NRLF ^^^^^B 11 Br' \*' 1^1 < '^ *• ACCIDENCE ^.VVWu-^,V^. Ir"^^ HEBREW GRAMMAR COFFE f''l. Wi^ "v\' /H ■3- I ■r r r P 'r<-^ I\..r\ 1 /vaK) . ACCIDENCE OF HEBREW GRAMMAR WITH EXERCISES BY HENRY A. COFFEY, S.J. PROFESSOR OF HEBREW IN WOODSTOCK COLLBGB &LLBYLAND B. HERDER BOOK CO. 17 South Broadway, St. Louis, Mo. 68 Great Russell Street, London, W.C. 1918 g,5^'^$# Copyright, igi8 by Joseph Gummershach All rights reserved Printed in U. S. A. VAIL-BALLOU COMPANY • INQHAMTON AND NCW YORK PREFACE The chief difficulties that face one entering on the study of Hebrew arise from the number and instability of the masoretic points and the changes incident to the weak, quiescent and gut- tural letters. The aim to lessen these difficulties will explain most of the departures in the following pages from what might otherwise seem a more logical method of treatment. The plan therefore has been to insist mainly on the verbs and to explain the elements only as they are needed for immediate use in the paradigms, introducing other portions of the accidence at the point where they seemed to fit in best or were required for the exercises or where it was desired to dwell for a longer time on the verb that is being studied. The whole question of half-open syllables and intermediate shewa has been left untouched. The avoidance of the needless confusion and discouragement they cause was thought sufficient warrant for omitting what for the present are at best matters of uncertainty.^ The same motive will also explain the absence of certain other technicalities in pronunciation and transliteration. The exercises are based entirely on the selections from Holy Scripture that are placed at the end. They will therefore serve at the same time as matter for drill and as a preparation for reading, while the same word list will suffice for both. In con- nection with the exercises some short rules of syntax have been inserted. Owing to the brevity and fewness of the selections a certain sameness in the exercises was almost unavoidable. But it is hoped that whatever drawbacks result from confining them to 1 Cf. Gesenius, Kautzsch-Cowley, ed. 1910, n. 10, d ; n. 46, d. / iv PREFACE SO narrow a range will be more than compensated for by the advantages gained. For after the elements have been mastered by their aid and the selections themselves have been studied, the student will be in possession of a considerable vocabulary, will be familiar with the more regular forms of the Hebrew sentence and so will find himself fairly well equipped to proceed with the ordinary aids to do his part " lest that precious heavenly treas- ure of sacred books which the Holy Ghost has so munificently bestowed upon men lie neglected." ^ 1 Cone. Trid., Sess. V. Woodstock College, February 2, 1918. CONTENTS Alphabet Vowels. Vowel letters, Masoretic points, Full and defective writing Shewa. Silent, Vocal. Dagesh. Forte, Lene . WoKD ACCENT. SYLLABLES. Open, Closcd : Metheg COIXCIDENCE OF DIFFERENT POINTS Verbs. Inflection, Preformatives, Afformatives . Verb Forms. Names and meaning NiPHAL Nouns. Gender, Number, States .... PlEL, PUAL, HiTHPAEL Relations of nouns. Inseparable prepositions. Article Pronouns. Personal, Demonstrative, Relative, Interrogative HiPHIL. HOPHAL Simple verb ; Summary Metathesis of sibilants. Assimilation of dentals, Shortened and lengthened forms. Consecutive 1, Intransitive verbs in _ and .l. Guttural letters. Mappik : Furtive Pathah : Article with guttural Guttural verbs : 7 guttural verb Vowel changes. Unchangeable and Changeable vowels : Makkeph . ■JJ guttural verb New Syllables. Shewa before Shewa. Interrogative particle H : Pretonic Kames S guttural verb Kere and Ketihb : Yahwe ......... Verbs with weak radicals J omission of letters 38 pverb 39 ^^verb 41 13? and •':; verb 42 ifiverb 43 Punctuation : Pause 44 Nouns with pronominal suffixes 45 First class, with unchangeable vowels 46 Second class, with changeable vowels 48 Third class, Participles : Fourth class, Segolates .... 51 Fifth class. Defective Segolates 65 Verbs with pronominal suffixes 56 Prepositions and Adverbs with pronominal suffixes ... 58 Numerals. Cardinals, ordinals 59 Paradigms of verbs 62 Selections for reading 89 Hebrew Word List . . 99 English Word List 107 Index 109 Rules of syntax: Kinds of sentences : Order of words: Attributive and predicate adjectives : Use of article 19 Use of pronouns 22 Comparison of adjectives 40 Use of relative 68 ACCIDENCE OF HEBREW GRAMMAR ALPHABET X Aleph H silent n a Mem M a Beth B I 2 D Nun N : Gimel G Samek S 1 Daleth D S Ayin H silent n He H •n e Pe P 1 Waw W r if Sade Shard 1 Zayin Z Koph K n Heth H| ^ttural Resh R D Teth T ■^ Sin S 1 Yod Y t Shin Sh 3 Kaph Lamed K L n Taw T 1. All these letters are consonants and are read from right to left. *1 D ? ^ r ^^^ final. ^ with a dot over the right arm is sh ; with the dot over the left arm it is s. 3 J *^ ^ g f] with a dot in them are pronounced as in English ; without this dot they are aspirated. These six letters make up the mnemonic word BeGaDKePheTh. 2 VOWELS EXERCISE ns fb nn "h m sj p ti na dj sx pjs ns n'u7 n^ "ija pn no ns f s ■!ix'?a tt^Ki ^^v bn nno n^s ma |s:j ti.p bxiau^ nbtyn^ mpa -lania asti^a Note. — In the five following exercises letters underlined are to be trans- literated by a single character. brk sm npsh gm zh dr mdbr shm ph kn lir yd krn bn mlk Ihin Ik bth zwb mdyn rgl pry gbr gwy dwd yrd nbl ywm mym pig VOWELS 2. As long as Hebrew was a spoken language there was no regular method of representing the vowels. The pronunciation of a given word had to be known from the context or from tradi- tion. Thus *n3T could stand for dabar, dober, dibber^ etc. Vowel Letters The long vowels — always sounded as in Latin — could be vaguely indicated by the weak consonants, S H 1 "^ • X = «, e, 1,0. ) = 0, u. ^ = a, e, 0. ^ = e, i. The vowels thus vaguely indicated by a consonant are called the cognate vowels of that consonant. EXERCISE ns ns) aia xb S3 di3 nis t^a nx nn n^^ bMit nnin n^: nn nbv d)d hdo r^)^ t:; 'f2 bss^a DTtt^ Knp ^na ^Dia^ mn^ n^n jjaip MASORETIC POINTS 3 lo pe dwid ruth dob shaul din lun gur bruk mi hrim na sum ythro muth mshe rosh Masoretic Points 3. To preserve the correct traditional pronunciation a system of points was invented about the eighth century. This system is called masora, meaning tradition or teaching. The inventors are called masoretes, and the points, masoretic points. Long Vowels kames a » md sere 6 tt me hirek gadol i a ml holem 6 b mo shurek a itt mu Short Vowels pathah & e md segol 6 IP me hirek katon I » ml kames hatuph 6 » mo kibbus a a mu Obscure Vowels simple shewa 6 » me compound shewa hateph pathah a '5 md hateph segol e e me hateph kames 6 » mo 4 FULL AKD DEFECTIVE WRITING EXERCISE ntt^ nx ■!|-i.'^ -i5?3 ]p] nns ^5X "it??x nn^n j'pB "^i;:! ni» nitt ns"! vx ^77^ 'jna nT j'an T : T T labash halal dabar r6g6l bashar yarad yored dgrSk barak naphal koben muth dor maw6th balak gadol p6l6g laham dawid min mayim Full and Defective Wfcittng 4. Wherever the masoretes found one of the weak consonants (n. 2) standing for a vowel, they allowed it to remain in the text and indicated its exact value by adding the appropriate vowel point. Thus, for example, the different values of J^ are indi- cated : Ji{3 bay he went; Siftt mose, finding ; ^^ lo,not; XSV yosi, he sends. The consonant so remaining is said to quiesce in its cognate vowel (n. 2). When a long vowel is thus indicated by a quiescent consonant and a vowel point, it is said to be written fully ; when indicated by a point only, it is said to be written defectively. In T'^'^ Daivid, David, the ^ is written defec- • T T tively; the *^__ is written fully. Completed Vowel System long short obscure Wbitten Fully Written Defkotivblt A s_ n_ _ _...._ T T T - t V I V (S^) ^ _ oxrii - _...._ T t: U 1 - SHEWA. DAGESH 5 EXERCISE tt7xi 1^9 "pn^ Kit', nil nv iss nbr^ ty-'X p]i9 obis nt:^^^ riK-i "^in an d^o niD t'ii lis? hHD^K) oTibK nn^s ^osos onsj npsi: njno D^oty "^iKty 2tv • - T T V zub kidon yom Shaul Elohim taw6k shamayim Dawid sham shem rosh yosheb SHEWA 5. The sign shewa _ is placed under a letter that has no vowel. At the beginning of a syllable it is called vocal shewa and denotes a slight emission of the breath, like e in competition; fp in DnbtOp ketaltem, ye have killed. Silent shewa marks the end of a syllable ; "^ in the above word. Silent shewa is not used at the end of a word ; 2S ^*^> father. But it is used in *?[ to distinguish it from ? ; ^7© melek, king. When a word ends in two consonants, silent shewa is used with both; p)^{2p katalt, you killed. Shewa, whether silent or vocal, is called simple shewa. Com- pound shewa is made up of one of the short vowels and a simple shewa ; it is used mostly in connection with the gutturals Ji{ J^ n ». DAGESH 6. Dagesh is a dot placed in a letter. Dagesh lene removes the aspiration from 3 Jl T D B fl (begad kepheth, n. 1) ; ^ in ribtOp • Dagesh forte doubles any letter in which it is placed ; •pt^P kittely he slew. 6 WORD ACCENT. SYLLABLES Dagesh in ^ 3 T 3 B D ^^^^ °o vowel preceding is dagesh lene: HB P^^ mouth; preceded by a vowel it is dagesh forte: j^plX atta^you; ^S3 naphal, he fell ; ^B|i yippol, he lies. EXERCISE ^nn niaa ntpri:^ annni* ^^^ ^i^ ^51 ^ntybs nana nnsn tr^^a^^. t?ab nab ^b? prjr |Tns gadol gibbor hinne midbar Abraham shaphat mishpat Pellshti k6l6b Yithro Perizzi taw6k mlttok labashta talbish WOED ACCENT 7. Most words are accented on the last syllable. Some, like f^ and certain parts of the verb, are accented on the penult. SYLLABLES 8. A syllable regularly begins with a consonant. If it begins with two consonants, the first has a vocal shewa; QripDp ketaltem. But the conjunction 1 and, which is always joined to the next word, becomes ^ before h ^ B and before words beginning with a vocal shewa; 'rhf2^ ^^^^^^ (^^^ "^^^V' """^ ^^^ ^"'^^' a^nai uUrub (for a^nai)' «^^ ^^^ cherub. 9. An open syllable is one that ends in a vowel ; p in ^ttp katal, he killed; ^y U, to me. A closed syllable is one that ends in a consonant ; ^^ in the above word. SYLLABLES. COINCIDENCE OF POINTS 7 An unaccented open syllable usually has a long vowel. There- fore _ in ^^p is kames. An unaccented closed syllable has a short vowel. Therefore _ in ^50 pn ^oktaly he was put to death, is kames hatuph. Like- wise _ in ^JJp kittel, he slew, is hirek katon. An accented sj^lable whether open or closed may have a long or short vowel ; ^]^ in ^JOp) ^B i^ StSp- 10. To show that a syllable is open the sign metheg _ is placed under the letter ; H 7J?p katela, she killed. Metheg there- fore usually shows that the vowel is long and that the following shewa is vocal; H^^^X oJcela, she ate; nbSS okla, food. T : |T T : T EXERCISE Transliterate into English : give the name and value of each masoretic point; note the open and closed syllables and assign the reason. nriK bw^ rh% ^in bi^p Sap iisa n^n I T I" |t:- "t:- t- tt:- ^b^6|pn btoj-pn ^n? ^^^^^^ "^^^{^^ ^''^tpp T^'1^ COINCIDENCE OF DIEFEKENT POINTS 11. a. At times the diacritical point of 1J} coincides with :_ . \y is o-sh when the preceding letter has no other vowel ; nty^ Moshe, Moses. \y is so when it begins a syllable and has no other vowel; KOtt? sone, hating. 