of the 
 corn mill that stood at the head of the glen, when the Western Republic was 
 passing under the tribulum of disintegration. Though the writer wore the grey, 
 and has ever been true to the sunny land of his adoption, he never visits this 
 mountain without thanking God that there is but one Country, one Union, one 
 Constitution ; and offering a silent prayer that He will continue in the future, as 
 He has done in the past, to take care of His own.
 
 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 47 
 
 THE BATTLE-FIELDS. 
 
 The three battles of the war for the preservation of the Union which have 
 made this section famous are in the order of their occurrence the Battle of 
 Lookout Mountain, the Battle of Chickauiauga, and the Battle of Missionary 
 Ridge. Of these we will attempt general outlines only. 
 
 Lookout is reached by railways described elsewhere. Missionary Ridge is 
 reached by the Electric Railway and by the Chattanooga, Rome <fc Columbus 
 Railway. Chickarnauga is reached by carriage over the Rossville turnpike, and 
 by the trains of the Chattanooga, Rome & Columbus Railway. 
 
 If you desire to visit Chickamauga by carriage from Chattanooga yon will 
 drive out through Chattanooga Valley, over the Rossville turnpike road, and, 
 passing the John Ross House, turn to the left. When you reach the corner of 
 the Kelley farm you will enter the battle-field of Saturday, and if your guide is 
 posted, you will be shown where brilliant charges and scenes of carnage laifl 
 many a noble spirit low. Even at this late day much attention is given to ou 
 ting down trees scarred with bullet-holes. Every bullet has left its cicatrix, and 
 many a tree shows a score of wounds. 
 
 Soon you emerge upon a glade, on the southern skirts of which the Federals 
 threw up the temporary breast-works on the night of the 19th. Crossing the 
 Lafayette highway again, you take a country road and drive to the residence of 
 G. "W. Snodgrass himself a landmark of the early days of Chattanooga which 
 stands at the base of Horseshoe Ridge, on which General Thomas established 
 his headquarters, and where the fiercest struggle of that terrible two days' battle 
 occurred on the evening of Sunday, September 20th. This humble cabin was 
 then used as a hospital, and as you now stand in the shadow of its surrounding 
 shade trees you can look up to the beautiful knoll, sleeping in peace, and dream 
 of that terrible day when brother fell by the hand of brother in a most unnec- 
 essary and ever-to-be-regretted war. 
 
 From the Snodgrass House the visitor can travel by neighborhood and public 
 roads to the well known points of the field ; from McAfee's Church to Crawfish 
 Springs. The tour can easily be made in one day. 
 
 If you prefer to visit Chickamauga by railway, take the train in the Central 
 Passenger Depot. The first stop will be on the summit of Missionary Ridge. 
 The next will be "Chickamauga Battle-field" Station. There you will leave 
 your train, unless you prefer t continue on to Crawfish Springs. 
 
 Close to this station is the site of Widow Glenn's House. There remain only 
 the decayed gate-posts, the stone-walled well, the scattered bricks of the chim- 
 ney, and a couple of peach trees. At this writing these are discovered in a
 
 48 
 
 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 49 
 
 corner of a growing field of wheat. A few hundred yards distant the gallant 
 Lytle fell, when Longstreet made his brilliant charge. 
 
 It is about one and a half miles from this station to the Snodgrass House and 
 Horseshoe Ridge; a half mile east of that ridge is the Kelley House, on the 
 farm that "formed the key of the Union position." 
 
 No tourist should fail to visit Crawfish Springs, not only because there began 
 the sanguinary battle, but because of the natural wonder. A livery stable at 
 that point will accommodate all visitors desiring to drive over the field. 
 
 The several points of historic interest in the Battle of Missionary Ridge can 
 oe reached by the Union Railway, the Electric Railway and the C., R. & C. 
 Railway. Orchard Knob is a station on the Union Railway, and Sherman 
 Heights on the E. T., V. & G. Railway. In fact, all the battle-fields can be 
 easily and comfortably visited. 
 
 BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA. 
 
 On the 8th of September, 1863, General Bragg, of the Confederate army, hav- 
 fag discovered that the Federal army threatened his left and rear, evacuated 
 Chattanooga, and it was immediately occupied by General Rosecrans, of the 
 Federal army, thus winning the prize of the campaign without firing a gun. 
 f he pursuit of the Confederates was soon undertaken, and when this movement 
 began Bragg attempted to flank Rosecrans and throw his army between the 
 main Federal army and the garrison at Chattanooga. On the 18th of Septem- 
 ber both armies btood glaring at each other on the banks of the Chickamauga 
 murky " River of Deaih.'' Bragg had received reinforcements from the Army 
 of Virginia, under Loogstreet. 
 
 On the 18th there was consi&eraole skirmishing and maneuvering for position, 
 And on the 19th the storm burst with pitiless fury. By 10 A. M. the engagement 
 iras general; now the Confederates vreie touted, only to rally and hurl back, 
 with sickening slaughter, the hosts of the Union. Until late in the afternoon 
 Che conflict raged, when suddenly an ommous lull fell upon the dead, the dying 
 and the weary. Not a gun was heard for over an hour. Rosecrans was deceived 
 into the belief that his enemy had been sufficiently puaished" for one day, and 
 began the execution of strategic movements; but scarcely had the hour ended 
 when a furious charge by the Confederates threw the Fedeial lines into con- 
 fusion, and had it not been for the twenty guns of Hazen, on the Rossville road, 
 the day would have closed with a most telling victory for the Confederates. 
 The galling enfilading fire of this artillery compelled the Confederates to fall 
 back as the sun went down beyond distant Lookout. 
 
 When darkness enveloped the bloody scene, arrangements were Kads for 
 burying the dead and caring for the wounded by both sides. Bragg reformed 
 his lines soon after nightfall, and placed them in direct command of Polk, on the 
 right, with five divisions, and Longstreet, on the left, with six divisions. This 
 changing of organization in the face of the enemy proved to be a fatal mistake, 
 The quaint reply of Mr. Lincoln when asked to commit a similar blunder should 
 have been repeated to the Confederate General: "It is a bad plan to swaj, 
 4
 
 60 HISTORICAL GUIDB TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 horses in the middle of a stream." Bragg might not have heeded the homely 
 wisdom, for the fates had already written failure over against his name. 
 
 Polk was ordered to strike at dawn of the 20th, but the reverend general 
 slept away from his lines during the night of the 19th, and used the early day- 
 light of the 20th to read a newspaper at Alexander's bridge, which, as Bragg 
 angrily told General D. H. Hill, "was two miles from the line of battle, where 
 be ought to have been fighting." Polk did not begin the executing of Bragg's 
 order until nearly 9 o'clock, a delay which cost him his command. When he 
 began the assault, the entire line was quickly involved. Back went the Confed- 
 erate right, but almost instantly rallied. Charge after charge attested- the 
 heroism of the combatants. The onslaught on the Federal left ceased when the 
 irresistible charges of the Confederates broke their center. Then, it is said, 
 Rosecrans made several fatal mistakes. Certain it is that he telegraphed to 
 "Washington his army was defeated. Great soldier though he was, he had lost 
 his head. 
 
 Thomas maintained his ground and gallantly withstood the charges of the 
 Confederates, now flushed with victory. " Like a lion at bay he repulsed the 
 terrible onslaughts of the enemy " on the knoll above the Snodgrass House, 
 where he had ordered the artillery massed to make his last stand. Strong lines 
 of infantry, commanded by Brannan and Steedman, skirted this elevated spot, 
 which resisted with almost unparalleled gallantry the assaults on their front and 
 flanks. As the sun began to go down behind the tall pines, on that Sabbath 
 afternoon, the storm burst anew around the Snodgrass knoll. Charge after 
 charge was repelled with terrible slaughter to both sides. The dead lay in heaps 
 along the green slopes, and the groans of the wounded rent the air as darkness 
 enveloped the enraged combatants, and Thomas sorrowfully began his retreat to 
 Rossville, leaving the field and most of his dead and wounded in possession of 
 the Confederates. 
 
 Gen. Hill makes this allusion to the opposing generals in a foot note to his 
 excellent paper in the Century : 
 
 " Bragg had great respect and affection for the first lieutenant of his battery. 
 The tones of tenderness with which he spoke of 'Old Tom' are still well remem- 
 bered by me. 
 
