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AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY
Vol. 1 1, No. 7, pp. 399-472 March 9, 1916
THE MUTSUN DIALECT OF COSTANOAN
BASED ON THE VOCABULARY
OF DE LA CUESTA
BY
J. ALDEN MASON
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
IN
AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY
Vol. 11, No. 7, pp. 399-472 March 9, 1916
THE MUTSUN DIALECT OF COSTANOAN
BASED ON THE VOCABULARY
OF DE LA CUESTA
BY
J. ALDEN MASON
CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION 400
PART I. STRUCTURE 402
General Characteristics 402
Phonetic System 402
Parts of Speech 405
Nouns , 405
Etymological Suffixes of Nouns 406
Morphological Suffixes of Nouns 408
Pronouns 411
Verbs 411
Etymological Suffixes of Verbs 412
Morphological Suffixes of Verbs 415
Adjectives 425
Particles 426
PART II. CLASSIFIED LIST OF STEMS 427
Nouns 427
Animals 427
Botanical 429
Body Parts 430
Manufactures, Instruments 433
Natural Phenomena 435
Words of More Abstract Significance 436
Terms of Eelationship and Personal Categories 437
Numerals ... ... 439
400 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
PAGE
Pronouns 439
Demonstratives 440
Adjectival Pronouns 440
Interrogative Pronouns 440
Verbs _ 441
Adjectives 461
Adverbs 466
Locative Adverbs 466
Temporal Adverbs 466
Descriptive and Miscellaneous Adverbs _ 467
Interjections 468
POSTSCRIPT .. ... 470
INTRODUCTION
A century ago Father Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta, one of the
most earnest and indefatigable members of the order of St.
Francis, collected a mass of 2884 words,, phrases, and sentences
from the language of the Mutsun Indians, spoken at his mission
of San Juan Bautista near Monterey, California. At about the
same time he composed a grammar of the language, which is one
of the branches of the Costanoan linguistic group. These two
manuscripts were sent by Alexander S. Taylor to the Smithsonian
Institute, which loaned them for publication to John Gr. Shea, in
whose Library of American Linguistics they appear as volumes
iv and vin, 1861 and 1862. Together they form one of the fullest
and most complete collections of data extant on a Pacific Coast
language. There is little doubt that the missionary knew the
language well and interpreted its psychology and spirit fairly
correctly. In his grammar there appears less strict adherence to
the form and structure of Latin grammar, less subconscious
premise of Latin as the standard par excellence than is generally
found in grammars of this time and type. Nevertheless, in spite
of the comparative excellence of the grammar, but because of its
lack of scientific arrangement, unphonetic orthography, and the
foreign tongue, it is deemed better to rearrange and formulate
the grammar, using as a basis the phrases of the vocabulary.
The phrase-book is likewise unfortunate in that it is at present
almost inaccessible to the modern student, due to its faulty ar-
rangement. This is done alphabetically according to the initial
1916] Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan 401
letter of the sentence, the various stems being scattered through-
out the nearly three thousand sentences. The same difficulties
of unphonetic orthography and Spanish language likewise obtain
here.
Several years ago Dr. Kroeber had the majority of the
phrases comprising the more important of the sentences copied
to a card-index. I have recently spent some time in working over
the material thus secured, arranging cards according to stems and
isolating grammatical particles. The following paper embodies
the results of this research.
While the grammar of De la Cuesta is the most complete ever
published on a Costanoan language, several more scientific
treatises have been produced in the last few years, principally
by the University of California. These are, "Languages of the
Coast of California South of San Francisco, ' n and ' ' The Chumash
and Costanoan Languages." 2 Other pertinent works are "Pho-
netic Constituents of the Native Languages of California," 3
"The Native Languages of California," 4 and "New Linguistic
Families in California. ' ' 5
The present paper consists of two parts, first an exposition of
the etymological and morphological elements upon which the
structure of the language is based, and second a list of the various
stems of all classes found in the material, though, since not all
of the phrases were transferred to cards, this does not entirely
exhaust all those in the original phrase-book. These are appended
partly as reference for the examples of morphological and ety-
mological word-structure previously cited, but more particularly
as an aid to the larger work of comparison of Mutsun with
kindred Costanoan and other extra-group languages. The recent
proposal of the "Penutian" linguistic family, to which Mutsun
would belong, renders such a glossary invaluable for purposes of
comparison.
1 A. L. Kroeber, present series, u, 29-80, 1904.
2 Ibid., ix, 237-271, 1910.
s Ibid., x, 1-12, 1911.
4 E. B. Dixon and A. L. Kroeber, American Anthropologist, n.s., v,
1-26, 1903.
5 Ibid., n.s., xv, 647-655, 1913.
402 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
PAET I. STBUCTUEE
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
The surprisingly close similarity between the general morpho-
logic structure and Sprachgeist of Costanoan and other languages
of its type and Indo-European has already been noted but is
none the less striking. The main characteristics of the language
may be thus summarized. Phonetic simplicity and comparative
unimportance of rules of phonetic change; complete lack of in-
corporation, either nominal or pronominal; complete absence of
prefixes ; independent pronouns ; nominal case endings ; and com-
parative simplicity of categories of mood, tense and number,
necessitating an immense number of dissimilar stems of relatively
slight difference in significance.
PHONETIC SYSTEM
The phonetic system of Mutsun and of Costanoan appears to
be relatively simple. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, all appearing
open in quality. The Spanish orthography is perfectly satis-
factory for expressing these sounds and no change has been made
in transcription. Rarely a vowel is found in the phrase-book with
circumflex accent and very rarely with acute accent, but as no
uniformity in thus spelling any word is evident, and as the
phonetic variation thus expressed is not described, such marks
have been disregarded.
The consonants seem to be only w, y, m, n, I, r, s, c, x, h, p,
t, t, Jc, and tc. m, n, I, r, s, p, and t (dental or interdental) are
probably correctly expressed in De la Cuesta's Spanish orthog-
raphy and are left unchanged, w is generally expressed in
Spanish by hu with following vowel. De la Cuesta writes hua,
hue, hui, and once hiio. He further uses often gua, gue, gui, and
guo which denote in Spanish gwa, gwe, gwi and gwo. There is
no sonant g in Costanoan, though the k has an intermediate
quality. We find, however, that, though the hu- and gu- ortho-
graphies are each generally used consistently for certain stems,
1916] Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan 403
there are occasional cases of identity, e.g., guallun, huallun,
huolon, "be envious;" huilo, guilo, "signal 'yes' with the eyes;"
huipa, giiipa, "invite"; gileren, weren, 6 "rabbit." Similarly the
gu- orthography without the diaresis, gue, gui, is found often.
This denotes pure sonant g in Spanish, a sound missing in Cos-
tanoan. Instances of a stem both with and without the diaresis
are common, e.g., gueiero, gileierogmin, "great," and it is prob-
able that such omissions of the diaresis are accidental. Therefore
all hu- and gu- orthographies have been changed uniformly to w.
Medial w is probably expressed by u with following vowel, but
it often is difficult to decide whether a given u is vocalic or
consonantal.
y is expressed correctly except in certain combinations ; De la
Cuesta's n probably denotes ny. (In a few cases of doubt it has
been retained as n, as in suffix pan. ) i and y are sometimes inter-
changed, as yttug, ittug, ' ' a seed. ' ' Here also it is often difficult
to distinguish vowel and consonant.
c (sh) is not definitely distinguished by De la Cuesta but is
suggested by certain sh, sch orthographies. Had he distinguished
the sound he would probably have written it with an x in accord
with older Spanish usage.
x (palatal surd fricative) presents some difficulties. Initially
it is doubtless represented by ja, ge, gi, jo, ju. Medially the same
orthography is utilized. Final x seems to be represented by g,
e.g., uming, mu'ix* "wolf;" eg, ex, Q "squirrel." De la Cuesta's
g in consonantal combinations offers the most uncertain of the
phonetic problems, tigsin, "skunk," is checked by Kroeber's
tixsin* rendering it practically certain that g in this case repre-
sents x. On the other hand, g before m and n probably represents
Jc. Thus cma and gma are both used as a plural suffix, gne is a
common passive suffix. Kroeber has nimikne wdkai, 6 "he hit
me," doubtless the same suffix. Kroeber transcribes tansagte,
"ten," tansakte, but atsiagnis, atsiaxnis. 2 Substitution has here
been made on the theory that g before a surd represents the con-
tinuant x, while before a sonant or intermediate it represents the
palatal stop A;. 7
A. L. Kroeber, MS.
See postscript below, p. 470.
404 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
Initial and medial k may be silent, as in modern Spanish, but
since it is regularly employed in certain stems, and as both h
and x are found in most Costanoan texts, it is retained.
t is the tongue-blade t found in the Costanoan and neighbor-
ing languages. De la Cuesta wrote variously tr, th, thr, thrs, trs,
etc. It is often difficult to decide whether the last consonant of
the complex is a distinct sound or not.
Following Spanish usage, k is denoted by De la Cuesta by c
before a, o and u, and by qu before e and i.
The affricative tc is regularly written by De la Cuesta ch but
often confused with t.
Doubled letters, both consonants and vowels, are frequently
met with in De la Cuesta 's orthography. As these are foreign to
the Spanish language, except in the cases of II and rr, it is as-
sumed that the device is employed to express length or duration
of the sound and is therefore expressed in the present paper as
the simple sound followed by inverted period, in accord with
modern usage.
The Spanish language is, on the whole, a far better medium
for the recording of unfamiliar languages by an untrained ear
than the unrevised English. In the great majority of cases there
is no question as to the exact phonetic rendering of the native
words, and in a great number of cases they may be left in their
original forms. Only in cases where sounds unfamiliar to the
Spanish ear occur is difficulty found. Such are w, the peculiar
tongue-blade t common to certain California languages, and un-
Castillian combinations of sounds. Little difficulty has therefore
been encountered in transcribing the native words to modern
phonetic orthography, which is doubtless an advisable procedure.
The chances for frequent error in so many transcriptions and
changes in authorship are too great to allow any phonetic dis-
crimination or any elucidation of the finer and less evident points
of the language. Shea's impression is replete with errors of
transcription from the Padre's manuscript, and these may be
increased in the present digest. Many words are spelt variantly,
sometimes on the authority of the original, at other times mani-
festly due to improper reading of the manuscript. This is par-
ticularly true with regard to the easily confused m, n, u, and i.
1916] Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan 405
Nevertheless, a few pertinent remarks may be made on Mutsun
phonetic laws. The language is phonetically smooth and simple,
the average word being an orderly alternation of consonant and
vowel. Either consonant or vowel may begin or end a word, but
consonantal combinations seem to be missing initially or finally,
the few recorded cases being probably due to error. Medially
certain combinations are permitted, though it is not easy to de-
termine these. Thus, lalak-na, ' ' go for geese, ' ' becomes by meta-
thesis lalkana. Similarly, certain suffixes are varied in order to
avoid unwieldly and harsh complexes, as kai-s, but men-se (in-
terrogative) ; uta-kma, but inis-mak (plural) . There appears also
to be a feeling for vocalic harmony, and some suffixes are varied
to the end that their vowel may correspond and harmonize with
the characteristic or stem vowel of the word. Thus sumi-ri-ni,
but towo-ro-ste; xana-ksa, but tare-kse. Again certain vowels
seem to be dominants and survive in assimilation or elision. Thus
the past tense suffixes -is and -in are dominant and -kne-is be-
comes -knis; -pu-in, -pin. A thorough phonetic study of the lan-
guage would doubtless codify all these rules and elucidate many
others.
PARTS OP SPEECH
Mutsun recognizes as parts of speech the noun, pronoun, verb,
adjective and particle, though, as in English, the division is a
more or less artificial one, the lines of demarcation are not hard
and fast, and it is sometimes difficult to assign properly a given
word, which may not uncommonly function in several categories
without change in form.
NOUNS
The great majority of Mutsun nominal stems are dissyllabic
or trisyllabic. A few of the most common stems, such as many
body-parts, are monosyllabic, and a very few apparently poly-
syllabic stems are found. Nominal stems appear never to be
compounded and are varied only by the addition of a few suf-
fixes. Stems appear to begin and end with either vowel or con-
sonant without discrimination, and there seem to be no categories
of stem types, such as for animate or inanimate, natural or arti-
406 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
ficial. That is, it is not possible to infer from the form of the
word or from its suffix the category to which it belongs. Yet there
are a few etymological suffixes in occasional use. Those making
verbs are given below; those forming nouns follow here.
Etymological Suffixes of Nouns
1. -n, resultative, infinitive. Suffixed to verbal or other
stems denotes result or phenomenon of an act.
noso-n breath, spirit, soul
sike-n flatus
paine-n menstruation
ots-io-n wound
sawe-n song
Possible cognate:
tor-on amole
xasi-om shame
mira-mi-n gift
es(x)e-n dress
isme-n sun
2. -s, -s-e, (-se, -si), causative, abstractive. Suffixed to verbal
or other stems denotes cause or phenomenon of an act, and is
generally used with words of abstract significance.
una cure una-s remedy
ritca speak ritca-s-e language
isut dream isut-s-e a dream
kapal(a) embrace kapala-si an embrace
kai hurt kai-s pain
ete sleep et-se sleepiness
xase become angry xa-s anger
xemtso silent xenkotst-e silence
Probable cognate is :
3. -pis, (-mis, -sis), instrumental. Suffixed to verbal or other
stems denotes instrument or means for the performance of an
act.
xewe east shadow, re- xewe-pis shadow, reflection
fleet
at-ue watch at-as-pis lookout
eyes beard, shave eyes-pis beard-napkin
1916] Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan 407
itok cleanse itok-pis table-cloth, napkin
roro(s) play roro-mis toy
isme-n sun isme-sis clock
sukumu smoke sukumu-s-pis end of cigar
4. -msa, (-nsa), instrumental. Suffixed to verbal or other
steins denotes instrument or means for the performance of an act.
humiri baptize humiri-msa baptismal font
ene write ene-msa eraser, blotter
ama eat ama-nsa meals
tcala urinate tcala-msa bladder
iisi owe isi-msa debts
Probably also :
unupimsa handkerchief
rotemsa papers
siamalpimsa confession
yisuwaninsa corns
5. -pan, -pan, agentive. Suffixed to verbal stems denotes the
more or less habitual doer of an act or the exponent of a quality.
yume-pan liar
maxer-pan one who makes sport of another with
the eyes
notio-pan one who denies the truth
nimi-pan beater
yoso-pan lustful, lecherous
latue-pan one who is always making signs with
the tongue
ol-ue-pan one who signals with his hand
pitciwi-pan cleanser of hair
li-pan hider
nimi-pan striker, hitter
Other isolated examples of etymological nominal suffixes are :
ruk cord ruk-esma doubled cord
upu buy upu-nsatpa payment
usupu fast usupu-hai Lent, time of fast-
ing
mai-xi laugh mai-t a laugh, laughing
mira give present mira-x, mira- gift
mi-n
koxo load of meat koxo-enis bringer of load of
meat
pux-ta make bread pux-uts bread
408 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
krak-e name, call krak-at a name
soko-te laurel soko-tci laurel fruit
rite decorate with rite-ni feminine adorn-
beads ment
mukur-ukispu act like a mukur-ma woman
woman
Reduplication seems to play an unimportant role in Mutsun
morphology. A few words are found in which the first syllable is
reduplicated but there is no evidence that the phenomenon is of
any morphological importance. Practically all of the instances
occur with names of animals or plants.
mumuri fly
mumulaluk butterfly
lalak geese
lukluk geese
kakari raven
soksoklan sensonte
porpor cottonwood
totolua plantain
Morphological Suffixes of Nouns
The Mutsun language is a comparatively simple one morpho-
logically, being quite comparable to modern European languages
in this respect. But few changes in inflection for the declension
of nouns and the conjugation of verbs are found. These will be
noted below.
The noun is inflected for differences in number, case, and in
some cases even for person. Gender is, as commonly in Ameri-
can languages, not recognized, unless in sporadic etymological
categories.
Many, if not all, animate nouns take a pluralizing suffix.
This is :
6. -Jcma, -mak, plural.
sini boy sini-kma, sin- boys
ksma
ataspis-mak lookouts
uta-kma parents
uhinis-mak fishermen
uras-mak holerdiggers
atsia girl atsiai-kma girls
1916] Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan 409
pasear (Sp.) poseor-is-mak passers-by
watcir-on-mak the Guachirunos
ka daughter ka-kma daughters
inis son inis-mak sons
It is also used with substantive adjectives.
-kma is doubtless the original form and is used after a vowel,
-mdk being employed after a consonant to avoid harsh complexes,
though there are exceptions.
There appears to be no dual number.
The various nominal case relations are expressed by suffixes
which may be interpreted as postpositions, but are probably as
correctly explained as true case inflections. These are:
7. -was, -uas, compositional) partitive, material.
ores-was tap hide of bear
xut-was tote meat of belly
xurek-war ruk cord of sinew
orpe-was etse middle of night
8. -me, terminative.
patre-me into the house of the Padre
me-me to you, with you
9. -se, -s-e, -ne, -he, objective.
aisa-ne (see) them
kairka-s-e (try) pinole
moro-s-e (hunt) molea
krakat-se (know) name
kapxan-ne (strike) three
inu-se (take) road
soton-he (blow) fire
etc.