8 VERBS '^ is sho wlien it begins a syllable and has no otber vowel ; *n^^ shomer, guard. It is o-s wben it is in the middle of a word and is followed by a vowel ; nty*? ^^^> ^^^^- ^^ is os at the end of a word or syllable ; tySPl tephos, hold. b. '] is wo when a vowel precedes ; 7'iJJ awon, wicA;c(ine««. It is o-w when a vowel follows ; HIt) ^ot^c, cleavitig. c. ^ with a vowel preceding and following ia *\ with dagesh forte, otherwise it is shurek ; "^^JJ iwwer, blind; "^^5? *^> awafc*. Inpinitivb VERBS 12. Verbs are inflected mainly by the addition of syllables at the beginning or end of the root. Those at the beginning are called preformatives ; those at the end, afformatives. There are five parts : perfect, imperfect, infinitive, imperative, participle. ^gp h€ killed Pbrfbct sg. 3 m. T^lDp ka-tal' 3f. nbtOD ka-tela' T : |,T 2 m. nb^5 ka-tal'-ta T : - |t 2f. Ph^p ka-talt' 1 ^Ph^p ka-tal'-ti pi. 3 ibfiP ka-telu' construct absolute sg. 2 m. 2f. 2 m. Ori^^p ketal-tem' pi. 2 m. 2f. 1 l7top ketal-ten' 2f. ^j^P ketol b'llDp ka-tol' Impekativb hbp ketol "h^P kit-li' l^top kit-lu' nj^lDp k§tol'-na VERBS Imperfect 8g. 3 m. htp' yik-tol' pi. 3 m. ibiPp^ yik-telu' 3f. btepn tik-toi' 3f. njbtOpri tik-tol'-na T . 1 • ■ 2in. ^bpn tik-tor 2 m. I^Dpri tik-telu' 2f. i^JOpn tik-teli' 2f- nobtSpn tik-tol'-na 1 bbpS ek-tol' T . 1 , 1 hbpi nik-tol' Participle active bijp ko-tel' passiye ^IJOp ka-tul' Afformatitbs pf. sg. 3 f. n_ 2 m. ri T 2f. I^ 1 ^n pi. 3 1 2 m. nil 2f. |p 1 « Impf. 3g. 2 f. "i_^ pi. 3 m. ?) 2, 3 f. nj Prbformatitbs Impf. sg. 3 m. «^ 3f. n 2 m. n 2t n 1 K pi. 3 m. ^ 3f. n 2 m. n 2f. n 1 1 10 VERBS Perfect 13. The simplest form is 3 singular masculine. It is there- fore placed first. Only afformatives are used. The vowel afformatives [^_ and ^ change the preceding vowel to vocal shewa. The consonant afformatives Qf] and 1p\ change the _ of the first radical to vocal shewa. The accent is on the penult in 2 singular masculine and 1 singular and plural. Infinitive, Imperative, Imperfect 14. The construct infinitive is usually the base of the impera- tive and imperfect. In the imperative only afformatives are used. In the imperfect both preformatives and afformatives are used. The vowel afformatives "^^ and ^ change the preceding vowel to shewa. The parts with the afformative J^J have the accent on the penult. EXERCISE nbipi;^ ^bap ibtpp biap Vitop b^p bap •^nbtop btp: ™btopn ^jbep ]f)b^\? nsij ms-i ns^n nar nnaa n32 : • : - T : : • : : • : : - t : |T QFish^ ntib^ ffibtyx labirn ^sht' is'^ty •••:-: T : : I : v : : • : : • : |T They killed. She killed. You (sg. m.) killed. We were kill- ing. You (f. pi.) were killing. I was killing. I killed. She was killing. He was killing. You (sg. f.) killed. You (pi. m.) were kill- ing. We killed. They killed. We were great. He has been great. They were great. You (sg. f.) are great. I drew. I was drawing. Draw. To draw. They drew. You (pi. m.) drew. VERB FORMS 11 VERB FORMS 15. By regular modifications of the root a series of forms is derived expressing the passive, intensive, causative, reflexive. The model verb used by the old grammarians was ^5?B paal, he worked. The derived forms of ^^Q are : ^S£3 niphal, pas- sive ; ^5?B piel, intensive active ; ^SS pual, intensive passive ; b^SSn hiphil, causative active ; ^SSH hophal, causative pas- sive; ^ySnn hithpaely le^Q^iYQ. These derived forms of the verb ^S3 ^^^ ^^ed to designate the corresponding forms of any verb. The simplest form of a verb, that corresponding to ^|SS itself, is called the kal ('^p light, simple) ; its passive is called the niphal. The intensive active is the piel; passive, the pual. The causative active is the hiphil ; passive, the hophal. The reflexive is the hithpael. The old model verb ^^g is replaced by the simpler verb "PJOS ^e killed. The paradigm on pages 8-9 is for the kal. Pre- formatives, afformatives, accent, and vowel change are usually the same in all forms. 16. Tense in Hebrew means only the stage of the action. The perfect denotes complete, the imperfect incomplete, the participle continued action. The time of the action, past, present, or future, is to be found in the context. 17. The construct infinitive is the ordinary infinitive. It is so called because it is construed with other parts of speech. The absolute infinitive is used alone to express the idea of the verb in an abstract way, or with finite verbs to denote intensity, repetition, or duration; *?j'^^r) ^1^^ V^'^ ^^^^ surely rule. 12 NIPHAL NIPHAL 18. The perfect, the participle, and sometimes the absolute infinitive, prefix J. The construct infinitive and sometimes the absolute prefix ^ and have dagesh forte in the first radical. The preformative of the imperfect replaces the ^ of th« infinitive. "?Dp5 ^^ ^^^ killed Perfect " h ' Infinitive construct ^tOSn hik-ka-tel' sg. 3 m. 3f. h^pi nik-tal' nbtpp? nik-tela' 2 m. rib to 53 nik-tal'-ta ribtopj nik-talt' Tib to 53 nik-tal'-ti 21 1 pi. 3 2 m. Dribtop3 nik-tal-tem' 2f. tribtopj nik-tal-ten' 1 13b to 53 nik-tal'-nu lbtop3 nik-telu' absolute ^m. f. btopH hik-ka-tol' btop3 nik-tol' Imperative btopn hik-ka-tel' 'btopn Mk-ka-teli' • : ||T • pi. m. ibtopn hik-ka-telu' : ||T • f. n3bto5n hik-ka-ter-na T : • I T • Imperfect sg.3m. btop'' yik-ka-tel' 3f. btoSn tik-ka-tel' 2 m. btoSn tik-ka-tel' •• |t • 2f. ''btopn tik-ka-teli' • : ||T • 1 btoSS ek-ka-tel' pi. 3 m. ibtoP*' yik-ka-telu' : j|T • 3f. n3btopri tik-ka-ter-na 2 m. ibtoSn tik-ka-telu' 2f.n3btopr) tik-ka-ter-na 1 bto53 nik-ka-tel' Participle b^p3 nik-tal' NOUNS. NUMBER. GENDER 13 EXERCISE nobttjpn b^i-jK ib^p? ^-"pt^p^ ^^P> ^^\^> ^^p) -inoj bDp" '7t2pn nbtopj ibtsp^ I'^i^pn ibapn - : • -It- ■ |t • T : - |: • : |,t • : I it • : |,t • iriDj -inon inDS nnD" -inD" •• T ■ •• T • "TV : T • •• T • They were killed. You (sg. m.) will be killed. To be killed. We shall be killed. She was killed. You (sg. m.) have been concealed. To be concealed. I have been concealed. I am con- cealed. She is concealed. They are concealed. We have been concealed. We are concealed. NOUNS Gender and Number 19. There are two genders: masculine and feminine; and three numbers : singular, dual, and plural. The masculine singular has no special ending ; Q^Q sus, horse, *n3T cZa5ar, word, ^"l^n** yehudi, Jew. The feminine singular has the ending j^, J^ or none ; HDID T susa, mare, n^*lin^ yehudiyya, and n^^l^H^ yehudith, Jewess, QJ^ em, mother. The masculine plural ends in Q"^_ ; Q^DID susim, horses. The feminine plural ends in ]^"j ; fllD^D susoth, mares. The masculine dual ends in Q''_ ; fr0 kaph, palm, C^S kappdyim, both palms. The feminine dual ends in 0*"^— 5 HB^ sapha, lip, Q^flB'tt^ sephathdyim, both lips. 14 NOUNS. STATES States 20. The subordination of one noun to another is denoted by placing them side by side. The subordinate noun comes first, and is said to be construed with the other or in the construct state ; it usually undergoes some change ; *n3^ word, "^pQ ^^"'1 debar melek, the word of a king, A noun that is not subordinate to another is in the absolute state. The regular way of expressing the genitive relation is to place the word denoting the thing possessed first in the construct state, ^2*^ the word of, with the word denoting the possessor following in the absolute state, ^pfi the king. Formation of the Construct State 21. If any change takes place, it is usually only in the defec- tively written long vowels, __ and __ (n. 4). In the masculine singular these vowels become _. in the last syllable and _ in the first; 1^\ zaken, old man; construct ?5^ zekan. In the feminine singular the ending J^_ becomes J^_ ; HJtt? T - T T shana, year; construct J^J^y shenath. In the masculine plural and dual the endings Q''__ and Q^_ are changed to '^_ ; CD ID ^^orses; construct ''D^D ^^^^• In the feminine plural the only change is in the vowels _ or T __ ; ri'lO^ shanoth, years; construct fllJtt? shenoth. T : In the feminine dual the ending changes as in the masculine plural ; D^TlB^I^j construct TlBtt^ siphthe. NOUNS. PIEL, pu.^x, HITHPAEL Paradigm Masculine Feminine sg. abs. C1D horse HDID wci^^ est. C^iD nmo pi. abs. U^'0'\U niDiD est. ^D-iD niDiD sg. abs. ^3*1 t^^'orci T\IV year est. -13^' nji pi. abs. Dns^ n'us^ est. ni^ nui^ dual abs. Q*S3 pa^ms DV&p im est. ^B3 ^naty 16 EXERCISE tD^ab r2S^*» :Tn, is"! :bis"^ ann ja»n'^>$ m.in tp^ia n.^'s< :i:^^s niJt^ :nan'po njip The word of scoffers. The horses of Saul. The oppression of the Philistine. The years of Moses. The judgment of the just. The law of God. The sword of the man of battle. PIEL, PUAL, HITHPAEL 22. All these forms have dagesh forte in the second radical. Piel and pual have vocal shewa under the preformatives of the imperfect. In piel perfect the _. of the second radical is changed to _. before consonant afformatives. 16 PIEL, PUAL, HITHPAEL a? o =§>. *c3 i^ ^. :j d ^ •d d ^ p— 1 1— t 1— ( 1— 1 r— 1 r— 1 I— < >— H r-H ^ ii J s >^ ^ J ii -2 rd ."^ ^ ^ 4i 4i ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ■4^ c3 ^ 4 4 cS Cq c3 risi pi*) r^ pf 4 4 Qj P. f^ rd rCl ,d P^ rd rd rl^ pd Pd Ji "^ B ^ ^ +3 +3 q3 +3 -jJ 3 ^3 -j^ +3 ■« 13 'o 'r^ • ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ i-d ^ i^ Id 1 i 13 n n n n n n n n n P^ a > g C" c; c c; c r; c; c; 1:; c; 1 h- 1 'i ^ f^ .r^ .nLO. .r^L^nL r^ . IX 0. nL . a w ^= o v^' ^' v^. ^ ^' ^, v^» ^ ^•^ J-- o S J^ J^H,J\..J^..J^..J^ J^••J^..J^.. j^ M Ph n n & G c -^ n; fT". ** §■ Id ® a 2 ^ '« Ph 1 ^ ^ 1- 25 3 2. :^ -d 1 1 1 p— H p-H Xi *. i 'ta 1^ ii >^ J ^ 3 S 3 ^ i§ ^ 3 d iS rS -^^ ^ ^ 4i ^ ^ J. 4i> 4i 4i 4i c3 s^ ^ d d d d d d d d li a> 05 -^ ^ pi^ ,14 r^ ^ M pisi piil ri4 piej 1 1 o $-1 0) Pi i nn [fl: if^r^:: ■.f^fllfl. ifii- rk : n. irk -S a s ^' ^ v^. ^ v^» ^ ^' ^ v^. ^' ^ QJ 'S ^.J^ .J^H J^ J^ ^ J^ .J^ J^ ^x^ ,J^ .J^ 1 n & e G '^ C glp .^ ^ -^ '■^ M n & m e '^ £; c 5? ^ 5 pd •iH 'Ph 1 a CO d <+-H a rH CO C^ CM C^ rH 1 "S 2 (SS" 'P< PIEL, PUAL, HITHPAEL 17 ^ i^ ^ X. X, <3j >a) >aj a> a? -^ -4^ -M .4^ -4^ ^ 4i ^ ^ ^ c^ c3 c^ c^ cd M M M M M ^ ^ ^ Jj Ji «3 ei 1 V 2 s 's S 1 ^9 2 s 3 ^ ! 4 ^ J ^ J 1 4 Ji ^ ^ ji :g ^ Jz r5 ^ -<-> ^ ng ^ ^ n n n n j- c g c 5c f- e e r; p u r; c; c; i:; n c; c i:; r; i% c r; c; }=^ c fli a ^ V^ j< ^: ^: ^ ^ }< V^ ^ V^ fJ a: J^ J^ J^ J^ --■ J^ J^ .J^ J^ -i- JT J^ J^ *-■ J^ ^ ^ ^ A -^ ^ ^ ^ 4^ -^ ^ ^g' ;S >© ;5 ^ >£ >'S >S ;S >2 § ^ r^ rk r^ r^ k: ri: n::: ri: Sr ri -^ j^ J^ J^. j^ -i- j^ j^ j~^ -"^ ^ ce ^ ^ ^^ ^ fl 3 -^i >a:i >aj OJ -•J ■^ -^ -M ^ ^ 4i ■M 4i ce c3 ce c5 >a) ^ ^ ^ ^ >~i a» CI) >(V -4^ -M ^i ^ 4i ci 3J >!) >u n ee o3 1 1 >a) >:3 >% 4^ +3 -•-:> Pi 4i r^ n^ hl nL jk; g e g x- j^; g g g p. n JT^ j^ j^ j^ p; ^ la ^ ^ fj v^ 'tt3 nt" Sx-it"^ c'j :rs3 bs^ '???3n nn T? b'i:ri '^\tb^r} n'ribn -i?p; tnaiD 20 PRONOUNS. PERSONAL The champion of the Philistines approached the camp of Israel. The land of Egypt (was) good. David said to Saul, " God has delivered the mighty Philistine into the hand of a youth." The truth of the God of Israel is unto everlasting. PRONOUNS Personal 25. Personal pronouns are separate words only when they are used as subjects. In other relations they appear in shorter form as suffixes to the particle or word on which they depend. Subject Object by, in to, for from 8g.l 2 m. 2f. 3 m. 3f. pl.l 2 m. 2f. 3 m. 3f. p53X 1 '58 T - m sin f ^3ri5S 1 i3ri; ops |ns njns T •• - on ■jjris ins nni< '5 13 naa uns 133 05ns 033 (pr^^) P3 ons D3 (anns) loo? qns) «»tii**^ ^ T V T D3[l0'p,D,'1^ (I H^l 103 1^:5 i4)? yh i3aa D3a nsnb ana I0» PRONOUNS. DEMONSTRATIVE, RELATIVE, INTERROGATIVE 21 EXERCISE nnsi K^n nsh int^nbt^ t'H Kim nnx ns3 T-: V tt:- : t- T : • V V • T I - T • - T - 2nnn "piK •n'ps: tsj'pp Tib n^jri lb tn.