 "Both of these illustrious Southerners dropped dead of heart disease: Thomas 
 in San Francisco in 1870, and Bragg in Galveston in 1876. Did the strain upon 
 them in those terrible days at Chiokamauga hasten their death T '' 
 
 On the following day Thomas placed his lines around Chattanooga, while 
 Bragg, instead of pursuing his victory, took possession of Missionary Kidge, 
 Chattanooga Valley and the summit of Lookout. His hope was to starve the 
 army now blockaded in Chattanooga. To accomplish this he seized the railway 
 at the point of Lookout Mountain. 
 
 The Confederate Gen. Hill bears testimony to the courage of his great oppo- 
 nent in these words : 
 
 "Thomas had received orders after Granger's arrival to retreat to Rossville, 
 but, stout soldier as he was, he resolved to hold his ground until nightfall. An 
 hour more of daylight would have insured hia capture. Thomas had under him
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 51 
 
 all the Federal army, except the six brigades which had been driven off by the 
 left wing." 
 
 Gen. Fullerton tells the story of one of the terrible charges on the Horseshoe 
 in these few words : 
 
 "The enemy massed a force to retake the ridge. They came before our men 
 had rested; twice they assaulted and were driven back. During one assault, as 
 the first line came within range of our muskets, it halted, apparently hesitating, 
 when we saw a colonel seize a flag, wave it over his head, and rush forward. 
 The whole line instantly caught his enthusiasm, and with a wild cheer followed, 
 only to be hurled back again. Our men ran down the ridge in pursuit. In the 
 midst of a group of Confederate dead and wounded they found the brave colonel 
 dead, the flag he carried spread over him where he fell." 
 
 A month after the disaster of Chickamauga Gen. Rosecrans was relieved and 
 Gen. Thomas was placed in command of the Army of the Cumberland. 
 
 Rosecrans and Bragg have been censured for their conduct of this battle. 
 Strange to say, neither general took advantage of the mistakes of the other. It 
 is beyond controversy that the Federal general was the abler commander of the 
 two. It is pretty generally conceded that had Bragg been Rosecran's equal the 
 gallant Army of the Cumberland would have been annihilated. Bragg repeated 
 the tactics of Cave City, Perryville and Murfreesboro, and again allowed victory 
 to escape. 
 
 Rosecrans' order to "Wood to "close upon Reynolds and support him." and 
 his hasty return to Chattanooga from the field, are said to have been fatal blun- 
 ders. The Confederate Gen. Hill says this of the first mistake : 
 
 "Brannan was between Reynolds and "Wood. The order 'to close upon Rey- 
 nolds' was naturally enough interpreted by "Wood to support Reynolds, and not, 
 as it seems Rosecraiis meant, to close to the left. He withdrew his division and 
 began his march to the left and in rear of Brannan. A gap was left into which 
 Longstreet stepped with the eight brigades (Bushrod Johnson's, Mohair's, 
 Gregg's, Kershaw's, Law's, Humphreys', Benning's and Robertson's), which he 
 had arranged in three lines to constitute his grand column of attack. Davis' 
 two brigades, one of Van Cleve's, and Sheridan's entire division were caught in 
 front and flank and driven from the field. Disregarding the order of the day, 
 Lougstreet now gave the order to wheel to the right instead of the left, and 
 thus take in reverse the strong position of the enemy. Five of McCook's bri- 
 gades were speedily driven off the field. He estimates their loss at forty per 
 cent." 
 
 The part played by Longstreet in this battle was worthy of his great fame in 
 those days. The rapid transfer of his troops from Virginia to Georgia was kept 
 a profound secret from the Federals. On the 15th of September Gen. Halleck 
 telegraphed to Gen. Rosecrans that Bragg had not been re-enforced from Vir- 
 ginia. At that moment Bragg and Longstreet may have been shaking hands. 
 Indeed, Longstreet's arrival was as great a surprise to Rosecrans as was Na- 
 poleon's descent upon Marengo to Gen. Melas. He seemed to have dropped out 
 of the heavens. This should go to Gen. Rosencrans' credit. 
 
 Gen. Hill relates an incident of the battle, which is full of pathos, and worthy
 
 62 . HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 of perpetuity. The general tells : "In the lull of the strife I went with a staff 
 officer to examine the ground on our left. One of Helm's wounded men had 
 been overlooked, and was lying alone iu the woods, his head partly supported 
 by a tree. He was shockingly injured. He belonged to Von Zinken's regiment. 
 of .New Orleans, composed of French, Germans and Irish. I said to him : 'My 
 poor fellow, you are badly hurt. What regiment do you belong tot' He re- 
 plied: 'The Fifth Confederit, and a dommed good regiment it is.' The answer, 
 though almost ludicrous, touched me as illustrating the esprit de corps of the 
 Boldier his pride in and his affection for his command. Col. Von Zinken told 
 me afterward that one of his desperately wounded Irishmen cried out to his com- 
 rades : ' Charge them, boys ; they have cha-ase (cheese) in their haversacks.' 
 Poor Pat, he has fought courageously in every land in quarrels not his own." 
 
 And on the same field where lay this son of Erin fell the gallant Gen. W. H. 
 Lytle, who wrote 
 
 " I am dying, Egypt, dying, 
 Ebbs the crimson life-tide fast." 
 
 Col. Archer Anderson estimates the relative strength of the two armies: 
 " From an examination of the original returns in the War Department, I reckon, 
 in round numbers, the Federal infantry and artillery on the field at fifty-nine 
 thousand, and the Confederate infantry and artillery at fifty-five thousand. 
 The Federal cavalry, about ten thousand strong, was outnumbered by the Con- 
 federates by a thousand men. Thus speak the returns. Perhaps a deduction of 
 five thousand men from the reported strength of each army would more nearly 
 represent the actual strength of the combatants. It is, I think, certain that 
 Rosecrans was stronger in infantry and artillery than Bragg by at least four 
 thousand men." 
 
 Of these fully twenty-seven thousand were killed or wounded. 
 
 We make the following extract from the small war volume issued by Gen. H. 
 If. Cist, entitled "The Army of the Cumberland." Gen. Cist was A. A. G. on 
 the stuff of Gen. Rosecrans, and afterward on the staff of Gen. Thomas: 
 
 <; A11 things considered, the battle of Chickamauga, for the forces engaged, 
 was the hardest fought and bloodiest battle of the Rebellion 
 
 "To the enemy, the results of the engagement proved a victory barren of 
 any lasting benefits, and produced no adequate results to the immense drain on 
 the resources of his army. In a number of places Bragg' s official report shows 
 that his army was so crippled that he was not able to strengthen one portion of 
 his line, when needed, with troops from another part of the field; and after the 
 conflict was over, his army was so cut up that it was impossible for him to fol- 
 low up his apparent success and secure possession of the objective point of the 
 campaign Chattanooga. This great gateway of the mountains remaining in 
 possession of the Army of the Cumberland, after Brugg had paid the heavy price 
 he did at Chic-kamaoga, proves that his battle waa a victory only in name, and a 
 careful examination of the results and their cost will show how exceedingly 
 mall it was to the enemy." 
 
 So much is all that our space permits for the story of the sanguinary field of 
 ChickauittUgft. tfo wonder the blue and the prey are now united in an effort to
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 53 
 
 erect thereon memorials of American valor, as has already been done at Gettys- 
 burg. No wonder that Wheeler, one of the great cavalry generals on the Con- 
 federate side, and now a member of Congress, hurries to meet Rosecrans in this 
 year of national peace and prosperity, 1889, to help establish the battle lines 
 and positions, and lay out the boundaries of a park that shall be a Mecca to those 
 who honor the memory of Rosecrans, Bragg, Thomas, Longstreet, Granger, 
 Hill, Brannan, Breckinridge, Steedman, Cleburne, Wheeler, Lytle, and the rest 
 of the heroes who participated in the conflict. And the inquiry then will not 
 be, "Who won the bat tie?" but "Who fought the Bravest and died the Purest t" 
 on both sides. In deed and in truth it will then be acknowledged a "drawn 
 battle." 
 
 BATTLE OP MISSIONARY RIDGE. 
 
 The Federal authorities allude to this series of combats as the " Battles of 
 Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge." 
 
 On the 18th of October, 1863, Gen. U. S. Grant assumed command of the De- 
 partment of Tennessee and Gen. George H. Thomas remained in command of 
 the Army of the Cumberland. The Confederates held Lookout Mountain and 
 the railway at its base, as well as the valley of Chattanooga and Missionary 
 Ridge. 
 