10. -sun, -sum, -um, instrumental.
ak-sun (die) of hunger
mait-sun (die) of laughing
tala-sun (die) of heat
ekwets-sum (conceived) in sin, (choked) with sin
xai-um (speak) with the mouth
urkan-um (thresh) with the mortar
410 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
11. -tka, -tdk, locative.
tapur-tak
urkan-tak
xumes-tak
ote-tka
wima-k-tak
ekwaesti-tak
(hung) in tree
(grind) in mortar
(hidden) in grass
(speak) in ear
(wound) in wing
(wallow) in sin
-tka seems to follow vowels, -tak consonants to avoid com-
plexes.
12. -tu, comitative.
tanses-tu (eat) with younger brother
ap-a-tu (dance) with father
A possible suffix with more the force of a postposition is :
13. -tun, -turn, regressive.
tina here tina-tun, tina- from here
turn
In the case of terms of relationship there are sometimes di-
verse endings according to the grammatical person. Thus :
apa
ana
taka
tare
taha
papa
et-e
teire
xan-a
sit
me(ne)
1
father
mother
14. -s(8),
"my'
apsa
ansa
elder brother
taksa
younger brother
elder sister
tarekse
tahasa
grandfather
grandfather
grandmother
wife
papsa
et-se
tcirsi
xan-aksa
child
grandmother
mense
15. -t(8),
"thy 1
tarekte
16. -n(8), n,
"his"
taknan
tahanan
tcinin
xan-an
sitnun
menen
The basis of this is plainly an infixation of -s- before the char-
acteristic vowel for the first person possessive and the substitu-
tion of -n8n for the third person, where 8 represents the char-
acteristic vowel. The 8k of tar-ek-se and xan-ak-sa are sporadic.
This may be the vestige of a once fully functional genitive case.
No other instances are found in the language. The -i- of the
second person is very dubious.
1916] Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan 411
PRONOUNS
The pronoun, as before stated, is independent and never mor-
phologically welded with the verb or other part of speech. The
six representatives of the two numbers and three persons are dis-
tinct and those of the third person seem to have little or no
demonstrative force. The case endings, particularly the -s of the
objective, are suffixed also to the pronouns. The possessive pro-
noun is often identical with the subjective form, though generally
one form is exclusively subjective. The pronoun has a tendency
toward combination with other pronouns and particles. Thus
we find such forms as ka-mcs, "I-you," this being the most
frequent; kat (ka-et), "I in future time"; kas-hiha, "I also."
The pronominal stems are monosyllabic or at the most dis-
syllabic and quite dissimilar for the various persons. The first
and second personal plural pronouns, however, commence with
the syllable mak-, doubtless cognate with the pluralizing suffix
-mak.
Demonstrative and adjectival pronouns are numerous and
invariable.
Detailed lists of all classes of pronouns will be found in
Part II.
VERBS
The typical Mutsun verbal stem is dissyllabic, ending in a
characteristic vowel. This may even be the invariable rule, ap-
parent infractions and exceptions being due to error or presence
of unsuspected etymological or morphological elements. The
characteristic vowel is not inalienably welded to the stem, since
certain infixes are added between stem and characteristic.
Like nouns, verb stems take no prefixes, all morphological
mechanism being attained by means of suffixes. A few solitary
examples of possible verb-stem combination have been found
which may be differently interpreted on fuller acquaintance with
the language.
up-xi(ni) roll, fall (scissors)
xin(e) go, walk
up-uru(ni) slip, fall (person)
uru(ni) fall
up-ki roll, seize (log)
at-ki break, seize (log)
at-e, atse break
412 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
Reduplication of verbal steins is practically unknown in Mut-
sun. A few sporadic cases are found, however, which seem to have
the iterative significance frequently denoted by this means in
American languages.
polso painted polpolsi dotted, streaked
tule knock tultul-e palpitate
pulpul-e palpitate
tipe wander tiptipe wander
It is a difficult and largely an artificial task to separate verbal
particles into etymological and morphological elements. Never-
theless certain of these appear to belong to the former category
and others may be placed there merely for the lack of evidence
of morphological significance.
Etymological Suffixes of Verbs
17. -te, possessive. Suffixed to nominal stems denotes pos-
session of the object.
otco-te possess ears
kraka-te possess name
sitnun-te have children
pultci-te have full breasts
18. -kis-, (-wis-, -pwis-), imitative. Suffixed to nominal or
other stems denotes imitation of person or act. The reflexive
suffix -pu is normally added.
mam-anxa-kis-pui act like a fool
mukene-pwis-pu act like a man
mukuru-kis-pu act like women
monsie-kis-pu, (-wis-pu) act like a sensible person
sawe-wis-pu pretend to sing
19. -no,, purposive. The verbal suffix -na, "go to do," func-
tions also as an etymological suffix to noun stems, denoting in
this case "go for."
lalak geese lalka-na go for geese
sirak nuts sirka-na go for nuts
weren rabbit were-na go for rabbits
1916] Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan 413
20. -mi, dative. Likewise the verbal suffix -mi may be suffixed
directly to nouns, functioning as an etymological suffix and de-
noting gift of the object. It is generally or always used with the
imperative and the first person singular object.
ruxe arrow ruxe-mi-tit give me arrows
ma-ter tobacco ma-sue-mi-tit give me tobacco
setne acorn-bread setne-si-mi-t give me bread
21. -ti, substantive. A possible substantive suffix is found
once:
tanses brother tanses-ti-(s) be a brother
22. -u-, oppositional. Infixed before characteristic vowel of
verbal or other stems denotes significance opposite to that of
simple stem.
rip
untie
loose
untie knot
open with key
freed
open, unfold
23. -r-, excessive. Followed by the characteristic vowel ap-
pears to denote a psychological cause for the condition described.
sumi be content sumi-ri-ni sleep from satiety
siwi burn siwi-ri-ni sunocate from heat
towo be rigid towo-ro-ste be stiff from cold
seso shiver seso-r-po, shiver from fear
(seso-n)
24. -t-, corporeal. Followed by a vowel in harmony with pre-
ceding one generally refers to action with or on parts of body.
latue-te long tongue, (he) extends his tongue
1-eLuer-te roll (eyes) too much
kai-ti tighten (it)! make (it) fast!
rau-ta-smin with large occiput
mup-tu shut your mouth!
pelte, pete shut eyes
pete(ni) keep mouth closed
poto pluck hairs
kapata cross hands
xit-a
sew
xit-ua
pit-e
pat-i
rotko
tie
seize, grab
knot
pit'ue
pat-ue
rotuk
kitca
rotcio
tcuni, tunuu
lock with key
enveloped
fold, pleat
kitcua
rotciwe(wi)
tcunuhwi
414 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
25. -te, -ti, (-it).
tere-ti-s
nam-ti, nam-it
kili-te
yata-ti, xop-o-ti,
ilsi-mi-ti, olte-mi-ti
insu-ti, insu-te
upxi-ti (or upxi)
wipa-ti
ole-ti
ina-ti-s
esoni-ti
lopx-ti-ni-n
(you) have cut (your hair)
(I have not) understood, heard
(it) sparkles
(did he give you) anything, a drink,
meat, pinole?
(you) know (it)
(let me) drink a little
(will) invite (you)
(I) seized (it), (what) could (you
do?)
(I) became sick
(you) hate (the language)
grew mouldy (wheat)
Possibly the same suffix is found in the imperative with first
person singular object, -t or -ti-t. It is a doubtful suffix ; no at-
tempt is made to explain it.
26. -wi, -we.
inu-wi-me-i
rus-u-wi-kne
tip-wi
nansa-we
pak-a-we
lala-wi-s
remind (him) !
spit
(you) shorten (confession)
(he went) to try
(may they) gather (them) !
he threw him
27. -si.
xasiwa-si
xeksio-si-n
xima-si-kun
mexe-si
pati-si
nan-mi-si
pak-a-si
puti-si
uta-si-mi-t
at-se-i
xelue-si-tit
musi-si
(xelue-mi-tit)
scratch the boys ' heads !
(have you) satisfied (him)?
(we) have searched for (them)
(let me) be seeing; look!
(that which) he has in his hand
(I) was listening (to them)
he seeks (us)
(I) am blowing (the fire)
guard me!
break it!
flay, strip for me!
(child) is sucking
This suffix may be cognate with the mandatory -si (No. 45)
but the resemblance is not evident.
Other possible etymological suffixes are :
1916]
Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
415
rukesma
xotio
ruk-a
mat-er
wi-xi
tor-on
xasi-om
xan-an
xakua
a doubled cord
rukesma-te
a bag
xotio- (si) -nme
house
ruk-sap-(in)
tobacco
mat-uk-(ti)
mat.-ere-gn-in
fish
wi-ni
amole
tor-ke-
shame
xasi-mun
wife
mussels
xan-an-mi-(n)
xakua-ikus
make countless in-
terweavings
(order to) make a
bag
(they have) made
houses
give (me) tobacco
(he) was intoxi-
cated
catch fish
bring amole
be ashamed
(was) married
I went for mussels
Morphological Suffixes of Verbs
The verbal stem is variously modified for considerations of
tense, voice, various modal significances, and to some extent for
number.
The unmodified stem is used alone for the present tense and
with temporal adverbial particles to express the future.
The most frequent temporal suffix is -n. This is generally
translated by the Spanish preterit, but frequently also by the
present. It may have an indefinite or aoristic sense, or denote
incompleteness or continuance of action, and is found mainly
with intransitive verbs.
28. -(i}n, indefinite.
totio-n
tio-n
ilo-n.
towo-n
ketio-n
yati-n
xati-n
xirwi-ni-n
tursi-ni-n
terpe-ni-n
tempe-ni-n
loe-ni-n
letse-ni-n
isiwe-n
(whenever I) err
(I) shoot (with my left hand)
(whenever a house) burns
(you will be) frozen
(I) argue (with him)
(he) follows (you)
(I) am dying
(rain) is ceasing
(he) is cold
(I) have peppered my throat
(soon the river) will dry up
(he) nauseated (you)
(I) liked (that)
(when they) rest
416 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
29. -(i)s, past tense. This is less common than -n. It appears
to be a more definite past and is found mainly with transitive
verbs.
yoreti-s (he) chased (me)
katia-mi-s (he) gave (you)
mistu-s (you) warmed yourself
mexe-npi-s (I) have seen (them)
wipa-s (I) invited (you)
30. -(i}kun, past tense. This is the less frequent past ending
and appears principally with transitive verbs. It is probably the
most remote of the past tenses, but as all three of these are regu-
larly translated by the bare Spanish preterit, it is most difficult
to delimit their respective spheres. The examples seem to imply
completion of action.
uxsini-kun (you) have increased
ut-ui-kun (I) guarded (it)
uxei-kun (I) have guarded (it)
oioi-kun (he) seized (it)
oisio-kun (it) happened again
The distinction between the categories of intransitive and
transitive is not as close as in many Pacific languages, and there
is no invariable designating particle for either. Certain suffixes,
however, pertain to one or the other type. One of the commonest
suffixes in the language is -ni, which appears on the whole to be
a kind of intransitive suffix.
31. -ni, intransitive.
orko-ni-n, (orko-ste) *,we) were frightened
inu-ni-n (you could not; imagine (me)
in-u-ni-n (I) awoke
istu-ni-n (I) dreamt o (you)
(wate-na) xamu-ni-n (fire) is dying, (is-going dying)
(wate-na) lak-e-ni-n ^sunj is rising, (is-going rising)
eme-ni-n (I was going) to forget (it)
inxa-ni-n (I) am sick, have become sick, (you)
are sick
muk-ie-ni-n (I) am old woman
semo-ni-n (it wants little time for me) to die
tursi-ni-n (he) is cold
tupu-ni-n (I) put my finger in my eye
suiu-ni-n (suiu-ste) it was finished, consumed, used up
tisku-ni-n (did this) break?
xupse-ni-n (my hair) is fixed and prepared
xasli-ni-n (be ye not) sad
ad infinitum
1916] Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan 417
The nearest approach to a transitive suffix is -np, which seems
to express action directed toward another person.
32. -np(e), transitive.
titi-np-in he defended (me)
itco-np-itit pull me out !
tolso-npe (I will) break (your feet)
lilui-npe (we will) amuse (you)
ruima-npe do not disturb (him)
munsu-npe (ye have) soiled it
mus.i-np-itit-yut warm ye me!
mene-npe (how can I) forget (you?)
mane-np-in (has he) forgotten (ye?)
tupu-np-in (I) put my finger in (his) eye
Reflexive relations are very frequent and expressed by the
suffix:
33. -pu, -p-, reflexive.
lixin-pu I will kill myself
lix-p-in she killed herself
ita-pu (do you) wash yourself?
eyes-pu shave oneself
tcai-pu praise oneself
axa-pu (have ye not) combed yourselves?
xat-a-pu-i hit yourself
tak-e-p-is (I) measured myself
orko-p-in-se-me did you frighten yourself?
un-pi-na (I) am going to cure myself
In many cases -pu appears to be used idiomatically, the re-
flexive function being obscure.
buy upu-s-pu sell
uni crave, wish uni-s-pu consent
inu awake, remem- inu-s-pu observe, know, see,
ber feel
nip. a teach nip-a-p-in they will teach
(him never)
ritca speak ritca-pu play, entertain
Reciprocal relations are expressed by the suffix :
34. -mu, reciprocal.
xata-mu let us fight
lix-mu we will kill each other
keye-mu (do not) trample each other
is-u-mu play together!
hutcu-mu-t lift each other!
418 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
The passive voice is of considerable importance in Mutsun
morphology and seems to be preferred to the active as a method
of expression whenever possible. It is expressed by the suffix :
35. -kne, passive voice.
mexe-kne (me) (you) will be seen
mira-kne (me) (you) will be given a gift
mupa-kne (nep.e) (this) is sucked
ole-kne (they) are (not) caught
like-kne (me) (you) will be killed
lokuk-kne (xin) (the eye) is put out
lala-kn-is (haka) (he) was thrown down
ut-u-kne (nep-e) (this) is guarded
liwa-kn-is (arrow) was hidden
mat.-ere-kn-in (he) was intoxicated
Probably cognate with this is the suffix -ne with which it is
in cases interchangeable, -ne often denotes a future passive, at
other times its exact use is not clear.
36. -ne, future passive.
nansa-si-ne (when we) try
mexe-si-ne (you) will be seen
yume-si-ne (you) will be cheated
xiraste-pu-ne will (you) be reprimanded!
eise-kte-ne-s have (you) shaved yourself?
Another suffix with a passive force is -stap. This seems to
refer entirely to completed passive action, and a great number of
the examples noted have a first person singular subject.
37. -stap, perfect passive.
ruta-stap (feathers) recently pulled
pele-stap (with what) was (this) stuck?
potsie-stap (I) was censured
katia-stap they gave rations
ixtci-stap ( ne ) was bitten by a snake
liki-stap (I) was killed
xise-stap (the fat ones) have been selected
mutiku-stap (I) have been tickled
The modal categories are considerably less extensive than
commonly in American languages but rather better developed
than in Indo-European.
The imperative is expressed by suffixes varying for number
and person of subject and object. Thus :
1916] Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan 419
Intransitive or
Imperative 1st pers. ol>j. 3d pers. obj.
2d pers. sing. subj. 38. -t, -tit 39. -i
2d pers. plu. subj. 40. -tyut, -tityut 41. -(i)yut
xima-t seek me !
ima-t show me (it) !
oltemi-tit give me pinole !
ip-e-i turnaround!
oio-i seize it !
xima-i seek him !
ok-wo-i send them!
ot-emi-tit-yut give me pinole !
sumua-ti-yut give me wood !
oto-yut go for atole !
otciko-yut be quiet !
laisaisi-yut sing slowly !
at-e-ti-yut give him!
ara-ti-yut give him !
hutcu-m-ut lift each other !
Another suffix with an imperative force is -is. This implies
going to some other place to accomplish the command and may be
termed the
42. -is, missionary imperative.
monse-is go and tell (them; !
sak-a-is go and bring (pinole) !
taska-is go and walk (in the field) !
etue-is go and release (it) !
oi-is go and get (it) !
xi-is go for fire!
There appear to be some terminations having the effect of a
subjunctive. These are :
43. -tkun, subjunctive, hypothetical.
ara-tkun (you) should give (him)
kati-tkun thus should (I dress)
ko-tkun (you) should tell (me)
ko.-tkun, kwo.-tkum
on-o-tkun (he) would have made sport (of you),
speaking (of you) after death
oi-tkun (I) would get (it if I wanted it)
44. -kane, conditional.
ole-ti-kane if I could only catch them!
toko-kti-kane if the bed is of ....
tax-kane when it is asked
ak-niu-kane when he is thirsty
420 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
There may be some relation to the passive particle kne.
Iterative or frequentative relations are expressed by the suffix
or infix -s, placed between the stem and the characteristic vowel.
45. -s, iterative.
ak-u enter aksu many enter
ele-pu go else-pu many go
epe pass epse many pass
semo(n) die semso(n) many die
De la Cuesta pays considerable attention to this suffix in his
grammar, suggesting that it is frequent with every verbal stem.
Strangely, very few unquestionable examples of it are found in
the phrase-book.