^'pa nssp A man of battle (is) he and you (are) a shepherd. They have the spear, you (pi.) have the sword, and we have the Name of the God of Israel (say to them, etc.). You snatched the spear from him. You have the sword and the spear; the king gave them to you ; slay the Philistines with them. Dkmonitrjltivb 26. ig. m. ri] 1 , pi- n bs ^^••s rithis ^ f. nsil Kelative 27. The particle *^tt?S serves as a relative pronoun. Another form is ^ joined to the next word and usually followed by _ and dagesh forte ; *l*1^ty sheyyored, who is descending. Interrogative 28. The interrogative pronouns are ^f2 ^^^ persons and ^f2 T for things. ^f2 is often joined to the next word by the sign makkeph " and a dagesh, called conjunctive dagesh; Ht^n^ mazze, whcU u this f 22 VERB. HIPHIL, HOPHAL At times ^ is dropped and the f^ is joined to the next word like the article ; H'Ttt ^^^^ *s this ? ^0 ) Htt J HtyS > ty ^^® ^Is^ ^sed as indefinite pronouns. T V -: EXERCISE Syntax. — R. 6. The demonstrative as an adjective may take the article when its noun does ; H-],"! O'lTl i^i^ day. R. 7. The interrogative and relative pronouns come before the verb or predicate; IIH'^S ItTi^ \)k^T] the flock ivhich belonged to Jethro. ■'Six tnnx ^^2 tiantes ink nty» jto inn'''? T T - • T : • - V - T : • : tsin rn» ins inn^ ^xn'ty^ '!t':io 'r'isty':' mv I T : • I •• : • •• T : • ) v v t : v v :i'i Who (are) these? These are Philistines whom God will deliver into the hand of Israel this day. Who is that youth ? That is David who slew the champion of the Philistines. What is that in the hand of David? With that sling he slew Goliath. HIPHIL, HOPHAL 29. The *'_ of hiphil is changed to _ before the consonant afformatives of the perfect, and to _ before ^^ of the impera- tive and imperfect. Before all vowel afformatives it remains unchanged and its syllable has the accent. The first vowel __ is changed to _ in the infinitive and its derivatives. The first vowel of hophal is 6 (nn. 9, 10). VERB. HIPHIL 28 HIPHIL ^"•tOpn ^^ caused to kill Perfect 8g. 3 m. b^lppn liik-til' 3f. n^^tjpn Mk-ti'-la Infinitive est. h"']^pr[ liak-til' abs. ^''JOpn liak-tel' 2 m. flbi^Dn bik-tal'-ta T : - |: • 1 Imperative ■^ri^Dpn hik-tal'-ti sg. m. btPpH liak-tel' pi. 3 ib'ppn bik-ti'-lu f. 'h'^^p^ hak-ti'-li 2 m. Dri^Ppn bik-tal-tem' pi. m. ^b^ippH tak-ti'-lu 2f. jribippn tik-tal-ten' f. n^bttpH bak-tel'-na 1 libl^pn tik-tal'-nu Imperfect Sg. 3 m. 3f. 2 m. 2f. 1 b'^ap'^ yak-til' pi. 3 m. ^'^^Ty^ yak-ti'-lu 1 b^tPpn tak-til' b^tPpri tak-til' ^b'^ppri tak-ti'-li b-^BpS ak-til' 3f. nj^DDO tak-tel'-na T : •• I : - 2 m. ib^'ppri tak-ti'-lu 2 f- n^bl^Pn tak-ter-na T : "1: - 1 b''£DDJ nak-til' Participle b'^BP^ mak-til' 24 VERB. HOPHAL HOPHAL T'lDDiT ^^ ^^^ executed Perfect sg. 3 m. ^^Pn hok-tal' 3f. n^DDn hok-tela' T : |: T 2 m. Pl^DSn tok-tal'-ta T : - |: T : : - I : T 1 ^^Flhh^T] hok-tal'-ti Imperfect Sg. 3 m. SlD5^ yok-tal' - |:t 3f. baDn tok-tal' - |: T 2 m. Sar^n tok-tal' - I: T 2f. *'btD5n tok-teli' • : |: T 1 b^pH ok-tar pi- 3 iblOpn liok-telu' pi. 3 m. ^^JOft'' yok-telu' 2 m. DribfiDDH hok-tal-tem' 3 f. nSbl^DD tok-tal'-na V : - I : T T : - I : T 2 f. jri^apn liok-tal-ten' 2 m. ^^Jppn tok-telu' 1 IJ^DDH hok-tal'-nu 3 f . nJ^DDD tok-taF-na : -|: T T : - |: T 1 btoSi nok-tal' Infinitive btOSn tiok-tal' Participle ^DD^ mok-tal' SIMPLE VERBS 26 EXERCISE t±i' cnhnb •urban bs nn b^sty n^^r^n • T • : • : • : - • • t t • |: • i:ri-i3n tib Ti'S ]r-\t' iT.n ns "^ban •^^a'ptt tbsnt". \i':>s p|"in rsi The king clothed the man of battle with armor. The servant is clothed with the armor of the king. The armies are brought together for battle. Clothe us with the armor and we will cut off the scorner. The God of Israel is with us. SIMPLE VERBS 30. This class includes all verbs like ^t05 consisting of three strong non-guttural radicals, i.e. any three letters except ^ a. The accent is on the penult before the afformatives ri > "R > 13> ™- T b. A vowel afformative is accented and changes the preceding vowel to shewa, except in hiphil. c. In the perfect a consonant afformative changes the preceding vowel to _ . d. In perfect kal the _ under the first radical becomes shewa, when not immediately followed by the accent. e. Wherever (^ occurs as a prefix in the infinitive it is re- placed by the preformative in the imperfect and participle. (PARADIGM I) 26 METATHESIS. SHORTENED AND LENGTHENED FORMS Metathesis 31. In case the first radical is one of the sibilants, 1 D SJ tJ^ > it changes place with the f) of the prefix in hithpael ; *1fin^*n (^^^ HStynn) ^^ '^^^ ^^ ^"^ guard. JJ changes the J^ to 53; p'ltOifil (^^^ p'litriil) he justified himself. When the first radical is a dental, T tD IH > *^® T\ ^^ assimi- lated; nS*^^ (for ^iS'^J^p) conversing. EXERCISE T : • - V V - •• • T I - T in>5 tr^a^: t^x-i b? n!?"nb 5?5ip ■sjban |n3 . . .. ^ . . .. . .. ... - T I tnnx D^a jSbs bint:? rss t^iSisn n^a nsnx T - - V V : T I • : •-:-:- : v : v You will not be delivered into the hand of the Canaanites. God said to the children of Israel, " I have placed you in the land as a tree planted by a brook of water." They will not be clothed with armor. A sword has not been drawn. I have not cut them off. Shortened and Lengthened Forms 32. The imperfect may be used as a subjunctive, optative or im- perative. In that case the last vowel of 2 and 3 singular is often shortened; bttiP*^ ^^^^ b'^SPp'^ '■> while 1 singular and plural are lengthened by the ending H- ; H^DpS , ^hl^^i- T T : |: V T : |: • The imperative masculine singular may be lengthened in the same way; H^t^p ^<^^^« (^^- ^j ^^)- Forms ending in ^ and ^_ sometimes add ? ; p^ppfl V^'^ were killing. CONSECUTIVE V INTRANSITIVE VERBS. GUTTURALS 27 Consecutive ^ 33. A perfect or imperfect may have a ^ prefixed to denote that it is subordinated to the preceding verb. This ^ is called consecutive. With the perfect it has shewa and the accent is moved forward to the last syllable ; ribl^DI • With the imper- T : - |t : feet it is prefixed with _ and dagesh forte like the article (n. 24) and the accent is moved backwards to the penult; "^12 p"! • ^^ the imperfect has a shorter form, that is used ; ^prp'V Intransitive Verbs in __ and J_ 34. Some intransitive verbs have _ for the last vowel of per- fect kal 3 singular masculine ; ^33 it was heavy. Some have _ throughout perfect kal ; fl2p ^^ ^^'^^ small. These verbs usu- ally have _ instead of _ in the imperfect. GUTTUKAL LETTERS 35. The gutturals S H Pi S *1 ^<^ ^^^ ^^^® dagesh forte. When ordinary rules require dagesh forte (nn. 18, 22, 24) Ji^ g and *^ usually compensate for its omission by lengthening the pre- ceding vowel ; *?T*|S (piel of "IIS) he adored; *l''I*n (^^r . H) the city. ^ and H ^^^ sometimes J cause no change in the pre- ceding vowel and the dagesh forte is said to be implicit ; QHi (piel of CnO) ^^ consoled. 36. The gutturals usually take _; nb^T ^^'^^^ c^- vbp- Instead of simple shewa, they take a compound shewa; Hfe^^ he stands, cf. ^\^T)^ . S ^^^^ frequently takes __ and _; 28 FURTIVE PATHAH. ARTICLE WITH GUTTURALS 37. At the end of a word or syllable Ji{ is quiescent (n. 4) ; ^ is quiescent at the end of a word unless it have the sign mappik ; HTI ^^y(^i ^6 ivas; ^^^ gabah, it was high. T T - T Furtive Pathah 38. rl H J? at the end of a word and preceded by any other than an a sound receive a _ called furtive pathah, because it is pronounced before, not after the consonant; HH*' yareah, the moon; H'^tl^^ mashiah, the Messias (anointed) ; J?^tt?^ Teshuah, Jesus; ni5 gabdah, high. - T Furtive pathah is dropped when a vowel is affixed ; ^'H'^ty tt '^V anointed. The Article with Gutturals 39. The vowel of the article before gutturals and ^ is changed as follows : __ before ^ and *-) ; QIKH ^^^^ ^«^^? ^^^H the foot, J^nSH^ ' the earth. before JJ without _ (a) ; l^mSn the column. T - T before ^ and 5 with _ (a) in monosyllables and in words T accented on the penult; THH^ the mountain, QSH^ the < T T T T people, pl^n the well. _ before ^ and p without _ (a) or _ ; X^nH this one, ~ . . ^ t: - ^^Tnn the mo7ith, H^^nn hahokma (nn. 9, 10), wisdom. V - T : T - __ before pf with _ (a) or „ ; Q^nH the ivise man, C^tTinn T t: T T V • T t: V the months. before j^ and ^ with _ (a) unaccented ; 0*^*11^(1 the moun- T -TV tains, T'iSn the sin. 1 r*n^{ » nn 1 D'^ and a few others have _ after the article. GUTTURAL VERBS 29 EXERCISE DV ni?nB bs r^tt^ ^^s :nn "ir^n nb5 - : - - T V - T T - T • T •• V -: He was a man knowing the God of Israel. That is the lion which was among the flock. They drew near to a high mountain. The shepherd approached the well with the flock. Pharao did not let the people of God go to the high mountain. GUTTUKAL VEEBS 40. Verbs with gutturals differ from ^1^5 o^^J i^ so far as the preceding rules require. They fall into three classes, accord- ing as the first, second or third radical is a guttural. Each class is named after the letter of the verb ^1^^ which corresponds to - T the guttural. Thus if the first radical is a guttural, the verb is called ^ guttural; *^t2V '^^ stood: if the second, it is called - T ^ guttural; tOntT ^^ killed: if the third, the verb is called - T ^ guttural; Plb'^T ^^ s^"^- ^ GUTTURAL VERBS 41. The 2 feminine singular perfect takes _ under the guttural to ease the pronunciation. Furtive pathah is inserted when required (n. 37). When __ precedes, the _ may elide it as in piel. The second vowel of the imperative and imperfect kal is _ instead of 1_ . (PARADIGM II) 30 VOWEL CHANGES EXERCISE ^?is rri^^en naaa v^m |3xni pKn -tn TQprt {"Tins ^nnSt^ ^six ^s nis,n "rib n\i^ ■?[»? •" 'T__i^-T • t|t- T The servant announced that he heard a cry on the high moun- tain. She sent the servant to Saul. You (sg. f .) have heard the cry of that great assembly. Moses announced to the people in Egypt that God had heard them. I (am he) who has (1 sg.) been sent to you. This (was) a sign to them that he had been sent. VOWEL CHANGES 42. Unchangeable vowels are those which are not liable to change because of a change of accent or a rearrangement of syllables. They are long vowels regularly written fully ; 751^ voice: short vowels in closed syllables; ^3^^ desei-t, Ti33 strong: short T : • vowels before implied dagesh forte, or lengthened to compensate for dagesh forte in gutturals ; QH^ ^^ consoled, *?J'nS ^^ adored (nn. 35, 39). ' * ' " " 43. Other vowels may be changed by a transfer of the accent and by the opening or closing of a syllable (nn. 8, 9, 10, 30, 32), as follows : — becomes _ , _ or _ ; T - ' V : ' ». becomes __,_,__ or _ ; L. becomes _ (o), _ (before dagesh forte), _ or _ ; With gutturals shewa is usually compound (n. 36). or vice versa. VOWEL CHANGES 31 44. A short vowel becomes long, when a closed syllable becomes open and unaccented; ^,T mountain, Q^^H: • T before S S *! when they should be doubled (nn. 35,39) : before S H 1 ^ when they are quiescent (nn. 4, 37). There are some exceptions for S H "^ • 45. A long vowel becomes short, when a closed syllable loses its accent; ^j^ law^ when an open syllable becomes closed; *nBD ^ook, 46. When two or more words are joined together by the sign makkeph ", only the last retains its accent. If the syllable thui deprived of its accent is closed, its vowel is usually shortened ; Q*1K"\?3 kol-adam (for QIS ^3 ^ol adam), every man. SJ GUTTURAL VERBS 47. The guttural takes compound instead of simple shewa (n. 35). The second vowel of the imperative and imperfect kal is _. . In piel, pual, and hithpael X and ^ are preceded by a long vowel, [^ H ^^^ S ^y 2- short vowel (n. 35). Hiphil is not affected by the guttural. In hophal the change is the same as in kal. (PARADIGM III) 32 NEW SYLLABLES EXERCISE 'lb ^t^ ^J^iT^ bnri jp pH mnb ^IQ^^ tnan^P ^'X ov ji^an IP nsj dpi'?': k"? i]h^^ n^sri'? -itTK rnbi osn np5?2£ ^nsraty stor • -: V -: I : t t | - -: - • : - t - t V -: V • - •• V - T • - : • I V v : t I will oppress Mm that oppresses (pep.) you. They are hasten- ing to the bush which is burning. You have chosen a man of battle ; we will choose a youth from the flock. David hastens to the brook to choose a stone for the sling which he has. NEW SYLLABLES 48. When a syllable begins with two letters the first must have a vocal shewa; '^'^3 scrip (n. 5). If still another letter with shewa is added, so that the syllable would begin with two vocal shewas, the first shewa becomes a short vowel (n. 43), usually _ , and the second becomes silent ; ''^^S (for ^^^S)) in a scrip. Sometimes S i T 5 S fl after the second shewa retain their aspiration, and so omit dagesh lene ; 'rflDHS (for ^^^3) like your word. 49. Simple shewa before a compoimd shewa becomes the short vowel of the compound shewa ; HtoS?