memorial \"()lt^me.
CeOLEBPvATION
OK IIIK
TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY
OK TIIK
REMOVAL oFTHE CAPITAL
OK
rvlARVLAND
FROM SI MHRTS TO RMRFOLIS,
Kditki) i;v El.inr S. IMLKV,
In<li-i- Mi<" Aiithuiity .it tin- Mouse r.t Di'lc^ati-s nl' Marylaii'l.
of lMil4.
AXNAI'()I,IS:
K I X ( ; I ! in ) S . , S T \ r K ■ I' II I N T K H
1894.
F
PREFACE.
This volnine is not onlj the memorial of the celebra-
tion of the two hundredth anniversary of the removal of
the Capital from St. Mary's to Annapolis, but it is the
natnral outgrowth of those interesting and profitable
cei'emonies. It was the expressed thought, almost from
the moment the attention of the General Assembly was
called to the subject of the celebration, that the papers,
written for the occasion, should be preserved in a sub-
stantial form. In this, the Maryland Legislature of 1894
expurgates itself from the standing indictment that
Afarylanders, with a ])roud and nol)le history, have been
culpably indifferent to preserving the records of it, and
in transmitting to posterity, unimpaired, these sources of
wisdom and inspiration to heroic deeds and righteous
government.
By the accidents of legislation, the work of inaugurat-
ing and consummating, on the part of the (ienerai
Assembly, fell chiefly to the House of Delegates. From
tiie inception of the movement to the close of the pr(»-
eeedings, the city of Annapolis and St. .John's College
had the intelli'fent and cordial assistance of Thomas S.
llii83S3
iv I'kkiack.
I'. \KK. K>(|.. (1i;iinii;m of the House Committee on
Public Records, to wliich committee the House liad dele-
iriited its part of the \\ork of preparation. The cliair-
man was seconded, in absohite unanimity, by every
member of the committee, in each portion of the pro-
gramme. It is nu invidious distinction, on tlie part of the
editor of this volume, to say that, if the incidental data
and historical papers of this work are worth preservino;,
then the State is indebted particularly to the enthusiastic
and intelligent encouragement that Messrs. A. Fredkrick
(teokuk and Tilghma.n J. Fahrnkv. members of the
House Committee on Public Kecords, gave to the compiler,
in the initiatory, steps to bring, to the attention of the
House, the propriety of printing a memorial of the
celebration.
J. IlKMsr.KY .loHNsox, Esq., of the same committee,
mover of the resolution to print, was one of the earliest
advocates of the memorial volume, and the unanimity of
the House upon the subject was a compliment to the
patriotic grasp which the author of the order had on the
yital subject of the preservation, and diffusion of our
records to the peoj)le of the State.
The neat typography' entirely, and, in many cases, the
artistic arrangement of the subjects in book form, is due
to the skill and quick perceptions of the competent State
Printers, Messrs. J\ixg Bros., of Baltimoi-e.
PRKFACE. V
Ma}' the facts here gathered inspire all Marylanders
with a deeper love and better work for our own Com-
uionwealth, and may other States of onr most glorious
Union catch, as in the past, inspiration from the history
of a colony which wrought for God and man alike.
ElIHU S. lilLEV.
Annapolis, ^[arch 19, 1894.
COXTEMTS.
PAGK
^larylaud Legislature of 1694. . . 1
Maryland Legislature of 1894 :i
Inauguration of the Celebration 11
Commissioners of Annapolis in 1694 20
Corporation of Annapolis in 1894. . . '20
OtHcers of the City of Annapolis, 1894 21
Committees of Arrangement, 1894 22
Meeting of Citizens of Annapolis 2;{
Invitation of Citizens' Meeting 26
Card to Citizens. 27
Official Program 27
The Day yo
The Street Parade 31
Masquerade, lUumiuatiou and Ball 85
On the part of St. John's College :^6
On the part of the City of Annapolis and State of Mary-
land m
King William's School 40
Board of Visitors and Governors of St. .John's College 4;!
Tlie Faculty of St. John's College 44
Prayer of Rev. H. H. Clarke 45
Address by Gen. H. Kyd Douglas 47
Address by James W . Thomas 63
Prayer by Kev. W. S. Southgate •. ... S4
Remarks by Thomas S. Baor S6
Address by Elihu S. Riley sj)
Address by .\lfrcd P. Dennis IIS
Letters 116
Annapolis in 1694 \'>[t
Annapolis in 1894 1(;r>
Notes, Incidents, Thanks 16K
MARYLAND LEGISLATURE OF 1694,
AT ANNAPOLIS
THE GOVERNOR AND COUNCIL.
UPPER HOUSE.
FRANCIS NICHOLSON, Governor.
Col. NICHOLAS GREENBERRY,
Col. GEORGE ROBOTHAM,
EDWARD RANDOLPH,
Col. JOHN ADDISON.
JAMES FRISBY,
THOMAS BROOKE,
Councillors.
HOUSE OF BURGESSES, OR LOWER HOUSE.
Foil TFiK CiTv OF St. Mary's.
Catt. THOS. WANGIIOP.
For St. Mary's County.
Mr. KENP]r.M ClIISELYDINE, Mr. ROBERT MASON,
Mr. PHILIP CLARKE. Cai-t. .IOHN BAYNE.
For Kknt County.
Coll. HANS HANSON, Mr. JOHN IIINSON,
Mb. WILLIAM FRISBY, Mk. THOMAS SMITH.
8 Memorial Vuldme.
MMt\i \M> I.i:i;isi,ATi'KK »ii- U!'.>4 — Contiuuec/.
Foi; ( Ai.vKU'i CurNTY.
Mk. (;K()ii(;K I.OUGHAM. Mk. 'I'lloMAS TASKKU.
FoK Ann Aiundki, (\)1'nty.
Cm't. .KMIN IIAMMOX!), Mk. .IOON SANDEKS,
MA.t. hDWAiU) noHSEY.
Von Chahlkk County.
Mu. in. HAWKINS, Coi>L. JAS. SMALl.VVOOl),
Cot. WILLIAM DENT.
FoK BAl/miORK C^UUJSTY.
ilR. EDWARD HROOKBY, Mr. FRANCIS AV ATKINS,
Mr. JOHN FERRY.
For Tai,bot County.
Mr. ROBERT SMITH, Col. HENRY COUR3EY,
Mr. THOMAS SMTTHSON.
For DoRfUKSTER County.
Mh. .JOHN POLLARD, Mr. THOMAS HICKS,
Mr. THOMAS ENNALS.
For CEcri, ('ou.nty.
Coi,. CASFERIS A. HERMAN, Coll. W ILLIA .M FKEK(!K.
i<iX..
1894-
GOVERNOR :
HON. FRANK BROWN.
SECRETARY OF STATE:
HON. WILLIAM T. BRANTLY.
LIST OF MEMBERS AND OFFICERS
OK THF,
General Assembly of Maryland.
January Session, 1894.
SENATORS.
At>i,k()any County.
James M. Sloan Merchant I^onaconinf^.
Annk Akundki. County.
liohert Moss Kd. and Lawyer.. .Annapolis.
HaI/I IMOIM-, CODNTY.
.John liiihner i*>uil(l(:r ('at.onsvillp..
Hai.timokk City.
Firitt IHxtrict.
(!harl(!sil. Kvans... .... Printer and I'lih. . 1710 K. Chfisc.
Second Diatrict.
Wni. Cattell Hrnrc Lawyer K((uital)l(; Huildinp.
Third DiKtrict.
'I'lioiiiiis (!. Hayes I^awyc-r Kquilal)li' Miiildinj;
4 Memorial Volume.
Makyi.anm) Lkc.isi.atiiuk of 1894 — Continued.
Calvekt County.
Thomas Parnui Farmer St. Leonard's.
Cahomnk County.
Thomas A. Smith Farmer Ridgely.
Cakkoll County.
Pinkney J. Bennett Farmer Westminster.
Cecil County.
Charles C. Ci-others Lawyer Elkton.
Ciiaklks County.
Lewis C. Carrico Farmer and Phys..nughesville
Dokchestkr County
Joseph H. Johnson Lawyer Cambridge.
Fredeuick County.
Jacob M. Newman Merchant Frederick.
Gakkktt County.
Robert A. Ravenscroft. . . Physician Accident.
Harfoku County.
William S. Baker Fruit Packer Aberdeen.
Howard County.
John (jr. Rogers Lawyer Ellicott City.
Kent County.
Wm. T. Ilepbron Farmer Kennedyville.
Montgomery County.
Hattersly W. Talbott Lawyer Rockville.
Prince George's County.
William D. Bowie Farmer Collington.
Queen Anne's County.
Woodland P. F'inley Farmer Church Hill.
Removai. of State Capital.
Marlyand Legislature op 1894 — Continued.
St. Mary's County.
Washington Wilkinson Merchant Holly Wood.
Somerset County.
Levin L. Waters Lawyer Princess Anno.
Talbot County.
Oswald Tilghman Lawyer Easton.
Washington County.
David Seibert Farmer Clear Spring.
Wicomico County.
E. Stanley Toadvin Lawyei Salisbury.
Worcester County.
John Walter Smith ] Smbe^Maa?"' [ «-- "'"•
OFFICERS OF THE SENATE.
JOHN WALTER SMITH, - - President.
James Roger McSherry, Frank Shipley,
Secretary. Journal Clerk.
WiLLiA.M I. Hill, Wm. H. Riciiakohon,
Reading Clerk. ' Sergeant-at-Arma.
HOUSK OK DELKGAXES.
Allegany C'ounty.
.Jos. JJ. Stottlemcyer Farmer Little Orleans.
William Sleeman Miner Vale Summit.
John \\. Shuck I'ainter Cumberland.
Hugh McMillan Miner .Frostburg.
John H. .Tones R. R. Kinployec. . . Wcsternport.
6 Mkmoriai- Volume.
MvuYi.AND I.Kc.iSLA'ri'iCK OK 1894 — Continued.
Annk Akcndki, County.
.lames Ji. liiiishcars Lawyer Annapolis.
Geo. M. Murray Pack, and Truck. .Odenton.
Chas. F. Sappington Farmer Welham's X l{oad».
Geo. W. Hyde Farmer Galloway.
fiAi.TfMOUK City.
First Legislative District.
Geo. E. Keeuan Attorney-at-Law. .815 Law Building.
Edward 1). Fitzgerald Attorney-at-Law. .Daily Record Bldg.
Joseph W. Ila/ell . Attorney-at-Law. .218 Courtland st.
Geo. A. Vernetson Merchant 138 Aisquith.
W. n. B. Fusselbaugh, of J.Merchant 423 N. Gay.
Samuel K. Atkinson 18 N. Chester.
Se/^ond Ijtgislative Dintrict.
Thomas S. Baer Lawyer 308 Courtland.
Charles H. Carter Lawyer Lex'n and Charles.
Archibald Fl. Taylor I.,awyer 104 E. Lexington.
Charles W. Field Lawyer \ Farmers' and Mer-
/ ■' I chants Bldg.
John Uemsley Johnson Lawyer 386 Courtland.
Jas. IJ . I'reston, Speaker. . . Lawyer 220 fit. Paul.
Third Ijegidative DiHtrir.t.
Dan'l W. Stubbs Carpenter Ill Hanover.
Henry Hasenkamp Merchant 623 W. Lee.
Joseph P. McGonigle Manufacturer 204 E. Randall.
Philip Singleton Merchant 1201 Ridgely.
W. I). Robinson Lawyer 839 N. Fremont.
John F. Williams • Lawyer 34 Lexington.
Removal of State Capital 7
Maryland Legislature of 1894 — Continued.
Baltimore County.
James B. Councilman Farmer Mt. Wilson.
John C. Bosley. . Farmer Shawan.
Frederick S. Myerly School teacher. . . .Black Rock.
Osborne I. Yellott Lawyer Towsou.
George S. Keiffer Book-keeper Mt. Winans.
Thomas G. Carter Farmer Gardenville.
Calvert County.
William H . Dowell Farmer Sheridan's Point.
w 11 /^ • v^ i 1138 N. Fulton
Wallace Owinga t armer j ^^^^ ^^^^^
Caroline County.
Henry 11. Lewis Lawyer Denton.
Albert W. Sisk Broker Preston.
Carroll County.
Johnzie E. Beasman Farm, and Dairy. .Sykesville.
Benjamin F. Selby Farmer Watersville.
John W. Biggs Farmer
Noah Sullivan Farmer Manchester.
Ceofl County.
Geo. S. Woolley Chesai)cake City.
Frank 11. Mackic Physician Fair Hill.
Richard li. Thomas Merchant .... .... Northeast.
('haklkh County.
James A. Franklin (!ivil Engineer. .. .Pisgali.
John E.Stone Lawyer La Plata.
8 Memorial Voi.umk.
Mahylani) liKoisLATUUK OK 1894 — Continued.
Dorchester County.
Francis P. Phelps Fruit grower Mt. Holly.
Wm. F. Applegarth Merchant Golden Hill.
Levi D. Travers Banker Cambridge.
Frederick County.
MeMn P. Wood Merchant IMew Market.
John R. Rouzer Farmer Thurraont.
James P. Perry Frederick.
Andrew A. Annan Farmer. Emmittsburg.
Geo. \V. Crum, Jr Farmer Lander.
Garrett County.
A. Frederick George Carp, and Builder.Swanton.
J. George Kolb { ^^ev Mfgr^."^." [ Friendsville.
Harford County.
Samuel S. Bevard Farmer Emmerton.
Harold Scarboro Lawyer Belair.
Thomas B. Hayward Physician Clairmount Mills.
John O. Stearns Farmer Whiteford.
Howard County.
Louis P. Haslup Manufacturer Annapolis Junct.
Humphrey D. Wolfe Farmer Glenwood.
Kent County.
Enoch G. Clark .Phys. and Farm. . Milliugton.
Thomas R. Strong Farmer Eadsville.
Removal of State Capital.
Maryland Legislatuke of 1894 — Continued.
Montgomery County.
Elisha C. Etchison Physician Gaitliersburg.
Wm. H. Lamar Lawyer Rockville.
Robert M. Mackall Farmer Olney.
Prince George's County.
George M. Smith Farm, and Merch .Bowie.
Joseph S. Wilson Attorney-at-Law. .Upper Marlboro.
Dent Downing Teacher Aquasco.
Queen Anne's County.
Wm. Henry Legg Real Estate Agt.. Centreville.
John O. Phillips Justice of Peace. .Chester.
Charles W. Clements Merchant Crumpton.
St. Mary's County.
Wm. F. Chesley Farmer (»harlottc Hall.
Jolin S. Jones Farmer Jarboesville.
Somerset County.
Oliver P. Byrd Oyster Dealer. . . Crisfield.
Wm. A. Tull Merchant Marion.
Philetus N. ('annon Merchant Monic.
Talijot County.
Ormond Han.mond j Farmer and Gen- [ j^^ j ^^
{ era! Agent.. . . \ •'
William Collins. Farmer La Trappo.
Francis G. Wrightson Farmer Sherwood.
10 Mkmouiai. Vomimk.
MAitYi.AND I.KOisi.ATtiUK OK 1894 — Continued.
Washington County.
Norman li. Scott, .J r Lawyer Hagerstown.
John II. Harp Farmer Chewsville.
Tilghman J. Fahrney Merchant Downsville.
Jeremiah H. Cromer Farmer Hagerstown.
Wicomico County.
Thomab 8. Roberts Farmer Capitola.
Albert W. Robinson Manufacturer Sharptown.
Ebenczer (4. Davis Merchant New Hope.
W'oKCESTKii County.
Lloyd Wilkinson.. Lawyer Pocomoke City,
Jerome T. I layman Farm, and Merch Eden.
Peter Whaley Merchant Whaleyville.
OFKICERS.
JAMES H. PRESTON, - - Spmker.
Benjamtn L. Smith, \Vii>t,iam S. Mekkick,
Chief Clerk. Journal Clerk.
Waltkk R. Townsend, Joskimi T. C. Kenly,
Reading Clerk. Sergeant-at-Arvts,
John R. Sui-livan, Chief Janitor, - - Annapolis, Md.
John S. Kelly, Chief Doorkeeper, - - - Baltimore City.
Kino Rkothers, Baltimore, Md., fitate Printers.
TtiE InauDuration of tfie Celetiratlon-
ON the 12th of October, 1893, at a regular session
of the City Council of Annapolis, City Counsellor
Elihu S. Ililey offered the following preamble and
resolution :
WnKKEAK, The two hundredth anniversary of the removal of
the Capital of the State to Annapolis will occur on March 12th.
1894;
Resolved, That the Mayor appoint a committee of three, of
which he shall be chainnan, to take such steps as will properly
celebrate this important historic event, and that the IjCgislature
be requested to join iu appropriately noticing an occurrence that
marked such signal changes in the political and commercial
history of the State.
The preamble and nssolution were unanimously adopted,
and the following committee, in accordance therewith,
was appointed: Mayor John II. Thomas, (chairman. City
Counsellor Hiilin S. liiloy. aiirl Alderman ('harlcs (}.
Feldmeyer.
At a meeting of the committee, it was resolved that the
Legislature of 1^94, January Session, be recpiested to par-
ticipate in the celebration, and to appoint an orator to
12 Mkmokiai. V'ulumk.
•deliver an address on tlu; occasion of the celebration. It
was fnrtlicr resolved that Elihu S. Riley be appointed to
act as historiographer of the Ilenioval ; Charles G. Feld-
niejcr be made nuisical director of the program of cele-
bration ; Frank B. Mayer, superintendent of a histrionic
pageant to represent the event.
It was subsequently resolved to invite St. John's Col-
lege to participate in the event, since the initiatory legis-
lation to establish KJng William's School, the progenitor
of St. John's (Jollege, was begun in 1694. the year the
capital was removed to Annapolis.
The College and the gentlemen assigned to their sev-
eral parts in the program of exercises, severally accepted
the positions and parts allotted to them.
On January 9th, 1894, the committee of the City
Council of Annapolis, through Delegate James R. Bra-
Bhuars of Anne Arundel county, submitted the following
petition :
Annapolis, January 9th, 1894.
To the Honorable Speaker, President of the Senate
and Members of the General Assembly :
Your memorialists respectfully represent that they have been
appointed a committee of the City Council of Annapolis, to
provide for the proper celebration of the two hundredth anni-
versary of the removal of the Capital from St. Mary's to
Annapolis, which occurs March 5th, 1894; that the said City
Council also requested in its resolution that the Legislature of
Kemoval of State CAPtTAi,. IS
the State take part in said ceremonies ; that the said committee
of the City Council lias selected Frank B. Mayer to formulate and
take charge of a histrionic pageant suitable to the occasion ; that
it has chosen Elihu S. lliley, as the historiographer of said event,
and has appointed Charles G. Feldmeyer to direct the musical part
of the ceremonies; that the said committee has invited the
authorities of the St. John's College to be represented, by reason
of the inauguration in lGi)4, of its progenitor, King William's-
School, in the celebration, and the said committee respectfully
requests that the General Assembly will select an orator to repre-
Bent said body on so memorable an occasion.
Very respectfully submitted,
JOUN II. TnOMAS,
Mayor.
Elihu S. Riley,
Char. G. Feldmeyer.
This invitation was referred to the Committee on
Public Kecords, consisting of the following members :
ME88K8. Thomas S. Baku, of Baltimore City.
Jameb R. Bka8HEAR8, of Anne Arundel County.
Harold Scarbouo, of Harford County.
Norman B Scott, Jr., of Washington County.
Gkorok E. Keen an, of Jialtimorc City.
John O. Phillips, of Queen Anne's County.
TiLGH.MAN J. Fahrney, of Washington County.
A. Frederick (Jeoroe, of Garrett County.
Joii.N Hkmslky JoifNKON, of Baltimore City.
The committee, on tlie IStli of January, met, by
appointment, the committee of the City Council, repre-
sented by Klihu S. Riley and (MiarlcK (J. I'eldmeyer, and
14 MkMoKIAI V()l,l'Ml£.
the committee on tlie part of 8t. .John's College, repre-
sented by J)r. Thomas Fell, president of St. John's Col-
lege. Mr. Riley presented the proposed celebration on
the part of the city of Annapolis, and Dr. Thomas Fell,
for St. John's College. The committee of the House,
after the retirement of the gentlemen from Annapolis
city and St. John's College, had a meeting, and nnani-
mously resolved to accept the invitation given to the
Legislature, and further resolved to send the subjoined
message by the House of Delegates to the Senate,
which was done that day. Mr. Baer offered the message.