Probably the same morphological element is that found in
many cases following the characteristic vowel, particularly before
the reflexive -pu, denoting in that case plural or iterative re-
flexive. It is also commonly found in words denoting occupations,
i.e., one who performs an act continually. Compare the nouns
denoting personal categories in Part II.
amae-s-pu (do not) amuse yourselves
roroi-s-pu (do not) disport yourselves like boys
siole-s-p-is (we) were talking among ourselves
xewe-s-pu ( we ) both look together into the mirror
Other usages are more idiomatic and less evident.
ritca-is-pu recount, converse (ritcapu, play)
upu-s-pu sell (upu, buy)
siole-s-pu (they) are solitary and sad
mexe-s-pu (like as he) looked
The mandatory or causative relation is expressed by the
suffix:
46. -si, (-se), mandative.
xotio-si-nme you have ordered that they make a bag
mana-si-s (you) commanded to extinguish it
ata-si-s (you) commanded (me) to steal
pina-se-s did (I) order this?
Three relations implying motion are of importance in Mutsun.
The first, -na, denotes motion to a distant place or outdoors.
1916] Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan 421
19. -na, purposive motion hence.
lixni-na (he) is going to kill (it)
xiisi-na (I) am going to catch (them)
paita-na (let us) go and catch (them)
wate-na (lak-e-nin) (sun) is rising; (going-rising)
wate-na (wetere-nin) (it) is increasing; (going-increasing)
ereksi-na-ka I am going to bathe
The second, -su, denotes motion to a nearby place or indoors.
47. -su, purposive motion hence.
nam-isi-su (I) am going to hear (them)
ertse-su (I) am going to supper
were-su (I) am going to catch rabbits nearby
etste-su (I) am going to sleep
The third, -inyi, denotes motion hither.
48. -inyi, (-im), purposive motion hither.
liw-inyi (I) come to kill (you)
monse-im (I) come to advise (you)
nesep-inyi (we) come to beg permission
pasip-inyi (I) come to salute (you)
warep-inyi (I) come to visit (you)
A very rare and doubtful suffix, -knit (misspelled in the gram-
mar as guit, or wit), has been termed ' ' prohibitional. " 8 This
may be the passive kne plus the future adverb et; i.e., "you must
not be struck. ' '
49. -knit, prohibitive.
tamta-knit, xata-knit he must not strike you
A second very obscure suffix, -ksi, is translated by De la
Cuesta "perfectly well," perfectamente bien, and is termed by
Kroeber ' ' excellentive. ' ' 7
50. -ksi, excellentive.
xeksio-ksi (let me) satisfy (him)
ruisiu-ksi do not (ye) tremble
ruisu-ksi (your hand) trembles
nipa-ksi ("WQ) ar e teaching (him)
rinsi-ksi (they) take the lower (key)
siaksu-ksi-t (speak) to me softly (in my ear)
xaune-ksi (would that) someone would bring
(water)
siru-ksi-ste (it) is pulverized
polso-ksi (what is this) painted?
s The Chumash and Costanoan Languages, op. cit., p. 253.
422 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
The verbal suffix -mi (cf. nominal suffix -mi) seems to denote
an indirect personal object or an action done for the benefit of a
person. It is most frequently found with the imperative and first
person object, ' ' do this for me. ' '
20. -mi, -me, beneficial.
gave (clothes to
thee)
strip bark (for
me) !
advise (me) !
recount (me) !
relate to you
put selvage on (for
me) !
(you) owe (me),
katia(stap)
gave (food)
katia-mi(s)
xelu(ksi)
strip off bark
xelue-mi(tit)
monse(t)
monsie
advise (me)
relate
monse-mi(tit)
monsie-mi(tit)
monsie-me
riri
put selvage on
riri-mi(tit)
suck
chew
musi-mi
tika-mi(t)
(I-you)
suckle, give suck
chew (for me) !
musi-si
tika
etc.
Two suffixes of the greatest frequency are evidently cognate.
These are -kte and -ste. The former is listed by De la Cuesta
merely as a preterit tense suffix, the latter, though of frequent
occurrence, not mentioned at all, though a suffix -miste, probably
a hortatory, is described.
Both seem to have the sense of a past participle, and, like the
latter, are frequently used adjectively. They express completed
action or achieved condition. Though little difference is discern-
able between the two, it would appear that -kte is used principally
for transitive relations, -ste for intransitive ones. They are fre-
quently translated by the Spanish ya, ' ' already. ' '
51. -kte, (-xtef), perfect transitive (participle), adjectival.
mit-ci-kte
esko-kte
rite-kte
laki-kte
tolo-kte
lip.a-kte, lixwa-kte
liisu-kte
posio-kte
riski-kte
sitl-u-kte
niotsio-kte
husiero-kte
nutiri-kte
(bow) is unstrung
(it is) torn, impure
(it) is decorated with beads
(it) is lifted, hung
(they) have donned their regalia
it is hidden
toothless
hairless
pug- (nosed)
small
short
big (mouth)
big-nosed
1916] Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan 423
52. -ste, perfect intransitive (participle], adjectival.
xiwa-ste (they) have (not) arrived
semso-ste (they) have died
toilo-ste (they) are seated
pelke-ste he was displeased (at me)
xutcu-ste (he) has eyes
kome-ste (I) am tired already
wane-ste (I) am satiated
siksa-ste, mikna-ste it is soiled
sesuk-ste, sumu-ste (it) has decayed
unxu-ste, (unxu-smin) snotty
natka-ste black
rinta-ste lean
noioro-ste large (feet)
ad infinitum
The interrogative is expressed by the suffixation of the en-
clitic -s, -se. This may be suffixed to other words than the verb,
more commonly to the initial word of the phrase. Thus :
53. -s, -se, interrogative.
kan-se is this my . . . .?
kai-s it is painful?
ekwe-s did not . . . .?
lalka-na-s did (you) go for geese T
men-se did you ... .1
-s regularly follows a vowel, -se a consonant, thus avoiding
terminal consonantal complexes.
The negative is formed by the independent particle ekwe.
epsie is sometimes used with negative imperatives, but the more
common method in this case is the use of the bare pronoun men.
Some of the isolated and unexplained suffixes, indicated by
italics, are:
siru-mpi, siru-mpe (siru-ksi-ste) grind (salt) ; (ground)
man-tt-kte; man-tei-s-te it went out; is going out
(man-sa, man-as) (put it out!)
yoko-r<e (cigar) has become ash
menso-rfe (they) have drowned
mup-il-u-rfe (by) keeps his mouth closed
ainwe-tom (you said you) went to see (him)
paka-raim-s (he wanted) to find (us)
ole-mospo (he) can (run) well
ton-se-s (I) met (him)
ton-enp-is (I) lost (this)
tisku-fcse-i split it!
424 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
kil-e, kil-ite, kil-pZme, kil-ite
kipi-ni-pu-i
kai-nawwi
satar-a, satar-e, satar-ptt
teite-sm-i
sam-wm
sam-atpw; sam-ianfe
xute-pnfc
xit-fcwi
nansi-fce
xeksio-ie-i
xase-sen
xat-xasti ; xat-xatsi
nip-a-piw
lop-fcft-nin, lop-o;e-ste
ipi-re-i (ip-e-i)
ina-to-s; ina-fc-pu
we-soto-kte, we-yero-kmin,
we-sore-kte
we-ton; we-tere-npe-i
yer-oepin
matala-m-i; matalu-ni-stap ;
matula-ni
mene-npo
mir-ma-mi-t
mup-i-pu-i; mup-e-i;
mup-s-pu-i; mup-fot
mai-a;i-m-ste
tcorok-pmfc
ii-ps-is; ii-si-me
ak-erw-ni-n ; ak-ntw-kane
ekwe-no
uni-spu, nni-spate, umi-spofc
ole-rt
inu-wi-me-i
itma-nt-t; itma-nw-i
it-uime
inu-i-ni-n
rui-s-ksi ; rui-sw-ksi ;
rui-sin-ksi ; rui-ma-np-in ;
rui-n^ra-t; rii-fci-np-in
umsu-mi-n
wax-<ci-i
ele-mem-pu
et-oe
sparkle
wink (your eyes)
narrow, difficult
very well tied, very strongly bound
open the mouth
dance for me!
(they all) have long hair
(I), (they all) cut their front hair
fire is made
(I will not) cleanse myself
(you will soon) be known
satisfy (him)!
(teach me before I) get angry!
it is well swept; very clean
(they will never) teach him
(wheat) moulded
turn (this)! (turn around!)
(I) became sick; (will you not) be-
come sickf
large, great
is great; increase it for me!
(he is) growing old
place face downward; (I) was placed;
(wait for him) to place himself
(I will not) forget
give me that which you were given!
shut his mouth! shut his mouth with
your hand! (he) keeps his mouth
shut; shut your mouth!
(they) laugh at (your speech)
we become sad (when . . .)
(I) owed; (I do not) owe (you any-
thing)
(I) am thirsty; (when) one is thirsty
(I) have no (. . . .)
(he wished) to agree
(you) can (not)
remind (him) !
lift me! lift him!
(we have) corrected them
(I) am tired of journeying
(your hand) trembles; (do not ye)
shudder; (who) trembles? he
moved him; move me! I moved
(they) flew
scratch (him) !
(you) will arise (early)
(he) slept (little)
1916] Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan 425
ADJECTIVES
Adjectives display close relations with both verbs and nouns.
A few of them appear to be definite adjectival stems without
terminations, a small number seem to be derived from nouns, but
by far the greater number are akin to verbal stems. As allied to
nouns they may take the pluralizing suffix and stand as sub-
stantives, as weyero-mak, "the big ones." As allied to verbs they
commonly take the verbal perfect suffixes -kte and -ste and may
be interpreted either as verbs or as adjectives, e.g., "the cloth
has been soiled," "the cloth is soiled," or <e soiled cloth."
In addition to the verbo-adjectival endings -kte and -ste there
are two others, evidently cognate, used solely with adjectives.
These are -kmin and -smin. The distinction between them is not
evident, as, for instance, both nutka-kmin and humulu-smin mean
"black" (sing.) and natka-mak and natka-ste "black" (plu.).
Other suffixes likewise seem to be interchangeable under certain
circumstances, as both orko-ni-n and orko-ste mean "he was
frightened;" unxu-smin and unxu-ste both mean "snotty."
-kmin is probably cognate to -kne and -smin to -ste.
54. -kmin, adjectival.
patka-kmin heavy, deep white
pelo-kmin bald
nutka-kmin black
hihul-i-kmin something cut, as a pole
isiwa-kmin newborn
kuti-kmin very small
kipinyi-kmin a winker
kits-u-kmin twisted
55. -smin, adjectival.
selpe-smin (are you) intoxicated?
xop-tie-smin climber
an-e-smin turtles
ritca-smin liberal, generous
waksa-smin miserable, vile
ritcua-smin silly, foolish
rauta-smin with large back of neck and occiput
samili-smin putrified
humulu-smin black
unxu-smin snotty
pelso-smin large-tongued, garrulous
paisa-smin runner
xase-smin brave, fierce
ad infinitum
426 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
An infix -ti- is occasionally found before adjectival endings.
It is placed between the simple stem and the characteristic vowel.
Its import is not clear but it seems to imply an adjectival-
agentive sense.
56. -ti-, adjectival-agentive.
xop'6 climb xop-ti-e-(smin) climber
tcala urinate tcal-ti-a-(smin) urinator
muxe suspect, mux-ti-e-(ste) one who makes
misconstrue wrong judgments
wilo signal "yes" wil-ti-o-(n.in) one who signals
with the eyes "yes" with the
eyes
Another etymological element giving an adjectival signifi-
cance is :
57. -se, -si, adjectival.
in-se tear-ful
yer-se torn
polpol-si dotted
PARTICLES
Particles are independent and invariable. They range from
monosyllabic to polysyllabic, the longer ones being probably com-
pounded. For purposes of reference they are divided into loca-
tive adverbs, temporal adverbs, descriptive adverbs, and inter-
jections.
Two enclitics are met. The first is a conjunctive, -hiha or -hia,
''and, also, as well."
kas-hiha me also
The second is an adjectival pronoun, -sia, "alone, only,
solely."
men-sia you alone
wak-sia he alone
1916]
Mason : Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
427
PART II. CLASSIFIED LIST OF STEMS
The following lists are arranged in the order of the phonetic
alphabet. First the vowels, a, e, i, o, u, then the semi-vowels w
and y, the nasals m and n, the liquid I and the trill r, the spirants
s, x, and h, the surd stops p, t, t, and k, and the affricative tc.
NOUNS
Animals
aiarat
auni-smin, anni-smin
are
asurian, asit
atat
akat
elei-min
ex, hex
eksen
intkx
ipiwa
omkon
ores
otol-, oton
okom
uminx
untcu-smin
uraka
wawisaes, -ses, -soes,
wakisaes
wal-en
wasaka
wakarat-smin
weren
wilo-pan
wireskan
wixi
wipsur
yurah
maian
marite
mitis
mumul.al.uk
mumuri
muniek, musiek
magpie
turtles
bird like a heron
sparrow
magpie
conch
goshawk
squirrel
quail
large hare
(rattle) snake
bear
red ant
bird
wolf
black beetle
salmon
coyote
owl
eagle
frog
rabbit
blackbird
bat
fish
fleas
black duck
coyote
young deer
little moulting bird (jestingly)
butterfly
fly
small bird with black feet
428 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol.
niwes
notot
lalak
lesokwa
lisana
Luopo
lukluk
rames
rax
rinya
risui
rumai
saiae
sanraruk
sakar
siol-ekon
siuyuts
siul.il-uk
sisin
sitikna, sitcikna,
sikikna
sikot
soksokian
swesusu
xakua, (xaakan)
xun-un
hutee(kinis)
paratu
penie, penik
perisiana
pil-okian
pitcina
polokis
polten
por
poskoi-min
potol
pukwie, pukwi
pukului-min
tamala
tatci
tiwiem
tiwituk
tira-smin
tixsin
tipih-smin
tominis
toroma
torpaes, torsiepa
faun
blackbird with yellow head
geese
earthworms
snake
yearling calves
geese
weasel
white louse
rat
young coyote
young hare
jays
large geese
nits
mole like a dormouse
sea-otter
butterfly
small bird
young squirrel
mole
bird like sensonte
large ducks
mussel
small dove
dog
woodpecker
cat
young quails
martin
maggot, insect
grasshoppers
young rabbit
flea
black ant
blackbird with yellow head
young deer, young fallow-deer
toad
leopard (puma?)
a small animal
fallow-deer
bird
spider
skunk
earthworm
seal
wild-cat
gray blackbird
1916] Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan 429
tote deer, cattle, meat
tayankal blackbird
taiaskal blackbird with watery eyes
tiwak bird
time whale
tuilun vulture
kaul-epat bird with large mouth
kaxai black louse
kakari raven
kaknu hawk
kotewes snakes
kulian blackbird
tcaxi hawk
tceies hare
tcil-iskan hawk
tcirit-min bird
tcorena, tcoltcolua cricket
tcurutu woodpecker
Botanical
aisaae, inkis-e acorns
ama-knis seeds
anii a white tree
arwe oak
ahamen bundle of fire-wood
enena blackberries
it-ux a seed
owos seed, fruit
ortor-kmin hay
uwena very pink flower
uner wild onion
upit acorn shell
wara an herb
yarkas an herb
yukis acorn
momox a small, salty seed
morot acorn shell
muren an edible herb
lumuimin an herb
ransona an herb
rapak oak
repit acorn shell
reteti blackberry bramble
riris vine
ripin oak
rore an herb
ruskes an herb
sawana a thicket
sasuk moss
430 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
sapa
sak
siutotok wetemak
sirak
sipuruna
somon
sokote
sokotci
sumna, sumua
xale
xireni, (xirena, xiremi)
xipur
xitdani
xitna, xitia
xikot
xolopis
xop
xumes
xumi-smin
xur
patax
pat-i
pat
pakir
pit-ui
porpor
porpor onlen
pururis
tamet
tarax
tapur
tiwis
toinon
tuxe
tapis
taki
totolua
kamer
kamun
ketex
kirit-smin, kirit-skin
tcasuni
tcatia
tcisnan
herb with a dark, hard seed
small pinenut
poisonous plant
filberts, hazelnuts
a white root
hole in a tree
laurel
fruit of laurel
sticks of wood
green tule
large pine-nut
a tree
tuna
elderberries
pine
shell, chaff of acorn
larch, a red tree
hay
wild rice
seed
willow
chia
tuno
plant like tule
seeds
cottonwood
tree like white cottonwood
small fruit
a dark edible root
small, white willow
tree, wood
flowers
a small fruit
oak
reeds, straw
fruit tree
plantain
sweet herb
tuno
leaves
an herb
hay
a well-known tree, testicles of hog
alder
awis
eyes
in
Body Parts
left hand
beard
tears
1916]
Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
431
isu, is-u
ihatu
itcie, itcik
olot
hand
ear-cavity
pudenda
back of neck
otco, ote
ots-io-n
ear
bullet wound
una
unux
bangs, hair on forehead
mucus from nose
uri
hair
us
nostrils
watex
stomach
wel-ewel(min)
wima, wimak
wilopa
point of the lips
wing
the red head of the blackbird
yisuwani-nsa
yutxa
marax
corns
tumor on neck
skin
maxul
mak.us
spittle, phlegm
knees
mitla
moxel
thigh
head
moxot
skull
mus
mutis
bosom, ureasts
front teeth
muktiokris, (muxtioxris)
noso-n
las-e
lasin
lit-akwa
ankle
breath, spirit, soul
tongue
finger-joints
veins
lorn
brain
lopohs, lop-ots
lup.us
raras
navel
anus
molar teeth
ritok
intestines
rikex piliu
romos, rutcu
rumes
rus
prepuce of penis
pimples, wart
spine, backbone
saliva
sama
right hand
sanan
sarka
sapa-xin
sinpur
sire
sip-os
sit
groin
blind eye
pupil of eye
eyebrows
heart, mind
feathers
teeth
sik-en
somsom
sok-o-s
wind broken, flatus
armpits
testicles
432 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and EtJin. [Vol. 11
soko-rena, sioko-rena
scrotum
sute
pudenda
xai
mouth
xahie
voice
xat-a
palm and sole
xakana
tail (of snake)
xelien
skin
xeser
birth-mark, scar
xin
eye
xorko-s
throat
xop-o
back, upper part of back
xumut
skull
xunyois
arm
xurek
ligament
xupur
carbuncle
xutu, xut-u
belly, abdomen
paine-n
menstruation
pat-ian
blood
pakar
rash
pak-a
shoulder-blade
potcor
scalp sores
pusi, piliu, pathos, patsa,
pudenda
pelsi
put-u-s
belly, abdomen
put -us
thumb
tankar
roof of mouth
tap.is
crown of head
tak-e
ribs
takutspis
shin-bone
tima
forehead
tiras
buttocks
tolso, toolos
knees
tote
flesh, meat
tokol
syphilitic sores
turis
nails
turtunin
throat, neck
tuksus
ears
tup.ui, tupui
tail
tutper
lips
tukai
chest bosom
tukmur
Adam's apple
tamus
cheeks, face
tap
hide
tat-i
bone
turum
skin
karkas
molar teeth
kapis
little finger
katak, katcak, katak
nape of the neck, occiput
katcitci
pudenda
1916]
Mason : Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
433
koro
(kukas), xukas
tcapal
tciri
te-oxo
tcukuri
foot
anus, buttocks
kidneys
horn
pudenda
evacuations
Manufactures,
an-ipu
aren
axe-s
ata-s-pis-mak
at-e
atin
akat
eyes-pis
ene-msa
ene-kmin, enko-kmin
crests
esxen
et-cer
ets
eksen
iiot
imini
iru-kmin
isme-sis
itok-pis
oxot
ot-eme
unupi-msa, un-opi-msa
ulis
urkan
usek
utis
utel
utcir-min
walexin
ware
warsan
wetcok
yatan, lasun
yoxo
mas
mater, master
lawan
rires
ritai
Instruments
pillow
knot
comb
watch-towers
acorn-bread
feminine ornament
ornament of conch shell
napkin
blotter, eraser
writing, letter
real, a piece of money
dress, clothes
iron
bed
nest
sacred stick, fetish?