^ {^^^ Tb!S^)> ^^ stand. Compound shewa before a simple shewa becomes the short vowel of the compound shewa; ^^^5?^ (for ^*1^5?^) yddmdUf they stand; ^H^S^n (^^^ nttSU) hoomdu, they were placed. NEW SYLLABLES 33 When a syllable becomes open, because the following com- pound shewa has been changed into a full vowel, it need not be long, even though it have metheg (n. 10) ; ^ and J^ in the pre- ceding verbs. 50. Shewa before ^ becomes _ ; the ^ quiesces in its cognate vowel (n. 2) and drops its shewa; n^l^H*''^ (for HIIH*''^)? for Juda. Shewa before J^ becomes _ . But as _ is cognate to ^ , _ is dropped and JiJ quiesces in _ . This _ may then be length- ened to _ . In this way D'^Ht^^^ becomes successively D^nbsb, D^ibsb, D^ibsb to God. Likewise _ before Ji^ becomes _ in which Ji^ may quiesce ; "^ynX 7 (^^^ ^O'lX'^) for the Lord. 51. The interrogative particle ^ , which is prefixed to the first word of the sentence, usually has _ ; X^H ^"^ **^ ^^t f Before _ it has _ with dagesh forte ; 72^ H {^^^^.U it be) to a son f Before gutturals with _ (a) or _ it has _ ; ^^iSH ^^ *^ ^ ^ T t: V • T v Before gutturals with other vowels it has _ ; "TTpKH ^^^^^^ I go? 52. Vocal shewa before the accented syllable often becomes _ , called pretonic kames ; JJ*]1 3ltD (^^^ S"11 SlJO) Q^od and bad. 53. When a word would end in two letters, a short vowel is inserted between them to ease the pronunciation. The accent 84 a GUTTURAL VERBS remains on the first syllable (n. 7) ; *^J^ (for ^J*^), show. But if the last letter is a mute, usually no vowel need be inserted ; P^ap (nn. 5, 41). £ GUTTURAL VERBS 54. The guttural takes a compound instead of a simple shewa. Niphal and hiphil have _. instead of _ for the first vowel of the perfect. Niphal in the construct infinitive, etc., has _ instead of _- and dagesh forte (n. 35). The compound shewas of imperfect kal, perfect niphal, hiphil and hophal are changed to the corresponding vowels when fol- lowed by a vocal shewa (n. 49). But the _ of imperative kal is changed to „ . Piel, pual, and hithpael are not affected by the guttural. (PARADIGM IV) EXERCISE :D^^bK ^2vb tib Diptt3 nbsj nias -:- v| I T : -:- t They seized the youth and enslaved him. The people of God were enslaved in Egypt. God will be served in Israel. You have stood in a place which (is) holy; we serve the God of Israel in it. KERE AND KETHIB. VERBS WITH WEAK RADICALS 35 KERE AND KETHIB 55. In the masoretic text small circles or asterisks refer to marginal readings. The reading in the text is called kethib Q^n3 Aramaic passive participle ; in Hebrew, ^^fl^)? if^ritten. " : T The marginal reading is called kere (K*1p Aramaic passive par- ticiple ; in Hebrew SlHi^); ^^<^<^- There are certain words called perpetual kere, which are always to be read otherwise than they are written, although there is nothing to indicate this in the text. JTJI^^ is written everywhere for m,*!^ Yahwe, the name of God (He that is). The reason given is this: wherever niH^ occurred the Jews, out of reverence, were wont to read ^^^X Adonay, the Lord, instead. To indicate this usage the masoretes gave the letters HIH^ ^^^ vowels of ^v"lK > ^^J changing the _. of the guttural to _ . A prefix with HIH^ ^^s given the vowel it would have with ^^X ; nln"*!, Hln^^ OHKI > T-: T- T- T "•i'nSS ^- 50)- They should be read as if written HIm^I mH^S > etc. But when HIH^ occurred with ^y^^ itself, it was to be read Q^H^K ^7 ^^^ Jews, and received the vowels accordingly; Hin^ *^i'lK (Adonay Elohim) the Lord God, where we should read niH^ *j1ti (Adonay Yahwe) the Lord Yahvje. VERBS WITH WEAK RADICALS 56. The classes of verbs that follow have a weak radical, J$ jT ") "^ 3 . Like the guttural verbs they are named after the radicals of ^^^ . The radical of ^^^ shows the position of - T - T the weak raxiical, and the weak radical itself denotes the class to 36 HS VERBS which the verb belongs ; ^f^S is a ^S (pe aleph) verb, Sl£fi - T T T is X^ (lamed aleph), pj'^jl is j^*^ (lamed he), etc. SB VERBS 57. A few verbs beginning with Ji{ differ from ordinary g gut- turals in imperfect kal, where the Ji{ quiesces in I_ , the second vowel is _ or _ and the ^ of 1 singular coalesces with the first radical. sg. 3 m. nas^ KAL Imperfect pi • 3 m. mi^X^ 3f. noKn 3f. nnasn 2 m. -lasn 2 m. ^ittKn 2f. n.pxn 2f. njiQKn T : - 1 lax 1 10X3 EXERCISE nHiari Via tbsKo k':'1 n5?3 njon tinK*' n^'X tabisb inasn a^Ktsn onsi {bsKb ini The way of the just will not perish forever. What is this wonderful (great) sight ? The bush burns with fire and the fire does not consume it. You (pi.) were saying, " The wicked shall perish." David approached the Philistine and said to him, " The birds will consume you." SS AND nS VERBS 37 Kb VERBS 58. X '^lieii fiiiS'l quiesces in the preceding vowel. It is a consonant only before vowel afformatives (n. 8). Before consonant afformatives it quiesces in _ in perfect kal, in _ in perfect of other forms, in _ in imperative and imperfect throughout. (PARADIGM V) EXERCISE tip ni^HK nin n^ptpri n^a-bs nin^ s-JiT tnibpas snp^ ^3 niT^x n^^a ^yi :sin T :|iT V : - •• : • t - -- • t tn\rt Dips? nliT atr? Knp": tna^a -isjS Moses said to Israel, " You stand on holy ground, call on the Name of Yahwe." The army of Israel cried out, "We have found David, he will meet the champion of the Philistines." And the Philistine cried out against David and scorned him, because he was a youth with beauty of countenance. nb VERBS 59. n ^3 without mappik (n. 37) and was originally ^ or rarely ^. a. ,T when final quiesces in _ in perfect, in _ in imperative, in _ in imperfect and participle, in 1_ or _ in absolute infinitive. b. Before consonant afformatives ,*7 is replaced by ^, which then quiesces in __ in perfect kal and sometimes piel, in _ in perfect of other forms, in _ in imperative and imperfect. 38 ASSIMILATION AND OMISSION OF LETTERS c. Before the afformative ,^_ the J^ is replaced by p . d. [^ is dropped before the afformatives ^ and *>_ and the ending J^*'^ of the construct infinitive. e. In the passive participle of kal the original ^ reappears. /. In the imperfect used as a subjunctive or imperative and with consecutive % the [^ with its vowel is dropped. The apoco- pated form '^i^ that is left, becomes ^yi by the insertion of _(n.53). (PAEADIGM VI) IZERCISE V -: T • • : - I : " t t v -; - - : t B^ibK -lias ta^ttttra nin^ nxn urax nirsj w( - T • - T - T : V : - -: %• -:- The people stood up to behold all that was done. God said to Moses that He is who is. Pharao saw Moses and despised him. God sees all that you do on the earth. The people of Yahwe were despised in Egypt. ASSIMILATION AND OMISSION OF LETTERS 60. 3 closing a syllable within a word is assimilated to the following letter. The following letter is usually doubled and has dagesh forte ; ^^^ (for ^^y) he approaches, njl? {^oi nrjtt) from this. Cf. colligo, corrigo; , auppio). JB VERBS 39 This explains the dagesh forte in niphal construct infinitive etc. ; ':)tt|"5n (for biip^iriy Before K H H S ^^^ *1 > which cannot be doubled (n. 35), the preceding short vowel is lengthened ; Ql^^^ (for QIS"?^) from man, "nriSH (^^^ ^niSOn) ^^ propitious. T "^ fl ^.re •• T •• •• T : • often assimilated in the same way ; *lS1^ (^^^ *l3in^) ^^^' versing, Hp"^ (^^^ Hp/"^) ^^ ta^es SI. ^ ^ ^ i with shewa at the beginning of a word are often omitted; ^^n^ (for ^JIlwK) ^e, ^^ (for ^^^) know, Hp (for npb) ^«^'e, tt?5 (for ty;3) approach. 62. Dagesh forte is usually omitted in ^; ^tSp^l (for ^^P^l) ancZ /ie s?ew; (n. 33). It is often omitted in the same way with other letters ; Q^HIS (for Dnw) ^^« &?^'K r\'^;'^hbr\ (fo^ ^b^n piei of ^^n) praise ye Yah. 63. It is also omitted in a final letter when the etymology requires that it be doubled ; p'pj (from ppH ^^ inscribed) a decree. The double letter reappears on the addition of a syl- lable ; ipH i^y decree (n. 45). |a VERBS 64. a. The first radical J is dropped or assimilated as the case may require, except in 2 plural perfect kal (nn. 60, 61). 6. The ending ^ is added to the construct infinitive of kal ; n + ^:i3 - 3 = nti = nt: (n. 53). 40 JB VERBS c. The vowel of imperative and imperfect kal is usually - . d. The first vowel of hophal is _ (nn. 43, 45). e. A verb of this class may be recognized by the dagesh forte after the preformative or prefix. /. 3 is not assimilated when the second radical is a guttural; itiy ^^ drives. V- 1P3 ^^ ^^^^' assimilates the first and last radical. The con- struct infinitive of kal is n + ]ri? - 5 = P?? = ^^ ^''' ^^^' j^ jj^ pipLj j,^ took, the h is treated throughout as if it were 3; nS'^ /le'eafces, riPlp ^^ take (D + T^py - ^)' (PAEADIGM VII) EXERCISE Syntax -R 8. Comparison is denoted by the positive of the adjective with p before the term of comparison ; DHp nil?? rnore precious than gold. Lit. precious above or 6e/ore gfoZd. Cf. prae nobis beatus. n^t2 ha ^n^bsn-nK ^i\ jns nx nssn sS|^ David looked at the great Philistine. He hurled a stone and struck him on the forehead and the champion fell to the ground. The man that was struck with the sword falls to the ground They did not take away the fallen from the place of battle. ^3? VERBS 41 David rescued the sheep from the paw of the lion. You are greater than I. David drew the sword from the scabbard of Goliath. S5 VERBS 65. a. The second and third radicals are the same. When there is no vowel between them the letter is written but once. The dagesh forte which is omitted when a final letter is doubled re- appears on the addition of a vowel (n. 63). b. The vowel is usually that which is second in the simple verb; ^^, cf. ^t2p- c. Before a consonant afformative a vowel is inserted ; "j in the perfect, •^_ in the imperative and imperfect. d. The vowel afformatives are not accented (n. 30, b). e. In niphal, hiphil, and hophal the first vowel is lengthened (nn. 9, 43, 44). /. Instead of the regular piel, pual, and hithpael these verbs usually have poel, poal, and hithpoel; i.e. instead of the second radical being doubled, '*\ is inserted before it; 32 'iD- These forms are inflected regularly. At times the first two radicals are reduplicated, thus form* ing pilpel, pulpal, and hithpalpel ; ^y^^ (from ^^2) '^^ rolled. ... _ ^ The imperfect of kal with _ for its first vowel is regular. The regular forms occur sometimes in 3 singular and plural perfect of kal ; 35D , HD2D • - T T : ,T (PARADIGM VIII) 42 IS AND "^ TEBBS EXERCISE Dns b'^n '^tH^ niT^x bbrib bn\^ri-bs isp Kin niK3i£ ni,T nn iaK»i tn^n'^ybsn Ta T : T : • T V - • : • : - t • nijns aD»i n*! nnb ins ib':5n DsnK b^Jio : - T T- : : - V : V • - :ink b'Vn'p lap nsni nn""^ "^^^^ ^P-^ By the hand of Moses Yahwe brought back Israel from Egypt. The people turned saying, " Praise Yahwe for ever and ever.'' The lion went around the flock. They will curse you and oppress you. Yahwe, Thou wilt be praised for ever, because Thou didst rescue us from the hand of Egypt. 