By tiik Housk of DeIjP:gatks,
January 18th, 1894.
Oentlemen of the Senate :
We have received from John H. Thomas, Mayor of Annapolis,
and others, a memorial, requesting the General Assembly to
participate in a proposed celebration on March 5th, 1894, of the
two hundredth anniversary of the removal of the Capital of the
State from St. Mary's to Annapolis, by the selection of an orator
to represent the General Assembly on that occasion, which
memorial has been referred to the Committee on Public Records,
and is annexed to this message. We request the Senate to refer
the matter to a committee to co-operate with the said committee
of the House of Delegates in the consideration of said memorial.
By order,
B. Jj. Smith,
Chief Clerk.
Which was adopted by the House.
Removal of State Caimtai.. 15
The Senate responded with the following message,
offered by Mr. Hayes:
By Thk Sknatk,
January 22d, 1894.
Gentlemen of the Uoune of Delegates :
We have received your message, with memorial attached,
requesting the General Assembly to participate in a proposed
celebration on March 5th, 1894, of the two hundredth anniversary
of its removal of the Capital of the State from St. Mary's to
Annapolis, by the selection of an orator to represent the General
Assembly on that occasion, and we concur therein. The Senate
has appointed Messrs. Hayes, Tilghman, Parran, Wilkinson and
Moss to act jointly with your Committee of Public llecords.
By order,
.1. KodKU McSllKHUY,
Secretary.
Subsequently, tiie two committees, thus appointed, met
in joint session, and unanimously agreed to invite Prof.
Alfred Pearco Dennis, of Princeton College, a native of
Worcester county, Maryland, to make the address on the
part of the House. This invitation was duly accepted.
The cf^nmittee, on the part of the City Council of
Annapolis, also asked James W. Tiiomas, Esq., of Cum-
berland, wJio had devoted considerable time to the
subject, to read a paper on "St. Mary's ('ity." This invi-
tation Mr. Thomas accepted.
Adj.-General II. Kyd Douglas was invited by tho
committee on the part of St. John's College to represent
IC Memorial Volumk.
that institntioii in the celebration. This invitation was
accepted. Mr. Thomas was assigned by the committee
of the City Council to read his paper in St. John's
College part of the program.
In the House of Delegates, Tuesday, February 27, on
motion of Mr. Baer, it was —
Ordered, That the use of the hall of the House of Delegates, on
the evening of Monday, March 5th, be granted to the Mayor and
City Council of Annapolis, for the celebration of the two
hundredth anniversary of the removal of the Capital of the State
from St. Mary's to Annapolis.
In the House of Delegates, Thursday, March 1st, on
motion of Mr. Baer, it was —
Ordered, That the Superintendent of Public Buildings be
directed to remove the desks from the hall of the House of Dele-
gates on the evening of the 5th of March, and return the same to
their places by 10 a. m., of the following morning, and that the
floor and the arrangement of the seats upon the occasion, be under
the control of the Speaker of the House, the President of the
Senate and the Joint and Special Committees of the two Houses,
on the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the
removal of the capital.
Mr. Johnson submitted the following order :
Ordered, That the Committee on Claims pay to the Hon. John
H. Thomas, Mayor of Annapolis, the sum of $250, to be applied
to the defraying the expenses of the celebration of the two
hundredth anniversary of the transfer of the State Capital to
Annapolis.
Removal of Statk Capital, 17
Which was read and referred to tlie Committee on
Claims, and on Friday, March 2, was favorably reported
from the said committee, and the order was adopted by
the House.
On Thursday, March 1st, Mr. Johnson submitted the
following order :
Ordered, That Elihu S. Riley be aud he is hereby requested to
edit and prepare for publication a memorial volume of the cele-
bration of the two hundredth anniversary of the removal of the
Capital from St. Mary's to Annapolis, said volume to contain the
pi'oceedings of the two Houses of the Legislature on the subject,
and the several papers in full to be read on the part of St. John's
College, the city of Annapolis and the State of Maryland, on
March 5, and the Printing Committee of the House of Delegate*
is hereby directed to have printed before the 21st of March,
instant, one thousand copies of the same, 250 copies to be bound
in cloth, aud 750 to be bound in paper, to be distributed by the
Committee on Public IJecords as follows : One hundred copies,
bound in cloth, to the State Library ; five copies, one of which
shall be bound in cloth, to each of the Senators and members of
the House of Delegates, for public distribution ; one hundred
copies to St. John's College, twenty to be bound in cloth; twenty-
five copies, one of which shall be in cloth, to each of the
speakers at the celebration ; five copies to each of the members of
the Joint Committee of the two Houses having the celebration in
charge, and the balance to be distributed in the discretion of said
Joint Committee.
That said Kilcy bo paid the sum of tliree iiundred dolhirs for
editing said work, and that the State Printer be paid therefor at
the rate now allowed him by law for public printing.
2
18 MkMORIAI. VoLlMK.
AVhicli was read, and referred to the Committee on
Pnlilic Kecords.
On Marcli 7, the Committee on Public Records made
a favorable report on the above order, with the amend-
ment that the said Riley be paid the sum of $250 for
editing the vol nine.
The order was adopted by the House by the following
vote :
Affirmative — Messrs. Speaker, Chesley, Jones of St. Mary's,
Strong, Brashears, Murray, Sappington, Hyde, Dowell, Franklin,
Councilman, Bosley, Myerly, Kieffer, Carter of Baltimore county,
Hammond, Wrightson, Byrd, Cannon, Phelps, Travers, "Woodlcy,
Mackie, Smith, Wilson, Legg, Clements, Wilkinson, Hayman,
Wood, Rouzer, Perry, Annan, Crum, Jr., Scarboro, Stearns,
Lewis, Sisk, Keenan, Vernetson, Atkinson, Baer, Carter of Balti-
more city, Taylor, Johnson, Hasenkamp, Singleton, Scott, Jr.,
Fahrney, Mackall, Stottlemyer, Sleeman, Shuck, McMillan, Jones
of Allegany, Beasmau, Biggs, Sullivan, Wolfe, Kolb. — 61.
Negative — Messrs. Bevard, Harp, Davis. — 3.
It will be observed that the date of the resolution
passed in the City Council of Annapolis, was to celebrate
the 12th of March, and the memorial to the Legislature
names the 5th. This was a divergence that made no
essential difference, as an exact date would vary as differ-
ent minds looked at the events.
Kkmovat- of State Capital. 19
The original proceedings of removal are recorded as
having taken place in the House at St. Mary's, on Octo-
ber 11th, 1G94-, and the assembly is stated to have met at
Annapolis on February 28th, 1694. (Old style.) It was
at a time when dates were written two ways, but it is
undoubtedly so that it was on February 2Sth, 1694, (old
style), the Assembly tirst met in Annapolis. If we omit
the eleven days added by tlie change of dates from old
style to new, it wouhl make the day of meeting here
March lltli ; but the records reached Annapolis before
that date, no doubt, so as to be ready for the Legislature.
So there are three dates by which the celebration might
readily be noted : Octol)or 1 Ith, lt;93, instead of 1G94, as
found in the record ; the unknown day on which the
records arrived in the winter of IGOl; and the 11th of
March, 1G91, when the Legislature tirst assembled at
Annapolis.
^^—
COMMISSIONERS OF ANNAPOLIS IN 1694.
Majou JOHN HAMMOND,
Major EDWARD DORSET,
Mr. JOHN BENNETT,
Mr. JOHN DORSET,
Mr. ANDREW NORWOOD.
Mr. PHILIP HOWARD,
Mr. JAMES SANDERS,
Hon. NICHOLAS GREENBKRRY, Esq.
CORPORATION OF ANNAPOIJS IN 1894.
Mayor:
JOHN H. THOMAi^,
City Counsellor:
ELIHU S. RIL^Y.
Aldermen :
Firxt »^ar(Z— CHARLES G. FELDMEYER,
JOHN H. BRIGHT.
Second Fard— ALLEN McCULLOUGH,
LOUIS J. GARDINER.
Third Fard— CLARENCE M. JONES,
WILLIAM H. BUTLER,
OFFICERS OF THE CITY OF ANNAPOLIS, 1894.
Cleuk :
THOS. HIMELHEBER.
Treasureu:
WM. H. RULLMAN.
City Commissioner:
EDGAR IIUTTON.
Market Master:
J. HICKS RUSSELL.
Health Officer:
Dr. FRAXK H. THOMPSON.
Messenger:
JOHN H. CAULK.
ClIIKK OK 1*01, ICE:
ARTlIUll MAIiTIN,
I'oMCK Officers:
EZEKIFJ. A. MITCHELL,
JAMKS W. W ATKINS,
R. VINTON THOMAS,
JNO. R. TYDLNCJS,
SAMUEL FUANTUM.
WM. 'I'. l'.l{OOKS.
Committees of Arrangement of the Bi=Centennial
Celebration, March 5, 1894,
ON THE PART OF THE LEGISLATURE.
THOMAS G. HAYES,
OSWALD TILGHMAN,
THOMAS PAKRAN,
WASHINGTON WILKINSON,
ROBERT MOSS.
THOMAS S. BAER,
HAROLD SCARBORO,
NORMAN B. SCOTT, Jr.,
GEORGE E. KEENAN,
JOHN O. PHILLIPS,
TILGHMAN J. FAHRNEY,
A. FREDERICK GEORGE,
JAMES R. BRASHEARS,
J. HEMSLEY JOHNSON.
ON THE PART OF THE CITY OF ANNAPOLIS.
JOHN H. THOMAS,
ELIHU S. RILEY,
CHARLES G. FELDMEYER.
ON THE PART OF ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE.
NICHOLAS BREWER,
J. SCHAAF STOCKETT,
MARSHALL OLIVER, and
Dr. THOMAS FELL, Ex Officio,
President of St. Jokn^s College.
MEETIM OF SITIZENS OF ANNAPOLIS
IN THE ASSEMBLY ROOMS.
Annapolis, February '23, 1894.
At a meeting of the citizens of Annapolis, called by
the committee of arranojemciits of the City Council, the
following: business was transacted : On motion of Chas.
G. Feldmeyer, Dr. J. M, Woitliiiij^ton was nominated
for chairman, but bein*; unable to remain was excused.
Mr. Frank A. Monroe was then noiiiinated and elected.
On motion of the same genlleman. Dr. (ieorge T. Feld-
meyer was named and elected Secretary. At the request
of Mr. A. McCullougli, of the ('ity Council of Annapolis,.
Mr. E. S. Riley made a ht;itemeMt, expl linini:,- the object
of the meeting, the necessity of appointing committees^
and the duties pertaining to the same, giving a general
outline of the proccssi(uis, and the exei'cises of the day.
Mr. J. S. M. Basil,. 1 1'., then moved tliut there be a mat-(|Uei--
ade [);uade between 7 and S.;{() i'. .m., uiid that during that
time the citizens be recpiested to illuminate their Ix^mesi
and places of business, and that the line of processioi^
bo over the same route as that of the afternoon parade.
24 MeMOKIA]. Vt)LllMK
Mr, Riley moved that a committee of ten be appointed
by the chair, which biiall be the Committee on Finance.
The Cliair appointed as follows:
f. a. munroe,
Geo. Moss,
Jno. W. Nason,
J. Howard Iglehart.
S. B. Hardy,
R. L. Werntz,
Wm. M. Abbott,
C. W. Martin,
Jko. Hangartner,
Malcolm Watson.
On motion of Mr. A. McCulloujjli, the chair appointed
following Masquerade Cornmitke:
J. S. M. Basil, Jr.,
C. A. L. Wilson,
•Jas. D. Feldmeyer,
W. F. Basil,
Edgak Hutto>;,
Addie Stites,
a Weiss,
•James Strange.
It was moved by Mr. Jno. Haniijartner and seconded,
that this organization give a ball on the evening of the
celebration, March 5th, and that the proceeds go towards
defraying the expenses of the ball, the balance, if any,
Removal of State Capital. 25
be handed over to the Finance Committee. Carried.
The Chair appointed the foHowing Ball Committee :
Jno. Hangautnek,
Ernest Brock,
Saml. Gates,
Frank Myers,
C. W. Martin,
Zack Merriken,
Frank Basil,
David Jewell,
Alfred Parkinson,
Jas. Strange.
On motion of Mr. A. McCuUoui^h, the Chief Marshal
and his first assistant were ordered to wear orange and
black sashes, and the assistants blue sash and white
gloves.
On motion of Mr. liiley, the Chief ALarshal was
anthorized to make all necessary arrangements, and to
make any change for tlie improvement of the parade.
The meeting then, on motion, adjourned.
l)i;. (ii:oii(;K T. I'Kr.OMKYKii,
Secretary.
The several committees met at various times, and fully
perfected all their arrangements, entering into their
M'ork with spirit and executing all the duties assigned
them with skill and lidelily. The Chief Marshal, >\ lien
McCullough, Ksq., and his lirst assistant, Mr. Jos( pli M.
26 ^^I•;M()UIA1- V'oLUMK.
Basil, were most assiduous in their labors, and per-
formed the exacting obligations of their positions with a
keen appreciation of their duties and loyalty to tlieir
demands. To the Chief Marshal's patient and unspar-
ing efforts are due much of the success of the celebration.
INVITATION.
The following was the official invitation issued by the
city of Annapolis :
Annapolis, Md., February 27, 1894.
My Dear Siu :
You are cordially invited to be present March 5th, 1894, ta
witness the celebration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the
Removal of the Capital from Saint Mary's city to Annapolis,
Maryland.
The parade will start at one o'clock i*. m., and the exercises will
close with a ball at night.
F. A. MuNROE, President,
Dr. G. T. Feld.meyer, Secretary,
Citizens' Meeting.
J. H. Thomas, Mayor,
E. S. Riley, Counsellor,
C. G. Feldmeyer, Alderman,
Committee of Arrangements on part of City Council.
A. ]\IcCuLLOi;6H,
Chief Marshal.
J. S. M. Basil, Jr.,
First Assistant Marshal.
Removal of Statk (yAnxAL. 27
A CARD TO CITIZENS.
Annapolib, February 20, 1894.
The iindersigued, Committee of Arrangements for the colelna-
tion of the 300th Anniversary of the removal of the ("apital from
St. Mary's county to Annapolis, respectfully request our citizens
to decorate their residences on March oth, with the colors of the
State and Nation, and to illuminate their houses on the evening of
the same, between the hours of 7 and 8.30 p. m. The Committee
urges all of our citizens to lend their assistance to make the cele-
bration a notable event.
The Committee further respectfullj'^ requests all merchants and
business men of every occupation to close their places of husiues&
on March 5, from 12 noon, for the rest of the day,
.John II. Thomas,
Ei.iiii; S. KiLEY,
CllAULE.S G. FELD.VfEYEK,
Couiiaittee of the City Council.
OFFICIAL PROGRAM.
The following was the official iirograrn of the forma-
tion of the line of procession :
I'lltST DIVISION.
Marshal in Charge — G. T. I'V-hlmeyer.
Mounted Police.
Han>l.
('ity ('ouncil.
Ex-Muyors.
Clergy.
28 Meisiokiai, Yolumk.
Committee of the Mai'ylund IjCgisIature.
Cadets of St. John's College.
Public School Children.
First Division will report on West street, right resting opposite
Suit's Store, at 1.30 P. M.
SECOND DIVISION.
Marshal in Charge — Julian Brewer.
United States Marines.
Uniform Rank Knights of Pythias.
Rescue Hose Company.
Independent Fire Company.
Water Witch H. & L. Company.
Second Division will report at the city limits. West street, at
1.30 P. M.
THIKD DIVISION.
Marshal in Charge — F. A. Munroe.
Independent Order of Odd Fellows.
Improved Order of Red Men.
Knights of Pythias.
Junior Order of American Mechanics.
General Society of Colonial Wars.
Historial Society.
Thinl Division will report at the Railroad Crossing, West
street, at 1.30 P. M.
MARSHALS.
The Marshals of the Second and Third Divisions will keep a
space of forty feet between the divisions, and also see that each
Removal of Statf-: Capital. 29
organization will keep the proper position assigned them in the
procession and have the line formed to move promptly at 2 P. M.
By order of
AlijEN McCullough,
Chief Marshal.
Line of Makch.
The procession formed on West street extended at 1:30
o'clock, and moved down West street to Church Circle,
to Duke of Gloucester street, to Green street, to Market
Space, around Market Space to Main street, to Church
circle, to School street, to right of State circle, to Mary-
land avenue, to Hanover street, to Bridge, to King
George, to Randall, to Piince George, to College campus,
and dismiss.
The members of the City Council, Ex- Mayors, Clergy,
Committee of the Legislatui'e and the invited guests met
at the Council Chamber at 1 P. M., and the Naval
Academy band reported there at the same hour.
The Day.
MONDEY. IMRCH 5 1894.
THE day dawned glorious for the celebration ; not a
cloud dimmed the sk}', and the warm air made
the atmosphere delightful. Tlie early dawn brought the
stir of coming events. The stores were besieged by
residents for bunting for decorations, and tiiese reposi-
tories of bunting being soon exhausted, the citizens were
driven to unique devices to satisfy their patriotic desires.
From harbor as well as town floated flags and streamers,
and from the venerable State House waved tlie Star-
Spangled Banner with tlie sable and gold of Mary-
land's flag. The effect was beautiful and inspiring,
especially along Main street, which was one avenue of
colors. The fealty to Union as well as State was evinced
by the intertwining on the private residences, of
the national and State colors. It was Annapolis' best
^and greatest of gala days. Every train brought its
addition until a multitude filled the ancient capital. The
bright weather, tlie charming decorations, the patriotic
associations and the anticipation of coming pleasures
Removal of State Capital. 31
made a cliecrful city, which ended as it began, with most
perfect order and profound good will, a harbinger of love
and respect that may forever remain amongst the noble
and pairiotic people of ]\raryland.
THI£ STREET PARADE.
The lirst event of the day, and the chief spectacular
one, was the afternoon paiade. Over six hundred per-
sons, mounted, in carriages and on foot, took part in this,
and were uKue or less decoi-atcid. The procession formed
on West street, beyond the Annapolis, Washington and
Baltimore depot, shortly after one o'clock. It was made
up of the head and three divisions, as follows:
(^hief Marshal, Allen McCullough ; assistants, Joseph
S. M. Basil, L. J. M. Boyd, Dr. J. M. Worthington, S.
B. Hardy, W. II. Rullman, Charles Duvall. All wore
orange and black sashes, black clothing, derby hats and
white gloves. Their saddle-blankets were white, with
black borders.
First Division — Marshal, G. T. Feldmeyer ; assistants,
J. FI. Musterman, T. Brice, J. Trautweiii, V. Weiss, C.
W. Martin, W. F. J^asil, J. E. Abbott, J. K. Scherger,
Frank Thomas, Frank Stockett, Jr., M. M. Smith, .lohn
Boessel, Edward Taylor, (t. T. Melvin, Oden Duvall,
A. Phillips.
33 Memorial Volume.
A squad of mounted police, under Chief Arthur G.
Martin.
The Naval Academy Band, Charles Zimmerman,
leader.
The officials of the Annapolis city government in car-
riages — Mayor, John IJ. Thomas; City Counsellor,
Elihu S. Riley ; Aldermen, Charles G. Feldmeyer, John
H. Bright; William II. Butler.
Ex-Mayors in a carriage — James II. Brown, Abram
Claude, Thomas E. Martin and James Manroe.
The clergy of the city— Dr. II. II. Clarke, of the
Naval Academy; Eev. W, L. McDowell, Rev. Mr.
Mcllvane, Rev. Watson Case, Rev, Fathers Lowekarap,
Cunningham, Cook and Hanlej', of Annapolis.
General societies of colonial wars, represented by
Henry Stockbridge, Jr., Thomas Marsh Smith, William
Ilan-ison Gill and George Norbnry Mackenzie, who
rode in carriages.
Maryland Historical Society, represented by Rev. John
G. Morris, Henry F. Thompson and Edwin Wartield,
who rode in carriages.
Committee from the General Assembly — Messrs. Baer,
Brashears and George.
United States Marines, under Captain James M. T.
Younjr.
Remova.l op State Capital. 33
Battalion of Cadets from 8t. John's College, under
Lieutenant Robert II. Noble.
A lar^e number of Annapolis public school children^
with their teachers; the bojs carried a large flag, and
the girls were driven in gaily-decorated wagons.