pinole
arrow-point
clock, watch
table-cloth, napkin
basket with handle
pinole
handkerchief
basket
mortar
whistle, flute
arrow-point (arrow-shaft)
ear-ornament of feathers
small needle
small basket
feather ornament
small basket
small basket
net
load of meat
beads
tobacco
bow
arrow-cord, spear-cord
rabbitskin clothes
434 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
riteni
rits
rote-msa
ruris
ruxe
ruk
ruk-esma
ruka
sak.in
setne
sianexan
siotok
siwen
simirin
sinpie, siupia
sipirek
sipuksan
soxoi
sokwe
supik
sutia
xasa-pis
xats-ian, xas-ian
xeLemok, xel-emon
xitca-mis, xitsia,
xiteha-mis
xotio
xotox
xurpu
homoron
humeren
humiri-msa
palsi-n
parsex
pakuts-mis
pelo-maes
piroi
puxut, puput, puyut
tio-x, tio-s
tiwix, tiwi
tilai
tirtisen
tipsin
tor-on
toko, tok-o
tuyuwa
tupen
tainwen, taiuwen
tails
feminine ornament
coarse pinole
portfolio
bow-string
arrows, spears
cord
doubled cord
house
broom
bread of acorns and momgo
skirt of tule or plants
basket for holding water
basket with a pyramid in the bottom
seed-gatherer
handkerchief
bone awl
large comb, brush comb
ornament of beads and feathers
atole
small cloth
poker, digging-stick
opening of pocket
ornament of conch-shell
cloth, rag
toy
bag
shoes
beads, feather ornament
potsherd
bar
baptismal font
muller of metate
belt, sash
ball for game
comb of straw
net
bread
spear, arrow without point
beads, feather ornament
basket with a good base
belt, sash
small basket for amole
amole
bed
broom
sweathouse
bread of acorns and momgo
wooden awl
1916]
Mason : Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
435
temox
tip-e
kitirox, kitinox, kitirxo
kit'Cas, kitcas
kurka, kurea
tcakar, tcawar
tcakini
teiles
tcopoma
teokon
arrow with point
knife
skirt
key
pinole
seat, chair
stringless bow
bell
fret, bric-a-brac
sacred stick, fetish?
Natural Phenomena
awar
am-ani
at-ar, atar
ak-e
ak-es, awes
inu
irek
isin, isiin
isme-n
ixutun
urani
upak
wakani
wakis
wixax
wika
yopok
yokon
yumus isir
mun
mun-s
murtei, murteis, murtoeis
murtcu
notson
latun
raxopa
rokie, rokse
rutis
si
soton
suw, sus
skoxe
xewe-pis
xitus
xutepa
pelek
north (dedo de carazon)
rain
mud, mire
day
salt
road, trail
stone
hole (of animal)
sun
drop
hole
lump, clod, white paint
dew?
river, torrent
light?
afternoon
hail
cinders, ashes
dirt on hands
earth, dirt
dirt, filth
night
night
food
drop
rays of sun
powder, dust
open hole, cavity
water
fire
charcoal
drop
shadow, reflection
wind
conflagration, great fire
fine dust, atoms
436 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
pi re world, atmosphere, weather, etc.
pitak lint, dust
pitil-an mole-track
pusninyis whirlwind
tamar hill
titin seashore
taska, tatska plain
tura thunder
tuxis day
kau seashore
kar, kat smoke
koloi spring of water
kure red paint
kutui hole in ground
tcarak sky
tcarko light
tcape hole in ground
tcopolotesi place full of holes
tcok clod, lump of mud
Words of More Abstract Significance
ak thirst
etina puatis a game
et-se sleep
ekets, ekests, ekaest sins
iwe ik-e a method of making fun of a per-
son
impe-s sign
isut-s-e dreams
on . a method of making fun of a per-
son
oroe-s hunger
oteiko silence
us-ix sadness
mai-t smile
m0 rke a method of making fun of a per-
son
muisin, yenko love?
layaya length, height
j ax j game of revolving until dizzy
lat-iaya great height
rakat child's game
ritea-se language, speech
samili putrid matter
sat . e a method of making fun of a per-
son
senena sting of an insect
siamalpi-msa confession
1916] Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan 437
suwene song
sunk, sune hunger
xamapu proof
xas anger
xasi-om, xasi-un shame
xenkotst-s-e silence
xuti game
paya lightness
peleta children's game
taula-si something held in the arms
tursi cold
tala heat
tis, tihs life
tuma scent, pleasant odor
kai-s pain, misery, sorrow
kapala-si an embrace
kapnen Wednesday
kotcopo a method of making fun of a per-
son
krak-at, (xrak-at?) name
tcakir odor
tcopopiswai Friday
tcukuri bodily evacuations, movements
Terms of Relationship and Personal Categories
ana mother
ana-knis stepmother
ap-a father
apapat nephew, grandson
atia, atsia-knis, atcai-nis girl
atsiai-kma girls
at maku-kmin widow
ete, et-e maternal grandfather or uncle
inis son (father speaking of son)
inxoksima, yuxoksima adult men, elderly men
intiste-mak elderly men
isiwa-kmin newly born child
ixatute godmother
itxine man (address term)
urxes-mak bride and groom
uxi. mother-in-law
uta parents
mak-u, makas husband
mene maternal grandmother
meres, moeres nephew, grandson
mirte-mak, mitte-mak adult men, elderly men
mos son (father speaking to son)
mukene man
438 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn, [Vol. 11
mukur-ma
mukniue-sima, mukienin
sini, sinyi, sin-ksma
sit-nun
sit-sus
xan-a, (xau-nan)
paiteu-kte
parane
papa
taure, tauro
ta, taha
taka, tak.a
tanses, (tauses)
tare
teto-min
tares, tcares
tuta
ka
tcire
tcorsi
an-pi-s
ali-s
iwo-pan
ika-s-mak
onei-a
onei-kma-se
un-e-mu
ura-s-mak
uhini-s-mak
uten-mak
waixi-s-pan
wayas-mu
werxo-s-mak
yawisun
lisieni-s
rite-pan
sirka-s-mak
xawa-pis-mak
xixon, koxoeni-s
bumaia
teye-s
tikiro-mak
kotcino-knis, -kma
tcite-s-mak
women
elderly women
boy, youth, boys
child, (foetus), baby (mother
speaking)
stepchild (mother speaking)
wife
man, person, cultured person
grandmother
mother's grandfather (maternal
grandfather?)
child (mother speaking)
elder sister
elder brother
younger brother or sister, elder
brother
younger brother or sister
sister-in-law
men
young man
daughter (father speaking)
paternal grandmother
maiden
cook, toaster, roaster
competitor
liar, cheat, bully
millers
companion
neighbors
friend
hole-diggers
fishers
wizards, witches
angry donor, unwilling giver
enemy
deer-hunters
Tularefios
walkers
toreador
nut-hunters
callers, shouters
meat-carrier
countrymen ,
cook, roaster, toaster
kneelers, those on knees
servant, boys
dancers
1916] Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan 439
Numerals
emettca, emetka, hemettea, one
hemetca, emestca
emetspu
onee
emetotca
the one
utxin, ustxin
two
utstina
twice
usxinya
they both
kapxan
three
usit, utit
four
parues, parnes
five
nakitci
six
takitei
seven
taitimin
eight
watsu, pak.i
nine
tanat, tansa-kte, matsu ten
PRONOUNS
ka I (subjective)
kan I (subjective), my (possessive)
kan-is, kanis, me (objective)
kas, (kak), (kax)
kat I (subjective with future particle)
kames I .... you
kanmes you my
me thou (subjective)
men thou (subjective), thy (possessive)
mes thee (objective)
met thou (subjective with future par-
ticle)
waka, haka he (subjective)
wak, hak he (subjective), his (possessive)
haks, hakas him (objective)
makse we (subjective), our (possessive),
us (objective)
mak our (possessive), we (subjective)
mak.e, marke we (subjective) (dual?)
mak-et, makset we (subjective with future par-
ticle)
makam, ma-rn you (subjective), your (possessive)
makams you (objective)
aisa, ai they (subjective), their (posses-
sive)
aisan, aiske them (objective)
nuk it (neuter objective), him (ob-
jective)
440 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
Demonstratives
ne, nep-e this (close)
nepean these
nane, nina, nemis, nenis, this
unta, ister, nep-er
nisia this (farther)
nunis, nunisia, nup-i that
nupean those
numan which, that which (relative)
pina this (more distant)
Adjectival Pronouns
aipire some
aimukte, aixames all, exclusively
aman so many
ams-e the other
ani, anyi another
at-ia only, alone
exil-iste alone
imin, imiu, imi-u all (personal)
iruk all
wasi(a) much
yasir much, very
niat, nihia, nuia, nua only, no more
Lel-uerte too much
hisha any
siok, siokwe, siwene himself, itself
pisnie nothing
tolon much
teyo much
ke-se, kes-e much
Interrogative Pronouns
an- . . where?
anpi, ampi which?
at-e who? whom? (singular)
at-ekin, at-ekinta who? whom? (plural)
in. at, inuat when?
inxam, inxan how many?
intis, (imtis) what? why? where?
inka what? (do)
inkai Tvhat? (say)
ista what? (thing), why?
1916]
Mason : Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
441
VERBS
* The stems preceded by the asterisk are those occurring only once or
twice and which therefore are more or less doubtful.
aiw, ainwe, aiuwe, axuwe,
see
aixu, aipu, arxuwe
*aisa-e, inkis-e
desire, crave
*aixuwes
withdraw, depart
*auye
awake, awaken.
ayi
come
*ayimi-ni
lose, stop
am
be (substantive)
*am(a)
speak truth
ama
eat
*ama-ni
appear
ameis, amaes
play
ami, ami-si
give, bring, hold, carry, preserve
amiu(m), amoi
teach
amne-ni, am-a-ni
rain, wet
amsa
endanger, injure
ana
pardon
*ana
desire to, long to
*ana-pu
be injured
*anure
bend, bulge backward
*ansam
paint
*ansemi
keep watch, be vigilant
*ale, luwi
break and leave place
ara, arsa
give
*arespi
quarrel, fight (between women)
*ars-e
observe, conceal
*arke-n
increase, grow
*arki-ni
take the road
*asa
part the hair
*asi-n
flow in (water)
asinu-n, as-nu
sneeze
*asiknene
hate
aski, askin, askun
cut
axa
comb
axe-niak-e-n
flee
*axi, arimi
give again
*axtu-n
break a tooth
*apere
chase flies with a branch
at
break, split
ata
examine
*at-e
insult, grumble, quarrel
*at-ia
cease talking, be silent
atue
view, watch
442 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
*at-uemi
*at-mu
*at(ki)
at
*ata
*atua
*atski
ak-a
*akan
*ak-ara
*ake, ak-e
ak.u
at-eun
correct, put right
quarrel, fight (boys)
seize
steal, cheat
congeal
mend, fix
crack, split (earth)
leave, depart
leave, permit
look up
rise, jump, get up
enter
make, finish
E
eies, eis-e
erne, emse, enen
*eme-ni
emre-n, hemren
ene
eno
*enusi
ele, else
*elie
*eraes
*ere
*erenmite
ertse, ertste
*ese
*esier
esoni, esosoni
*exenmi
epe, epse
*etueis
ete-n
shave
forget
wait, detain
be envious
write, paint
stay, remain
signal with the finger
raise, lift, arise
goad, spur, hurry
praise one's self
bathe
finish, end, complete
eat supper
dress
say
hate
leave, depart
pass by
disentangle, extricate, free
sleep
*iweke, inke
*iwini
iwo
ima
ime
*imu
*in
ina, inxa-n (una)
ina-n, insa-n
inanme
gather plants
do
dispute, quarrel
show
join
arise
do
sicken
fall
rain.
1916]
Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
443
insu
*inkai
*inke-ni
ilo
iluwi, ilpi, ill
ilsi-mi
*ilkun
irko
isento, is.inte
*isi
isia
isiwa, isiwi
isiwe, isuwe
isi-m, ispan, iisi-me, iipsi
isu
*isnu, isu
istu, isut
iskani, itskani
*iske-ni, xitske-ni
ixime
*ixironi
*ixiras
*ixisa
*ixuk-a
ixwi, iuie
*ixtci
ipili, ipile
ipire, ip-e
*it-iu
itok
itma
ita, itu
*itanai
ite, itu
ite
*iti-ni
ito, it-co
*itui
*itso, itu, itsku
*itcile
itco-ni
oio, (oit), oiis
*oiwi
*ouso
*owe
observe, feel, conjecture, remem-
ber, recall
know
speak, talk, say
seize, grasp
burn
put on sash or cloth
give meat
lift skirts
defecate
walk carefully, watchfully
await
be hungry
give birth, be born
rest
owe
play at hand game
follow, imitate
dream
pay
hiccup
trembie
sprinkle
kick
walk in mud
shout, cry
go, walk (many)
sting, be stung by (snake)
lie down, lay down
turn around
get the better of one
cleanse, purify
lift, raise
wash
arise
spur, incite, urge
disparage
bruise, mangle hand
leave, depart
spread (acorns in the sun)
doubt
be ashamed
come out
seize, take, bring
tie, clasp, bind
order, instruct
return a favor, give the thing
dreamt
444 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
*one
*oneia
*on-ome
*onsie
ole
olo
*ol-ue
*olhs.e
olte-mi
orso-n
orko
*osehe
*oswe
*opiweis
ot-o
*ot-o(po)
ot-mo
*oto
ots-io
otspe-n
ok, oke, ok-o
*ok.e
*otcenuix
oteiko
*otciko
sit down, seat
accompany
hunt deer
ask, inquire
can, be able, gain
become blind
signal
kill many
give
belch
frighten
speak, reply also
scatter manure
discover, bring out
mend, fix
dirty, render filthy
piller
regain
wound
have a pain in the penis
send
confess, be exposed
discharge, dismiss
de deaf, be quiet
desire, have desire, covet
u
uwm
*uwi-ni
*una, unpina
*un-e
uni
ule
ule, (uel)
ura
*ura(pin)
*uru-ni
*urusi
*urse, use
*usa-ni
use
usete, useti, usute
*usiu-n
*usiule
*usui-mi
*usulu
usxi-ni
kill someone
flee
cure
quiet, cause to be silent
desire, covet
stop, cease
be sad, cry, be unable
dig holes
make sport of, anger, feel, cause
feeling
fall
have, carry
learn (language)
have hang-nails on the fingers
smell, have an odor
conceive (child)
depart
go out (fire)
give seeds
surpass, conquer
be sad
1916]
Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
445
uspu, usupu
*ustu
*uska
*uske
uxe, uxue, (uxwe)
uxsi-ni
*uhisoni
up
*upi
upu
*upxi, upxiti
*utisi
*utix
utu
*utue
*utku
uta-si
*uke
*uk-ini-ni
uk-isi, uk-esi, uk.osi, uknesi
*utci
*utcu
utcu, utu, hutcu
fast
whistle
cure by removing stick (sucking
by shaman?)
mend, fix, repair
guard; bring the object guarded
increase
desire, crave, covet
roll
cover one's self (clothes)
pay, buy, sell
sip, drink a little
bargain, trade, buy, crave, desire,
covet
crave, covet
guard, place, sow (seed)
make a grimace
double, fold
guard, protect (child)
bring water
wish to fall, walk around (dizzi-
ness!)
drink water
close
open
carry someone, raise, lift
waian
wane
*wane-ni
*walektis
wal-u-n, wolo-n
wara, warsa
warak, warka
*warepi
waris
warse, warsi
warta, wanta
*was-e
*wasi
*wasi
*washski, (wackif)
waxa, waktci, wak, waxu
*waxaiam
*waxa-ni
*wata
wate
miss, err
satiate, cloy
wound one's self
follow in file
be envious
cut
weep, cry
visit, salute
dislike
follow, perform
hide behind
cut and dry meat
beg a great deal
hate, abandon
pulverize (with the teeth)
scratch, scrape
be thirsty
do an act slowly
seize, bring, take atole
come, go
446 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and EtTin. [Vol. 11
wate
*waterei, wetere
wakun
wakna, waka-ni
weLo
wesi, xuksi
wexe
*wetso
wi
wiya
wilki
wilo
*wiltu
wilkwo, welko
wire
*wirwe
wisa
*wis-a
*wisen
*wisen
*wisol
*wispe
wixe
wixi, wini, uxi-ni
wixia
wipa
*wit
witi
*witu
wik-e, wiwe
*woso-ni
*wopo
lack, fail, be wanting
augment, make great
open the stomach and entrails
drown at childbirth
freeze
cover the head
kindle, light
shield, cover
take out the belly
commence, begin
light, enlighten
unfold
affirm with the eyes
slope backwards above
swell up (tule)
blow upon, cure
illumine with a brand
display, show, teach
scratch (birds)
dress a person
spill, scatter
uncover, disclose
flash lightning
split feathers for arrows
fish, turn about, cure
dispute, question
invite
bow, stoop, jump
fall, be thrown
break a fingernail
tremble, shake
choke (with pinole)
boil
"yarn
*yan
*yanu-ni
*yasa
*yat-ia
yata-ti
*yatan, lasun
yati
*yats-e
"yeikmi, yere-ni
*yenko
in the stomach from
catch (moles)
boast
have pain
running
not take
frighten
give anything
be full (net)
follow, accompany
be urged, impelled
remain, continue, be suspended
divide love (?)
