Elemental:^ Classics 
 
 PA 
 
 ONVASION OF BRITAIN 
 
 WELCH and DUf FIELD 
 
 AMERICAN EDITION 
 S. G. ASHMORE, A.M. 
 
1 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 IVIicrosoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/caesarsinvasionoOOcaesrich 
 
CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN 
 
^ 
 
 .^i><m. 
 
ffilementarg Classics 
 
 CAESAE'S 
 INVASION OF BRITAIN 
 
 ADAPTED FOR THE USE OF BEGINNERS 
 BY 
 
 c/^TifOR^^. WELCH, M.A. 
 
 AND 
 
 C. G. DUFFIELD, M.A. 
 
 ASSISTANT MASTERS AT CRANLEIGH SCHOOL 
 
 WITH NOTES, EXERCISES, AND VOCABULARIES 
 
 NEW EDITION 
 
 Enlarged, and Adapted for Use in American Schools by 
 
 SIDNEY G. ASHMORE, L.H.D. 
 
 professor of latin in union college, SCHENECTADY, N.Y. 
 
 MACMILLAN AND CO. 
 
 AND LONDON 
 1892 
 
 All rights reserved 
 

 Copyright, 1892, 
 By MACMILLAN AND CO. 
 
 734^^^- 
 
 Typography by J. S. Cushing & Co., Boston, U.S.A. 
 
 Presswork by Berwick & Smith, Boston, U.S.A. 
 
/ OP TBE 
 
 TTNIVERSITY 
 
 PREFACE OF THE AMERICAN EDITOR. 
 
 In re-editing Welch and Duffield^s edition of 
 Caesar (Invasion of Britain), El. CL, I have made 
 the following alterations and additions : I have 
 changed the orthography of Latin words through- 
 out the book so as to bri^g it into conformity with 
 Brambach's ^HulfsbucJilein fiir lateinische Eecht- 
 schreibung/ and the Elementary Latin Dictionary 
 of Dr. Charlton T. Lewis (Harper and Brothers, 
 1891).' Accordingly, besides other changes, I have 
 substituted everywhere cum for quum, and i for j. 
 
 In making my notes I have consulted, and not 
 infrequently levied contributions upon other edi- 
 tions, and to explanations of a grammatical nature 
 have added references to the grammars of Allen 
 and Greenough, of Harkness, and of Gildersleeve 
 (designated respectively A., H., and G.) ; but have 
 used everywhere the nomenclature of A. I have 
 
vi PREFACE OF THE AMERICAN EDITOR. 
 
 also corrected some slight errors and misprints, 
 and in tlie Latin-English vocabulary have added 
 extensively to the marks of quantity, which had 
 been but sparingly inserted by the English editors. 
 
 Sidney G. Ashmore. 
 
 Union College, Schenectady, N.Y. 
 April, 1892. 
 
OP THB \ 
 
 ITNIVERSITY 
 
 PEEFAOE. 
 
 Caesar's ^ Invasion of Britain ' is intended as a 
 first Translation Book. The text, which has been 
 taken from Books IV. and V. of the Gallic War, 
 has been simplified as much as possible ; the vari- 
 ous constructions being introduced gradually to 
 the learner's notice. On each construction will 
 be found one or more exercises and an explanation 
 or rule. 
 
 An English vocabulary has been added at the 
 request of the Publishers, and the objection raised 
 to such a vocabulary in the Introduction to the Eu- 
 tropius has been overcome by giving a reference to 
 the chapter or vocabulary where the word occurs 
 instead of giving the Latin word itself. 
 
OOl^TEIsrTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction ........ xi 
 
 Directions for Translating ..... xviii 
 
 Rules of Agreement ...... xix 
 
 Directions for Parsing ...... xix 
 
 Text 1 
 
 Notes 23 
 
 Abbreviations ........ 38 
 
 Vocabulary — Latin-English ..... 39 
 
 Exercises 67 
 
 Vocabulary — English-Latin 93 
 
 Index . . . . . . . . . . 99 
 
 ix 
 
INTEODUOTIO]^. 
 
 JULIUS CAESAR IN BRITAIN. 
 
 The transactions recorded in this book should be 
 of the highest importance to Englishmen, for, how- 
 ever transient in their effects, they mark the dawn 
 of the history of our island. Before the year 55 b.c, 
 Britain was a terra incognita to the ancient world 
 at Eome. The first mention of the island by any 
 Eoman writer is found only in the second book of 
 Caesar's Gallic War, and even then he knew next 
 to nothing about it. In 55 b.c. all Gaul lay pros- 
 trate at the feet of the conqueror ; one by one the 
 tribes had succumbed, and although they were only 
 waiting an opportunity to strike again for freedom, 
 the advancing legions had carried their victorious 
 arms to the northern sea-coast of Gaul. Suddenly 
 a new danger arose ; the barbarous hordes of Ger- 
 many poured across the Khine upon their helpless 
 neighbours ; Caesar was summoned hastily from 
 Eome, and hurrying across the wintry passes of the 
 Alps he met the invader near the junction of the 
 
Xll CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 Mosa and the Rhenus, and after a most determined 
 battle nearly annihilated two entire .tribes. It was 
 at this time that the invasion of Britain was deoer- 
 mined upon. If Graul were to be preserved as a 
 Roman dependency, it must be delivered from for- 
 eign foe and foreign ally alike. A severe example 
 had just been made of one of the former, which 
 would intimidate the rest for some time to come. 
 But this was not enough. Caesar reflected that, in 
 the conflict with the Veneti the year before, when 
 all the maritime tribes had sent help against him, 
 a fleet had sailed in from the direction of the white 
 cliffs that lay far out on the horizon, and had joined 
 the Venetian League. This was enough. If the 
 security of his Gallic conquests was to be preserved, 
 this mysterious ally from across the sea must be 
 taught the power of the Roman arms. An uncon-' 
 quered people, so close at hand, would offer an 
 example of independence highly dangerous to the 
 peace of G-aul. At all hazards, therefore, the Britons 
 must be silenced. Caesar took up his quarters on 
 the coast of the Morini, who provided him with 
 information and assistance. Volusenus, a Roman 
 officer, was sent to reconnoitre the opposite coast. 
 Commius, chief of the Atrebates, was commissioned 
 to precede the Romans and impress upon the Britons > 
 the advisability of an alliance or submission to the 
 Roman power. The autumn was advancing ; little 
 
INTBODUCTION. XIU 
 
 way could be made this year^ an expedition would 
 not be thrown away however^ and so upon the even- 
 ing of the 26th of August, b.c. 55, two divisions, 
 consisting of two legions and a few hundred cavalry, 
 were arranged to sail from two ports in the country 
 of the Morini. Caesar with his legions made a 
 favourable passage, and in a few hours was under 
 the Dover cliffs where the hostile tribesmen were 
 gathered to repel the invader. To land here was 
 impracticable, and the other squadron of ships had 
 not yet arrived. Accordingly Caesar drifted up 
 seven or eight miles with the tide and arrived off 
 the fiat beach of Deal. The Britons were on the 
 alert, and rushed into the waves to bar his landing. 
 A hard fight followed; the Britons fought stub- 
 bornly; the ships of war drawn up on the flanks 
 poured volley after volley of darts upon them ; the 
 Britons were dazed but unbeaten, when an ensign 
 of the 10th legion, calling on his comrades to follow, 
 dashed into the water at their head and drove back 
 the Britons upon the shore. Their courage failed 
 and they fled. A fortified camp was constructed 
 on the shore, and the Britons at once began to send 
 embassies with overtures of peace. Meantime 
 Caesar's other detachment had been less fortunate ; 
 detained in harbour for four days after the first had 
 sailed, they started at last to join the main body of 
 ships. They were no sooner sighted from the camp 
 
 ■ 
 
XIV CAE SAB'S INVASION OF BRITAIN, 
 
 on shore when a strong gale sprang up from the east 
 and beat them down channel ; some succeeded, how- 
 ever, in making the coast of Gaul in safety, while 
 others were driven down the coast of Britain. This 
 storm nearly proved fatal to the Eomans on shore. 
 The war vessels drawn upon the beach were shat- 
 tered by the breakers, the transports at anchor were 
 dragged from their moorings and dashed upon the 
 * coast. Nor was this the only misadventure. About 
 the same time the Britons made an attack upon the 
 seventh . legion, which had been sent upon a forag- 
 ing expedition, but as it was not out of communica- 
 tion with the camp, they were repulsed. Not a 
 moment was to be lost. The shattered vessels were 
 repaired, and in view of the coming stormy season, 
 offers of submission made by the barbarians were 
 accepted, and Caesar set sail for Graul without delay. 
 In the spring of b.c. 54, preparations were com- 
 pleted for a descent upon Britain with a much 
 larger force. Six hundred transports, with five 
 legions and the pick of the Gallic cavalry on board, 
 sailed from Portus Itius and, , without casualty, 
 landed at the same spot as in the preceding sum- 
 mer. A naval station was constructed on the shore, 
 and a permanent camp pitched at some distance 
 inland without the slightest opposition. It was not 
 until he arrived at the banks of the little river 
 Stour that he met with any bar to his progress, and 
 
INTRODUCTION. XV 
 
 even then the Britons at once fell back upon their 
 entrenchment, a clearing in a neighbouring wood, 
 where they were dislodged by the seventh legion. 
 Next day news came from Q. Atrius, who had been 
 left behind on shore to guard the naval station, that 
 a storm on the previous night had again wrought 
 havoc amongst the fleet. To prevent similar de- 
 struction for the future, Caesar determines to beach 
 the remainder of the fleet and fortify the vessels 
 with a camp on the shore, a task costing his men 
 ten days of ceaseless labour. Meanwhile the Brit- 
 ish tribes had rallied under Cassivellaunus, a chief 
 of the Tranobantes, and were prepared to dispute 
 his advance at the river Stour. The fl-eet secured, 
 Caesar rejoined his legions, and a most determined 
 battle ensued. Again and again the Britons in 
 their war-chariots dashed at the Eoman lines, but 
 they never gave way, while the former lost the 
 flower of their warriors. The Roman arms won 
 the day, and never again was Caesar met in the 
 open field. In spite of numerous irregular skir- 
 mishes he pushed on boldly, and arrived at the banks 
 of the Thames, at a spot eighty miles from the sea. 
 Here he found a ford, but the opposite bank was 
 fortified with stakes driven into it, and the enemy 
 were waiting to receive him. It is almost impossi- 
 ble to say where this spot was, but a long cherished 
 tradition has fixed upon Cowey Stakes — an old ford 
 
 I 
 
xvi CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 on the river near the junction of the Wey with the 
 Thames — as the place where Caesar crossed. No 
 real opposition was encountered here, the Eomans 
 forded the river easily, carrying all before them, 
 and Caesar marched straight on Yerulamium, the 
 stronghold of Cassivellaunus. On his way he re- 
 ceived the submission of the Trinobantes, over whom 
 Cassivellaunus had usurped authority, as well as 
 that of several other tribes, and Cassivellaunus had 
 to meet the invaders with only a handful of fol- 
 lowers sheltered in the morasses and thickets in 
 which his capital lay. Here he held out for a time ; 
 he urged the Britons of Cantium to attack the 
 Roman camp on the shore, which they did without 
 success. His last chance was gone, and he sur- 
 rendered to the Eomans on hearing of the failure 
 of the attack. 
 
 Caesar was now in haste to return to Gaul. News 
 had reached him that a spirit of rebellion was abroad 
 there, and to quell it his legions must return. After 
 exacting tribute and hostages from Cassivellaunus 
 he re-embarked his legions and sailed away to Gaul, 
 never to return. Thus ended a most fruitless expe- 
 dition. The Britons were beaten, yet no territory 
 was added to the Eoman power ; not a single garri- 
 son was left behind ; no British wealth was poured 
 into the treasury at Eome ; no train of captive 
 Britons trod the Sacra Via before the conqueror's 
 
INTROI) UCTION, xvii 
 
 chariot. Much bravery and determination, many 
 lives, and a large number of vessels had been thrown 
 away upon it with this result. As Tacitus says in 
 his ^Agricola/ Caesar "rather showed Britain to 
 posterity than handed it down to them as a con- 
 quest." It was not until nearly a hundred years 
 later, in the reign of the Emperor Claudius (a.d. 
 43 and 44), that any part of Britain was annexed 
 to the Boman empire. 
 
 (The localities mentioned above are disputed by 
 various writers ; many places contend for the hon- 
 our of Caesar's landing-place, but the views of Mr. 
 George Long on such matters have been adopted, 
 and to him the editors are indebted for help in other 
 parts of the book.) 
 
DIEECTIONS FOE TEANSLATmG.* 
 
 1. Pick out the finite verb (the predicate) and find out its 
 voice, mood, tense, number, and person. 
 
 2. Find the subject or subjects with which it agrees. Trans- 
 late. 
 
 3. If the verb is incomplete, find the object or completion. 
 Translate. 
 
 4. See if the subject is enlarged by any of the methods 
 mentioned below ; if it is, translate, taking the enlargements 
 with the subject. 
 
 5. See if the object is enlarged; if it is, translate, taking 
 the enlargements with the object. 
 
 6. Take the extensions of the predicate. Translate. 
 
 7. Translate finally, putting in the introductory conjunctions 
 or other words not yet taken. 
 
 The subject may be 
 
 1. A noun. 
 
 2. A pronoun (perhaps understood in the verb) . 
 
 3. An adjective. 
 
 4. An infinitive mood. 
 
 5. A phrase. 
 
 The subject may be enlarged by 
 
 1. An adjective or participle. 
 
 2. A noun in apposition. 
 
 3. A noun in the genitive case. \ 
 
 * To those who are inclined to follow implicitly these directions of the 
 English editors, the perusal of Professor W. Gr. Hale's little panaphlet 
 on the *' Art of reading Latin as the Romans read it," is recommended. 
 
DIRECTIONS FOR TRANSLATING. xix 
 
 4. A relative clause. 
 
 5. A participial phrase. 
 
 The object or completion may consist of a phrase, or of any 
 of the parts of speech which can form a subject. 
 The object may be enlarged in the same way as the subject. 
 
 The predicate may be extended by 
 
 1. Adverb. 
 
 2. Ablative case. 
 
 3. Preposition and its case. 
 
 4. Adverbial sentence. 
 
 Rules of Agreement. 
 
 1. The verb agrees with its subject in number and person 
 (and gender in the compound tenses) . 
 
 2. The adjective agrees with its substantive in gender, num- 
 ber, and case. 
 
 3. The relative agrees with its antecedent in gender and 
 number ; tar case it looks to its own verb. 
 
 Parsing. 
 
 1. Verb. Person, number, tense, mood, and voice, from 
 
 (give the parts). Agrees with , its subject. 
 
 2. Noun. Case, number, and gender, from , of the 
 
 declension. Give the reason for the case. 
 
 3. Adjective. Case, number, and gender, from and is 
 
 declined like . It agrees with its substantive . 
 
 Give the comparative and superlative. 
 
 4. Relative. Case, number, and gender, from . It agrees 
 
 with its antecedent . Give the reason for the case. 
 
Tjfpo.Etchiug Co. sc 
 
CAESAE'S INVASION OF BKITAIN. 
 
 1. lam exigua pars aestatis reliqua fuit : 
 Caesar tamen in Britauniam profi- caeear makes inqui- 
 
 Cisci Statuit : ries about Britain. 
 
 Britanni in omnibus fere Gallicis bellis auxilium 
 hostibus nostris subministraverant. 5 
 
 2. Sed primo genus hominum, loca, portus, adi- 
 tus cognoscere statuit : 
 
 haec omnia fere Gallis erant incognita. 
 Nemo enim, praeter mercatores, illo adiit : 
 neque iis ipsis quicquam praeter oram maritimam 10 
 notum est. 
 
 3. Itaque mercatores ad se convocat. 
 
 Sed ea quae maxime cognoscere volebat, insulae 
 magnitudinem, incolarum genus, usum belli, repe- 
 rire non poterat. le 
 
 C. Volusenum cum navi longa praemittit : 
 
 ipse autem cum omnibus Suis COpiis His preparations. 
 
 in Morinos proficiscitur : 
 
 inde erat brevissimus in Britanniam traiectus. 
 
 4. Hue naves undique venire iubet : 20 
 
 1 
 
2 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 et classem, quam ad Veneticum bellum effecerat, 
 convenire iubet. 
 
 Interim consilium eius per mercatores ad Britan- 
 nos perlatum est: 
 25 legati ab insulae civitatibus ad eum veniunt : 
 
 obsides dare et imperio populi Eomani obtempe- 
 rare volunt. 
 
 5. Caesar, liberaliter pollicitus, eos domum re- 
 mittit. 
 30 Commium autem nna cum iis mittit ; 
 
 hunc Caesar regem constituerat : 
 
 huius virtutem et consilium probabat : 
 
 Commius Caesari fidelis esse videbatur : 
 
 et eius auctoritas in his regionibus magna habe- 
 35 batur. 
 
 Volusenus autem neque e navi egredi neque se 
 barbaris committere audet. 
 
 Itaque quinto die ad Caesarem redit : 
 
 et, quae viderit, renuntiat. 
 40 Help given him by 6. Cacsar in his locis moratur : et 
 theMorini. navcs parat : 
 
 Legati ex magna parte Morinorum ad eum veniunt : 
 de superioris temporis consilio se excusaverunt : 
 olim enim bellum populo Eomano fecerant. 
 45 Hoc Caesari esse opportunum videbatur : 
 
 nam neque post tergum hostem relinquere volebat, 
 neque facultatem belli gerendi propter anni tem- 
 pus habebat. 
 
CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 3 
 
 His magnum numerum obsidum imperat, et eos 
 in Mem recipit. 50 
 
 7. Naves circiter octoginta onerarias cogit : 
 hae satis esse numero ei videbantur : 
 
 sed praeter eas quasdam naves longas habebat : 
 has quaestori, legatis praefectisque distribuit. 
 Hue accedebant octodecim onerariae naves, 55 
 
 quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento 
 
 tenebantur : 
 
 has equitibus distribuit. 
 
 Publium Sulpicium Eufum legatum cum praesi- 
 
 dio portum tenere iussit. 60 
 
 8. Mox tempestatem ad navigationem idoneam 
 nactus est : 
 
 turn naves tertia fere vigilia solvit : 
 
 equitesque in ulteriorem portum progredi, et 
 naves conscendere, et se sequi iussit. 65 
 
 Ipse autem hora circiter diei quarta cum primis 
 navibus Britanniam attigit : 
 
 et ibi armatas hostium copias in omnibus collibus 
 expositas conspexit. 
 
 9. Haec erat loci natura : 70 
 mare angustis montibus continebatur : 
 
 telum ex locis superioribus in litus adigi poterat. 
 
 Hie nequaquam idoneus locus esse videbatur : 
 
 et ad nonam horam reliquas naves in ancoris 
 exspectabat. 75 
 
 Interim legatos tribunosque militum convocat, et 
 eos hortatur. 
 
4 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BBITAIN. 
 
 Postea et ventum et aestum iino tempore secun- 
 dum nanciscitur : 
 So signum dedit et ancorae sublatae sunt. 
 
 10. Turn circiter milia passuum septem ab eo 
 loco progressus est, 
 
 et naves in aperto ac piano litore constituit. 
 At barbari consilium Eomanorum cognoscunt : 
 85 The Britons show cquitatum ct csscdaiios praemit- 
 ^^^*- tunt : 
 
 hoc plerumque genere militiae in proeliis uti con- 
 suescunt. 
 
 Itaque subsecuti reliqais copiis nostros e navibus 
 90 egredi prohibent. 
 
 11. Erat ob has causas summa difficultas : 
 naves propter magnitudinem nisi in alto constitui 
 
 non poterant: 
 
 militibus nostris loca ignota erant : 
 95 manus eorum impeditae erant : 
 
 ipsi magno et gravi onere armorum oppressi erant. 
 Hostes autem aut ex arido aut paulum in aquam 
 progressi audacter tela coniecerunt : 
 et equos insuefactos incitaverunt. 
 100 12. Quibus rebus nostri perterriti, at que huius 
 omnino generis pugnae imperiti, non solita alacri- 
 tate utebantur. 
 
 The Britons receive Q^o^ ^^i Cacsar - animadvcrtit, 
 
 a Roman s^SrS^ ^aves longas paulum removeri ab 
 
 105 bearer. onerariis navibus, et remis incitari, 
 
CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 5 
 
 et ad latus apertum hostium constitui, atque inde 
 fiindis, sagittis, tormentis hostes propelli ac sub- 
 moveri iussit : (navium longarum et species erat 
 barbaris inusitatior et motus ad usum expeditior). 
 Quae res magno usui nostris fuit. no 
 
 Nam barbari, et navium figura et remorum motu 
 et inusitato genere tormentorum permoti, constite- 
 runt ac paulum modo pedem rettulerunt. 
 
 13. Atque nostris militibus cunctantibus, maxime 
 propter altitudinem maris, quidam decimae legionis 115 
 aquilifer, contestatus deos, ut ea res legioni felici- 
 ter eveniret : "DesilUe,^' inquit, ''milites, nisi vultis 
 aquilam hostibus prodere : ego certe meum rei publi- 
 cae atque imperatori offlcium praestitero.^' Mox se 
 
 ex navi proiecit atque in hostes aquilam ferre 120 
 coepit. . Tum nostri, tantum dedecus metuentes, 
 universi ex navi desiluerunt. Hos item ex proxi- 
 mis navibus ubi conspexerant, subsecuti hostibus 
 appropinquarunt. 
 
 14. Pugnatum est ab utrisque acriter. Nostri 125 
 tamen magnopere perturbabantur : Engagement on the 
 
 , . beach. Victory of 
 
 nam neque ordmes servare neque the Romans, 
 firmiter insistere, neque signa subsequi poterant, 
 atque alius alia ex navi, quibuscumque signis oc- 
 cur rerat, se aggregabat. Hostes vero, notis omni- 130 
 bus vadis, ubi ex litore aliquos singulares ex navi 
 egredientes conspexerant, equos incitabant : nostros 
 impeditos adoriebantur : plures paucos circumsis- 
 
6 CAE SAB'S INVASION OF BRITAIN, 
 
 tebant : alii ab latere aperto in universes tela coni/ 
 i35ciebant. 15. Quod ubi viderat Caesar^ scaphas 
 longarum navium, item speculatoria navigia a mili- 
 tibus compleri iussit, et iis, quos laborantes "con- 
 spexerat, subsidia submittebat. Nostri simul in 
 arido constiterunt, suis omnibus consecutis, in hostes 
 i4oimpetum fecerunt atque eos in fugam dederunt: 
 neque longius prosequi potuerunt, quod equites cur- 
 sum tenere atque insulam capere non potuerant. 
 Hoc unum ad pristinam fortunam Caesari defuit. 
 16. Hostes, proelio superati, simul atque se ex 
 145 The Britons sue for fuga reccperunt, statim ad Caesarem 
 
 peace and restore ^ . 
 
 Coramius, the envoy, legatos dc pacc miseruut : promit- 
 
 whom they held in . . ^ ^ 
 
 custody. tunt se obsides daturos esse, et 
 
 Caesaris mandata effecturos. Una cum his legatis 
 Commius Atrebas venit, qui a Caesare in Britan- 
 
 i5oniam antea praemissus erat. Hunc Britanni, e navi 
 egressum, cum ad eos oratoris modo Caesaris man- 
 data deferret, comprehenderant atque in vincula 
 coniecerant. 17. Tum proelio facto, remiserunt 
 et eius rei culpam in multitudinem contulerunt, et 
 
 155 ut ignosceretur propter imprudentiam petiverunt. 
 Caesar questus est, quod bellum sine causa intu- 
 lissent ; dixit se ignoscere imprudentiae obsidesque 
 imperavit : quorum illi partem statim dederunt, 
 partem ex longinquioribus locis se arcessituros esse 
 
 160 paucis diebus dixerunt. Interea suos remigrare in 
 agros iusserunt, principesque undique convenire, et 
 
CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 7 
 
 se civitatesque suas Caesari commendare coepe- 
 runt. 
 
 18. Pace COnfirmata, naves OCtO- Destruction of the 
 
 Roman fleet by a 
 
 decim, quae equites sustulerant, ex storm. 165 
 
 superiore portii leni vento solverunt. Quae cum 
 appropinquarent Britanniae et ex castris viderentur, 
 magna tempestas subito coorta est : neque ulla navis 
 cursum tenere poterat ; sed aliae eodem, unde erant 
 profectae, referebantur, aliae ad inferiorem partem 170 
 insulae, quae est propius solis occasum, magno sui 
 cum periculo deiciebantur : quae tamen, ancoris 
 iactis, fiuctibus complebantur : itaqiie necessario 
 adversa nocte in altum provectae continentem peti- 
 verunt. Eadem nocte accidit, ut esset luna plena, 175 
 qui dies maritimos aestus maximos in Oceano ef- 
 ficere consuevit ; nostrisque id erat incognitum. 
 19. Ita uno tempore et longas naves, quibus Caesar 
 exercitum transportaverat, quasque in aridum sub- 
 duxerat, aestus complebat, et onerarias, quae ad an- 180 
 coras erant deligatae, tempestas adflictabat ; neque 
 ulla nostris facultas aut administrandi aut auxili- 
 andi dabatur. Complures naves fractae sunt; re- 
 liquae, funibus, ancoris, reliquisque armamentis 
 amissis, erant ad navigandum inutiles : itaque 185 
 magna totius exercitus perturbatio facta est. Ne- 
 que enim naves erant aliae, quibus reportari pos- 
 sent, et omnia, quibus naves refici possent, deerant: 
 et quod Caesaris consilium hiemandi in Glallia omni- 
 
8 CAESAB'S INVASION OF BRITAIN . 
 
 190 bus cognitum est, frumentum his in locis in hiemem 
 non provisum erat. 
 
 20. Quibus rebus cognitis, principes Britanniae, 
 Overjoyed at Ro- ^^^ P^^^ proelium ad Caesarem con- 
 BH^ons'^enew ho^s! veueraut, inter se conloquuntur. 
 
 195 tiiities. Eomanis deesse equites et naves 
 
 et frumentum intellegunt ; et paucitatem militum 
 ex castrorum exiguitate cognoscunt :. quae castra 
 hoc erant etiam angustiora, quod sine impedimen- 
 tis Caesar legiones transportaverat. Constituunt, 
 
 200 rebellione facta, nostros frumento commeatuque 
 prohibere, et rem in hiemem producere; his supe- 
 ratis aut reditu interclusis, neminem postea in 
 Britanniam transiturum belli inferendi causa con- 
 fidunt. Itaque rursus coniuratione facta, paulatim 
 
 205 ex castris discedere, ac suos clam ex agris deducere 
 coeperunt. 
 
 21. Caesar nondum eorum consilia cognoverat : 
 Caesar repairs the tamcu ct cx cveutu uavium suarum 
 shattered fleet. ^^ ^^ ^^^ quod obsidcs dare intermi- 
 
 2ioserant, fore id, quod accidit, suspicabatur. Itaque 
 ad omnes casus subsidia comparabat. Nam et 
 frumentum ex agris cottidie in castra conferebat et 
 materia at que acre earum navium, quae gravis sime 
 adflictae erant, ad reliquas reficiendas utebatur ; 
 
 215 alia, quae ad eas res usui erant, ex continenti com- 
 portari iubebat. Quae res summo studio a mili- 
 tibus administrabatur : itaque, duodecim navibus 
 
OF TftB > 
 
 I CJNIVERSITY 
 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 amissis, reliquis ut navigari commode posset, effe- 
 cit. 
 
 22. Dum ea geruntur, una legio, quae appella- 220 
 batur septima, ex consuetudine fru- The Romans sur- 
 
 , -, T • T prised by an ambus- 
 
 mentatum missa est: nulla ad id cade of the Britons, 
 tempus suspicio belli interposita erat : pars homi- 
 num in agris remanebat, pars etiam in castra venti- 
 tabat : ii, qui pro portis castrorum in statione erant, 225 
 Caesari nuntiaverunt pulverem magnum atque inu- 
 sitatum in ea parte videri, quam in partem legio 
 iter fecisset. Caesar aliquid novi consilii a bar- 
 baris initum esse suspicabatur. Itaque cohortes, 
 quae in stationibus erant, secum in earn partem 230 
 proficisci iussit : duas ex reliquis cohortes in stati- 
 onem succedere, reliquas armari et confestim sese 
 subsequi iussit. 23. Cum paulo longius a castris 
 processisset, suos ab hostibus premi animadvertit : 
 conf erta legione, ex omnibus partibus tela conicie- 235 
 bantur. Nam omni frumento ex reliquis partibus 
 demesso, pars una erat reliqua: hostes suspicati 
 nostros hue esse venturos noctu in silvis delituerant : 
 tum subito nostros disperses adoriuntur : nam illi, oc- 
 cupati in metendo, arma deposuerant : itaque, paucis 240 
 interfectis, reliquos incertis ordinibus perturbant : 
 simul equitatu atque essedis nostros circumdant. 
 
 24. Genus hoc est ex essedis pugnae. Primo per 
 omnes partes perequitant, et tela British mode of 
 
 ... lighting. Their use 
 
 coniciunt: ipso terrore equorum et of chariots. 245 
 
10 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 strepitu rotariim ordines plerumque perturbantur : 
 turn cum se inter turmas equitum insinuaverunt, ex 
 essedis desiliunt, et pedibus proeliantur. Aurigae 
 interim paulatim ex proelio excedunt : atque ita cur- 
 
 250 rus conlocant ut, si essedarii a multitudine hostium 
 premantur, expeditum ad suos receptum habeant. 
 25. Ita mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatem peditum 
 in proeliis praestant : ac tantum usu et cottidiana 
 exercitatione efficiunt, ut in declivi ac praecipiti 
 
 255 loco incitatos equos sustinere possint : et brevi 
 spatio eos moderari ac flectere, et per temonem per- 
 currere, et in iugo insistere, et se inde in cur rus 
 citissime recipere sclent. 
 