Second Division — Marshal, Julian Brewer; assistants,
Raymond Moss, F. Basil, R. G. Chaney, F. Slan)a, J. D,
Feldmeyer, G. Gladen, Z. Merriken, Harry Brewer, A.
Hopkins, Edgar Hopkins, John Kason, W. H, Smith,
C. Ridout, E. F. Arnold, Burly Duvall, James E. Tate.
Annapolis Drum Corps.
Uniform Rank, Knights of Pythias, under Capt.
P. El wood Porter.
Rescue Hose Company, with men and machines,
under Foreman, David B, Jewell.
Independent Fire Company, with machines.
Water Witch Hook and Ladder Company, men and
machines, under Foreman, E. A. Shjourdan.
Third Division — Marshal, F. A. Munroe, assistants,
Harry Feldmeyer, W, II. Thomas, Guy Thompson,
James Strange, Thomas Linthicum, J. B. Martin, W. H.
Moss, A. Stites, C. A. L. Wilson, C. E. Meyers, J. P.
Pettibone, Walter Clark, W. M. Ilolladay, Charles Petti-
bone, C. Duvall, Jr., R. W. Tate, D. \i. Magruder.
Woodberry Fife and Drum Corps.
.^4 Mkmokial Volume.
Independent Order of Odd Fellows, eight representa-
tives from Metropoli^ Lodge, No. 17, as follows: J. W.
Connoll}', Samnel Davis, D. O. Parlett, Daniel Medford,
A. L. Baker, Lee Kalmcy, Wm. Gibbs and Wm. Red-
mond. They were in regalia and rode in carriages.
Improved Order of Red Men in two hacks, twelve
mounted and altout thirty on foot. Those m carriages
■and mourned were in regalia. The mounted men wore
painted masks. The former were Prof. A. J. Corbesier,
R. Y. Clayton, Lewis H. Rhen, W. Henry Burtis, Percy
Parlett, Brewer Gardner, Wm. V. Morris and Robert W.
Clayton, Jr.
Kniglits of Pythias, under Chancellor Commander
Weems Ridout.
Junior Order of American Mechanics, forty in num-
ber, under Captain Frank Shaw.
The procession moved down West street to Church
Circle, to Duke of Gloucester street, to Green street, to
Market Space, around Market Space to Main street, to
Church Circle, to School street, to right of State Circle,
to Maryland avenue, to Hanover street, to Bridge, to
King George, to Randall, to Prince George, to College
campus, and there dismissed.
Crowds viewed the parade from every point along the
route and cheered the various divi?ions. An unusually
large crowd assembled about the St. John's College
<;ampu8 to witness the disbanding.
Removal of State Captial. 35
MASQUERADE, ILLUMINATION AND BALL.
The masquerade, between seven and eight-thirty
o'clock p. ^f., proved a most buccessful part of the day's
program. Several hundred took part in the parade ;
many of the characters were marked caricatures, and the
complete procession a splendid conclusion to the pageants
of the day. The enjoyment of the spectacle was largely
interfered with by an accident at the electric light works
that cutoff the arc lamps and put the streets in darkness.
The illumination of the residences of citizens, during
the hours of the masquerade, mitigated in some degree
the loss of the street lamps, and gave cheerful color to
the merry proceedings in the city.
The ball, at the Masonic Assembly Rooms, was an
enjoyable ending to the day's proceedings. There was a
fairly, but not excessively, large attendance.
ON THE PART OF ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE.
The faculty of St. John's, the Board of Governors
and Visitors, and alumni of the College, at the conclu-
sion of the afternoon's parade, were escorted from
McDowell Hall to the Masonic Opera House, where
the following exercises were observed :
Scripture Reading, Psalm I, and Prayer, by Rev. H. H. Clarke.
D. D., Chaplain U. S. Navy.
Song — "My Maryland," — The Children of the Public Schools of
Annapolis, Md.
Address — "An Early Sample of Free Religion and Free Educa-
tion," — Adjutant-General II. Kyd Douglas, of Hagers-
town, Md.
Song — "Star-Spangled Banner." — The Children of the Public
School of Annapolis, Md.
Address— "The Capital of St. Mary's,"— J. W. Thomas, Esq., of
Cumberland, Md.
Song — "Hail Columbia." — The Children of the Public School of
Annapolis, Md.
Announcements — By the President, Thomas Fell, of St. John's
College.
Dr. Fell said that the Board of Governors and Visitors
of St. John's College had arrived at the conclusion that
they could only confer degrees at commencement day.
The Board, therefore, wishing to honor some of its
Removal of State Capital. 37
friends and alumni, directed hiin to say that (D. V.,) the
Board would confer at its next commencement day, June
28th, the following degrees :
Honorary degree of doctor of laws :
Hon. John M. llobinson, graduated from Dickinson
College; Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals, Mary-
land.
Hon. Henry D. Harlan, graduated from St. John's
College, B. A., '78; M. A., '87; Chief Judge of the
Supreme Bench of I'altiinore city.
Hon. James Bevell, graduated from St. John's College,
B. A. '49 ; M. A. '53 ; member of the Board of Visitors
and Governors; Associate Judge of the Fifth Judicial
Circuit of Maryland.
Hon. Somerville P. Tuck ; graduated from the Univer-
sity of Virginia, B. A., '67; St. John's College, M. A.,
'88; recently appointed .ludge of the International Court
of Alexandria, Egypt.
II()n(;rary Degree of Doctor of Divinity — Rev. Edward
C. iMiicnichdl, of Pocomoke City, Md., graduated from
Dickinson Theological Seininary, '74; member of the
Wilmington Conference of the Methodist Episcojjal
Church.
Benediction hy Uev, Adolphus Pindell, an ahininus of
St. John's College.
Literary and Religious Ceremonies
ON THE I'AKTS OP THE
Kity of Annapolis and ^tate of Maryland,
HALL OF THE HOUSE OF DELEGATES,
Ivlo^^IDA"s^, ivtARCH 5, ise-4.
At 8:30 P. M.
PROQRAMJv^IE.
Prayer by Rev. W. S. Southgate, D. D., Rector of St. Anne's
Protestant Episcopal Church, Annapolis.
1. "Hail Columbia Happy Land."
3. Opening remarks by Thomas S. Baer, Member of Committee
on part of House of Delegates.
3. " Yankee Doodle."
4. Essay, "The Removal of the Capital from St. Mary's to
Annapolis," by Elihu S. Hiley, of Annapolis, Md.
5. " Maryland, My Maryland," words paraphrased to a hymn on
our Public Schools.
6. Address, " The Catholic and Puritan Settlements in Maryland,"
by Prof. Alfred P. Dennis, of Princeton, New Jersey.
7. " My Native Country, Thee."
Benediction by Rev. Father Lowekamp, Rector of St. Mary's
Catholic Church, Antapo'is.
Removal of State Capital 39
"Star Spangled Banner," as the audience dispersed. The Singing
was by a Chorus from the Public Schools of Annapolis.
Ushers — Messrs. Fenton Lee Duvall,
Peter H. Magruder,
E. Berkely Igleuart,
John R. Magruder,
T. Kent Green.
Amongst the audience were: Captain R. L. Plu'thean,
Superintendent of Naval Academy; Lieutenant Com-
mander Uriel Sebree, U. S. N. ; Lieutenant Commander
B. F, Tillej, U. S. N. ; Lieutenant Commander Asa
Walker, U. S. N, ; Lieutenant Commander J. E. Craig,
U. S. N.; Lieutenant Commander G. P. Colvocorresses,
U. S. N., in full uniform ; invited guests of the com-
mittee on the part of the city of Annapolis.
Gov. Brown was also in attendance.
The followinor teachers of the Girls' Pnhlic School
were present to assist the pupils in singing: Miss Eliza-
beth Dorsey, principal, Miss Milicent Redmond, Miss R.
G. Camden, Miss Elenora W. Pindell, ]\Iiss Anna S.
Brady, Miss Josephiiu? lieardon, Miss Cora Medley, Miss
Bessie Tate.
cX.
i694-
KING WILLIAM'S SCHOOL,
For which the initiatory steps were taken in 1694, was
the progenitor of St. Jolm's College.
The earliest Board of Trustees of King AVilliam's
School to be found in the records, is that of 1696, the
laws of 1694, as a whole, having been lost, and the Board
of Trustees witli it.
The Board of Trustees of 1696 was:
FRANCIS NICHOLSON, ESQ., Goverkob,
Hon. Sir THOMAS LAWRENCE, Baronet,
Cot. GEORGE ROBOTHAM,
Col. CHARLES HIITCHINS,
Col. JOHN ADDISON*,
Of the Governor's Council.
Rev. PEREGRINE CONY,
Rev. JOHN HEWETT,
ROBERT SMITH,
KEN ELM CHELSELDYNE,
HENRY COURSEY,
EDWARD DORSEY,
Kemoval of State Capital. -tl
THOMAS ENNALS,
THOMAS TASKER,
FRANCIS JENKINS,
WILLIAM DENT,
THOMAS SMITH,
EDWARD BOOTHBY,
JOHN THOMPSON,
JOHN BIGGER,
Gentlemen.
-uo^^^,
i894-
Boaid or Visitors and Governors 0[ St. John's CollBae.
president:
{Ex-OJficio.)
His EXCELLE2CCY, FEANK BROWN,
The Governor of Maryland,
Annapolis, Md., 1892.
{Under the Charter- elected annually,)
FRANK H. STOCKETT,«
Annapolis, Md., 1818.
secretary:
Hox. NICHOLAS BREWER,*
Annapolis, Md., 1857.
EX-OFFICIO.
Hon. JOHN W. SMITH, President of the Senate,
Snow Hill, Md.
Hon. JAMRS II. PRESTON, Speaker of the House of Delegates,
Baltimore, Md.
Hon. .1. M. ROBINSON, Chief Judge Court of Appeals,
Centreville, Md.
Hon. W. SHEPARD BRYAN, Judge Court of Appeals,
Bullimore, Md.
Hon. DAVID FOWLER, Judge Court of Appeals,
Towson, Md.
Hon. JAMES McSHERRY, Judge Court of Ap))eals,
« Frederick, Md.
Hun. JOHN P. BRISCOE, Judge Court of Appeal.s,
Prince Frederick, Md.
* Graduated from St. .John's.
Removal of Statk ('aimtal. 43-
Hon. henry TAGE, Judge Court of Appeals,
Princess Anne, M6.
Hon. CHARLES B. R015EBTS, Judge Court of Appe.ls,
Wt'stniinstcr, Md.
Hon. A. HUNTER BOYD, Judge Court of Appeals,
Cumberland, Md.
ELECTIVE BY THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS AND
VISITORS.
JAMES MACKUBIN, Ellicott City, Md., 1852.
Hon. DANIKL M. HKNRY, Cambiid/.e, Md., 1857.
DANIEL M. THOMAS, Baltimore, Md., 1859.
SPRIGG HARWOOI), Annapolis, Md., 1801.
JAMES MUNROR, Annapolis Md., 18fi!).
WILLIAM IIARWOOD. Annapolis, Md., 1873.
J. SHaAFF STOCKKTT, Annapolis. Md., 1878.
WILLIAM R. HAY WARD, M. D., Canibrilgo, Md., 1878.
GEORGE WELLS, M. D,. Annapolis, .Md., 1882.
Hon. JOHN S. WIRT, Elkton, Md., 1882.
WILLIAM G. RIDOUT. M. D., Annapolis. Md., 1882.
Hon. J. WIllT RANDALL, Annapolis, Md., 1882.
RICHARD M. VKXABLI':, Baltimore, Md., 1831.
RICHARD II. GREKX, Annapolis, Md., 1S«4.
PHILEMON II. TUCK. Baltimore, Md., 1885.
RICHARD M. CHASE, Annapolis, Md., 1887.
MARSHAL OLIVER. U. S. N., Annapolis, Md., 18!)1.
L. DOIISKY GASSAWAY, Annapolis, Md.. 1H!)1.
8PENCKR C. JONHS, Annapolis, Md., 18!)1.
DANIEL R. MAGIMJDKK, Annapolis, Md., 18!'2.
BLANCIIAIID i;ANI)ALIi, Ballimore, Md.. \n'Xl.
JAMES RKVELL, Annapolis. Md., 1893.
Thcso figures refer to tlio date of the election of the H«!veriil-
members of tiic Boards.
44 Memorial Volumk.
THE FACULTY.
THOMAS FELL, A. M., Ph. D., LL. D., President, Professor of
Moral Science and Ancient lianguages.
JAMES W. CAIN, A. M., (Graduate of Yale College,) Professor of
Political and Social Science.
JOHN L. CHEW, A. M., (Graduate of St. John's College,) Professor
of Mathematics.
ROBERT H. NOBLR, LL. B., First Lieut. U. S. Army, (Graduate
of University of Maryland,) Professor of Military Science and
Tactics, and Lecturer on International and Constitutional Law.
JOHN I). EPES, B. A., (Graduate of Randolph-Macon College,)
Professor of English and English Literature.
HENRI MARION, Professor of Modern Languages.
GEORGE RIPLEY PINKHAM, A. M., (Graduate of Brown Uni-
versity.) Professor of Greek.
W. M. BERKELEY, B. A., (Graduate of University of Virginia,)
Professor of Natural Sciences.
JOSEPH R. WILMER, B. A., U. S. N., (Graduate of St. John's
College and U. S. Naval Academy,) Professor of Physics and
Mechanical Eng'neering.
EDWIN D. PUSEY, A. M., (Graduate of St. John's College,) Assist-
ant Professor of Latin and German.
Rev. W. S. T. DEAVOR, Ph. D., (Graduate of Allegany College,)
Assistant Professor of Mathematics.
FRANCIS E. DANIELS, A. M., (Graduate of St. John's College).
Assistant Professor of Botany and Biology,
FRED. WILLING, A. M., (Graduate of Hobart College), Special
Instructor in Charge of Candidates for the U.S. Naval Academy.
JAMES P. BIAYS, Jr., B. A., Instructor in Preparatory School.
KARL KUHL, Secretary for the President,
OKKKliKD IJY
REV. H. H. CLARKE, D. D.,
CHAPLAIN U. S. N.,
At the exercises on behalf of St. JohfCs College^ at the
Masonic Opera House, on March 5, 1894-, in honor
of the Bir Centennial Celebration of the initiatory
mcvement to found King William'' s School, the
p7'ogenitor of St. John's College.
We thank thee, our Heavenly Father, that thou art
the God of the world ; that thou art the Lord of the
centuries, even as of the yearn. As we look into frag-
ments, detachments of time, we can see thy plan, as we
also l)ehold it, runninj^ through long j)eriods of coiitiim-
ous history. Thy purpose of right-doing toward man-
kind gathers to its(;lf incre.ising light, whether followed
as it moves along the course of years or of centuries.
Thou dost reign in justice and kindness, regarding the
happiness of thy creatures, more than even llu; showing
forth of thy glory. We praise thee for what thou hast
done for this larxl of ours. In the heginning thou didst
send the right incn to it; those who loved the
truth ; those who were willing to suiTer and die for
46 ^fEMoiiiAi, Volume.
it. They came with a deep love for what had
been made known by consciences enlightened, by a
sense of justice deepened, by a hope of human wel-
fare and progress strengthened. Under thy guidance
they did their work. They gave to us our original Com-
monwealths; planted the steds of everything great and
good in our whole loved land. We thank thee for the
part taken by the Colony and the State of Maryland for
the good of the whole people; that upon this soil were
given such early and inspiring lessons of religious and
political freedom. We praise thee for what education
liere accomplished for these ends; that this institution
was early planted on the shores of the Chesapeake to be
a source of enlightenment and an instrument of good,
ministering to what the State is now so justly proud of.
May it be blessed more and more, widening in usefulness
and influence in accordance with its venerable character
and high purpose. Continue thy blessing upon its living
graduates; help its president and its faculty in all their
work ; let thy love and care be extended to each of its
students; so let it prosper in the present and in the
future. Upon all the exercises of this occasion may thy
blessing descend. All of which we offer and ask, for
Christ's sake, amen.
j^nsr .A. n ID i^. ESS
DELIVEUKO KY
£y invitation of the Board of Governors and Visitors
of St. Johns College, at the Masonic Opera House,
March o, JS94, at the ceremonies that day on hehalf
of the College, on the Bi- Centennial Celebration of
the initiation of King WiUiarn?s School, the pro-
genitor of St. JohrCs College.
An Early Sample of Free Relizion and Free Education.
For ten or more years we have had an epidemic of
•centennials. Few events, over fifty years of age, have
escaped it. Wo iiave had centennials and semi-centen-
nials, bi-centennials and tri-centennials; and our recent
quadro-centennial was one of the wonders of the a^e —
the adinir.itiun aUke of (^Christendom and Heathendom.
All this was very natural. N^ations are very like individ-
nals because they are made u|) of individuals, and when
they pass adolescence, they take great pride in their
maturity and are anxious to celehrate it and have- a good
time. The Americans, too, may be relied upon to try to
<3o everything better and oftener than any other people,
48 Memorial Volume.
and tlie States of the Union vie with each other in
getting up sensational effects.
Maryland, as is her wont, has kept up with the pro-
cession, and to-day, as something of a variety, is combin-
ing two or three such entertainments— a bi-centennial of
the removal of the State Capital from St. Mary's to
Annapolis — the bi-centennial of the foundation of King
AVilliam's School, with a brief repetition of the centennial
of St. John's College as the only heir at law and resid-
uary legatee of King William's. This is very well.
Maryland has never made enough of her past. What-
ever may be said of other States, she certainly has never
claimed the earth. In fact, she might have taken some
valuable hints from other^ister Commonwealths, notably
those founded by her early Puritan rivals, where skillful
and partisan historians have well imitated the French cook
who can make soup enough for twenty people out of the
hind leg of a frog. Take any small event in the history
of one of those States and you will find half a dozen
local historians who will tell you all about it, with no end
of apocryphal addeuda. And then they have such inimi-
table adroitness in skating swiftly over discreditable
places, with graceful gestures to divert attention and
conceal the thinnesss of the ice and the muddy water
beneath !
Whether it is better to be cleverly unscrupulous or
stupidly indifferent to the record of one's State, I will
Removal of State Capital. 4&
Icfivc to experts in moral polemics. The sins of tlio
literary sons of Maryland have been those of omission.
She has liad scholarly and eloquent men of luisurc and
fortune, whose hrilliancy and learning were of the liigh-
cst standard, and yet with ahundance of material at hand,
they seem to have lacked either the pride, or patriotism,
or industry, to do what they might liave done to j^laco
our State in its proper position upon the shelves of inter-
esting historical literature. Many valuable historic facts
have been hidden by rubbish and forgotten ; they should
be brought forth and given to our people and the people
of other States in logical arrangement and attractive
form. It is not too late. The history of Maryland is
brilliant with glories in forum and field — splendid
examples in the records of Church and State. IV'i'haps
there is some one in this audience who will catch the
inspiration from this day's ])roceedings and hereafter
build his own monument in the history of his native
State.
In 103.J, two little vessels, of blessed memory, the Ark
and tlin Djve, brouglit from England into the Chesapeako
Bay that small colony of two hundred adventurous eouls
who settled the |)rovince of Maryland. From the first they
began to build well. The first oath taken by the chief
Governor of the Piovince in lOiS, contained a sentenco
which has l)ecu transmitted tu us in our l>ill of lii;;ht8 —
50 Memorial Volume.
"I will not, for fear, favor, affection, or*any other canse,
let, hinder or delay justice to any."
What could liave induced these same wise and far-
•eceini^ statesmen, not much later to have taken such
violent and unreasonable prejudice against lawyers as to
have declared them "one of the grand grievances of the
•colony," and to have passed a law in 1G74, "to reform
attorneys, councillors, &c.," I can not imagine; indeed, I
can not see how in the world, a reformed lawyer, or even
a regular, kept from starvation, practicing law in the
"woods among a few hundred scurvy impecunious
refugees — I mean peaceful, impoverished law abiding
patriots! But lawyers, like prophets and apostles and
doctors, and many other christian gentlemen, have had a
hard time of it in all ages; and only by the most
unremitting industry and devotion to duty and ducats
have they been able to take care of themselves.