1916]
Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
447
yer
"yiusie
*yim-, yumile
yilu
*yira
*yika
yono, yons
*yoreti
*yoron
*yoxon
*yoso, yusu
*yoporon
*yopok
yoke
yoko
*yuwi-ni
*yuya
yume, yame
yura
*yuxi(s)
*yupki-ni
*yutu-n
grow old, become torn
happen, succeed
turn seat around
commence, enter (season)
pick, prick
grind in metate
cut hair
chase, pursue
pile up
loosen, slacken, ease
have carnal intercourse inter se
make, manufacture
hail
make sport of one
make ash, become ashes
remain, stay
bathe, swim
deceive, cheat
kill by hand
hope to
break the bottom off
run, fall, flow (tears)
M
*ma
mai
*mai-a, mai-x
man
mala, male
*mali
*malu-n
*maxe
*maxer
maxi, mawi
maxu
*max-tci
*map-is
matal-, matulani
matmu, matnui
*mak-a
makai, maki
maku
*maku
mene, (mane)
*menomi, monomi
*meno-ni, menso
*mensie
*merke
look
laugh, smile
view, behold
quench, put out
soak, wet
cover the genitals
come down for the night
look down, view beneath
make sport of one with the eyes
close
open
be blind, unable to see
put hand over or in mouth
place face downward
stink, have bad odor
be indistinct
cover, place in order to clean
get married
go to eat
forget
sink to the bottom of the water
drown in the water
be ignorant of, not understand
move from the house
448 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
mexe, maxe
mete
*miwe, miwik, mixu
*milan
*milka
mira
*mire
*mistu
*mixira
*mipti
*mito-n
*mike
mit-ci, mitcui, mintcui
*moiLel-e
*moitce, moiti
mome-n, (monie-n)
*momo
*monoi
monse
monsie
*moro
morke (morwe)
*moxo-n
moho, molio
*motiolpese
*motuhe-n
moko
*muisi-n
*muiku
muma, mapu (mupa)
*mumi
munse, munsu
*mure
mursu-n
musi
musi
*musi
*musiuru-ni
*musuk-te
muxe
*muxi
*muxuki, ixikan
mup-
mut-
*mut-ie
*muku
*muteipi
look, see
hide (in the grass)
strike?
spread on the ground (bread)
rob one without apprehension
give presents, regale
fix the head like newborn chil-
dren
warm oneself
pluck the skin on the hand, graze
brood in nest
fall (bread)
test with the point of the finger
sharpen, temper, blunt (arrow)
run in a crowd
gather, collect, come together
be late, delay
place something face downward
enmesh, entangle
advise
relate, recount
beg and accumulate (grain)
make sport of one by shouting
submerge, sink
dance above (women)
make a reverence
appear, grow (hair)
be born, leave
love, desire, covet
swallow without chewing
suck
join, combine, meet (roads)
soil, dirty
camp, prepare for night
ache in molar teeth
suckle
heat, warm
like, covet
tickle in the nose
rub, pulverize in the hands
suspect, misconstrue
be hot (weather)
finish grinding pinole
close the mouth
tickle in the hands and feet
eat pinole
hawk, cough
eat breakfast
3916]
Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
449
N
*nayate
iiam, nanm
*nane, nene
nansa (nausa, namma)
nansi
*nasu-ni
*natka-u
*neike
nesepa
*niatin
nimi
nipa
noso-po
*noxi
notio
noto
*nue
*nuiri
*nuisin
*numa-ni
nusa-ni
*nuski
go gathering, get
hear, listen to, understand
count, pass in list, miss
experiment, test
know, recognize
fall, break (fire, brand)
blacken, cause to become black
be quiet, gentle
ask permission
cease doing, quit
strike, beat, kill
teach
breathe
guard, hide
lie, deny the truth
slap face, box ear
be
desire to, wish to
love
increase (pain)
pant, breathe heavily
snore
*laisaisi
lala
lalei
*lalu-n
*laski(nis)
*latue
lak-e, lawe
laki
laku-n, lauku-n, lusku-n
*lakwa-n
*lakpom
*latcia
*lelte
*lek.o
letsen, lessen, lelsem
liwa, lixwa
liwi, (lik(.)i, liewi, likni,
lixin, lix, uwi)
*l.imuok
lilui
lisko-n, lisa-n
sing rapidly
fell, throw
fan, winnow
lose, miss the road, wander
depart for another place
signal with the tongue
rise, climb (sun)
hang
gulp, eat without chewing
change from one to another
trip, fall, roll and lose something
remain in one place
turn the eyes too much
stink, have a bad odor
like, enjoy, please
hide in the grass
beat, cudgel, kill
steal, run, return and not catch
amuse, entertain
slip, slide, scrape, graze
450 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
lipa
*lik-wa
loe
*lole
*l-olio
*Lopopoi
*lopxe, lopkti
lok(oi)s, loksio, lokosi
*lokuk
*luismu
*lulpus
luxu-n, lux-u-n
*lut-apa
"lutie
*luka
*lutcuma
hide in any place
plaster, daub, smear, gloss
loath, nauseate, repudiate
cause to speak, break a speech
be content, appeased, cease anger
pass between
become mouldy (wheat)
lie, make a mistake
put out (eye)
fall from weight
play the flute
stick in mud or clay, be stuck in
wallow (in sin)
hang (like a swing)
soften the hair
get wet, soaked
E
*ranu-n
*rats-a
*rateami
*remomae
*rensik
*rete, rekte
*retie
*reke
*riwi
riri
*ristest
ripa
*ripu, rotciwewi
ripu
*ripsa
rita
*rite
ritca
roroi-s, (roro-s)
rote
roto
*rotuk, rotko
*roko
rotcio, rotcue, rotciwe
ruisu, ruisiu, ruisin, ruima,
riiki, ruinxa
runa
rusu
*ruxi
have pain in the neck
increase, crackle
be swelled up with plants
go from one place to another
interrupt, confuse
gather, collect
hang in a hidden place
change oneself, move
transform, change
put selvage on cloth
serve, do
hit with the fist
release, disentangle, cleanse, purify
prick
open with a knife
cry, shout
make dried meat
speak, talk, converse, recount,
play, entertain
play, entertain, divert, amuse
be (substantive)
drown
untangle, untie knot, knot, tie knot
put in the embers
enmesh, entangle, free, disentangle
move, stir, tremble, shake
dance
spit, expectorate
hide in the rear
1916]
Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
451
ruta
ruta
rutus
*rutuk
*rutu-n
speak about a person, or thing, re-
fer to
cut, gather (wheat, feathers, etc.)
conceive (child)
signal ' ' no " with the head
surround by water, isolate
s
sawe
saya
*sayal
*samai, samia
*sanae
*salu-ni
salpa
*salki
*sare
*saromi
sarpa
*sasa
sate
satar(a), siatar(a)
sate
sak-a
sakeri-ni
*satcepume
seye
semo-n, semso-n, (semxo-n)
sele, sehele
selpe
sese
seso-n
*sesort-po
sesuk
sepe (spepe)
*sepie-n
*sialwini
siaxu, siaksu
*sietco-ni
siole
siotio
*siokole-n
*siurire, similile
*siuspu-ni
*siuto
sing
shout, cry
lie face upward
cut the forelock
approach, draw near
get a cinder in the eye
hang, place in a cleft or fissure
split, fall apart
pray in one's room
administer extreme unction
patch, disappear from view
discover, find (land)
make sport of one by naming him
open the mouth
toast
bring a little
stick in the uvula
bring coals, embers
lengthen, expand
die
look backward
intoxicate with tobacco or liquor,
be crazy
walk in file
shiver
swell with pride, become haughty
decay
cut hair
satiate, cloy
split a flute
speak softly
hit (in stones)
talk, converse among selves, be sad
tie hair in a tuft
become hoarse, unable to speak
have a ringing in the ears
be blinded by the sun
hunt moles
452 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
siwe-n, sik-e-n
*siwi-ni, sixi-ni
siwi(ri-n)
*sin-a-n
*sinmekpi
sinsi
*sintcu, suitcu
sinkuru, siukuru
*silku
*siru
*sixu-ni, suxu-ni
*sitia-ni
*siti-npe
site
siksa, sikila, (sika)
*sitcitce
*soinwe
soro
*sorpo
*soter-pu-ni
*sokoro
*sokto-n
*suman, sumula
*sumiri-ni
sumixi-ni, sunii-n, s-umiu
sumu
su-n, swi-ni
*sulu-ni
*surire-n
*sur-ni
susu
*susxe
*supe-ni
supi
*sut-u-ni
*sutwi
*sutki, sut-e
*suka
sukumu
suksi, sukis
swi-n, swi-u
*swisia-ni
swixe, sinxe
*switcu
*stcekele (cekele?)
break wind
disappear (smoke, thirst)
suffocate with heat, burn
become bald
kiss
act like a boy, otacer
toast, cook in earth-oven
tickle in the body
lift skirt, pull shirt-tail
grind salt
rush, gush
have feet asleep
crumble, chip, make small
spread (fire)
soil, dirty
cry with pain or weeping
enmesh, entangle
flow, gush
disappear, dim, recede, vanish,
fade
extend the feet
darken, become night
get a drop of water in the eye
become soiled, dirty
sleep from satiety
be content
decay
die
drop or cinder fall in the eye
die out, go out, extinguish (fire)
heat, warm oneself
be afraid, fearful
act foolishly, play the fool
dream of one
tie, bind
break, crack
pinch the mouth
stretch the ears
go to meet
smoke (tobacco)
think, watch, observe, disapprove
consume, use up, finish, die
singe the hair
skin, take off hide
toast
set, place
1916]
Mason : Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
453
xaisku, xasku, (xaise-n)
*xaune
xawa
*xawei
*xawimi
*xawi-ni
*xamu-ni
xa-mpin, xa-npu
*xan-ni
*xalawe
xalas
*xaleti
*xalsi-npe-ne
xalki
xari
*xarxare
*xarpa
*xartcute
xas.a
xase-n, xasese-n
xasiwa
xasi-mu-n
xasli-n (xarli)
xastitinme, xatirinine
*xapu
xata
*xatu
*xatki
*xatki-ni
xata
*xatuel-e
*xake-ni
*xakwa-iku
xatci-n, xatsi-n, xati-n
*xeiwele, xeixeie
xewe, xewi
xemko
*xelue
xelxelte
xeksio, (xeisio)
*xiete
xii, wi, xihi, xiixi, xiisi
xiwa
*xiwis
xima
*ximsu
xine, (xinkone)
tickle, itch
draw, fetch water
call
put on a veil
enclose, lock in
still, quiet, be quiet
die out, go out (fire)
eat again
desire, crave, covet
strike sparks
lie, make a mistake
play
kindle, light (flint and steel)
stretch, extend
begin, commence
befall ill, happen badly
disappear, fade away, become in-
visible
lack a bit, a little missing
desire to, want to
become angry
scratch
be ashamed, shame
fear, be afraid
enter wind and cold
cleanse, withdraw dirt
sweep
gather, assemble (fleas)
cleanse, purify
go to the other side
hit
grumble, complain
be flatulent, full of wind
go for mussels
die of hunger, thirst, laughing, etc.
earthquake, tremble (earth)
cast shadow, reflect
set (sun)
strip off bark
float
satisfy
hiccup
go for fire, light fire
arrive, bring
take off rope around neck
seek, search
roll the head
go, walk
454 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
*xile
xiras, xirat
xiri
*xirwi-ni
xise
xisie, (xitsik)
*xisli-n
*xixwi
xipu
*xiteti
xiti, xitui, (xite)
*xitu-ni
*xita
*xite
*xite pet-o
xitia, (xita)
*xiti-mi
xito, (xita, xikto)
*xitorpi
*xitske-n
xiksi, xiwis, xikoi
*xitsik
xoin-we, xoixu-we, xoaxu
*xowo
*xomo
*xon(.)o(ti)
*xonkote, xonxote
*xolome, xauni
xorko
xope
xopo
*xot-oro, xot-ori
*xotpo
*xoteolon
*xuma, (xutna)
xu-mi
*xu-ni
xute
*xuta
xuti
*xut-u-n
*xutski, xutoki
*xuka
*xutcu
*hairmurnik-ui
hius-e, hinse, wise, ihuse-n
hiuti
H
be wounded, have wounds
scold, quarrel, lift the voice
make dried meat
lessen, be ceasing (rain, wind)
select, choose, elect
make
have pain in teeth
disdain, reject
carry
rub together
cleanse oneself
catch the hand in the door
make dried meat
spur, prick, goad, stick
stop (wind)
sew
become indebted
stretch, crawl
throw, put, carry outside
be contented
tie, bind
make cotton cloth
carry
shout ho! ho!
skin, take off hide
evolver al arco
bundle, collect in a bundle
ignore, not invite
gulp, swallow
climb, mount
give water, give drink
put hand in vagina
set (sun)
make a hole (water)
grind (mortar or metate)
give anything
finish life, approach death
kindle, light fire
place inside
play game
remove dust, powder
seize, withdraw, remove
change (song)
carry on shoulder
lift with one hand
wish, desire, want
throw, east
1916]
Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
455
*hihe(pim)
*hume
*humi-n
humiri, (umiri, tumiri)
humu-n, humsu-n,
(umsu-n, unsu-n)
*hun.i
be defiant
join, impinge, strike
wash oneself
baptize
fly
mix, stir
paita
*paye
paya
*pala
*palsi-mi-n
*parsa
parki
*part-cipu
*pasipi
*paskei
paxat, paxtca
*patiami-n
pati
*patue
*patsxin, patski
paka
*pak-ak
*paka-ksi
*pakeit
*pakere
*pakul
*paksa
patci
pele, pelke
pelte, pete
pesoi(po)
*pepena
*pet-e
*pet-e
*pete-ni
*petole
*piisokri
pio
*pinawai
*pilpul-e, pulpul-e, tultul-e
pira
*pirka-n
*pisieks.i
pixi, pixe
hunt (geese)
be pregnant
run
slap, hit with the palm
toast, cook
gleam, appear light
weigh
saw a pine
visit, salute
secure fire with flint and steel
know, recognize
bet, wager
have, hold in hand
release, loose
strike sparks
seek, call, crack mussels
marry
beat
obtain fire, make fire
start (tears)
give hand, shake hands
shine, lighten (fire)
fall dew, sprinkle
stick, join together, loosen, sep-
arate
shut eyes
remember, think
espigar castellanamente
guard fried fish
escape, flee, fly, go
keep mouth closed
keep feet together
knock with fingers
cleanse teeth
have pain (neck)
beat, palpitate (heart, pulse)
inhume, bury
scratch (birds)
grind, pulverize
split, open
456 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
pixu-ni
*pitilu, pistu
pitipu, pitui-ni
*pitu-ni
*pitsi
pite, pitue, pitui
*pits-a
pitciwi
*poistco-ni, poitco-ni
*poiko-ni
*polo
pol-o
*porpore
posio, pasio
*pos-o
*posol-o ats
*poso(poi)
*poxoro-n
poto
*poko-ni
potsie
*punsi-wi
*punsi-ni
pulki-ni
*puriure
pusa
*pusi-n
*puxi
*put-i
put.in
*putu
puta
puti, pute, putei-ri
putski
*putske
*putsiule, potsinle
burst pus
pinch, squeeze
cleanse intestines of excrement
flow, gush (tears)
frighten, frighten away
tie, bind, unloose, untie
signal "no" with eyes
shake, cleanse the hair
break wind without knowledge
frighten, scare
sunt sodomicici
paint, draw
doze
cut, singe hair with brand
check, suspend, equal
intend to dispute
be drunk, intoxicated
get the hives
pull out down, fine hair, pluck
swell, puff up
grumble, censure
catch (birds)
view with close attention
break off bottom
quake, tremble, earthquake
satiate, fill, cloy
twist like a whirlwind
recover, feed, give to eat
cover and guard
involve, wrap, gather
return and go from place to place
bring acorns, etc.
blow
pull hair
make the sound "put, put"
burn brightly, make no smoke
(fire)
T
*taula-si
*taye
*tamin, tan.
tamu
*tamxa-ni
tamta
*tanu, tanyu, tan.