 Nostri milites novitate pugnae perturbantur : qui- 
 
 260 Caesar's arrival' on l>us tamen tempore opportuuissimo 
 battie?^°Ta^king Ld^ Cacsar auxilium tulit : namque eius 
 lausef hy^tiorml advcutu liostcs constitcruut, nostri 
 Ihei?"foTeJ"fori se ex tiniore receperunt. 26. Sed 
 fresh attack. Cacsar alicnum esse tempus ad cora- 
 
 265 niittendum proelium arbitrabatur : ita suo se loco 
 continuity et post aliquid temporis in castra legio- 
 nes reduxit. Dum haec geruntur, nostri omnes oc- 
 cupati sunt : reliqui, qui erant in agris, discesserunt. 
 Tempestates continues complures dies secutae sunt: 
 
 270 quae et nostros in castris continebant, et hostem 
 a pugna prohibebant. Interim barbari nuntios in 
 omnes partes dimiserunt, paucitatemque nostrorum 
 militum suis praedicaverunt : et demonstraverunt, 
 
CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 11 
 
 quanta daretur facultas praedae faciendae ac liber- 
 tatis occupandae, si Romanos castris expulissent. 275 
 Itaque, magna multitudine peditatus equitatusque 
 coacta, ad castra venerunt. 
 
 27. Caesar autem animadvertit hostes, si pelle- 
 rentur, celeritate periculum effugere The Roman camp at- 
 posse: quae res superioribus diebus Sed^n^p^irsZ ^^ 
 acciderat. Itaque nactus equites with slaughter. 
 circiter triginta quos Commius Atrebas secum 
 transportaverat, legiones in acie pro castris con- 
 stituit. Hostes, commisso proelio, diutius impetum 
 nostrorum militum ferre non potuerunt, ac terga 285 
 verterunt. Quos nostri spatio brevi secuti sunt : 
 complures ex iis occiderunt ; deinde, omnibus longe 
 lateque aedificiis incensis, se in castra receperunt. 
 Eodem die legati ab hostibus missi ad Caesarem 
 de pace venerunt. 28. His Caesar numerum obsi- 290 
 dum, quem antea imperaverat, du- The Britons sur- 
 
 ,. . . . render, and Caesar 
 
 plicavit : eosque m contmentem ad- returns to Gaui. 
 duci iussit. Ipse, idoneam tempestatem nactus, 
 paulo post mediam noctem naves solvit : quae om- 
 nes incolumes ad continentem pervenerunt : sed ex 295 
 iis onerariae duae portus capere non potuerunt, et 
 paulo infra delatae sunt. 
 
 Caesar in Belgis omnium legionum hiberna consti- 
 
 tuit. Eo duae Civitates ex Britannia Preparations made 
 
 during the winter for 
 
 obsides miserunt, reliquae neglexe- a second invasion to 300 
 
 T • r^. .he undertaken in the 
 
 runt. Komae ex litteris Caesaris following summer. 
 
12 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 dierum viginti supplicatio a senatii decreta est. 
 Interim naves aedificari veteresque refici iubet : 
 ipse in fines Treveroriim profectus est, quod hi 
 
 305 neque ad concilia veniebant neque imperio parebant. 
 29. Inde ad portum Itium pervenit, quo naves 
 convenire iusserat, quod inde erat brevissimus in 
 Britanniam traiectus. Dies circiter viginti quinque 
 in eo loco commoratus est, quod Corns ventus navi- 
 
 3iogationeni impediebat, qui magnam partem omnis 
 temporis his in locis flare consuevit. Tandem ido- 
 neam nactus tempestatem milites equitesque con- 
 scendere in naves iubet. Labienum in continente 
 cum tribus legionibus et milibus duobus equitum re- 
 
 315 linquit, ut portus tueatur et frumentum provideat. 
 Ipse cum quinque legionibus et pari numero equi- 
 tum, quem in continenti reliquerat, ad solis occasum 
 The fleet crosses the ^avcs solvit. 30. Primo leui Af rico 
 ancT°8trikeV'^te?ror P^ovectus cst : mox tamcu media cir- 
 
 320 into the Britons. citcr uoctc, vcuto iutcrmisso, cursum 
 non tenuit et aestu longius delatus est : orta luce 
 sub sinistra Britanniam relictam conspexit. Tum 
 rursus aestus commutationem secutus remis con- 
 tendit, ut eam partem insulae caperet, qua optimus 
 
 325 esset egressus. Qua in re militum virtus admodum 
 fuit laudanda; qui vectoriis gravibusque navigiis 
 remigandi laborem non inter miser unt : itaque lon- 
 garum navium cursum adaequarunt. 31. Accessum 
 est ad Britanniam omnibus navibus meridiano fere 
 
a AE SAB'S INVASION OF BE IT A IN, 13 
 
 tempore, neque in eo loco hostis est visus : sed, ut 33° 
 Caesar postea ex captivis cognovit, cum magnae 
 manus eo convenissent, multitudine navium perterri- 
 tae erant; statim a litore discesserant ac se in supe- 
 riora loca abdiderant. Caesar exercitum exposuit et 
 locum castris idoneum cepit : ex captivis cognovit, 335 
 
 quo in loco hostium COpiae COnse- Caesar lands his 
 ^ . ^ troops. The enemy 
 
 dissent : cohortibus decern praesidio are discovered in a 
 navibus Q. Atrium praefecit. Ad dislodges them. 
 mare reliquit et equites trecentos, qui praesidio 
 navibus essent. Ipse de tertia vigilia ad hostes 340 
 contendit. Noctu progressus milia passuum circiter 
 duodecim, hostium copias conspicatus est. 32. Illi, 
 equitatu atque essedis ad fiumen progressi, ex loco 
 superiore nostros prohibere et proelium committere 
 coeperunt. Eepulsi ab equitatu se in silvas abdide- 345 
 runt, locum nacti egregie et natura et opere muni- 
 tum : nam, crebris arboribus succisis, omnes introitus 
 erant praeclusi. Ipsi ex silvis rari propugnabant, 
 nostrosque intra munitiones ingredi prohibebant. 
 At milites legionis septimae, testudine facta, et 350 
 aggere ad munitiones adiecto, locum ceperunt : 
 eosque ex silvis expulerunt, paucis vulneribus ac- 
 ceptis. Sed eos fugientes longius Caesar prosequi 
 vetuit : nam loci naturam ignorabat : magna pars 
 diei iam consumpta erat ; munitioni castrorum tem- 355 
 pus relinqui volebat. 
 
 33. Postero die mane, tripertito milites equites- 
 
Itt CAESAB'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 Next day he is pre- ^^^^ in expeditionem misit, ut eos, 
 r/thtnertLTthe q^^ fugeraiit, persequereiitur. Hi 
 
 36oSroyed^'bra'gaie aliquaiitum itineiis progressi sunt, 
 in the night. g^ ^^^ paene Grant in prospectu 
 
 hostium ', sed equites a Q. Atrio ad Caesarem vene- 
 runt, qui nuntiarent superiore nocte, maxima coorta 
 tempestate, prope omnes naves adflictas atque in 
 
 365 litore eiectas esse, quod neque ancorae funesque 
 
 subsisterent, neque nautae gubernatoresque vim 
 
 tempestatis pati possent : itaque ex eo concursu na- 
 
 vium magnum incommodum esse acceptum dixerunt. 
 
 34. His rebus cognitis, Caesar legiones equita- 
 
 370 Working night and tumoue revocari atque in itinere 
 
 day for ten days, the 
 
 Romans repair their resistere iubet, ipse ad naves rever- 
 
 fleet which is safely 
 
 beached. titur : eadem lere, quae ex nuntiis 
 
 litterisque cognoverat, coram perspicit : leaves cir- 
 citer quadraginta erant amissae : reliquae tamen 
 
 375 refici posse magno negotio videbantur. Itaque ex 
 legionibus fabros deligit, et ex continenti alios 
 arcessi iubet : ipse, etsi res erat multae operae ac 
 laboris, tamen commodissimum esse statuit omnes 
 naves subduci, et cum castris una munitione con- 
 
 ^80 iungi : in his rebus circiter dies decem consumit : 
 ne noctu quidem labor intermittitur : naves subdu- 
 cunt, et castra egregie muniunt. 35. Tum Caesar 
 c^sar once more easdem copias, quas ante, praesidio 
 l^rk)r! ^where^ he navibus reliquit, et eodem, unde 
 
 385 finds 'the Britons g^jgg^f profcctuS CSt. Eo CUm 
 gathering under Cas- ' i 
 
 siveiiaunus. veuissct, maiores copiae Britanno- 
 
CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN, 15 
 
 rum iam undique in eum locum conveneraiit : 
 summa imperii bellique administrandi communi 
 consilio Cassivellauno permissa erat: cuius fines 
 a maritimis civitatibus flumen dividit, quod appel- 390 
 latur Tamesis, a mari circiter milia passuum octo- 
 ginta. Huic superiore tempore cum reliquis civi- 
 tatibus continentia bella intercesserant ; sed nostro 
 adventu permoti, Britanni hunc toti belle imperio- 
 que praefecerant. 395 
 
 36. Insula natura est triquetra, cuius unum latus 
 est contra Galliam. Huius lateris Description of 
 alter angulus, quo fere omnes ex Britain. 
 Gallia naves appelluntur, ad orientem solem, infe- 
 rior ad meridiem spectat. Hoc pertinet circiter 400 
 milia passuum quingenta. Alterum Dimensions, etc. 
 vergit ad Hispaniam atque occidentem solem : qua 
 ex parte est Hibernia, dimidio minor, ut aestimatur, 
 quam Britannia, sed pari spatio transmissus atque 
 ex Gallia est in Britanniam. In hoc medio cursu 405 
 est insula, quae appellatur Mona : complures prae- 
 terea insulae minores subiectae esse existimantur : 
 de quibus insulis nonnulli scripserunt dies continues 
 triginta sub bruma esse noctem. 37. Nos nihil de 
 eo percontationibus reperiebamus, nisi certis ex 410 
 aqua mensuris breviores esse quam in continenti 
 noctes videbamus. Huius lateris est longitudo, ut 
 fert illorum opinio, septingentorum milium. Ter- 
 tium est contra septentriones : cui parti nulla est ob- 
 
16 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 415 iecta terra, sed eius angulus lateris maxime ad Ger- 
 
 maniam spectat. Hoc milia passuum octingenta 
 
 in longitudinem esse existimatur. Ita omnis insula 
 
 est in circuit u vicies centum milium passuum. 
 
 Britanniae pars interior ab iis incolitur, quos natos 
 
 420 it3 inhabitants, and ^^^e in iusula ipsi dicuut : maritima 
 products. pg^Pg 2i\) iis, qui praedae ac belli 
 
 inferendi causa ex Belgis transierunt: (qui omnes 
 fere iis nominibus civitatum appellantur, quibus orti 
 ex civitatibus eo pervenerunt) : et, bello inlato, 
 
 425 ibi permanserunt, atque agros colere coeperunt. 
 38. Hominum est infinita multitudo, creberrimaque 
 aedificia, fere Gallicis consimilia; pecorum magnus 
 est numerus. Utuntur aut acre aut taleis ferreis 
 ad certum pondus examinatis pro nummo. Nascitur 
 
 430 ibi plumbum album in mediterraneis regionibus : in 
 maritimis ferrum, sed eius exigua est copia: aere 
 utuntur importato. Materia cuiusque generis, ut in 
 Gallia est, praeter fagum atque abietem. Leporem 
 et gallinam et anserem gustare fas non putant : haec 
 
 435 tarn en alunt animi voluptatisque causa. Loca sunt 
 
 temperatiora quam in Gallia, remissioribusfrigoribus. 
 
 39. Ex bis gentibus longe sunt humanissimi, qui 
 
 Manners and customs Cautium incoluut, quaC rcgio CSt 
 
 of the Britons. maritima omnis ; neque multum a 
 
 440 Gallica differunt consuetudine. Interiores plerique 
 
 frumenta non serunt, sed lacte et carne vivunt, pel- 
 
 libusque sunt vestiti. Omnes vero se Britanni vitro 
 
CAESAR'S INVASION OF BBITAIN. 17 
 
 inficiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colorem, atque hoc 
 horridiores sunt in pugna aspectu ; capillum habent 
 promissum; omnem corporis partem praeter caput 445 
 et labrum superius radunt. 
 
 Equites hostium essedariique acriter proelio cum 
 equitatu nostro in itinere conflix- An indecisive en- 
 
 . . gageraent with the 
 
 erunt : nostri tamen omnibus parti- Britons, 
 bus superiores fuerunt, atque eos in silvas collesque 450 
 compulerunt : sed, compluribus interfectis, cupidius 
 insecuti nonnullos ex suis amiserunt. 40. At illi, 
 intermisso spatio, subito se ex silvis eiecerunt, im- 
 petumque in eos fecerunt, qui erant in statione pro 
 castris conlocati. ISTostri autem imprudentes erant 455 
 atque in munitione castrorum occupati : hostes acri- 
 ter pugnaverunt : et, nostris novo genere pugnae 
 perterritis, per medios audacissime perruperunt, 
 seque inde incolumes receperunt. Eo die Q. La- 
 berius Duras, tribunus militum, interlicitur. Illi, 460 
 pluribus cohortibus submissis, repelluntur. 
 
 Postero die procul a castris suis hostes in colli- 
 bus constiterunt : rari se ostende- Followed next day 
 
 , , , . . T , by a grreat victory 
 
 runt : et ienius quam pridie nostros for the Romans, 
 equites proelio lacessere coeperunt. 41. Sed meri-465 
 die cum Caesar pabulandi causa tres legiones atque 
 omnem equitatum cum Gaio Trebonio legato misis- 
 set, repente ex omnibus partibus ad pabulatores 
 advolaverunt, sic uti ab signis legionibusque non 
 absisterent. Nostri acriter in eos impetu f acto 47° 
 
 I 
 
18 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 reppulernnt, neque finem sequendi fecerunt, quoad 
 subsidio confisi equites, cum post se legiones vide- 
 rent, praecipites hostes egerunt. Magnus numerus 
 hostium interfectus est : nam nostri iis neque sui 
 
 475 conligendi neque consistendi aut ex essedis desili- 
 endi facultatem dederunt. Ex hac fuga protinus 
 quae undique convenerant auxilia discesserunt ; 
 neque post id tempus umquam summis eopiis nobis- 
 cum hostes contenderunt. 
 
 480 42. Caesar, cognito consilio eorum, ad fiumen 
 n ^r. o.. +1.^ Tamesim in fines Cassivellauni ex- 
 
 Caesar crosses the 
 
 Thames. ercituui duxit : quod flumen uno 
 
 omnino loco pedibus, atque hoc aegre, transiri 
 poiiest. Eo cum venisset, vidit magnas hostium 
 
 485 copias ad alteram fluminis ripam esse instructas. 
 Ripa autem erat acutis sudibus munita ; sudesque 
 eiusdem generis sub aqua defixae flumine tegeban- 
 tur. Caesar, his rebus cognitis, equitatum praemit- 
 tit : legiones confestim subsequi iubet. Sed milites 
 
 490 ea celeritate atque eo impetu ierunt, cum capite 
 solo ex aqua exstarent, ut hostes impetum legionum 
 atque equitum sustinere non possent : ripas dimise- 
 runt ac se fugae mandaverunt. 
 
 43. Cassivellaunus omnem contentionis spem 
 
 4QC Cassiveiiaunus, deponit : ampliorcs copias dimittit : 
 
 -^ not wishing to risk .■!; . . . 
 
 another battle, har- milibus circitcr quattuor csscdario- 
 
 asses the Roman t . • 
 
 march by irregular rum rclictis, itinera uostra serva- 
 
 skirraishes and am- , , , .^ t i , 
 
 buscades. bat : paulum ex via excedebat : 
 
CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 19 
 
 locis impeditis ac silvestribus se occultabat : in iis 
 regionibus, quibus nos iter facturos esse cognoverat, 500 
 pecora atque homines ex agris in silvas compelle- 
 bat: turn, cum equitatus noster praedandi vastan- 
 dique causa se in agros eiecerat, omnibus viis notis 
 semitisque essedarios ex silvis emittebat : ita magno 
 cum periculo nostrorum equitum cum iis confiige- 505 
 bat, atque hoc metu latins vagari prohibebat. Ita- 
 que Caesar equites non longius ab agmine legionum 
 discedere passus est. 
 
 44. Interim Trinobantes, prope firmissima earum 
 resrionum civitas, les^atos ad Cae- TheTrinobantessub- cio 
 
 ^ . IT rait to Caesar. Other *^ 
 
 sarem mittunt^ pollicenturque sese tribes follow. 
 ei dedituros atque imperata facturos : ex qua ci^i- 
 tate Mandubracius adulescens ad Caesaremln Gal- 
 liam venerat : cuius pater in ea civitate regnum 
 obtinuerat, interfectusque erat a Cassivellauno : 515 
 ipse f uga mortem vitaverat. Illi petunt, ut Caesar 
 Mandubracium ab iniuria Cassivellauni defendat, 
 atque in civitatem mittat. His Caesar imperat ob- 
 sides quadraginta, frumentumque exercitui; Man- 
 dubraciumque ad eos mittit. Illi imperata celeriter 520 
 f ecerunt : obsides ad numerum frumentumque mise- 
 runt. 
 
 45. Ita Caesar Trinobantes defendit atque mili- 
 tes ab omni iniuria prohibuit : mox Caesar's attack on 
 
 Verulamium (S. Al- 
 
 etiam Cenima^ni, Sesrontiaci, Anca- bans) the strong- 525 
 
 T, ^., . ' . T . ., hold of Cassivellau- 
 
 lites, JBibroci, Cassi, legationibus nus. 
 
20 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 missis, sese Caesari dedunt. Ab his cognoscit non 
 
 * longe ex eo loco oppidum Cassivellauni abesse, sil- 
 vis paludibusque munitum, quo magnus hominum 
 
 530 pecorisque numerus convenerit. Oppidum autem 
 Britanni vocant, cum silvas impeditas vallo atque 
 fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium vitandae 
 causa convenire consuerunt. Eo proficiscitur cum 
 legionibus : locum reperit egregie natura atque 
 
 535 opere munitum : tamen hunc duabus ex partibus 
 oppugnare contendit. Hostes, paulisper morati, 
 militum nostrorum impetum non tulerunt, seseque 
 alia ex parte oppidi eiecerunt. Magnus ibi numerus 
 pecoris repertus est : multique in fuga sunt compre- 
 
 540 hen si atque interfecti. 
 
 46.' Durn haec in his locis geruntur, Cassivellau- 
 Cassiveiiaunus urges nus ad Cautium, quibus regionibus 
 KeVrt^'auactthi quattuor reges praeerant, Cingeto- 
 SltoHheBAtoil: Fix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, Sego- 
 
 545 Sfif '""^submus ^'To ^^^? nuntios mittit : his imperat, 
 Caesar. ^-^^ coactis omnibus copiis, castra 
 
 navalia de improviso oppugnent. li cum ad castra 
 venissent, nostri eruptionem fecerunt : multos 
 eorum interfecerunt : Lugotorigem, ducem nobilem, 
 
 550 ceperunt. Cassivellaunus, hoc proelio nuntiato, tot 
 detrimentis acceptis, vastatis finibus, maxime etiam 
 defectione civium permotus est : legatos per Atre- 
 batem Commium de deditione ad Caesarem mittit. 
 Caesar, cum constituisset hiemare in continent! 
 
CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 21 
 
 propter repentinos Galliae motus, neque multum 555 
 aestatis siix)eresset, obsides imperat : constituit quid 
 vectigalis in singulos annos populo Romano Britan- 
 nia penderet : imperat Cassivellauno, ne Mandu- 
 bracio neu Trinobantibus noceat. 
 
 47. Obsidibus acceptis, exercitum reducit ad 560 
 mare, naves invenit refectas. His Caesar returns to 
 
 - , , . V T . , • G-aul to winter quar- 
 
 deductis, quod et captivorum mag- ters. 
 num numerum habebat, et nonnullae tempestate de- 
 perierant naves, duobus commeatibus exercitum 
 reportare instituit. Ac sic accidit, ut ex tanto 565 
 navium numero, tot navigationibus, neque hoc 
 neque superior e anno, ulla omnino navis, quae 
 milites portaret, desideraretur : at ex iis, quae inanes 
 ex continenti ad eum remittebantur, militibus prioris 
 commeatus expositis, perpaucae locum ceperunt : 570 
 reliquae fere omnes reiectae sunt. Quas cum ali- 
 quamdiu Caesar frustra expectavisset, ne anni tem- 
 pore a navigatione excluderetur, quod aequinoctium 
 suberat, necessario angustius milites conlocavit ; 
 summa tranquillitas consecuta est : inita vigilia 575 
 secunda, naves solvit : prima luce terram attigit 
 omnesque incolumes naves perduxit. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 The Numbers refer to the lines of the Text. 
 
 3. Proficisci statuit. Caesar was at this time in N. Gaul: 
 he had just been fighting the Suevi and other tribes near the 
 Rhine. 
 
 6. loca. The usual plural form of locus : loci means topics, 
 places in books generally. A. 78. 2 b ; H. 141 ; G. 78. 
 
 10. lis. Dative after notum. A. 232. a ; H. 388. 1 ; G. 352. 
 
 13. ea. Ace, object of reperire. 
 
 16. C. The character _C (surd palatal) always retained the 
 force of the sonant palatal G in the abbreviations C. (for Gaius), 
 and Cn. (Gnaeus) . See A. G. and 80. d ; H. 2. 3. and 649. 1. 
 
 navi longa = ' a ship of war.' Roman ships of war were 
 long and narrow to ensure speed. 
 
 18. Morinos. See map. The most northerly people of Gaul. 
 Verg. JEn. viii. 727, Extremique hominum Morini. 
 
 19. brevissimus traiectus. The strait of Dover. 
 
 21. Veneticum bellum = ' the war with the Veneti.' See map. 
 They were a sea-faring tribe, and had possessed a large fleet, 
 which Caesar had just destroyed in battle. 
 
 26. dare...obtemperare. Verbs like volo, possum, videor, 
 etc., are incomplete in meaning without an infinitive, which is 
 called prolative, or complementary. A. 271 ; H. 533 ff . ; G. 424. 
 
 imperlo. Dative after obtempero= ' I am obedient to.* 
 A. 228; H. 386; G. 346. 
 
 30. Commium. A Gaulish king, chief of the tribe of the 
 Atrebates. They had been defeated by Caesar, and he had 
 appointed Commius to be their king. 
 
 23 
 
24 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 34. magna. Supply • esse,' to be taken with habebatur. 
 
 39. quae viderit. Viderit is subjunctive because it is not 
 stated as a, fact, but as a representation of Volusenus. A. 341. d ; 
 .H. 528. 1; G. 630. 
 
 42. Legati. Legatus will be found in Caesar with two mean- 
 ings, to be decided by the context : (1) a herald or ambassador ; 
 (2) a lieutenant-general, or adjutant to the Imperator. 
 
 43. de superioris temporis consilio = ' for their (hostile) pur- 
 pose of the season before.' 
 
 44. populo. Dative case of the indirect object. A. 224, 225; 
 H. 384. II. and 1. 1) ; G. 343. 
 
 47. belli gerendi. See Exercise xxvi; A. 295-8; H. 543-4; 
 G. 428, 429. Translate, * for a regular war with them.' 
 
 propter anni tempus. The summer was growing late. 
 It was now towards the end of August. 
 
 49. His. Dative of indirect object. See on 44 and 291. 
 
 50. eos in fidem recipit= ' receives their submission.' 
 
 61. naves onerarias = ' vessels of burden.' These were broader 
 and rounder than the naves longae = * war-ships.' 
 
 cogit = ' presses into his service.' He brought them 
 together at Boulogne, or possibly at Wissant. 
 52. numero. Abl. of specification. A. 253 ; H. 424 ; G. 398. 
 
 54. quaestori. The quaestores had charge of all money mat- 
 ters : they sometimes took command. 
 
 legatis. See on 42 (2). Caesar had ten legati in Gaul. 
 They were sometimes entrusted with separate commands. 
 
 praefectis. The praefecti militum commanded the aux- 
 iliary troops, or had special duties apart from the legion. 
 
 55. accedebant = came = ' were added.' 
 
 56. ex eo loco : i.e. from the port of Amhleteuse. 
 
 ab miiibus passuum. Mille passus or mille passuum 
 (partitive gen.) = 1000 paces, about 1618 English yards, or 142 
 yards less than the English statute mile. Ab here denotes not 
 merely distance or separation from, but also the measure of the 
 distance. Translate, ' at a distance of eight miles from,' etc. 
 
NOTES. 25 
 
 61. idoneam tempestatem =- ' favourable weather.' 
 63. tertia vigilia. The period between sunset and sunrise 
 was divided into four equal parts called vigiliae, distinguished 
 as prima, secunda, tertia, quarta vigilia, each vigilia contain- 
 ing three horae noctis. Of course the length of the vigilia 
 varies, being longest in winter, and shortest in summer. 
 
 Caesar set sail at 'midnight,' on the 26th of August, 
 B.C. 55. 
 
 solvit naves = 'weighed anchor,' ' set sail.' Lit. ' loosed ' 
 or ' cast off the ships.' 
 
 64. ulteriorem portum. If Caesar sailed from Itius, and if 
 Itius is JVissant, this ulterior partus where the cavalry em- 
 barked should be Sangatte (Calais). See on 306. 
 
 66. hora circiter quarta. The day would begin about 5 a.m., 
 and this would therefore be about 8.30 o'clock. The Roman 
 day from sunrise to sunset was divided into twelve equal parts, 
 called horae, varying according to the season. Circiter is an 
 adverb here. 
 
 67. Britanniam. The Dover shore. 
 
 71. angustis = ' precipitous.' angustus (from an^yo) —drawn 
 in, contracted, hence ' having no slope.' 
 
 73. nequaquam idoneus, that is, for landing. 
 
 74. ad nonam horam. Till about 3.30 o'clock. 
 
 76. tribunes militum = ' military tribunes.' There were six 
 in each legion, but only one was on duty at a time. He had 
 entire charge of the discipline when the soldiers were in camp. 
 
 78. secundum, secundus is really a participle from sequor, 
 ' I follow ' : hence applied to wind and tide = ' favourable.' 
 
 80. sublatae= 'weighed.' 
 
 81. ab eo loco : i.e. west of Dover. According to some, east. 
 83. aperto . . . litore : i.e. at Lymne in Romney Marsh, about 
 
 seven miles west of Dover. According to some, the coast between 
 Walmers and Deal. 
 
 85. essedarios. essedum, from which essedarii comes, is a 
 word of Gallic, not Latin, derivation: it w^as a two- wheeled 
 chariot. 
 
 87. hoc genere. Abl. after uti. The verbs that govern an 
 
26 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 ablative Sive fungor,fruor, utor, vescor, potior, and a few more. 
 
 A. 249 ; H. 421 ; G. 405 : uti is prolative infinitive. See on 26. 
 89. reliquis copiis. Abl. of accompaniment. A. 248. a. 
 
 Note ; H. 419. I. and 1. 1) ; G. 391. R. subsecuti, ' following 
 
 closely.' 
 92. in alto =' in deep water.' Caesar means that the ships 
 
 drew so much water that they could not be beached. 
 97. ex arido = ' from the dry beach.' 
 99. insuefactos= ' trained to go into the water.' 
 101. imperiti = ' inexperienced in.' Takes a gen. case. A. 218. 
 
 a; H. 399. 1.2; G. 373. 
 104. naves, etc. = * ordered the war-ships to be set back a 
 
 little,' etc. V 
 
 109. inusitatior= ' somewhat strange.' Literally, * stranger ' 
 (than the appearance of trading ships). 
 
 motus ad usum expeditior = ' their facility for steering 
 was readier.' The use of rudders in larger ships was unknown 
 to the Britons. 
 
 110. magno usui nostris fuit. * Sum ' admits a dative case 
 as the completion of the predicate (Dat. of Service), and a 
 second dative of the person or thing affected. A. 233. a ; H. 390. 1 ; 
 G. 350. Translate, ' was a great advantage to our men.' 
 
 113. paulum modo = ' just a little.' pedem referre, to retreat. 
 
 114. militibus cunctantibus. Abl. abs. in place of temporal 
 clause. A. 255 d. I ; H. 431. 2. (3) ; G. 409. R. 2. See Exercise xiii. 
 
 115. decimae legionis. The 10th legion, the ' Fighting Tenth,' 
 contained the pick of Caesar's troops. Under Caesar a legion 
 consisted of about 3000 men. Each legion contained 10 cohorts 
 of 300 men ; each cohort 3 maniples of 100 men ; and each 
 maniple 2 centuries of 50. The men in each cohort stood ten 
 deep. Usually on the field of battle the legion was drawn up 
 in three lines. The principal standard of the legion was the 
 eagle, which was carried by one of the bravest soldiers in the 
 first cohort, under the charge of the centurion of the first 
 century. 
 
 116. ea res =' this thing,' i.e. what he intended to do. legioni. 
 Dat. of reference. A. 235 ; H. 384, II. 7. 2) ; G. 345. 
 
NOTES. 27 
 
 117. eveniret. The subjunctive, in a substantive clause of 
 purpose, contestatus ut = ' with a prayer that.' A. 331 ; H. 498. 
 I ; G. 544. II. and 546. 
 
 119. praestitero = ' shall have discharged.' 
 
 125. pugnatum est ab utrisque = utrique pugnaverunt. This 
 impersonal use of pugnare is common. A. 146. d ; H. 195. II. 1. 
 and 301. 1 ; G. 199. R. 1. 
 
 127. ordines servare = ' to keep their lines unbroken.' 
 
 128. signa. Besides the eagle, each division of the legion 
 had its own standard, usually carried in front of the division. 
 
 129. alius alia ex navi = ' one from one ship, another from 
 another.' 
 
 quibuscumque, etc. = ' would attach himself to whatever 
 standard each had chanced to meet.' 
 
 131. singular es = ' in scattered groups.' 
 
 134. ab latere aperto = ' on the undefended flank.' 
 in universes = ' upon our collected forces.' 
 