As eai'ly as 1G49, a law was passed in Maryland that
"no one within this province professing to believe in Jesus
Christ shall be any way, troubled, molested or discoun-
tenanced for his or her religion or in the free exercise
thereof." Speaking of the early settlement of this
Colony, Bancroft has said without exaggeration — "its
history is the history of benevolence, gratitude and
toleration," and he elsewhere says, "here religious
liberty obtained a home, its only home in the wide
Kemoval of State Capital. 51
world. Every otlicr country had persecutin2; laws, till
tliroiigli the benign administration of the Government
of IMaryland, no person professing to believe in Jesus
Christ was permitted to be molested on account of
religion." The same celebrated historian places Lord
Baltimore among the wisest and most benevolent law-
givers of all ages.
New England was colonized by Puritans fleeing from
persecution, Maryland by Catholics seeking religious free-
dom, Yii-ginia by Episcopalians of the Church of Eng-
land. When tlic record of each is brought to light in
this tolerant age, Maryland alone need not be ashamed.
The Episcopalians of Virginia enacted severe legislation
for tiie suppression of Presbyterians, Friends, Pui'itans
and other dissenters, in order to force them out of the
colony. The harsher and more cruol measuix's of New
England ]*nritans, with whom exile, scourging, burning,
tortue and death were common punishments, arc familiar
to the readers of American history.
But it is th(; pride of IVFaryland (and if you have heard
it often it will not liariii you to hear it again), that upon
her carh' history tlier(! is no such dark stain. At limes
sporadic cases of inloleranc(j — the germs brought from
England in their old clothes - seetned to threaten serious
disease, but the air of Maryland soon provcjii a religituis
disinfectant. 'I'hanl<s to the benign example of Lord
52 Memorial Volume.
Baltimore, with that broad Catholicism wliich has distin-
guit.hcd the history of the State, the breath of prayer on
this colony eoon became as fi-cc as the air of her moun-
tains and as pure as the streams of her valleys. Since
then religions freedom, tlie veritable vine and fig tree
longed for since the olden time, has flourished every-
where on this broad continent. From Maryland, over
America — from America, over the civilized woild, lias
spread this docti'inc of creed and constitution that there
can be no liberty without religious liberty. Religion has
notliing to fear from liberty and reason ; and it is worthy
of note and comment, that those States of the Union, in
which, when provinces, there were the greatest intoler-
ance and fanaticism, are now the camping grounds of
scepticism and unbelief. The world has learned, at last,
that violence can not kill infidelity nor make faith uni-
versal.
It was thus that Maryland was baptized in love and
gratitude as "The Land of the Sanctuary." Higher
than titles of rank and badges of honor, more signifi-
cant than heraldic motto, moi'e noble than the nobility of
royaltv, more to be venerated than the sacred memory
which consecrates the iiistory of that old State house,
greatest of all her trophies and gluries, is the simple and
graceful title which her faith and toleration won for our
<rood old State, "The Land of the Sanctuary."
c3
Kemoval of State Capital. 53
As yon have been told, and will be told again before
to-dnj is over, the seat of government of the Maryland
province was in 1G9J: moved from St. Mary's to Anne
Arundel town, which soon after received the mere
euphonious name of Annapolis. The population of
Maryland then was about 25,000.
One of the first acts of the General Assembly of the
year 1G'J4, was the passage of an act ''''for the advance-
ment of learning,'''' by which there was to be a school,
some day to ripen into a college and then to expand into
a University, "for the education of the youth of the
Province in good letters and manners^ The earnest
founders of the colony believed in the inspired truth of
that one of the Proverb?, (8:1 1.) "For Avisdom is better
than rubies; and all things that m:iy be desired are not
to be Compared to it." The project was beautiful and
commendable, and we can well fancy tlic wise looks
upon the solenm faces of these early law-makers as they
stroked their beards and voted "aye" for those wise and
pregnant bills. It is tiiio that from the high literary
standpoint of this age and this audience, it may be
thought that the membei-s of that august body sljghtly
gave themselves away when they defined the institution
they were then organizing as "a free nchool for Latin,
Greek, writing and the likey Put when we pause and
linger over the word.-, and getat flic pur[)(».-e (tl tiio.'^e early
64 Mkm;)kim, Volume.
laws, our aniuseincut Gliaii<;;es to admiration ; and when
wc strike lli:it little sentence, "a free school," we recall
with State jiride, the pleasinj^ fact that by the act of
that Legislature, there was solemnly and wisely organ-
ized and established the first free school in Maryland,
the first free school in America! There was to bono
limit to its benefits, no patrician pupilage, no sectarian
restrictions; but the advancement of learning, good let-
ters and manners was to be free to all the little colony of
Maryland, and within her borders and for all her people,
free religion and free education were to go hand in hand.
What State can point to such a combination so early in
its history?
The institution thus established was, by subsequent
legislation in 1G96, called King Willian;i's School, in
honor of the King then reigning in England, and may be
considered as a younger brother of AVilliani and Mary's
College then established in Virginia, but with more
liberal ideas as to the freedom of education than her
more aristocratic neighbor.
The new schoolhouse for King William's School was
built, 'it seems, principally from donations of tobacco, at
that time the chief currency of the province. I can
sympathize with the sad condition of the colonists, who
in the absence of fiee silver were driven to such straits,
but I am obstinate in the belief that if those plain old
Removal of Stath Capital. 55
patriots had foreseen the diij' when tlie <a(]v;mcemcnt of
leaniin<j and 200<1 manners in IS'J-l would till the at:nos-
pherc of college halls, libi-arics and pai-lors with the smoke
and scent of the omnipresent and malodorous ciii^arette,
they would have thrown down their old pipes in prophetic
disma}', have left the college unendowed and the school-
house unbuilt ! What they would have tlionght of base
ball and foot ball as academic promoters of odncation and
civilization, my feeble imagination fails to suggest!
For the further support of free schools the General
Assembly laid an imposition on t!ie exportation of becf^
bacon, bear skins, otter, wildcat, f')X and wolf bkins, musk-
rats, raccoons and irany other articles of sport and [)rotit;
a kind of primitive reverse tarilf whieh if added to the
price of the article, was a sure way of making the foreigner
pay the tax. They also had a kind of tai-ilf on importa-
tions for the same purpose, but, as there were no ".infant
industries" then, it was pur(*ly a tariff for revenue. At
any rate our forbi'ars were detei'inined to have free schools,
ami they knew how to i-aise the money to support them;
nor did they have any dead locks, iilibusteiings and bad
blood ovei" the way in \\hich it was done.
King William's School, tlius fountled with praycifiil
endeavors and high hopes, con'.inned its work with more
or less success tmtil the outbreak of the Kevoliition.
Then Latin, Greek and good manneis went to the rear
50 Memorial Volume.
as teacliers and students were called to the front, and,
instead of stiidyino^ history, hep^an to mahc it. For the
time the schoolhonse was deserted, and the advancement
of learning collapsed. After the Revolntion was over,
it revived in a feeble and bloodless sort of way, but, as
King William's School, it never again got successfully to
work.
In 1T84-, the General Assembly of Maryland incorpo-
rated and founded St. John's College at Annapolis, and
the following year legislated all the property, funds, mas-
ters and scholars of King William's School into it. We
all know after whom KingWillam's School was named,
but whether St. John's owes its beautifnl name to St. John
the Baptist, or St. John the evangelist, I iind no record,
and must leave the question to be solved by theological
antiquaiiaus. From the bountiful -supply of water in tlic
vicinity, I am disposed to think that some of the special
followers of the Baptist had a hand in that patronymic
legislation and wanted future scholais to be kept clean in
flesh as well as in faith. I do not, however, insist upon
this suggestion, for I remember that among the first pro-
moters and patrons of St. John's College weie the
Catholic Bishop of Baltimore, the Episcopal Bishop of
Maryland, the highest Presb3-terian cl-ei'gyman in the
State, and so far as I know, there was not a Baptist
preacher in tlie Commonwealth. Be that as it may, it
Removal of State Capital. 57
was a fair omen of the College to have it begin its
career under the auspices of so much sectarian lihei-ality,
and, if it has not flourished, as it should have done, it was
not for the want of ample blessings at the stai't. It
should have been considered another good omen, that on
the day the College was first formally opened, on the
11th of November, 1780, Francis Scott Key was enrolled
as a student "for instruction in learning and virtue."
He afterwards wrote his name on our flag, and there it
will remain forever. Not a hundred years old, modern
patriots may call it "Old Glory," but it has been
baptized in all history, song and story as the "Star-
Spangled Banner." F<jllowing him comes a lung list of
men. eminent in State and Nation, prominent in art,
science, litei'ature and all the professions, who, as alumni
of St. John's College, have lived and died in affectionate
regard f<jr her as their alma mater.
1 am iiiiprt'S!-cd with tlie ('(invictioii that it was unfor-
tunate and most injurious that St. .lohiTs College was
fi-om the l)eginning so closely comiected with the State
Jlou.se and State (iovcrnment. Very eai'ly its (lovernons
and Jjuar<ls of V^lsitors learned, too easily, to i)ut their
truht in princes and to look to tlu; State llou^c for aid
and encouragement. This proved to be delusive and
unwise. There arc other things legislatures take moro
interest in than the advancement of leai'ning, and tho
58 MiMOKI.M- Vol.LMK.
average local statesman is apt to meet the appeal of tlio
professor in the spirit of that distinguished praclical
politician of Pennsylvania, whose denunciation of those
"damned literaiy fellows'^ excited the wide-spread
sj-mpathj of the craft !
Originally St. JulnrsCollege had fair promises from
the State. An early legislatui-e by solemn contract en-
dowed her with an annuity of $8,750, to be paid '•annu-
ally and forever." At that time it was a goodly sum of
money and created high hopes and unreasonable expecta-
tions. Soon after and just when the money was most
needed, a subsequent legislature, in violation of a plain
principle of constitutional law, broke this contract
between the State and the College and repealed the
annuity. The Court of Appeals denounced the technical
violation of the Constitution, but refused the College an
effective remedy. Since then the College has i)een almost
annually standing at the doors of the legislature, some-
times receiving fair and liberal treatment, but often little
aid and scant courtes}'. The situation led at times to
questionable expedients, among others to the Act of
1S21, by which the College was authorized to raise
$20,000 for its uses by a lottery. Such a scheme was a
moral blight upon the College, for ganibling can hardly
be considered a ci-edi table and effective instrument for
the " advancement of leaining and virtue."
Removal of State Capitai,. 59
It may be that, at first, with a scanty population and
very limited means, State aid was necessary to give the
institution a start in life. But in more recent years the
people of the State should have taken hold of its fortunes
as a matter of State pride. Colleges and universities arc
everywhere, rich and full of students. Men have given
of their wealth to them, have founded and established
them. How few of them have either history or age or
any claim upon patriotic pride. Public spirit, individual
enterprise and private aid have made them a success.
Men with a genius for business have taken them in hand,
have enlisted individual donations, demanded the atten-
tion of the public, and by industry and enthusiasm have
pushed them to fortune. Why was this not done right
here? What college seat has more patriotic associations
than this ancient city of Annapolis? AVhere could a
better situation bo found for a Univer.-;ify tlian on this
Chesapeake Bay? What people in all these States gave
such early evidence of tlieir devotion to the cause of
education as those of the province of Maryland? Hero
in this Commonwenlth, where before the foundation of
yonder high-domed capitol was laid, free religion was
proclaimed for uU her people; here in this town, where,
in King William's Free School, free ednealion wiis con-
ceived and born and transmitted with lofty hopes and
aspirations to the College of St. John's, before our
-60 Memouial Volume.
patriotic fathers ever clrcnmed of that coming republic,
where free religion and free education would he the
inheritance of 70,000,000 of people ; here in this State
And in this city should live and flourish a great institution
of learning worthy of the State, worthy of its history
and worthy of the traditions of its people ; a great
university with inviting doors, swinging wide to the
yonth of all the land, and a store-house of that virtuous
learning which fathers and mothers are seeking for their
rods!
Why cannot this be !
1 am Tiot a graduate of St. John's nor a Marylandcr by
birth, but I know something of the history of this State,
and I would like to see a college on these grounds that
would represent and realize her caily aspirations in the
■cause of education. I would like to see its campus full
of students, its library full of books, its inanagement full
of hope. I would like to see those wide swinging doors
I speak of, and read from one this inscription, done in
letters of silver: "Within these walls still lives the
spirit of our good fathers, who, two centuries ago, laid
the first foimdation of free education on this continent,
and with the torch of knowledge lighted the way to
American freedom and independence;" and, on the
■other, this in letters of o;old : "More than two hundred
Removal of State Capital.
61
years ago, the new peoi)lcof tins colony who had given to
the world and mankind the lirst edict for free religion,
founded this school that she might preserve for all time
the eacrcd recoi'd, and scatter through all the lands by
licr pupils this sacred truth, that through the eaily hless-
ings of prayer and education, Mai-yland was called '^^The
Laud of the Sanctuary.'"
flistcrical Address on St Mary's Kity,
Tlie First Capital of Maryland^ delivered at Annap-
olis, Md., March 5, ISOJ^, hj
MR. JAMES W. THOMAS,
On the Occasion of the Celebration of the Two Hun-
dredth Anniversary of the Removal of the Capital
from St. Mary''s to Annapolis^ Ijy invitation of
the City of Annapolis and St. John^s College.
As tlio place of fii'st permanent settlement of the
Marjland colony; as the scat of Maryland's first pro-
vincial capital; as the theatre of our infant struggles;
and as the cradle of our civil and our religions liberty,
the history of St. ^Mary's city is invested with peculiar
interest and special inspiration ; and, even though but
briefly outlined, possesses singular appropriateness as a
part of these ceremonies,
St. Mary's cit}-, the first capital of Maryland, was
situated on the east side of the St. Mary's liver, a tribu-
tary of the Potomac, about five miles from its mouth,
and sixteen miles from Point Lookout, the southern
extremity of the western shoi'e of Maryland.
63 Removal of State Capital.
A gentle slope from the eastern hills, then a spacious
plateau of singular beaut}', elevated about fifty feet above
the water, and terminating in a bold bluff between two
broad expanses of the river, formed the'sitc of the city.
A crescent-shaped indentation, made by this bluff and
a long headland about a mile lower down the river, gave
the city a capacious harbor.
The river skii-ted two sides of the town, afforded depth
and security of navigation, and adding beauty aud gran-
deur to its other attractions, made the situation of St.
Mary's one of surpassing loveliness.
A river, possessing more enchanting scenery than the
St. Mary's, may not easily be found, and, at no point
along its banks, is this displayed to greater advantage
than at the site of old St. Mary's.
This ancient city occupied the site of the Indian
village of " Yaocomico," at which place the Maryland
colony \vas induced to settle by the glowing description
of (Japlain Henry Fleet, son of a member of the Vir-
ginia company, whose familiarity with the country gave
his opinion importance and weight, and who described it
as a location desirable alike, for its connnanding commer-
cial advantages and its safety of defense, as well for its
temporary improvements and its natural beauty and
attractiveness, or in his own language," a spot indeed so
charming in its situation that Europe itself can scarcely
C4 Memorial Volume.
show one to snr]inss it." An inspection of tlic place con-
vinced the colony of its superior litness, and that an
entry there could be easily and safely made, owing to the
fact that the Yaoconiicos, to avoid the Susquehanocks, a
more powciful tribe, and their enemy, were then prepar-
ing to abdicate and move higher up the countiy.
The colony, to avoid "every appearance of injustice
and afford no oppoilunity for liostility" on the part of
the Indians, waived all questions of right or superior
power in the premises, and bought their town and terri-
tor}', giving in exchange connnodities, useful in their
kind and satisfactory to the natives.
Much historical encomium lias been lavished upon
William Penn for his famous treaty with the Sliacka-
maxon Indians for the land on which the city of Phila-
delphia stands, but it should here be said, that neither
the annals of Pennsylvania, or of any other American
colony, present a more conspicuous example of humanity
and ju^tice toward the aboi-igiiies, than is portrayed in
the spirit which animated Maryland on that occasion, and
indeed throughout in that regard, and it should, with
equal justice, adorn the pages of its history.
The landing having been made with as much formality
as circumstances would permit. Governor Calvert, on the
27ih of March, 1G34, with appropriate ceremonies, pro-
Removal of State Capital. C5
claimed formal possessiou of Maryland, and named its
first town St. Mark's.
"Then and tlius," it has been well said, "landed the
pilgrims of Maryland, and then and thus were laid the
foundations of the old city of St. Mary's and of our
present State. The landing of the pilgrims of New-
England has been the burden of many a story and the
theme of many an oration. Tlie very rock upon which
their feet were first planted is consecrated in the estima-
tion of their descendants, and its relics arc enshrined as
objects of holy regard. They were freemen in search of
freedom; they found it and transmitted it to their pos-
terity. It becomes us therefore to tread lightly upon
their ashes. Yet, while we would avoid all invidious
contrasts and forget the stern spirit of the Puritan, which
so often mistook religious intolerance for holy zeal, we
can turn with exaltation to the pilgrims of Maryland as
the founders of religious liberty in the new woild. They
erected the first altar to it on this continent; and the fires
first kindled on it ascended to Heaven amid the blessings
of the savage."
The earliest instructions from Lord Baltimore with
reference to the first Maryland town, were that its loca-
cation should bo selected witii due regard to "health and
fruitfulness" and to facilities f(jr "fortification" and "con-
venience for trade." The town located, it was to be laid
6
6fi Mkmokiai- Volume.
ont into "lots," with coiiveiiient "streets" and lanes on
wliich tlio buildings were to be erected "in line" "near
adjoining one to another," and to be built in as "decent
and uniform a manner" as circumstances would permit;
•llie land in tlie rear of the houses "to be assigned for
gardens and such nses;" the first choice of lots to be for
a "fit place and a competent quantity of ground for a
fort," and near it. a site for a "convenient house and a
•church or chapel adjacent," for the "seat of his Lordship
■or his Governor."
TJndisturbed for several years either by domestic fac-
tions or external dissensions, St. Mary's, for a colonial
town, grew with considerable rapidity. Brick and other
'builders' supplies were imported, which, with the homo
iproducts available for the purpose, afforded, from an
early period, abundant building material.
While Virginia, it is said, as late as 1638, was making
its laws in an ale house, and indeed, in 1716, its capital
contained only "a church, court house and four other
buildings," St. Mary's, in a comparatively short time
after its settlement, had, besides the homo of Lord Bal-
timore, a church, a pretentious State House, a jail and
other public offices, and about thirty houses. Soon there-
after, it had sixty houses, protected by two forts, St.
Mary's and St. Inigoes, each well mounted with tho
ordnance of that day.
Removal of State Capital. C7
As the place for liolding the General Assemblies, the
seat of the Provincial Court, and the port where all ships
trading Avith the Province had first to resort, St. Mary's
soon became a place of importance, and, in 1GG8, it was
by letters patent, incorporated and erected into a city,
with privileges and immunities above and beyond any
other place in the Province. Its officers consisted of a
mayor, recorder, six aldermen and ten councilinen, and
among its special prerogatives, were those of a "weekly
market" and an "annual fair," to the latter of which the
ancient "Court of Pipoudre" was an incident.
In ICTl, St. Mary's received a new accession to its
privileges, that of sending two representatives to the
General Assembly, of whom the lirst were Pobert
Carvill, subsequently Attorney-General, and Thomas
Notley, afterwards Governor of Maryland.
It is to be regretted that no map or plan of St. Mary's
was ever made, or, at least, is not extant. Tiie old city,
except in name and in memory, has long since passed
awaj', and tliere is apparently no data fi-om which a com-
plete drawing can, at this d;iy, be made.
From original surveys and grants, however, and ancient
boundaries and land-marks, still visible, the general out-
lines of the city, and the location of its principal public
and more ])roiriinent piivate buildings, are still susceptible
of accurate identitication.
68 Memouial Volume.
Tho plain, upon which St. ]\rary's stood, was about a
mile square, the limit presciihed by its charter, with a
water front made extensive by the many and acute
meanderings of the river. Upon this plateau the houses,
which passed through the "various stages of architectural
transition" from the log cabin to the substantial frame
and brick building, were scattered irregularly, the lots
being unsymmctrically arranged, of irregular size and
large, none of them being less than a quarter of an acre,
and many of them large enough for extensive grounds
and gardens sufiiciently capacious to supply the needs of
the household.