*tanta
hold in arms
go quietly
double, fold
warm oneself in the sun, take the
sun
have earache
strike, beat
lift skirts
embrace, lift in arms
1916]
Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
457
*talu-ni
taltu
*talku
*tasiute
*tastu
*taxara
tax()
tapa
*tapi
tata
*tatska
*taka-ni
*tak-e
taku-ni
teme-n, temo, temso
tenpe, tempe
tere
terpe
tie, tik
tio
*tiusi-n
*timire-ni
*timu-ni
tinke-ni
*tilo
*tiru
*tirsu-n
*tisi
*tixi
*tixiro-ni
tipe, tiptipe
*tipur
*tipso-ni
*tipki
*titi-n
*titu
*tituk
*titu
*tit-ci
*toutosi
*towo-n
tone, tonse
*tolso
tor-ke
*toxere-ni
*topope
totio-n
*totoro-n
make blisters on hands
extend the palms of the hands
spring, jump
watch, dance
display palms of hands
follow, go after
ask, question
turn the tables, pay back in own
coin
measure
touch
extend hand
burn
measure
choke, strangle
sleep by fire', warm oneself by fire
dry up (water, river)
cut hair
smart, pucker (pepper)
grumble, complain
shoot arrow
flower, be in flower
have headache
trip, stumble
jump, spring, leap
don regalia
miscarry
cut, break
cure the itch
slice meat, make dried meat
slip, slide, fall
wander, walk about
cut hair
rattle, make a noise (bone)
cut hand
cover with shoulder
fray, unweave
lie on one side
extend hand
drown
harden, strengthen
remain rigid, frozen
lose, find
break knees
bring amole
be constipated
extend fingers and do top, top
err, mistake, lie
put in salt, salinify
458 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
*totue
tokso, (tokse)
*tuin
*tuisu, tuiu-rure
*tume-n, tume-mels
tun.e, (tunk)
tunute, (tanute)
tule, (tulk)
*tuluk
tulku
tur-si
*tusi-n
*tusu-n
tupu-n
*tuta
*tutiu-n
*tutisi
*tukitce
put on shawl
rumble, make great noise, snore
makei wooden bridge
tremble (hand, belly)
make food
finish, complete, end
conceive (child)
knock at door, call
cover one (for the night)
give rap, fillip
be cold, chilly
watch a dance
await, expect
finish, complete, end
cover one, put on hat
die?
string a bow
lift earth, (encorrar)
T
*tayuwire
tala
*tasak
*tata
*tatu-n
*tatuhule
*takarpite
teyo
*temelele
*tele
tetesi
*teke
*tien
tiwi
*tinai
*tiniwi
*til-usi
*tis-ektene, tcirsextene
tisku
*tixta
tipe
*tipe(spi)
*tip-wi
*titi
tika
*toilo
ton(o)me
*tonko-n
smile, chuckle, half laugh
be hot (weather), put in sun
clear, clarify (sky, weather)
possess much, own much
cease pain
speak between teeth
sit down, sink
blaze, heat, be afire
burn much
go in file, follow
push, jostle, squeeze, hold
tip-toe>, walk on toes
kick
put in bag, pocket
tighten, constrain
milk
listen to attentively, hear
cover with ashes
split, break, smash
hide in sand, be hidden
thresh grain
make thongs, straps for the capote
cut, shorten, clip, abbreviate
defend
chew, masticate
be seated
seek a dead animal
wither, become ury (seeds)
1916]
Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
459
*toxoro
*tox(pe)
*tu
tuma-s, (tumas, tumsa-n)
tunku, (tunuk)
*tulu
*tura
*tursu, tutsu
tupu-ni
tuka
pass, go by (water)
dry up (water, river)
strike in the eye
like, enjoy, please
signal "no" with nostrils, con-
stricting them
make a hole
thunder
walk continually, never stop
put finger in eye
beg, ask
kai, (kayi, kaixi)
*kai-ti
*kawak
*kam
kama(i), kamexe
*kamu
*kanxi
kale
*kal.u
*kar
*kara
*karapu
*karka
*karki
kase
*kaxi
kapal(a)
*kapata
*kapi
katia
*katu
*katu-ni
*katca, kateue
*kat-ci
*keie(k)
kewe, keinwe
*kelete, kelte
*kelok(mo), kelox(mo)
*kenem
ketio
kil-e
smart, be strong, bitter, bite
tighten, constrain
advise, notify
do, make
look, watch, see, behold
lend (wife)
lack a bit, be missing a piece
go to the quarrel, fight
dry up
defend
bite
be fortunate, happen well
grind, rub in the palms
give tobacco
kindle fire with small sticks
bargain, trade, barter
bite
louse, expel lice
embrace
cross the arms, hands
carry a large bundle under the arm
give (clothes, food)
kill with teeth (lice)
dry up (water)
be full of crickets, insects; expel
them
drown
gather, collect, come together
obstruct, intercept
frown upon, watch with disap-
probation
play by pinching
put in proper place
argue, dispute, contradict
shine, glare, glitter
460 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
*kiriwire, kiripire
*kixti, kikti
kipi
*kipuhs
kitpa
*kita
*kitca, kitcua
ko, ko., kwo., kwa, kua
kome
*koliole
*kwie, kuie
kunile (kupile)
kusa
*kusinwi
*kuxa
kuta(s), kuta(r), kuteuru,
kuturu
*kut-a
krak(.)e, xrak(.)e
write
have pain in throat
wink
inflate, swell cheeks
hide in hollow of a tree
make fire with two sticks
close, lock with key; open, unlock
say
tire, become tired
rumble, grumble (intestines)
whistle
smoke (fire)
wash
meet, encounter, see
hide among rocks
double, bind, tie
tolerate, suffer, endure
name, call
TO
tcai(es)
tcaora, teausara, (tcaura)
*tcauri
*tcantcane
tcala, (tcalsa, teasali)
*tcahel-e, tceheLe
tcapu
*tcaka, teaksa
*tcak-i, tcaxki
*tcaku-niti
*tcakna-n
*tcimun, tcaimun
*tcimu-ni
*tcile
tcirpi
*tcikri-n, tcixri-n
tcite
*tcitmo
*tcoliote
*tcorowe
teorok
*tcotle
teokse, tcos-o
tcunu, tcuni, tunu; (tcun.),
tcunuhwi
teulu
praise
be seated, be (positional substan-
tive)
stink, smell bad
walk with shoulders raised
urinate
take the higher part (song)
prick, stick, pinch
bring, arrive
leave, depart
hate, desert
go ahead
treat ill, hinder, impede
bump the head
ring bell
cry, shout
reside, live
dance
prick, punch the eyes
water moves in intestines
moisten, dampen
sadden, become sad
be in file or line
have pain (in mouth or ear)
wrap, extend, shorten, double,
lift, fold, unfold
jump, spring, leap
1916]
Mason : Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
461
*tculki
*tcuspa
*tcukuri-ni
strangle, choke by squeezing neck
hide
defecate, void excrement
ADJECTIVES
aul-i
austu
auxe
amaya
amank
ansi
antiwin
asia
apsie, apsik
ateitak
atcien
atciwa
euti
el-emo
elepis, elewia
emxe
eS-O
etsxe
ina
in-se
irk-ti-o, irx-ti-o
isiwa
itas, itsa
itce
owos
omxol.e
olsie
umulu
unxu
unkum
ursi
usula, (usuna)
ukumi
utcili
wartci
was. a, waska, waksa
wasiwe
we-solo, we-yero, we-saro
we-tan
wetemes.ate
wiman
witina
witcuktel, witcuxtel, wits-u
salty, saline
sweet-toothed, gluttonous
high, tall
nude, naked
famous
left-handed
small
distinct, different
good
so great
thievish
silly, filthy
sweet
soft (ground)
straight, in file
very soft, gentle, easy
lewd, unchaste
leafless, bare
ill, sick
lachrymose
flatulent
newborn
new
small, little
obedient, faithful
light, without weight
soft, easy
filthy, vile
snotty, filthy
thin, rare
big-headed
deep-set (eyes)
crippled
full-lipped, thick-lipped
difficult, narrow, small (road)
streaked, soiled
playful
large, great
large, great
lean, gaunt, thin
lazy
sticky
narrow, small
462 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and EtTin. [Vol. 11
womo
wot-olo
yamutsi
yateomas, yatceme
yer-se
yolto, yot-a
yopono
yusulu
mam-oxa, mam-oka,
mam-anxa
maxuLu
mata
matini, matild
meilo
mex-el, max-ele
metske
minus
misi-min, misi-mpin,
misi-a
mitile
mom-ti-e
muretu, murtcu, murtu,
murt-cu
muse
mutimte
mutcira
natka
niotsio
noioro
noti-ti-o
nop-ti-o
nuxurikonin, nuxurixonin
nutiri
laita
laskan
latem
lakte, laxte
lexete
Le-ti-o, Le-t'i-o, loito,
Lok-ti-o
lisu, liisu
lisnie
lit-imo
lopote
lopteo
luplupsi
lutcuma, luspi, 1-uspi,
1-utspi, lutspi
lutcti
bearded
deep-set (eyes)
unequal, different
torn, full of holes
torn, old, broken
big-eared
ruptured
fat, pot-bellied
foolish, stupid, silly
catarrhal, expectorant
long-haired
large, great
large-mouthed
blear-eyed
cloudy, clouded
narrow, difficult (road)
pretty, nice, pleasant, beautiful,
good
curved, crooked, bent
slow, late, tardy
dark, black, like night
full-breasted
fat-buttocked
pleated
dark, black
short, bob-tailed
big-footed
lying, untruthful
short in time, quick
flat-nosed
big-nosed
long in time, tall, high, long
even, smooth, plain
long, large-tongued
big-headed
long, tenuous, stringy (phlegm)
soft, easy, loose, not hard
toothless, gums
empty, clear
wet (hair)
firmly resolute
ruptured
equal, straight, untwisted
wet hair
big-bellied, hairless
1916]
Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
463
rauta
rinta
riski
ritca
ritcua
rikti
romso
ropto
rotcitco, ritcra, rotciko
rutis
rutai
saure, (sauri)
saru
saxirinme
satara
siat-cara
sieperero
simke
sitl-u, sitda
somsie
sotolo, sokolo, sotitco
supiri
sup-u
xan-an
xalea
xas, xase
xaska
xat-xatsi, xat-xasti
xemtso
xene
xeLwen
xetoesi
xetsxe
xitsu, (xitsiu
xontce, xonxontee
xos-ti-o, xoiskore
xo-ti-es
xo-ti-o, xoie
xotpe, xot-iko
xotsu
xokoi(o)
hituktei, hituxtei
howos
hoxehen
humulu
husiero
with big occiput, back of head
thin, lean
flat-nosed
liberal, frank, generous, bene-
ficent
silly, foolish, stupid
protruding (eyes)
granular
dirty- eyed
blear-eyed
open, uncovered, excavated
congealed
fat, greasy
ruptured
sweet, odoriferous
unclean
clear, rare, thin
woolly, fleecy, hairy
silent
small, young
lewd, unchaste
big-lipped, large-mouthed
watered
like a bladder, blister
married
blind
brave, fierce
brunet, dark-skinned
clean, well-swept
silent
unequal
content, satisfied
leafless, sharp-pointed, keen
tired, worn-out
insipid, tasteless
empty, void (mussels), melan-
choly, crestfallen
light, with little weight
foolish, silly
loose, hanging
bare, without fruit
with deep-set eyes and bushy
eyebrows
scabby, itchy
mixed, intricate
well-served
tardy, late
black
big-mouthed
464 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
huklemesate
paine
paisa
pal(.)ka
patka
pel-emo, pelsiek, pelek
pelo (Sp.f)
pelso
pertewe
pitko
polso
polpol-si
porsie
porko
poxolo
potsinle
potxe
potco
puntu, putur
pultci-te
putarte
put-u, pultu, polto
putcete
tamtcite
tasiri
taxarute
taxara
tap.an
tapta
tepte
tirsi, tirtei
tirsia
tixima, tilto
tikili
titira, titiru
towo-ro
torte
to-ti-o
tokolo
tokororoi
tumuru
tupsiu
taila
tanara
tasku, tasas
delicate, fine, light
bloody
good at running
white
pink, flesh-color, red, cream
soft
bald, hairless
garrulous
soft (bread)
pot-bellied
painted, colored
pinto, spotted, full of points,
streaked
trained (maker of unusual things)
artistic
prominent, bulging, protruding
(eyes)
smokeless (fire)
light, little weight
quick, active
big-bellied, with much intestines
full-breasted
newly-born
extremely protruding, bulging
(eyes)
anxious, desirous
partly painted, colored
hard, tough
drunken, reeling
in file, in a line, straight
good
serious
shady
clear, limpid, pure
large-buttocked
high-browed, with a large fore-
head
large-eyed
twisted, rounded
shivering with cold
ashy, ash-colored
silly, foolish, lying, untruthful
syphilitic
smooth, straight, even
fat
humpbacked, crooked, bent, curved
dwarfed
spotted
pink, flesh-colored, red
1916]
Mason : Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
465
taxiale
tata
tak-i
takurute
tesele
tomto
tonko
tok.i-ti-e
tuiuru
tutuare
tutuna
kai-nawin
kayi
kaltcitce
kasLu
katitu
katili
kakxa, kax-a
kel(sie)
kelte
kero
kexil-on
ketciwesi
kirsi, kitsd
kipi, kipiri
kipuroro, kiwuroro
kititae
kits-u
koro
kuinu, kwinu
kuti
kutis
kutcs-kets-i
tcal-ti-a
tcalka
tcarka
tcarki
tcakulsi, tcuki
tcese, tcixu
tcekere
tcirti
tcisire
tcomelei
tcoxisi, teopsoxsi, tcopsoksi
tcoxorore, tcokere
tcopolotesi
tcuierte
tcupea
tcutsu, tcutu
clear, limpid, pure
rich, well supplied with garments
heavy with fruit (trees)
clear, thin, full of holes
pink below
with loose clothes
big-footed
good at running, swift
wrinkled
blunt-nosed
small-eyed
narrow, difficult, small
strong, pungent
loud-voiced
small-headed
pot-bellied, fat
with prominent teeth
bitter
raw
opaque-eyed, blind
twisted (tree)
hoarse
ready, prepared
well-painted
twisted, not straight, (feet, road)
twisted, streaked
creaking, grating
one-eyed, squint-eyed
thin, gaunt, lean
narrow (road)
small
clear
very well tied, bound
urinous, fond of urinating
white
clear (sky)
quiet, restrained
downcast, head downward
blue (eyed)
torn open, ripped
yellow moro
provoked, angry, in bad humor
cowering, squat
pock-marked
full of holes
open, uncovered
adorned, decorated
white, flesh-colored
green
466 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
ADVERBS
Locative
Adverbs
an.it, anit, ana, an-epe,
where?
anta, an
ansia
distant, far
axe
apart, another place
emxe
far down, very distant, indistinct
enenum
out of sight
esen
behind
intis, into
where?
iti
there, distant
itian, it-ayate
backward
orpei
in the middle
usiun, usionte
further on, further
winimui (wirimui)
below, under
naxana, nuxana, nuxu
there (farther)
ne, ni, nia, nitun, niatun,
here, hither
nime
nu, nua
there (nearer)
lewetes
low
raraai (resmai)
within
rini
above
rinsiksi
high
sanae, saeanae
hither
sinki
end, edge
xut.ui
before, preceding
tapere
above
ti
there, behind
tina (pina), tina-tum,
right here, close, hence
tina-tun, titun
tipilikte, tipilile, tikilakte
round about
titu
on one side
kari
outside
Temporal Adverbs
auxaie
ameren
ar, aru
aruta, (arua)
artiskun, atskun
at, ara
emen
et, etc, yete, (yote, ikte,
iste)
imi, ima-
in. at, inuat
yet, still
a little time, little while
already (past time)
tomorrow
suddenly
shortly, soon (near future or re-
cent past)
still, yet, although
soon (indefinite future)
always, all the time
when?