15? AND ^^ VERBS 66. a. These verbs are named not from 3 singular perfect of kal, but from the construct infinitive. b. Unlike those of the preceding class, they have a vowel inserted before consonant afformatives only in the imperfect of kal and in the perfect of niphal and hiphil. c. In niphal, hiphil and hophal the first vowel is lengthened (n. 9). d. The vowel afformatives are not accented, except in hophal (n. 30, b). e. Piel, pual and hithpael usually become polel, polal and hith- polel ; i.e. the last radical is repeated with a vowel before it (n. 65, f). f. Some verbs like fl^^ hsLYe _ instead of __ in kal perfect and participle ; J^f^ ^^ died, etc. 67. *iJJ verbs differ from y^ only in kal, where ^ appears in- stead of *1 . In some *\^ or ^J verbs the ^ or "i is a strong radical ; HTl he waSy mj{ he ordered. ^B VERBS 48 (PARADIGM IX) EXERCISE ink ^!i jpn ins pin^ 3i"^n nns n»hn sa T V T- 1 • • T -: - T T T- D"nr':?sn lis? nv on'pn'p t^ri I'h -^t^ ^"psa V -: • - ... . . . . _ T - V T - Irani nbn ^:5?j?n Dip» an; tib'p.T^ They will place the sword of the dead champion in the hand of the youth who slew him. For the mighty Philistine has been slain and they were put to flight. Place the head of Goliath on a spear and send it (cause it to go) to Saul. That is a land flowing with milk and honey. ^a VERBS 68. Verbs of this class fall under three heads : 1. ^Q pure, in which "^ remains unchanged ; 2. ig originally ^g , in which *\ reappears after a prefix ; 3. ^Q like Jg, in which ^ is assimilated. 69. ^S pure. — They occur mostly in kal and hiphil. In im- perfect kal the radical ^ drops shewa and quiesces in the _ of the preformative (n. 50). In hiphil the radical *i quiesces throughout in _ . 70. ''S'lS — a. In kal construct infinitive and imperative of a number of these verbs the ^ is dropped. ^ is added in the infinitive as in 1S^ verbs. The imperfect has _ in both syllables. But in most cases the imperative and imperfect are as in ^Q pure. 44 PUNCTUATION b. In niphal, hiphil, and hophal the original *\ reappears. In niphal infinitive, etc., *] is doubled (n. 60). c. In hiphil imperfect the [^ of the prefix is sometimes allowed to remain after the pref ormative ; S^'tyin*' (for S'^tTV) ^^ saves. d. ^"^n is. like IS verbs in the construct infinitive, etc., of kal and in hiphil throughout ; in other forms it is a g guttural. 71. ''S"fS — Nearly all have JJ for their second radical. The ^ is treated as the J of |g verbs. (PARADIGM X) EXERCISE I'r-jtyni S5ip;ii Q'^»3 nsbb nssn b^v ih I V T T •• •• T : " T T : • • T V -: T ... V V : •• - T : " T : • •• w T T • : •• •• T : %• - V - I T - 1 • I T - The youth strove to lift the sword and could not. You (pi.) know that Yahwe will save us. I am not able to walk in this armor. It is for a man of battle. We know that the scoffers will not scoff forever. Yahwe who dwells in heaven will bring you (cause to go forth) from this land. PUNCTUATION 72. Besides the word accent (n. 7) there are clausal accents which correspond in part to our marks of punctuation. The more important are : PAUSE. NOUNS WITH PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES 45 Silluk _ under the accented syllable, with soph pasuk ♦ following at the end of the word, is the same as a period ; ♦ 2*7^1*7 the man. |T T T Athnah _ under the accented syllable is the same as a colon or semicolon ; D*lSn • AT T T Rebia L , zakeph gadol L , and zakeph katon L over the accented syllable, and segolta _ over the last letter, are all about the same as a comma ; D*^^^^ ^ D^KHj DHSH^ DISH- TTT TTT TTT TTT In poetry ole weyored _ -f is often used instead of athnah : yored _ under the accented syllable and ole _ over the pre- ceding; DIKil- -#T T T PAUSE 73. A word with silluk and soph pasuk, with athnah, and sometimes with other signs, is said to be in pause and may have its vowel modified (n. 43) and its accent transferred. A short vowel in pause becomes long; ♦ ^J^H (for ^tDD)- |T I T - I T A vocal shewa becomes a vowel and the syllable thus formed takes the accent. If the shewa stands for an elided vowel, that vowel is restored and lengthened; J H^IOD (^^^ n^DD)- ^^ T ,T |t t : |,t the shewa is compound, it becomes the corresponding long vowel ; ^wS (for ^3X) ; otherwise it will be _ ; "^^"^ (for ^3'vi?), a cap- tive, "Tj-^p:^ (for '?]'^ny), you r servant. NOUNS WITH PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES 74. The possessives my, your, his, etc., are expressed by the addition of pronominal suffixes. There are two sets of these suffixes : one for singular nouns, one for plural and dual. 46 NOUNS WITH PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES For Singular Nouns For Plural Nouns sg.l ^ my % («2/) 2 m. 2f. V V your 3 m. 1 Ms V- (««>) 3f. K her OV pl.l ii^ our ^3V 2 m. Q^T D?V 2f. Pt your PV 3 m. 3f. It their £35 > |3 > on? in ^^® grave suffixes; all the rest are light. 3 in Q5 and 1^ retains the aspiration even after a closed syllable (n. 48). First Class 75. Masculines and feminines with unchangeable vowels (n. 42). Masculine singular Feminine abs. D^D horse HD^D wa?-c T noiD »g.l 2 m. 2f. Sm. 'IDID 3f. HDID ■inpiD FIRST CLASS pl.l ^JplD ^jnoiD 2 m. d:?p^d DSriDID 2f. jPC^D priDiD 3 m. nD^D CnDID 3f. JDID ]nD« PLURAL abs. D'PID niDiD est. 'DID niDiD sg.l 'DID 'niDiD 2 m. ""DID Tj^jfliDID 2f. •^•riD •^^niDiD 3 m. VD1D ViniDID 3f. O'DID i^riiDiD pl.l ^^D^O irpiDiD 2 m. QS'DID DD'niD^D 2f. ID'DID p'niDiD 3 m. DIl'PID D,TniDiD 3f. in'DiD |,TDiDlD 47 Note.— The accent in this and the following cla.sses is regularly on the pronominal suf&x. It is on the connecting vowel wherever one occurs with a light 6ufl&x. 48 NOUNS WITH PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES EXERCISE Give construct singular, absolute and construct plural of each ; add suffixes. \']i'2 n-i'in His sign. Your (pi.) affliction. My spear. Our spear. Their breastplates. My just one. His signs. Your scrip. My signs. Their champion. Yahwe is our champion. The law of Yahwe is the breastplate of the just. Second Class 76. Masculines and feminines with changeable vowels (n. 42). Masculines. — The singular adds all suffixes to its construct (nn. 20, 21). The light suffixes leave the last syllable of the noun open and unaccented ; its vowel is therefore long (n. 9). But the grave suffixes close the preceding syllable, leaving the vowel unchanged. The absolute plural is formed by adding the ending Q^— *^ the construct singular. The construct plural drops Q of the ending and _ or _ under the second radical, leaving the form •^•^il*! ? the _ is then lengthened to __ and the first shewa be- comes a short vowel (n. 48). The light suffixes are added to the construct singular, the grave to the construct plural. Feminines. — The singular adds all suffixes to the construct singular, the plural to the construct plural. SECOND CLASS abs. est. Singular MASCULUiB ivord Plural n.ai sg.l n?1 nai - T : 2 m. 2f. 3 m. 3f. n-iai oi=i pi. 1 •• T : w'i.aT 2iii. =r15^ can.5T 2f. P151 |an.ai 3 m. =131 cnna-i 3f. n=i lO'ia^ Note. —The remaining paradigms give only one suflax of each kind sg. abs. M^ heart ia^n tt''«e est. 1. sfx. g. sfx. ^aa^ T : caaa'p aap] • T -: pi. abs. est. 1. sfx. D^aab ^aa*? 'cap] g. sfx. D5'35^ aa'ttan 49 50 NOUNS WITH PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES Feminine year sleep righteousness sg. abs. .ryw T\W npi? est. njtr^ T\W J^p12« 1. sfx. ^r^p ^ryw ^npnic g. sfx. Q5J?5^ n^ri?^ D3npis pi. abs. r^\w niJt!^ nipn^ est. n^it^ ni3tt^ rripna 1. sfx. ^TfWI^ ^n'13^ ^n'lpi^ g. sfx. UTT\\'W ns^n'iitt? D5^nip-tif EXERCISE Give eonstruct singular, absolute and eonstruct plural of eftch ; add suffixes. nan? nana T : • n3-i§a Q'1P» ■^pa T •• This is the seat of judgment. The just man will stand up in the place of counsel. The judgment of Yahwe is forever. The place of battle was in the desert of Madian. THIRD CLASS 61 Third Class 77. Participles. — Participles with the vowels _ L have the construct singular like the absolute. In the plural and with sulhxes the vowels are changed as in verbs (n. 30, b). Participles of J^"^ verbs change _ to _ in the construct singular ; in the plural and with suffixes the J^ is dropped, as in the verb with vowel afformatives (n. 59, d). Participles of "jj and ^^ verbs retain the _ or _ and so belong to the first class. Some nouns from ^'^ roots are much like the participles ; m'^ Jiehl enemy seer field sg. abs. 3.'S nin n*!'^ est. 2'.j< njn HT^ 1. sfx. '5':>5 'in ntr g. sfx. =r5'j< csfn o^l'c^ pi. abs. C'5'k D'ih D'T^y est. •5'>< 'in 'l'^ 1. sfx. •?•« 'in 'T^ g. sfx. 03'5'J< Fourth Class M't^ 78. Segolates. — A segolate noun has three radicals and two vowels, the second of which is _ , and is accented on the penult ; i7 f^ king, *lSb ^ook, ^^Ip sanctuary. 52 NOUNS WITH PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES These are typical segolates and are regarded as arising from the monosyllabic ground forms 'Tf^^ , HBD > tt^TS- ^ short vowel is inserted between the second and third radical (n. 53), which causes the first syllable to become open (nn. 8, 9). In words like ^TT^Q ^^® ^^^t vowel _ is changed to _ for euphony. Addition of Suffixes. — In the singular the construct is like the absolute. All suffixes are added to the ground form. The plural is formed as in nouns of the second class. In the construct the first vowel is that of the ground form. All light suffixes are added as in the second class, grave suffixes are added to the construct plural. When the first vowel in the singular is I_ , it usually becomes __ in the plural (n. 43). king book sanctuai-y sg. abs. i?i "15D ^T est. ti nsD ^T 1. sfx. '3b» ■'"!?P ^^1p g. sfx. 03?^'? Q31?P Q5?1p pi. abs. Q'5'?? ansp QTip est. ^5^a "1.9P '^T 1. sfx. '?^^ "iBP ^^1P: g. sfx. ns^aba B3n.?P 05^^1P The dual is usually derived from the ground form, but some- times from the plural; it adds all suffixes to the construct plural. FOURTH CLASS, SEGOLATES 68 79. Guttural Segolates. — If one of the last two radicals is a guttural, _ is inserted instead of _ (n. 36). Hence the words "IS? ^^2/, n^5 eternity, ^^_^ work, from -)S5, pi;:? , b^B • Although words of this kind have no _ , they are called segolates because they are formed on the same plan as the segolates and take suf&xes in the same way as they do. a youth eternity toorfc 8g. abs. -i:jS ml •^SB est. n?3 n^S bSB 1. sfx. n?3 v^^ "bSB t: t g. sfx. 0315?3 D^rj?:? osV?? pi. abs. Dnsj D^nv? D^bSB est. 