 The Federal base of supplies was at Bridgeport and Stevenson, fifty-one 
 miles distant by wagon road, and they were transported by wagons through Se- 
 quachee Valley, and over the mountains that surround Chattanooga. As the 
 autumn advanced this mountain road became almost impassable, and starvation 
 threatened the garrison of the mountain city. By a well planned and skillfully 
 executed strategic movement Lookout Valley was opened on October 28th, and 
 on November 1st the "siege of Chattanooga, by the forces of nature," was 
 raised. The Confederates were still on the Federal front, on Lookout and Mis- 
 sionary Ridge, and in the Chattanooga Valley. 
 
 We learn from official reports that on the 15th of November, 1863, Gen. Grant 
 had concentrated 80,000 troops in and around Chattanooga, and that 50,000 Con- 
 federates occupied Lookout and Missionary Ridge, Longstreet having gone on a 
 "wild goose chase" to Knozville. On the 23d, Grant undertook the raising of 
 the seige on his front by ordering Gen. Thomas to make an armed reconnaissance 
 to develop the Confederate lines, which was done in the early morning By 1 
 p. M. Sherman had crossed the Tennessee at the northern extremity of Mission- 
 ary Ridge, and at 4 o'clock he had a heavy engagement in an effort to seize the 
 second hill of the Ridge, the one through which passes the railway tunnel. He 
 was repulsed; Granger had already captured "Orchard Knob," and soon dark 
 ness closed the combat. 
 
 If the reader will drive out to the site of Fort Wood he will at a glance take 
 ki the positions of both armies on that day. Where you stand, great guns 
 frowned defiance to the enemy entrenched on Missionary Ridge in front. Be- 
 tween you and the Ridge is the conical mound, with its houses and scrubby shade,
 
 64 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOOA 
 
 known as Orchard Knob, and held a part of that day by the Confederates. Be- 
 yond this knob is Missionary Ridge, now covered with orchards and vineyards, 
 and dotted with happy homes, but on that day of strife rocky and wrinkled with 
 ravines, and uninhabited. The northern extremity of this ridge is where Sher- 
 man ascended, and the second and lowest depression south of it is where the 
 railroad sweeps through a tanuel. 
 
 Early in the morning of the 24th the movements were continued. Hooker 
 bridged swollen Lookout Creek, in full view of Stevenson, whose lines were 
 posted on the summit of Lookout. The mist hanging over the valley concealed 
 from the observatory of the Confederates the advancing column of the Federal 
 Geary. The Confederate Gen. Walthal, with a small force, held the terrace of 
 the mountain, just under the "Point," known as the Craven place, over which 
 Hooker would have to pass to reach the valley of Chattanooga. The skirmish- 
 ing on that lofty field we briefly describe elsewhere as the "Battle Above the 
 Clouds." 
 
 On the 25th began the battle of Missionary Ridge proper. During the long, 
 long day the battle raged with relentless fury. At 4 p. M. the Federal lines, 
 which filled the valley, moved rapidly forward, at a signal of six guns, fired in 
 rapid succession on Orchard Knob, up the slopes of the rifle-pits of the Confed- 
 erates, under a galling and destructive fire of musketry. Over the rifle-pits, 
 thinly occupied by the depleted division of the Confederates, but gallantly de- 
 fended, swept line after line of the victorious Federals, and when the sun went 
 down the Confederates were routed, the Federals held the Ridge, and from that 
 time forward remained in undisputed possession of Chattanooga. 
 
 The battle was fierce and decisive, and the losses very heavy. Bragg said in 
 his report: "The enemy having secured much of our artillery, soon availed 
 themselves of our panic, and, turning our guns upon u*, enfiladed our lines both 
 right and left, rendering them wholly untenable." Grant said "they encoun- 
 tered a fearful volley of grape and cannister from near thirty pieces of artillery 
 and musketry from still well-filled rifle-pits on the summit." Both sides recog- 
 nised this battle as one of the most important and decisive of the war, and one 
 in which both armies displayed the highest courage and the most brilliant feats 
 of gallantry. 
 
 The Confederates retreated in the direction of Ringgold, by way of Chicka- 
 manga Station, leaving behind 600 prisoners and a host of stragglers, forty can- 
 non and 7,000 stand of small arms. 
 
 Next morning Sherman pu>hed on to Graysville, and Palmer and Hooker took 
 the Ros&ville road. At Ringgold the Confederates, under the brilliant Cleburne, 
 turned and attacked Hooker. It was a severe combat, lasting the entire day. 
 Tb Federate suffered large losses, many being experienced officers. Bragg 
 continued on to Dalton, and Grant gent relief to Buruside, who was closely in- 
 vrnted at Knoxville by Longstreet. That was the first result of Missionary 
 Ridge. 
 
 The following extract from Gen. Cist's book may add a little spice to our tame 
 description of this battle, and is inserted without comment: 
 
 "On the crest of the hill Bragg's mo.i had constructed their heaviest breast-
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 66 
 
 works, protected on our front by some fifty pieces of artillery in position. As 
 our troops advanced, each command cheering and answering back the cheers of 
 the others, the men broke into a double-quick, all striving to be the first to 
 reach the rifle-pits at the foot of the ridge, held by a strong line of the enemy's 
 troops. The Confederates opened fire with shot and shell from their batteries as 
 our troops advanced, changing it soon to grape and cannister, which, with the 
 fire from the infantry, made it terrifically hot. Dashing through this, over an 
 open plain, our soldiers swept on, driving the enemy's skirmishers, charging 
 down on the line of works at the foot of the ridge, capturing it at the point of 
 the bayonet, and routing the rebels, sending them at full speed up the ridge, 
 killing and capturing them in great numbers. The troops lay down at the foot 
 of the ridge awaiting orders. Under no orders from their officers, first one regi- 
 ment and then another started with its colors up the ascent, until, with loud 
 hurrahs, the entire line, cheered by their officers, advanced over and around 
 rocks, under and through the fallen timber, charged up the ridge, each deter- 
 mined to reach the summit first. In some cases the Confederates were bayo- 
 neted at their guns. The charge occupied about one hour from the time of the 
 firing of the guns on Orchard Knob until our troops occupied the rebel lines oil 
 the ridge." 
 
 Sherman says : " Grant told me ' that the men of Thomas' army had been so 
 demoralized by the battle of Chickamauga that he feared they could not be got 
 out of their trenches to assume the offensive/ and that ' the Army of the Cum- 
 berland had so long been in the trenches that he wanted my troops to hurry up 
 to take th offensive first, after which he had no doubt the Cumberland Army 
 would fight well.' So, under Grant's plan, the Army of the Cumberland was to 
 stand by and be taught a grand object lesson how to fight, as given by Sherman. 
 
 ""Whenever the victory of Missionary Ridge shall be narrated on history's 
 page, the gallant charge of the brave men of Wood's and Sheridan's divisions, 
 with those of Baird and Johnson on th left and right, will always be the prom- 
 inent feature of the engagement as told in the coming years, and will be the last 
 to lose its glory and renown. 
 
 "No wonder that Gen. Grant failed to appreciate this movement at the time, 
 not understanding the troops who had it in charge. "When he found these com- 
 mands ascending the ridge to capture it when he ordered a 'demonstration' to 
 be made to the foot of the hill and there to wait, he turned sharply to Gen. 
 Thomas and asked, 'By whose orders are those troops going up the hill? ' Gen. 
 Thomas, taking in the situation at once, suggested that it was probably by their 
 own. Gen. Grant remarked that 'it was all right if it turned out all right,' and 
 added, 'if not, some one will suffer.' But it turned out 'all right,' and Grant 
 in his official report compliments the troops for 'following closely the retreating 
 enemy without further orders.'" 
 
 Gen. Grant thus describes the ascent of Missionary Ridge: "The troops 
 moved forward, drove the enemy from the rifle-pits at the base of the ridge like 
 bees from a hive, stopped but a moment until the whole were in line, and com-
 
 56 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 meuoed the ascent of the mountain from right to left almost simultaneously, 
 following closely the retreating loe without further orders. They encountered a 
 fearful volley of grape and canuister from near thirty pieces of artillery and 
 musketry from still well-filled rifle-pits on the summit, but not a waver wa-< seen 
 in nil that long line of brave men. The progress was steadily onward, until the 
 summit was in their possession." 
 