1916]
Mason : Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
467
inya, inyaha, (yu'aha)
ipsiun
iti
itixsina
itma
itsia, it-ia, itsia, itian,
itaomtum, it-aiate
osioi, oisio
ume, uni
ule
wisi
wika
yas
yeteste
maran, markum, markutkus
maha
mes, met
naha
nua
xapuhu, xaputea
hokse, hoks
huyakse, wiyaks
pinawai
tabax, taba
kane, kaneme
ketciwesi, (koteiwesi,
kepiresi)
kotcop, (koph)
kus
kutis, kuti
tcien
tcira
:se
shortly, at once, (immediate fu-
ture)
a little while, a short time
after some time
at last, today
early in the morning
afterward, soon, shortly
again, another time
when, whenever
yet, still, as yet
past time
yesterday
ever, at any time
shortly, soon, in a short time
future time
at once
future time
today
yet, still, although
never
a long time ago, formerly
this afternoon
then, therefore, in that case
today, day
before, earlier than
soon, at once, ready
when, whenever
in the olden times, once upon a
time
presently, very soon, a little while
now, at once
always, continually
Descriptive and Miscellaneous Adverbs
aereis, eraeis
aman
amane
amanis-e
amun, amu, amn
asaha
atpesi
ats, ati
ewe, ene
ewoye, eye, etmoye
enohek
es-e
so, thus, truly
so many
in truth, truly
uninvited (?)
in order that, concerning, because
truly, certainly
good, truly
without, no
and, but
(past desiderative)
but (apposition)
just as if
468
University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Efhn. [Vol. 11
esiensen, esiersem
exe, xehe, he, Ixi, hi, hexe,
sexe
epaeis, aoepaeis
epsie, epsik
ekw
imatkun, imaten.
isap, isu
ipsen, utix
ortco, yenko
usi
uksi
walte
wele
wisi
yas-e
yekere
yuta .... yuta
ma
mots
muisin
nan, nami, nani
nu at-ia
nuhilu, nitshim
sata
sire
xatxatci
xene-kte
xenkots-e
xeheresi
xetskere
xitepu
hai, hahi, aiu, aia, hia, hiha
pini, pinyi, (piny a)
taxe
tukne
taman
kaitis
kati, kata, katam
kua, kuai, kuawe
tciel-e
(indirect discourse)
yes
perchance, perhaps
no! do not!
no, not
if (contrary to fact condition)
truly, certainly
more
equally
why, because
without more ado, heedlessly
feet to head and head to feet
(substantive?)
because
also, as well
more, much more
either .... or
truly
tell me! (interrogative)
(among them?)
perhaps, maybe
yes, of course
cacnibajo
like, as if
strongly
stepping high
unequal
silently
low (voice)
crawling
strongly
and, also (enclitic)
perhaps, perchance
(interrogative, final position)
would that! (past optative)
half
with this, no more
like, resembling, just as if
thus
high (voice)
INTERJECTIONS
ain., aiun, auin-
atena rautik
et
iske
itde, iuie
give me it! bring me it!
shout at middle of dance
shout at gambling game
wait a moment!
come on! let's go!
1916] Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan 469
iklamini wait a moment!
oto run! go!
uruksia(ne) would that! (vehement desire)
yela, yelamini wait a moment!
yuma come on! let's go!
yupe, yu run! go!
waras upon my life!
nami, nani let's see! we'll see!
lalei get out!
linei shout at gambling game
ranx shout at beginning of dance
sotoi shout at gambling game
sukai shout at gambling game
xep shout at gambling game
xine look!
xouwo shout at end of dance
xuti shout at gambling game
tuii shout of gambling game
tiu shout of gambling game
kama look!
kari shout of gambling game
ke listen! look!
kie who knows!
tcaorak shout at gambling game
tcit, tcitsk shout at gambling game
470 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
POSTSCRIPT
At Pleasanton, California, live a small number of Indians,
members of various central Calif ornian groups, gathered here by
reason of community of interest. They speak Spanish and Plains
Miwok among themselves. A visit was paid them for a few hours
in January, 1916, for the principal purpose of securing terms of
relationship and notes on social organization. One of the two
informants visited proved to be an elderly woman from San
Lorenzo and from her a vocabulary of a hundred odd words was
secured. A comparison of this with De la Cuesta 's Mutsun shows
actual identity in many cases. The practical identity of so many
words proves first, the phonetic simplicity of the language, the
care with which it was recorded and the value of the Spanish
language as a medium for the recording of such aboriginal speech ;
second, the slight change w r hich has taken place in this unliterary
language in the past century, and third, the correctness of the
recent transcription from Spanish to phonetic orthography. As
regards the latter point, the correctness of the transcription of
gm and gn to km and kn is demonstrated, while that of gs to xs
in accordance with tigsin, tixsin is discounted by the record of
tugsus as tuksus. No data were secured to elucidate the problem
of gt and other g combinations.
The glossary secured follows here for purposes of comparison :
ori
bear
oto'imin
snake
ma'i-yan
ha'mui
coyote
fish
a'rwex*
oak
yu'kis
live oak
in
tears
isu
hand
urix, urf
we'per
mi-'nyix
motel, mo-tel
mu-c
hair
mouth
heart
head
breasts
las-e
e ran-ai<
tongue
back of neck
ri-Tuk
intestines
si.T. sit
teeth
hun
pirewis
TCukuti'
wolf
rattlesnake
dog
Ta'Por.
wood
Tiw'is
flower
si're
liver
xu-s
nose
heyek'
hin
horko'sa
beard
eye
throat
Ta-mas
Tim.a u x f
eyebrows
forehead
Tumis, turns
TU-R'
leg, loins
nail
TUKSUS
ear
koro'
foot
1916]
Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan
471
inux w road
e ru'wai' house
hu't-i bow and arrow
tepla'i' basket
apa- father
ana- mother
sinm daughter, child
si'nmatc 1 small child
anci paternal aunt
ai/raKis woman
sulTa' w u white people
ha'uak' wife
a'TCiaKie virgin
ere- uncle or aunt
Inis son
hu'nTatc 1 old man
Para paternal grand-
father
uetres chief, shaman
u'xi mother-in-law
Taka. elder brother
tra-ris man
mele.' grandmother
mak-o husband
Tale- younger sister
Ta'-nan elder sister
mayin wife of chief
mere'i father-in-law
Tansikis younger brother
Kat e netc' old woman
me'ris daughter-in-law
mueKma people
Kot-co young man
tcotco" grandson
a-we morning star
Irek< stone
yuk-i ashes
si water
omu'w,omu'x w sea, arroyo
os-e' stars
ware'p' land
yO'ko live coal
e si'.Tic fog
hi'yis fire
hismen sun
Kormei moon
uiK-ani yesterday
ne Tuhi today
e rl'simu hill near town
hiwe 1 shaman 's dance
hu-si's tomorrow
ka'n-o north
makismo'.To
makis a'.m'ne
yuwa'kne mak'samne
herwe
it is cloudy
it is raining
it ceased raining
it is hot
kauwi*
it is cold
loskowis, losko'iS
sirke w is
it is white
it is black
pultewis
we'teT
kutcu'iS
it is red
it is large
it is small
sumikis
man-i roti
give me!
where is it?
rl-Tcikmin
shouting of shaman at dance
hu'-tukne
ka'-nak hu'tusin
me-nem hu-tusi n
wa-ka hu-tusin
maki-n makhu'tusin
makam kamhu'tusin
wa-kamakeahu'tusin
hu'-tukne'K
he died
I am going to die
you will die
he will die
we will die
you (plu.) will die
they will die
I have died
472 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11
o'.mis ni'm i'
ka'.na ekni'mi oris
me-nek' snimi
ma'kam kisni'mi
wa'-kamaK makisni'mi'sim
Ka'-na* to'- f he
ka-na ektca'-u T ra
ne-ca tca-u v ra
Ka-na Ka'yin
pi-n ka'in
ka.'iKsiKsiT
ka-iksikmo-tel
kiska-iKTumS
KanaK u'tkani
ka-naksa'wi
ka-na e Ki'si
ka-na kwarka
ka.na eki"wi
ka-'nakra'pona
ka-'nakio'TCyen
a'Tcismente
ekit' Kansana
anini-k'
hi'ntoka'masin
akwet' kinsuste takaa'ma
ka.nak tcatce
ka-nak-emle
ka-nak ete
Ka.nak i'tma
Ka.nak ho'pe
Ka.nak e'son
Ka.nak yoken
I am going to kill you
I am going to kill the bear
you will kill me
you (plu.) will kill me
they will kill me
I run
I sit
now I sit
I am ill
he is ill
my tooth aches
my head aches
my back aches
I am playing
I am singing
I am dancing
I am weeping
I am shouting
I am going to stir
I am laughing
I want to vomit
I am hungry
I am thirsty
I am going to eat
I don't know what I will eat
I am standing
I am lying down
I am sleeping
I got up
I get down
I am tired
INDEX*
Titles of papers in this volume are printed in bold-faced type.
Aeatl (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental form of,
331 fig. 7, 368, 369 fig. 29.
Accent, stress, mode of emphasis,
in language of Germanic origin,
and in Kato and other Athabas-
can dialects, 17.
Achomawi, 281 footnote 6, 287, 288
footnote 16.
Adjectives, Mutsun, 425, 461. See
also Suffixes.
Adverbs, Mutsun, locative, 466,
temporal, 466, descriptive and
miscellaneous, 467.
Algonkin, 288.
American Indians, Handbook of,
cited, 288.
Animals, list of names of, in Mut-
sun language, 427.
Antigiiedades mexicanas, 300.
Athabascan, 288.
Athapascan, spoken by Sarsi In-
dians, 190.
Atl (Aztec day-sign), typical form,
306; ornamental form of, 331
fig. 7, 357 fig. 22, 358 fig. 23,
359, 360.
Atlatl, 337, 338 fig. 7, p. 368.
Atsugewi, 281 footnote 6, 287, 288
footnote 16.
Aztec calendar, 300; time-periods
in, 300, 302 ; intercalations in,
300, 317, 319, 320, 328; Venus
year, 301, 320; Mercury year,
301 ; moon not regarded, 301 ;
star-periods, 301 ; cempoalli, 301,
302 ; nemontemi, 301 ; method of
making observations, 303 ; sys-
tem of dating, 303, and method
of writing dates, 309 ; day-signs,
304, derivation of, 327, deline-
ation of symbols in manuscripts,
328; thirteen as a factor in, 308,
313, 323, 324, 326; numerals,
308, 313, 322, 323, 324, 326;
Tonalamatl, 310, 311, 315, 325;
cycle (fifty-two year period),
314; not devised for chrono-
logical records, 315; as a means
of soothsaying, 315 ; index of
birthday used for personal name,
315; corrections of, 316, 317,
319; original sources, 318, 319;
origin of, 321 ; twenty as a fac-
tor in, 322, 326; probable line
of evolution, 327. See also Time-
periods, Thirteen, Day-signs.
Aztec codices. See Codices, Aztec.
Aztec manuscripts, delineation of
day-signs in, 297; bibliography
of, 394. See also Codices, Aztec.
Aztec mythology, cataclysms in,
379.
Aztec year, initial day, 312 ; year-
sign, 314; cycle of fifty-two
years, 314.
Baegert, cited, 290.
Bandelier's papers on ancient
Mexican manuscripts, value of,
320.
Barrett, S. A., cited, 281 footnote
6.
Bartlett, 280.
Bear, totem, 295.
Beaver language, 190.
Belmar, Francisco, cited, 280, 285;
orthography altered, 281.
Blackf oot Indians, Sarsi associated
with, 190; Sarsi stories about,
263, 269.
Boas, F., cited, 288.
Boas Anniversary Volume, 303.
Bologna Codex, 309.
Book of Indexes, 310 ; applied to
time-periods, 311.
"Book of Tributes," 299.
Brinton, D. G., 280, 289; cited,
279, 288.
British Columbia, relationships of
Indian languages of, with Sarsi
and Beaver, 190.
Buffalo hunting, Sarsi texts, 273,
275.
"Calendar round," fifty-two years
period in Maya Calendar, 314.
Calendar symbols in the manu-
scripts, delineation of, 328.
Calendar system of the Aztecs. See
Aztec calendar.
California, Gulf of, 280.
California, Lower, 279, 290.
California, South Central, social
organization of Indians, 291; to
be compared to that of Luiseno,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Am. Arch. Ethn., vol. ff. // t
473
Index
Mohave, and Pima, 295 ; inter-
relations within its own area,
296.
California, University of, scientific
publications on native Indian
languages, 401.
Calli (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental forms,
341, 342.
Campo, California, Diegueno dia-
lect spoken at, 177 footnote.
Cane (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental form,
331, fig. 7.
Cempoalli, in Aztec calendar, a
"period of twenty," 301.
Chamberlain, A. F., cited, 288.
Chavero, 300.
Chemakuan, 288.
Chimariko, 281, 285, 286, 287.
Chontal. See Tequistlatecan.
Chumash, 287.
Cliumasli and Costanoan Lan-
guages, cited, 421 note 8.
Cipactli (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental form,
329, 330 fig. 5, 333 fig. 8;
sources of drawings, 334.
Clavigero, original source for
study of Aztec calendar, 319.
Coatl (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental forms,
329, 329 fig. 4, 345 fig. 13.
Cochimi, proximity of the Seri to,
280.
Cocopa, 186 footnote 34; fricative
x, 180 footnote 10 ; open vowel
compared with Mohave and
Diegueno, 184 footnote 20;
proximity of the Seri to, 280.
Codex, Bologna, 309 ; Borbonicus,
300; Tro-Cortesian, 323; Vati-
can A, 320; Zapotec, 299.
Codices, Aztec, publication of by
Lord Kingsborough, 299; nu-
merals in, 308.
Costanoan, Mutsun dialect of, 399,
400; structure, 402; phonetic
system, 402; vowels, 402; con-
sonants, 402 ; sonant g missing,
403.
Cozcaqauhtli (Aztec day-sign),
typical form, 306; ornamental
form, 364 fig. 26, 375 fig. 33,
376.
Cree, 261, 269.
Crowchief, Charlie, interpreter,
190.
Cuesta, Father Felipe Arroyo de
la, the Mutsun dialect of Cos-
tanoan based on vocabulary of,
399 ; collection of Mutsun words,
phrases, and sentences, 400, 470;
Mutsun grammar, 401, 420, 421.
Cuetzpalin (Aztec day-sign), typi-
cal form, 306; ornamental
forms, 343, 344 fig. 12.
Curo, Eosendo, Diegueno Indian,
177.
Cycle, fifty-two year period in Az-
tec calendar, 314.
Dates, in Aztec calendar, system
of, 303 ; method of writing, 309 ;
date of birthday used for per-
sonal name, 315.
Day-names, Aztec, 305.
Day-signs in Aztec manuscripts,
delineation of, 297; typical
forms, 306; year named after
initial day-sign, 312 ; dominical,
312; local varieties, 321; se-
quence of, 330; convergence,
331, 354, 355, 362; ornamental
forms, figures of: Snake, 306,
329, 345, 346; Water-Monster,
306, 330, 333; Eain, 306, 331,
385, 386 fig. 36; Flower, 306;
Cane, 306, 368 fig. 28; Grass,
306, 364; Wind, 306, 338, 389
fig. 37, 390; House, 306, 341;
Lizard, 306, 344; Death, 306,
347, 350; Deer, 306, 351, 352,
354, 355; Rabbit, 306, 353, 354,
355, 356; Water, 306, 331, 337
fig. 22, 358 fig. 23, 359, 360;
Dog, 306, 361 fig. 24, 362;
Monkey, 306, 363, 364, 365 fig.
27, King-Vulture, 364 fig. 26,
375 fig. 33; Ocelot, ocelotl, 306,
370, 372 fig. 31; Eagle, 306,
373 fig. 32, 374; Motion, 306,
377, 378 fig. 34; Flint, 306, 381
fig. 35, 382; borrowing of char-
acteristics between, 391 fig. 38,
392.
Day-symbols in Aztec calendar,
305; derivation of, 327; delin-
eation of, 328.
Death (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental forms,
347, 350 fig. 15. See Skull.
Deer (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental forms,
351, 352 fig. 16, 354 figs. 17 and
18, 355 figs. 19 and 20.
Deer totem, 295.
Delineation, The, of the Day-
Signs in the Aztec Manuscripts,
297.
Diegueno Language, Phonetic
Elements of the, 177.
474
Index
Diegueno language, phonetic ele-
ments of, compared with Mo-
have, 283, 284; unaccented
vowels, 284.
Dixon, E. B., cited 279, 281 foot-
note 6, 285, 286, 287, 288 foot-
note 16.
Dog (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental forms,
361 fig. 24, 362.
Dominical day-signs, 312.
Eagle (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental forms,
373 fig. 32, 374.
Eagle-ribs, Sarsi informant, 191 ;
story about, 223; war deeds of,
269.
Eagles, in Sarsi texts, 277.
Edmonton, Canada, 257.
Ehecatl (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental forms,
337, 338 fig. 9.
Elements of the Kato Language,
1.
Enclitics in the Mutsun language,
426.
English, parts of speech, 405.
Esselen, 281, 286, 287.
Fabrega, Jose, original source for
study of Aztec calendar, 319.
Flint (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental form,
381 fig. 25, 382.
Flower (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental form,
331 fig. 7, 389 fig. 37, 390.
Forstemann cited, 301 ; on element
of thirteen in Aztec calendar,
323, 324, 325.
Fortes, member of dental series of
stops in Kato language, 10.
Gender, in Mutsun language, 408.
Genitive case of Mutsun nouns,
410.
Goddard, P. E., 1, 189.
Goodman, cited on the tonalamatl
in the Aztec calendar, 326.