'i.?3 V$^ ^'??B 1. sfx. ''IS? "n^? ^SSB g. sfx. n3^n.5?5 QS^niri Q5''?5?B 80. Feminine Segolates. — Feminines ending in J^ are treated as segolates ; in the plural all suffixes are added to the construct plural. , 81. Feminines derived from Segolates. — These are formed by adding f^_ to the ground form of the segolates. In the singular they are like those of the first class; in the plural they are formed on the plan of the masculine segolates and add all suf^es to the construct plural. 64 NOUNS WITH PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES FEMININE SEGOLATES enclosure sg. abs. est. 1. sfx. g. sfx. pi. abs. est. 1. sfx. g. sfx. D3p"]api? queen T : - EXERCISE Give construct singular, absolute and construct plural ; add suffixes. bn: snip -isn This stone by the road is a memorial of Yahwe. That is the champion of the Philistines. On his head is a helmet, in his scabbard is a sword. The shepherd chose stones for his sling from the brook. FIFTH CLASS, DEFECTIVE SEGOLATES 55 Fifth Class 82. Defective Segolates. — Nouns which fall short of being segolates because of a weak radical. p]^ Segolates. — The first radical has shewa and the third is original *> quiescing in __ . In other respects they are segolates. ^J^ and ^J^ Segolates. — They are segolates in the singular abso- lute only. In the construct singular and with suffixes they belong to the first class. S? J? Segolates. — Instead of a short vowel being inserted between the last two radicals, they are doubled. If the vowel is long, it becomes short on the addition of a syllable (n. 63). For the rest, they are much like the first class. }J? Segolates. — The J is assimilated to the next radical. Otherwise they are like the preceding; p|^ (for plj^, n. 60) nostril. n"? w ^5J ss fruit sickness death olive decree 8g. abs. n? ^"^O nif? nn pn est. 'n? '^Kl rriia r\'\ TO 1. sfx. '^B ^i^D T'i» v^\ pr7 g. sfx. DsnB D3^>n DSI^'lO Q^J^'i o=pn pi. abs. Q^^>n D^nio DT'I D'pn est. ">0 'ri'ia 'm ^pn 1. sfx. "-"PO "n'lo v\ ^n g. sfx. Q=^^.'?^ Ds^nio DS'nn OTpn 56 VERBS WITH PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES YEEBS WITH PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES 83. When a pronoun is the object of a verb, it is a suffix either to the particle J^^ (n. 25) or to the verb itself. Niphal, pual, hophal and hithpael, being passive or reflexive, do not take suffixes. Neither do the first and second persons of the remaining forms take suffixes of the same person ; hithpael is used instead. There are three regular sets of suffixes : one after a vowel ; two after a consonant — one for the perfect and one for the imperfect, infinitive, imperative and participle. After a Vowel After a Consonant with perf. with impf. etc. pi. 1 'i 'ir. % 2 m. ^ ^T V 2f. 1 1- ^- 3 m. in ^1 m^i in^ 3f. •7 Hv 7^ 1 13 ^V 13^ 2 m. 03 D3- 0=T 2f. q?) (|5V) (Pt> 3 m. D Dt 0^ 3f. r h 84. When the imperfect has no afformative, a J may be inserted before some of the suffixes. This ^ is called epenthetic and is assimilated to the following letter (n. 60). But |-[ in the 3 singular masculine and feminine suffix is assimilated to the preceding 3. VERBS WITH PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES 67 Change in Afformatives. — In the perfect 3 singular feminine ^_ becomes f^_ or ^_ ; 2 singular feminine ^ becomes ^^ ; 2 plural cn ^^^ jn become ^^ . In the imperfect and impera- tive ,^3 becomes ^^ . Change in Accent. — The afformatives are accented. Where there is no afformative, the accent is on the connecting vowel ; but 23 and J^ ^^'^ always accented. Change in Vowels. — The vowels change according to the rules already laid down (nn. 9, 30). Pretonic kames, as it no longer immediately precedes the accent, becomes shewa (n. 52). In the imperfect _ becomes shewa, except before ^, Qp , and 1^ , where it becomes _ (o). The infinitive is used as a noun or a verb and takes the suffixes accordingly; its form is usually ^t^H (^) (^- 1^)- The imperative has the same form as the infinitive. In piel the _ becomes shewa, except before *?] , Q5 , and Jp , where it becomes _ . In hiphil there is no change of vowel. (PARADIGM XI) EXERCISE t^nbtys \':riht nn^nr^ '^^p)^T- '^T^^'. trnsn t'^i^n^sn i^n],:^'^ rh'^n i^H':^^n 58 PREPOSITIONS WITH PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES Yahwe, our God, will not deliver me into your hand. The youth drew the sword of the dead champion from its scabbard, raised it up, and cut off his head with it. David struck the beast with his staff and slew it. Yahwe sent me to you to smite them and rescue you. PREPOSITIONS WITH PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES 85. Some prepositions take pronominal suffixes in the same way as singular nouns ; *^p\ii with me : others take them as plural nouns ; ''*nHX ^^f^^'^' '^^^j '^*'^S^ against you. p3 with singular suffixes is like a singular noun ; ^3^5^ ^3^3 between you and me : with plural suffixes it is like a noun in the construct plural and is masculine or feminine regardless of the gender of the pronoun ; QH^'yi or OnyS between them. ADVERBS WITH PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES 86. An adverb may take a pronominal suffix with the verb to be understood: ^^ assertive, 'T[tJ7^ you are; p^ negative, D3^K ^^^^y ^^'^ ^^^y ^X where? ^'^^ where is he? HSH behold I ^iir\ behold me! ot here I am! EXERCISE Syntax. — R. 9. The subject of a relative clause is expressed by "^tl^K 5 ''iS^n 1t?S; nin^ YaUwe who saved me. R. 10. When the relative is an indirect object, ^'^^ is complemented by a preposition with a pronominal sufl&x which follows further on ; DiD^H L • I T - 'vT^ *l)i51!? riilK ntH^i^ the place on which you are standing. T T •• T - V -: The direct object may be expressed by "lU^K » either alone or with an objective pronominal suffix as complement ; HH 15S'in "1^^ Tb ihe dust which the wind scatters. NTMBERS. CARDINALS 69 'P'^bsn rs-i-ns ns ma t.t -ir>? Z'lrirt lav •rian'po i^int 'n'^^En 1122 jk'h nhn: D^ibs^ 1353 itt^K "^nn : ir,i'?x n-n' rs ?inn « T -;- V -: T T T : •• | .. .. It:- - : • : t t This is the Philistine who reviled Yahwe. Goliath is their champion, whose head David will cut off. The God whom we serve is Yahwe. We serve Him on the mountain on which we stand. NUMBERS Cardinals 87. 1 and 2 are adjectives ; the rest are abstract nouns. In form 3 to 10 are feminine with masculine subjects and masculine with feminine subjects. 1 to 10 have the absolute and construct states. 1 to 19 have the masculine and femmine. K 1 Masc ABS. ULINE CST. nns Fei nns CST. nns 2 3 '^bv 'cbp 1 4 nsans rvans san^« i"a-)K n 5 n%VLi nt^^n r^n •^'crj 1 6 n^^ T\tt z%^ wtr t 7 r\vnt n?a"»y sa-u? sat;^ n 8 npp n:c^ nib-^^T njo"^* D 9 TO'v^'n nwr\ 5Jw*n s'wri s 10 n-im m'^» It's "I'c'? 60 NUMBERS. CARDINALS The units of 11 and 12 are in the construct state. From 13 to 19 the masculine units are in the absolute state and the feminines in the construct. Masculine Fbminikb Tffi'^ nm m'^rj? nnx K" ll [ Ttt? 'm^. nn'^s 'n^? T^s n^i%' n-i'!5's n^m r 12 T?» '3^ nnt^? "n^ r 13 •■im ntt^b*!^ nn)^^ ^"^^ n^ 14 n'^s nsanx nnt^s ssnx ItD 15 T^V n^r^rj nn^V ^'^O TIO 16 Ttr^ nty^ nn'tr? tv r 17 -i'^? ,-i?5t;r HT^?:? 5?5t;^ n" 18 Ty7s njbt;? ni'^^s n.3b^ to- 19 Tt^j? nstt^n n-im srn In 20 to 99 the tens are the same for masculine and feminine, but the units are as from 3 to 9. In compound numbers over 20 the units and tens are connected by ^ , the units either preceding or following. 300 to 900 are expressed by rilK^ ^^^^ *he construct of the feminine unit preceding. 3000 to 10,000 are expressed by CSSs ^i*^ t^® construct of the masculine unit preceding. NUMBERS. ORDINALS 61 20 D D^^\yS 50 3 D^'ti^on 80 a D^5b^ 30*: U^^h^ 60 D U^^'p 90^ D'^Iptt^ri 40 a D^ssnK *ov n^vnt • T : - ■ : • 100 p r\^r2 est. nsf? , 200 n a^ns^ , ^00 ir th'^ nis;::, 1000 )rhi^, 2000 c^sbs, 3000 c'^abs ntyb^, )...... • - : - • T -: V : 10,000 HM-l, 20,000 C^nlSI- Ordinals 88. The ordinals from 1 to 10 only have special forms. For those over 10, and even under, the cardinals are used. Masculine Feminine 3d ^t'h^ r\'t'b^ 4th ^s^^n-i n^V'51 5th T'^ri DT'^D 6th -^^ty ri^'u^t;^ 7th ^T^'^ n'Tnp 8th ij'^;^*^ r\'yr2^ 9th "^s-^trri n^y^ri loth ''n*'\y2? ri'^n'^^ys PARADIGMS OF THE VERBS 64 SIMPLE VERB n n n n n n n n n n n n g £; c; c; c; c sn, c c c c t; c 5 fx r^ nL niL r^ r^ riL r^ m riL nir^ 3 HE- E c; -^ E r; p a *— o o n- n- o n*^ n- o n- n- •^ fA:^ r^ nil nil rvii fAii rv ni rvi r^ w n £;- E E '^ G G p a "^ n n n n n n n n n n- n- n- n- » po n " E- r; G H^ E G P P5 wl ri:r^-r^rv:n::rv::rvnrf>: r^ rv: 3 ^^ ^ HE- G E -^ E E P ^^' r^nLnLni.ninLni.nLnL nL r^nLix *^ "^ n E^^ E E '^ E E P ^ i^ f5i n^ j^ B^i f^ nil f?^ nil f>: E: E. {^. E: s n E^ E E '^ E E p -^. ^ ^ j:^ - ij '^ f}*L f^ f^ f^ f^ fyz r^ f^ r±. r^ M J^ J^-.J^ J^ J^ .J^ J^ ,>r J^ '" n E-^ E E '^ E E P IJ '^ .J^ H 5 ,JQ E CO COC a ^r !^ ir^ 'ri-va \^\^\^ ii r>i £1 Vfj: I:' a a va a V VCJ: v<3 v£J: -^ ^ j^ ^. -^ j^ j^ j^ J^ -P ^ j^ -ri:-r^ J^ '^ n '^ n '^ n ni. m. K E E E X fx, E E E Pv. 13 ^ p- -J \x j^ x^ j^ -4^ s j^ s^-^ s^ n n VZ: XZ' r?vH E" E" E' 5^=- ^H E" E" E" f^^ rx'. J^J^^^ J~^ J^ .X J^ 4- J^ .X j^^ -^ I ni rii K E E E v^ pv E E E Pv J^ r^i ^ xa Vr r^ r vi Till r vi Vt: r V, r±i rii V a a -P -!;. J^ f* 9 ? ? i^ '^ fj ^? J^ -^ J^ n S^ S^ S^ S^ -i- X^ J^ S^-^ n n e6 b GUTTURAL VERB ^ n n n n n n n n n n n n 3 & & & & & D & 1^ & & & & 2 e- G- G' £;■ r;- G' c c- c;- g- e- c g ,1^' .j^- j^> :i^' J^' J^",J^' ,J^' :j^. .j^' .j^..j^" 5 n o n j=' c n n n n n c c ^ n c^ £; c '- e c p a — J n- n*- n- n- n- n- n- n- n- n- 3 & & D & & & & & & a g n o n n. n sz n n c n " n & G r; -^ c c p a '^ ^ n n n n n n n n n n- n- n- n- H& & D & & & D && & & ^ a ^ & j^- xr^. :j^. :J^. :j^. :ij^. j^. j^- :j^. ,j^-,j^: j^.:ir- g « F. Fh c jz. n f- n i= n f-, n- n f-. ^ ^ S n o n H' n c n n n n p -< n & e c '^ e c ^ g ^\, ^ & & & D & D & & D & ^ s^ s .1^. jT^" vT^. :j^' vf^' j^".j^' n Jz n Ji;- J^ c; '^ c; c; p P-l i a c« H Oh , » bo OQ h GUTTURAL VERB 67 n n n n n •*:>fc C' C' C' ■^■* -^ n* g ij ii D & |; D *- n n n n t= n '^ «^ S H £i |: C E t. c n *- n r^^ E- E- E- X^^ £^^ E- E^ E- r;^ 13- ^ D & & & f: & D D ^: & *- c n n r: V= n n n ■- n n n n n f. E E E X ^ E E E i^ H' •& D f: '^ ^ & ^ v^ & ij & ^: D :r^ XT . *! j^ ^ j"v s -i :j- , XT yx^i 4 j^ r C 1—' J ' J ■ * ' M-=~ M-^f 1 ^~%t' n '^ n & D j:. ir^ n ti r-kt n n n D- & j^-:!!^ n n WT- '^t n D & J"- IT E n n r^ E E E •J J^. ^M j:. ^ C C E - E E E f^, ^' SJ' *J' ^ n c n & v: £, E E n ^ E E E *- n n & I E E E 13 D E ^ £j»- D*" LJ": E E E ri E E E f:: ii jj sj *- E E E :« f^; E E E f; Xm -J vj:., j:... vjx, -J ' E t E E E *= 1! D' ^ E' *-%H *^ *-^H E E X f. E E E ^: E^ f E f"^^ E «-%H ^^ *-%». E E 5c f. E E E r; iJ R y iJ iJ i^ E t E E E *=^ E E« E E O4 M CO CO ec (M (N bib CO c^ c^ 68 :? GUTTURAL VERB n n n n n n n n n n n n g c; £; i:; c; c c; c; c c; 5 c; c; 5 n- n-- n- n- n- n-. n- n- n- nr n- n-: Si n r vP' r' vF' r r' r' vr' j~ n r g r^n- n n n n n n n r~ r-n S n & c e '- G n; j? I g r-n- n n n n n n n r- J (^ n & G c; '^ e c p 03 S . ^ n= fi- n n n n-n. n n n-ri'^ nrn^ 1 s r= r vp' r' vp' p p' p' vp' p= p p p h; I e: r~ n- n n n n n n n r" f;;- r- n ;^ -§ n & G c '^ c; c; p '^ P p' h:; *-%. *-^. r-h' r\' r\. *-%• *-%. m-\. m-\. |— . *-*• j— . |— . ^ D D & & & & & & D ^H ^ ^H ^H '^ w n- pi'vc p. ^p' pi- p. P' vp. p. p p. p.. a p & G G '^ c c '^ ^ ^ ^ ^ d p. Prvp- p. vp. p." p. p.vo .P P P' pr ^ ^ a- O ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ a o ^ ^ p £.