 135. scaphas longarum navium = ' the men-of-war's cutters.' 
 Scapha is a Greek word, meaning a * dug-out.' 
 
 136. speculatoria navigia= ' reconnoitring vessels.' 
 
 137. laborantes= 'in distress.' 
 
 142. cursum tenere = ' to hold on their course.' The trans- 
 ports conveying the cavalry to Britain had encountered a 
 violent storm. 
 
 insulam capere = ' to reach the island.' 
 
 143. ad pristinam fortunam. Caesar's good fortune was 
 now to give place to a long period of disaster. 
 
 144. simul atque = ' as soon as.' 
 
 151. oratoris modo = * in the character of ambassador.' 
 
 152. deferret. Cum 'when,' referring to past time, is gen- 
 erally followed by the subjunctive.^ 
 
 1 The more advanced student is referred to Professor W. Gr. Hale, on 
 the cwm-constructions; Cornell University Studies, Ithaca, N.Y. 
 
28 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 153. remiserunt = ' they sent him back.' 
 
 155. ignosceretur. Supply sibi. Verbs taking a dative in 
 the active are used impersonally in the passive. Translate, 
 ' that pardon might be granted to them.' A. 230 ; H. 301. 1 ; 
 G. 208. Cf . n. on 125. For the mood, see on 117. 
 
 156. quod . . . intulissent. Intulissent is subjunctive, because 
 it states, not a fact, but what Caesar said they had done, 
 Caesar being regarded as a x)erson other than the writer. 
 A. 321. 2. ; H. 516. II ; G. 539. R. and 541. Cf . n. on 39. 
 
 164. naves. Nom., subject of solverunt, which is here used 
 absolutely = ' set sail.' Cf. n. on 63. 
 166. superiore portu. The same as ult. portum, 1. 64. 
 
 171. propius occasum. The preposition proj^e takes an accu- 
 sative case after it : so do propior and proximus, adjectives 
 derived from prope and propius, adverb, sui, objective genitive, 
 * with great peril to themselves.' 
 
 173. fluctibus complebantur = ' were in danger of being 
 swamped.' 
 
 174. adversa nocte = ' right into the darkness.' Lit. 'with 
 night facing them.' 
 
 in altum provectae = ' having run out to sea.' 
 
 175. ut esset. Subjunctive, in a substantive clause of result, 
 subject of accidit. A. 332. a. 2 ; H. 501. 1. 1 ; G. 558. 
 
 luna plena. This full moon has been fixed as having 
 happened on the night of the 30th and 31st August, B.C. 55. 
 
 176. qui dies = * which period ' : dies, the astronomical day. 
 
 aestus maximos = ' spring tides.' The ocean tides rose 
 here between 20 and 30 feet. 
 
 177. incognitum. Because there are no tides in the Medi- 
 terranean. 
 
 182. administrandi aut auxiliandi = ' of managing the ships, 
 or bringing any help.' 
 
 187. quibus reportari possent. See on 188. 
 
 188. quibus naves refici possent. Subjunctive, in a clause 
 of characteristic. A. 320. examp. 4; H. 500. 1 ; G. 633, 634. 
 
\BRAj 
 
 OF THB 
 
 nVERSITY 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 190. his in locis. Referring to Britain. For the order of the 
 words, see A. 345. a ; H. 569. II ; G. 680. R. 2. 
 
 195. Romanis. Siiin with its compounds, except possum and 
 absum, takes a dative. A. 231. a ; H. 387. and 386; G. 349. 
 
 198. hoc . . . quod = ' for this reason . . . because.' hoc is abla- 
 tive of degree of difference. A. 250. Note ; H. 423. Note 1. and 
 416 ; G. 400. and 406. 
 
 200. frumento. Abl. of separation: observe also reditu 
 interclusis. A. 243 ; H. 414 ; G. 388. 
 
 202. his... interclusis. Abl. abs. in place of conditional 
 clause : ' if these should be overcome or shut off from a return.' 
 A. 255. d. 4 ; see references on 114. 
 
 205. castris. Caesar's camp. 
 
 208. ex eventu navium = ' from what had happened to his 
 ships.' Objective genitive. A. 217 ; H. 396. Ill ; G. 361. 2. 
 
 209. ex eo quod = ' from the fact that.' 
 
 211. ad omnes casus = ' against every emergency.' 
 
 215. Usui. Dat. of purpose (service). A. 233. and a; H. 384. 
 II. 1. 3) ; G. 350. Cf. n. on 110. 
 
 ex continenti. Understand terra : continuous, unbroken 
 land as opposed to an island ; i.e. Gaul. 
 
 218. reliquis ut . . . ef fecit = ' he brought it about that the 
 voyage could be advantageously accomplished (navigari, imper- 
 sonal) with the remainder.' ut . . . posset is a substantive clause 
 of result, object of effecit. A. 332 ; H. 501. II. 1. or 498. II ; G. 557. 
 
 220. Dum ea geruntur. JJum ( = while) always takes the 
 present tense. A. 276. e ; H. 467. III. 4 ; G. 572. 
 
 221. frumentatum. The supine in -um is used to express a 
 piLrpose after verbs of motion. A. 302 ; H. 546 ; G. 436. 
 
 223. pars hominum = ' some of the population ' : referring to 
 the Britons. 
 
 224. castra. The camp of the Romans. 
 
 ventitahat = * returned from time to time.' A. 167. b ; 
 H. 336. 
 
 225. in statione = ' on guard.' 
 
30 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 227. in ea parte . . . quam in partem = ' in that direction 
 towards which ' : this superfluous addition of the noun in a 
 relative sentence is not uncommon in Caesar. Compare i. 16, 
 diem instare, quo die, etc. 
 
 228. fecisset. Suhjunctive, in a subordinate (rel.) clause in 
 indirect discourse. A. 336. 2 ; H. 524 ; G. 653. 
 
 aliquid novi consilii. The genitive after aliquid, mul- 
 tum, plus, nihil, is commoner than those words in agreement 
 with the succeeding noun. Partitive genitive. A. 216. 3; 
 H.397. 3; G. 371. 
 
 230. in earn partem. In the direction in which the legion 
 had gone. ^ 
 
 232. armari= 'to arm (themselves).' 
 
 235. conf erta = ' formed in solid square.' 
 
 241. incertis ordinibus = ' since the ranks could not be regu- 
 larly formed.' Abl. abs. in place of causal clause. A. 255. d. 2 ; 
 see references on 114. 
 
 243. ex essedis has the force of an adjective agreeing with 
 
 pUgnae (= t^? e^ aixa^ii>v tx-axv^) . 
 
 247. turmas. The cavalry attached to each legion numbered 
 300, divided into 10 squadrons (turmae) of 30 each. 
 
 251. premantur. Present subjunctive, in a less vivid future 
 condition. A. 307. b, but also 342 ; H. 507. II, but also 529. II. " 
 Note 1. 1) ; G. 598, but also 666. 
 
 habeant. Present subjunctive, in a clause of result, but 
 also the apodosis (conclusion) to si premantur. See references 
 on 251. 
 
 255. incitatos sustinere= ' rein-in when at full gallop.' 
 
 256. temonem...iugo, 'the chariot-pole,' 'the yoke to hold 
 the horses' necks together.' 
 
 per temonem percurrere = ' to run along the pole.' 
 263. receperunt se= 'recovered themselves.' 
 
 266. post aliquid temporis. See on 228. 
 
 267. nostri omnes occupati sunt = ' the attention of all our 
 men was directed elsewhere.' 
 
NOTES. 31 
 
 268. reliqui = the rest of the Britons. 
 
 269. dies. Ace. of duration of time. A. 240. e ; H. 379 ; G. 337. 
 
 274. daretur. Subjunctive, in indirect question. See Exer- 
 cise xxxiii.; A. 334; H. 529; G. 469. 
 
 275. expulissent. Plup. subj., in a subordinate (condit.) 
 clause in indirect discourse ( = tlie indirect question quanta 
 daretur), following the past tense demonstraverunt. In direct 
 discourse the indie, fut. perf. expulerimus would have been 
 employed, making a future more vivid condition. A. 337. a. 3. 
 and 307. c. and f \ H. 525. 2 ; G. 660. examp. 4. and 659. 3. III. 
 
 278. si pellerentur. A future condition (A. 307 a. and b) in 
 indirect discourse, carried into the past by the sequence of tenses. 
 A. 307. f. and 337. a. 3; H. 527. I and II; G. 660. examp. 3. and 
 659. 3. II. 
 
 279. effugere posse. Equivalent to a future infinitive. 
 283. pro castris= * as a defence to the camp.' 
 
 286. spatio brevi = * at a short interval.' 
 
 290. His. Dative with notion of disadvantage. 
 
 291. quern imperaverat = * which he had imposed ' : imperare 
 with dat. of x^ernon and ace. of thing is common in this sense. 
 
 296. portus capere = ' to reach the port.' Cf . n. on 142. 
 
 297. infra = to the south. 
 
 301. ex litteris = ' in accordance with Caesar's despatches.' 
 
 302. supplicatio. When a general at the head of his army 
 won a victory, the senate decreed a public thanksgiving {suppli- 
 catio) to the gods for a number of days in proportion to the 
 greatness of the victory. 
 
 304. Treverorum. The Treveri, who have given their name 
 to Treves or Trier, occupied a part of the district of the Belgae 
 between the Moselle and the Rhine. 
 
 306. ad portum Itium. The chief place of the Morini in 
 those days: most probably the place now called Wissant. Pos- 
 sibly the basin of the Liane near Boulogne (so Desjardins). 
 
 309. Corus (or Caurus). A wind from the W.N.W. 
 
 310. omnis temporise * every season (of the year).' 
 
32 CAESAB'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 315. ut . . . tueatur. Subjunctive, in a pure clause of purpose. 
 A. 317. 1 ; H. 497. II ; G. 544. 1, and 545. 1. 
 
 316. pari . . . quern. Par is more frequently followed by ac 
 or quam. Here it seems to be used like idem which is followed 
 by qui. Translate — * with an equal number of cavalry to that 
 which he had left.' 
 
 318. Africo. A wind from the W.S.W. 
 
 320. circiter is an adverb here: nocte, abl. of time when, 
 A. 256; H. 429; G. 392. 
 
 322. sub sinistra : i.e. he had drifted to the north-east, past 
 the South Foreland. 
 
 323. secutus = ' having taken advantage of.' 
 
 324. caperet. Subjunctive, in a substantive clause of pur- 
 pose, object of contendit= ' strove,' ' endeavoured.' A. -331. and 
 e; H. 498. II; G. 546. 
 
 325. esset. Subjunctive, because it states not a direct fact, 
 but an impression in Caesar's mind, being a part of the thought 
 expressed in the purpose clause. A. 342. and footnote ; H. 529. II. 
 Note 1. 1) ; G. mQ. Cf . references on 251. 
 
 326. laudanda. See Exercises xxx and xxxii. 
 
 vectoriis, etc.= ' though the vessels were transports and 
 heavily laden besides.' Abl. abs. in place of concessive clause. 
 A. 255. d. 3 ; see references on 114 ; cf. n. on 202. and 241. 
 
 328. accessum . . . Britanniam. They landed at Romney. 
 
 334. exposuit = ' disembarked.' 
 
 336. consedissent. Subjunctive in indirect question. 
 
 337. cohortibus. Dat. after praefecit : praesidio, dative of 
 service : navibus, dative of thing affected. A. 233. a ; H. 390. II ; 
 G. 350. Cf. n. on 110. 
 
 340. de tertia vigilia. de here means 'in the course of,' 
 implying that part of the vigilia is past. 
 
 341. contendit= 'hastened.' 
 
 343. equitatu. Abl. of accompaniment. See on 89. ad 
 flumen. The Stour, near Wye. 
 
 344. ex loco superior e. The north bank is higher than the 
 south one. 
 
j^OTiJS. 33 
 
 348. rari = ' in small detachments.' 
 
 350. testudine facta. In attacking a wall or rampart the 
 Roman soldiers locked their shields together over their heads 
 for a protection against missiles from above. This was called 
 a testudo or ' tortoise.' 
 
 351. aggere adiecto. agger was a bank of earth carried up 
 to the base of the ramparts to enable the besiegers to climb over 
 them. 
 
 357. mane. An old indeclinable noun, used in the nom., ace, 
 and abl. cases. 
 
 359. persequerentur. See on 315. 
 
 363. nuntiarent. Subj., in relative clause of purpose, qui = ut 
 ii. A. 317. 2 ; H. 497. 1 ; G. 632. 
 
 366. subsisterent= 'maintained their hold.' Subj., in de- 
 pendent (causal) clause in indirect discourse. A. 321. a. and 
 336. 2; H. 524; G. 653. Cf. n. on 228. Impf., not Pluperf., to 
 bring the reader to the standpoint during the storm. 
 
 371. resistere = ' to halt.' 
 
 372. eadem fere, etc. = * personally sees that the facts were 
 almost as he had ascertained,' etc. 
 
 377. multae operae. Genitive of quality describing res. 
 A. 215 ; H. 396. V ; G. 364. 
 
 379. subduci = ' to be beached.' Supply in aridum. 
 
 388. summa, etc. = ' the supreme command and entire direc- 
 tion of the war.' 
 
 389. Cassivellaunus ruled over the country N. of the Thames. 
 He was the most powerful chieftain of these parts, and to him 
 was entrusted the supreme command of the British forces. 
 
 391. . Tamesis. The Thames. Caesar reckons its distance 
 from the coast by the length of his march from the coast to 
 where he crossed, i.e. 80 miles from Romney. 
 
 400. hoc. Supply latus. pertinet: i.e. in a S.W. direction. 
 
 402. ad Hispaniam. Tacitus (Agric. 34) says that Ireland is 
 between Britain and Spain. 
 
34 ca:esar's invasion of Britain, 
 
 403. dimidio. Abl. of degree of difference. A. 250; H. 423; 
 G. 400. 
 
 404. transmissus. Gen. after pari spatio (abl. of quality) , 
 
 * of a like distance of passage (from there to Britain) with that 
 from Gaul to Britain.' 
 
 atque = 'as.' A. 156. a; H. 554. I. 2. Note; G. 646. See 
 vocabulary. 
 
 405. medio cvltsvl = medio transmissu, i.e. half-way across. 
 
 406. Mona. Tacitus speaks of Anglesey under this name : 
 but, from the position, Caesar may be referring to the Isle of 
 Man. The insulae minores are probably islands on the W. 
 coast of Scotland, subiectae = ' lying near.' 
 
 409. bruma. Contracted from brevumd, old form of superla- 
 tive &?'e?;/s67*??irt. Supply dies. The winter solstice ; winv^r. 
 
 410. certis ex aqua mensuris = ' by accurate water (clepsydra) 
 measures.' The clepsydra was a contrivance by means of which 
 time was measured by water dropping from one vessel into 
 another. 
 
 412. ut opinio fert = * as the opinion is.' 
 
 413. septingentorum milium. Genitive of quality. See on 
 377. 
 
 418. passuum. See on 413. 
 
 420. ipsi = 'the inhabitants themselves.' natos in insula = 
 indigenas. 
 
 422. Belgis. There was a tribe called Belgae in Britain occu- 
 pying parts of Hampshire and Sussex. 
 
 423. iis . . . pervenerunt = ' are called by the names of those 
 tribes from which they originated before they came there ' : for 
 civitatum, quibus ex civitatibus, see on 227. 
 
 428. taleis ferreis = ' bars of iron.' 
 
 430. plumbum album = ' tin,' in which, from the earliest 
 times, Britain had driven a trade with the Phoenicians. The 
 
 * inland districts ' are probably Cornwall, as the tin mines of 
 Cornwall are older than any historical record. Iron was worked 
 in Sussex (maritimis regionibus), as it was until long after 
 Caesar's time. ' Bronze ' probably came from Gaul. 
 
JSfOTES, 35 
 
 435. animi causa = * for the sake of fancy.' 
 
 442. vitro = * woad, ' a plant used for dyeing blue. 
 
 443. hoc = ' on this account,' ' hence.' 
 
 447. The preceding remarks about Britain have been a diver- 
 sion : the account is now resumed from the point where it was 
 
 ■Topped in c. 35. 
 
 452. illi. The Britons. 
 
 453. intermisso spatio = ' after an interval of time.' 
 458. perruperunt. The subject is hostes. 
 
 460. illi. The Britons. 
 
 461. submissis = * sent to their relief.' 
 
 467. C. Trebonio. Tribunus plebis B.C. 55, now a legatus 
 under Caesar, was afterwards one of his assassins. 
 
 469. ab . . . absisterent = ' they were close up with the stand- 
 ards and legions.' 
 
 472. subsidio. Abl. after confisi. A. 254. b. and 227. c. Note ; 
 H. 425. II. 1. 1) Note ; G. 407. 
 
 474. sui conligendi = ' of rallying themselves.' sui is best 
 taken, not as the genitive of the personal pronoun, but as the 
 neuter of the possessive adjective suus, suu'm = one's own, one's 
 interest, one's self. This is shown by the fact that the same 
 stereotyped expression is used irrespective of gender. Or sui 
 may be explained as the genitive of the reflexive pronoun limit- 
 ing conligendi, ' recovering of themselves.' Harper and Tol- 
 man's Caesar, on Bk. 3. ch. 6. Cf. A. 298. a; H. 542. I. Note 1; 
 G. 429. R. 1. 
 
 476. ex = ' in consequence of.' 
 
 477. auxilia. The various contingents of British troops, 
 which had joined the army of Cassivellaunus. 
 
 478. summis copiis = * with all their forces together.' 
 
 480. consilio. This was to fall back on the river Thames. 
 
 483. uno loco . . . transiri potest. See Introduction, ^. xv. 
 
 487. defixae = driven into the bed of the river. 
 
 490. cum. Concessive, ' although.' A. 326 ; H. 515. Ill ; G. 588. 
 Cf . Exercise xxiii. 
 
36 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 497. itinera nostra servabat = ' kept our route in sight.' 
 
 498. ex via = ' from the beaten track.' 
 
 502. cum . . . eiecerat. Cum (temporal) may take the pluperf. 
 indicative when a demonstrative (as turn liere) precedes, more 
 accurately marking the time. A. 325. a ; H. 521. II. 1 ; G. 582. 
 
 505. periculo nostrorum, etc. Objective gen. after periculo. 
 
 506. hoc metu = ' fear of this ' : a frequent idiom. 
 
 507. agmine. agmen is the line of march : acies, the line of 
 battle. 
 
 509. Trinobantes. The people of Essex. 
 
 firmissima = most warlike. Used of physical strength. 
 
 510. Civitas. Used by Caesar rather loosely of both Gallic 
 and British tribes. 
 
 517. ut . . . def endat. Substantive clause of purpose. See on 
 117. 
 
 Cassivellauni. Subjective genitive, after iniuria. A. 213, 
 1; H. 395. II; G. 361. 1. 
 
 518. His . . . imperat. See on 291. 
 
 521. ad numerum = * to the required number.' 
 
 525. The Cenimagni probably came from Norfolk, Suffolk, 
 and Cambridge : the Segontiaci from parts of Hampshire and 
 Berks : the Ancalites from Wilts : the Bibroci from Berks : 
 the Cassi from Herts. The position of some of these tribes is 
 very doubtful, but Berks seems to preserve the name of the 
 Bibroci, and Cassiobury that of the Cassi. 
 
 528. oppidum : afterwards occupied by the Romans, who 
 built the town of Verulamium upon it, the site of the present 
 
 St. Alhan's, 
 
 530. convenerit. Subjunctive, in a subordinnte (rel.) clause 
 in indirect discourse. See on 228. 
 
 547. ut . . . oppugnent. See on 517. 
 
 554. constituisset. Sub j., after cwm causal ( = since). A. 326. 
 and R ; H. 517 ; G. 581. III. and 587. See Exercise xxiii. 
 
 557. quid vectigalis. See on 228. 
 
NOTES, 37 
 
 559. neu. ne repeated becomes nei(, not neque. 
 
 564. duobus commeatibus = ' in two relays/ or 'crossings.' 
 
 566. navigationibus = ' naval expeditions.' 
 
 568. quae milites portaret = ' such as is used for carrying 
 soldiers.' Clause of characteristic, expressing restriction. A. 320. 
 d ; H. 503. 1, and Note 1 ; G. 634. 
 
 desideraretur. See on 175. 
 
 569. prioris commeatus -= ' of the former voyage.' 
 
 570. locum ceperunt = ' made good the harbour.' Cf . n. on 296, 
 
 573. ne excluderetur. See on 315. Cf. Exercise xlvi. 
 
 aequinoctium. Caesar left Britain before the last week 
 of September, after a stay of nearly three months. 
 
 574. angustius milites conlocavit = ' stowed his troops in a 
 narrower compass than usual.' 
 
 575. vigilia secunda. See on 63. 
 
ABBEEYIATIOIirS. 
 
 abl.j ablative. 
 ace, accusative. 
 adj., adjective. 
 adv., adverb. 
 com., common. 
 comp., comparative. 
 conj., conjunction. 
 dat., dative. 
 defect., defective. 
 demons., demonstrative. 
 distrih., distributive. 
 /., feminine. 
 frequent., frequentative. 
 gen., genitive. 
 gov., governing. 
 imper., imperative. 
 impers., impersonal. 
 incept., inceptive. 
 indecl., indeclinable. 
 indef., indefinite. 
 infin., infinitive. 
 irreg., irregular. 
 lit., literally, 
 m., masculine. 
 n., neuter. 
 
 nom., nominative. 
 
 num., numeral. 
 
 pai^t., participle. 
 
 pass., passive. 
 
 pterf, perfect. 
 
 pi., plural. 
 
 poss., possessive. 
 
 prep., preposition. 
 
 pres., present. 
 
 pron., pronoun. 
 
 pronom., pronominal. 
 
 reflex., reflexive, 
 
 rel., relative. 
 
 sing., singular. 
 
 suhst., substantive. 
 
 superl., superlative. 
 
 v.a., verb active. 
 
 V. dep., verb deponent. 
 
 v.n., verb neuter. 
 
 voc, vocative. 
 
 A., Allen & Greenough's Latin 
 Grammar. 
 
 H., Harkness' Latin Grammar. 
 
 G., Gildersleeve's Latin Gram- 
 mar. 
 
 38 
 
YOCABULART. 
 
 (LATIN-ENGLISH.) 
 
 iam, adv., already, now. 
 exigu-us, -a, -um, adj., small, 
 
 little. 
 par-s, -tis, /., a part, a side. 
 aest-as, -atis, /., summer. 
 r§liqu-us, -a, -um, adj., left, 
 
 remaining. 
 sum, esse, fu-i, v.n. irreg., I 
 
 am. 
 Caes-ar, -aris, m., Caesar. 
 tSjnen, adv. nevertheless, yet. 
 in, prep, with ace, into, for, 
 
 against; with ahl., in, on, at, 
 
 upon. 
 Britann-ia, -iae, /., Britain. 
 pr6ficisc-or, -i, -fect-us sum, 
 
 V. dep. 3, I set out. 
 st§,tu-o, -gre, -i, statut-um, v.a. 
 
 o, I decide, I determine. 
 Britann-i, -orum, m. pi., the 
 
 Britons. 
 omn-is, -e, adj., all, every. 
 
 f§re, adv., nearly, almost, 
 about. 
 
 Gallic-us, -a, -um, adj., Gallic. 
 
 bell-um, -i, n., a war, warfare. 
 
 nos-ter, -tra, -trum, adj.pron., 
 our; as suhst. pi. m., our 
 men. 
 
 hos-tis, -tis, coram, gen., an 
 enemy. 
 
 auxil-ium, -ii, n., help, suc- 
 cour. 
 
 sub*ministr-o (sum*m-), v.a. 
 1, I supply, I furnish. 
 
 II. 
 
 sed, conj., but. 
 
 primo, adv., at first, in the 
 
 first place. 
 g6n-us, -Sris, n., a race, a kind. 
 h6m-o, -mis, comm. gen., a man, 
 
 a person. 
 16C-US, -1, m. (pi. 16c-i and 
 
 16c-a), a place, a position. 
 39 
 
40 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH 
 
 port-US, -us, m., a harbour. 
 3.dit-us, -us, m., a meaus of 
 
 approach. 
 c6gnosc-o, -ere, 'gnov-i, gnit- 
 
 um, v.a. 3, I make inquiry 
 
 about, I ascertain, I know. 
 hie, haec, hoc, demons, pron., 
 
 this, 
 omn-ia, all things (ch. i.). 
 Gall-i, -orum, m. pi., the 
 
 Gauls, 
 in'cognit-us, -a, -um, adj., un- 
 known, (in, not; cognitus, 
 
 known), 
 nem-o, comm. gen., no one, 
 
 nobody. 
 Snim, conj., for. 
 praeter, prep. gov. ace, except, 
 
 besides. 
 mercat-or, -oris, m., a trader. 
 illo, adv., to that place, thither. 
 ad-eo, -ire, -iv-I, o?- i-i, -it-um, 
 
 v.n. irreg., I go to, I ap- 
 proach. 
 n§que, conj., and not, nor ; 
 
 n6que...iigque, neither... nor. 
 is, ea, id, pron., he, she, it, 
 
 that. 
 ips-e, -a, -um, pron., self, very ; 
 
 as subst., himself, 
 quisquam, quaequam, quic 
 
 quam or quid-quam, p?'on. 
 
 indef., any (person or thing). 
 or-a, /., the coast. 
 mS.r-itimus, -itima, -itimum, 
 
 adj., of the sea, sea-; on the 
 
 sea-coast. 
 
 nosc-o, -ere, nov-i, not-um, v.a* 
 3, I know. 
 
 III. 
 
 tS,'que, conj., and so, therefore. 
 
 ad, prep. gov. ace, to, at, 
 towards, for. 
 
 se {or sese), reflex, pron., sing. 
 and pi., himself, herself, it- 
 self, themselves. 
 
 con'v6c-o, v.a. 1, 1 call together, 
 I assemble. 
 
 qui, quae, quod, rel. pro7i., 
 who, which, that. 
 
 maxime, superl. adv., in the 
 highest degree, chiefly, very 
 greatly. 
 
 v61-o, vel-1^, v61u-i, v. irreg., 
 I am willing, I wish. 
 
 insul-a, -ae, /., an island. 
 
 magn-itudo, -itudmis, /., great- 
 ness, magnitude. 
 
 inc61-a, -ae, comm. gen., an 
 inhabitant. 
 
 u-sus, -sus, m., use, experience 
 (utor, ch. X.). 
 
 r6p6r-io, -Ire, repper-i, r§- 
 pert-um, v.a. 4, I find out, I 
 discover. 
 
 non, adv., not. 
 
 pos'sum, posse, p6t-ui, v. ir- 
 reg., I am able, I can (potis, 
 able, and sum). 
 
 C. =Gai-us, -1, m.. Gains. See 
 note. 
 
 Volusen-us, -i, m., Volusenus. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 41 
 
 cum, prep. gov. ahl., with. 
 long-US, -a, -um, adj., long. 
 nav-is, -is, /., a ship. 
 praemitt-o, -ere, -mis-i, -miss- 
 
 um, v.a. 3, I send forward or 
 
 in advance. 
 autem, conj., but, moreover, 
 su-us, -a, -um, poss. pron., his 
 
 own, her own, its own. 
 cum, prep. gov. ahl., with. ' 
 cop-ia, -iae, /., a supply, plenty, 
 
 a quantity; plural, forces, 
 
 troops. 
 Morin-i, -orum, m. p?., the 
 
 Morini, a tribe of the Belgse 
 
 on the coast of Picardy. 
 inde, adv., from that place, 
 
 thence. 
 br§v-is, -e, adj., short, small 
 
 (camp., brev-ior; superl., 
 
 br§v-issimus). 
 traiect-us, -us, m., a crossing, 
 
 passage. 
 
 IV. 
 hue, adv., hither. 
 undique, adv., from all parts. 
 v§n-io, -ire, ven-i, vent-um, 
 
 v.a. 4, I come, 
 iub-eo, -ere, iuss-i, iuss-um, 
 
 v.a. 2, I order, I command, 
 et, conj . , and ; et . . . et, both . . . 
 
 and. 
 
 class-is, -is, /., a fleet. 
 V6n§t-icus, -ica, -icum, adj., of 
 or belonging to the Veneti. 
 
 ef-fic-io, -ere, -fec-i, -fect-um, 
 v.a. 3, I make, I carry out, 
 I bring to pass. 
 
 convSn-io, -ire, 'ven-i, 'vent- 
 um, v.n. 4, I come together, 
 I assemble. 
 
 interim, adv., in the mean- 
 time. 
 
 consii-ium, -ii, n., a plan, a 
 purpose, intention, counsel. 
 
 per, ijrep. gov. ace., through, 
 by, along. 
 
 perfgr-o, -re, -tul-i, -lat-um, 
 v.a. irreg., I bear, I carry. 
 
 legat-us, -i, m., an ambassador, 
 a lieutenant. 
 
 ab or a, prep. gov. ahl., by, 
 from, away. 
 
 civ-itas, -itatis, /., a state. 
 
 obs-es, -idis, m. and /., a hos- 
 tage. 
 
 d-o, -S,re, d6d-i, dS,t-um, v.a. 1, 
 I give, I put. 
 
 imp6r-ium, -ii, n., dominion, 
 empire, a command. 
 
 p6pul-us, -i, m., the people. 
 
 R6man-us, -a, -um, adj., 
 Roman. 
 
 obtemp6r-o, v.n. 1, I submit 
 to, I obey (with dative). 
 
 V. 
 
 liberaliter, adv., courteously, 
 
 liberally. 
 poriic-eor, -eri, -!tus cum, v. 
 
 dep. a. and n. 2, I promise. 
 
 W^ OP THK \ 
 
 f UNIVERSITY 
 
42 
 
 LA TIN-ENGLISH 
 
 ddm-us, -i and -us,/., a house, 
 a home. 
 
 rg-mitt-o, -ere, -mis-i, -miss- 
 um, v.a. 3, I send back. 
 