Grass (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental forms,
331 fig. 7, 364, 366 fig. 28.
Haida, 288.
Harrington, J. P., 177; cited, 287.
Henshaw, H. W., cited, 288.
Hernandez, F., work on Guerra del
Yaqui, 280.
Hewitt, J. N. B., cited, 280.
House (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental forms,
341.
Humboldt, original source for
study of Aztec calendar, 319.
Indo-European, 286; model cate-
gories, 418.
Inflection in Mutsun language,
408.
"Intercalations" in Aztec calen-
dar system, 300, 317, 319, 320,
328.
Interjections, Mutsun, 468.
International Phonetic Associa-
tion, 184 footnote 20.
Iroquois, 289.
Itzcuintli (Aztec day-sign), typi-
cal form, 306; ornamental forms,
361 fig. 24, 362.
Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alva,
original source for study of Az-
tec calendar, 319.
Karok, 281, 286.
Kato language, elements of, 1;
stress accent in, 17.
Phonology:
Individual sounds: vowels, 4,
semi-vowels, 5 ; continu-
ants: liquids, 5, nasals, 6,
figures of, opp. 92, 94;
spirants, 7, figures of, opp.
88, 90, 96; stops: labial, 9,
figures of, opp. 98; dentals
(fortes), 9, figures of, opp.
100; palatals, 11, figures
of, opp. 102, 104; velar, 12;
glottal, 12, 13 ; affricatives,
13, figures of, opp. 106;
table of sounds, 13 ; com-
parison of Kato and Hupa
sounds, 14; assimilation of
sounds, 17.
Modification of syllables, 17.
Morphology :
Nouns : simple, monosyllabic,
19; figures of, opp. 110;
with possessive prefixes, 21,
figures of, opp. 112, 114;
parts of the body, 21 ; cloth-
ing, 23; relatives, 23.
With suffixes, 23, figures of,
opp. 116, 118 ; plural and
class suffixes, 24; locative
suffixes, 24; suffix with in-
strumental meaning, 26 ;
suffixes of temporal-modal
force, 26; suffixes of size,
shape, and color, 26.
Nouns compounded with
nouns: first noun qualifies
the second, 27; with pos-
sessive prefix for second
component, 27 ; with sec-
ond component modifying
the first, 27.
475
Index
Nouns compounded with ad-
jectives, 28, with verbs, 29;
adjectives and verbs used
as nouns, 29; figures of,
opp. 124 ; verbs with in-
strumental prefix used as
nouns, 31, figures of, opp.
132, 134; polysyllabic nouns
unanalyzed, 31; figures of,
opp. 120, 122, 126.
Pronouns, personal, 32 ; per-
sonal demonstratives, 33 ;
demonstratives, 34 ; inter-
rogative and indefinite pro-
nouns, 34; figures of, opp.
130.
Adjectives, 35 ; pronominal,
35.
Numerals, 36; cardinals, 36;
multiplicatives, 36 ; dis-
tributives, 36.
Directional words, 37.
Adverbs, place, 38 ; time, 38 ;
manner and degree, 39;
figures of, opp. 128, 130.
Postpositions, 39 ; particles
and interjections, 41.
Verbs, 42.
Prefixes, first position, 42;
adverbial, 43 ; deitic, 49,
51 ; objective, 51 ; first
modal, 52 ; second modal,
53; subjective, 55; third
modals, 57.
Stems, 59.
Suffixes, 80; source of in-
formation, 80; modal, 81;
temporal, 83.
Tenses and modes, 84 ;
table of analyzed verbs,
85.
Tracings of speech, interpreta-
tion of, 86 ; lateral sonant and
spirant, 88, 90 ; nasals, 92, 94 ;
spirants, 96 ; labial stop and
nasal, 98; dental stops, 100;
sonant palatal stops, 102;
surd palatal stops, 104 ; af-
f ricatives, 106 ; miscellaneous,
108; monosyllabic nouns, 110;
nouns with possessive prefixes,
112, 114 ; nouns with suffixes,
116, 118; polysyllabic nouns,
120, 122, 126 ; nouns of verbal
origin, 124 ; adverbs, par-
ticles, etc., 128 ; pronouns, ad-
verbs, 130; prefixes of verbs,
132, 134 ; verbal prefixes, sub-
jectives and objectives, 136;
verbal suffixes, 138; suffixes
of verbs, 140; verbal stems,
142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152,
154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164,
166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176.
King-vulture (Aztec day-sign),
typical form, 306 ; ornamental
form, 364 fig. 26, 375 fig. 33,
376.
Kingsborough, Lord, publication
of Aztec "codices," 299.
Kroeber, A. L., 177, 279, 401;
cited, 403 note 6, 421 note 8.
Kuyahomar, 181 footnote 16.
Kwayu, 181 footnote 16.
La Posta, 177.
Leon y Gama, Antonio, original
source for study of Aztec cal-
endar, 319.
Library of American Linguistics,
400.
Lizard (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental forms,
343, 344 fig. 12.
Loustanou, 280.
McGee, W J, monograph on the
Seri, 280.
Magic, famine relieved by, 251 ;
practice of, 253.
Maguey, 299.
Malinalli (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306 ; ornamental form,
331 fig. 7, 364, 366 fig. 28.
Manual de los ministros de las
Indias, 301.
Manuscripts, Aztec, 299. See also,
Codices, Aztec.
Manzanita, 177.
Maricopa, fricative x, 180 foot-
note 10.
Mason, J. A., 399.
Maya calendar, 314.
Mazatl (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306 ; ornamental forms,
351, 352 fig. 16, 354, figs. 17
and 18, 355 figs. 19 and 20.
Mesa Grande, San Diego County,
177, 179 note 9.
Mexican Antiquities, 299, 332.
Mexico, 288.
Miquiztli (Aztec day-sign), typi-
cal form, 306 ; ornamental
forms, 347, 350 fig. 15. See
also Skull.
Modal categories, Mutsun, 418.
Mohave, comparison of Diegueno
with, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182,
183, 184, 185 ; representative of
Yuman group, 281; w of, 282;
k, and 6 of, 283, 284; other
dialectic comparisons, 285, 286,
287.
476
Index
Monkey (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental forms,
363, 364, 365 fig. 27.
Monterey, California, 400.
Monterey County, California, 295.
Monumentos del arte mexicano an-
tiguo, 299.
Morning-star, mentioned in Aztec
manuscript, 303.
Morphology of the Kato language.
See Kato language, elements of.
Eeduplication in Mutsun, 408.
Motion (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental form,
377, 378 fig. 34.
"Motolinia" (Toribio de Bene-
vente), original source for study
of Aztec calendar, 319.
Mutsun Dialect, The, of Costanoan
Based on the Vocabulary of De
La Cuesta, 399.
Mutsun language, 400, 401 ; struc-
ture, 402 ; phonetic system, 402 ;
vowels, 402 ; consonants, 402 ;
phonetic laws, 405 ; de la Cues-
ta 's collection of words, phrases,
and sentences, 400, 470; his
grammar, 401, 420, 421.
Parts of Speech, 403.
Nouns, 403, 405; suffixes, 406,
410; inflections, 408; gender,
408 ; grammatical person,
410; genitive case, 410; class-
ified lists, 427-439.
Pronouns, 411, 439; demonstra-
tive, adjectival, and interro-
gative, 440; lists of, 439, 440.
Verbs, 411, 441; suffixes, 412;
reduplication of verbal stems,
412 ; modal categories, 418 ;
relations implying motion,
420; negative particle, 423;
lists of, 441-461.
Adjectives, 425, 461 ; suffixes,
425, 426; lists of, 461-465.
Particles, 426; enclitics, 426.
Adverbs, locative, temporal,
466 ; descriptive and miscel-
laneous, 467.
Interjections, 468-469.
See also Suffixes, Numerals.
Nahuatlan, 288.
Nejo, Isidro, 179.
Nemontemi, in Aztec calendar,
301, 302.
Nose-plug, used in delineation of
Aztec day-signs, 335, 373.
Numerals in the Athapascan dia-
lects, 36; in the Aztec calendar,
308, 313, 322, 323; list of, in
the Mutsun language, 439.
Nuttall, Mrs. Z., cited, 303; on
initial day-signs in Aztec calen-
dar, 312; original source for
study of Aztec calendar, 319.
Oaxaca, Tequistlatecan idiom of,
279; Belmar's work on, 280.
Ocelot, Ocelotl (Aztec day-sign),
typical form, 306 ; ornamental
forms, 370, 372 fig. 31.
Olin (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental form,
377, 378 fig. 34.
Onorato, Digueno Indians, 177.
Oregon, 288.
Orozco y Berra, Manuel, original
source for study of Aztec calen-
dar, 319.
Ozomatli (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental forms,
363, 364, 365 fig. 27.
Pala, 177.
Palaihnihan, 288 footnote 16.
Particles in the Mutsun language,
426.
Peace Eiver, Canada, 190.
Penafiel, A., 280, 299.
Penutian, contrasted with Hokan,
286; new family, 288, 401.
Phonetic Elements of the Diegueno
language, 177.
Phonology of the Kato language.
See Kato language, elements of.
Piegan, 259.
Piman, 288.
Pinart, A., 280.
Pleasanton, California, Indians at,
470.
Porno, 281, 286, 287.
Powell, J. W., cited, 288.
Prefixes, in the Kato language.
See Kato language, elements of.
Quauhtli (Aztec day -sign), typical
form, 306 ; ornamental forms,
373 fig. 32, 374.
Quetzal-coatl, Aztec wind-god,
307; represented by day-sign,
Wind, 337 ; realistic drawing of,
338 fig. 9, q; figure of face, 340
fig. 10; ear-ornament, 377.
Quiahuitl (Aztec day-sign), typi-
cal form, 306; ornamental forms
of, 331, 385, 386 fig. 26.
Rabbit (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental forms,
353, 354 figs. 17 and 18, 355
figs. 19 and 20, 356 fig. 21.
Rain (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306 ; ornamental forms,
331, 385, 386 fig. 36.
Ray, Bill, vocal tracings of Kato
language, 3.
477
Index
Eousselot apparatus, 190.
Sahagun, Bernardino de, 300, 318;
cited, 303.
Salidon, Diegueno, Indian, 177.
Salinan, 287; totems, 295.
San Diego County, California, 177.
Salishan, 288.
San Felipe, California, 177.
San Juan Bautista, Mission, Cali-
fornia, 400.
San Lorenzo, California, 470.
Sapir, E., cited, 281 footnote 6,
288.
Sarsi Texts, 189; key to sounds.
191 ; Sun Dance, 193 ; prayers,
197, 227, 233 ; hair parters, 197 ;
counting of coups, 203, 269 ; clog
feast, 209 ; societies, 215 ; quali-
fications and duties of chiefs,
215; shamans, 217; sports, 219;
painting of tipis, 219 ; buffalo
pounds, 221; trapping beaver,
219 ; primitive dishes, 221 ; stone
arrowheads, 223 ; What Eagle-
Bibs Saw at Edmonton, 223 ;
planting tobacco, 227 ; Buffalo
Bill Gives a Shield, 231 ; painted
tipi, 243; buffalo stone, 243;
famine relieved by magic, 251, by
Broken Knife, 253; Two Hawks
Test Their Speed, 263; water-
being, 267; ghost, 269; grass-
hopper, 273 ; buffalo-hunting,
273, 275, eagles, 277.
Seler, Edward, cited, 301, 303; on
initial day-signs in Aztec calen-
dar, 312 note 22; original source
for study of Aztec calendar,
319 ; on element of thirteen in
Aztec calendar, 323, 324, 325;
investigations of Mexican chro-
nology, 327 ; criticism of conclu-
sions, 335, 336.
Serian, Tequistlatecan and Ho-
kan, 279.
Serna, Jacinto de la, cited, 301 ;
original source for study of
Aztec calendar, 319.
Shasta, language, 281, and foot-
note 6, 286, 287, 288 footnote
16.
Shea, J. G., Costanoan manu-
scripts, published by, 400, 405.
Shoshonean, 179 note 9, 288, 291,
292.
Siguenza, Carlos, original source
for study of Aztec calendar, 319.
Sioux, story of Sarsi boy's escape
from, 259.
Skull, representation of in Aztec
day-signs, 348, 349, 350; real-
istic drawing of, 350.
Snake (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306 ; ornamental forms,
329, 329 fig. 4, 345 fig. 13, 346.
Sonora, relation of Seri language
of, to Tequistlateean and Yu-
man, 279.
Spanish spoken by some Indians in
California, 470.
Spanish j compared to Yuman de-
velopments, 180 footnote 10.
Spanish orthography used for ex-
pressing Costanoan sounds, 401,
402, 403.
Star-periods in Aztec calendar sys-
tem, 301.
Stops in the Kato language. See
Kato language, elements of.
Suffixes in the Kato language. See
Kato language, elements of.
Suffixes of Mutsun adjectives: ad-
jectival, 425, 426 ; infix occa-
sionally found before, 426.
Suffixes, of Mutsun nouns:
Etymological : resultative, 406 ;
infinitive, 406 ; causative, 406 ;
abstractive, 406 ; instrumen-
tal, 406, 407; agentive, 407;
nominal, 407.
Morphological : plural, 408 ;
compositional, 409 ; partitive,
409 ; terminative, 409 ; objec-
tive, 409 ; instrumental, 409 ;
locative, 410 ; comitative, 410 ;
regressive, 410.
Suffixes, of Mutsun verbs:
Etymological : possessive, 412 ;
imitative, 421 ; purposive,
412 ; dative, 413 ; substantive,
413 ; oppositional, 413 ; exces-
sive, 413 ; corporeal, 413 ;
mandatory, 414.
Morphological : indefinite, 415 ;
past tense, 416 ; intransitive,
416; transitive, 417; reflexive,
417; reciprocal, 417; passive
voice, 418 ; future passive,
418 ; perfect passive, 418 ; im-
perative, 419 ; missionary im-
perative, 419 ; subjunctive,
419 ; hypothetical, 419 ; con-
ditional, 419 ; iterative, 420 ;
mandative, 420 ; purposive
motion, 421; prohibitive, 421;
' ' excellentive, " 421 ; bene-
ficial, 422 ; perfect transitive,
422 ; adjectival, 422, 423 ; per-
fect intransitive, 423.
478
Index
Swanton, J. E., cited, 288.
Taylor, A. S., 400.
Tcagucagga, a wise Sarsi, 427.
Tecpatl (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental form,
381 fig. 35, 382.
Tehuantepee, California, 279.
Tenochio, 280.
Tezozomoc, cited, 303.
Thirteen, as a factor in Aztec cal-
endar, 308, 313, 323 ; importance
of, 324; Forstemann's theory of
origin, 324, 325; Seler's hy-
pothesis of origin, 324, 325 ;
factor in the tonalamatl, 326.
Thomas, Cyrus, 299, on vigesimal
numeral system in Aztec calen-
dar, 322 ; on element thirteen in
Aztec calendar, 323.
Thomas, C., and Swanton, J. B.,
map of linguistic stocks of Mex-
ico, 280.
Tiger (Aztec day-sign), 306.
Time-periods in Aztec calendar
system, 300; method of deter-
mining, 302.
Tlaloc, rain-god, 385.
Tlingit, 288.
Tochtli (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental forms,
353, 354 figs. 17 and 18, 355 figs.
19 and 20, 356 fig. 21.
Tonalamatl, 310, 311, 315, 325;
factors thirteen and twenty in,
326.
Torquemada, Juan de, original
source for study of Aztec calen-
dar, 319.
Totems, among Salinan Indians,
possible significance of, 295.
Tro-Cortesian Codex, 323.
Troncoso, original source for study
of Aztec calendar, 319.
Twenty, as factor in Aztec calen-
dar, 322, in the tonalamatl, 326.
Uto-Azetaken, 286.
Vatican Code A, 320.
Venus year in Aztec calendar, 325.
Vigesimal numeral system in Aztec
calendar, 322, 323.
Waikuri language, 290.
Wakashan, 288.
Walapai, 184.
Water (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental form,
331 fig. 7, 357 fig. 22, 358 fig.
23, 359, 360.
Water being, in Sarsi texts, 267.
Water-monster (Aztec day- sign),
typical form, 306; ornamental
form, 329, 330 fig. 5, 333 fig. 8;
sources of drawings, 334; re-
semblance to snake, 335.
Waterman, T. T., 297; cited, 179,
180, 181, 184.
Wind (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental forms,
337, 338 fig. 9; used to repre-
sent Wind-god, Quetzal-coatl,
337.
Wind-god, Quetzal-coatl, 307; rep-
resented by day-sign Wind, 337 ;
realistic drawing of, 338 fig. 9,
q; figure of face, 340 fig. 10.
Wiyot, 288.
Xochitl (Aztec day-sign), typical
form, 306; ornamental form,
331 fig. 7, 389 fig. 37, 390.
Yana, 281, 286, 287.
Yaqui, Hernandez's work on, 280.
Year sign, in Aztec calendar, 314.
See Aztec year.
Yokuts, kinship system, 292.
Yuma, fricative x of, 180 footnote
10; open vowel compared with
Mohave and Diegueno, 184 note
20.
Yuman, 283, 284, 290; Diegueno
and Mohave as members of, 177;
genetic connection with Seri and
Tequistlatecan, 279, 280, 287;
Mohave representative of, 281.
Yurok, 288.
"Zapotee Codex," 299.
479
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