 Gen. Bragg gives the Confederate story thus: 
 
 "About half-past 3 p. M. the immense force in front of our left and center 
 advanced in three lines, preceded by heavy skirmishers. Our batteries opened 
 with fine effect, and much confusion was produced before they reached musket 
 range. In a short time the roar of musketry became very heavy, and it was 
 soon apparent that the enemy was repulsed in my immediate front. While rid- 
 ing along the crest congratulating the troops, intelligence reached me that our 
 line was broken on my right and the enemy had crowned the ridge." 
 
 The Confederate Gen. D. H. Hill, commenting on those days, says : " There 
 wad no more splendid fighting in '61, when the flower of the Southern youth 
 was in the field, than was displayed in the bloody days of September, '63. But 
 it seems to me that the ttan of the Southern soldier was never seen after Chick- 
 amauga that brilliant dash which had distinguished him on a hundred fields 
 was gone forever. He was too intelligent not to know that the cutting in two 
 of Georgia meant death to all his hopes. He knew that Longstreet's absence 
 was imperiling Lee's safety, and that wh%t had to be done must be done quickly. 
 The delay to strike was exasperating to him; the failure to strike after the suc- 
 cess was crushing to all his longings for an independent South. HO fought 
 stoutly to the last, but, after Chickamauga, with the sullenness of despair and 
 without the enthusiasm of hope. That ' barren victory ' sealed the fate of the 
 Southern Confederacy." 
 
 A war correspondent, whose letters have been remodeled into a book, says of 
 this battle, in the peculiar style of his class : 
 
 "The splendid march from the Federal line of battle to the crest was made 
 in one hour and five minutes, but it was a grander march toward the end of 
 carnage a glorious campaign of sixty-five minutes toward the white borders of 
 peace. It made that fleeting November afternoon imperishable." 
 
 The Confederates were more seriously affected by the disaster of Missionary 
 Ridge than had been the Federals by the defeat of Chickamauga. The depleted 
 ranks of the Confederates could not be replenished, for there were no men left 
 in the rear to draw from. The whole world was open to the recruiting persua- 
 sions of the United States Government. 
 
 "We do not doubt that the Almighty permitted the Confederacy to work out 
 its defeat in the "West through the incompetency of Gen. Bragg. At Perrvville 
 be lost the confidence of Hardee and Polk. Confidence was still lacking in 
 wing, corps and division commanders at Murfreesboro. Chickamauga added to 
 the general discontent, and then Missionary Ridge made forbearance a crime. 
 Jo-eph B. Johnston came too late, but the retreat upon Atlanta has placed the 
 name of Johnston next to that of Leu. Every true American soldier is proud 
 of the ?alor of Thomas, Grant, Lee and J..I n t..n, and in their exalted momenta
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 
 
 57 
 
 forget to boast of which side they belonged to, and sincerely rejoice that they 
 are now citizens of a country that produced such men. 
 
 CHICKAMAUGA NATIONAL PARK. 
 
 On the 28th and 30th of April, 1889, Col. Kellogg, U. S. A., accompanied by 
 Gens. Rosecrans, Reynolds, Wheeler, and otBer participants in the great battle 
 of Chickamauga, visited the field to make accurate locations of troops, with a 
 view to the establishment of a National Park. The veterans of both armies are 
 deeply interested in this movement. 
 
 Not only is it desirable that this Park should be established as an eternal 
 memorial to American valor, and that tablets should be erected to commemorate 
 special exhibitions of that valor, but the Government should establish there a 
 Soldiers' Home, modeled after the one so successfully conducted at Dayton, 
 Ohio. And into that Home might be admitted the disabled citizens who served 
 in both armies. "We say "might," because we know that such unselfish patriot- 
 ism is impossible, inasmuch as the politicians, not the brave men who fought 
 the battle on the Union side, would oppose such generosity. 
 
 The writer religiously believes that if the matter was submitted to the vote 
 of the Union soldiers skulkers, bummers and camp followers excluded the 
 brave men who always bared their breasts to storm of Confederate bail, would 
 unanimously vote to admit the disabled of their gallant enemy to the comforts 
 and blessings of such a paradise. Aye, more ! They would vote the gathering 
 of the ashes of their brave opponents who fell at Chickamauga, Chattanooga and 
 Missionary Ridge, into the beautiful National Cemetery. But the brave veterans 
 of the Union will never have the opportunity to so vote. 
 
 SOME DISTANCES. 
 
 The following table will be of interest to those who desire to study the move- 
 ments of troops during the battles of Chattanooga, Chickamauga and Missionary 
 Ridge: 
 
 FROM CHATTANOOGA TO 
 
 Orchard Knob 2 miles. 
 
 Sherman Heights 5 
 
 Rossville Gap 5 
 
 Crawfish Spring 13 
 
 Widow Glenn's House 10 
 
 Kelley's Ferry 12 
 
 La Fayette 24i 
 
 Lookout Mountain (base) ... 2$ 
 
 National Cemetery 1-J miles. 
 
 Boyce Station (old) 6 
 
 McFarland's Gap 7 
 
 Lee <fe Gordon Mill 12 
 
 S nod grass House 9^ 
 
 Ringgold 16 
 
 "Wauhatchee 6 
 
 Brown's Ferry 5 
 
 FROM ROSSVILLE TO 
 
 Horseshoe Ridge 4 
 
 Kelley'e House 4 } 
 
 McAfee's Church 3 miles. 
 
 Riuggold (via bridge) 12 "
 
 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 FROM MCFARLAND'S GAP TO 
 
 Glenn's House 4 miles. 
 
 Kelley's House 2f " 
 
 Suodgrass House 2i " 
 
 Lee & Gordon Mill 5f miles. 
 
 Crawfish Spring 7f " 
 
 Vidito's House li " 
 
 FROM WIDOW GLENN'S HOUSE TO 
 
 McFarland's Gap 4 miles. 
 
 Lee <fc Gordon Mill 1J " 
 
 Crawfish Spring 3fc " 
 
 Chattanooga 10 " 
 
 Snodgrass House If milea 
 
 Tidito's House J " 
 
 Leet's Tan-yard i " 
 
 Brotherton House i "
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 69 
 
 CHATTANOOGA AS A MANUFACTURING POIE 
 
 It is now generally conceded that the "Chattanooga mineral district" is on 
 of the richest in coal, iron and copper of this entire continent. The coal is very 
 nearly free from sulphur, and cokes well ; the beds of iron ore are abundant, 
 averaging from four to five feet in thickness, and the ores average fifty per cent 
 of iron. The coal is adapted to the manufacture of the best quality of iron, and 
 liee on the great layer of conglomerate rock of the lower carboniferous period, 
 averaging five feet in thickness. The iron ore embraces brown hematite, or 
 limonite, And fossiliferous red hematite, the latter crossed by great beds of lime- 
 stone of the subcarboniferous period. 
 
 For timber, the district draws on a forest that is tributary to Chattanooga by 
 reason of 800 miles of railroad, and more than 1,000 miles of navigable waters, 
 which penetrate it in every direction almost. There is every variety of wood 
 indigenous to the climate of thirty-five degrees north latitude, and a few other 
 varieties considered peculiar to the climate 1,000 miles north of us. There is an 
 abundance of Norway pine, hemlock, black walnut, maple and wild cherry. 
 There is also an abundant supply of yellow pine, together with white and yellow 
 poplar, and perhaps the supply of oak is the largest of all. The hills are plenti- 
 fully supplied with hickory, and not very far away is red cedar, and on all the 
 ridges mountain laurel grows prolifically. There is also a reasonably good sup- 
 ply of buckeye and wild cucumber. 
 
 For the movement of raw material and the distribution of manufactures, 
 Chattanooga's means of transportation ar_e unsurpassed. This coming autumn 
 the great water-way, the Tennessee River, will be relieved from the muscle 
 shoals obstruction, thus opening to us water communication with all the ports 
 of the world. At present there are seven railways, whose termini are in this 
 citythe Western <fc Atlantic; the Nashville, Chattanooga <fc St. Louis; the 
 East Tennessee, Virginia <fc Georgia; the Memphis & Charleston; the Cincinnati 
 Southern; the Alabama Great Southern, and the Chattanooga, Rome <fc Colum- 
 bus. If we read the signs correctly, two more trunk lines will be added before 
 the close of 1890. 
 
 In demonstration of Chattanooga's importance as a manufacturing point, we 
 quote the larger 
 
 MANUFACTORIES 
 
 in operation on June 1, 1889, companies and firms : 
 
 BLAST FURNACES. 
 Citico Furnace Company. Chattanooga Iron Company.
 