 Comm-ius, -ii, m., Commius. 
 
 una, adv., at one and the same 
 time, together. 
 
 mitt-o (see ch. iii.), v.a. 3, I 
 send. 
 
 rex, reg-is, m., a king. 
 
 ibi, adv., there. 
 
 con-stitu-o, -6re, -i, -stitut-um, 
 v.a. 3, I put, I station, I ap- 
 point, I draw up, I deter- 
 mine. 
 
 vir-tiis, -tiitis,/., courage. 
 
 pr6b-o, v.a. 1, 1 approve, I think 
 highly of. ' 
 
 fid-elis, -ele, adj., faithful. 
 
 vid-eo, -ere, vid-i, vis-um, v.a. 
 2, I see ; pass., I seem. 
 
 auctor-itas, -itatis, /., influ- 
 ence, authority. 
 
 r§g-io, -ionis, /., a territory, a 
 region. 
 
 xnagn-us, -a, -um, adj., great, 
 large. 
 
 Mb-eo, v.a. 2, I have, I hold, I 
 consider. 
 
 aud-eo, -ere, aus-us sum, v. 
 semi. dep. 2, I dare. 
 
 e 0?' ex, prep. gov. abl., from, 
 out of, away from, accord- 
 ing to. 
 
 e-gr§d-ior, -i, -gress-us sum, v. 
 dep. 3, I disembark. 
 
 barbS,r-us, -i, m., a barbarian. 
 
 com*mitt-o (see ch. iii.) , v.a. 3, 
 I entrust (with dative), I en- 
 gage in. 
 
 di-es,-ei, m. and/., a day, a time. 
 
 quin-tus, -ta, -turn, num. adj., 
 fifth. 
 
 rgd'eo, "ire, 'iv-i, or -i-i, -it-um, 
 v.n. irreg., I go back, I re- 
 tui-n. 
 
 rg-nunti-o, v.a. 1, I bring back 
 word, I report. 
 
 VI. 
 
 m6r-or,, v.a. dep. 1, I delay, I 
 linger, I tarry. 
 
 p§,r-o, v.a. 1, I prepare, I pro- 
 cure. 
 
 de, prep. gov. ahl., from, out of, 
 concerning, during. 
 
 sup6r-ior, -ius, adj., higher, up- 
 per, former, superior {comp. 
 of superus) . 
 
 temp-US, -oris, n., time, season. 
 
 ex*cus-o, v.a. 1, I excuse. 
 
 olim, adv., at some time, for- 
 merly. 
 
 fS,c-io, -gre, fec-T, fact-um, v.a. 
 3, I make. 
 
 esse, see sum (ch. i.). 
 
 op'port-unus, -iina, -iinum, 
 adj., convenient, suitable, 
 opportune. 
 
 nam, conj., for. 
 
 post, prep. gov. ace, after, be- 
 hind. 
 
VOCABULAHr. 
 
 43 
 
 terg-um, -i, n., the back. 
 
 r61inqu-o, -ere, 'liqu-i, -lict- 
 um, v.a., 3, I leave. 
 
 fS,cul-tas, -tatis, /., power, o]> 
 portunity. 
 
 gSr-o, -6re, gess-i, gest-um, 
 v.a. 3, I carry on, I do, I 
 wage. 
 
 propter, prej:). gov. ace, on ac- 
 count of, because of. 
 
 ann-us, -i, m., a year. 
 
 numgr-us, -i, m., a number. 
 
 imper-o, v.a. 1, I command, I 
 order. 
 
 fid-es, -ei, /., faith, engage- 
 ment, protection. 
 
 rg*cip-io, -ere, "cep-i, xept-um, 
 v.a. 3, I take back, I receive. 
 
 VII. 
 circiter, adv., about, nearly, 
 octoginta, num. adj., eighty. 
 6ner-arius, -aria, -arium, adj., 
 
 of or belonging to a burden 
 
 (see note). 
 c6"g-o, -6re, coeg-i, coact-um, 
 
 v.a. 3, I collect, I compel 
 
 (cum, together ; ago, I drive). 
 s§,tis, adv., sufficiently, enough. 
 vis-US. See video (ch. v.). 
 qui dam, quae* dam, quoddam 
 
 and (as S2(bst.) quid'dam, 
 
 indef. pron., some, certain, 
 quaest-or, -oris, m., a quaestor. 
 praefect-us, -i, m., a prefect, a 
 
 commander. 
 
 distribu-o, -gre, -i, 'tribut-um, 
 
 v.a. 3, I distribute, I assign 
 
 (dis, among several; tribuo, 
 
 I give). 
 ac'ced-o, -ere, 'cess-i, "cess-um, 
 
 v.n. 3, 1 approach, I am added 
 
 (ad ; cedo, I go). 
 octod^cim, num. adj. indecL, 
 
 eighteen. 
 mili-a, -um, n. pi., thousands. 
 pass-US, -us, m., a step, a pace 
 
 (esp. as a measure, about five 
 
 Roman feet). 
 oct6, num. adj. indecL, eight. 
 vent-US, -i, m., wind, 
 ten-eo, v.a. 2, I hold, I detain, 
 
 I keep. 
 6qu-es, -itis, m., a horseman; 
 
 pZ., cavalry. 
 Publ-ius, -ii, m., Publius. 
 Sulpic-ius, -ii, m., Sulpicius. 
 Kuf-us, -i, m., Rufus. 
 praesid-ium, -ii, n., a i)rotect- 
 
 ing force, a garrison. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 mox, adv., soon, afterwards. 
 
 tempes-tas, -tatis, /., a time, a 
 season, a storm. 
 
 naviga-tio, -tionis, /., a sail- 
 ing. 
 
 idone-us, -a, -um, adj., suitable, 
 convenient. 
 
 nancisc-or, -i, nact-us sum, v. 
 dep. 3, I get, I obtain. 
 
 turn, adv., then. 
 
44 
 
 LA TIN-ENGLISH 
 
 ter-tius, -tia, -tium, adj., the 
 
 third, 
 vigil-ia, -iae, /., a watch, 
 solv-o, -gre, -i, solut-um, v.a. 
 
 3, I loosen (se-, apart ; luo, I 
 
 loosen). 
 -que, conj., and. 
 ulter-ior, -ius, comp. adj., 
 
 further. 
 progr6d-ior, -i, "gress-us sum, 
 
 V. dep. 3, I go. forward, I ad- 
 vance, I proceed. 
 con*scend-o, -ere, -i, 'scens-um, 
 
 v.a. 3, 1 embark, I go on board 
 
 (con ; scando, I mount). 
 s6qu-or, -i, s6cut-us sum, v, 
 
 dep. 3, I follow. 
 hor-a, -ae, /., an hour. 
 quart-US, -a, -um, adj., the 
 
 fourth. 
 prim-US, -a, -um, adj., the first. 
 atting-o (ad't-), -6re, 'tig-i, 
 
 •tact-um, ?;.a. 3, I touch on, I 
 
 reach (ad ; tango, I touch) . 
 arm-o, v.a. 1, I arm, I furnish 
 
 with arms. 
 coll-is, -is, m., a hill. 
 expon-o, -6re, 'p6su-i, -pSsit- 
 
 um, v.a. 3, I post, I draw up, 
 
 (ex, out, forth; pono, I 
 
 place), 
 conspic-io, -6re, 'spex-i, -spect- 
 
 um, v.a. 3, I see, I observe. 
 
 IX. 
 natur-a, -ae, /., the nature. 
 
 mS,r-e, -is, n., the sea. 
 
 angust-us, -a, -um, adj., nar- 
 row, contracted, steep. 
 
 mon-s, -tis, m., a mountain. 
 
 con-tin-eo, v.a. 2, I confine, I 
 shut in, I restrain (con, teneo. 
 See ch. vii.). 
 
 tel-um, -i, n., a weapon, a 
 javelin. 
 
 lit-us, -oris, 7i., the sea shore. 
 
 adig-o, -ere, 'eg-i, 'act-um, 
 v.a. 3, I drive to, I hurl to 
 (ad; ago, I drive). 
 
 ne-quaquam, adv., by no 
 means. 
 
 non-us, -a, -um, adj., ninth. 
 
 anc6r-a, -ae, /., an anchor. 
 
 exspect-o, v.a. 1, I wait, I 
 await. 
 
 trib-unus, -luiT, m., a tri- 
 bune. 
 
 mil-es, -itis, comm. gen., a sol- 
 dier. 
 
 hort-or, v. dep. 1, I exhort, I 
 encourage. 
 
 post'ea, adv., after that, after- 
 wards. 
 
 aes-tus, -tiis, m., the tide. 
 
 un-us, -a, -um, adj., one. 
 
 s6cund-us, -a, -um, adj., favour- 
 able, second. 
 
 sign-um, -i, n., a signal, a (mili- 
 tary) standard. 
 
 toU-o, -6re, sustul-i, sublat- 
 um, v.a. 3, I lift up, I carry 
 away. 
 
VOCABULARY, 
 
 45 
 
 X. 
 
 septem, num. adj. indecL, 
 seven. 
 
 S,pert-us, -a, -um, adj., un- 
 covered, exposed (aperio, to 
 uncover) . 
 
 ac (at-que), conj., and. 
 
 plan-US, -a, -um, adj., level, 
 flat. 
 
 Squit-atus, -atus, m., cavalry. 
 
 ess6d-arius, -arii, m., a chariot 
 warrior, charioteer. 
 
 plerumque, adv., for the most 
 part, generally. 
 
 milit-ia, -iae,/., warfare. 
 
 proel-ium, -ii, n., a battle. 
 
 ut-or, -1, US-US sum, v. dep. 3, 
 I use, I employ (with ahl.) . 
 
 con*sue-sco, -sc6re, -vi, -tum, 
 v.n. incep. 3, I accustom my- 
 self. 
 
 sub*s6qu-or, v. dep. 3, I follow 
 close after, I follow in close 
 pursuit (see ch. viii.). 
 
 pr6-hib-eo, v.a. 2, I hinder, I 
 prevent, I protect. 
 
 XI. 
 
 summ-us, -a, -um, superl. adj., 
 highest, greatest, very great 
 (superl. of superus). 
 
 difB.cul-tas, -tatis, /., difficulty. 
 
 ob, prep. gov. ace, for, on ac- 
 count of. 
 
 caus-a, -ae, /., a cause, a 
 reason. 
 
 nisi, conj,, if not, unless, ex- 
 cept. 
 
 alt-um, -i, ?i., the deep, the 
 open sea (alt-us, high, deep) . 
 
 rgnot-us, -a, -um, adj., not 
 known, unknown (nosco. See 
 ch. ii.). 
 
 m3,ii-us, -us, /., a hand, a hand 
 (of men). 
 
 im-p6d-io, v.a. 4, I impede, I 
 hinder (in; pes, a foot). 
 
 grS,v-is, -e, adj., heavy. 
 
 dn-us, -6ris, r?., a burden, a 
 load, a weight. 
 
 arm-a, -orum, n. pi., arms, 
 weapons. 
 
 opprim-o, -ere, •press-i,'press- 
 um, v.a. 3, I overwhelm, I 
 overload (ob, against ; premo, 
 I press). 
 
 aut, conj., or aut . . . aut, either 
 . . . or. 
 
 arid-um, -i, n., dry land (aridus, 
 dry). 
 
 paulum, adv., a little, some- 
 what. 
 
 S,qu-a, -ae, /., water. 
 
 audacter, adv., boldly (audax, 
 bold). 
 
 con ic-io, -ere, "iec-i, 'iect-um, 
 v.a. 3, I throw, I hurl. 
 
 §qu-us, -i, m., a horse. 
 
 in 'sue 'fact-US, -a, -um, adj., ac- 
 customed. See note (suesco, 
 I accustom ; facio, I make) . 
 
 in*cit-o, v.a. 1, I set in rapid 
 motion, I urge forward. 
 
46 
 
 LA TIN-ENGLISH 
 
 XII. 
 
 re-s, r§-i, /., a thing, an affair, 
 a circumstance. 
 
 per'terr-eo, v.a. 2, I frighten 
 thorouglily, I terrify greatly. 
 
 omnino, adv., altogether, 
 wholly, in all. 
 
 im'perit-us, -a, -um, adj., un- 
 skilful, not acquainted with 
 (with gen.) . 
 
 pugn-a, -ae, /., a fight, a battle. 
 
 sSlit-us, -a, -um, adj., usual, 
 ordinary (soleo, I am accus- 
 tomed) . 
 
 S,lS,crit-as, -atis, /., alacrity, 
 ardour. 
 
 ubi, adv., when, where. 
 
 anim-advert-o, -6re, -i, -advers- 
 um, v.a. 3, I observe, I un- 
 derstand (animum, the mind ; 
 adverto, I turn towards). 
 
 r6m6v-eo, -ere,'mov-i,*mot-um, 
 v.a. 2, I remove, I withdraw. 
 
 rem-us, -I, m., an oar. 
 
 IJLt-us, -6ris, n., a side, a flank. 
 
 fund-a, -ae,/., a sling. 
 
 sagitt-a, -ae, /., an arrow. 
 
 torment-um, -i, n., a military 
 engine. 
 
 propell-o, -ere, pul-T, puls- 
 um, v.a. 3, I propel, I drive 
 forward, I push forward. 
 
 Bubm6v-eo (sum-m-), -ere, 
 •mov-i, -mot-urn, v.a. 2, I 
 drive away, (sub, from be- 
 neath ; moveo, I move) . 
 
 sp6ci-es, -ei, /., an appear- 
 ance.. 
 
 in'usitat-us, -a, -um, adj., un- 
 usual, extraordinary {comp., 
 inusitatior) . 
 
 mot-US, -us, m., a motion, a 
 movement. 
 
 ex'p§dit-us, -a, -um, part., un- 
 impeded, ready, easy (comp., 
 expeditior). 
 
 figur-a, -ae, /., a form, a shape, 
 appearance. 
 
 per"m6v-eo, v.a. 2, I move 
 deeply, I stir (see above, sub-' 
 moveo). 
 
 con'sist-o, -6re, 'stit-i, 'stit- 
 um, v.n. 3, I halt, I stop. 
 
 m6d6, adv., only, merely. 
 
 pes, pgd-is, m., a foot. 
 
 t&Ut-o, -re, r6ttul-i, r§lat- 
 um, v.a. irreg., I bring back, 
 I carry back, I relate. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 cunct-or, v. dep. 1, I delay, I 
 
 hesitate, 
 alt-itudo, -Ttudinis, /., depth 
 
 (altus, see ch. xi.). 
 
 dSc-imus, -ima, -Tmum, num. 
 
 adj., tenth. 
 16g-io, -ionis, /., a legion. 
 S,quilif-er, -eri, 7n., a standard 
 
 bearer (aquila, an eagle ; f ero, 
 
 I carry) . 
 con*test-or, v. dep. 1, I call to 
 
 witness, I invoke. 
 de-US, -i, m., a god. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 47 
 
 ut (or uti), adv., as conj., that, 
 
 so that, in order that, 
 feliciter, adv., prosperously. 
 e'v6n-io, -ire, 'ven-i, 'vent-um, 
 
 v.n. 4, I happen. 
 inquam, v. def., I say. 
 desil-io, -ire, -ui, 'sult-um, 
 
 v.n. 4, I leap down, 
 vult-is (volt-), from volo 
 
 (ch. ill.). 
 §,quil-a, -ae, /., an eagle. 
 prod-o, -ere, "did-i, 'dit-um, 
 
 v.a. 3, I give up, I surrender, 
 
 I betray. 
 §g6, pers. pi'on., I. 
 certe, adv., surely, 
 me-us, -a, -um, poss. pron., 
 
 my, mine. 
 res publica, rei publicae, /., 
 
 the commonwealth. 
 impera-tor, -toris, m., a com- 
 mander, a general, 
 offic-ium, -ii, n., a duty, an 
 
 office, 
 prae'st-o, -are, 'stit-i, 'Stit-um, 
 
 v.a., 1, I show, I perform, 
 
 v.n., I am superior. 
 pro'ic-io,-6re,iec-i,iect-um,?;.a. 
 
 3, I throw, I throw forward. 
 f6r-o, -re, tul-i, lat-um, v.a. 
 
 irreg., I bear, I carry, 
 (coep-io), -isse, -i, -turn, def., 
 
 v.a. and n. 3, I begin. 
 tant-us, -a, -um, adj., so much, 
 
 so great. 
 ded6c-us, -oris, n., a disgrace, 
 
 a dishonour. 
 
 mgtu-o, -gre, -i, m6tut-um, v.a, 
 
 and n. 3, I fear, 
 univers-us, -a, -um, adj., all 
 
 together, the whole, 
 item, adv., so, also, in like 
 
 manner. 
 proxim-us, -a, -um, siiperl. adj., 
 
 nearest, next. 
 appropinqu-o (ad-p-), v.n. 1, 
 
 I draw near to, I approach 
 
 (with dative). 
 
 XIV. 
 
 pugn-o, v.a. 1, I fight. 
 uterque, utrS,que, utrumque, 
 
 jjron. adj., both, each; as 
 subst. pi., both sides. 
 
 acriter, adv., sharply, vigor- 
 ously. 
 
 magn-6p§re, adv., greatly, ex- 
 ceedingly. 
 
 per-turb-o, v.a. 1, I disturb 
 utterly, I throw into con- 
 fusion. 
 
 ord-o, -mis, m., order, a line, 
 a rank. 
 
 serv-o, v.a. 1, I keep, I watch. 
 
 firmiter, adv., firmly. 
 
 in'sist-o, -ere,*stit-i (no supine), 
 v.n. 3, I stand. 
 
 S,l-ius, -ia, -lud, adj., another 
 {qen., alius ; dat., alii), alii . . . 
 alii, some . . . others. 
 
 quicumque, quaecumque, 
 quod'cumque, rel. pron., 
 whoever, whatever. 
 
48 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH 
 
 OC*curr-o, -gre, -i, -curs-um, 
 v.n. 3, I run up to, I fall in 
 with, I meet (ob, towards; 
 curro, I run). 
 
 ag.grgg-o (ad-g-), v.a. 1, I 
 flock to, I attach myself to 
 (ad ; grex, a flock) . 
 
 vero, adv., but, indeed, how- 
 ever. 
 
 not-us, per/, part, from nosco 
 (ch. ii.). 
 
 vS,d-um, -i, n., a shallow. 
 
 aliquis, aliquid, indef. pro- 
 nom. adj., some. 
 
 singular-is, -e, adj., single, 
 solitary. 
 
 ad'6r-ior, -iri, -tus sum, v. dep. 
 4, I attack. 
 
 plus, plur-is, comp. adj., more ; 
 p>l., several, very many. 
 
 pauc-us, -a, -um, adj., small; 
 pL, few. 
 
 circum-sist-o, -ere, -st^t-i or 
 stit-i (no supine), v.a. 3, I 
 stand round, I surround. 
 
 XV. 
 
 scaph-a, -ae, /., a boat. 
 
 speculator-ius, -ia, -ium, adj., 
 pertaining to a spy or scout. 
 
 navig-ium, ?2., a vessel. 
 
 complg-o, plere, 'plev-i, 'plet- 
 um, v.a. 2, I fill up. 
 
 l&bor-o, v.n. 1, I labour, I am 
 hard pressed. 
 
 subsid-ium, -ii, n., aid, assist- 
 ance, a support. 
 
 sub'mitt-o (sum-m-), v.a. 3, I 
 
 send, I despatch (see mitto, 
 
 ch. v.). 
 simul, adv., together, at once, 
 
 at the same time. 
 cons§qu-or, v. dep. 3, I follow 
 
 after, I pursue (see sequor, 
 
 ch. viii.). 
 imp6t-us, -us, 771., an attack, an 
 
 onset. 
 fug-a, -ae, /., flight. 
 longius, adv., longer, farther, 
 pro-sequ-or, v. dep. 3, I follow 
 
 after, I pursue (see sequor, 
 
 ch. viii.). 
 quod, conj., that, because that, 
 
 inasmuch as. 
 cur-sus, -sus, m., a running, a 
 
 course (curro, I run). 
 cap-io, -gre, cep-i, capt-um, v.a. 
 
 3, I take, I reach, I seize, I 
 
 capture, 
 pris-tinus, -tina, -tinum, adj., 
 
 former. 
 fortun-a, -ae, /., chance, for- 
 tune. 
 de-sum, esse, fu-i, v.n. irreg., 
 
 I fail, I am wanting. 
 
 XVI. 
 sup6r-o, v.a. 1, I overcome, I 
 
 subdue, I conquer, 
 simul atque, as soon as (see ch. 
 
 XV.). 
 
 rScipSre se, to betake one's 
 self, to recover one's self 
 (see ch. vi.). 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 49 
 
 std.tim, adv., immediately. 
 pax, pac-is, /., peace, 
 mis-erunt, from mitto (ch. v.). 
 pro*initt-o, v.a. 3, I send for- 
 ward, I promise (see mitto, 
 
 ch. v.). 
 d&t-urus, from do (ch. iv.). 
 mandat-um, -i, n., a command, 
 
 an order, 
 effect-urus, fro^n, efficio (ch. 
 
 iv.). 
 Atr§"b-as, -atis, m., one of the 
 
 Atrebates. 
 antea, adv., previously, once. 
 prae'miss-us, from praemitto 
 
 (ch. iii.). 
 e*gress-us, from egredior (ch. 
 
 v.). 
 cum, conj., when, since, as. 
 ora-tor, -toris, m., an ambas- 
 sador, 
 mdd-us, -i, m., a manner, a 
 
 way. 
 de"fer-o, v.a. irreg., I bring 
 
 down, I carry down (.see f ero, 
 
 ch. xiii.). 
 compreliend-o, -(^re, -T, -pre- 
 
 hens-um, v.a. 3, I seize, 
 vinc-ulum (vinc-lum), -ulT, n., 
 
 a chain, a fetter (vincio, I 
 
 bind). 
 
 XVII. 
 
 fact-US, /?'om facio (ch. vi.). 
 culp-a, -ae, /., a fault, 
 mult-itudo, -itudinis,/., a mul- 
 
 titude, the mass of the 
 
 people. 
 confer-o, -re,'tul-i, c6nlat-um, 
 
 v.a. irreg., I bring together, 
 
 I collect, I attribute to. 
 ignosc-o, -gre, -gnov-T, -gnot- 
 
 um, v.a. and n. 3, I pardon, 
 
 I overlook {loith dat.), (in, 
 
 not ; nosco, I know), 
 imprudent-ia, -iae, /., impru- 
 dence, indiscretion, 
 pgt-o, -6re, -ivi and -ii, -Itum, 
 
 v.a. 3, I seek, I beg. 
 qugr-or, -i, quest-us, sum, v. 
 
 dep. 3, I complain, 
 sine, prep. gov. ahl., without, 
 infer-o, -re, 'tul-i, inlat-um 
 
 (iri-), v.a., I bring into, I 
 
 make (war). 
 dic-o, -ere, dix-i, dict-um, v.a, 
 
 3, I say. 
 ill-e, -a, -ud, pi'on. demons., 
 
 he, she, it, that. 
 dSd-erunt, /?'om do (ch. iv.). 
 longinqu-us, -a, -um, adj., far 
 
 off, distant (compar., longin- 
 
 quior). 
 ar'cess-o, -gre, -ivT, -itum, v.a. 
 
 3, I call, I send for (ad, to; 
 
 cedo, I go, I cause to go). 
 interna, adv., meanwhile. 
 rg*migr-o (no supine), v.n. 1, I 
 
 depart back, I return. 
 ager, agr-i, m., a field, terri- 
 tory, country, 
 princ-eps, -ipis, m., a chieftain, 
 
 a leading man. 
 
50 
 
 LA TIN-ENGLISH 
 
 commend-o, v.a. 1, I commit, 
 I entrust. 
 
 XVIII. 
 c6n*firm-o, v.a. 1, I strengthen, 
 
 I establish, 
 susttil-erant, from tollo (ch. 
 
 ix.). 
 len-is, -e, adj., gentle, 
 castr-a, -orum, n. pi., a camp, 
 subito, adv., suddenly. 
 co"6r-ior, -iri, -tus sum, v. dep. 
 
 4, I arise. 
 ull-us, -a, -um, adj., any. 
 eodem, adv., to the same place. 
 unde, adv., whence. 
 pr6fect-us, Jrom proficiscor 
 
 (ch.i.). 
 inf6r-ior, -ius, comp. adj., lower. 
 prdpius, comp. adj., nearer, too 
 
 near (prope, near). 
 sol, sol-is, m., the sun. 
 occas-us, -us, m, the setting or 
 
 going down (ob ; cado, I fall). 
 deic-io, -ere, 'iec-i, -iect-um, 
 
 v.a. 3, I throw down, I drive 
 
 down (de, down) ; and 
 iac-io, -ere, iec-i, iact-um, v.a. 
 
 3, I throw. 
 n§cessari6, adv., necessarily, 
 advers-us, -a, -um, opposite, 
 
 unfavourable. 
 nox, noct-is, /., night. 
 proveh-o, -6re, "vex-i, 'vect- 
 
 um, v.a. 3, 1 carryforwards, I 
 
 carry along. 
 
 continen-s, -§n-tis, /., the con- 
 nected land, the mainland 
 (contmere, to be continuous). 
 
 idem, e§,dem, idem, demons. 
 X)ron., the same. 
 
 ac*cid-o, -ere, -i (no supine), 
 v.n. 3, to fall out, to happen 
 (ad, upon; cMo, I fall). 
 
 lun-a, -ae, /., the moon. 
 
 ple-nus, -na, -num, adj., full 
 (pleo,Ifill). 
 
 maxim-us, -a, -um, superl. adj., 
 greatest, very great (mag- 
 nus, great). 
 
 oc6an-us, -i, m., the ocean. 
 
 consuev-it, from consuesco (ch. 
 
 X.). 
 
 XIX. 
 
 its,, adv., thus, so. 
 
 exerc-itus, -itiis, m., an army 
 
 (exerceo, I exercise). 
 transport-o, v.a. 1, I carry 
 
 over, I transport. 
 subduc-o, -ere, diix-i, -duct- 
 
 um, v.a. 3, 1 draw ashore (sub, 
 
 from below; duco, I draw), 
 delig-o, v.a. 1, I bind down, I 
 
 fasten. 
 ad*flict-o, v.a. 1, I toss (ad, to; 
 
 filgo, I dash). 
 administr-o, v.a. 1, I manage, 
 
 I carry out. 
 auxili-or, v. dep. 1, I help. 
 complur-es, -a, or -ia; gen. 
 
 -ium, adj., very many, several. 
 
VOCABULABT. 
 
 51 
 
 frang-0, -ere, freg-i, fract-um, 
 
 v.a. 3, I break, I wreck. 
 fun-is, -is, m., a rope, a cable. 
 armament-a, -orum, n. pL, 
 
 tackling. 
 amitt-o, v.a. 3, 1 lose (see mitto, 
 
 ch. v.). 
 navig-o, v.n. 1, I sail (navis, 
 
 a ship). 
 in-util-is, -e, adj., useless. 
 tot-US, -a, -um, adj., the whole 
 
 (gen., totius; dat., toti). 
 perturba-tio, -tionis, /., con- 
 fusion. 
 r§*port-o, v.a. 1, I carry back. 
 r6'fic-io, -ere, 'fec-i, "fect-um, 
 
 v.a. 3, I repair. 
 higm-o, v.n. 1, I winter, I take 
 
 up winter quarters (hiems, 
 
 winter), 
 Gall-ia, -iae, /., Gaul. 
 c6gnit-us, from cognosco (ch. 
 . ii.). 
 
 frument-um, -i, n., corn, 
 hiem-s (hiemp-s) , -is, /., winter. 
 pro'vid-eo (see video, ch. v.), 
 
 v.a. 1, I foresee, I provide, I 
 
 furnish. 
 
 XX. 
 
 inter, prep. gov. ace, between, 
 
 among. 
 conl6qu-or (coll-) , -i, Idcut-us 
 
 sum, V. dep. 3, I talk with, I 
 
 confer with (con; loquor, I 
 
 speak). 
 
 intell6g-o, -gre, -lex-i, -lect- 
 um, v.a. 3, 1 perceive, I under- 
 stand. 
 
 pauc-itas, -itatis, /., a small 
 number. 
 
 exigu-itas, -itatis,/., small size 
 (exiguus, small). 
 
 hoc, adverbial ahl., on this 
 account. 
 
 6tiam, conj., also, even. 
 
 angust-ior, comp. of angustus 
 (ch. ix.). 
 
 impgdi-mentum, -menti, n. 
 (pi.), baggage. 
 
 r6bell-io, -ionis, /., a revolt. 
 
 commea-tvis, -tus, m., supplies, 
 provisions, a voyage. 
 
 pro"duc-o (see subduco, ch. 
 xix.), v.a.B, I prolong. 
 
 super at-us, from supero (ch. 
 xvi.). 
 
 rgdit-us, -iis, m., a returning, 
 a return (redeo, I return). 
 
 inter-clud-o, -ere, clus-i, clus- 
 um, v.a. 3, I close up, I cut 
 off (inter, between; claudo, 
 I shut). 
 
 transeo, -ire, iv-T, or -i-i, it- 
 um, v.a. irreg., I go across, I 
 cross over. 
 
 caus-a, adverbial abl. (with .gen. 
 or gerund in -di), for the pur- 
 pose of (ch. xi.). 
 
 confid-o, -ere, 'fis-us sum, v.a. 
 semi-dep. 3, I am persuaded, 
 I am confident, v.n., I rely 
 upon. 
 