- c £; -^ e p p 'J g a c^ a <4H a g CO CO C-' n n n ' r" n n n fl E E E JCi p. E E E Fj u Vr-r r r r J^ vr r vr J^ r** n n n |;7- |;7- n 1^ n fy r\ H n^- n- fi;. E E E 3Ci f|- E E E 7t U* r vr jJ n- n- n^ n- }-" • n- n^ n: W j> n n Lr r r r k vr r vr L- r *- p- ' r~ r- n r~ 14 n n n ' f~ Hi vc. W c n C' n ^ vn. n. vc ^ R n vn ^; & D D ^ ^ D D & ^; n n ^ a ^ n n. n; c § vn cvn. ^ ^ § p- -■ a ^ a a ^^ n a a n n '^ • • • • 2 aCOCO o n- n- o n- n- n ^ r%H i\*- rif; riH 5^t-* »\*- *^i-* r%H 5^ 5^f £ I!' 13 vn. u. vl3' 13 O H' vH' H- o r r" r r r r r r r r n & e e *" c; e ^ ^ n n n d S^:V Pi." l^:- w 13 vi3 vi3. fc *" *■ I — H »\'* 5-^'* S^S' S 13' 13 vi3 ph r r*^ r sz- n n= H: H: H: n- fj n- n- n-. l^:- 5^:. n: n-:- 5^: 5^1- f>v' PI." 5^' 13' V13' V13 13' 13 V13 13 13 13 vl3 r r r r r r r r r u IW 5^-: r*:- 5^:.- P%:- r*i 13' vl3' 13 13' 13' vl3' r r r r r r E E '^ n: E 13 1^ 13: 13 i^ r r r r 13« f\y nt n»- s^»- Pi" .q 13' 13 vl3' H' ^13' " HE- E G S^t 5^" nt- 5^H 13 13 U' vl3' r r r r i3 13 ^ r Pir PI H 13 r r «+H a «fH a C|: :>! w n i:;- 1:; c; '^ £; i:; p a -^ ^ n n n n n n n n n n i^ 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 w n r;- j:; j:; -^ c; 1:;= :? a -^ n n n n n n n n n n- n- n- n* ta 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 S ^ p r;- £; ji; 25 c; 1:;= p ^ 2^ g 1 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 ^ ^ n c;- c; c; '^ c; i:; p > X 13'^ ^^ 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 U' 13' 13' 13' ^ n t;-^ c; c; '- n c; p ' « ^I^^^r^ ^ ' ^ S 3- S S S' S S S- S* ^: S* ^, ^. S X x^ X x Mi X X X X 3 3c ^ ^ n r;*^ i:; t; '^ c; a ^ X ^ X X 13- U"- !!•* H- 13- 13-- 13 13 13- 13 13- 13 13 H .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. _ ^ 94 U) 3^ %- X X X X X XXX 5 M n i:;'^ c; «^ a R^ X e 1 a «M a «4-4 a *^" S i:^ i S^ CO 0^ cq rH CO i :^ vM: 3^^ 3C 5 J^~r 74 rh VERBS ^ n n n n n n n n n n n n n I S; C C C; C C C; R, g g g R, R I n c c fc fc fc R t^ c '^ *^ J r- r- n- n- n- n- n- n- n- n- n- w n -^ a *— J r- I" r r r n- n n- n- Hi H' Hi n. a '^ p c c c c El P c •- *- rrx" rrx- rr^" rT\"' r^-' T" T'* T* '^" ^"' ^"' irn. ^-*. jr^. r\' ry r\' r%. ^- pj- |-. pj;. f^- f^- .r,„ r^f r^,. ni. »^i. »^i- »=»■■ »^\,»?'- ^I?" 5?" r\" rv" ^ ^^^^^ -T ^ 4:^ ^:^ -P^-P ^ -P -I^ « '^ p fc fc c; ci R - ^ « t s ^n ^ ^ si ti nS VERBS 75 n n t c G c ?€ i- c G e p u *^l '^l f\: *T '^l '^l fl*' r\ *T '^l '^l f\. '^I j^ :j^: *-}- j^ ,j^: j^ ~r^ H=- ir^:-^- ir-i- jt--.. n n n W-. G- C- & X^^ U •i- jr ,j^ j^ J^ 4- i- »— ■— *^ ■— n. n. K E E' E 5C' Pi «-5" *-5.. f^. *-i.. m-\.. *-5.. «-i- pv^ J^)S^:- -i-^-T .X^: J^ J^= 4=- n ,: E E E X" r^ \ *-5- *-5- *T- r\-- f\ - J^ .J^ .X^ X^: -i- E^ E*^ E- o- *-5- r\: r\- X^: n «-5.. IT-:- jr :j^:. ^: r '^ r n n n E E' E. *-^l «~i" v^!. n- r^.. «-i •• *-5.. n '"S:. «-i" ir^ ^r- :x^:- J^ .J^: r «^ n n n :. fr.. E E M-\'" n *T- *-5- • m-\- n «-5.- Yf^:- j^ :ir^:. JN. *- ^-•k «T- r n r^' vr^I ^1 E" E " E" ^" *-5i E" E" E" J-i'i" r~*- U" '^ P^H -V J^: X^: X^ X^ 4- V|:^: X^ :ir^: 4- J^ X^> n n ri" E* ^t- E' E" E' 3iC=" ^H E" E" E* *^l. v5J~' 5^!. *7^K #T^t. #-\ . «^,- *v5j. «v5h *-^h f-\ *r5t- *v^H *^»- f\ T- f-v ^ IT-:- '|i^X^:^:X^ ^ -ii ^J^: X^ :j^: M^ J^ -j^ ^ n n n a fz n ^ H o . , , ga «M a vQ. 0> 0> Q> vQ. 0> 0> O Q> g n n-vfi n vn n n n vri n w ^ E-^ £ £ "^ £ £ ^ S ^ ^ H: H: n- n- n- n n- n- n- o n- n- n» g I a Q: VQ: Q Q Q VQ: O Q. Q Q: Q: H vQ: g I 5 n n-vn n vn n n n vn n n n s\ >^ S M |— .«— .M— ,m— rr- .«— .#— .M— m- ri Q n n Q 5^ '< r\y. r\y. rx" m-%- *-%•• r-%v *~^ " «^" «"%•• t~. |— . |— . r-fc. ur^. r-h. «-*. «-». ..r-fc. r^, a-fc. r\, »— J— ■■ — ' :5 Q. VQ. Q, Q. Q. vQ. Q. £|. Q. }i^. |f^ |f^, {^, n ^ n n vn n vn n n n vn [^ P ^ '^: £ '^ £- £ £ "^ £ £ p " ' Q* va> 0> Q> Q* vO> O' Q> 0> .a Q^ XI VQ '^ £- £ £ "^ £ & p n J M ^4 d «f4 a «H 5 s^ CO 5- & " n n n n 14 vn n vn ' ' n n Q n^ n Q n 2 n n- rj Q n e^ E^ E- v:- vQ n E E^ E vQ: Q Q Q vQ Q Q vQ Q n vn n n n n vn n vn= ri- «- n n n n c; G E X vQ. n E E E VQ. Q. Q' Q- vQ. Q- Q' VQ. Q n vn n n n n n n vn n Q> n Q n Q: n Q- n n vn n U E E E ?? Q n Q n n n E E E vQ Q vxi n n Q Q ., n r\ n n v^ n f\ n n n { ^^ E- E- E*^ tC,W E E- E }={ Q Q ^Q Q ii Q VQ o Q n n n n n 14 vn n vn ' ' n CO C_vn a 13 O 3 tH 9 «M NCO CO C<« 5$ vK G^ '^•^ c;" n^vrr i3 b a ^ a a b a ^ a 11 a a a £, '^ n ' n '^ n n n fx E G E X vrx G G E >X I:, 1:, l:, ^ vfA !:• *:. t. r\ iT a a o S a ^ a 5 a n '^ n '^ n S a a s s 5 S g g;^^ 5 ^ a a i^ n ^ g . . . . I a « 2 a bb -a -"^ ^ 82 •»© VERBS § n n*^ n n n n n n n n n n & e £; c; I? la S & v& vD» "&' oD' v& D' '&' v'&' - ^ ^ n n n ;^ n n n n n ^ P ^ P :P i^ P i^ ^ ^ H; - f\- l>_ n." nr n. a- £|h qi Ql gll a- a- j\. ".r. JN- JN_ J\- J^ JN - JN- a c £••■ C" C' s li; a a b a a a |V. nr fir nr nr ^1 ^r 1 -^- ^^ -P- ~ §:■ 1 1 G: Q: f nr nr I>r n: >Pr ^'- a- 1 -r- a a" 1 a 1 1 gj »^' gf gf 1 n.; gf V|\^ jN~ j%~ Vj\ JN-» p c- »- 1 p vE ^ p ^ J^. |V. n:- jv- n." n:- nr n:- -p*^ Ok a a' a< a' a- "^L -E: ^ "£: ! ;£" JN '^ K h^ ni- r?- Q." n.- |v !>.. n:- n;- n: n: n. a- a^ Qh fl** a' a- a a' a' a*" a* xj^- ~r yr\i ix^i j\- j\. ^•■ j^- j^-. V|% JN- JN- n "" |~- E ^e^ e ve ve e- CI *c ^P «T- j; P -^ fc fc ^ l^ p - nr |V. nr n: n.- £1^ Of. a> a- -T: V|\^ J^- JN JN- 1- F- ^ F ^ n.- n.- n.- n:- n.- fl^ a- 1 1 a- a< JN- Y/^' X- IfN JN- F- F^ 1 1 '^ ^P p- n.- fl:- n: n.- n.- C|i- fl"- qT v^^ fii V|\, JN, J\- J\_ IT JN- f c- ^C' vC- ? v£; w "3. SIMPLE VERB WITH SUFFIXES 85 S-" &" f^ ri> O^ a- fl- g: nr fx^ F Q: S: R" fl= •ft^ -ft* ^ a -a If « -t: a -g- I ^ 11' 1 1 1 1 a a s 8 ° 1 nr p 1 a 1 ^ 1 II h. hi- f 1- a" 1 1 f 1 ? i a- 1 1 1 1 i 1 fi 1 1 §-- 1 nr nr ni a* a- uy lr\ hi hi hi- 9^. a- a a- v^ 5 g S 5 8 « " « B S S =^ ^5 3 .5 A ^ i -^ -i, ^ 86 SYNOPSIS OF VERBS WITH WEAK RADICALS SQ r^^lg ^ n n n fi fl n O -- n n n f^ g^ P n ^ n n f^ -- a ^^ g: a 5 5 5 g- p- g- g- a s n ^ n n^ n n g. P- P- & P- P- *a vfl 5 a a w EH pi £1 O' vo- a< a- X] XI \n n fihvn n n n n- n ^ ii"^ n •*-' xi j^ Q ' n= n n '^ vn n n *-»>- »-»t . »-»i- «-«i-y«Tt:. »:«i *:»■• t.r F~. C S 4^:^?I .P ^>^ ^ ^' & S ^^?:^ ^' ^ ^ f; o a k. Q' o- n vp rl '^ 1 £•■ ^'vis* n- pj-^ «; M O n »-»• »-»• »-. r- «-». iJ" XJt O-^ Q*^ H 13 J3- ^ 36 Xh % i^ -36 3C %• S' M e- h e- .J3 U" 2 "2 2 S 2' ^ •& 1^ 5? U !2 .S ^ SYNOPSIS OF VERBS WITH WEAK RADICALS 87 r= n- n= f' o n g: n " n ^: ^, n n ^ ^ n n. CL fx- 13- a a n. a ^^l^f a D S «■ {£ £ Hr r- 1 G C f: n n 5-. 13 K, 5\. Cl ?; a a n n 'A n '' n P 9 h- ^^ n n ^ P n n r: nr n^ ?jr c n ^n n " n X^ 1^ fe, 5 «; «! of i3- ^ ^ § f tr «r hi 13- ^ ^ s s^ »T1. ^ r^, *^' ^ St- FS l;'S' ■& ^ ** ■& •* »m t," r|_ »»t- •n" ^- fi- n n n h'- O' j^-iT: -p "n t^ c x> 13- ^r c- M= M= ti 13 13' 13- 5,:: 13- M' «- ti. 13- X 36 g g^ r- n- r 13 a- 13 i. 13 s g n- n- £jr n- 13- U- b\ 13 a 3' 2 3' fi u !§ s ft p, ^ . hJ & f:^ Ph (X, p, .s .5 p. w: S' p< h2 «h" ^ g ~ W p. .s .2 a ft ft SELECTIONS FOE READING n^isn men ':5k ntr^ irmhhn 91 T : - (• • T T : - A- T T : V : - ^nn'?':',-! Qb^vb nin- nasi i-^on ir'^s -oa •'S iT : - T T : V « V : - •• t - t • T •■ T : I - : - T- - T ," • « T -IS3 n^n nir\] kti njon "Jiina trK-ns^a T •• t|: •- A : • T T : :-- |V : - ■laK'l ntra nttra nas'i nipn "rjina n^■^'7K bstt r\^hv: b'^ abn 3-ipn-'?x -las'i tmT 9 ■nanx v"^!? nai» nnx -la^s aipan ^s ti^'^ji - : - T T •• T - V -: It- • | v : - ^i'?s Ti'3K ^ibx ^sis; -laxn :sin tt^np ntKi ino'i apr ^ibs^ pnjf ^ibK cnnsKiz • : -- |a -:- " -It:- •• r. t t : - ni-i' nas'i t D^-ibs^■':'X a^ana xn^ ^s via ■nxi nnijaa n^s "as ^3S-ns ■^n^s^i ni<-i V : • AT : • : •/ -; • - • t: v • • t t 92 -issn njf n b» nc^a lribs?rr^i nn?:a i«ip ib^jfn'p tiki trniisa V -: I - - - V • • T - : AT •• T T •• T : • Ttn'^tysi nab nnsi :Dnk D-'snb on^o e I -: ,T : V : t : t - : ,t • -: • - : • tansatt bx-i'S'^-'on •'isms KSim n^is-bx • |T : • • " T : • •• : • - v •• : a : - V I T • • v: T tonsaa bs-i'^"' ^)3-ns x^sis ■'ai ni7-iB 9 • |T : • • •• T : • •• : v • • : A : - pn??n an.r^aa DVn'J^s ^8';£in? "^'^n^^ ,V - T T - • :-. T ^rnoxi '^xTty^ ^33-bK X3 ^3is nsn e\ibxn : - T : •• T : • •• : v t • t •• • • •••: r : iT : Av •• -: • - t : v •• -: •• •••: v t ■Vs D^'^'?sl -i»k«i jdh^x ittk na io^-nois •'jsb noxn ,n3i;.-ios«v,T,7K'-i^>? iTHK ntr» v: v - ,v .. -: • - T : v : v •• t : • \ibx nin^ '^x-itr^ "js-bs -lOKn ns ntytt-bsis v: T : •• T : • •• : ^pv ^i':5K^ pns" ^i':?K omas \i'7K oiTiiaK T T : - {"I'l nhb nai mi D'?i?b ^aty-m d3''?k ^in'^u^ - : T : • T r\'hy\ "in -: T : • T 'ba r\^bb bam vh nn-bx "^iKtr "iax«i V V V T - • T V T V - «im nnk -isr-'s las Dn'?n':> nit "nrbsn T V • T V - |T \ : • T T : • ni-in-nxi n^|^ sai |s^3 ras'p tj'^?!? ^^'^ vnsm vnnK ^ns::i^i :-nsna nT k'u73i .... T -: - • T T : V," T •• V T T : mam iipD ^npinm ^"3^ ap'i rso ^nbsm e .... |t . . • |: -v: V : - T |tt- a- • : - • : fi'ias nan nn.-i-Da nsn-riK qj :rn^om I Av : - T • - - '-: T V - r • -: - pi-in '3 ana inss ,-nn b'^vn Tity'^an n^-n I •• •• - - : V - "TV ■ : • : - x t : T(? 'ib^T Kin n^in n^tti nxn t» ^j^an T - I •• • T V T V - AV - • : • : - inji v"itt nn-n^ ''i^? ^a'p'.l n^^ '"'''"'''.12 -ian«T nin^y ins a^a'^'i itysn bv mm saip I I : • •• : -- A - V ; - f fiDJ-xb "3 nsbb bx'i vio'p "^ra isnn-nx nil '3 n'?S2 nsbb baiK Kb biK^-^K nn nttK«ii5 T V V T - T V • T ITS ibpa np'i :vbsa nin did^i wd3 kS T : |: - I- •- |T T •• • T .. . :- a- o'tt^'i bnsn-ja q^jsk ^"5'?n ntz^on ib-nns'i V T- I • • T -: I • \ - T • -. - : - IT? is>'p[5i ioip>.'3i l^ni^^K D'snn ^bss anitynn p-xb tn^br e V : • V -: I - • • A- T : |T I •• - T : " D-'Xtsm BBtr^aa D^:?tyn lap" x"? p-'^s tm-i • T - : AT : • - • T : j'T t | •• - - , D^p^is '!m nin^ ?"tv"P :o^[5ns ni?3 WORD LISTS HEBREW WORD LIST 1. I3K T^' father; est. ''^Sj ^' 3. J3S n. f. s^one. 4. DnnDS Abraham. T T : - 5. ri^lX ^- ^' ground, 6. "^iblS adj. rwdd2/. '<'• n'lX II- III- ^^'s'^- 8. *nnX prep, q/^er, n. 85. 9. pji{ negative adv., n. 86. 10. tt?''^ n. man (for ^^^^ ii- 60); pi. D^tt?3X, rarely D^ty^K; est. ^^;;s. 12. *^Ji{ adv. not, prohibitive or depreeative w. impf. 13. hVs, "bS prep, to, at, near. 14. D^^bS God. 15. QJi^ adv. and eonj. indeed^ though, if. 16. n^S ^- f- People. 1'^- ni?S V- sjpeaA;, n. 57. 18- ''^bS Amorite. 19. rittS ^'^' firmness, fidelity f truth. 20. "^^J^ n. m. Ziow, 21. |^*^X ^' f- ear^/i, ?and; n. 39. 22. \y^ n. f.^re. 23. H2^K n. m. only est. pi. happiness, blessedness. 24. nS, -nS particle, n. 23- prep., n. 85. 25. nttHS II- f- ^e««^- T *• : 26. J^'ig V. gro, come. 90 100 27. n]3 ^- ^^spise. 28. "ins V- choose. - T 29. |3 son; est. -Q, -j3; w. sfx. -^35, ^p, pi. 0^33. 30. 'niss "^^ ^w^^j ^^*^^ ^p- 31. ntoS ^- ^- body, flesh. HEBREW WORD LIST 40. ^'^ n. m. pmod, grenero^Mm. 41. ^^^ n. m. luay. n 42. i^JH V. meditate. 43. H^n '^^ ^^> happen. T T 44. *?[^n '^^ ^^> walk; n. 70, d 32. *n*)33 adj. mighty; n. ?^?ar- nor, champion. 33. ^i33 V. ?>e strong; hithp. behave bravely, boast. 34. ^^3 ^^3* S'^ea^ 35. 1*13 n. m. people. 36. Q3 co^j- ^^^^> ^'^^^* 37. tt^5*l Ji- ^^- ^o»icy. 38. 3*1^ n. m. 6ear. 39. ^l-l, nil*! DamU 45. ^^H ^' P^^^j praise. 46. H^n ^^^- hither. 47. nSn adv. 6eAoZd.' n. 86. 48. ^^ n. m. mountain; n. 39. T 49. nj Pron. this; n. 26 ; p. 22. 50. 2)1 ^'flow, 51. ^31 ^* ^" ''^^'^orial. 52. ^5^ n. m. beard. 53. -i3n V. 54. i^n ^e^'^«- 65. pJH V- ^« strong; hiph., HEBREW WORD LIST 101 56. SlSn ^- ^- sinner. 67. ^n ^^J- aZi^'^- 58. ,^'H ^- ^- dnimcd, 59. D'^in II- ^i/*«- 60. 3^H ^- ^- '^i^^« 61. p^n ^^j- smooth. 62. n^jn ^1- f- ^ear. 63. nOn ^- ^- kindness, mercy. 64. f^SH ^- ^- pleasure. 65. S^n ^- ^- sword. 66. 2'nn ^ore&. V 67. P|*nH '^^ pisl; revile. 68. ipin -BTittite. 69. JJ515 V. sinfc. 70. 2'lD adj- 9'<^od. 71. *^X^ V. hipMl, wishj strive. 