 60 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 ROLLING MILLS. 
 
 Lookout Iron Company. South Tredegar Iron Company. 
 
 Koane Iron Company (temporarily suspended). 
 
 TANNERIES. 
 Fayerweather & Ladew. Scholze Bro.'s Tannery. 
 
 FOUNDRIES. 
 
 Etna Foundry (G. W. Wheeland). Wagner's Foundry. 
 
 Cahill's Foundry and Iron "Works. Chattanooga Car Foundry Company. 
 
 Chattanooga Pipe and Foundry Co. Phoenix Foundry Company. 
 
 MACHINE SHOPS. 
 
 Trnxall & Dnnnemeyer. Etna Machine "Works. 
 
 Cahill Architectural "Works. Meehan Brake Shoe "Works. 
 
 Chattanooga Machinery Company. 
 
 PLANING MILLS. 
 
 Loomia <t Hart Manufacturing Co. "Willingham Lumber Company. 
 
 Duncan, Pytt <fc Company. Seymour, Stratton & Company. 
 
 Lookout Planing Mill. " East Tennessee Manufacturing Co. 
 
 Morrison Manufacturing Company. Hughes Lumber Company. 
 
 STOVR FACTORIES. 
 
 Chattanooga Stove Company. Snow Stove and Range Company. 
 
 Gibson-Love Manufacturing Company. 
 
 IRON AHD YITRIPIED PIPES. 
 
 Chattanooga Iron Pipe "Works. Montague's Clay Pipe "Works. 
 
 Chattanooga Clay Pipe "Works. 
 
 FURNITURE. 
 
 Loomis & Hart Manufacturing Co. Temple <fc Shipp Furniture Company. 
 Suudquist Manufacturing Company. Ristine & Co. Furniture Company. 
 
 WAGOH FACTORIES. 
 Fassnacht's Carriage and Wagon Factory. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 Chattanooga Tool "Works. Chattanooga Plow "Works. 
 
 Chattanooga Agricultural "Works. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Chattanooga Boiler "Works. Cracker and Candy Factory. 
 
 Fruit Canning Company. Big Spring Ice Company. 
 
 Lookout Ice Factory and Storage. Lowe's Mineral Paint Mill. 
 
 Chattanooga Medicine Company. Standard Scales Works. 
 
 Vehicle Springs Company. Four Cigar Factories. 
 
 Palmer's Artificial Stone Works. Chattanooga Marble and Stone Company. 
 
 Troutt's Marble and Granite Yard. Stewart Electrical (Talc) Appliances.
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 61 
 
 As the supply of coal, iron and timber is practically inexhaustible, it is con- 
 fidently predicted that Chattanooga will be one of the largest manufacturing 
 cities of the country before the close of the century. 
 
 The manufacturer who has an eye to economy (and what successful manu- 
 facturer has notf) must be profoundly impressed with this valley's attractions. 
 Not only is iron, coal and timber cheaper here than in the North, but the actual 
 cost of running a factory is less. Here factories have to be heated not over 
 three months in the year, with occasional demands during another month. At 
 the North this heating period extends to six months, with occasional demand* 
 on the seventh. And this item of fuel enters into the calculations of the artizan 
 and laborer, and into the personal expenses of the managers. There is a net 
 saving of fifty per centum. 
 
 The saving extends further to the artizan. The mild climate renders the 
 heavy and expensive clothing of the North unwearable. Here is a large item of 
 saving to the families of the workmen. Provisions are about as cheap as else- 
 where. The items of saving arising out of balmy climate not only include fuel 
 and clothing, but doctors' bills and medicines. Only the careless suffer here 
 from the unavoidable sicknesses of the North. 
 
 The depleting effects of summer heat, common to the lower South, are not 
 felt among the mountains that stand around Chattanooga. At times the sun 
 comes down with scorching rays at midday, just as it comes down all over the 
 Union, but the warm nights which deprive one of restful slumber do not average 
 six per annum in any decade. This statement is based upon an experience ac- 
 quired during a residence of eighteen years in this city of Chattanooga. See our 
 article on "Climate."
 
 62 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 CITY GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The city is divided into eight wards, the boundaries of which are too irregular 
 for description in this Guide. 
 
 The government is vested in a Mayor and Board of Aldermen (two from each 
 of the eight wards), Recorder (or Police Judge), Auditor, Attorney, Engineer, 
 Tax Assessor and Treasurer, and a Register of Vital Statistics. The Aldermen 
 are organized into six committees : Finance, Streets and Sewers, Fire, Water 
 and Lights, Health and Hospitals, Schools and Public Buildings, and Police and 
 Prisons. 
 
 The Board of Health is composed of the Mayor, the Chairman of Health and 
 Hospitals Committee, the City Physician, and a physician chosen by vote of the 
 Board. 
 
 The Police are under control of a Police Commission, consisting of two Dem- 
 ocrats and one Republican, appointed by the Governor of the State. Each 
 serves for three years, one going out each year. 
 
 NOTE This special organization goes into effect November, 1889. The form 
 at this writing (June 1, 1889) is a Mayor, Board of six Aldermen, Auditor, At- 
 torney, Engineer, Physician, Treasurer and Tax Collector, and a Register of 
 Vital Statistics. The Mayor is now Police Judge. 
 
 WATER WORKS. 
 
 The Pumping Station is near to the mouth of Citioo Greek, and the daily 
 capacity is 20,000,000 gallons. Water is taken at a point 200 feet above Citico 
 Creek, forced through the system of filters (eighteen in number) known as the 
 "National," and sent into town in a twenty-inch main and in a sixteen-inch 
 main. A reservoir is on the side of Missionary Ridge, at Ridgedale, which is 
 182 feet above Market street, giving a pressure of seventy-fire pounds uniformly. 
 The mains are about sixty miles in length. This is just double the length of the 
 mains in the year 1886, and extensions are going on rapidly. There are 200 fire 
 plugs. 
 
 FIRE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Headquarters, W. Ninth street, corner of Poplar. 
 Lookout No. 1, W. Ninth street, corner of Poplar. 
 Car-lisle No. 2, Montgomery avenue, corner of Cowart street. 
 There are three steam fire-engines, four hose-reels, two hook and ladder 
 tracks, 6,500 feet of hose, and three engine-houses.
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 63 
 
 FIRE ALARM TELEGRAPH. 
 
 The Gamewell system Is in -use, with the necessary gongs, indicators, and 
 thirty-two alarm boxes, located as follows : 
 
 12. Georgia avenue and E. Fourth. 36. Boyce and Hooke. 
 
 13. Douglas and Vine. 37. Lookout Engine-house. 
 
 14. McCallie avenue and Houston. 41. Giluier and Palmetto. 
 
 15. Walnut and E. Seventh. 42. King and E. Ninth. 
 
 16. Gilmer and E. 43. King and E. T. R. R. crossing. 
 
 17. Poplar and Fifth. 45. Market and Eighth. 
 
 21. Cedar and W. Sixth. 46. Georgia avenue and E. Ninth, 
 
 23. Pine and W. Fourth. 51. Market and Union. 
 
 24. Market and Second. 52. Whiteside and Aiken. 
 
 25. Market and Fourth. 53. John and William. 
 
 26. Market and Sixth. 54. Wason Car Works. 
 
 27. Loomis <fc Hart's Mill. 56. Whiteside and Missionary avenue. 
 
 31. Gillespie and East Terrace. 57. Hughes' Planing Mill. 
 
 32. Roane Iron Company. 62. Carlile Engine-house. 
 
 34. Tannery. 121. Read House. 
 
 35. College and Cravens. 
 
 Keys can be found at the nearest houses to the boxes, and one is given to 
 each police officer, and a few are given to responsible citizens. 
 
 Gongs in engine-houses have indicators attached, and alarm signals will be 
 understood as follows: When an alarm is given from box 36, the bell at the 
 Lookout Engine-house will strike three slowly, and then after a pause it will 
 strike six thus : 1, 1, 1 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1=36. This will be repeated three times, 
 giving four signals for each call of fire. 
 
 NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 The Daily and Weekly Times. Published by The Times Printing Company. 
 Office in Adams' Block, Eighth street. 
 
 The Evening News. Published by Evening News Company. 
 
 The Sunday Argus. Office on Seventh street. 
 
 The Tradesman. A monthly devoted to manufactures, and published from 
 the Times building. 
 