A description of the location and architecture, even of
the principal buildings at St. Mary's, would not be with-
in the s3ope of this address. It may, however, be
proper to sa}', that the improvement consisted of its fort
or palissado, which, though a rude structure when com-
pared with those of more modern date, was solidly built
and well enough mounted to protect the inhabitants
against the warfare of that day; its massive and digniticd
State House, with its thick walls, tile roof and paved
floors; its stout jail, with its iron-barred windows; its
market-house, warehouses and several ordinaries; its
unique brick chapel, the victim of the anti-Catholic per-
secution of later times; its quaint Protestant church; its
pretentious and fortress-like executive mansion, which,
Removal of State Capital. ' 09
^'itli its offices, private liouscs and shops, of vai'ied archi-
tectural dci-i^n, iiuinbering, it is said, about sixty, and
scattered over the elevated, but level, plain, studded, we
are told, \vith primeval forest trees, constituted the
picturesque little metropolis of early Maryland.
The first General Assembly held in Maryland met at
St. Mary's on the 2Cth of February, 1G35. The acts of
this session Baltimore refused to approve, because, as ho
claimed, the li^ht to originate laws resided under the
charter exclusively in himself, the power of the Assembly
being limited to assent and dissent to such as he pro-
pounded. The freemen of Maryland, convinced that
they possessed equal and eo-oi-dinate rights in matters of
legislation, with the Proprietary, with the courage of their
conviction, vindicated their position, by rejecting at the
next session of the Assembly, the whole body of bills
drafted and submitted by him for their adoption, and
enacted in their stead, a code which emanated from
themselves, though substantially the same as the one that
be had propounded.
After this the right. of the Assembly to initiate legis-
lation was not contested, and the riglit of the Proprietary
was, in [)ractice, limited to his veto.
It should here be said that the legislation enacted at
this and the succeeding sessions of the Assembly, during
the sixty -one years in which St. ISIary's was the scat of
To Memorial Voldme,
government, forms, to a great extent, tlie foundation and
outlines of the present legal, civil and social structure of
Maryland, and of some of its most cherished institutions.
It was then and there that the great struggle for
popular sovereignty, between the bold and courageous
yoemanrj of Maryland and the Lord Proprietary, Avas
inaugurated, and which resulted in setting upon a iirm
foundation that principle which formed the basis of
Maryland's early system of free self-government, and
which, "in process of time and in course of events,"
developed into a reality the sublime doctrine of con-
stitutional liberty.
It was also by the legislation then and there enacted,
that the famous "Toleration Act," giving legal sanction to
liberty of conscience, which shed such brilliant renown
upon the legislative annals of Maryland, which won for
it the name of the "Land of the Sanctuary," and which
extended to all, whatever their religious belief or form
of worship, "shelter, protection and repose," becamo
engrafted by law upon its government.
Though religious toleration had existed in practice in
Maryland from its earliest settlement, it had never been
made the subject of legislative enactment, and to the
General Assembly of 1649, does this, "the proudest
memorial" of Maryland's colonial history, belong.
Removai. of State Capital. Tl
"Iliglier than all titles and badges of honor," and more
exalted than royal nobility, is the imperishable distinc-
tion which the passage of this broad and liberal act won
for Maryland, and for the members of that never-tobe-
forgottcn session, and ea.cve(} forever he the hallowed spot
which gave it hirth !
Cut, besides being the historic battle-tield of Mary-
land's early struggles for political freedom, and the scene-
of its first legislative confirmation of religions peaee^
St. Mary's presents in its history, as the capital and
metropolis of the province, all the "glowing incidents
and martial virtues" which characterized and gave
inspiration to that eventful and heroic period — the period
in Maryland's history which has truly been styled "the
golden age of its colonial existence;" the period iu
which the foundations of its government were being
broadly and deeply laid; the period of its great political
turmoils, and religious agitations; the period in which
the defiant spirit and persistent rebellion of Clayborne;
the artful sedition and destructive warfare of Ingle;
the reflex action upon Maryland of England's parliamen-
tary disturbances, resulting in the usurpation of the
Proprietary rights; the turbulence and the ascendancy
of the Puiitan, whose reign was eo conspicuous for its
political proscription of those who hospitably received
and generously treated them when outcast and homeless.
79 AIkmorial Voi.UMlO.
and of t:cctarian pcM'sccutioii of those wlio did not wor-
ship at the altar of their religions slirine; the repeated
efforts of the Proprietary to reduce them to subjection,
beginniiii^ with the memorable battle upon the Severn,
and cndiuf; only with the turn of affairs in England,
which took fi'om them their moral support; the rii-c and
fall of the intriguing and ambitious Fcndall, the Crom-
well of ■ ^Nfaryland ; the introduction of the printing
press, that emblem of liberty which was not found in
an}- other American Colony; the embroiling designs and
the insurrection of the a]iostate Coode ; the Protestant
revolution of IGSO; the fall of the Proprietary govern-
ment; the administration of affairs by the representatives
of the Crown, and tl:e establishment of the Church of
England, by law, in the province, all pass in review, and
stand in "characteristic light and shade" upon its historic
panorama.
On the ninth of June, 1G4:7, Governor Leonard Cal-
vert, at the early age of forty, died at St. Mary's, wher^
Lis remains still repose under its revered and holy soil.
Of the life and character of Leonard Calvert, historians
Lave said but little. While there is no desire to
■detract from the unfading lustre which they have
accoided to the Proprietaries of Maryland, truth and
justice alike demand, that, of the pioneer Governor of
the Province, and the founder of St. Mary's, it should
Removal of State Captial. 73
here be said, that, lie, avIio left liis native land to load the
pilgrim colony to Maryland ; he, \vlio faced the perils
and dan2:crs and stoc;d the heat and lire of stoi'in and
battle which so often darkened its earlj' colonial days;
be, who iirst proclaimed, and laid in practice those
fundamental piinciples which underlie the priceless boon
of liberty of conscience; he, who, with niitiiin^ energy,
fidelity and zeal, devoted the best years of his life to the
development and glory of Maryland, and to the pros-
perity and happiness of its citizens; he, whose undaunted
courage and wise and liberal statesmanship, arc so closely
associated with the foundation, eai'ly growth and i>erma-
nent establishment of Maryland, should stand upon the
pages of history no less distinguished and renowned, as
long as valiant service to eai-ly Mai-yland has an admirer,
or civil and religions libei'ty a friend.
Of the Protestant Revolution of ir)8'>, its causes and
effect:*, and in which St. ^Mary's was the theatre of action,
but little can be s:iid within the liuiits of this address.
SulKce it to say, that it ivsulted in the e\acuution of St.
Mary's, the downfall of the Pi-oprietary government, the
subjugation of JMai-yhind by the Revolutionists, the
assumi)tion of political control of the Province by the
Crown, and hence the establishment at St. Clary's of a
royal government in INFaryland, one of the lii.st ollicial
acts of whi(;h, was that of overthrowing religious
74 Mi'.MOKTAL Volume.
freedom — so long the pride of ]\[;\ryUnd, and consti-
tuting, by law, the Church of EngUmd as the established
church ()f the Province.
In 1G04, Francis Nicholson, of Virginia, became
Governor of Maryland, and signalized his induction into
office by sounding the death knell of St. Mary's.
He summoned an Assembly to convene, not at St.
Mary's, but at Anne Arundel Town, now Annapolis.
This act "fore-shadowed the doom" of St. Mary't^, and at
that session of the Assemblj^ the removal of the capital
was determined upon.
The consternation which St. Mary's felt at this sudden,
and to it, disastrous, riiovemcnt, can well be understood.
It solemnly protested, pathetically appealed and gra-
ciousl}' offered through its mayor, recorder, aldermen and
council, in which, after dwelling upon the ancient rights
of the old city, sustained by long enjoyment and con-
firmed in the most solemn manner by Lord Baltimore,
and upon the advantages of a site, with a commodious
harbor and a beautiful and pleasant situation^ they pro-
posed to obviate its alleged difficulties of access, but all
to no purpose. Governor Nicholson had moved the
capital of Virginia from its ancient seat to AVilliamsburg,
and had come to Maryland resolved upon the same
course towards St. Mary's. lie went through the form
of submitting the address of the town officials to the
Removal of Statk Caimtal 75
Assembly, from ulicncc it was returned to him — whose
wishes probably M-erc well understood — with a reply con-
ppicnons only for its vindietivc spiiit, bitter aciiniony and
extreme cnai-seness, in which they ridiculed the idea of
being bound by propiietary promises, denied the advan-
tages of St. Mary's, mocked at its calamities, laughed at
its proposals, and Ecorn fully declined further consideration
of the subject. . •
In February, 1G05, he ordered the archives and records
to be I'emoved from St. Mary's and to be delivered to the
Sheriff of Anne Arundel Town. This was accordingly
done, and on the 28th of February, 1GD5, the General
Assembly began its first session at tlie present capital of
Maryland.
The reason alleged for this change, was that St. Mary's,
being on the verge of the Province, was difficult of access
to the masses of the people. This may not liave been
altogether without weight, but it was more probably due
to the fierce political struggle and the bitter sectarian
strife, which existed there at that time — between the
advocates of the Proprietary and the adherents of the
King — between the church of England and the ehurcli
of Rome.
It was, Bays Maryland's most eminent historian, Mc-
Mahon, "the interest of the new government, to destroy,
as far as possible, the cherished recollections which were
76 Mj;:m()Kiai, Volume.
associated uith tlic departed Proprietary power; and
there was no object so inteitwined with all these
recollections, as this ancient citj, consecrated by the land-
ing of the colonists, endeared to the natives as the first
homo of their fathers, and exhibiting at every step the
inonniiients of that gentle and liberal administration,
which had called up a thriving colony out of the once
trackless wilderness. The Catholics of the colony dwelt
princi|)ally in that section of it; and nndcr the joint
operation of these cause?, it had been distinguished dur-
ing all the troubles consequent upon the civil wars in
England, by its unshaken attachment to the Proprietary.
Without these considerations to promj)t the removal, the
recollections and the attachments, which centre the feel-
ings of a people in an ancient capital, would probably
have conti'ibuted to preserve it as such; until, by the
denseness of the population, and the increasing facilities
for traveling thereby afforded to the remote sections of
the State, the objection to its location would have been
in a great measure obviated, and the city of St. Mary's
would at this day have been the seat of our State gov-
ernment. The excitement of the moment made its
claims to recollection cogent reasons for its destruction,
and the public convenience came in as the sanction."
After St. Mary's ceased to be the capital of the Pro-
vince, it soon began to decline. The removal of the
Removal of Statk Capital. 7T
government officials in itself, serionsij diminished its
population, and, in 1708, it ceased alto to be the connty
seat of St. Mary's county, the last symbol of its official
character. The same year it lost its pi*ivilcge of sending
delegates to the General Assembly, and soon after lost
its rank as a citj'.
No longer the commercial emporium of the Province,
with no manufacturing interests at that day to sustain
its vitality, and completely stripped of its official impor-
tance, it was left without means of support. Its popula-
tion gradually departed; its old fort sank to the level of
the earth; its houses — one by one — fell to ruin, and in
a comparatively short tims nothing remained, save <he
old State House and a few of the more durable buildings,
the latter used as homesteads for the farms into which
the site of the old city became converted. In 1G95, permis-
sion was given the Justices of St. Mary's county to use
the State House for a court house and church, and in
1720, the title to it, and the "Public Lot," which con-
tained about three acres, by Act of Assend»ly, became
vested in the '"Kcctor and Vestry of William and Mary
Parish, and their successors, in fee simple, for the use of
the Parish forever." It continued to be used as a church
for more than a century; but, in 1829, this historic old
building was pulled down and its niaterial used in the
construction of Trinity church, which stands nearby.
TS MliMOIilAL VoLUMH.
Tliis old nioiinineiit might well have been "spiu'ed all
but the ravages of time" — and had it been saved from
the sacrilege of man — it might today be standing to
"point a moral" and "adorn the history" of the founders
of Maryland.
The State House stood on "St. JMary's bluff," which
formed the northwestern extremit}- of the town. It was
a strikingly beautiful situation and commanded an exten-
sive view of the town, the river and the surrounding
country ; and to those approaching the city, either by
land or water, it formed a prominent and picturesque
feature of the landscape. Its dimensions were forty-five
by *fifty feet, its architectural design that of a maltesc
cross, and was one of the most pretentious public build-
ings of its time. It was built of large, red vitrified brick,
its walls varying from twenty-eight to nineteen inches,
diminishing in thickness with their height, the lower
floor bein<x divided into two halls for the accommodation
of the upper and lower Houses of Assembly, and which
were paved with flagstone. It was two and a half stories
high, with steep roof covered with red tile, from the
centre of which shot up an iron spire, with ball, support-
ing near its top, a vane, on which was insciil)ed, "107(5,"
the date of its erection. The building, with a jail, cost
330,000 pounds of tobacco. By a singular coincidence,
it was built without chimneys, owing to a controversy
Removal of State Capital. 79
over the proposition to allow it, in conformity witli the
custom of the times, to be used as an ordinary or eating
house, the opposino: and predominant faction, in order to
make this impracticable, caused them to be omitted alto-
gether; and it was not until two years later, that its three
massive outside chimneys were added, at a cost of 20,000
pounds of tobacco.
On the "State House Square," about seventy feet dis-
tant, stood the historic "(3Id Mulberry," under whose
broad-spreading branches the first colonists of Maryland
assembled, and under which also traditionary history
says, the first mass at St. Mary's was celebrated and the
treaty between Governor Calvert and the Yaocomico
Indians was made. Of this venerable tree, whose mass
of foliage continued for two hundred years afterward to
crown the State House promontory, it is further re-
corded, that "on it were nailed the proclamations of Cal-
vert and his successors, the notices of punishments and
tines, the inventories of debtors whose goods were to be
8old, and all notices calling for the public attention,"
Within comparatively recent years, even curious relic-
hunters were able to pick from its decaying ti-unk the
rude nails which thus "held the forgotten State papeis of
two centuries ago."
This aged tree had watched over the city in its infancy,
in its development and prosperity, and in its pride and
80 Memorial Voll^me.
glory as the metropolis of ]\lai-jland ; it had seen it
stripped of its prestige and its iionors, and lose its im-
portance and its rank; it had witnessed its l)attle with
adversity and its downfall and decline; and it had
mourned the departure of nearly every symbol of its
existence and memorial of its glory, which under the
winning game of time had one by one faded and passed
away; and still it stood — stood, as a "silent sentinel" of
time whose "watchword is death;" stood, daily distilling
the "dews of Heaven^ upon the sacred ground around it ;
stood, sheltering the generations of men who were buried
beneath its luxuriant shade; stood, telling the story of
the first capital of Maryland, and marking the spot where
once it was — stood until 187G, when, like the almost for-
gotten city, the companion of its prime, its time-worn
and shattered trunk laid down to rest.
About fifteen feet from the site of the State House,
stands what is known as the "Calvert Vault," and which
is supposed to contain the remains of Governor Leonard
Calvert, Lady Jane, the wife of Charles Lord Baltimore,
and Cecilius, their oldest son. Of this vault, tradition
says, its entrance was covered up and the key thrown
into the river, that its revered inmates might peacefully
repose forever, under the soil they had redeemed from
the wilderness.
In 183'.), the State of Maryland purchased from Wil-
liam and Mary Parish the eastern half of the State
Removal of State Capital. 81
Ilouse lot, and to commemorate the spot where "civiiiza/-
tion and Christianity were first introduced into our State,"
erected on it the imposing and classic building, known as
the "St. Mary's Female Seminary." It also, a little
more than two years ago, did tardy justice to Maryland's
first Governor — Leonard CJalvert — by erecting to hi*
memory a handsome granite shaft, placing it on the site
of the "old Mulberry ;" and, at the same time, in order to
perpetuate the foundation lines of the old State House,
planted at each of its sixteen corners a massive granite
marker.
Thus did the ancient city of St. Mary's spring into
being, flourish and pass away. In the "very State to
which it gave birth;" in the State whose foundations it
erected ; in the State, many of whose most valued insti-
tutions, and more ancient principles of organic law, it
established, it to-day stands almost a "solitary spot,
dedicated to God and a fit memento of perishable man."
But it is one, which, "as long as civilization shall
endure upon the earth, will be memorable in the history
of its development. The philosopher and the statesman,
when tracing back the progress of the political s^'stems
of men from the loftiest heights they shall ever reach,
will always pause upon tlie banks of the St. Mary's to con-
template one of the greatest epochs in tlieir history.
Here, under the auspices of the founders of the State of
r>
82 Mkmokial Volumb.
Maryland, the injured freedom of England found »
refuge from the depredations of royal power ; here, the
inherent rights of man found opportunity for growth to
strength and vigor, away from the depressing tyranny
of Kings; here, the ancient privileges of the .people that
came down with the succeeding, generations, of our
fathers from the morning twilight of Anglo-Saxon
history, struggling through the centuries with varying
fortunes, at last found a home and a country as all-per;-
vading as the atmosphere around . them ; here, these
principles and rights first entered into the practical
operations of government ; here, was established the first
State in America where the people were governed by
laws made by themselves ; here, was organized the first
■civil government in the history of the Christian world^
which was administered under that great principle of
American liberty — the independence of church and state
•in their relations to each other ; here too, freedom of
conscience, in all of its breadth and fullness, was first
proclaimed to men as their inherent and inviolable right,
in tones which, sounding above the tempest of bigotry
and persecution, were to continue forever, from age to
age, to gladden the world with the assurance of practical
Christian charity, and ultimately find expression in the
political systems of every civilized people."
Such was the halo surrounding Maryland's early colo-
nial metropolis, and yet the present generation asks
Removal of State Capital. 83
when and where it was ; such the renown of Maryland's
first capital, embodying in its history the germ of so
much of that which gave grandeur and glory, as well as
inspiration and pride, to the later annals of the State, and
yet history has recorded its birth without a smile, and
has written its epitaph without a tear.
In desolation and ruin as it is, and though its
hearthstone is buried beneath the moss of so many years,
it should be revered as a hallowed spot sacred to the
"proudest memories" of Maryland ; endeared in the pride
and in the affection of its sons and its daughters ;. the
glory of every American patriot, for it was the spot
where first arose the radiant morning sun of our relig-
ious freedom ; the spot where first broke and brightened
into effulgent daylight the early dawn of our civil
liberty.
SCRIPTURE REHDIHG END PRHYER.
By Rev. Wm. S. Southgate, D. D.,
Rector ok St. Anne's Chukcii, Annapolis,
Delivered in tAe Hall of the House of Delegates^
March 5, ISQJf., at the Celebration Ceremonies of
that date.
The Lord our God be with us, as He was with our
fathers. Let Ilim not leave us, nor forsake us ; that He
may incline our hearts unto Him, to walk in all His
ways, and to keep His commandments, and His statutes,
and His judgments, which He commanded our fathers.
(I Kings, viii, 57-58.)
Almighty God, our Heavenly Father, who art always
more ready to hear than we to pray, and art wont to give
more than either we desire or deserve; pour down upon
us the abundance of Thy mercy. Forgive us those things
whereof our conscience is afraid, and give us those good
things which we are not worthy to ask, but through the
merits and mediation of Jesus Christ, Thy Son, our Lord.
We beseech Thee, O God, save and bless our State,
Give wisdom and power for good to our Governor, our
Removal of State Capital. 85
Judges, the Senators and Delegates of the General Assem-
bly, and to all others to whom is entrusted the authority
of government. Grant tliat all their doings, being ordered
by Thy governance, may be righteous in Thy sight, and
for the good of all the people.
Bless our land with honorable industry, sound learning
and pure manners. Defend our liberties, preserve our
unity. Save us from violence, discord and anarchy;
from pride and arrogance and every evil way. Fashion
into one happy peo'ple the multitude brought here out of
many kindreds and tongues.
Give us peace at home, and enable us to keep our high
place among the nations of the earth. In the time of
our prosperity temper our self-confidence with thankful-
ness, and, in the day of trouble, suffer not our trust in
Thee to fail. Direct us, O Lord, now and ever, in all
our doings, with Thy most gracious favor, and further
us with Thy continual help; that, in all our works,
begun, continued, and ended in Thee, we may glorify
Thy holy name, and finally, by Thy mercy, obtain ever-
lasting life, through Jesus Christ, our Lord. Amen.
i^ E nvE ^^ ]E^ k: s
OP
THOMAS S. BAER, Esq.,
On opening the proceedings in the Hall of the House
of Delegates, on March 5th, 189Jf, in honor of the
Bi-Centennial of the Removal of tlie Capital from.
St. Mary's to Annapolis.