72. •'p^S"' Jelmsite. 73. *^^ n. f . ^nd, power. 74. SJT' V. Arnold. 75. a^^ Fa^. 76. .Tp^i ra^w;e; n. 55. 77. BV n. m. day; pi. Q'^jp*'. Qtt'j*' adv., 6?/ day. 78. ^5^ V. hophal, be able. 79. D^p^^ n. wallet. 80. 3p§! «^«co6. ^1- nS'^ 2-dj. beautiful. 82. Xl£"^ ^- co^e, go forth. 83. pn:^^ /sooc. 84. a*^^ V. ^0 doum. 85. ^Sn'tt?'' ^^aeZ. •• T : • 86. ^"1 assertive adv. ; n. 86. 87. 2tt?'' V. sit, dwell - T 88. 5J^^ V. hipliil, save. 89. ^nrr^ Je^^ro. 90. 3 ZiA;e, as. 91. ns adv. ^Aw«. 102 92. Jp|3 n. 'priest. 93. ^3 conj. that, for, he HEBREW WORD LIST 108. p^ V. scoff. 109. npb V. take, n. 64, ^. cause. 94. t*l^^^ n.javeUn, 95. ^3, -^3 n. m. ^^e whole. 96. 3^3 ^' ^- ^^9' 97. ^*|P3 ^- ^- '^^ssely instru- ment. 98. ?3 ^dj. rtp'ft^, ^rwe; adv. «o. 99- "^i^JS Canaanite. 100. r)*^3 V. CM^ down, ojf. 101. ^^ adv. no«. 102. nsb n. f. /ame. T - 103. tt^3^ '^^ pw^ <5^> clothe. - T 104. Dflb V- niplial,^^^^. 105. rn^ "^^ oppress. 106. I^HT' II- idl- oppression. 107. nb**^ ^ Di- w^V'^^- 110. *7Q n. m. garment, armor, 111. nSHtt ^- ^- yyilderness. 112. ISntt adv. w/13/ f 113. I*'^^ Madian. 114. ^Htt '^^ P^^l) hasten. 115. n^^ V. die. 116. njHtt ^- ^- camp, army. 117. Q"^tt ^- ^' '^^^ct^er. tion. 119. ^Sb;? «^9'eZ. 120. n^nbtt II- f- &«^^^«- 121. Jf2 prep, /rom, because of. 122. nSnSO n. f. 6a^«Ze line. 123. J)';:^ II- 111- c/iajf, dust. 124. ni£^ II- m- forehead. 125. Q^'nittt -E^S'!/?^; Egyptians. 126. Diptt ^- ^- P^CLGB- 127. ^pt2 n. m. staf. 128. nS"!^ n. m. si^r^i^, a2> pearance, countenance. 129. a^a n. m. sea«. T 130. Tl^f2 Moses. 131. JOBtt^tt n. m. judgment. 3 HEBREW WORD LIST 103 144. '^JJ^ n. m. shoe, sandal. 145. "^J^J n. m. hoy, youth. 146. ^aj v./aZ^. - T 147. *^^J V. hiphil, re^cw*. 148. J{'"2^3 V. Z(/l: wp, carry. T T 149. ^^yj V. take off. 150. JpJ V. give, place; n. 64, gr. 132. X3 particle, woiy, I pray. T 133. t033 V- liipMl, look. - T 134. ^2i Y. fail, wither. 135. ^^3 V. approach, persecute. -T 136. ri^O ^' drive about. 1^7. )|,*^3 V. lead, drive. - T 138. D^i v./ee. 139. '^HO ^' ^- brook. 140. nti?nj ^- 111- bronze. I'^l- n^i V- liiphil, siriA;e, s^ay. 142. J^^^ V. piel, ^r2^, attempt. 143. B'^n^Si n. boyhood, youth. 151. ^JB Y. close; piel, deliver. 152. ^^B "^^ ^^''^ aside, draw near; hiphil, take off. 153. nJD II- 111- ^^«w*w 2>^^. 154. *inB V. hide. 155. *1BS? '^- 5er?;e, worship; hiphil, enslave. 156. ^B5? n- HI- servant. 157. HHS n- ^- assembly 158. "nS n- m.^ocA;. 04 HEBREW WORD LIST 59. ^'iJJ adv. again J stilly yet 60. D"?'l5? ^- ^* ^i^rnity, 61. ri'lS n. m./oM^Z. 62. 'l^JJ prep, upon^ against ^ n. 85. 63. ^"S V. 90 itp. 64. j^^JJ n. m. Zea/. 65. Q^:? see D^l!?. 66. D5J n. m. people; n. 39. 67. 135 prep. with. 68. ^aj^ V. stand, 69. ''35^ n. m. affliction^ misery. 70. J^JJ n. m. tree J wood. 71. J15£S? ^- ^' «^'y»ce, counsel. 72. ^^5? adj. undrcumcisedj impious. 73. j-[t;j> V. do, maAie. 74. J^JJ n. f . timCf season. 75. nos ^^^* ^^^^* 176. n3B n. Da. corpse. 177. ,^S n. m. mouth; est. *»£ ; V w. sfx. ^3 , ^"^g . 178. J^a n. m. brook. 179. "^Dtt^bB Philistine. ' t • : 180. njS ^- i^- pi- only, /ace. 181. •'•nS Pherezite. 182. ni^lB P^arao. 183. |S!{ ii.f. /oc^. 184. XS^ ^- ^- ot^*^!/' 185. p'^^ai adj.Juaf. 186. H'Pit y. prosper. 188. np5?^ n- f- cry- P 189. ^rii*? ^' ^- CLssembly. 190. 5J5ip n. m. /leZmei. 191. Dip V- ^^'««- 192. ^|pp V. be light; piel, cur«e. HEBREW WORE ) LIST 105 193. sbp ^- ^^*'^- ^ 194. 1 J^*^p n. m. sling. 207. h^)^t Said. 195. S'lp V- cry out, call , meet. 208. nStt^ V. praise, propiH-' 196. Dip ^- approach. 209. ate. H^tt^ V. send. 197. .ISn V- see. 210. T\^*\!) V. draw. ' ' T T 211. nw adv. there, thither. 198. \yji^*^ n. m. head. 212. T nV^ n. m. 7iame. 199. ^:^n.tfoot. 213. Cttty ^- i^- heavens. 200. n^"! n. f. breathy spirit, • - T ' 214. Si:2ty ^- ^^(ir. wind. 215. - T J'V*l*i? n. m. breast' plate. 201. Y^^ y- run. 202. 3n"l 3.(1]. it-j'de, spacious. hntr^ Y. plant. T T 216. 203. J^J?^ \.feed, tend. - T 204. S?ti^n 3>dj. wicked. n t? 217. TjlFl n. mids*. 205. n\y ^- ^- 5/ieep. 218. n-iin °- f- ^a"- 206. D^\y Y. place. 219. nSO ^- '^- sheath. ENGLISH WORD LIST FOR EXERCISES NumberB in light type refer to Hebrew Word Liit ; those In heavy typ« refer to iectloni able, 78. affliction, 118, 169. against, 162. all, 95. among, 23. announce, 214. approach, 135, 196. armor, 110. army, 122, 184. assembly, 189. B battle, 120. be, 43, 86. beard, 52. beast, 25. beauty, 81. because, 93, 121. behave bravely, 33. behold ! 47 ; v., 133. bind, 53, 151. boast, 33. breastplate, 215. bring, 26, 196. brook, 139, 178. burn, 30. bush, 153. call, 195. can, 78. champion, 32. child, 29, 145. choose, 28. clothe, 103. conceal, 154. consume, 11. counsel, 157. countenance, 128. cry, n., 188; v., 195. curse, 192. cut off, 100. D day, 77. dead, 115. deliver, 151. desert. 111. despise, 27. do, 173. draw, 210. draw near, 152. drive, 137. dwell, 87. 107 E earth, 21. Egypt, 125. enslave, 155. everlasting, 160. F fall, 146. find, 58. flee, 138. flock, 158, 183. for, 23. forehead, 124. forever, 160. from, 121. a give, 150. go, 26, 44, 82. go around, 66. God, 14. good, 70. great, 34. ground, 5. H hand, 73. hasten, 114. have, 28, R. 7. 108 ENGLISH WORD LIST head, 198. hear, 214. heaven, 213. helmet, 190. high, 37, 38. holy, 78. honey, 37. horse, 19. hurl, 193. I in, 23. into, 13, 23. J judgment, 131. just, 185. K kill, 141. king, 78. know, 74. L land, 21. law, 218. lift, 148. lion, 20. look, 133. M man, 10. meet, 195. memorial, 51. mighty, 34. milk, 60. mountain, 48. name, 212. near, 13. not, 9, 12, 101. on, 162. oppression, 106. P paw, 73. people, 16, 35, 166. perish, 2. place, n., 126; v., 150, praise, 45, 208. R raise, 148. rescue, 147. road, 41. S save, 88. say, 17. scabbard, 219. scoff, 108. scorn, 67. scrip, 79, 97. seat, 129. send, 209. servant, 156. serve, 155. sheep, 205. shepherd, 203. sight, 128. sign, 7. slay, 141. sling, 193, 194. smite, 141. snatch, 147. speak, 17. spear, 62. staff, 127. stand, 168. stone, 3. strike, 141. - strong, 32, 55. sword, 65. take, 109. ta^e away, 148. that, conj., 93. to, 13. tree, 170. truth, 19. turn, 65. W walk, 44. water, 117. way, 41. well, 39. wicked, 204. word, 19. worship, 155. year, 21. youth, 143, 145. INDEX INDEX Numbers refer to sectioni Absolute — see infinitive and nouns. Accent — word, 7 ; of segolate forms, 63, 78J; of strong verbs, 13, 14 ; in hiphil, 29; with consecutive waw, 33 ; of weak verbs, 65 ; of nouns, 76, 78 ; with suffixes, 75 note, 84 ; clausal, 72 ; in pause, 73. Adjectives — attributive, predicate, with article, p. 19; comparison, p. 40. Adverbs — with pronominal suffixes, 86. Afformatives — 12 ; changed before suffixes, 84. Aleph — vowel letter, 2 ; quiescent, 4, 37, 58 ; lengthens vowel, 44, 50 ; guttural, 35, 39; takes segol, 36; omission of initial with shewa, 61. Apocopation — of he, 59. Article — 24 ; with gutturals, 39 ; syntax of, p. 19. Assimilation — of dentals, 31; of nun, 60, 84 ; of lamed, 60 ; of he, 84. Athnah — 72, 73. Begadcapheth — 1 ; with dagesh lene and forte, 6 ; without dagesh lene, 48. C0N8TRUCT — see infinitive and nouns. Dagesh — see begadcapheth ; forte in waw, 11 ; in niphal infinitive, 60, 69 ; omitted, 35, 62-64, 82 ; con- junctive, 28. Dentals — assimilated, 31. Gutturals — omit dagesh forte, 35; change vowel, 36, 37 ; take com- pound shewa, 36, 47 ; take furtive pathah, 38 ; with article, 39 ; verbs, see Contents ; segolates, 79. Hatephs — 3. He — vowel letter, 2 ; quiescent, 4, 37, 44 ; replaced by preformative, 18, 22, 70 ; by taw, 21, 59 ; affixed to imperative and imperfect, 32 ; guttural, 35, 39 ; %vith mapplk, 37 ; with furtive pathah, 38; for orig- inal yod, 59, 82 ; omitted, 59, 77 ; assimilated, 84. Hiphil — 15, 29, 30. HiTHPAEL — 15, 22 ; replaced by hith- poel, hithpalpel, and hithpolel, 65, 66. HoLEM — coincides with diacritical point, 11. HOPHAL — 15, 29. Imperative — 14; lengthened form, 32 ; imperfect fus, ib. ; with suffixes, 83, 84. Imperfect — 14, 16 ; shortened and lengthened forms, 32 ; with con- secutive waw, 33 ; with suffixes, 83, 84. Lvfinitive — absolute, 17 ; construct, 14, 17 ; of niphal, 18, 60 ; with suf- fixes, 83, 84. Interrogative — pronouns, 28 ; par- ticle, 61. in 112 INDEX Kal — 15. Kames — distinguished from kames hatuph, 9, 10 ; pretonic, 30, 52, 84. Kerb and Kethib — 55. KiBBus — before dagesh forte, 45, 64. Lamed — assimilated, 60 ; initial omitted, 61, 64. Makkeph — 28; shortens vowel, 46. Mappik — 37. Masoretic Points — 3, 4; coincide, 11. Metathesis — 31. Methbg — 10, 49. Motion — term of , 23. NiPHAL — 15, 18 ; nun assimilated in, 60, 70. Nouns — gender and number, 19 ; states, 20, 21 ; relations, 23 ; with article, 24 ; with suffixes, 75-82 ; classes, see Contents. Numerals — cardinals, 87 ; ordinals, 88. Nun — affixed, 32 ; assimilated, 60 ; initial omitted, 61, 64 ; epenthetic, 84. Object — noun, 23 ; pronoun, 25, 83 ; place in sentence, p. 19 ; relative, p. 58. Ole wbtored — 72. Omission — of initial letters, 61, 64; of dagesh forte, 35, 62, 63, 82; of dagesh lene, 48 ; of shewa, 50, 69. Optative — imperfect as, 32. Participle — 16, 22 ; with possessive suffixes, 77 ; with object suffixes, 83. Patiiah — with gutturals, 35, 79 ; fur- tive, 37, 41 ; replaced by segol, 78. Pause — 73. Perpbct — 13, 16; with consecutive waw, 33. PiEL — 15, 22 ; replaced by poel, polel, and pilpel, 65, 66. Prefixes — 15 ; replaced by pre- formatives, 18, 22, 70. Preformatives — 12 ; see preceding. Prepositions — 23; inseparable, ih.; with article, 24; with pronominal suffixes, 25, 85. Pronouns — personal, 25, ace suf- fixes ; demonstrative, 26 ; see rela- tive; indefinite, 28, PuAL — 15, 22; replaced by poal, polal, and pulpal, 65, 66. Punctuation — 72. Rebia — 72. Relative — particle for pronoun, 27 ; clause, p. 58. Segol — inserted, 53, 78; with aleph, 36 ; in pause for shewa, 73 ; replaces pathah, 78, Segolates — formation of, 63, 78; guttural, 79 ; feminine, 80 ; fem- inine nouns derived from, 81 ; de- fective, 82. Segolta — 72. Sentences — substantive, verbal, word order, p. 19. Shewa — silent, vocal, 5 ; simple, compound, 5, 36, 49 ; vocalized, 48-53, 73, 76, 78; causes omission of initial letter, 61, 64, 70; omitted, 5, 49, 60, 69. Shurek — waw becomes, 8 ; distin- guished from waw with dagesh forte, 11. Sibilants — metathesis of, 31. SiLLUK AND Sopii Pasuk — 72,73. States — see Nouns. INDEX 113 Suffixes — light, grave, 74, 76 ; with prepositions, 25, 85 ; with nouns, 74-82; with verbs, 83, 84; with adverbs, 86. Stxtax Rules — see end of Contents. Taw — affixed to feminine nouns, 19 ; to infinitive, 64, 70 ; replaces he, 21, 59 ; assimilates he, 84. Tense — 16. Verbs — inflection of, 12-14, 29, 30; forms, 15 ; intransitive, 34 ; classi- fied, 40, 56, see Contents. Vowels — letters, cognate, 2; maso- retic points, 3 ; fully and defectively written, 4; long and short, 9, 10, 44, 45 ; unchangeable, 42, 75, 77 ; change of, 35, 43, 50 ; change of — in nouns, 20, 21, 76-80; in verbs, 13, 14, 22, 84; in participles, 77; inserted before afformatives, 65, 66 ; shewa becomes, 48-53, 73, 76, 78. Waw — vowel letter, 2; conjunction becomes shurek, 8 ; consecutive, 33 ; with coinciding masoretic points, 11 ; initial becomes yod, 68, 70. Yod — vowel letter, 2; quiescent, 4, 50, 69 ; initial omitted, 61, 69-71 ; omits dagesh forte, 62 ; replaced by he, 59, 82. Yahwe — 55. Zakeph gadol and katon — 72. I U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES ■mini