62 
 
 LA TIN-ENGLISH 
 
 rursus, adv., back again, again, 
 con'iura-tio, -tionis, /., a plot 
 
 (con; iuro, I swear). 
 paulatim, adv., by little and 
 . little, gradually. 
 dis*ced-o, -ere, xess-i, xess- 
 
 um, v.n. 3, I depart. 
 clam, adv., secretly, by stealth. 
 de*duc-o (see subduco, ch. xix.), 
 
 v.a. 3, I lead off, I withdraw, 
 
 I launch. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 non-dum, adv., not yet. 
 
 cognov-erat, from cognosco 
 (ch. ii.). 
 
 event-US, -us, m., occurrence 
 (evenire, to happen). 
 
 dd,re, see do (ch. iv.). 
 
 inter -mitt-o (see mitto, ch. v.), 
 v.a. 3, I leave off, I relax. 
 
 fdre, Jrom sum. 
 
 suspic-or, V. dep. 1, I mistrust, 
 I suspect. 
 
 cas-us, -us, m., chance, acci- 
 dents (cado, I fall). 
 
 com'p§,r-o, v.a. 1, I prepare. 
 
 cdttidie or cdtidie, adv., daily. 
 
 mater-ia, -iae (-ies, -iei), /., 
 wood, timber. 
 
 ae-s, -ris, n., bronze, copper. 
 
 grS,vissime, adv., very seri- 
 ously {superl. o/graviter). 
 
 adflig-o, -ere, -flix-i, -flict-um, 
 v.a. 3, I shatter, I damage 
 (ad, to; fligo, I dash). 
 
 rSficiend-as, from reficio (ch. 
 xix.). 
 
 com'port-o, v.a. 1, I carry to- 
 gether, I collect. 
 
 stud-ium, -ii, n., eagerness, 
 energy. 
 
 du6'd6cim, num. adj. indecL, 
 twelve. 
 
 amiss-us, from amitto (ch. 
 xix.). 
 
 commdde, adv., advantage- 
 ously. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 dum, conj., whilst, until. 
 
 appell-o (adp-), v.a. 1, I call. 
 
 sept-imus, -ima, -imum, num. 
 adj., seventh. 
 
 consue-tiido, -tudmis, /., cus- 
 tom, habit. 
 
 frument-or, v. dej). 1, 1 get corn, 
 I forage. 
 
 nuUus, -uUa, ullum, adj., not 
 any, none, no (ne, not ; ullus). 
 
 suspic-io (-spit-io), -ionis, /., 
 mistrust, suspicion. 
 
 interpon-o, -ere, 'pSs-ui, -pds- 
 itum, v.a. 3, I interpose. 
 Pass., I arise (inter; pouo, 
 I place). 
 
 r6m§,n-eo, -ere, 'man-si (no su- 
 pine), v.n.2, 1 remain behind. 
 
 ventit-o, v.n. intens. 1, I keej^ 
 coming. 
 
 pro, p?'ep. gov. ahl., before, in- 
 stead of, as, for. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 53 
 
 port-a, -ae, /., a gate. 
 
 sta,t-io, -ionis, /., a station, an 
 
 outpost. 
 nunti-o, v.a. 1, I announce. 
 pulv-is, -6ris, m., dust, 
 i-ter, -tinSris, n., a march, a 
 
 journey. 
 aliquis, all-quid {fern. sing. 
 
 and neut. pi. not used), some- 
 body, something. 
 n6v-us, -a, -um, adj., new. 
 in'eo, "ire, 'iv-I or -i-i, 'it-um, 
 
 v.a. irreg., I form, I adopt, 
 
 I begin. 
 c6hor-s, -tis, /., a cohort, 
 secum, with himself (cum is 
 
 written after and joined to 
 
 pers. pron.). 
 du-o, -ae, 6-, num. adj. pL, 
 
 two. 
 suc'ced-o, 6-re, 'cess-i, 'cess- 
 
 um, v.n. 3, I go in the place 
 
 of, I succeed (sub ; cedo, I go). 
 confestim, adv., immediately. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 paulo, adv., a little, some- 
 what, 
 
 proced-o (see ch. xxii., succedo) , 
 v.n. 3, I go forwards, I ad- 
 vance. 
 
 pr6m-o, -ere, press-i, press-um, 
 v.a. 3, I press hard, I 
 harass. 
 
 confert-us, -a, -um, adj., 
 crowded together, close 
 packed. 
 
 de-mgt-o, -6re, -mess-ui, 'iness- 
 um, v.a. 3, I mow, I cut 
 down. 
 
 noctii, adv. ahl., by night. 
 
 silv-a, -ae, /., a wood. 
 
 delitesc-o (-isc-o), -gre, 'lit-ui 
 (no supine), v.n. 3, I conceal 
 myself (de, away; latesco, I 
 hide myself) . 
 
 disperg-o, -ere, pers-i, -pers- 
 um, v.a. 3, I disperse (dis, in 
 different directions; spargo, 
 I scatter). 
 
 r occup-o, v.a. 1, I seize, I 
 \ gain. 
 
 ^ 00 cupat-us, perf. part., en- 
 V. gaged in. 
 
 mSt-o (see above, de'meto), v.a. 
 3, 1 mow, I reap. 
 
 depon-o, -ere, pds-uT, 'pdsit- 
 um, v.a. 3, I lay down, I lay 
 aside, I give up. 
 
 interfic-io, -6re, -fec-i, -fect- 
 um, v.a. 3, I kill. 
 
 in*cert-us, -a, -um, adj., uncer- 
 tain. 
 
 ess§d-um, -i (-a, -ae), n. (and 
 /.), a war chariot. 
 
 circum*d-o, -are, 'dfid-i, dS-t- 
 um, v.a. 1, I surround. 
 
 XXIV. 
 per-gquit-o, v.n. 1, I ride 
 
 through or hither and 
 
 thither. 
 terr-or, -oris, m., alarm, terror, 
 strepit-us, -us, m., a noise. 
 
54 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH 
 
 r6t-a, -ae,/., a wheel. 
 turm-a, -ae, /, a troop, a 
 
 squadron, 
 insinu-o, v.a. 1, I make a way 
 
 into (in ; sinuo, I wind) . 
 proeli-or, v. dep. 1, I join 
 
 battle, I fight. 
 aurig-a, -ae, m., a driver, a 
 . charioteer. 
 exced-o, -ere, "cess-i, "cess-um, 
 
 v.n. 3, I go out, I with- 
 draw. 
 curr-us, -iis, m., a chariot 
 
 (curro, I run). 
 conl6c-o (coll-), v.a. 1, I put, 
 
 I place (con ; loco, I place) . 
 si, conj., if. 
 rgcept-us, -lis, m., a retreat 
 
 (recipio). 
 
 XXV. 
 
 mobil-itas, -itatis, /., quick- 
 ness, rapidity (mobilis, easily 
 moved). 
 
 stS,bil-itas, -itatis,/., steadiness 
 (stabilis, steady). 
 
 praestant (ch. xiii.). 
 
 c6ttidi-anus or c6tidi-anus, 
 -ana, -anum, adj., daily. 
 
 exercitat-io, -ionis,/., exercise, 
 practice. 
 
 decliv-is, -e, adj., sloping. 
 
 prae-cep-s, -cip-itis, adj., steep, 
 precipitous (prae, caput, 
 head-foremost) . 
 
 sus*tin-eo, -ere, -uT, 'tent-um, 
 v.a. 2, I support, I check. 
 
 incitat-us, -a, -um, past, part., 
 
 at full speed, swift (ch. xi., 
 
 incito) . 
 spS,t-ium, -ii, 7i., space, distance, 
 
 interval of time. 
 m6d6r-or, v. dep. 1, I manage, 
 
 I control, I check, 
 flect-o, -ere, flex-i, flex-um, v.a. 
 
 3, I turn, 
 tem-o, -onis, m., the pole (of a 
 
 carriage) . 
 percurr-o, -6re, cucurr-i o?' 
 
 •curr-i, -curs-um, v.7i. 3, I 
 
 run along, 
 iug-um, -i, n., the yoke, 
 citissime, saperl. adj., with 
 
 the utmost rapidity (cito, 
 
 rapidly). 
 s61-eo, -ere, -itus sum, v.n. 2, I 
 
 am wont, I am accustomed. 
 n6v-itas, -itatis, /., newness, 
 
 strangeness (novus, new), 
 opportun-issimus, -issima, -issi- 
 
 mum, superl. adj., most con- 
 venient, most opportune, 
 tul-it, /rom fero (ch. xiii.). 
 namque, co7ij., for indeed. 
 advent-US, -us, m., arrival (ad- 
 
 v6nio, I come to). 
 constit-erunt, from consisto 
 
 (ch. xii.). 
 tim-or, -oris, m., fear, terror. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 S,li-enus, -ena, enum, adj., 
 belonging to another, un» 
 favourable. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 55 
 
 arbitr-or, v. de}-). 1, I think, I 
 
 consider. 
 r6duc-o, -ere, -dux-T 'duct- 
 urn, v.a. 3, I lead back. 
 con'tin-uus, -ua, -uum, adj., in 
 
 succession (con; teneo, Iliold). 
 nunt-ius, -il, m., a messenger. 
 drmitt-o {see mitto, ch. v.), v.a. 
 
 3, I send about, I dismiss, I 
 
 quit, I abandon. 
 praedic-o, v.a. 1, I declare, I 
 
 announce. 
 demonstr-o, v.a. 1, I show, I 
 
 point out. 
 quant-US, -a, -um, adj., how 
 
 great, how much, 
 diretur, /rom do (ch. iv.). 
 praed-a, -ae,/., booty, plunder, 
 f S,ci-endae, /rom facio (ch. vi.). 
 liber-tas, -tatis, /., liberty, 
 
 freedom. 
 expell-o, -ere, 'pul-i, -puls-um, 
 , v.a. 3, I drive out, I expel. 
 p6ditat-us, -us, m., foot soldiers, 
 
 infantry. 
 C0"act-a, /?'om cogo (ch. vii.). 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 pell-0, -ere, pepul-i, *puls-um, 
 
 v.a. 3, I rout, I put to 
 
 flight. 
 C§l§r-itas, -itatis, /., swiftness, 
 
 speed (celer, swift). 
 pericul-um (pericl-um), -i, n., 
 
 an attempt, danger, 
 ef'fug-io, -ere, 'fug-i, (no su- 
 
 pine), v.n. 3, I flee away, I 
 
 escape, 
 nact-us, from nanciscor (ch. 
 
 viii.). 
 triginta, num. adj. indecl., 
 
 thirty. 
 S<ci-es, -ei, /., order or line of 
 
 battle, 
 diutius, adv., longer (compar. 
 
 of diu) . 
 ferre. See fero (ch. xiii.). 
 vert-o, -ere, -i, vers-um, v.a. 3, 
 
 I turn. 
 oc"cid-o, -ere, i-, 'cis-um, v.a. 
 
 3, I cut down, I kill (ob, 
 
 against; caedo, I strike). 
 d^'inde, adv., afterwards, then, 
 longe, adv., far off. late, adv., 
 
 widely, longe lateque, far 
 
 and wide, 
 aedific-ium, -ii, n., a building. 
 incend-o, -ere, -i, -cens-um, 
 
 v.a. 3, I set on fire, I burn. 
 miss-US, from mitto (ch. v.). 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 duplic-o, v.a. 1, I double. 
 
 adduc-o, -ere, -dux-i, 'duct- 
 urn, v.a. 3, I lead to, I bring 
 to. 
 
 m6d-ius, -ia, -ium, adj., mid- 
 dle, mgdia nox, midnight. 
 
 in'c61um-is, -e, adj., quite safe, 
 in safety. 
 
 pervSn-io (see venio, ch. iv.), 
 v.n. 4, I come up, I arrive. 
 
56 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH 
 
 infra, adv., below. 
 
 de'lat-us, /rom def ero (ch. xvi.) . 
 
 Belg-ae, -arum, m. pL, the 
 Belgae, the Belgians. 
 
 hibern-a, -orum, n. pi., winter 
 quarters. 
 
 eo, adv., thither, there, for this 
 reason. 
 
 negl6g-o, -6re, neglex-i, ne- 
 glect-um, v.a. 3, I overlook, 
 I neglect. 
 
 Rom-a, -ae, /., Rome. 
 
 litter-a (liter-a), -Sie,f.sing., a 
 letter (of the alphabet); 2^^'j 
 a letter, an epistle. 
 
 viginti, num. adj. indecL, 
 twenty. 
 
 supplicat-io, -ionis,/., a thanks- 
 giving. 
 
 s§nat-us, -us, m., the Senate. 
 
 decern-o, -6re, 'crev-i, xret- 
 um, v.a. 3, 1 decree, I de- 
 cide. 
 
 aedific-o, v.a.l, I build. 
 
 v6t-us, -gris, adj., old. 
 
 fin-is, -is, m., an end, a bound- 
 ary ; pL, borders, territory. 
 
 Trev6r-i (-vir-i),-orum, m., the 
 Treveri. 
 
 concil-ium, -ii, 7i., a meeting, a 
 council. 
 
 par-eo, v.n. 2, I obey (with 
 dat.) . 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 It-ius, -ii, m., Itius. 
 
 quo, adv., whither, where, in 
 
 order that. 
 quinque, num. adj. indecL, 
 
 five. 
 com*m6r-or, v. dep. 1, I delay, 
 
 I stop. 
 C6r-us (Caur-us), -i, m.. Corns, 
 
 i.e., the north-west wind. 
 fl-o, v.n. 1, I blow. 
 tandem, adv., at length, at 
 
 last. 
 Labien-us, -i, m., Labienus. 
 tres, tria {gen., trium), num. 
 
 adj., three, 
 tu-eor, -eri, -itus sum, v. dep. 2, 
 
 I protect, I defend. 
 par, pS,r-is, adj., equal. 
 
 XXX. 
 
 Afric-us, -i, m., the south-west 
 
 wind, 
 pro • vect-us, /rom proveho (ch. 
 
 xviii.). 
 inter 'miss-US, from intermitto 
 
 (ch. xxi.). 
 or-ior, -iri, -tus sum, v. dep. 3 
 
 and 4, I rise, I spring from. 
 lux, luc-is, /., light, daylight. 
 sub, prep. gov. abl. and ace, 
 
 under, below, near, dviring. 
 sinistr-a, -ae, /., the left hand. 
 r§lict-us, /rom relinquo (ch. vi.) . 
 commuta-tio, -tionis, /., a 
 
 change, an alteration. 
 I s6cut-us, /rom sequor (ch. viii.). 
 
VOCABULABT. 
 
 57 
 
 contend-0, -6re, -i, -tent-urn, 
 v.n. and a. 3, I strive, I 
 contend, I proceed eagerly, 
 I hasten. 
 
 qua, adv., in which place, 
 where, wherever. 
 
 optim-us, -a, -una, superl. adj., 
 best. 
 
 egress-us, -us, m., a landing- 
 place. 
 
 ad'mddum, adv., very, exceed- 
 ingly. 
 
 laud-o, v.a. 1, I praise, 
 vector-ius, -ia, -ium, adj., for 
 
 carrying, 
 rem-ig-o, v.n. 1, I row (remus, 
 
 an oar). 
 ia,b-or, -oris, m., toil, labour. 
 ad'aeq-uo, v.a. 1, I bring to an 
 
 equality, I keep pace with 
 
 (ad, to; aequo, I make 
 
 equal). 
 
 XXXI. 
 
 access-um est, from accedo (ch. 
 
 vii.), it was approached, 
 meridi-anus, -ana, -anum, adj., 
 
 of mid-day. meridianum 
 
 tempus, mid-day. 
 cap-tivus, -tivi, m., a prisoner 
 
 (capio, I take), 
 discess-erant, from discedo (ch. 
 
 XX.). 
 
 ab'd-o, -6re, -did-T, -dit-um, v.a. 
 
 3, I hide. 
 exp6s-uit, fi^om expono (ch. 
 
 viii.). 
 
 cep-it, /rom capio (ch. xv.). 
 con-sid-o, -ere, 'sed-i, -sess-um, 
 
 v.n. 3, I take my station, I 
 
 encamp, 
 decern, num. adj. indecL, ten. 
 trg-cent-i, -ae, -a, num. adj., 
 
 three hundred, 
 prae-fic-io, -ere, -fec-i, fect- 
 
 um, v.a. 3, I place over, I 
 
 appoint to the command 
 
 of (prae, before ; facio, I 
 
 make). 
 pro*gress-us, from progredior 
 
 (ch. viii.). 
 con'spic-or, v. dep. 1, I see, I 
 
 descry. 
 
 XXXII. 
 
 flu-men, -minis, n.,Si river (fluo, 
 I flow). 
 
 r§pell-o, -ere, 'pp^l-i^ puls- 
 um, I drive back, I repulse. 
 
 egrSgie, adv., excellently, ex- 
 ceedingly well, strongly. 
 
 6p-us, -eris, n., work, a fortifi- 
 cation. 
 
 mun-io, v.a. 4, I fortify, I pro- 
 tect. 
 
 cre-ber, -bra, -brum, adj., fre- 
 quent, numerous, many. 
 
 arb-or, -oris, /., a tree. 
 
 suc*cid-o, -6re, -i, "Cis-um, v.a. 
 3, I cut down (sub ; caedo, I 
 cut). 
 
 introit-us, -us, m., an entrance, 
 an approach. 
 
58 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH 
 
 praeclud-o, -ere, clus-i, clus- 
 um, v.a. 3, I close in front, I 
 block (prae; claudo, I shut). 
 
 rar-us, -a, -um, adj., dispersed 
 here and there, seldom. 
 
 propugn-o, VM. 1, I throw 
 missiles (ex silvis) . 
 
 intra, prep. gov. ace, within. 
 
 muni-tio, -tionis, /., a fortify- 
 ing, a fortification (munio). 
 
 in*gr6d-ior, -i, "gress-us sum, 
 V. dep. 3, I enter. 
 
 at, conj., but, yet. 
 
 test-udo, -udmis,/., a covering, 
 a shed. 
 
 agg-er, -6ris, m., an earth-work. 
 
 ad ic-io, "ere, 'iec-i, iect-um, 
 v.a. 3, I throw upon, I 
 add. 
 
 ex'pul-erunt, fi^om expello (ch. 
 xxvi.). 
 
 vuln-us (voln-), -gris, n., a 
 wound. 
 
 fug-io, -6re, fug-i, fugit-um, 
 v.n. and a. 3, I flee. 
 
 v§t-o, -are, -ui, -itum, v.a. 1, I 
 forbid. 
 
 ignor-o, v.a. 1, I am unac- 
 quainted with. 
 
 consum-o, -6re, 'sumps-i, 
 •sumpt-um, v.a. 3, I spend, 
 I pass. 
 
 XXXIII. 
 
 post-erus, -6ra, -6rum, adj., 
 next, following. 
 
 man6, adv., early in the morn- 
 ing. 
 
 tripertito (tripart-), adv., in 
 three divisions. 
 
 exp6di-tio, -tionis, /., an ex- 
 pedition. 
 
 per*s6qu-or, -i, 'sgcut-us sum, 
 V. dep. 3, I pursue. 
 
 aliquant-um, -i, n., somewhat, 
 
 some portion, aliquant-us, 
 
 -a, -um, adj., some. 
 paene, adv., nearly, almost. 
 prospect-us, -us, m., sight. 
 coort-us, from coorior (ch. 
 
 xviii.). 
 prdpe, adv., nearly, almost, 
 adflict-us, from adfligo (ch. 
 
 xxi.). 
 e*ic-io (see adicio, ch. xxxii.), 
 
 v.a. 3, I cast out, I drive 
 
 ashore. ' 
 
 subsist-o, -ere, 'stit-i, 'stit- 
 
 um, v.n. 3, I hold out. 
 naut-a, -ae, m., a sailor, 
 guberna-tor, -toris, m., a pilot, 
 vis (pZ., vir-es, -ium), /., 
 
 strength, violence. 
 pS,t-ior, -i, 'pass-us sum, v. dep, 
 
 3, I bear, I endure, I suffer. 
 
 concurs-us, -us, m., a running 
 together, a collision (con- 
 curro) . 
 
 incomm6d-um, -i, n., trouble, 
 disaster. 
 
 accip-io, -gre, 'cep-i, cept-um, 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 59 
 
 v.a. 3, I receive (ad ; capio, 
 I take), 
 dix-erimt, fi^oin dico (cli. xvii.). 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 r§v6c-o, v.a. 1, I call back, I 
 
 recall. 
 r6'sist-o, -ere, "stit-i (no su- 
 pine), v.n. 3, I withstand, I 
 
 halt. 
 rg-vert-or, -i, 'vers-us sum, v. 
 
 dep. 3, I return. 
 coram, adv., personally ; prep., 
 
 in the presence of. 
 perspic-io, -ere, spex i, spect- 
 
 um, v.a. 3, I perceive, I ascer- 
 tain. 
 quS,draginta, num. adj. indecL, 
 
 forty. 
 nSg'Ot-imn, -ii, n., an affair, 
 
 trouble (nee; otium, leisure). 
 fS.-ber, -bri, m., an artificer. 
 delig-o, -6re, 'leg-i, 'lect-um, 
 
 v.a. 3, I choose out, I select. 
 etsi, coiy., even if, although. 
 mul-tus, -ta, -turn, adj., much. 
 6p6r-a, -ae, /., work, labour, 
 
 aid. 
 comm6dissim-us, -a, -um, 
 
 superl. adj., most convenient, 
 
 very advantageous. 
 coniung-o, -ere, iunx i, iunct- 
 
 um, v.a. 3, I join together, I 
 
 unite. 
 ne, conj,, lest, that not. 
 ne quidem, not even. 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 ante, adv., before, previously; 
 
 pi^ep. gov. ace, before, 
 mai-or, -lis, comp. adj., greater, 
 summ-a, -ae,/., the whole, the 
 
 chief. 
 commun-is, -e, adj., common. 
 Cassivellaun-us, -i, m., Cassi- 
 
 vellaunus. 
 per'mitt-o (see mitto, ch. v.), 
 
 v.a. 3, I give up, I entrust, I 
 
 allow. 
 divid-o, -ere, divis-i, divis-um, 
 
 v.a. 3, I divide. 
 Tam6s-is, -is, m., the Thames. 
 continen-s, -6n-tis, pres.part. of 
 
 contineo, continuous, con- 
 stant. 
 interced-o, -ere, -cess-i, -cess- 
 
 um, v.n. 3, I intervene, I am 
 
 between. 
 advent-US, -us, m., arrival (ad, 
 
 venio). 
 
 XXXVI. 
 
 triquetr-us, -a, -um, adj., tri- 
 angular. 
 
 contra, p?'ep. gov. ace, against, 
 opposite to. 
 
 al-ter, -tera, -terum (gen., al- 
 terius or -terms ; dat., al-t6ri), 
 adj., the one (of two); alter 
 . . . alter, the one . . . the other. 
 
 angul-us, -1, m., an angle, a 
 corner. 
 
60 
 
 LA TIN-ENGLISH 
 
 appell-o (ad-p-), -ere, -pul-i, 
 
 •puls-um, v.a. 3, I drive to, I 
 
 bring to. 
 dri-ens, pres. part, from orior 
 
 (ch. XXX.). 
 mgri'di-es, -ei, m., mid-day, the 
 
 south. 
 spect-o, v.a. 1, I look at or 
 
 towards, 
 per-tin-eo, -ere, -m, -tent-um, 
 
 v.n. 2, I reach, I extend, 
 quingent-i, -ae, niwi. adj., five 
 
 hundred, 
 verg-o, -6re {no perf.or s^ipine) , 
 
 v.n. 3, I lie, I am situated. 
 Hispan-ia, -iae,/., Spain, 
 occid-o, -ere, -i, xas-um, v.n. 
 
 3, 1 140 down, I set. 
 Hibern-ia, -iae, /., Ireland, 
 dimidi um, -i, n., a half, 
 min-or, -us, compar. adj., less 
 
 {comp. o/ parvus), 
 aestim-o, v.a. 1, I estimate, I 
 
 reckon. 
 quam, adv., than, 
 par-i, y'rom par (ch. xxix.). 
 trans'miss-us (tram-) , -us, m., 
 
 a passage (across the sea) 
 
 (trans, across; mitto, I send). 
 atque, conj., as, with {after 
 
 words denoting similarity), 
 
 {see ac, ch. x.). 
 Mdn-a, -ae, /., Mona. See note. 
 praeterea, adv., besides, more- 
 over, 
 subic-io, -ere, 'iec-i, -iect-um, 
 
 v.a. 3, I throw under, I place 
 
 near, 
 ex'istim-o, v.a. 1, I think, I 
 
 suppose (ex; aestimo). 
 noii'null-us, -a, -um, adj., some. 
 scrib-o, -ere, scrips-i, script- 
 
 um, v.a. 3, I write, 
 brum-a, -ae,/., winter. 
 
 XXXVII. 
 
 nos, pi. of ego (ch. xiii.). 
 nihil, 71. indecl., nothing. 
 percontat-io, -ionis, /., an en- 
 quiry. 
 cert-US, -a, um, adj., certain, 
 
 sure, 
 mensur-a, -ae, /., a measuring, 
 
 measurement. 
 br6v-ior,-ius, comp. adj., shorter 
 
 (brevis, ch. iii.). 
 noct-es, from nox (ch. xviii.). 
 longitud-o, -inis, /., length, 
 fert, /?'om fero (ch. xiii.). 
 opin-io, -ionis,/., opinion, 
 septingent-i, -ae, -a, num. adj., 
 
 seven hundred, 
 septemtri-o (septen-) , -onis 
 
 {most frequently pi.) , m., the 
 
 north, 
 ob ic-io, -Sre, 'iec-i, "iect-um, v.a. 
 
 3, 1 present (to view) , I oppose 
 
 (ob, before; iacio, I throw). 
 German-ia, -iae, /., Germany, 
 octingent-i, -ae, -a, adj., eight 
 
 hundred. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 61 
 
 circuit-US, -us, m., a circum- 1 
 
 ference. 
 vicies, adv., twenty times. 
 centum; num. adv. indecL, a 
 
 hundred. 
 intSr-ior, -ius, comp. adj., inner, 
 
 interior. 
 in-c61-o, -6re, -ui (no supine), 
 
 v.n. and a. 3, I dwell, I 
 ' inhabit, 
 nfisc-or, -i, nat-us sum, v. dep. 
 
 3, I am born, I am produced, 
 nom-en, -inis, n., a name. 
 ort-i, from orior (ch. xxx.). 
 inlat-um (ill-) , from inf ero (ch. 
 
 xvii.). 
 permS-n-eo, -ere, man-si, 'man- 
 sum, v.n. 2, I remain. 
 c61-o, -gre, -ui, cult-um, v.a. 3, 
 
 I cultivate, I till. 
 
 XXXVIII. 
 
 infinit-us, -a, -um, adj., count- 
 less, infinite. 
 
 creberrim-us, -a, -um, superl. 
 adj., very frequent, very 
 numerous (creber, frequent). 
 
 con'simil-is, -e, adj., quite like 
 (with dat.). 
 
 p6c-us, -oris, n., cattle. 
 
 tale-a, -ae, /., a rod, a bar. 
 
 ferr-eus, -ea, -eum, adj., made 
 of iron, iron. 
 
 pond-US, -gris, n., a weight. 
 
 examin-o, v.a. 1, I weigh. 
 
 numm-us, -i, m., money. 
 
 plumb-um, -i, n., lead. 
 alb-US, -a, -um, adj., white. 
 plumbum album = tin. 
 mgditerr-aneus, -anea,-aneum, 
 
 adj., inland, 
 ferr-um, -i, n., iron, 
 im-port-o, v.a. 1, I carry into, 
 
 I import. 
 quis-que, quae-que, quod-que, 
 
 and (as subst.) quid-que, adj. 
 
 pron. indef, each, every. 
 fag-US, -i,/., a beech tree, beech, 
 abi-es, -etis, /., a pine tree, fir. 
 l$p-us, -oris, m., a hare, 
 gallin-a, -ae, /., a hen. 
 ans-er, -gris, m., a goose, 
 gust-o, v.a.l, I taste. 
 fas, n., indecL, the will of the 
 
 gods, a lawful thing, 
 put-o, v.a. 1, 1 think, I consider. 
 S,l-o, -€re, -ui, -itum and -tum, 
 
 v.a. 3, I rear, Ikeep. 
 anim-us, -i, m., mind, amuse- 
 ment. 
 v61upt-as, -atis,/., pleasure. 
 temp6rat-ior, -ius, comp. adj., 
 
 more temperate, milder, 
 rgmiss-us, part. perf. pass. 
 
 (remitto, ch. v.), mild, not 
 
 severe. 
 frig-US, -oris, n., cold, cold- 
 
 cUmate. 
 
 XXXIX. 
 
 gen-s, gSn-tis, /., a race, a 
 nation, a people. 
 
62 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH 
 
 human-issimus, -issima, -issi- 
 mum, superl. adj., most civ- 
 ilized (humanus). 
 
 Cant-ium, -ii, n., Cantium, 
 Kent. 
 
 multum, adv., much, greatly. 
 
 differ-o, -re, distul-i, drlat- 
 um, v.n. irreg., I am different. 
 
 plerusque, pleraque, plerum- 
 que, adj., the greater part; 
 pL, very many. 
 
 s6r-o, -ere, sev-i, sS,t-um, v.a. 
 3, 1 sow. 
 
 lac, lact-is, n., milk. 
 
 c&r-o, -nis, /., flesh. 
 
 viv-o, -6re, vix-i, vict-um, v.n. 
 3, I live. 
 
 pell-is» -is, /., a skin. 
 
 vest-io, v.a. 4, I clothe. 
 
 vitr-um, -i, n., woad. 
 
 infic-io, -ere, 'fec-i, -fect-um 
 v.a. 3, I dip in, I dye with. 
 
 caemle-us, -a, -um, adj., deep 
 blue. 
 
 c61-or, -oris, m., colour. 
 
 horrid-ior, -ius, compar. adj., 
 more terrible, more horrible 
 (horridus). 
 
 aspect-US (adsp-), -us, ?n., ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 cap-illus, -illi, m., the hair 
 (caput, the head). 
 
 promiss-us, -a, -um, adj., long, 
 hanging down. 
 
 corp-us, -oris, n., a body. 
 
 c2lp-ut, -itis, n., the head. 
 
 labr-um, -i, n., a lip. 
 
 rad-o, -ere, ras-i, ras-um, v.a. 
 