It is one of the complaints of Ruskin against our
country, tliat we have no antiquities. We have met
to-night, to consider such antiquities as we have. To the
citizen of the old world, two hundred years may seem a
very short period in the history of a people, but on the
virgin soil of the new world, it has witnessed the devel-
opment of the most powerful nation on the globe. The
special occasion which brings us together, is the 200th
anniversary of the removal of the Capital of this State
from St. Mary's to Annapolis. The town, from which
the removal took place, has become so old, that it has
disappeared from view more entirely than Thebes or
Palmyra, while the young Arundel town, then proud of
its new born dignity, is now widely known as the
"Ancient City." On this historic spot, where, two hun-
dred years ago, the first session of the Legislature in thia
Removal of State Capital. ST
city was held, the General Assembly has suspended, for
the day, the business of the session, and has united with
the municipal authorities of Annapolis to celebrate th&
event. These are the closing exercises in connection
with the celebration. We meet to look back at the con-
ditions that led to the removal of the Capital, to listen
to the lament of those who, with saddened hearts, fore-
saw in that event, the beginning of decay, which ended
in utter desolation, and to the rejoicings of those whO'
felt that the establishment of the Capital here gave
assurance of permanent prosperity.
But above the interest, which attaches to the mere
event itself, it is fitting that we should let the occasion
serve to recall who the founders of our colony were, the
conditions under which the settlement was made and
maintained, and to trace the beginning and growth of
that spirit of freedom in civil government and in relig-
ious belief, which, when the fullness of time had come,
sent the wisest of Maryland's sons to the Continental Con-
gress, to participate in the creation of the great Republic,
and the bravest to the field, to stay there until tli;it
Republic was recognized by the Mother Country.
It is my simple function, to night, to introduce to you
the gentlemen, through whom we are to look backward
two centuries in the hittory of our beloved State.
88 Memorial Yolumk.
When they shall have performed their tasks, aud the
work of the present shall be resumed, let iis look for-
ward, and "nobly resolve" that the plant of civil and
religious liberty, which our fathers planted and tended
with such solicitude and devotion, shall continue"]' to
bloom in consummate beauty during the centuries to
come.
REMOVAL OF THE CAPITAL FROM ST.
MARY'S TO ANNAPOLIS,
A Paper 7'ead, hy invitation of the City of Annap-
olis, hy
ELIHU S. RILEY,
At the Ceremonies in the Hall of the House of Dele-
gates, on March 5, 189^, in honor of the Two
Hundredth Anniversary of the Removal of the
Capital from St. Mary'^s to Annapolis.
Gentlemen of the General Assembly and Fellow-
Citizens :
Comparisons may be odious, but they are the search-
lights of truth. Tlie age, in which men and States lived,
is the only background that will sharply deline their
characters to posterity.
When, by tile camera of histor}', the silhouettes of
conteniporaneous events are thrown upon the canvas of
time, then the chaste figure of Maryland shines like a
star in the firmament of heaven.
The day when the Pilgrim Fathers of Maryland
landed at St. Clements, was the age of blood, intolerance,
and persecution. The Church militant, no longer hidden
in the catacombs of liomc, from the faggots of Nero,
90 MlMOKlAI. VOLUMK.
had buckled on the sword of persecution, and was
putting to its keen edge all who dared raise voice against
hierarchical decree or sacerdotal authority.
This spirit belonged to no sect and to no denomination —
to no party, and no creed it was the age — the age of a
terrestrial Infernes. The very demons incarnate, from
the bottomless pit, seemed to have been let loose in the
scriptural Babylon.
Hus had been burned ; Savonarola destroyed ; the bones
of St. Thomas a Becket exhumed and burned ; the
ashes of Wycliffe scattered to the sea; Charles the First
executed; an epoch when Thomas Cromwell, as minister
to Henry the Eighth, gave the order for the trial and
place of execution of offenders in one and the same
paper; a period when every misfortune to an evil-doer
was hailed with sanctimonious delight by the faithful as
a just judgment of Almighty God for his impiety; it
was an age when Catholics in England were not allowed
to hold office; nor import the insignia of their faith; nor
educate their children abroad in the principles of their
religion ; nor receive the rights of their church in their
own land, nor even inherit the property of their parents.
Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, had been slain oy the
Presbyterians, and John Ogilvie, Jesuit, had been exe-
cuted at Glasgow for high treason, for holding adverse
opinion to the government and in saying Mass.
Removal of State Capital. 9t
Sir Thomas More's trial displays the spirit of the
times in all their error and severity. "The charge con-
tained in the indictment was — 1, that the prisoner had
stubbornly opposed the King's second marriage ; 2, that
he maliciously refused to declare his opinion of the act
of supremacy (the act that made Henry VIII head of
the church of England); 3, that he endeavored to evade
the force of that statute, and advised Bishop Fisher, by
his letters, not to submit to it; and 4, that upon his exam-
ination in the Tower, it being demanded, if he approved
the act of supremacy, he answered, that the question was
like a two-edged sword; if he answered one way, it
would destroy his hody ; and if the other way, his soul ;
and these were said to be open or overt acts of treason of
the heart^'' and Sir Thomas was accordingly executed.
In the new world matters were no better. As late as
1662, in Massachusetts, Quakers were whipped whenever
they could be found delivering their message. Men and
women were tied to cart's tails, and scourged from town
to town, and so it happened in New Ilampsliire, then
a part of tlie bay.
In Cambridge, a woman was thrown into jail without
food or bedding. A Quaker brought lier some milk ;
he was fined five pounds and put in the same jail.
"The cases of these persecutions," says Mr. Bryant,
"are too numerous to mention singly, and they all have a
92 MKMt)UiAL Volume.
revolting sameness. Tliey lasted ten years, and did not
come to an end until the King, offended by the prohibi-
tion of Episcopacy, and of the reading of the Liturgy,
issued sharj) injunctions against them."
Wilson and Eobinson, previous to these minor cruelties,
had been executed for the innocent offence of preaching the
mild religion of the Quakers; Margaret Jones and Anne
Ilibbens hanged as witches; Roger Williams driven to
the wilderness for proclaiming liberty of conscience ; and
the Salem Witchcraft horror was in course of evolution
in the laboratory of bigotry, superstition, and pious
fanaticism.
Bryant, in telling the story of Connecticut, says:
"Women were stripped for a whipping, one of them was
whipped with a lately born babe clinging to her breast,
and the record of fining, starving, imprisoning, banishing
and miscellaneous cruelty becomes monotonous."
Virginia Churchmen could not brook even the dis-
senfer, and their harsh laws, rigorously enforced in 1643,
drove the Puritan from the Old Dominion.
From this sea of terror and merciless atrocities, arises
the form of one that reflects the spirit of a new-born,
heaven-inspired civilization. History will vindicate the
assertion that George Calvert was the greatest man of his
age — great in the pure nobility of his sturdy character,
great in the wisdom of his stupendous grasp, in an age
Removal of State Capital. dS
of vindictive bigotry, of the sound problems of civil a«d
constitutional government. He called a world's atten-
tion to the sublime truth that liberty of conscience, m
matters of religion, wa^ consonant with the loyalty of the
subject to the highest or remotest interests of the State,
and that that spot was most blest where no statute laws
required obedience to creed, and that place in which
these principles would have fair trial — was Maryland.
It was in splendid keeping with such sentiments that,
when Churchmen drove the Puritan from Virginia,
Catholic Maryland gave him asylum, and sealed the
compact with the immortal act of 1649, which was the
first original legislation on American soil, guaranteeing
the rights of conscience and of religion.
It is revivifying to come, from time to time, to the
springs of eternal truth, and there, rearing our altars of
devotion, venerate the spirits of noble men, and drink in
inspiration for duty, God and country. As Mary landers,
let us once more read together this magna charta of
Maryland liberties, wherein our sires made statute law,
what had been the unwritten and common law of the
province since its settlement:
"Chapter 1, Acts of 1649, Caecilius, Lord Baltimore,
William Stone, governor,
"And wherca.s, the enforcing of the conscience in
matters of religion, hath frequently fallen out to be of
94; Memokial Volume.
dangerous consequence in those Commonwealths, where
it hath been practised, and for the more quiet and peace-
able government of this province, and the better to pre-
serve mutual love and unity among the inhabitants, no
person or persons whatsoever, within tliis province, or
the Islands, ports, harbours, creeks or havens, thereunto
belonging, professing to believe in JESUS CHRIST,
shall from henceforth be any way troubled, molested, or
discountenanced, for, or in respect of his or her religion,
nor in the free exercise thereof, within this province, or
the Islands thereunto belonging, nor any way compelled to
the belief or exercise of any other religion, against his or
her consent, so as they be not unfaithful to the Lord Pro-
prietary, or molest or conspire against the Civil Govern-
ment established or to be established in this province,
under him or his heirs. And any person presuming con-
trary to this act and the true intent and meaning thereof,
directly or indirectly, either in person or estate, wilfully
to disturb, wrong, trouble, or molest, any person what-
soever, within this province, professing to believe in
JESUS CHEIST, for or in respect of his or her religion,
or the free exercise thereof, within this province, other-
wise than is provided for in this act, shall pay treble
damage to the party so wronged and molested, and also
forfeit 20 shillings sterling for every such offence, one-
half to his Lordship, the other half to the party molested.
Removal of State Capital. 95
and, in default of paying the damage or line, be pun-
ished by public whipping and imprisonment, at the
pleasure of the Lord Proprietary."
It rang out like the peal of liberty bells on this dark
night of cruelty and intolerance, and was neither cant
nor dead letter, for, as long as Lord Baltimore was pre-
served in his rights, there freedom of conscience was
guaranteed, and our ancient court-rolls contain the record
that Capt. William Lewis, Catholic, was fined for con-
temptuously speaking of the religion of his Protestant
servants.
J!^or are the praises of the liberal spirit of our fore-
fathers left to our own State historians.
Lord Baltimore ''laid," says Chalmers, "the foundation
of this province upon the broad basis of security to
property and of freedom to religion, granting in absolute
fee fifty acres of land to every emigrant; establishing
Christianity agreeably to the old common law, of which
it is a part, without allowing pre-eminence to any par-
ticular sect. The wisdom of his choice soon converted a
dreary wilderness into a prosperous colony."
Judge Story, in his Commentaries, speaking of the
same subject, the colonization of Maryland, which ante-
dated the Act of Toleration fifteen years, says: "It is
certainly very honorable to the liberality and public spirit
of the proprietary, that he should have introduced into
96 Memorial Volume.
his fundamental policy the doctrine of general toleration
and equality among Christian sects, and have thus given
the earliest example of a legislator inviting his subjecta
to the free indulgence of religious opinion. Tiiis was
anterior to the settlement of Rhode Island, and therefore
merits the enviable rank of being the tirslr recognition
amongst the colonists of the glorious and indefeasible
rights of conscience."
William Cullen Bryant, in his History of the United
States, wrote : "Enough remains of the annals of Lord
Baltimore's colony to show most plainly those distinctive
features which separated its founders sharply from aU
the other strongly-marhed types, from which the varying
races of the future nation sprang. Here were men
trained in a different school from New Englanders or
Virginians; men with a singular mixture of i-eligious
enthusiasm, culture, practical shrewdness and liberal
statesmanship, far enough in advance of their age to take
warning from the errors of others, and, while they
founded a province in which were mingled feudal and
popular, despotic and constitutional institutions, to ad-
minister it with such prudence that it grew strong and
gained permanence more quickly and tranquilly than any
of its predecessors."
Says the learned Bancroft: "Sir George Calvert de-
serves to be ranked among the wisest and most benevo-
Removal of State Captial. 9T
lent lawgivers, for lie connected his hopes of the
aggrandizement of his fainilj' with the estal)Hsh»nent of
popular institutions, and, being a papist, 'wanted not
charity toward Protestants.'
"Toleration grew up in the province silently as a
custom of the land. Through the benignity of the ad-
ministration, no person professing to believe in the
divinity of Jesus Christ was permitted to be molested on
account of religion. Roman Catholics, who were
oppressed by the laws of England, were sure to find an
asylum on the north bank of the Potomac; and there,
too, Protestants were sheltered against Protestant intoler-
ance. From the first, men of foreign birth enjoyed
equal advantages witii those of the English and Irish
nations."
As these Virginia Puritans turned their faces toward
the fair land of Marj', thoy saw -there the flower of-
liberty blooming in the full fragrance of its primeval crea-
tion ; and here they found refuge on this vei"y spot, on
wiiich we are gathered to-night, and aptly and reverently
called it "Pkovidknck."
This was in 1640.
Historians and intelligent men of all professions imvo
been justly interested in the religious (loiiomiiiations of
the men who laid tiie corner-stone and builded thi- fair
walls of our State on such broad and most Christian basis.
7
9b Memorial VoLUMfc.
The proprietary and the majority of the first eohMiists
were Catliolics, but, in mutual love and respect, a goodly,
though unknown, number of Protestants, united with
them to lay the head of the corner deep in the eternal
principles of constitutional and religious liberty ; it was
a Catholic Proprietary and a Catholic House of Bnr-
:;gegses that passed the act of toleration, but a Protestant
Governor, who was undoubtedly largely instrumental in
its enactment, three Protestant councillors, all appointed
by a Catholic Proprietary, making, with the Governor, a
majority of the Upper House, and a Protestant minority
"in the House of Burgesses, assented to it. Thus, to their
■everlasting honor be it said, to Catholic belongs the chief
glory of both deeds, yet, in the union of Churchman and
Catholic, as they had laid the corner-stone, and, side by
side, reared the pillars of the temple of liberty, so, the
splendid renown of these twin deeds of immortal fame, that
flashed like new creations in celestial space, outstrips the
confines of sects and denominations, and belongs to all
Marylanders ; for these noble men were our forefathers ;
their blood courses in our veins ; and the honor of their
deeds descends alike to every Marylander as a part of
his magnificent heritage.
One witch only hanged is the sole case in Maryland,
in all this bloody night of insane and relentless persecu-
tion, and one Quaker driven from the province by the
Removal of State Capitai-. 99
Puritans of Providence, for refusing to take the oath of
allegiance. These told, and set against that dynasty of '
terrors, is this matchless antithesis — in all the reigns of
the three Lords Baltimore, a period of over sixty years,
when persecution reddened every other quarter of the
globe, not one single individual, Jew or Gentile, was
ever molested in Maryland for worshipping his God
according to the dictates of his conscience ; for, although
the act of toleration limited religious liberty to Christians,
the common and unwritten law extended, from the
founding of the colony, its a»gis to all mankind of every
religious faith.
Have we not right to thank God for this record, and laud
and magnify the men who made it, regardless of their
creed ?
Like the sentries at night along the Potomac, after a
day of battle, during our mighty war between the States,
who exchanged the tobacco of one for the coffee of the
other, and discussed with fraternal feelings the conflict of
the day, so we approach, with candor and fairness, the
eventful annals which caused our ancestors the debate
severe, the loss of vuliiable i)rivileges, the roar of buttle,
and the sacrifice of heroe.s.
In them all, th(; li;j,l(j of hoiinc that surrounds t\w
chronicles of our State, increases in briUiancy as we draw
nigh the temples of our liistory, ami inspect witii kecMier
100 Memorial Volumk.
vision tlio noble lives of MaryliuKJ men, and place the
annals of Maryland's colonists alongside contemporaneous
American settlements, or challenge ev^en the records of
time itself to present a land larger in liberality than that
founded by the Prilgrim Fathers of Maryland.
It was in that day, the only spot in all. the world where
man "might worship God according to the dictates of his
conscience, none daring to molest or make him afraid."
Lord Baltimore anticipated his times a hundred years,
when he required his officers to swear that they "would
not directly or indirectly trouble, molest or discounte-
nance any person whatsoever in the said province, pro-
fessing to believe in Jesus Christ."
The quarrels of the old world were shut out of the
new, and Maryland became the "Land of the Sanctuary,"
where Friend and Puritan, Catholic and Churchman,
dwelt together in happiness, pursued the avocations of
peace, and rendered unto God the adoration of their
consciences according to the forms of their faith and
practice.
Able to cope with his colonial iocs, so long as they
confined their contests to questions belonging exclusively
to the new world. Lord Baltimore found himself power-
less to meet his enemies whenever they raised their
banners crimsoned with the battles of internecine war-
fare in England, or waived the standard of Old World,
Removal of State Capital. 101
religions dissensions within the borders of the province.
Claiborne and Coode yielded to his superior force and
the might of right, but Bennett, championing the cause
of Cromwell, and Coode, the rights of William and Mary,
brought the sceptre of the L©rd of Avalon and the Pro-
prietary of Maryland, to the dust, and, with its fall, the
"Land of the Sanctuary" became a pandemonium of
persecution.
Such was the anterior history of Maryland, such the
era of atrocity in which the State had birth; and these
were the primary causes that led to the removal of the
capital of Maryland from St. Mary's to Annapolis.
Planted on any site, however inappropriate, a capital
immediately throws out its tendrils, and takes root in
the affections and traditions of the commonwealth.
Deeper in the soil of the body politic, time thrust these
roots, and diminishes the chances of their transphanting.
History establishes the fact that capitals are not lightly
removed from one place to another, and that a State
clings to the site of its ancient scat of government with
almost religious veneration.
Maryland has had but two substantial changes of its
capital. Several temporary removals have taken place,
but friMii in.'}!-, the year of the settlement of the (jolony,
to 1GS3, St. Mary's remained legally, and, most of the
time, really, the venerated cai)ital of Maryland.
102 Memorial Volume.
The first proof St. Mary's had that this treasured
prerogative could be wrested from lier, was in 1G54, after
the Commissioners of Parliament had reduced the colony
to obedience to the Commonwealth, to which authority,
indeed, it had never been* disobedient. Tiie General
Assembly, called by the Puritan authorities, met at one
Richard Preston's house, on the Patuxent river, to which
place the documents and records of the colony liad been
removed. In 1656, whilst St. Mary's remained the
official residence of Lord Baltimore's Lieutenant in the
Province, Gov. Fendall, Patuxent still continued the
place of the regular meeting of the General Assembly.
St. Mary's, in the year 1659, was fully restored to her
ancient prerogatives, and, in that year, the session of the
General Assembly was held there.
St. Mary's remained undisturbed in her re-acknowl-
edged honors until 1683, when through the remoteness
of the town from the rest of the province, its inconven-
ience and expense of access, which had always been "felt
and often complained of," it was once more temporarily
shorn of its laurels. The will of the Proprietary and
feelings of the people had conspired to sustain the privi-
leges of this ancient city; but the former, in 1683,
yielded to the desires of a discontented people, and the
Assembly was removed, with the courts and provincial
offices, to a place called "the Ridge," in Anne Arundel
Removal of State Capital. 103
county. One session only of the General Assembly was
held there. The poor accommodations of the Ridge
drove them hence, and the peripatetic capital took up its
al)ode on Battle Creek, on the Patuxent River, from
whence, after a session of three daj's only, it was again
removed to its old site, St. Mary's. The Provincial
Court found it necessary also to adjourn from the Ridge
from want of accommodations.
Once more settled at St. Mary's, the Proprietary gave
the inhabitants a written promise that the capital "should
not be removed aijain during his life." Resting under
this assurance, the people of St. Mary's had reason to
feel secure, for, at least, that uncertain period — a human'
life; but political events defy all huuian calculations.
Annapolis, yet called Pj«)VII}Knce, had evinced a desire
for the location of the seat of government within its
limits very early in its history, for, in 1074, when the
Legislature was considering tiie propriety of erecting a
State House, prison, and office, at St. Mary's, a member
of the lower house stated, ;ind tlie Ikjusc sent tiit; message
to the Governor and Council, that "there are several
persons of (pialitie in Anne Arundel county, that will
undertake to build a State House, prison, and ofhce, at
thereown charge, <jiili(! to be rcp:iid by tlie conntry, when
the buildings ai'e liiiished, and to buiM a house for hie
Excellency, at their own proper costs and charges." The
104 Memorial Volumk.
Lower House showed that it was i'ully ripe for the inno-
vation by voting ^' tiiat it be ncccssarie, and this house
doe petition his excellencie accordingly." The Upper
House gave a sharp reply. It considered the paper no
answer to the captain-general's choice already expressed,
and declared it not fit to take any further notice, "but
that the Lower Ilouse be desired to signifie to this house
of what dimensions the said buildings are to be, and then
some persons will offer themselves as undertakers of the
same."
In 168S, William of Orange mounted the throne of
England, and Protestantism became the ascendant i-elig-
ion of that kingdom. Lord Baltimore received instruc-
tions to proclaim AVilliam and Mary, as sovereigns, in the
province of Maryland. He promptly obeyed. His
orders, however, failed to reach liis agents in Maryland
in proper season, and waiting to hear his mind in the
matter, the Proprietary's "timid deputies lost him his
government.'"