 BANKS. 
 
 First National, chartered 1866 . capital, $200,000 
 
 Third National, chartered 1881 capital, 250,000 
 
 Chattanooga National, chartered 1887 capital, 300, 000 
 
 City Savings, chartered 1886 capital, 200,000 
 
 The Peoples, chartered 1887 capital, 200,000 
 
 Trust and Banking Company, chartered 1888 capital, 30,000 
 
 Chattanooga Savings, chartered 1889 capital, 50,000 
 
 Fourth National, chartered 1889 capital, 150,000
 
 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 SOCIETIES. 
 
 MASONIC Two lodges, one Chapter and a Commandery. 
 
 ODD FELLOWS Two lodges, and an Encampment. 
 
 KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS Two lodges, Endowment Rank and Uniform Bank. 
 
 UIUTBD WORKMEN One lodge, second Tuesdays. 
 
 ROTAL ARCANUM One lodge, fourth Mondays. 
 
 LEGION OF HONOR One council, firnt Mondays. 
 
 FRATERNAL LEGION One camp, first Thursdays. 
 
 KNIGHTS OF HONOR One lodge, first Wednesdays. 
 
 CATHOLIC KNIGHTS Branch No. 71, Sundays. 
 
 TCRN-VBRBIN Meets every Sunday. 
 
 GRAND ARMY OP REPUBLIC Two posts. 
 
 CONFEDERATE VETERANS One camp.
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 65 
 
 TOTTNO MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION Booms in Adams' Block. 
 CHATTANOOGA MEDICAL SOCIETY First Fridays. 
 HEBREW LADIES' BENEVOLENT SOCIETY Call of president. 
 
 BOARD OP TRADE. 
 Booms in Chamber of Commerce building, Market street. 
 
 CHAMBER OP COMMERCE. 
 Hall up-stairs, in No. Market street, rear of building. 
 
 PUBLIC LIBRARY. 
 In same building with the Chamber of Commerce, front room. 
 
 ORPHANS' HOME. 
 
 On Vine street. Conducted by the ladies of the "Woman's Christian Associa- 
 tion. 
 
 STEELE ORPHANS' HOME. 
 
 For colored orphans, on Strait street. Conducted by Mrs. Almira S. Steele, 
 its founder. 
 
 ASSOCIATED CHARITIES. 
 
 Conducted by a board of trustees and a superintendent. Funds obtained 
 from city and county governments chiefly. 
 
 SOME IMPORTANT LAWS. 
 
 The following laws are quoted with special reference to Tennessee : 
 
 "A homestead in the possession of each head of a family, and the improve- 
 ments thereon to the extent of $1,000, shall be exempt from sale under legal 
 process during the life of such head of a family ; to inure to the benefit of the 
 widow, shall be exempt during the minority of their children occupying the 
 same ; nor shall the same be alienated without the joint consent of the husband 
 and wife, when that relation exists. This exemption shall not operate against 
 public taxes, nor debts contracted for the purchase money of such homestead or 
 improvements thereon. 
 
 " Married women owning a separate estate, settled upon them and for their 
 separate use, can dispose of the same by will, deed, or otherwise, in as full and 
 complete a manner as if she were unmarried. The property of the wife is not- 
 liable for the debts of the husband incurred before marriage. The same law is 
 applicable to the husband. Money deposited in bank by a married woman is free 
 from the claims of husbands or their creditors. 
 
 ' ' Under the revenue laws of Tennessee, all property owned in the State, ex- 
 cepting $1,000 worth of personalty belonging to the heads of families, is subject 
 to taxation for State and county purposes. The tax on property levied by 
 the State is forty cents on the $100 worth, ten cents of which shall be for school 
 purposes. Merchants pay ad valorem and privilege taxes, amounting to seventy 
 cents on the $100 worth, ten cents of which is for free schools. Taxes are also
 
 60 HISTORICAL GUIDK TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 levied upon a great number of privileges and upon polls, the poll-tax being 
 applied to school purposes. The county courts are authorized to levy taxes for 
 general county purposes not to exceed the State tax." 
 
 Suits can be brought before a justice of the peace up to $500. Six per cent 
 is the legal interest. If " usury" is proven, the entire interest is forfeited. 
 
 HISTOKIC POINTS. 
 The stranger, especially if once a soldier, will find the following quite useful : 
 
 PLACES TO VISIT. 
 
 HOW TO REACH THEM. 
 
 WHERE TO GET ON. 
 
 FARE. 
 
 Battle Above the Clouds 
 
 (/'liirkiiniHiiga 
 
 Incline and Broad Gauge R'ys. 
 Chatta., Rome & Col. Railway. 
 Hacks and on foot 
 
 Horse Cars and U. P. Depot 
 Central Station 
 
 0.25 
 0.25 
 
 * 
 
 o.as 
 
 
 
 0.05 
 0.25 
 0.25 
 0.05 
 0.05 
 0.05 
 0.25 
 0.25 
 
 nmfrclrratr Cemetery .. 
 
 
 Chatta., Rome & Col. Railway. 
 Hacks and on foot 
 
 Central Station 
 
 < 'utntTon Hill 
 
 
 East Lake . . . 
 
 
 Nuby Street Depot 
 
 Lookout Mountain 
 
 Broad Gauge Railway 
 
 Union Passenger Depot 
 Horse Care and Union R'y . 
 From Broad Street out 
 Nuby Street Depot 
 
 Lookout Mountain 
 
 Missionary Ri<1ge 
 
 Incline and Nar. Gauge R'ys. . . 
 Klectric Railway 
 
 National Cemetery 
 
 Union Railway 
 
 Orchard Knob 
 
 Union Railway 
 
 Nuby Street Depot 
 
 Sherman Heights 
 
 East Tenn., Va. & Ga. Railway. 
 Incline and Nar. Gauge R'ys.. 
 
 Union Passenger Depot 
 Horse Cars and Union R'y. 
 
 Sunset Rock 
 
 
 *Makc contracts with hackmen. Usual charge, one dollar an hour. 
 
 LANDMARKS OF WAR TIMES. 
 
 Headquarters Gen. Rosecrans. Now 316 "Walnut street. 
 Headquarters Gen. Bragg. "Brabson House," now 407 B. Fifth. 
 Headquarters Grant, Thomas, Sherman. Now 110 Walnut street. 
 Headquarters Gen. D. H. Hill. Now 603 Pine street. 
 Headquarters Gen. Brannan. 8. E. cor. Third and Walnut streets. 
 Old War Prison (both armies). S. W. cor. Fourth and Market. 
 Fort Wood. East City; rapidly being covered with dwellings. 
 Fort Negley. Rear of Stan ton House; houses going up there. 
 Fort Sherman, then "Brabson Hill." Fifth and Lindsay t-treets. 
 Fort Cameron. Traces of fort and magazine still on Cameron Hill. 
 Signal Point. Walden's Ridge, southern projection. 
 Signal Rock. Lookout Mountain, near to "Point." 
 Crutchfield House. Read House built on site. 
 Planters Hotel. Wisdom House built on site. 
 American Hotel. Bottling house, 826 Broad street. 
 Kaylor Hall. Through alley between 819 aud 821 Market street.
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 67 
 
 EVENTS OF i88g. 
 
 This edition of 5,000 copies of the "Guide to Chattanooga" goes to press 
 July 1, 1889, while preparations are being made to welcome 
 
 1. THE NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 This Association, composed of the Educators of the United States, will assem- 
 ble in Nashville, Tenn., on July 16, and remain in session daring three days. 
 They will coiue to Chattanooga as excursionists, the Nashville <fc Chattanooga 
 Kailroad running special trains at very low rates. 
 
 Twenty-eight committees have been organized to escort those teachers to his- 
 toric points in the environs, and to make them feel that Chattanooga is honored 
 by their visit. Beyond doubt, the warm weather and the crowded condition of 
 cars and hostelries will cause some to murmur, even in the midst of our sublime 
 scenery, but ninety per centum of those devoted men and charming women will 
 return to their homes, all over the Union, pleased and edified by their visit to 
 our City of the Mountains. They will know us better, and, may we not hope, 
 will like us the better for their seeing us in the flesh. "Will it be too much to 
 prophesy that these teachers will say to their students : 
 
 "If these Southrons do not truly love us, 
 And err in ignorance and not in cunning, 
 Then we have no judgment of honest faces." 
 
 In the native language of his own green Isle of the .Ocean the writer of these 
 lines says in true heartiness, Cead mille falthe! 
 