 3, I shave, 
 conflig-o, -gre, 'flix-i, -flict-um, 
 
 v.n. 3, I come into conflict, 
 
 I engage (con; fligo, I dash). 
 com-pell-o, -ere, pul-i, -puls- 
 
 um, v.a. 3, I drive together, 
 
 I force. 
 interfect-us, fi'om interficio 
 
 (ch. xxiii.). 
 cupidius, compar. adv., more 
 
 eagerly, too eagerly (cupide). 
 in's6qu-or {see sequor, ch. viii.), 
 
 V. dep. 3, I follow after. 
 
 XL. 
 
 intermiss-us, from intermitto 
 (ch. xxi.), being allowed to 
 intervene. 
 
 eicgre se {see eicio, ch. xxxiii.), 
 to throw themselves out, to 
 rush forth. 
 
 im*prud-ens, -gntis, adj., heed- 
 less, unwary (in, not; pru- 
 dens, foreseeing). 
 
 audacissime, superl. adv., very 
 boldly (audacter, ch. xi.). 
 
 perrump-o, -ere, rup-T, Tupt- 
 um, v.n. 3, I break through. 
 
 Q. = Quint-US, -i, m., Quintus. 
 
 LS,b§r-ius, -ii, m., Laberius. 
 
 Dur-us, -i, m., Durus. 
 
 plures {see plus, ch. xiv.). 
 
 prdcul, adv., at a distance, far 
 off. 
 
VOCABULABY. 
 
 ostend-o, -gre, -I, ostens-um 
 
 and ostent-um, v.a. 3, 1 show. 
 lenius, comp. adv., more slowly, 
 
 with less spirit (leniter, 
 
 slowly). 
 pridie, adv., on the day before, 
 lacess-o, -fire, -•iv-i or '\-\, ■it-um, 
 
 v.a. 3, I provoke, I attack. 
 
 XLI. 
 
 pabul-or, v. dep. 1, I forage. 
 
 TrSbon-ius, -ii, m., Trebonius. 
 
 rgpente, adv., suddenly. 
 
 pabtilat-or, -oris, m., a forager. 
 
 ad'v61-o, v.n. 1, I fly to, I 
 hasten. 
 
 sic, adv., so, thus, sicuti, to 
 such a degree that {see ut, 
 ch. xiii.). 
 
 ab'sist-o, -gre, -stit-i, -stit-um, 
 v.n. 3, I stand apart from. 
 
 -qud-ad, adv., till, until. 
 
 confis-us, perf. part, of confido 
 (ch. XX.). 
 
 prae-ceps, -cip-itis, adj., head- 
 long, in headlong flight (prae, 
 before ; caput, the head) . 
 
 ag-o, -gre, eg-i, act-um, v.a. 3, 
 I do, I drive. 
 
 con-lig-o (coM-), -gre, -leg-i, 
 •lect-um, v.a. 3, I gather to- 
 gether, I collect (con ; lego, I 
 gather). 
 
 con'sist-o {see above, absisto), 
 v.n. 3, I take my stand, I 
 halt. 
 
 protinus, adv., forthwith, im- 
 mediately. 
 
 umquam (unquam), adv., at 
 any time, ever. 
 
 nobiscum = cum nobis. 
 
 XLII. 
 
 duc-o, -gre, dux-i, duct-um, v.a. 
 
 3, I lead. 
 pSd-es, -itis, m., a foot soldier ; 
 
 pi., infantry. 
 aegre, adv., with difficulty, 
 
 scarcely. 
 rip-a, -ae, /., a bank. 
 in-stru-o, -gre, 'strux-I, -struct- 
 
 um, v.a. 3, I build, I draw 
 
 up (troops). 
 S,cut-us, -a, -um, adj., sharp, 
 
 pointed. 
 sud-is, -is, /., a stake. 
 defig-o, -ere, 'fix-i, -fix-um, 
 
 v.a. 3, I fix down, I drive 
 
 down. 
 t6g-o, -ere, tex-i, tect-um, v.a. 
 
 3, I cover. 
 eo, ire, iv-i, or i-i, it-um, v.n. 
 
 irreg., I go. 
 s61-us, -a, -um, adj., alone, 
 
 only, 
 ex'st-o, -are {no perf. or supine) , 
 
 v.n. 1, I stand out of. 
 mand-o, v.a. 1, I command, I 
 
 commit. 
 
 XLIII. 
 content-io, -ionis, /., a contest. 
 
64 
 
 LA TIN-ENGLISH 
 
 spe-s, spS-i, /., hope, expecta- 
 tion. 
 ampl-ior, -ius, comp. adj., the 
 
 greater (amplus). 
 quattuor, num. adj. indecl., 
 
 four. 
 vi-a, -ae, /., a way, a road. 
 imp6dit-us, past part., impedio 
 
 (ch. xi.), obstructed, intricate, 
 silv-estris, -estre, adj., woody, 
 
 wooden (silva). 
 occult-o, v.a. 1, I hide. 
 pec6r-a, from pecus (ch. 
 
 xxxviii.). 
 praed-or, v. dep. 1, I plunder, 
 vast-o, v.a. 1, I lay waste, I 
 
 devastate, I plunder. 
 semit-a, -ae, /., a path. 
 e*mitt-o (see mitto, ch. v.), v.a. 
 
 3, I send out. 
 jn6t-us, -lis, m., fear, dread, 
 lat-ius, comp. adv., more widely 
 
 (late, ch. xxvii.). 
 v&g-or, V. dep. 1, I wander, 
 ag-men, -minis, n., a march, a 
 
 column (of soldiers). 
 pass-US sum, from patior (ch. 
 
 xxxiii.). 
 
 XLIV. 
 
 Trin6bant-es, -um, m. pL, the 
 
 Trinobantes. 
 firm-issimus, -issima, -issimum, 
 
 super I. adj., strongest, most 
 
 powerful (firmus). 
 sese. See se (ch. iii.). 
 
 ded-o, -ere, -did-i, "dit-um, 
 
 V.a. 3, I give up, I surrender, 
 imperat-um, -i, n., a command. 
 Mandubra -cius (-tins), -ii, m., 
 
 Mandubracius. 
 §,dulesc-ens, -gntis, comm. gen., 
 
 a youth, 
 regn-um, -i, n., supreme power, 
 
 a kingdom, 
 obtin-eo, -ere, -ui, 'tent-um, 
 
 V.a. 2, I hold, I acquire. 
 mor-s, -tis, /., death, 
 vit-o, v.a. 1, I avoid, 
 iniuri-a, -ae, /., injustice, a 
 
 wrong. 
 defend-o, -ere, -i, 'fens-um, 
 
 v.a. 3, I protect. 
 c616riter, adv., quickly. 
 
 XLV. 
 
 Cenimagn-i, -orum, m. pi., the 
 
 Cenimagni. 
 Segonti§,c-i, -orum, m. pi., the 
 
 Segontiaci. 
 AncS,lit-es, -um, m. pi., the 
 
 Ancalites. 
 Bibr6c-i, -orum, m. x>l., the 
 
 Bibroci. 
 Cass-i, -orum, m. pi., the Cassi. 
 legHt-io, -ionis, /., an embassy. 
 ab-sum,esse, afui (not abf ui) , 
 
 v.n., I am away, I am distant. 
 pS-l-us, -udis, /., a swamp, a 
 
 marsh. 
 oppid-um, -i, n., a town, a city. 
 
VOCABULABY. 
 
 65 
 
 vall-um, -1, n., a rampart, 
 foss-a, -ae,/., a ditch, a trench, 
 incur-sio, -sionis,/., an inroad, 
 
 a raid (in ; curro, I run), 
 consu-erunt, from consuesco 
 
 (ch. X.). 
 oppugn-o, v.a. 1, I attack, I 
 
 besiege. 
 paulisper, adv., for a short 
 
 time, 
 mdrat-us, /rom moror (ch. vi.). 
 tul-erunt, /rom fero (ch. xiii.). 
 r6pert-us, /rom reperio (ch. iii.). 
 comprehens-us, from compre- 
 
 heudo (ch. xvi.). 
 
 XLVI. 
 
 praesum, esse, fui, v.n., I am 
 over, I rule. 
 
 Cing6t6r-ix, -igis, m., Cinge- 
 torix. 
 
 Carvil-ius, -ii, m., Carvilius. 
 
 Taxim§,gul-us, -i, m., Taxima- 
 gulus. 
 
 Segon-ax (-ovax), -acis, m., 
 Segonax. 
 
 nav-alis, -ale, adj., naval, sea-. 
 
 ini" pro vis-US, -a, -um, adj., un- 
 expected (in, not; provideo, 
 I foresee), deimproviso, un- 
 expectedly. 
 
 erupt-io, -ionis, /., a sortie, a 
 sally (erumpo, I break out). 
 
 Lugot6r-ix, -igis, m., Lugotorix. 
 
 dux, dtic-is, comm. gen., a 
 leader, a chief. 
 
 no-bilis, bile, adj., noble. 
 
 tdt, num. adj. indecl., so many. 
 
 detriment-um, -i,n., loss, dam- 
 age. 
 
 accept-us, from accipio (ch. 
 xxxiii.). 
 
 defect-io, -ionis, /., a revolt, a 
 defection. 
 
 civ-is, -is, comm. gen., a citizen. 
 
 dedit-io, -ionis, /., a surrender 
 (dedo, ch. xliv.). 
 
 rSpentin-us, -a, um, adj., sud- 
 den, unexi)ected. 
 
 supersum, esse, -fui, v.n., I 
 remain, I am left. 
 
 quis (qui) , quae, quid (quod) , 
 pron. interrog., who, what. 
 
 vectig-al, -alls, n., a tax, 
 tribute. 
 
 singul-i, -ae, -a, num. distrib. 
 adj., separate, single, each. 
 
 pend-o, -ere, pepend-i and 
 pend-i, pens-um, v.a. 3, I 
 pay. 
 
 neu, conj., and not, nor. 
 
 n6c-eo, v.n. 2, I hurt, I harm. 
 
 XLVII. 
 
 in'v6n-io (see venio, ch. iv.), 
 
 v.a. 4, I find, I discover. 
 r§fect-us, /?'om reficio (ch. xix.). 
 deduct-us, from deduco (ch. 
 
 XX.). 
 
 deper-eo, -ire, 'iv-i or 'i-i (no 
 supine), v.n., I am entirely 
 destroyed. 
 
66 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 com'mea-tus, -tus, m. (ch. xx.). 
 institu-o, -ere, -i, -stitut-um, 
 
 v.a. 3, I resolve, I begin. 
 port-o, v.a. 1, I carry. 
 desid§r-o, v.a. 1, I desire, I 
 
 miss (a thing) . 
 inan-is, -e, adj., empty, 
 pri-or, -us, comp. adj., former, 
 
 previous. 
 exp6sit-us, from expono (ch. 
 
 viii.). 
 per-pauc-us, a, um, adj., very 
 
 little; pi., very few. 
 re"ic-io, -gre, 'iec-i, 'iect-um, 
 
 v.a. 3, I throw back. 
 aiiquamdiu, adv., for a con- 
 siderable time. 
 
 frustra, adv., in vain. 
 
 exclud-o, -6re, 'clus-i, 'clus- 
 um, v.a. 3, I prevent, I hin- 
 der (ex ; claudo, I shut) . 
 
 aequinoct-ium, -ii, n., the equi- 
 nox (aequus, equal; nox, 
 night). 
 
 sub'sum, -esse, no perf. v.n., I 
 am near, I am at hand. 
 
 angustius, compar. adv., more 
 closely. 
 
 tranquillit-as, -atis, /., calm- 
 ness, a calm. 
 
 init-us, from ineo (ch. xxii.) . 
 
 perduc-o, -6re, dux-i, duct- 
 um, v.a. 3, I bring, I conduct. 
 
^m 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Usual order of words in a simple sentence : — 
 
 1. Subject with extensions. 
 
 2. Adverbs or other extensions of Predicate. ' 
 
 3. Indirect Object. 
 
 4. Direct Object. 
 
 5. Predicate. 
 
 I. 
 EULES TO BE LEARNT. 
 
 (1) A verb agrees with the subject of the sentence in gender, 
 
 number, and person. 
 
 (2) Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, and 
 
 case. 
 
 (3) Transitive verbs usually take an accusative of the object. 
 
 1. (It) is now summer. 
 
 2. Of our enemies. 
 
 3. We are setting out. 
 
 4. For all the Britons. 
 
 5. In our wars. 
 
 6. We shall supply help. 
 
 7. Our enemies determined to set out. 
 
 67 
 
68 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 II. 
 
 Rule. — Certain prepositions require the accusative case: 
 ante, apud, ad, circiter, contra, in (into), ob, per, post, praeter, 
 prope, propter. 
 
 1. We know the place. 
 
 2. He knew that place. 
 
 3. They are unknown to Caesar. 
 
 4. No one except you was known to me. 
 
 5. Except Caesar, no one set out. 
 
 6. The traders know the sea coast. 
 
 III. 
 
 Rule. — Certain prepositions require the ablative case: as 
 ab, cum, de, ex, in (in), pro, sine, sub (i^est under). 
 
 1. He set out with the traders. 
 
 2. We shall set out in a ship. 
 
 3. He wishes to approach the island. 
 
 4. Caesar wishes to send forward his forces. 
 
 5. I have been sent forward to the island with all 
 
 the ships. 
 
 6. All the ships were in the harbour. 
 
 ly. 
 
 Rule. — Certain verbs require a dative case of the object: 
 appropinquo, desum, ignosco, impero, noceo, obicio, obtem- 
 pero, occurro, praesum, pareo, resisto. 
 
 1. We shall obey the Romans. 
 
 2. The traders obeyed Caesar. 
 
EXERCISES. 69 
 
 3. The hostages would have obeyed the lieutenant. 
 
 4. The inhabitants will make a fleet. 
 
 5. The ships will come to the war. 
 
 6. The lieutenant ordered me to come. 
 
 V. 
 
 Rule. — A point of time (time 'when') is expressed by the 
 ablative case ; duration of time (time ' how long ') by the 
 . accusative. 
 
 1. Caesar sent the ships home. 
 
 2. On that day the fleet will return. 
 
 3. The king is not faithful to the Romans. 
 
 4. His courage does not seem to be great. 
 
 5. The enemy will not dare to approach the island. 
 
 yi. 
 
 1. Caesar wishes to prepare ships. 
 
 2. Caesar's plan is known to the enemy. 
 
 3. In the fifth year war was made. 
 
 4. The season of the year is not suitable for war. 
 
 5. We dare not tarry in this place. 
 
 6. Part of the enemy tarried in this place on ac- 
 
 count of the season of the year. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Rule.— Write mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum^ vobiscum, 
 quocum for cum me, cum te, etc. 
 
 1. He had with him eighty ships. 
 
70 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN, 
 
 2. They held the harbour for eighteen days. 
 
 3. On the fifth day the ships were seen. 
 
 4. He tarried with me eight days. 
 
 5. On the fifth day he will return with you. 
 
 6. The ships were detained by the wind eighteen 
 
 days. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Rule. — When 'him,' 'his,' 'them,' 'their,' etc., mean the 
 same person or persons as the subject of the sentence, translate 
 by the proper case of se and suus. 
 
 1. He sends his cavalry to the war. 
 
 2. Caesar sent his ambassador to the king. 
 
 3. Caesar ordered his soldiers to follow him {that is, 
 
 Caesar). 
 
 4. The lieutenants had eight soldiers with them. 
 
 5. The Eomans reached Britain with their ships. 
 
 6. Caesar had eighteen ships with him. 
 
 7. The Eomans embarked upon their ships. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Rule. — When 'him,' 'his,' 'them,' 'their,* etc., do not 
 mean the same person as the subject of the sentence, but 
 refer to some one else mentioned before, use the proper case 
 of * is,' ' ea,' ' id.' His = * of him ' = eius. Their = ' of them ' == 
 eorum. 
 
 1. His cavalry (p?.) were sent. 
 
 2. The place seems to them to be suitable. 
 
EXERCISES, 71 
 
 3. Caesar assembled them. 
 
 4. Their ships have been seen. 
 
 5. The soldiers followed him {that is, Caesar). 
 
 6. For five days Caesar was waiting-for them. 
 
 X. 
 
 Rule. — Several verbs require an ablative case, as utor, 
 fungor (I perform) , fruor (I enjoy) , Vescor (I eat). See n. on 87. 
 
 1. The Eomans use ships in battle. 
 
 2. We shall not use the cavalry. 
 
 3. Caesar will use a suitable place for (ad) the battle. 
 
 4. The ships were drawn up on the shore. 
 
 5. He gave them {dative) the signal. 
 
 6. We do not use ships. 
 
 XI. 
 
 Rule. — Transitive verbs in the passive voice take an abla- 
 tive case to express the instrument (the thing by which). 
 
 1. The ships are held back by the waves {fluct-u^, 
 
 us). 
 
 2. The sea is shut in by the mountain. 
 
 3. The soldier hurls the javelin with his hand. 
 
 4. The weight of the armour {arma, pi.) impedes 
 
 the soldiers. 
 
 5. The soldiers are impeded by the weight of the 
 
 armour. 
 
 6. They are not accustomed to use heavy armour. 
 
72 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 XII. 
 
 KuLE. — Transitive verbs in the passive voice take a or ab 
 with the ablative case to express the agent (the person by 
 whom) . A is used before words commencing with a consonant, 
 ab before words commencing with a vowel. 
 
 1. Our soldiers had been terrified by the appearance 
 
 of the barbarians. 
 
 2. Our soldiers will not be terrified by the 
 
 enemy (pi). 
 
 3. The enemy (pi.) are terrified by this kind of 
 
 warfare. 
 
 4. The ships were being propelled by oars. 
 
 5. The soldiers were being led {ducere) by Caesar. 
 
 6. The ships had been drawn up by the soldiers. 
 
 7. The signal had been given by Caesar. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Rule. — An ablative case may combine with a participle to 
 express the time, cause, instrument, or manner of the action 
 of the principal verb in the sentence, as Navibus factis, Caesar 
 in Britanniam transiit. We usually express the same thing in 
 English by a complete sentence beginning with ' when,' 'while,' 
 * if,' etc. This construction is called ablative absolute. Cf. n. 
 on 114. 
 
 1. While the soldiers were hesitating, he leaped 
 
 down. 
 
 2. When the enemy had been seen, the soldiers 
 
 returned to the ships. 
 
 3. If the eagle is surrendered, I shall not return. 
 
EXERCISES. 73 
 
 4. If the soldiers hesitate, the eagle will be surren- 
 
 dered. 
 
 5. The signal having been given, the soldiers leaped 
 
 down from the ship. 
 
 6. The standard-bearer will throw himself into the 
 
 sea. 
 
 7. With Caesar (as) our general, we shall not fear 
 
 disgrace. 
 
 xiy. 
 
 Rule. — The English infinitive expresses a purpose, as He 
 came to see the games. In Latin a purpose is expressed by 
 ut ( = in order that) with pres. or imperf. subjunctive, as Venit 
 ut ludos videret. The pres. subj. is used after the present, 
 fut. simple, perfect (with ' have '), fut. perfect, in the principal 
 sentence. The imperf. subj. is used after the imperfect, per- 
 fect (without * have '), and pluperfect in the principal sentence. 
 But see A. 287. a ; H. 495. I. 
 
 1. He urges his horse, that he may see the enemy. 
 
 2. He urged his horse, that he might pursue the 
 
 enemy. 
 
 3. He goes out to see (purpose) the enemy. 
 
 4. We shall have gone out to see the place. 
 
 5. We had gone out to see the horses. 
 
 6. We are going out to see the ships. 
 
 Xy. (Kecapitulatory). 
 1. The enemy was seen by Caesar. 
 
74 CAESARS INVASION OF BRITAIN, 
 
 2. When the ships are filled (abl. abs.), we shall 
 
 make an attack. 
 
 3. The horses were terrified by the attack. 
 
 4. Caesar will use the ships. 
 
 5. If the ships follow {abl. a&s.), we shall capture 
 
 the island. 
 
 6. His horses were captured. 
 
 7. Having captured the horses (abl abs.), he will 
 
 return. 
 
 8. Caesar followed the enemy, that he might put 
 
 them to flight {fag are). 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Rule. — Verbs meaning 'to say,' *to tell,' *to inform,' 'to 
 promise,' or with any meaning implying ' speech,' require the 
 subject of the sentence that follows to be in the accusative 
 case, and the predicate in the infinitive mood. In English 
 after these words we insert 'that,' which is untranslated in 
 Latin, as He says that Caesar has come = Dicit Caesarem 
 venisse. 
 
 1. He says that the enemy have sent ambassadors. 
 
 2. He promises to come [that he will come]. 
 
 3. They say that the ambassadors have come. 
 
 4. Caesar promised to send [that he would send] 
 
 help. 
 
 5. The ambassadors say that they were thrown into 
 
 chains. 
 
 N.B. — Verbs of 'promising' require a fut. infinitive and the 
 accusative of the pronoun. 
 
EXERCISES. 75 
 
 6. We promise to come [that we will come] with 
 the ambassadors. 
 
 XYII. 
 
 Rule. — Same as preceding exercise. 
 
 1. Caesar says that he pardons the soldiers [Eule 
 
 of Ex. iv.]. 
 
 2. Caesar promises to pardon the soldiers. 
 
 3. The enemy promised to send hostages. 
 
 4. Caesar says that the Britons made war without 
 
 cause. 
 
 5. He promises that he will not make war without 
 
 cause. 
 
 6. Having sent ambassadors {obL abs.), Caesar seeks 
 
 peace. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 • Rule. — A Relative Pronoun is put in the same gender, 
 num'ber, and person as its antecedent; but its case is deter- 
 mined by its position in its own sentence. 
 
 1. The ships which were approaching Britain, were 
 
 seen from the camp [Eule of Ex. iv.]. 
 
 2. A storm arose, which filled the ships with water. 
 
 3. This is the island which Caesar has conquered. 
 
 4. I see the ships, which are coming into harbour. 
 
 5. The enemies, whom Caesar has subdued, are 
 
 many. 
 
 6. I have seen the hostages, who were given to us. 
 
76 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 Rule. — The Infinitive Mood of a verb is really a Verbal 
 Noun in the neuter gender, of which the gerunds are the 
 oblique cases ; as navigare = sailing. Nom. and ace, navigare ; 
 ace. after prepositions, navigandum; gen., navigandi; dat., 
 navigando ; abl., navigando. 
 
 1. Sailing is not easy (facil-is, -e). 
 
 2. I love (amare) sailing. 
 
 3. These ships are useful (for use) for (ad) sailing. 
 
 4. We have come for the sake of (causd) winter- 
 
 ing. 
 
 5. I had an opportunity of sailing. 
 
 6. They came into Britain by sailing. 
 
 7. This place is useful for {ad) wintering. 
 
 XX. (Eecapitulatory). 
 
 1. Caesar determines to come. 
 
 2. An opportunity of crossing will be given (xix.). 
 
 3. The camp, that Caesar made, was useless for win- 
 
 tering (xviii.). 
 
 4. Caesar says that he will come after the battle 
 
 (xvi.). 
 
 5. When the Britons are subdued (xiii.) we shall 
 
 cross over. 
 
 6. He crosses the sea to wage war with the Britons 
 
 (xiv.). 
 
EXERCISES. 77 
 
 XXI. 
 
 Rule. — Verbs relating to the mind or the senses may take an 
 accusative with the infinitive after them : such verbs are to 
 see, to feel, to know, to hear, to think, to believe, etc. 
 
 1. Caesar knows that the lieutenants have come. 
 
 2. I suspect that hostages will be given. 
 
 3. I think that these (things) will be useful (for 
 
 use) to us. 
 
 4. Caesar thinks that the lieutenants are collecting 
 
 corn. 
 
 5. Caesar thinks that corn is being collected. 
 
 6. I think that twelve ships were lost. 
 
 7. I suspect that you know" all our plans. 
 
 XXII. (Eecapitulatory). 
 
 1. He promises to send other ships (xvi.). 
 
 2. I suspect that he has sent twelve ships (xxi.). 
 
 3. The lieutenants announce that the ships have 
 
 come. 
 
 4. This is the legion that Caesar sent to forage (use 
 
 supine in -um). 
 
 5. Caesar used three legions for foraging {ad with 
 
 ace. of gerund). 
 
 6. The enemy's design was known to Caesar. 
 
 7. Caesar orders hostages to be given to him. 
 
 8. It is announced to Caesar that three legions 
 
 have been seen. 
 
78 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 9. The general orders three legions to set out with 
 him (xiy.). 
 
 10. Caesar suspected the design of the enemy from 
 
 (ex) the dust that he saw in that direction 
 {pars) . 
 
 11. Their design of foraging was known to Caesar. 
 
 12. Three legions have been sent to forage (use 
 
 supine in -um). 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 Cum* ( = when) takes either indicative or subjunctive. It 
 takes indicative if simple time is expressed; subjunctive, to 
 denote thought; whether it be cause ( = since), succession 
 (=when), contrast ( =: ' although ' or 'whereas '). See A. 325 ff., 
 326 fE. ; H. 521 ff . ; G. 582-589. 
 
 1. When Caesar had ascertained this, he ordered 
 
 the ambassadors to remain. 
 
 2. When they had laid down their arms, they fol- 
 
 lowed the general. 
 
 3. When Caesar had come into the camp, he ordered 
 
 the soldiers to reap the corn. 
 
 4. When the cavalry had surrounded the camp, the 
 
 legion was thrown into confusion. 
 
 5. Caesar suspects that the enemy will come by 
 
 night. 
 
 * The student is referred to Professor W. G. Hale on the cwm-con- 
 structions; Cornell University Studies, Ithaca, N.Y. 
 
EXERCISES, 79 
 
 6. The general ascertains that the cavalry have laid 
 down their arms. 
 
 xxiy. 
 
 Rule. — Same as preceding exercise. 
 
 1. The noise of the wheels frightens our horses. 
 
 2. When the charioteers had leaped down from 
 
 (their) chariots, they fought on foot. 
 
 3. When Caesar had ridden down (perequitare) the 
 
 line (acies), he ordered the cavalry to ad- 
 vance { procedere) . 
 
 4. W^hen they see the cavalry (simple time), they 
 
 leap down from the chariots. 
 
 5. The general rides through the line, that he may 
 
 encourage (Jiortari) the soldiers. 
 
 6. When the general has been killed (simple time), 
 
 the soldiers lay down their arms. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 Rule. — 'That' after * so,' 'such,' 'so great,' etc., is ex- 
 pressed in Latin by ut with the subjunctive; ut then intro- 
 duces a consequence. The rule for the sequence of tenses is 
 the same as in Ex. xiv. 
 
 1. So great (tantus) is the noise of the wheels, that 
 
 it frightens our horses. 
 
 2. The general is so (tam) skilful (perit-us, -a, -um), 
 
 that he conquers the enemy. 
 
80 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 3. The place is so steep that we cannot check the 
 
 horses. 
 
 4. They are so skilful that they can turn their 
 
 horses in a very small space. 
 
 5. The general's horse is so swift (incitatus), that 
 
 it is checked with difficulty (aegre). 
 
 6. This kind of fighting (pugna) is so new {novus), 
 
 that it frightens our soldiers. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 Rule. — The Gerundive is a Verbal Adjective. In translat- 
 ing the English verbal noun ending in -ing into Latin, if the 
 verbal comes from a transitive verb, the gerundive is to be 
 used instead of the gerund, and the following substantive, 
 instead of being in the accusative case, is drawn into the case 
 in which the gerund would have been, if it had been used. 
 Thus you can translate 'the hope of making booty' by spes 
 praedandi (intransitive) or by spes praedae faciendae (transi- 
 tive), but NOT by spes faciendi praedam. Cf. n. on 47. 
 
 1. The hope of engaging in battle. 
 
 2. The fear of seeing the enemy. 
 
 3. The hope of gaining liberty. 
 
 4. An opportunity of restraining the soldiers. 
 
 5. Caesar has many opportunities of coming 
 
 (gerund) . 
 
 6. Many opportunities of seeing the battle were 
 
 given to us. 
 
 7. The time is suitable for (ad) repairing (reficere) 
 
 the ships. 
 
EXERCISES. 81 
 
 8. We have hopes of seeing the army. 
 
 9. We shall have many opportunities of making 
 
 booty. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 Rule.— Direct questions are asked in Latin by means of 
 Interrogative Pronouns and Adverbs, and by the particles 
 num, nonne and -ne. Num expects the answer 'no,' nonne, 
 * yes,' and -ne, which must be attached to the first word of the 
 sentence, simply asks for information. The chief interrogative 
 pronouns are, quis, who? ecquis, any? qualis, of what kind? 
 quantus, how great? quot, how many? and the chief inter- 
 rogative adverbs, ubi, where ? unde, whence ? quando, when ? 
 cur, why ? 
 
 1. Who is able to follow ? 
 
 2. Have not ambassadors been sent by Caesar? 
 
 [Yes.] 
 
 3. Have you seen the general? [No.] 
 
 4. Have you not seen the cavalry ? [Yes.] 
 
 5. Are you able to come ? 
 
 6. How many soldiers had Caesar? Don't you 
 
 know ? 
 
 7. How great is the army ? 
 
 8. Do you think that Caesar will depart before the 
 
 winter ? 
 
 9. Who can escape danger ? 
 
 10. When will you come ? 
 
82 CAESAE'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 XXVIII. 
 Rule. — See preceding exercise. 
 
 1. How great is the number of the hostages ? 
 
 2. How many ships has Caesar ? 
 
 3. Can they be brought to the island ? 
 
 4. Do you not think that Caesar is a good {hon-us, 
 
 -a, -um) general? 
 
 5. Do you think that the soldiers will fight with- 
 
 out their general ? 
 
 6. Has not the general set out for {ad) the army ? 
 
 XXIX. (Eecapitulatory.) 
 
 1. Caesar tarried five days in the camp. 
 
 2. He ordered the legions to follow him. 
 
 3. What wind is blowing ? 
 
 4. The time is unsuitable for {ad) making the 
 
 harbour. 
 