. The instrument of the revolution was "an association
in arms, for the defense of the Protestant religion, and
for asserting the rights of King William and Queen
Mary to the province of Maryland and all the English
dominions." John Coode, a notorious malcontent, was
the leader of the association. After a brief struggle,
the association, in August, KiSO, obtained entire posses-
Removal of State Capital. 105
sion of the province. A convention was immediately
held in the name of the association, and a full account
of the proceedings and purposes of the organization was
submitted to the King. He approved the revolution,
and the province was governed by the authority of the
convention until April 9, lf)')2. At that time, in accord-
ance with the wishes of the convention, Sir Loniel
Copley, who had been appointed the first royal (tov-
ernor of Maryland, assumed control of the aifairs of the
province. He convened the Legislature at once. Not-
withstanding the Governor counselled moderation in
legrslation, the General Assembly commenced its work
by throwing a" tire-brand in the province, in thanking the
King for redeeming them "from the arbiti'ary will and
pleasure of a tyrannical Popish government under which
they had so long groaned." This was, indeed, a most
II II w;ir ran table assertion.
The Protestant religion was established by law by the
Legislature, and provision made for its support by gen-
eral taxation. This was the fir nt State chureh in Jfar//-
land. Lord Baltinxjre's agents were prohibited from
collecting port duties, and the collection of iiis land rents
was greviously intcM-ruptcd.
Tiie old city of St. Alary's, around which clustered all
the hihtoric associations of early settlement, was iinmo-
lated, in turn, upon the altar of r<!volntion. The town
106 ^^l:M()RIAL Volume.
about this period, IGO-t, contained about sixty houses — a
number it had reached a few years after its settlement.
Stunted in its early energies, its vital powers were sapped,
and, at the period wlien the removal of the capital was
suggested, had become "a mere landing place for the
trade of its own immediate neighborhood." St. Mary's
had several disadvantages that presented the site unfavor-
ably to the legislators. Situated at the southern extremity
of the province, its remoteness, and the expense and incon-
venience of reaching or leaving it, constantly annoyed
those who had business in the "antient capital." Beside,
it had another quality to discommend it to the chief
rulers of that period,^its people were Catholics, whilst
the legislators were peculiarly Protestant, at least, as far
as those illiberal partizans could represent Protestant prin-
ciples. With all these against St. Mary's, there is no
surprise at the result.
The place contemplated as the new capital was the
"Town at Proctors," now Annapolis. This city was not
even as large as St. Mary's ; but it was central and anti-
Catholic. It had been created a town and port of entry,
in 1683, and in 1G94, was designated as " Anne Arundel
Town," and was made the residence of the district col-
lector, the naval officer, and their deputies "'for the
dispatch of shipping." In 1700, six years later, it was
thus described: ''Col. Nicholson, the Governor, has
Removal of State Capital. lOT
done his endeavor to make a Unrni of that place. There
are about forty dwelling? in it, seven or eight of which
can afford a good lodging or accommodations for strangers.
There are also a State House and a free school, built of
brick, which make a great show among a }Darcel of wooden
houses, and the foundation of a church is laid, the only-
brick church in Maryland. They have two market days
in a week; and had Gov. Nicholson continued there a
few months longer, he had brought it to perfection."
The people of St. Mary's did not let this valued
treasure slip from their grasp without making the most
strenuous efforts to retain it. They turned their eyes
toward Gov. Nicholson, lifted up their hands, and^
casting themselves at his feet in an agony of despera-
tion, as their only hope, praj'cd him for succor in thls^
the day of their great calamity. They directed a peti-
tion to him, as "His Exc^ellency," and as "Captain,
General and Governor-in-Chief, in, and over this, their
Majesty's province and Territory of Maryland." The
address began : "The Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, Com-
mon Council men and Freemen of the city of St. Mary's'
in the said pi-ovince, and 'prin.c^palbj from tlic bottom of
their hearts, they rejoice in your Kxcollency's happy
accession to this, your (Jovcrriinc^nt ; and sincerely pray
for your peaceable and quiet enjoyniciit (hereof, and
long and prosperoUH continuance therein for thi- (ilory of
108 Memokial Volume.
God, their Majesty's service, the good and benefit of
their subjects, and your own particular comfort and
eatisfaction."
The petitioners then supplicate the Governor to con-
tinue "their ancient franchises, rights and privileges,
granted them by their charter, with such other benefits
and advantages as hath been accustomed and generally
allowed, and, from time to time, continued to them by
your predecessors, rulers and governors of the province,
humbly offering and proposing to your Excellency these
following reasons as motives inducing thereto.
These were classed under sixteen heads:
^''Im primus, as that it was the prime and original
settlement of the province, and from the first seating
thereof, for above sixty years, hath been the antient and
chief seat of Government."
The second reason was that Lord i^altimore had con-
ferred on it, in consideration of the above fact, especial
privileges.
The third paragraph set forth that the Capital should
remain where it was, because "the situation in itself is
most pleasant and healthful and naturally commodious in
all respects for the purpose, being plentifully and well
watered with good and wholesome springs, and almost
encompassed around with harbor for shipping, where five
hundred sail of ship, at least, may securely ride at anchor
Removal of State Capital. 10J>
before the city." The town also contained, this section
asserted, excellent points of land, on whicli to erect
fortifications to defend said shipping, and for the preser-
vation of the ''public magazine and records of tho
province."
The fourth argument recited that the Capital ought
not to be removed, because, by an act of the Legislature
of 1662, land was bought, and, in 1674, the Legislature
passed an act to build a State House and a prison, which
cost the province 300,000 pounds of tobacco; and the
next asserted that the inhabitants of St. Mary's had made
a free-will offering of 100,000 pounds of tobacco to build
Lord Baltimore a house adjacent to the town.
The sixth and seventh paragraphs recounted the re-
moval to the Ridge in 1683, and those inconveniences
that brought again the Capital to the "antient seat of
government."
The eighth reason given was that, for the encourage-
ment of the inhabitants to make provision for all who
would be called to the Capital, Lord Baltimore promised
that the seat of government should not be removed from
St. Mary's during liis life.
The ninth section states that "upon which encourage-
ment given, several of the inhabitants of the said city
have launched out, disbursed considerable estates to their
great impoverishment and almost utter ruin, if they
110 Memorial Volumk.
should be defeated of such, their promised encourage-
ment, and not only so, but divers others, the inhabitants
for several miles about, contiguous and adjacent to the
said county', upon the same encouragement of his Lord-
ship, have seated themselves upon mean and indifferent
lands, and laid out their estates, and made improvements
thereon, barel}' for the raising of stock wherewith to
supply said city for the end and purpose aforesaid, which
is now become their whole and only dependence for their
future support and maintenance."
The tenth paragraph depicted the advantages of St.
Mary's — its convenience for masters of vessels and others
coming in and going out of the province, the dispatch of
letters and expresses, its accessibleness from Patuxent
and Potomac rivers, and the Main Bay, beside the colony
of Virginia, "with whom mutual intercourse and corres-
pondence is most undeniably necessary and material."
The eleventh reason announced that the Capital should
not be removed, because Governor Copley had been
required to enter upon his gubernatorial duties at St.
Mary's.
The twelfth set forth, "that scarce any precedent can
be produced of so sudden a change as the removal of the
antient and chief seat of government, iijpon the careless
suggestion and allegation of some particular persons
for their own private interest and advantage,'''' and to
Removal of State Capitai,. Ill
array Governor Nicholson upon the side of St. Mary's,
the petitioners flattered him with the soft impeachment
that the removal of the Capital was invested with him as
their majesty's representative, and, at his Excellency's
feet, ''continued the petitioners, ice humbly cast ourselves
for relief and supjjort against the calamities and 7'uin
wherewith we are threatened, and wholly relying upon
your Excellency's grace and favor therein, with whom,
we also conceive, should he good manners, in all persons,
lirst to treat and intercede, before they presume to make
any peremptory result, in case of so high a nature as this
may be.''
The 13th and 14th paragraphs reminded the Governor
that, in 1692, "it was put to the vote of a full house,
whether the holding of tlie courts and assembly at St.
Mary's were a grievance, or not, and carried in the nega-
tive,'' and the petitioners "humbly conceive that house
did well consider all difficulties and outlays, losses and
expenses to be incurred in moving the Capital, besides
the hazards and casualties of removing and transporting
the records from one place to another, of wbicb already
Bome experience hath been had."
To meet all objections of inconvenience of travel, the
petitioners offered to provide, as soon as possible, "a
coach or caravan, or both, to go at all times of public
meetinji^ of Assemblies and Provincial Courts, and so
112 Memorial Volume.
forth, every day, daily, between St. Mary's and Patuxent
river, and, at all other limes, once a week; and also to
keep constantly on hand a dozen horses, at least, with
suitable furniture, for any person or persons, having
occasion to ride post, or otherwise, with or witiiout a
guide, to any port of the province on the Western
Shore."
The sixteenth section suggested that the objection that
St. Mary's was not in the centre of the province, and,
therefore, not suitable as the capital, was conspicuously
untenable from the fact tiiat the Imperial Court is held
in London, "as far from the centre of England as St.
Marie's in this province; Boston, in New England ; Port
Royal, in Jamaica; Jamestown, in Virginia; and almost
all other, their Majestie's American plantations, where
are still kept and continued in their first antient stations
and places, the chief seat of government and courts of
judicature."
To this were subscribed the names of the Mayor, Alder-
men and Councilmen of St. Marie's, with the freemen
thereof, among the latter being that of John Coode, the
leader of the revolution that was to take from St. Mary's
its chief glory — another proof that we may start revolu-
tions, but we cannot stop them.
Then followed an especial sop for the Governor, in
which the same parties hoped that the reasons and
Removal of State Capital. 113^
motives lierovvith offered to liis Excellency and th&
Council, will prevent tlieir assent to the contemplated
law, and affirmed that tliej placed tlieir reliance on "his
Excellency's known experience, assisted bj so worthy a
Council." They urged again that it was a royal preroga-
tive only to change the seat of Government, and when
that authority was invaded, "the State is in a confusion."
Knowing their Majestie's respect for the rights of their
subjects, as "sufficiently evidenced by their placing a
person of your Excellency's known regard to the same at
the helm of the Government^ the petitioners do humbly
conceive that it is not consistent with the rules of grati-
tude for so great a blessing, as to pass a law which, your
petitioners are well-informed, is an apparent incroach-
ment upon their Majesty's prerogative."
A prayer, appended to this lengthy review of the case,
showed how solicitous the people of St, Mary's were for
the reputation of the State. "Least," said they, "the
province may bo so blamed as to have it said that it was
<he first of the American plantations, that offered
violence to the prerogative of so worthy a prince." They
asked that the Governor will reject the bill, until, at least,
leave be Hrst obtained from his Majesty. "An apology,
for putting, with 60 much freedom, his Excellency in
mind of a nuvtter which they knew was his chiefest caro
to preserve," ooucludes the paper.
8
114 Mkmokiai. Volumk.
Tlie Governor sent the petition to the Lower House.
A quaint and jcerini): reply was returned by the House.
It was:
"By the Assembly, Oct. the 11th, Wd4.
" This House have read and considered of the petitions
and reasons of the Mayor, Aldermen and others, calling
themselves Coininon Council and Freemen of the City of
St. Marie's, against removing the Courts and Assembly of,
from this corner and poorest place in the province, to the
centre and best abilitated place thereof. Although wee
-conceive the motives there laid downe, are hardly deserv-
ing any answer at all, many of them being against the
plain matter of fact, some against reason, and all against
Generall good and wellfaire of the province; yet, because
your excellency has been pleased to lay them before us,
wee humbly returne this our sense of the same, that, as to
the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th reasons, relating
to what his Lord Proprietary has thought fitt to do to the
City of St. Marie's, it is no Ilule nor Guide to their Majes-
ties, your Excellency, nor this house. It seems in some
parts to rejlect on his Lord Proprietary more than
this house believes is true, or deserved by his Lord
Proprietary.
" 2d. As to the 9th : This house say that it is against
the plain matter of fact, for wee can decerne noe estate,
either laid out, or to lay out in, or about this famous
Removal of State Capital. 115
citj, comparable witli otlier parts of this province. Bat
they say, and can make appcarc that there has been more
money spent here, by three degrees, or more, tlian this
city and all the inhabitants for tenn miles round is worth,
and say that, having had 60ty-odd years of experience
of this place, and almost a quarter part of the province
devoured by it, and still, like Pharoah's kine, remain as
at first, they are discouraged to add any more of their
substance to such ill improvers.
"As to the tenth and eleventh, wee conceive the being
of St. Maries soe near Virginia, is not soe great an
advantage to the province, as the placeing the courts in
the centre and richest part of the same, which is noe
great distance thence of Virginia either, and nearer New
York and other Governments which we have as much to
doe with as Virginia, if not more, and the place as well
watered and commodious in all respects as St. Maries,
which has only served hither to cast a Blemish upon all
the rest of the province in the Judgment of all discern-
ing strangers, who, perceiving the meanness of the head,
must rationally judge proportionably of the body thereof.
"To the 12th, 13th and 14tli, they say that they do not
hold themselves accountable to the Mayor and hia
Brethren for what they doe for their country's service,
nor by what measures they do the same, nor what time
they shall take to doe it in, nor for what reasons; and arc,
116 Memorial Volume.
and will be, as carefull of the records and properties of
the people, as the proprietary.
''To the loth, the house say the petitioners offer faire
as they have done formerly ; but never yet performed
any, and this house believes that the general welfare of
the province ought to take place of that sugar plum of
all the Mayor's coaches, who, as yet, has not one.
"To the IGth, this house conceive that the citty of St.
Maries is very unequally rankt with London, Boston,
Port Royal 1, &c.
"All which wee humbly oflfer to your Excellency's
juditious consideration."
All the honeyed words of flattery that fell from the
lips of the petitioners upon the ear of "his Excellency,"
were also unavailino;. On receiving the answer of the
Ilouse of Delegates, the Council tersely recorded its
view of the matter in this brief paragraph : "This Board
concur with the said answers made by the Ilouse of
Burgesses,"
The removal was consummated the ensuing winter,
and the Assembly met first on the 2Sth of February,
1691, (old style,) in its new Capital.
St. Mary's will ever remain holy ground to all man-
kind. Here, amid the darkness of relentless persecution
for the right of conscience, that covered every other spot
Removal of State Capital. 117
of the globe, was the one altar of liberty raised, and the
lamp of freedom lit, that illumed "the Land of the
Sanctuary," — a beacon light to all the world — the Day-
Star of American freedom itself.
No people has a nobler heritage Ihan Marylanders, and
as St. Mary's is conspicuous as the shekinah of human
conscience, so Annapolis became the living embodiment
of aggressive defence of American liberty against every
encroachment of royal prerogative, for, from the assem-
bling of the first authorized Legislature, at St. Mary's, in
1G38, when the House of Burgesses wrung from the
grasp of the proprictar}-, the right to initiate its own
laws, down to the day articles of peace with Great
Britain were ratified by Congress in the Senate Chamber
of Maryland, in 1784, and Maryland's early example of
liberty became the blessed heritage of all the States, no
body of men, any where in the American colonies, was
more steadfastly alert and courageous in asserting its
rights as British citizens, and in support of the American
Tlcvolution, than our faithful representatives, the fearless
members of the House of Delegates of Maryland.
THE CATHOLIC AND THE PURITAN SETTLER
IN MARYLAND,
By Alfred F». Demnis, A. IM-
An Address delivered on invitation of the Maryland
Legislature, in the Hall of the House of Delegates,
March 5, ISdJp, at the Celebration of the Bi-Cen-
tennial of the Removal of the State Capital from
St. Mar if s to Annapolis.
Ladies and Gentlemen:
It is most appropriate that the people of this imme-
diate vicinity should publicly celebrate a day that chose
this city above the fairest of her sisters, and exalted her
to political headship. It is fitting that men selected for
the honorable discharge of public duties should pause in
the business of State to observe a day that rehearses the
story of the first English colony governed by laws
enacted in a provincial assembly. It is becoming that
the citizens of a great commonwealth should commemo-
rate an act which had its genesis in the resistance of a
liberty-loving people to the paramount authority 'of an
hereditary sovereign. Surrounded to-day by the pro-
gressive spirit of the western world, with its exhaustless
material resources, its matchless achievements of thought,
the appeal is made to the past, with all it has given, with
Removal of State Capital. 119
all it gives, as a pledge and inspiration for the future.
If the records unearthed and deciphered by the Geolo-
gist have forced us to add countless ages to the life of
mankind, they have robbed us of a fair proportion of
boasted antiquit3% xVnd yet our wholesome conscious-
ness of the forces tliat gather by duration and persis-
tence, loses nothing of its potency because our citizen-
ship is cast in a land which antiquity rightly styles the
"New World." Better a generation of political life,
where an awakening human conscience has thrown oflE
the fetters of nature and broken the bonds of the despot,
than forty centuries of an organized society that schools
man in the one lesson that status has placed him irre-
deemably under the will of an inexorable master. Pop-
ular assemblies met in the Province of the Calverts
before the independence of any existing Republic of the
Old World had been acknowledged. Democratic insti-
tutions put forth their tiower on the banks of the Chesa-
peake, when the weeds of a feudal absolutism still grow
rank on European soil. Laws were old upon our statute
books when the vast country beyond the Alleglianios
was as little known, and thought as little worth knowing,
as the heart of Africa. These laws had inn a century's
course when native and alien hosts jcjined in vain strug-
gle to plant on Amerit;an koI! the lilies of l"'rance. As
two ccjnturies look down upon us to-day, from pojjular
120 Memorial Volume.
institutions planted on these sliores, I point you not to a
past that is dead, but to a past tlmt lives. Our past is a
record of life, life that has subdued the rough forces of
nature; lite that has braved a thonf^and perils and survived
a thousand hardships; life that has persisted unquenchablo
tlirough endless cycles of change, and survives abun-
dantly to-day in the fuller development of a robust
statehood. Royalty's fiction, that the King never dies,
carries with it more than a half-truth. Generations pass
away, society lives on. Tinman society is an organism,
it grows from witliin, its roots lie deep in the past. It is
not a contradiction to say that the individual may have
an independent life, and at once be an expression of the
general spii"it of society.
A thousand vain experiments in political mechanics
have shown that constitutions are not mannfactui'ed, but
grow. A thousand dismal failures have shown that no
political alchemy can transform the baser into the nobler
metals to perform the function of money. A thousand
wretched blunders have shown that legislative bodies
cannot make that law which does not reflect the common
consciousness of society. Our statute books are choked
today with laws which have not kept pace with the life
of the comnmnity, and are as dead as the hands that
penned thcin, or with laws that have so far run ahead of
the common habit that thcv are as idle as the cries of the
ItEMovAL OF State Capital. 121
heatlien prophets of Baal. The "bare riiin'J choirs" of
even a Shakespeare's life remind ns tliat the individual
existence is at best a short career, whose history from
preface to conclusion is largely a record of idials missed.
Tlope for humanity cannot be founded ui)()n what any
individual can accomplish as a disconnected unit. Like
the coral reef that springs imperishable from ocean's
depths, a monument to the countless toilers that fjavo
their little lives in its construction, the organism which
we call the state, has developed by successive increments
through a hundred generations. The fleeting life of the
unit has been built into the undying life of the aggre-
gate. I purpose to-night to point out certain construc-
tive elements built into tlie fabric of this commonwealth
during the early and formative period of our colonial
history.
The early colonizers of Maryland, though sprung from
a common stock, were not a homogeneous people in their
Bympathies and antipathies. Maryland soil had been
occupied by three distinct chisses of settlers before the
middle of the seventeenth century. Clayborne was Hrst
in the field with his Protestant settlement on Kent island.
Profit, and not piety, was the greatest object in life for
Clayborne. Pre emption, and not redemption, gave pith
and purpose to liis eriterj)rise. Between these (Jiiui-ch-
of-England men, backed in their possession by fair li'gal
122 MKM<niiAL Volume.
claims, and the later Catholic settlers in St, Mary's, there
was no more community of interest than is indicated in
their armed conflict on the waters of the Chesapeake.
Aside from the sporadic attempts of Clay borne to vindi-
cate his property rights by arms, he and his band have
no large formative influence in our early state life.
Xor was there more community of interest between
the planters on the Potomac and the Puritan band that
settled fifteen j-ears later on the banks of the Severn.