 2. THE SOCIETY OF THE ARMY OF THE CUMBERLAND. 
 
 This Society visits us again this year, on "Chickamauga Days," September 
 19, 20. They came to us once before, in 1881, the history of which visit is given 
 elsewhere in this "Guide." 
 
 The writer of these lines organized a Society of ex- Confederates to greet those 
 gallant visitors in 1881, and a "Camp" of the Confederate Yeterans will welcome 
 them just as heartily next September. 
 
 Every arrangement is being made for the comfort and entertainment of the 
 Veterans who fought on both sides at Chickamauga and at Missionary Kidge. 
 At no point in the Union could this reunion and commingling be as thorough, 
 hearty, and sincere as at Chattanooga. Here partisans forget their folly, and 
 bigots deny their former narrowness with shamefacedness. In Chattanooga our 
 chiefest boast is, WE ARE AMERICAN CITIZENS ! 
 
 Gentlemen of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, and of the various 
 Confederate Associations, we greet thee. Silver and gold have we little, but we 
 have hearts that are big, and a welcome that ever smiles. Chattanooga boasts 
 as liberal, active, hospitable, and unselfish a population as any town on the 
 American continent. Gladly do we welcome all good people from every section 
 of the civilized globe who come to our city to make an honest living, and acquire 
 a fortune by honorable means. If you like us, cast your lot in with us, and 
 grow old, rich and happy with the rest of us ! And, in the spirit of Shakspeare's 
 Simonides, " To say YOU are welcome would be superfluous."
 
 68 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 IMPORTANT INFORMATION. 
 
 Readers of this Guide will file it away for reference because of the informa- 
 tion it contains. 
 
 LEGAL HOLIDAYS. 
 
 NBW YEAR'S DAY January 1st is a legal holiday in all the States except 
 Arkansas, Delaware, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Rhode Island. 
 
 WASHINGTON'S BIRTHDAY February 22d is a legal holiday in all the States 
 but Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Mississippi, Oregon and 
 Tennessee. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE DAY July 4th is a legal holiday in all the States and Terri- 
 tories. 
 
 CHRISTMAS DAY December 25 is a legal holiday in all the States and Terri- 
 tories. 
 
 STATUTE OP LIMITATIONS. 
 
 In Tennessee, actions must be brought within years as follows! 
 For assault, slander, injuries, etc., within one year. 
 For open accounts, within six years. 
 For promissory notes, within six years. 
 For revival of judgments, within twenty years. 
 
 TAX ON COMMERCIAL TEAVELEES. 
 
 The following is a list of places and amount of taxation on commercial trav- 
 elers: Alabama, $15.50 per year; Arizona, $200 per year; Beaufort, S. C., $10 
 per visit; Bennettsville, S. C., $1 per visit; Batesburg, S. 0., 75 cents per day; 
 Charleston, S. C., $10 per month;" Cumberland, Md., $1 per day; Delaware, $25 
 per year; Deadwood, D. T., $5 per week; Darlington, S. C., $1; East St. Louis, 
 $2 per day; Blkton, Md., per cent on stock carried; Florida, $25 per year; Hart- 
 well, Ga., $5 per trip; Johnston, S. C., 50 cents per day; Lewistown, Idaho, $5 
 per trip; Montana, $100 per year for each county; Memphis, Term., $10 per 
 week or $25 per month ; Mobile, Ala., $3 per day or $7 a week; Natchez, Miss., 
 25 cents per day; New Orleans, La., $50 per year; Newport, Ky., $1 per month; 
 North Carolina, $100 per year; Nevada, $100 per year; Orangeburg, S. C., $2 
 per day; St. Matthews, 8. C., $1 per day; San Francisco, Cal., $25 per quarter; 
 Texas, $35 a year; Tucson, Arizona, $50 per quarter; Tombstone, Arizona, $10 
 per day; Virginia, $75 per year; "Wilmington, N. C., $3 per day; "Washington, 
 D. C., $200 per year; "Walhalla, S. C., $1 per day.
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 69 
 
 SOME POSTAL FACTS. 
 
 Post-offices in TenneRsee June 30, 1889 2,102 
 
 Post-offices in Tennessee of first class 4 
 
 (1) Nashville, salary of postmaster $3,400 
 
 (2) Memphis, " " 3,400 
 
 (3) Chattanooga, " " 3,100 
 
 (4) Knoxville, " " 3,000 
 
 RATES OF POSTAGE. 
 
 Letters. Prepaid by stamps, 2 cents each onnce or fraction thereof to all 
 parts of the United States and Canada; forwarded to another post-office without 
 charge on request of the person addressed ; if not called for, returned to -the 
 writer free, if indorsed with that request. For registering letters the charge is 
 10 cents additional. Drop letters at letter-carrier offices, 2 cents per ounce or 
 fraction thereof; at other offices, 1 cent per ounce or fraction thereof. 
 
 Second Class Matter. Periodicals issued at regular intervals at least four 
 times a year and having a regular list of subscribers, with supplement, sample 
 copies, 1 cent a pound ; periodicals, other than weekly, if delivered by letter- 
 carrier, 1 cent each; if over 2 ounces, 2 cents each. When sent by other than 
 publishers, for 4 ounces or less, 1 cent. 
 
 Third Class Matter (not exceeding 4 pounds). Printed matter, books, proof- 
 sheets (corrected or uneorrected), unsealed circulars, inclosed so as to admit of 
 easy inspection without cutting cords or wrapper, 1 cent for each 2 ounces. 
 
 Fourth Class Matter. Not exceeding 4 pounds, embracing merchandise and 
 samples, excluding liquids, poisons, greasy, inflammable or explosive articles, 
 live animals, insects, etc., 1 cent an ounce. Postage to Canada and British 
 North American States, 2 cents per ounce; must be prepaid; otherwise, 6 cents. 
 
 MATTEKS OF BUSINESS. 
 
 PROMISSORY NOTES. A note dated on Sunday is void. A note obtained by 
 fraud, or from one intoxicated, is void. If a note be lost or stolen, it does not 
 release the maker, he must pay it. An endorser of a note is exempt from liabil- 
 ity, if not served with notice of its dishonor within twenty-four hours of its non 
 payment. A note by a minor is void. Notes bear interest only when so stated. 
 Principals are responsible for their agents. Bach individual in partnership is 
 responsible for the whole amount of the debts of the firm. 
 
 LETTERS OP RECOMMENDATION should be given cautiously. They should 
 be both clear and candid. If a party is not worthy of a commendation, do not 
 seem to commend by ambiguous phrases. A party may be commended for one 
 quality, and not for others. Say what you mean or say nothing.
 
 70 
 
 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 FOREIGN CITIES. 
 
 The following tables will be valuable to thousands who keep this Guide to 
 Chattanooga convenient for reference. Postage given is for letters weighing 
 half an ounce or less. Mileage is via New York. 
 
 DISTANCES FROM CHATTANOOGA 
 
 To 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Days in 
 Transit. 
 
 CD 
 
 I 
 
 CO 
 
 g 
 
 To 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 c 4J 
 ''SS 
 
 i> 
 
 
 
 a> 
 
 bC 
 
 i 
 
 00 
 
 O 
 
 PL, 
 
 Alexandria .... 
 
 6 850 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 Gibraltar ....... 
 
 5 850 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 Antwerp 
 
 4 700 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 Glasgow ........ 
 
 4 070 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 Aspiu wall ....... 
 
 3 005 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 Hague 
 
 4 645 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 Athens .... ...... 
 
 6 380 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 Havana .. 
 
 2,100 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 Barbiwloes . ... 
 
 2 840 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 Havre . . .... 
 
 4,630 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 Berlin 
 
 5 085 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 London 
 
 4,405 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 Bombay 
 
 10465 
 
 29 
 
 5 
 
 Mexico City 
 
 2,036 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 Bordeaux ... 
 
 5 082 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 Paris 
 
 4 700 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 Bremen 
 
 5 035 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 Rome 
 
 5 704 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 Brussells 
 
 4 670 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 'Shanghai 
 
 10 700 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 Buenos Ay res 
 
 8,725 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 Suez 
 
 7,000 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 Cape Town 
 
 11 940 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 Vera Cruz . 
 
 3 200 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 Calcutta 
 
 It 815 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 Venice 
 
 5 450 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 Constantinople ... 
 
 6510 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 Vienna 
 
 5 420 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 Dublin 
 
 4 010 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 'Valparaiso. ... 
 