 5. Ships were sent to defend the harbour. 
 
 6. Caesar sends the five legions which he had left 
 
 in camp. 
 
 7. Did you not promise to come? [Yes.] 
 
 8. Have you heard {audire) that the general will 
 
 furnish corn ? 
 
 9. Have you not had many opportunities of coming ? 
 
EXERCISES. 83 
 
 XXX. 
 
 Rule. — The gerundive agreeing in gender and number with 
 the subject of a sentence may combine with any part of the 
 verb ' esse ' to form the predicate. This construction expresses 
 duty, fitness, or necessity, as Virtus laudanda est, = Valour is 
 to be praised = Valour ought to be praised = Valour must be 
 praised. 
 
 1. The soldiers must be praised. 
 
 2. The island ought to be captured. 
 
 3. The Britons must be subdued. 
 
 4. Corn must be furnished for the troops. 
 
 5. The ships must be left in the harbour. 
 
 6. The course of the ships must be changed (mutare) . 
 
 7. Caesar is to be praised on account of his courage. 
 
 XXXI. 
 
 Rule. — The gerundive takes a dative with it to denote the 
 agent by whom instead of the ablative with a or a&. 
 
 1. The courage of the Britons is to be praised by 
 
 the Eomans. 
 
 2. The enemies must be subdued by us. 
 
 3. Labour must not be relaxed by us. 
 
 4. The plan of the general must be approved of by 
 
 good soldiers. 
 
 5. Our ranks must not be broken by the enemy. 
 
 6. A time suitable for sailing must be sought by 
 
 the general. 
 
84 CAESAWS INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 XXXII. 
 
 Kemark. — The Gerundive is passive. It is used to trans- 
 late ' must ' or ' ought ' with an active verb in English by turning 
 the sentence first into the Passive construction and then trans- 
 lating literally, thus: We must praise valour = Valour is to be 
 praised by us = Virtus nobis laudanda est. Turn the following 
 sentences in this way before translating. 
 
 1. You must praise the soldiers. 
 
 2. Caesar must furnish corn. 
 
 3. We must see the ships. 
 
 4. We must subdue the Britons. 
 
 5. We must praise the labours of the soldiers. 
 
 6. I must leave the island. 
 
 XXXIII. 
 
 Rule. — An Indirect Question is one that depends upon such 
 verbs as ask, doubt, know, &g. Interrogatives introduce the 
 indirect question (as in xxvii.), and the verb is in the subjunc- 
 tive mood. See n. on 274. 
 
 Rule for sequence of tenses same as in xiv. 
 
 Where are you ? (Direct Question.) Ubi es ? 
 
 I asked him where you were. (Indirect Question.) Rogavi 
 eum ubi esses. 
 
 1. Where is the enemy ? [Direct Question.] 
 
 2. I will ask, [^rogare'] where the enemy is. [In- 
 
 direct Question.] 
 
 3. Caesar did not know \^ignorare'] where the enemy 
 
EXERCISES, 85 
 
 4. I ask you why you do not come. 
 
 5. I shall ascertain where Caesar is. 
 
 6. He will show me {dat) where the enemy have 
 
 encamped. 
 
 7. I asked the general how many legions he had. 
 
 XXXI Y. (Recapitulatory.) 
 
 1. The ships must be drawn up, and the camp must 
 
 be fortified. 
 
 2. Ten days must be spent in this work. 
 
 3. How many days will you spend ? 
 
 4. I will ask Caesar how many days he spent in 
 
 repairing the ships, [xxxiii.] 
 
 5. How great is the army ? 
 
 6. The general replied {respondere) that he had 
 
 four thousand men. [xvi.] 
 
 7. I asked the general how many days he had spent. 
 
 8. Did you not ascertain where the enemy had en- 
 
 camped? [xxvii.] 
 
 9. Caesar ascertains that the Britons have lost thirty 
 
 ships, [xxi.] 
 
 XXXY. (Eecapitulatory.) 
 
 1. When the general had seen the enemy, [xxiii.] 
 he commanded the soldiers to draw up the 
 ships, [xvi.] and to fortify the camp. 
 
86 CAE SAB'S INVASION OF BRITAIN, 
 
 2. He did not think that the enemy would com( 
 
 [xxi.] 
 
 3. Nevertheless [tamen, second word in sentence 
 
 he left one legion to guard [ = for a guard to 
 the camp. 
 
 4. And set out by night to meet Caesar, [xiv.] 
 
 5. When he had returned, he was asked whei 
 
 Caesar was. [xxxiii.] 
 
 6. He replied that Caesar had not been seen. 
 
 XXXVI. 
 
 Rule. — Verbs of making, calling, thinking, believing, &c 
 require the Nom. Case after them when they are in the Passim 
 Voice ; as Creatur Consul, = he is made consul: insula appellati 
 Mona, = the island is called Mona. 
 
 1. This island was called Britain. 
 
 2. The winter is thought to be very short. 
 
 3. A part of the legion was called a cohort. 
 
 4. One part of the year is called winter. 
 
 5. Caesar is made general. 
 
 6. He is thought to be the best general. 
 
 7. The king was called Cassivellaunus. 
 
 XXXyil. (Eecapitulatory.) 
 
 1. The nights are shorter in Britain than in G-aul. 
 
 2. The island is thought to be Britain. 
 
 3. Is all the island inhabited? [No.] 
 
EXERCISES. 87 
 
 4. Do not the inhabitants till the fields ? [Yes.] 
 
 5. The Belgae crossed over that they might make 
 
 booty, [xiv.] 
 
 6. The enemy will come for the sake of (causd with 
 
 gen. case) making booty, [xxvi.] 
 
 7. After making booty [xiii.] the enemy will cross 
 
 over. 
 
 XXXVIII. (Eecapitulatory.) 
 
 1. The Britons are said to use* lead. 
 
 2. Is (there) not a large quantity of iron in Britain ? 
 [Yes.] 
 
 3. There is such {tant-us, -a, -um) a quantity of 
 iron in Britain, that the inhabitants use it 
 for many purposes {ad multas res), [xxv.] 
 
 4. Do the Britons use buildings ? [N'o.] 
 
 5. Do you not think that Britain is milder than 
 Gaul? [Yes.] 
 
 6'. Why do you think that it is not lawful to use 
 lead ? 
 
 XXXIX. (Eecapitulatory.) 
 
 1. Corn is to be sown in the winter, [xxx.] 
 
 2. Which is the most civilized people of Britain ? 
 
 3. Have not very many men been killed in battle ? 
 [Yes.] [xxvii.] 
 
 I 4. How many men have you lost, [xxvii.] 
 
 ^ OF THE ^ 
 
 (university 
 
88 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 5. He asked how many men we had lost, [xxxiii 
 
 6. He had an intention of sowing corn, [xxvi.] 
 
 7. They go out to sow corn, [xiv.] 
 
 XL. 
 
 Rule. — Instead of an adverb with the predicate, an adjecti 
 agreeing with the subject expressed or understood is preferal 
 in Latin, as Rari pugnant = they seldom fight. 
 
 1. The enemies seldom show themselves. 
 
 2. They did this unwillingly (invitus=\\u.willmg 
 
 3. They boldly (auddx, audac-is) make an attack. 
 
 4. Caesar returned safely to the camp. 
 
 5. The Britons seldom provoke our cavalry. 
 
 6. The Britons heedlessly encamped upon the hill 
 
 XLI. 
 
 Rule. — Causa ( = for the sake of) with the genitive of t 
 gerund of an intransitive verb, or with the genitive of a noi 
 -and a gerundive of a transitive verb agreeing witli it, may 
 used to express a purpose, as Caesar pabulandi causa ti 
 legiones misit =: Caesar sent three legions to forage; Caes 
 hostiuni expellendorum causa legionem unam misit=:Caes 
 sent one legion to dislodge the enemy. 
 
 1. Caesar sent five soldiers to forage. 
 
 2. They go into the fields to sow corn. 
 
 3. They go to till the fields. 
 
 4. Caesar will send soldiers to fortify the camp. 
 
 5. Caesar sent the legions into G-aul to winter. 
 
 6. Two legions were sent to make an attack. 
 
EXERCISES. 89 
 
 XLII. (Eecapitulatory.) 
 
 1. Caesar orders the cavalry to cross the river. 
 
 2. An opportunity of following was not given. 
 
 [xxvi.] 
 
 3. Having sent forward the cavalry, Caesar delays. 
 
 [xiii.] 
 
 4. The soldiers were sent into the fields to reap the 
 
 corn, [xii.] 
 
 5. The bank was so exceedingly well fortified that 
 
 the cavalry were not able to cross the river, 
 [xxv.] 
 
 XLIII. (Eecapitulatory.) 
 
 1. All hope of making booty was laid aside, [xxvi.] 
 
 2. Caesar had sent two legions to lay waste the 
 
 fields, [xli.] 
 
 3. Having dismissed (his) forces, Caesar returned 
 
 to the city. [xiii. or xxiii.] 
 
 4. The Eoman soldier seldom gives himself to flight 
 
 [xl.] 
 
 5. Caesar seldom suffered the legions to leave the 
 
 camp, [xl.] 
 
 6. An opportunity of engaging with the enemy will 
 
 be given, [xxvi.] 
 
90 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN, 
 
 XLIV. (See Exercise XVI.) 
 
 Rule. — The future infinitive is used after the verhs 'to 
 promise,' * to hope,' * to undertake,' where in English we use 
 the present infinitive, as He hopes to come=sperat se ven- 
 turum esse. 
 
 1. He promises to send ambassadors. 
 
 2. He promised to ask Caesar. 
 
 3. They have promised to send hostages. 
 
 4. He hopes {sperare) to see his father. 
 
 5. They hope to avoid death by flight. 
 
 6. We hope that the king will defend the town. 
 
 XLV. 
 Rule. — See preceding exercise. 
 
 1. Caesar promised to defend the soldiers. 
 
 2. I hope Caesar will set out before the winter. 
 
 3. The soldiers hoped that Caesar would not leave 
 
 the town. 
 
 4. Caesar had promised that he would not leave 
 
 the town. 
 
 5. I hope that a large number of men will assemble. 
 
 6. The legions promised to surrender themselves to 
 
 the enemy. 
 
 XLYI. 
 
 Rule. — When ut with subj. expresses a purpose, ut becomes 
 ne when there is a negative in the sentence; when ut with 
 
EXERCISES. 91 
 
 subj. denotes a consequence, if there be a negative in the sen- 
 tence, ut remains and the negative is expressed by non. Observe 
 the following variations : 
 
 Purpose. Consequence. 
 
 (a) That... not (1) ne (2) ut...non. 
 
 (b) That nobody (1) ne quis (2) ut nullus. 
 
 (c) That nothing (1) ne quid (2) ut nihil. 
 
 (d) That never (1) ne umquam. (2) ut numquam. 
 
 1. He commands the legions not to (a 1) attack the 
 
 camp. 
 
 2. He orders that nobody (b 1) may come into the 
 
 camp. 
 
 3. Caesar commanded the legions not to (a 1) take 
 
 prisoners. 
 
 4. I ask you not to (a 1) come before night. 
 
 5. I commanded the legions not to (c 1) plunder 
 
 anything. 
 
 6. Cassivellaunus was so greatly moved by the 
 
 revolt of the citizens, that he never {d 2) 
 returned to the town. 
 
 7. He had received so many losses that he was not 
 
 (a 2) able to pay tribute. 
 
 XLVII. (Eecapitulatory.) 
 
 1. Caesar orders the general to lead back [xiv.] the 
 
 army. 
 
 2. The number of the soldiers is so great that the 
 
 ships are not able to carry all. [xxv. and 
 xlvi.] 
 
92 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 
 
 3. The harbour was so small that it was not able to 
 
 receive all the ships, [xxv. and xlvi.] 
 
 4. Have not the ships been repaired? [Yes.] 
 
 5. After a storm follows a calm. 
 
 6. When the soldiers had repaired the ships, they 
 
 proposed to sail. 
 
YOOABULAET. 
 
 (ENGLISH-LATIN.) 
 
 The Roman Numerals refer to the Exercises ; the other Numerals 
 f to the Vocabularies. 
 
 able (to be), 3. 
 account of (on), 6. 
 accustomed (to be), 10. 
 advance (to), 8. 
 after, 6. 
 all, 1. 
 
 ambassador, 4. 
 anything, xlvi. 
 announce (to), 22. 
 appearance, 12. 
 approach (to), 2. 
 arise (to), 18. 
 armour, 11. 
 arms, 11. 
 army, 19. 
 ascertain (to), 2. 
 ask (to), xxxiii. 
 assemble (to), 3. 
 attack (an), 15. 
 avoid (to), 44. 
 
 bank, 42. 
 barbarian, 5. 
 battle, 10. 
 be (to), 1. 
 
 before, 35. 
 Belgae, 28. 
 best, 30. 
 blow (to), 29. 
 bold, xl. 
 booty, 26. 
 break (to), 19. 
 bring to (to), 28. 
 Britain, 1. 
 Briton, 1. 
 buildings, 27. 
 l)y, 4. 
 
 Caesar, 1. 
 call (to), 22. 
 calm, 47. 
 camp, 18. 
 can (I), 3. 
 capture (to), 15. 
 carry (to), 47. 
 Cassivellaunus, 35. 
 cause, 11. 
 cavalry, 10. 
 chain, 16. 
 change (to), xxx. 
 93 
 
94 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN 
 
 charioteer, 10. 
 check (to), 25. 
 citizen, 46. 
 civilized, 39. 
 cohort, 22. 
 collect (to), 17. 
 come (to), 4. 
 command (to), 4. 
 conquer (to), 16. 
 corn, 19. 
 courage, 5. 
 course, 15. 
 cross over (to), 20. 
 
 danger, 27. 
 dare (to), 5. 
 day, 5. 
 death, 44. 
 defend (to), 29. 
 delay (to), 6. 
 depart (to), 20. 
 design, 4. 
 detain (to), 7. 
 determine (to), 1. 
 difficulty, 11. 
 direction, 1. 
 disgrace, 13. 
 dismiss (to), 26. 
 draw up (to), 5. 
 dust, 22. 
 
 eagle, 13. 
 easy, xix. 
 eighteen, 7. 
 eighty, 7. 
 embark (to), 8. 
 encamp (to), 31. 
 
 encourage (to), 9. 
 enemy, 1. 
 engage in (to), 5. 
 engage with (to), 39. 
 escape (to) , 27. 
 exceedingly well, 42. 
 except, 2. 
 
 faithful, 5. 
 fear, 25. 
 fear (to), 13. 
 field, 17. 
 fifth, 5. 
 fight (to), 11. 
 fill (to), 15. 
 five, 29. 
 fieet, 4. 
 flight, 15. 
 follow (to), 8. 
 foot, 12. 
 for, 22. 
 
 forage (to), 22. 
 forces, 3. 
 fortify, 32. 
 four, 43. 
 
 frighten (to), 12. 
 from, 4. 
 furnish (to), 19. 
 
 gain (to), 23. 
 Gaul, 19. 
 general, 13. 
 give (to), 4. 
 go (to), 42. 
 go out (to), 24. 
 great, 5. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 95 
 
 greatly, 3. 
 guard, 7. 
 
 hand, 11. 
 harbour, 2. 
 have (to), 5. 
 hear (to), xxix. 
 heavy, 11. 
 help, 1. 
 
 hesitate (to), 13. 
 hill, 8. 
 him, 17. 
 himself, 3. 
 his, 3. 
 hold (to), 7. 
 hold back (to), 7. 
 home, 5. 
 hope, 43. 
 horse, 11. 
 hostage, 4. 
 how great, 26. 
 how many, 26. 
 hurl (to), 11. 
 
 impede (to), 11. 
 in, 1. 
 
 inhabit, 37. 
 inhabitants, 3. 
 intention, 4. 
 into, 1. 
 iron, 38. 
 island, 3. 
 
 javelin, 9. 
 
 kill (to), 23. 
 kind, 2. 
 
 i king, 5. 
 know (to), 2. 
 know (not to), 32. 
 
 labour, 30. 
 large, 5. 
 lawful, 38. 
 lay aside (to), 23. 
 lay down (to), 23. 
 lay waste (to), 4o. 
 lead, 38. 
 lead (to), 42. 
 lead back (to), 26. 
 leap down (to), 13. 
 leave (to), 6. 
 legion, 13. 
 liberty, 26. 
 lieutenant, 4. 
 line, 27. 
 lose (to), 19. 
 loss, 46. 
 love (to), xix. 
 
 make (to), 6. 
 man, 2. 
 many, 34. 
 me, 13. 
 meet (to),. 14. 
 milder, 38. 
 mountain, 9. 
 move (to), 12. 
 move deeply (to), 12. 
 
 nevertheless, 1. 
 new, 22. 
 night, 18. 
 night (by), 23. 
 
98 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN 
 
 nobody, xlvi. 
 noise, 24. 
 no one, 2. 
 not, 3. 
 now, 1. 
 number, 6. 
 
 oar, 12. 
 obey, 28. 
 on account of, 6. 
 one, 9. 
 
 opportunity, 6. 
 order (to), 4. 
 our, 1. 
 
 pardon (to), 17. 
 part, 1. 
 pay (to), 46. 
 peace, 16. 
 people, 39. 
 place, 2. 
 plan, 4. 
 
 plunder (to), 43. 
 praise (to), 30. 
 prepare (to), 6. 
 prisoner, 31. 
 promise (to), 5. 
 propel (to), 12. 
 provoke (to), 40. 
 purposes, 38. 
 pursue (to), 15. 
 put to flight (to), 15. 
 
 rank, 14. 
 reach (to), 8. 
 reap (to), 22. 
 receive (to), 33. 
 relax (to), 21. 
 
 remain (to), 22. 
 repair (to), 19. 
 reply (to), xxxiv. 
 restrain (to), 9. 
 return (to), 5. 
 revolt, 46. 
 ride down (to), 24. 
 river, 32. 
 Koman, 4. 
 
 safely, 28. 
 
 sail (to), 19. 
 
 say (to), 17. 
 
 sea, 9. 
 
 sea coast, 2. 
 
 season, 8. 
 
 see (to), 5. 
 
 seek (to), 17. 
 
 seem (to), 5. 
 
 seldom, 32. 
 
 send (to), 5. 
 
 send forward (to), S 
 
 set out (to), 1. 
 
 ship, 3. 
 
 shore, 9. 
 
 short, 3. 
 
 shorter, 3. 
 
 show (to), 26. 
 
 shut in (to), 9. 
 
 signal, 9. 
 
 small, 1. 
 
 so, 11. 
 
 so great, 13. 
 
 soldier, 9. 
 
 so many, 46. 
 
 sow (to), 39. 
 
 space, 25. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 97 
 
 spend (to), 32. 
 standard bearer, 13. 
 steep, 25. 
 storm, 8. 
 subdue (to), 16. 
 suffer (to), 33. 
 suitable, 6. 
 summer, 1. 
 supply (to), 1. 
 surrender (to), 13. 
 surround (to), 23. 
 suspect (to), 21. 
 swift, 25. 
 
 take (to), 15. 
 
 tarry (to), 6. 
 
 ten, 3i. 
 
 terrify (to), 12. 
 
 that (conj.), 13. 
 
 that (demons. pr on.), 2. 
 
 their, 3. 
 
 them, 17. 
 
 themselves, 3. 
 
 think (to), 36. 
 
 thirty, 27. 
 
 this, 2. 
 
 thousand, 7. 
 
 three, 29. 
 
 throw into (to), 13. 
 
 throw into confusion (to), 14. 
 
 till (to), 37. 
 
 town, 45. 
 
 trader, 2. 
 
 tribute, 46. 
 
 turn (to), 27. 
 
 twelve, 21. 
 
 two, 22. 
 
 unknown, 2. 
 unwillingly, xl. 
 upon, 1. 
 urge (to), 11. 
 us, 37. 
 use (to), 10. 
 useful (for use), 3. 
 useless, 19. 
 
 very many, 19. 
 very small, 3. 
 
 wage (to), 6. 
 wait (to), 9. 
 war, 1. 
 warfare, 1. 
 water, 11. 
 wave, xi. 
 weight, 11. 
 what, 46. 
 wheel, 24. 
 when, 16. 
 where, 12. 
 which, 3. 
 while, 22. 
 who {interrog.), • 
 wind, 7. 
 winter, 19. 
 winter (to), 19. 
 wish (to), 3. 
 with, 3. 
 without, 17. 
 work, 32. 
 
 year. 
 
Il^DEX. 
 
 7%e Numbers refer to the Chapters. 
 
 a, 4. 
 
 ab, 4. 
 abdo, 31. 
 abies, 38. 
 absisto, 41. 
 absum, 45. 
 
 ac, 10. 
 accedo, 7. 
 acceptus, 46. 
 accessum, 31. 
 accido, 18. 
 acciijio, 33. 
 acies, 27. 
 acriter, 14. 
 acutus, 42. 
 
 ad, 3. 
 
 adaequo, 30. 
 adduce, 28. 
 adeo, 2. 
 adflicto, 19. 
 adflictus, 33. 
 adfligo, 21. 
 adigo, 9. 
 aditus, 2. 
 adicio, 32. 
 administro, 19. 
 admodum, 30. 
 adorior, 14. 
 adulescens, 44. 
 adventus, 25. 
 adversus, 18. 
 advolo, 41. 
 aedificium, 27. 
 aedifico, 28. 
 aegre, 42. 
 
 aequinoctium, 47. 
 aes, 21. 
 aestas, 1. 
 aestimo, 36. 
 aestus, 9. 
 Africus, 30, 
 ager, 17. 
 agger, 32. 
 aggrego, 14. 
 agmen, 43. 
 ago, 41. 
 alacritas, 12. 
 albus, 38. 
 alienus, 26. 
 aliquamdiu, 47. 
 aliquantus, 33. 
 aliqui, 14. 
 aliquis, 22. 
 alius, 14. 
 alo, 38. 
 alter, 36. 
 altitude, 13. 
 altum, 11. 
 amissus, 21. 
 amitto, 19. 
 amplior, 43. 
 Ancalites, 45. 
 ancora, 9. 
 angulus, 36. 
 angustior, 20. 
 angustius, 47. 
 angustus. 9. 
 animadverto, 12. 
 animus, 38. 
 annus, 6. 
 
 anser, 38. 
 ante, 35. 
 antea, 16. 
 apertus, 10. 
 appello (-are), 22. 
 appello (-gre) , 36. 
 appropinquo, 13. 
 aqua, 11. 
 aquila, 13. 
 aquilifer, 13. 
 arbitror, 26. 
 arbor, 32. 
 arcesso, 17. 
 aridum, 11. 
 arma, 11. 
 armamenta, 19. 
 armo, 8. 
 aspectus, 39. 
 at, 32. 
 attiugo, 8. 
 atque, 10, 36. 
 Atrebas, 16. 
 auctoritas, 5. 
 audacissime, 40. 
 audacter, 11. 
 audeo, 5. 
 auriga, 24. 
 aut, 11. 
 autem, 3. 
 auxilior, 19, 
 auxilium, 1. 
 
 barbarus, 5. 
 Belgae, 28. 
 bellum, 1. 
 
 99 
 
100 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Bibroci, 45. 
 brevior, 37. 
 brevis, 3. 
 brevissimus, 3. 
 Britannia, 1. 
 Britannus, 1. 
 bruma, 36. 
 
 C, 3. 
 
 caerul^us, 39. 
 Caesar, 1. 
 Caius, 3. 
 Cantium, 39. 
 capillus, 39. 
 €apio, 15. 
 captivus, 31. 
 caput, 39. 
 caro, 39. 
 €arvilius, 46. 
 Cassi, 45. 
 
 Cassivellaunus, 35. 
 casus, 21. 
 castra, 18. 
 causa, 11. 
 <5ausa, 20. 
 <3eleritas, 27. 
 celeriter, 44. 
 Cenimagni, 45. 
 centum, 37. 
 cepit, 31. 
 certe, 13. 
 certus, 37. 
 Cingetorix, 46. 
 circiter, 7. 
 circuitus, 37. 
 circumdo, 23. 
 circumsisto, 14. 
 citissime, 25. 
 civis, 46. 
 ci vitas, 4. 
 clam, 20. 
 classis, 4. 
 coacta, 26. 
 coepit, 13. 
 cognitus, 19. 
 cognoverat, 20. 
 cognosco, 2, 
 
 cogo, 7. 
 cohors, 22. 
 collis, 8. 
 colo, 37. 
 color, 39. 
 commeatus, 20. 
 commendo, 17. 
 committo, 5. 
 Commius, 5. 
 commode, 21. 
 commodissimum, 34. 
 commoror, 29. 
 communis, 35. 
 commutatio, 30. 
 comparo, 21. 
 compello, 39. 
 compleo, 15. 
 complures, 19. 
 comporto, 21. 
 compreliendo, 16. 
 compreliensus, 45. 
 concilium, 28. 
 concursus, 33. 
 confero, 17. 
 confertus, 23. 
 confestim, 22. 
 confido, 20. 
 confirmo, 18. 
 confisus, 41. 
 confligo, 39. 
 conicio, 11. 
 coniungo, 34. 
 coniuratio, 20. 
 conligo, 41. 
 conloco, 24. 
 conloquor, 20. 
 conscendo, 8. 
 consequor, 15. 
 consido, 31. 
 consilium, 4. 
 consimilis, 38. 
 consisto, 12, 41. 
 conspicio, 8. 
 conspicor, 31. 
 constiterint, 25. 
 constituo, 5. 
 consto, 12. 
 
 consuerunt, 45. 
 consuesco, 10. 
 consuetude, 22. 
 consuevit, 18. 
 consume, 32. 
 contendo, 30. 
 contentio, 43. 
 contestor, 13. 
 continens (w.), 18. 
 continens {part.), 3f 
 contineo, 9. 
 continuus, 26. 
 contra, 36. 
 convenio, 4. 
 convoco, 3. 
 co-orior, 18. 
 co-ortus, 32. 
 copia, 3, 
 coram, 34. 
 corpus, 39. 
 Corns, 29. 
 cottidianus, 25. 
 cottidie, 21. 
 creber, 32. 
 creberrimus, 38. 
 culpa, 17. 
 cum {prep.), 3. 
 cum {covj.), 16. 
 cunctor, 13. 
 cupidius, 39. 
 currus, 24. 
 cursus, 15. 
 
 dare, 21. 
 daretur, 26. 
 daturus, 16. 
 de, 6. 
 
 de improvise, 46. 
 decem, 31. 
 decerno, 28. 
 decimus, 13. 
 declivis, 24. 
 dedecus, 13. 
 dederunt, 17. 
 deditio, 46. 
 dedo, 44. 
 deduce, 20. 
 
INDEX, 
 
 OTNIVERSITY 
 
 deductus, 47. 
 defectio, 46. 
 defeiido, 44. 
 defero, 16. 
 defigo, 42. 
 deicio, 18. 
 deinde, 27. 
 delatus, 28. 
 deligo (-are), 19. 
 deligo (-ere), 34. 
 delitesco, 23. 
 demeto, 23. 
 demonstro, 26. 
 depereo, 47. 
 depono, 23. 
 desidero, 47. 
 desilio, 13. 
 desum, 15. 
 detrimentum, 46. 
 deus, 13. 
 dico, 17. 
 dies, 5. 
 differo, 39. 
 difficultas, 11. 
 dimidium, 36. 
 dimitto, 26. 
 discedo, 20. 
 discesserant, 31. 
 dispergo, 23. 
 distribuo, 7. 
 ,diutius, 27. 
 divido, 35. 
 dixerunt, 33. 
 do, 4. 
 domus, 5. 
 duco, 42. 
 dum, 22. 
 duo, 22. 
 duodecim, 21. 
 duplico, 28. 
 Durus, 40. 
 dux, 48. 
 
 e, 5. 
 
 effecturus, 16. 
 efficio, 4. 
 effugio, 27. 
 
 ego, 13. 
 egredior, 5. 
 egregie, 32. 
 egressus, 16. 
 egressus (n.), 30. 
 eicere se, 40. 
 eicio, 33. 
 emitto, 43. 
 enim, 2. 
 eo, 28. 
 
 eo {verb), 42. 
 eodem, 18. 
 eques, 7. 
 equitatus, 10. 
 equus, 11. 
 eruptio, 46. 
 esse, 6. 
 
 essedarius, 10. 
 essedum, 23. 
 et, 4. 
 
 etiam, 20. 
 etsi, 34. 
 evenio, 13. 
 eventus, 21. 
 ex, 5. 
 
 examino, 38. 
 excedo, 24. 
 excludo, 47. 
 excuso, 6. 
 exercltatio, 25. 
 exercitus, 19. 
 exiguitas, 20. 
 exiguus, 1. 
 existimo, 36. 
 expedio, 33. 
 expeditus, 12. 
 expello, 26. 
 expono, 8. 
 expositus, 47. 
 exposuit, 31. 
 expulerunt, 32. 
 exspecto, 9. 
 exsto, 42. 
 
 faber, 34. 
 faciei! d us, 26. 
 facio, 6. 
 
 f actus, 17. 
 facultas, 6. 
 fagus, 38. 
 fas, 38. 
 feliciter, 13. 
 fere, 1. 
 fero, 13. 
 ferre, 27. 
 ferreus, 38. 
 ferrum, 38. 
 fert, 37. 
 fidelis, 5. 
 fides, 6. 
 figura, 12. 
 finis, 28. 
 firmiter, 14. 
 firmissimus, 44. 
 flecto, 25. 
 flo, 29. 
 fluctus, XI. 
 flumen, 32. 
 fore, 21. 
 fossa, 45. 
 frango, 19. 
 frigus, 38. 
 frumentor, 22. 
 frumentum, 19. 
 frustra, 47. 
 fuga, 15. 
 fugio, 32. 
 funda, 12. 
 funis, 19. 
 
 Gains, 3. 
 Galli, 2. 
 Gallia, 19. 
 Gallicus, 1. 
 gallina, 38. 
 gens, 39. 
 genus, 2. 
 Germania, 37. 
 gero, 6. 
 gravis, 11. 
 gravissirae, 21. 
 gubernator, 33. 
 gusto, 38. 
 
102 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 habeo, 5. 
 Hibernia, 36. 
 hiberna, 28. 
 hie, 2. 
 hiemo, 19. 
 hieras, 19. 
 Hispania, 36. 
 hoc, 20. 
 homo, 2. 
 hora, 8. 
 horrid ior, 39. 
 hortor, 9. 
 hostis, 1. 
 hue, 14. 
 humanissimus, 39. 
 
 iacio, 18. 
 iam, 1. 
 ibi, 5. 
 idem, 18. 
 idoneus, 8. 
 ignoro, 32. 
 ignosco, 17. 
 ignotus, 1. 
 inlatum, 37. 
 ille, 17. 
 illo, 2. 
 
 impedimentum, 20. 
 impedio, 11. 
 impeditus, 43. 
 imperator, 13. 
 imperatum, 44. 
 imperitus, 12. 
 imperium, 4. 
 impero, 6. 
 impetus, 15. 
 importo, 38. 
 improvisus, 46. 
 imprudens, 40. 
 imprudentia, 17. 
 in, 1. 
 
 inanis, 47. 
 incendo, 27. 
 incertus, 23. 
 incitatus, 26. 
 ineito, 11. 
 ineognitus, 2. 
 
 incola, 3. 
 ineolo, 37. 
 ineolumis, 28. 
 incommodum, 33. 
 incursio, 45. 
 inde, 3. 
 ineo, 22. 
 inferior, 18. 
 infero, 17. 
 inficio, 39. 
 infinitus, 38. 
 infra, 28. 
 ingredior, 32. 
 initus, 47. 
 iniuria, 44. 
 inquam, 13. 
 insequor, 39. 
 insinuo, 24. 
 insisto, 14. 
 instituo, 47. 
 instruo, 42. 
 insuefactus, 11. 
 insula, 3. 
 intellego, 20. 
 inter, 20. 
 intercede, 35. 
 intercludo, 20. 
 interea, 17. 
 interfectus, 39. 
 interficio, 23. 
 interim, 4. 
 interior, 37. 
 intermissus, 40. 
 intermitto, 21. 
 interpono, 22. 
 intra, 32. 
 introitus, 32. 
 inusitatus, 12. 
 inutilis, 19. 
 invenio, 47. 
 ipse, 2. 
 is, 2. 
 ita, 19. 
 itaque, 3. 
 item, 13. 
 iter, 22. 
 Itius, 29. 
 
 iubeo, 4. 
 iugum, 25. 
 
 Laberius, 40. 
 Labienus, 29. 
 labor, 30. 
 laboro, 15. 
 labrum, 39. 
 lac, 39. 
 lacesso, 40. 
 late, 27. 
 latius, 43. 
 latus, 12. 
 laudo, 30. 
 legatio, 45. 
 legatus, 4. 
 legio, 13. 
 lenis, 18. 
 lenius, 40. 
 lepus, 38. 
 liberaliter, 5. 
 libertas, 26. 
 littera, 28. 
 litus, 9. 
 locus, 2. 
 longe, 27. 
 longinquus, 17. 
 longitudo, 37. 
 longius, 15. 
 longus, 3. 
 Lugotorix, 46. 
 luna, 18. 
 lux, 30. 
 
 magnitudo, 3. 
 magnopere, 14. 
 magnus, 5. 
 maior, 35. 
 mandatum, 16. 
 mando, 42. 
 Mandubracius, 44. 
 mane, 33. 
 manus, 11. 
 mare, 9. 
 maritimus, 2. 
 materia, 21. 
 maxime, 3. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 103 
 
 maximus, 18. 
 media nox, 28. 
 mediterraneus, 38. 
 medius, 28. 
 mensura, 37. 
 mercator, 2. 
 meridianus, 31. 
 meridies, 36. 
 meto, 23. 
 metuo, 13. 
 metus, 43. 
 meus, 13. 
 miles, 9. 
 militia, 10. 
 milia, 7. 
 minor, 36. 
 miserunt, 16. 
 missus, 27. 
 mitto, 5. 
 mobilitas, 25. 
 moderor, 25. 
 modo, 12. 
 modus, 16. 
 Mona, 36. 
 mons, 9. 
 moratus, 45. 
 Morini, 3. 
 moror, 6. 
 mors, 44. 
 motus, 12. 
 mox, 8. 
 multitude, 17. 
 multum, 39. 
 multus, 34. 
 munio, 32. 
 
 nactus, 27. 
 nam, 6. 
 namque, 25. 
 nanciscor, 8. 
 nascor, 37. 
 natura, 9. 
 navalis, 46. 
 navigatio, 8. 
 navigo, 19. 
 navigium, 15. 
 navis, 3. 
 
 nauta, 33. 
 ne, 34. 
 
 ne quidem, 34. 
 necessario, 18. 
 neglego, 28. 
 negotium, 34. 
 nemo, 2. 
 nequaquam, 9. 
 neque, 2. 
 neu, 46. 
 nihil, 37. 
 nisi, 11. 
 nobilis, 46. 
 nobiscum, 41. 
 noceo, 46. 
 noctes, 37. 
 noctu, 23. 
 nomen, 37. 
 non, 3. 
 nondum, 21. 
 nonnullus, 36. 
 non us, 9. 
 nos, 37. 
 nosco, 2. 
 noster, 1. 
 notus, 14. 
 novitas, 25. 
 novus, 22. 
 nox, 18. 
 nullus, 22. 
 numerus, 6. 
 nummus, 38. 
 nuntio, 22. 
 nuntius, 26. 
 
 ob, 11. 
 obicio, 37. 
 obses, 4. 
 obtempero, 4. 
 obtineo, 44. 
 occasus, 18. 
 occido, 27. 
 occido, 36. 
 occulto, 43. 
 occupo, 23. 
 occurro, 14. 
 oceanus, 18. 
 
 octingenti, 37. 
 octo, 7. 
 octodecim, 7. 
 octoginta, 7. 
 officium, 13. 
 olim, 6. 
 omnia, 2. 
 omnino, 12. 
 omnis, 1. 
 onerarius, 7. 
 onus, 11. 
 opera, 34. 
 oppidum, 45. 
 opinio, 37. 
 
 opportunissimus, 25. 
 opportunus, 6. 
 opprimo, 11. 
 oppugno, 45. 
 optimus, 30. 
 opus, 32. 
 ora, 2. 
 orator, 16. 
 ordo, 14. 
 oriens, 36. 
 orior, 30. 
 orti, 37. 
 ostendo, 40. 
 
 pabulator, 41. 
 pabulor, 41. 
 paene, 33. 
 palus, 45. 
 par, 29. 
 pareo, 28. 
 pari, 36. 
 paro, 6. 
 pars, 1. 
 passus, 7. 
 passus sum, 43. 
 patior, 33. 
 paucitas, 20. 
 paucus, 14. 
 paulatim, 20. 
 paulisper, 45. 
 paulo, 23i 
 paulum, 11. 
 pax, 16. 
 
104 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 pecora, 43. 
 pecus, 38. 
 pedes, 42. 
 peditatus, 26. 
 pellis, 39. 
 pello, 27. 
 pendo, 46. 
 per, 4. 
 
 percontatio, 37. 
 percurro, 25. 
 perduco, 47. 
 perequito, 24. 
 perfero, 4. 
 periculum, 27. 
 perm an eo, 37. 
 permitto, 35. 
 permoveo, 12. 
 perpaucus, 47.- 
 perrumpo, 40. 
 persequor, 33. 
 perspicio, 34. 
 perterreo, 12. 
 pertineo, 36. 
 perturbatio, 19. 
 perturbo, 14. 
 pervenio, 28. 
 pes, 12. 
 peto, 17. 
 planus, 10. 
 plenus, 18. 
 plerumque, 10. 
 pier usque, 39. 
 plumbum, 38. 
 plumbum album, 38. 
 plures, 40. 
 plus, 14. 
 poUieeor, 5. 
 pondus, 38. 
 populus, 4. 
 porta, 22. 
 porto, 47. 
 portus, 2. 
 possum, 3. 
 post, 6. 
 postea, 9. 
 posterus, 33. 
 praeceps, 25, 41. 
 
 praecludo, 32. 
 praeda, 26. 
 praedico, 26. 
 praedor, 43. 
 praefectus, 7. 
 praeficio, 31. 
 praemissus, 16. 
 praemitto, 3. 
 praesidium, 7. 
 praesto, 13. 
 praesum, 46. 
 praeter, 2. 
 praeterea, 36. 
 premo, 23. 
 pridie, 40. 
 primo, 2, 
 princeps, 17. 
 prior, 47. 
 pristinus, 15. 
 pro, 22. 
 probo, 5. 
 procedo, 23. 
 procul, 40. 
 prodo, 13. 
 produco, 20. 
 proelium, 10. 
 proelior, 24. 
 profectus, 18. 
 proficiscor, 1. 
 progredior, 8. 
 progressus, 31. 
 prohibeo, 10. 
 prolcio, 13. 
 promitto, 16. 
 promissus, 39. 
 prope, 33. 
 propello, 12. 
 propius, 18. 
 propter, 6. 
 propugno, 32. 
 prosequi, 15. 
 prospectus, 33. 
 protinus, 41. 
 provectus, 30. 
 proveho, 18. 
 provideo, 19. 
 proximus, 13. 
 
 Publius, 7. 
 pugna, 12. 
 pugno, 14. 
 pulvis, 22. 
 puto, 38. 
 
 Q., 40. 
 qua, 30. 
 quaestor, 7. 
 quadraginta, 34. 
 quam, 36. 
 quantus, 26. 
 quartus, 8. 
 quattuor, 43. 
 que, 8, 
 queror, 17. 
 qui, 3. 
 
 quicumque, 14. 
 quidam, 7. 
 quingenti, 36. 
 quinque, 29. 
 quintus, 5. 
 Quintus, 40. 
 quis, 46. 
 quisquam, 2. 
 quisque, 38. 
 quo, 29. 
 quoad, 41. 
 quod, 15. 
 
 rado, 39. 
 rarus, 32. 
 rebellio, 20. 
 receptus, 24. 
 recipere se, 16. 
 recipio, 6. 
 redeo, 5. 
 reditus, 20. 
 reduco, 26. 
 refectus, 47. 
 refero, 12. 
 reficiendus, 21. 
 reficio, 19. 
 regio, 5, 
 regnum, 44. 
 reicio, 47. 
 relictus, 30. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 105 
 
 relinquo, 6. 
 reliquus, 1. 
 remaneo, 22. 
 remigo, 30. 
 remigro, 17. 
 remissus, 38. 
 remitto, 5. 
 removeo, 12. 
 remus, 12. 
 renuntio, 5. 
 repello, 32. 
 repente, 41. 
 repentinus, 46. 
 reperio, 3. 
 repertus, 45. 
 reporto, 19. 
 res, 12. 
 resisto, 34. 
 res publica, 13. 
 reverter, 34. 
 revoco, 34. 
 rex, 5. 
 ripa, 42. 
 Roma, 28. 
 Romanus, 4. 
 rota, 24. 
 Rufus, 7. 
 rursus, 20. 
 
 sagitta, 12. 
 satis, 7. 
 scapha, 15. 
 scribo, 36. 
 se, 3. 
 
 secum, 22. 
 secundus, 9. 
 secutus, 30. 
 sed, 2. 
 Segonax, 46. 
 Segontiaci, 45. 
 semita, 43. 
 senatus, 28. 
 septem, 10. 
 septemtrio, 37. 
 Septimus, 22. 
 septingenti, 37. 
 sequor, 8. 
 
 sero, 39. 
 servo, 14. 
 sese, 44. 
 si, 24. 
 sic, 41. 
 sic uti, 41. 
 signum, 9. 
 silva, 23. 
 silvestris, 43. 
 simul, 15. 
 simul atque, 16. 
 sine, 17. 
 singularis, 14. 
 singuli, 46. 
 sinistra, 30. 
 sol, 18. 
 soleo, 25. 
 solitus, 12. 
 solus, 42. 
 solvo, 8. 
 spatium, 25. 
 species, 12. 
 specto, 36. 
 speculatorius, 15. 
 spes, 43. 
 stabilitas, 25. 
 statim, 16. 
 statio, 22. 
 statuo, 1. 
 strepitus, 24. 
 studium, 21. 
 sub, 30. 
 subduco, 19. 
 subito, 18. 
 subicio, 36. 
 subministro, 1. 
 submitto, 15. 
 submoveo, 12. 
 subsequor, 10. 
 subsidium, 15. 
 subsisto, 33. 
 subsum, 47. 
 succedo, 22. 
 succido, 32. 
 sudes, 42. 
 Sulpicius, 7. 
 sum, 1. 
 
 summa, 35. 
 summus, 11. 
 superatus, 20. 
 superior, 6. 
 supero, 16. 
 supersum, 46. 
 supplicatio, 28. 
 suspicio, 22. 
 suspicor, 21. 
 sustineo, 25. 
 sustulerant, 18. 
 suus, 3. 
 
 talea, 38. 
 tamen, 1. 
 Tamesis, 35. 
 tandem, 29. 
 tantus, 13. 
 Taximagulus, 46. 
 tego, 42. 
 telum, 9. 
 temo, 25. 
 temperatior, 38. 
 tempestas, 8. 
 tempus, 6. 
 teneo, 7. 
 tergum, 6. 
 terror, 24. 
 tertius, 8. 
 testudo, 32. 
 timor, 25. 
 tollo, 9. 
 
 tormentum, 12. 
 tot, 46. 
 totus, 19. 
 traiectus, 3. 
 tranquillitas, 47. 
 transeo, 20. 
 transmissus, 36. 
 transporto, 19. 
 Trebonius, 41. 
 trecenti, 31. 
 tres, 29. 
 Treveri, 28. 
 tribunus, 9. 
 triginta, 27. 
 Trinobantes, 44. 
 
106 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 triquetrus, 36. 
 tripertito, 33. 
 tueor, 29. 
 tulerunt, 45. 
 tulit, 25. 
 turn, 8. 
 turma, 24. 
 
 ubi, 12. 
 uUus, 18. 
 ulterior, 8. 
 una, 5. 
 unde, 18. 
 undique, 4. 
 universus, 13. 
 umquam, 41. 
 iinus, 9. 
 usus, 3. 
 ut, 13. 
 
 uterque, 14. 
 utor, 10. 
 
 vadum, 14. 
 vagor, 43. 
 vallum, 45. 
 vasto, 43. 
 vectigal, 46. 
 vectorius, 30. 
 Veneticus, 4. 
 venio, 4. 
 ventito, 22. 
 ventus, 7. 
 vergo, 36. 
 vero, 14. 
 verto, 27. 
 vestio, 39. 
 veto, 32. 
 vetus, 28. 
 
 via, 43. 
 vicies, 37. 
 video, 5. 
 vigilia, 8. 
 viginti, 28. 
 vinculum, 16. 
 virtus, 5. 
 vis, 33. 
 visus, 7. 
 vito, 44. 
 vitrum, 39. 
 vivo, 39. 
 volo, 3. 
 vulnus, 32. 
 voluptas, 38. 
 Volusenus, 3. 
 vultis, 13. 
 
MACMILLAN'S ELEMENTARY CLASSICS. 
 
 The following Elementary Books, edited 
 with Introductions, JVotes, and Vocabularies, 
 and in some cases with Exercises, are ready : 
 
 ISnio. 40 cents each, 
 
 AESCHYLUS. — Prometheus Vinctus. Edited by Rev. H, M. 
 
 Stephenson, M.A. 
 ARRIAN. — The Expedition of Alexander. Selections. Edited 
 by J. Bond, M.A., and A. S. Walpole, M.A. With Exercises. 
 AULUS GEI.I.IUS. — Stories from Aulus Gellius. Edited by 
 
 Rev. G. H. Nall, M.A. With Exercises. 
 CAESAK. — The Helvetian War. Being Selections from Book I. 
 of " The Grallic War." Adapted for Beginners, With Exercises. 
 By W. Welch, M.A., and C. Gr. Duffield, M.A. 
 
 American edition, with References to American grammars, 
 edited by S. Gr. Ashmore, L.H.D. [Shortly. 
 The Invasion of Britain. Selected from Books IV. and V. of 
 ♦'The Gallic War." By. W. Welch, M.A., and C. O. Duf- 
 field, M.A. With Exercises. 
 
 American edition, with References to American grammars, 
 edited by S. G. Ashmore, L.H.D. 
 The Gallic War. Book I. Edited by A. S. Walpole, M.A. 
 The Gallic War. Books II. and III. Edited by the Rev. W. G. 
 
 Rutherford. 
 The Gallic War. Book IV. Edited by C. Bryans, M.A. 
 The Gallic War. Book V. Edited by C. Colbeck, M.A. 
 The Gallic TVar. Book VI. Edited by C. Colbeck, M.A. 
 The Gallic War. Scenes from Books V. and VI. Edited by 
 
 C. Colbeck, M.A. 
 The Gallic War. Book VII. Edited by Rev. John Bond, M.A., 
 
 and A. S. Walpole, M.A. 
 De Bello Civili. Book I. Edited by Malcolm Montgomery. 
 
 MACMILLAN & CO., 
 
 112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 
 
MACMILLAN'S ELEMENTARY CLASSICS. 
 
 CICERO. -De Senectute. Edited by E. S. Shuckburgh, M.A. 
 De Auiicitia. By the same Editor, 
 
 Stories of Roman History. By the Rev. Gr. E. Jeans, M.A., 
 and A. V. Jones, M.A. With Exercises. 
 EURIPIDES.— Alcestis. Edited by the Rev. M. A. Bayfield, 
 M.A. 
 Medea. Edited by A. W. Verrall, Litt.D., and Rev. M. A. Bay- 
 field, M.A. 
 Hecuba. Edited by Rev. John Bond, M.A., and A. S. Walpole, 
 M.A. 
 EUTROPIUS. By W. Welch, M.A., and C. G. Duffield, M.A. 
 With Exercises. 
 
 HERODOTUS. — Tales from Herodotus. Edited by G. S. Far- 
 
 nell, M.A. 
 HOMER. — Iliad. Book I. Edited by Rev. J. Bond and A. S. 
 Walpole. 
 Iliad. Book XVIII. The Arms of Achilles. Edited by S. R. 
 
 James. 
 Odyssey. Book I. Edited by Rev. John Bond, M.A., and A. S. 
 Walpole, M.A. 
 HORACE. — Odes I.-V. Edited by T. E. Page, M.A. Each 40 cents. 
 LATIN ACCIDENCE AND EXERCISES. Arranged for Be- 
 ginners. By W. Welch, M.A., and C. G. Duffield, M.A. 
 LIVY. — Book I. Edited by H. M. Stephenson, M.A. 
 
 Book XXI. With Notes adapted from Mr. Cape's Edition, by 
 
 J. E. Meluuish, M.A. 
 Book XXII. Adapted from Mr. Cape's Edition, by J. E. Mel- 
 
 HUISH, M.A. 
 Books XXI. and XXII. in one vol., 75 cents. 
 Liegends of Ancient Rome. Edited by Herbert Wilkinson, 
 
 M.A. 18mo. 
 The Hannibalian War. Being part of the XXI. and XXII. 
 
 Books of Livy. By G. C. Macaulay, M.A. 
 The Siege of Syracuse. Being part of the XXIV. and XXV. 
 Books of Livy. By G. Richards, M.A., and A. S. Walpole, 
 M.A. With Exercises. 
 
 L.UCIAN. — Extracts from Lucian. Edited by Rev. John Bond, 
 
 M.A., and A. S. Walpole, M.A. With Exercises. 
 
 NEPOS. — Selections Illustrative of Greek and Roman His- 
 tory. By G. 8. Farnell, M.A. With Exercises. 
 
 MACMILLAN & CO., 
 
 112 POTTBTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 
 
MACMILLAN'S ELEMENTARY CLASSICS. 
 
 OVID. — Selections. Edited by E. S. Shuckburgh, M.A. 
 
 Easy Selections from Ovid in Elegiac Verse. Arranged and 
 
 Edited by Herbert Wilkinson, M.A. With Exercises in Latin 
 
 Verse Composition. 
 Stories from the Metamorphoses. Selected and Edited by Rev. 
 
 John Bond, M.A., and A. S. Walpole, M.A. With Exercises. 
 PHAEORUS. — Select Fahles. Adapted for the Use of Beginners 
 
 by A. S. Walpole, M.A. With Exercises. 
 THUCYDIDES. — The Rise of the Athenian Empire. Book I., 
 
 Chapters 89 to 117 and 128 to 138. Edited by F. H. Colson. 
 
 With Exercises. 
 VIRGII.. — Aeneid. Book I. Edited by A. S. Walpole, M.A. 
 Aeneid. Book II. Edited by T. E. Page, M.A. 
 Aeneid. Book III. Edited, with Notes and Vocabulary, by T. E. 
 
 Page, M.A. 18mo. 
 Aeneid. Book IV. Edited by T. E. Page, M.A. 
 Aeneid. Book V. Edited by Rev. A. Calvert, M.A. 
 Aeneid. Book VI. Edited by T. E. Page, M.A. 
 Aeneid. Book VII. The Wrath of Turnus. Edited by Arthur 
 
 Calvert, MA. 18rao. 
 Aeneid. Book IX. Edited by Rev. H. M. Stephenson. 
 Aeneid. Book X. Edited by S. G. Owen, M.A. 
 Bucolica. Edited by T. E. Page, M.A. 
 Georgics. Book I. Edited, with Notes and Vocabulary, by T. E. 
 
 Page, M.A. 18mo. 
 Georgics. Book II. Edited by Rev. J. H. Skrine. 
 Selections. Edited by E. S. Shuckburgh, M.A. 
 XENOPHON. — Anabasis. Book I. Edited by A. S. Walpole, M.A. 
 Anabasis. Book II. Edited by A. S. Walpole, M.A. 
 Anabasis. Book I., Chapters 1 to 8. By E. A. Wells. With 
 
 Exercises. 
 Selections from Book I. of the Anabasis. By W. Welch, 
 
 M.A., and C. Q. Duffield, M.A. 
 Anabasis. Book III. Edited by the Rev. G. H. Nall, M.A. 18mo. 
 Anabasis. Book IV. Edited by Rev. E. D. Stone, M.A. 
 The Retreat of the Ten Thousand. Selected from Anabasis. 
 
 Book IV., with Exercises, by Rev. E. D. Stone, M.A. 
 Selections from the Cyropaedia. Edited by A. H. Cooke, M.A. 
 
 With Exercises. 
 
 MACMILLAN & CO., 
 
 112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 
 
 3 
 
MACMILLAN'S ELEMENTARY CLASSICS. 
 
 The folloxding more advanced Boohs, with 
 Introductions and Jfotes, hut no Vocabulary, 
 are ready: 
 
 CICERO. — Select I^etters. Edited by Rev. G. E. Jeans, M.A. 
 
 HERODOTUS. — Selections from Books VII. and VIII. The 
 
 Expedition of Xerxes. Edited by A. H. Cooke, M.A. 
 
 HORACE. — Selections from the Satires and Epistles. Edited 
 by Rev. W. J. V. Baker, M.A. 
 
 Select Epodes and Ars Poetica. Edited by H. A. Dalton, M.A. 
 
 PLATO. — Euthyphro and Menexenus. Edited by C. E. Graves, 
 M.A. 
 
 TERENCE. — Scenes from the Andria. Edited by F.W.Cor- 
 nish, M.A. 
 
 THE GREEK EI.EGIAC POETS. — From Callinus to Calli- 
 
 machus. Selected and Edited by Rev. H. Kynaston, D.D. 
 
 THUCYDIDES. — Book IV., Chs. I.-XI.I. The Capture of Sphac- 
 teria. Edited by C. E. Graves, M.A. 
 
 *.• Other volumes to follow. 
 
 MACMILLAN^S LATIN COURSE. 
 
 By A. M. Cook, M.A. 
 
 First Part. New edition, revised and enlarged. 90 cents. 
 
 Second Part. Irregular Verbs, etc. 60 cents. 
 
 Shorter L-atin Course. First Year. Revised for American Schools 
 by James C. Egbert, Ph.D., of Columbia College. 16mo. 40 cents. 
 
 MACMILLAN^S LATIN READER. 
 
 A L,atin Reader for the Lower Classes in Schools. By H. J. 
 
 Hardy, M.A. 16mo. 60 cents. 
 
 MACMILLAN & CO., 
 
 112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 
 
Macmillan's Shorter Latin Course. 
 
 By A. M. COOK, M.A. 
 
 A BOOK FOR BEGINNERS IN LATIN. 
 
 With Exercises of Gradually Increasing Difficulty, and 
 Easy Passages for Translation. 
 
 AMERICAN EDITION 
 
 Revieed, and Adapted to American Schools, by James C. Egbert, Ph.D., 
 Tutor of Latin in Columbia College. 
 
 18mo, 40 cents. 
 
 The Saturday Beview BSiy 8: "The book is a good one. The exer- 
 cises are plentiful, and the words which they contain are such as will be 
 useful to learners when they pass on to higher work,'* 
 
 The Literary World says: " The young learner who cannot * get on 
 with ' his Latin under so simple and gently-progressive a course as Mr. 
 Cook has here laid down, had better be allowed to give it up altogether. 
 The teacher's work has been greatly simplified and lessened by the 
 omission of any advanced rules or complex examples. . . . The book 
 seems to us admirably suited for girls' schools as well as for boys', and 
 it is marvellously well printed and got up for the price charged." 
 
 The Glasgow Herald says: "This manual is admirably adapted to 
 the Latin requirements of the Scotch Code for the first year. All the 
 ground is covered, and the exercises for translation from and into Latin 
 are numerous and judiciously arranged. The plan of the book is one 
 by which the pupil is made to take stock of his knowledge at every step, 
 and security is thus got for the foundation in Latin grammar being soundly 
 laid. The book is likely to become a favorite. . . . The book is admir- 
 ably simple and practical." 
 
 MACMILLAN & CO., 
 
 112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 
 
CAESAR.— The Helvetian War. 
 
 BY 
 
 W. WELCH, M.A., and C. G. DUFFIELD, M.A. 
 
 KBVISED FOR AMERICAN SCHOOLS BY 
 
 Prof. S. G. ASHMOKE, L.H.D., 
 
 Selections from Book I. of " The Gallic War," arranged 
 
 for the Use of Beginners. W^ith Notes, 
 
 Vocabulary, and Exercises. 
 
 18mo. 40 cents. 
 
 Educational News : " By far the most remarkable novelty in this 
 book is the manner in which the text is arranged in the first twenty-nine 
 chapters. Teachers, as a rule, find a difiiculty in initiating pupils into 
 the reading of Caesar, which is, in almost all cases, the first Latin author 
 read after the accidence has been mastered. This difficulty has, we 
 venture to say, been obviated in this book by each sentence having a 
 separate line." 
 
 CAESAR.— The Invasion of Britain. 
 
 Selections from Books IV. and V. of ** The Gallic VTar." 
 
 Adapted for the Use of Beginners. W^ith Notes, 
 
 Vocabulary, and Exercises. 
 
 18mo. 40 cents. 
 
 BY 
 
 WEI.CH, M.A., and C. G. DUFFIELD, M.A. 
 
 REVISED, WITH REFERENCES TO AMERICAN 
 GRAMMARS, BY 
 
 Prof. S. G. ASHMOKE, T..H.D. 
 
 The School Board Chronicle says: "Caesar's Invasion is a very 
 useful combination of a reading book and an exercise book for beginners. 
 It is furnished with an excellent map of Britain as known to the Romans, 
 and with two vocabularies, — English and Latin, and Latin and English. 
 At the beginning of each chapter is wisely given a summary of the sense; 
 this will be found a great help to beginners. The notes are admirable, — 
 short, to the point, and very practical." 
 
 The Saturday Review says: "The notes, which deal chiefly with 
 simple points of syntax, are short and generally sufficient." 
 
 MACMILLAN & CO., 
 
 112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 
 
A COMPANION 
 
 TO 
 
 SCHOOL CLASSICS. 
 
 By JAMES GOW, M.A., Litt.D., 
 
 Head Master of the High School, Nottingham. Late Fellow of Trinity 
 College, Cambridge. 
 
 Second Edition, Revised. Witli Illustrations 
 
 12nio, $1,75. 
 
 " By * school classics ' I mean classics with commentaries for use in 
 schools, and by describing the book as a ' companion ' to these, I mean 
 that it attempts to give the information which a commentator is, from 
 the nature of his task, compelled to assume even in a young student. 
 My aim is to place before a young student a nucleus of well-ordered 
 knowledge, to which he is to add intelligent notes and illustrations from 
 his daily reading." — From the Preface. 
 
 " Mr, Grow has presented a vast amount of information in a small 
 compass; yet it is so well arranged, and so clearly stated, that, notwith- 
 standing its condensation, it is read with ease and pleasure. Indeed, 
 we do not know where to look for so good an account of Athenian and 
 Roman public affairs in a form at once clear, concise, and full enough 
 for ordinary students as Mr. Gow has here given us." — Science. 
 
 *' He has made use of the most recent authorities, and the young 
 student will find the pith of many books in the space of less than 400 
 pages. . . . Much of the information would be sought to no purpose 
 in the ordinary manuals, and what is given is conveyed in its true 
 connection." — Nation. 
 
 " Excellently planned and admirably executed. The author — for Mr. 
 Gow is more than a compiler — has had a distinct object in view. He is 
 a distinguished student of the classics, and he is an eminent practical 
 teacher. With such qualifications, we turn with confidence to a reliable 
 hook.** —Educational Times. 
 
 MACMILLAN & CO., 
 
 112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 
 
 OF THB 
 
 ITNIVERSITY 
 
14 DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 LOAN DEPT. 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recalL 
 
 19Apr65 6R 
 
 
 RdC^ • - 
 
 
 MAY 4 '65 -11 AM 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^tjl^ 
 
 LD 21A-60m-3,'65 
 
 General Library 
 Universitv of California 
 
« r^ v^~rv^v-y I 
 
 y