 6 600 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 4,950 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 'Yokohama 
 
 9,400 
 
 28 
 
 5 
 
 Geneva 
 
 5,105 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 Zurich 
 
 5 150 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *Via Sau Francisco. 
 
 DISTANCES FROM CHATTANOOGA 
 
 To 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Fare. 
 
 To 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Fare. 
 
 Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 138 
 
 $ 3 00 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa 
 
 763 
 
 $20 50 
 
 Baltimore, Md.......... 
 
 665 
 
 17 70 
 
 Pittsburgh Pa 
 
 648 
 
 19 15 
 
 Boston, Muss. ...... 
 
 1070 
 
 27 50 
 
 Richmond Va 
 
 592 
 
 15 5 
 
 Cincinnati, Obio .. 
 
 335 
 
 9 75 
 
 San Francisco Cal 
 
 2736 
 
 72 50 
 
 Chicago, 111 
 
 599 
 
 17 00 
 
 St Louis Mo 
 
 468 
 
 14 00 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind 
 
 445 
 
 12 85 
 
 St. Paul, Minn 
 
 970 
 
 27 75 
 
 Louisville, Ky 
 
 336 
 
 9 10 
 
 Washington D C 
 
 625 
 
 16 50 
 
 Memphis, Tenn 
 
 310 
 
 9 30 
 
 Hamilton Canada 
 
 835 
 
 23 20 
 
 Nashville, Tenn 
 
 151 
 
 4 55 
 
 Montreal Canada 
 
 1211 
 
 30 60 
 
 New Orleans, La 
 
 491 
 
 14 75 
 
 Toronto, Canada 
 
 875 
 
 24 25 
 
 New York, N. Y 
 
 8. r >3 
 
 23 00 
 
 Quebec, Canada 
 
 1383 
 
 32 60 
 
 Omaha, Neb . .... 
 
 882 
 
 25 50 
 
 Ottawa Canada 
 
 1058 
 
 29 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LETTERS OF FRIENDSHIP should receive more care and thought than is gen- 
 erally accorded them. They should be answered promptly, and good taste 
 should dictate the measure of freedom or formality to be observed in them.
 
 AND LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. 
 
 HEALTH. 
 
 71 
 
 SUMMER COMPLAINTS. In addition to ordinary prudence in diet and drink, 
 especial care should be taken as to the quality of drinking water used. If not 
 known to be absolutely pure, add a teaspoonful of aromatic sulphuric acid (elixir 
 of vitriol) to one quart of water. Epidemics of cholera have been arrested, when 
 every other means failed, by using water thus ascidulated. It may be flavored 
 with lemons and sweetened. There is good reason for believing that the cholera 
 poison is absolutely destroyed by mineral acids. It would be well, therefore, to 
 confine the drink exclusively to this mineral-acid lemonade so long as there is 
 any danger of cholera. No other single precaution is of so much importance as 
 this. 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. It will often relieve a mother's anxiety to know how 
 long after a child has been exposed to a contagious disease that there is danger 
 the disease has been contracted. The following table gives the period of incuba- 
 tion or anxious period and other information concerning the more important 
 diseases: 
 
 Disease. 
 
 Symptoms 
 usually 
 appear 
 
 Anxious 
 period 
 ranges from 
 
 Patient Is Infectious 
 
 Chicken-pox 
 
 
 
 n 14th d 
 2d 
 14th 
 19th 
 14th 
 4th 
 12th 
 21st 
 14th 
 
 iy 
 
 10-18 da 
 2-5 
 10-14 
 16-24 
 12-20 
 1- 7 
 1-14 
 1-28 
 7-14 
 
 ys. 
 
 Until all scabs have fallen off. 
 14 days after disappearance of membrane 
 *Until scaling and cough have ceased. 
 14 days from commencement. 
 10 to 14 days from commencement. 
 Until all scaling has ceased. 
 Until all scabs have fallen off. 
 Until diarrhoea ceases. 
 fSix weeks from beginning to whoop. 
 
 Diphtheria 
 
 Measles 
 
 Mumps 
 
 Rotheln 
 
 Scarlet Fever 
 
 Small-pox 
 
 Typhoid Fever 
 
 Whooping-cough 
 
 *In measles the patient is infectious three days before the eruption appears, 
 fin whooping-cough the patient is infectious during the primary cough, which may be 
 three weeks before the whooping begins. 
 
 BURNS AND SCALDS. Dust the parts with bicarbonate of soda, or wet with 
 water in which as much of the soda has been placed as can be dissolved. When 
 the burns are so severe that the skin is broken and blisters raised, open the blis- 
 ters at one side and swathe the parts with soft linen anointed with simple cerate 
 or saturated with sweet oil, castor oil or equal parts of linseed oil and lime water e 
 Burns from acids should be well washed with water. Burns from caustic alkalies 
 should be well washed with vinegar and water. When a person's clothing is on 
 fire he should quickly lie down and be wrapped in carpet or something else that 
 will smother the flame. 
 
 SUNSTROKE. Treat this by removing the clothing, applying ice to the head 
 and arm -pits until the high temperature is lowered and consciousness returns, 
 when it should be discontinued until a rising temperature again calls for it. A 
 cold bath of iced water may be very beneficial. 
 
 HKMORRHAGE FROM THE NOSE may be stopped generally by snuffing up the 
 nose salt and water, alum and water, or vinegar, or by applying ice between the 
 shoulders, or at the back of the neck. Keep head raised.
 
 72 HISTORICAL GUIDE TO CHATTANOOGA 
 
 CHATTANOOGA AS A HOME. 
 
 I cannot better close this little pamphlet than with a candid statement of a 
 few of the surrouudings of Chattanooga as a place of residence: 
 
 1. We have a balmy climate, not too hot in summer nor too cold in winter. 
 Thermometer rarely rises above 90 or descends to 0. Every month is pleas- 
 ant except August. 
 
 2. "We have mountain tops and valleys quickly reached by steam and electric 
 transportation. These make removal to summer resorts unnecessary, and pro- 
 vide dry, healthful homes for consumptives. 
 
 3. We have good water, good sewerage, good schools, good fire department, 
 good system of police, and a very energetic, pushing, reasonably moral popula- 
 tion. 
 
 4. Chattanooga is the terminus of seven trunk lines of railway ; has a belt 
 system that connects all the railways with the factories, and reaches all the 
 valley suburbs; has lines of railway to the summits of Lookout Mountain and 
 Missionary Ridge, and has twenty-five miles of horse car railway. 
 
 5. Has over one hundred manufactories in successful operation, being con- 
 venient to iron, coal and timber. 
 
 6. Chattanooga has increased in population from 6,000 in 1870 to 50,000 iu 
 1889. The increase has been remarkable during the past three years. In 1886 
 we had 29,000; in 1889 we have 50,000. 
 
 7. The Tennessee will be navigable from its mouth to Chattanooga by Decem- 
 ber 25, 1889, thus connecting the city by water with the Mississippi, the Ohio 
 and the Cumberland. Then Chattanooga will have water connection with New 
 Orleans, St. Louis, St. Paul, Cincinnati, Pittsburg and hundreds of smaller 
 places. 
 
 8. We have good streets, the main ones laid with asphalt, Belgian blocks and 
 creosoted bricks. They are wide and straight. 
 
 9. We have successful electric light plants, both arc and incandescent, and 
 our main streets are lighted by electricity. 
 
 10. We have large and handsome church edifices, and enough of them to sat- 
 isfy the religious peculiarities of all our citizens. 
 
 11. We have all of the popular secret societies, in full operation. All are 
 reported in a prosperous condition. 
 
 12. Our population is made up of Northerners and Southerners, the former 
 chiefly manufacturers, the latter wholesale and retail -merchants. They are 
 about equal in number, energy, enterprise and integrity. 
 
 These are the inducements, gentle reader, to cast in your lot with us. We 
 do not deal in adjectives or expletives, merely recite the unadorned facts. To 
 be sure, all people are not equally well pleased with us, but it is a fact that 
 ninety per centum of those who in the past removed from Chattanooga in the 
 hope of bettering their condition have returned' to us. 
 
 Come and see for yourself. Make due allowance for home attachments and 
 natural prejudices. . Everything you see will not comport with your ideas, no 
 doubt, but, in the aggregate, you will find Chattanooga to be one of the best 
 places to live in you have visited in any part of the Union.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 Los Angeles 
 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
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