Five years hnd not run their course before Old "World
animosities had burst into a flame and plunged "Papist"
and "Precisian" into the fiercer struggle of an appeal to
arms. Distrust, prejudice, antipathy, doubly sealed the
commission of every actor in this struggle, yet each party
represented principles complemental and significant in
the splendid development of civil and religious liberty
in the Maryland Province. The Roman Catholic was
tolerant in religion, but narrow in politics. The Puritan
was narrow in religion, but in politics liberal. While
historians have delighted to retouch the glowing picture of
the religious toleration of the Roman Catholic colonists,
the wholesome influence of these Puritan settlers in mould-
ing the eaily political life of the Province has been largely
ignored. They have been scouted as troul)lers of a well-
ordered sj'stem — as Adnllamites drawing into sympathy
with themselves the disaffected, the chagrined, the Ishmael
Removal of State Oapital. 123^
brood that takes to the wilderness in explosive self-asser-
tion rather than endure identification with a reijiinc as
distasteful to them as was ever the party and partisans of
Luther to Pascal, Fenelon and the brilliant company of
Port Royal. It has been pointed out that these Catho-
lics of St. Mary's were expatriated, harried out of their
native land by a proud Anglican hierarchy and a parlia-
ment of Puritan temper. Assuredly upon the heads of
the Protestants lies the base sin of ingratitude. Their
example in religious matters becomes one of cxclusive-
ness, narrowness and ban. Catholics were disfranchised
in the colony they had planted. Nor did the movement
stop until the seat of government had been transferred
from Catholic St. Mary's to the spot on which we stand.
The more lurid tints of the' foregoing picture fade in
the light of closer investigation. A host of authorities
contend that Maryland was intended as an asylum for
Roman Catholics, who found upon the banks of the
Potomac the Puritan Plymouth. This is the generally
accepted view, j-et this portion of our histor}' renuiins to
be rewritten. The Puritan settlers in Mainland, iiiul not
the Catholics, were religious refugees. When (Jeorga
Calvert projected his scheme of a Proprietary O)lony
across the sea, the Catholics — we use tlu; term throngh-
ont in its popular mcar)ing — in high good favor at ('ourt,
enjoyed a fuller indulgence than tluy liad Isiiown for
124 Memorial Volume.
more tlian half a century. Graiitinf^ for a moincnt that
an usyhiin was iiecdeJ, how explain the purpose of
Calvert's Avalon Colony in NewfoundlanJ, undertaken
before his Catholic fiiith was considered worth the
avowal ? If refugees — how account for Calvert's attempt
to settle in Virginia, where he would have encountered
the church establishment from which he is supposed to
have Hed ? If refugees — how account for a very con-
siderable number of Protestants in the lir^t expedition to
Maryland ? The theory can not stand. The purpose in
the founding of the Maryland Colony by the Calverta
M'as mainly economic, aiud not religious.
Any theory that may be accepted in explanation of
Calvert's purpose in the colonization of Maryland leads
by a natural regress of causes to England under the first
of the Stuarts.
The dissolution of the monasteries by Ilenry VIII left
the Church stricken and helpless. From this point may
be dated the downfall of the Catholic hierarchy in
England. The anti-Catholic party no longer represented
the timid opposition of a few malcontents, but, fed by
material interest and protected by royal authorit}", grew
into the great party of the Keformation in England.
Henry was in no wise a conscious reformer. Ilis regard
for the Pope declined as his affection for Anne Boleyn
increased. IIow he could have rejected papal authority,
Removal of State Capital. 125
and at the same time have sought to maintain Catholic
doctrine, is a mysterj' of religious purpose which baffles
all attempts at successful analysis. The common-placo
law of self-interest solves the seeming paradox. Strange
contrastb are found in tlie dealings of Tudor Royalty
with the problems of the Reformation. Henry VIII
and his progeny in turn cared nothing for toleration as a
principle. Mary and Edward were fully convinced of
their commission to do God's service. But Mary would
have swept away the work of Edward had not her
tierce zeal undermined ihe cause for which she would
willingly have died. They differed as widely in their
attitude to dissent as they differed in creed. Both were
intolerant. But Mary was a persecutor.
Like the founder of her family, Elizabeth took up an
independent political position between tlie two great
powers, France and Spain. Like her father, she mas-
queraded in a garb of independence between the two
great religions. She did not concern herself witli dogma
for its own sake. She never allowed her mental vision
to fix itself upon the small points of docti-ine, to the
neglect of a broad general policy. Of the political
unity which from the dawn of the Reformat i'^u was
destined to supersede ecclesiastical unity among the
Germanic speaking i)eo|)le8, she could kncjw or cared
nothing. She turned from the Pope to lici- j)eople for a
1)16 Mkmokial Volumk.
vindicrttioQ of her claims to legitimacy. The struggle
between the Crown and the Puritans scarcely widened
beyond the Held of wordy ecclesiastical controversy.
Pnritanisra was not yet a figiiting force in England.
On the other hand, Elizabeth's strife with the Catholics
represented a grave political exigency in which the per-
petuity of her government, no less than Protestant estabr
lishment, was at stake. Justification of her deeds of
blood, done under the impulse of political expediency, is
a task Avhich has never been accomplished by the most
fulsome of Elizabeth's panegyrists. Three generations
separated the Queen from the days of the undivided
church. She was less hampered by tradition ; she was
called upon to make no violent break with the past. She
looked upon Catholic intrigues as a challenge to royal
authority, and met them with a policy of coercion which
increased in severity until the day of her death.
Under James, the first of the Stuarts, the old policy of
religious coercion was continued, but with the important
distinction that Catholic and Pnritan exchanged positions
as objects of royal hostility. The political considerations
which had armed Elizabeth against the Catholics, turned
James and his successor with equal consistency against
the Puritans. Precisely the causes which brought a
relaxation of the penal laws against Catholics, induced
increased severity toward the Puritans. The character-
Removal of State Capital. 127
istic prejudice of the Puritan was his bigoted abhorrence
of popery and prelacy. James' devotion to an erastian
church is summed up in his favorite maxim — "No
Bishop, no King." The struggle to preserve his
autonomy took form in a contest with tlie Presbyterian
clergy of Scotland before he came to the English throne.
Melville, second only to Knox as a figure in Scottish
ecclesiastical history, liad assumed the leadership in a
contest with the civil power, which culminated sixty years
later in open rebellion against Charles I. Nor did the
movement, essentially democratic, stay until it demanded
the life of the King. Melville's doctrine of equality in
things spiritual, imported from Geneva, and reared on the
speculative basis that all laborers in Christ are equal, had
been metamorphosed into the dogma of political equality.
Political harangues from Scotch pulpits became the
order of the day, James furnishing the mark for Pres-
byterian diatribes. The atrabilious humor of the Scotch
clergy found expression in studied insults to the
King. When Melville, plucking James by the sleeve,
addressed him as " God's sillie vassall," he conveyed a
volume of unwholesome truth to a sovereign transported
with self-conceit and feverishly jealous of authority.
James has recorded his experience at this period in his
reply to Dr. Reynolds, at the Hampton Court conference :
"If you aim," said he, "at a Scottish Presbytery, it
128 Memorial Volume.
agreetli as well with monarcliy as God with the devil.
Then Jack and Tom and Will and Dick shall meet and
censure me and mj council."
The democratic drift of Melville and his co-religionists
had its genesis at Geneva — it was nouriahed in Scotland —
extended across the border — spanned the ocean, and is
read anew in the strife of the settlers on this spot for
political equality. As the strength of the Puritan fac-
tion in England increased, the apparently irreconcilable
parties of the opposition were drawn together for com-
mon defence. Long before Puritanism had gained
absolute control in the overthrow and execution of
Charles, the forces of the Court, the Established Church,
the Catholics and the Arminians had practically joined
hands against the common enemy. The hatred James
bore to the Puritans, and his natural clemency to the
Catholics, were further emphasized as early as IGIG, when
the King began negotiations for the " Spanish match."
For seven years these negotiations for the marriage of
Prince Charles to the Spanish Infanta dragged on through
the tedious mazes of royal protocols and papal dispensa-
tions.
It was precisely within these years, when the penal
laws against Catholics had been suspended, when scores
of popish lords and knights were in the enjoyment of
high public trusts, and the royal purpose pointed to a
Removal of State Capital. 12&
wider indulgence than had been known for half a
centurj, that George Culvert projected his plan of
western empire. As early as 1G20, he had obtained title
in Newfoundland for the purpose of "drawing back
ycailj some benefits therefrom." Kot a scintilla of
evidence ^oes to show that Calvert obtained this grant as
an asjlnm for persecuted Catholics. Indeed, a consider-
able number of historians insist that Calvert was a
Protestant when the grant was obtained. This plan of
founding a Proprietary Colony for purposes of revenue
only reached its development more than a decade later,
when the charter of Maryland was penned. There was
no break in policy or purpose. The Avalon venture
proved a bad investment. When Calvert visited his
Avalon plantation in 1627, he found the glowing pictures
of its natural advantages highly overdrawn. The soil,
alternately stiffened by frost and shadowed by fogs,
banished all dreams of commercial success from this
quarter. Uo writes a pitiful letter to King Cbarle.-s, ask-
ing for a grant in Virginia, with such privileges as King
James had been pleased to grant hinu These privileges
wore granted in a charter modeled upon tlie Avalon
patent. In their salient features the provisions of the
two documents are identical. If it can not be insisted
with reason that the Avalon colony was planted as a
retreat for English Catholics, no more can tiie common
130 Memorial Volume.
opinion be justified that the Maryland grant was obtained
with like design, unless it can be shown that a change of
policy came with Calvert's supposed change of faith.
A host of authorities aver that George Calvert became
a convert to the Catholic faith about the year 1624, after
the planning of his Avalon Colon3^ This generally
■accepted theoi-y lests in the last resort upon the testimony
■of two contemporary authorities — Fuller and Goodman.
Thomas Fuller, Prebendary of Sarum, stamps on every
page his violent anti-Catholic bias. The retirement
of Calvert from the high office of Secretary of State,
took place on the failure of the Spanish match in 1624.
In this same year fifty-four eminent Catholics were dis-
lodged from public office by an ultra-Protestant
Parliament. The creed of every high officer of State
"was scrutinized as never before. Things suddenly
recognized are often mistaken as things that have
suddenly come into existence. Fuller's mistake in
attributing Calvert's retirement from office to a supposed
conversion to Catholicism was a natural one. The testi-
mony of Dr. Thomas Goodman, Bishop of Gloucester,
to the same effect bears internal evidence of inaccuracy.
He avers that Calvert was converted by Gondomar, the
Spanish Ambassador and the Earl of Arundel, whose
daughter Calvert's son had married. When Gondomar
was in England, Ann Arundel was a mere child, and
Removal of State Capital. 131
could not have been married to Secretary Calvert's son.
Furthermore, Arundel was not the man to make a
successful missionary. It is not so much an open ques-
tion as to whether he held this creed or that, but as to
whether he thought it of sufficient importance to hold
any creed at all.
In opposition to the commonly accepted theory of Cal-
vert's conversion, may be set tlie testimony of reliable
historians : Arthur Wilson plainlj^ states that Calvert
was a Catholic when first made Secretary of State in
1619. This was at least a year before his private scheme
of western empire was mooted. Twice in connection
with events which could not have occurred later than
1621, Calvert is classed with the adherents of the Church
of Home. Rapin, in his invaluable history, accepts the
same view. Oldmixon speaks of Calvert as a popish
secretary, in connection with an event which could not
have transpired later than October, 1621, and in anothei-
work states, authoritatively, that Sir George Calvert was
of the Romish religion when he obtained the grant in
Newfoundland. Independent of direct testimony, the
theory of Calvert's late conversion is untenable. Iving
James bore no especial ill-will to life-long Catholics, but
was intensely hostile to such as changed fn»in the new
faith to the old. Read the King's bitter tirades against
such, and then consider his life-long regard for (-alvert.
132 Memorial Volume.
On the death of James, liis son Charles desired to con-
tinue Cnlvert, who had now been raised to the peerage, a
member of the Pi-ivy Council — offering at the same time
to dispense with the oatli of supremacy. Furthermore,
the sudden conversion of Calvert introduces the dilemma
of explaining the Catholic faith of all his progeny of
whoui we have any knowledge. Can it be assumed that
they were trained as Protestant?, and as suddenly as their
father, abandoned the faith in which they had been
reared ?
It is reasonably certain tliat George Calvert was an
adherent of the Church of Home when advanced to the
secretaryship. The whole fabric of his tardy conversion
to Catholicism, and retirement from office in consequence,
must fall to the ground. The public acknowledgment of
his fidelity to the mother church is generally accepted as
the cause of his withdrawal from power. It was simply
a mask to cover his defeat by Buckingham. The diver-
gent aims of the two in the Spanish match, and the ulti-
mate triumph of Buckiughara in his program of
opposition, furnish conclusive evidence that Calvert's
political career received its death blow on the termination
of friendly negotiations with the Spanish Court. Cal-
vert had everything to gain in securing the marriage of
Prince Charles to the Infanta. Sensitive in the highest
degree to the breath of royal favor, he would naturally
Removal of State Capital. 133
Lave bent every energj- to accomplish llic union upon
wliicli King James liad set liis heart. Aside from sub-
Berviencc to the wishes of the King, Calvert acted the
more zealously in the matter, because of the wider indul-
gence in religion which the mai-riiige would confer. For
years, a warm support of the Spanish match was a pass-
port to royal favor. The opposition of Nanton, the
Protestant colleague of Calvert in the secretaryship,
brought his downfall at an early stnge of the ])roceeding8.
In the reaction which followed the utter defeat of the
Spanish policy, Calvert himself was swept from power.
The Earl of Bristol was in full control of the negoti-
ations with the Court at Madrid. But Calvert was the
only Secretary employed in the Spanish match. The
vigilance and penetration of Bristol were such that the
most secret councik of the Spanish Court did not escape
him. The King was more than satisfied ; the accom-
plished Infanta was soon to arrive in England with a
magnificent dowry, and assurance was given that the
marriage would be the certain precursor of the restitu-
tion of the Palatinate. At this happy juncture Buck-
ingham appears upon the; scene. Among all the strong
band of uncrowned heads, that his generation could mar-
shal no man was more potential than he. His sway was
more unlimited tlian had been that of (iavcston at the
council board of the Plantagenet King, or of Ksscx at
134 Memorial Volume.
the Court of the Tudor Queen. Ilis was the potency of
a Sejanus, the unrivaled control of a Madam Pompa-
dour. As is often the case with the low-born advanced
to high station, Buckingham was proud, insolent, and
excessively jealous of authority. Bristol's success in the
negotiation with Spain was at once a challenge. A rival
may be eclipsed by a greater light blazing in the same
field, or crushed by direct personal attack. Buckingham
determined to meet Bristol at Madrid, out-dazzle him in
the eyes of the Spanish, out-bid him in the despatch of
the royal commission. But not only did the favorite
discover that the mine of popularity had been worked to
its utmost capacity, but even found himself the peculiar
object of the Spaniards' aversion. He changed his tac-
tics. Burst into an open quarrel with Bristol over the
ridiculous matter of precedence in a royal pleasure party.
For weeks he employed his fruitless artifices to break
the match which Bristol had negotiated, and finally suc-
ceeded by a preposterous demand that would have
affronted any sovereign in Europe. An open rupture
was inevitable. Wedding jewels were returned, and
active preparations made for war. The Infanta tearfully
resigned her short-lived title of Princess of Wales, and
abandoned the study of the English language.
Buckingham returned to England the idol of the anti-
Catholic party. In the day of his power his triumph
Removal of State CAPrrAL. 135
was not complete while yet a Mordecai sat at the King's
gate. Upon Middlesex, Bristol and Calvert, the trio of
the opposition, the heavy hand of the low-born Favorite
fell with blighting effect. Middlesex, who had "gained
much credit with the King," during the Spanish negoti-
ations, was stripped of public honors and thrust from
his seat in tiie House of Lords. Bristol was flung into
prison the day he set foot on native soil, and upon re-
lease, retired to private life. Both these men recognized
the hand that smote them, as is abundantly shown by the
records. The fate of Calvert, who, as late as January
14th, 1624:, openly opposed in council a breach with
Spain, could have been read in the fall of Middlesex and
Bristol. "Mr. Secretary Calvert, writes a contemporary,
hath never looked merrily since the Prince his coming
out of Spain; it was thouglit he was much interested in
the Spanish affairs; a course was taken to rid him of all
employments and negotiations." ''Secretary Calvert,
says a letter written August, 1624-, droops and keeps out
of the way." Though driven from power by Bucking-
ham, Calvert continued to enjoy the regard of King
James and his son. lie was created Baron of Jialti-
more, permitted to sell his Secretaryship, and left
free to pursue those plans, on which his mind had been
set for years, of empire beyond the sea. A decade of
costly experiment closed with the grant of Maryhmd.
13G Memorial Voliime.
A grant, tlic "most ample and sovereign in its character
tliat ever emanatcil from tlie English Crown."
George Calvert's son Cecilins, "heir to his father's in-
tentions not less than to his father's fortunes,'- sent over
his first colonists to Maryland in l(!3i. More than half
of the members of the first expedition were Protestants.
Ont of two hundred and twenty, one hundred and
twenty-eight on sailing refused the test oaths. Father
More writes to Rome that " l^y far the greater part of
the colony were heretics." Father White writes from
the colony of St. Marj'^s, that of twelve who died from
illness on the voyage, hut two were Catholics. The
Father Provincial laments in a letter to Pome that
*' three parts of the people, or four, at least, are heretics."
Twenty years after the landing at St. Mary's, Hammond
wrote that there were " but few papists in Maryland."
While the first colony was numerically Protestant, Chan-
cellor Kent is corre ;t when he speaks of the colony as
" the Catholic planters of Maryland," and Judge Story,
when he says they " were chiefly Poman Catholics," and
Bincroft, when he writes that the religious toleration of
the early period of settlement was the work of CathoHcs.
The physical balance of power was with the Protestants ;
the social, political and intellectual control was witli the
Catholics. Court records, council proceedings, the
names given to towns, to Hundreds, to creeks, to manors,
all offer testimony to Catholic control.
Removal of State Capital. 137
In bold relief above the portals of an arch nt the
Columbian Exposition is traced the inscription : "Tolera-
tion in Religion — the Best Fruit of the Last Four
Centuries." The impartial verdict of histoiy must con-
cede to Calvert's (^atholic colony the proud distinction of
bein:^ the llrst, and, for a generation, the sole champion
of religious freedom on the AVe=tern Hemisphere.
Controversy has centered about the famous Toleration
Act of 1649. Protestants, as well as Catholics, have
claimed the honor of its passage. The eai-ly religious
freedom of which we boast had neither genesis nor sup-
ports in legislative enactments. Religious toleration
prevailed as a habit of the settlers of St. Mary's, forceful
and wholesome, as an inclioate law years before the
hybrid statute of 1G19 was submitted to vote. Un-
friendly critics h'.ive further urged that this Catholic
toleration had its genesis in |)()litic;d necessity, and was
nurtured by a broaJ policy of farsighted self-interest.
We reject the unworthy imputation that the colonists of
St. Mary's knew no higher sanction for their tolerance
than the restrictions of a charter (ir the dictates (»f the
common place law of selfint(!r(!st. The coui'sc of history
prior to the seventeenth (lentury has been Hullicient to
show the irrclation between lt)W ideals of comliict
and religions persecution. Toleration was the child of
force, not of philosophic calm. The mcdia-val mind
138 Mkmouial Volume.
shaped action in countless instances to mean and un-
worthy ends, the media3val Iieart sanctioned enormities of
conduct which deeply tincture the annals of Europe with
shameful and bloody revivals of lawlessness. Cruel and
unusual punishments for wrong acts, as well as heretical
opinions, are passing away. Sheep-stealing was punish-
able by death under the old English law. AVrong views
of transubstantiation were met by the argument of the
gibbet.
While all the homilies of two centuries have not suf-
ficed to bring out a new moral truth, it must be borne in
mind that moral standards are continually changing.
We must look into the spirit of bygone times in order
to appreciate the true worth and meaning of the great
principle upheld by these settlers of St. Mary's. They
had to suffer much, to surrender much, to obey, in the
land of their nativity ; with true nobility they welcome
their former oppressors to their new found lands beyond
the sea ; with true nobility they pledge their officers not
to molest any "person professing to believe in Jesus Christ
for or in respect of religion." Whatever the motive, the
world had not in that day seen the like.
As early as 1631, the government of the Virginia Colony
became openly intolerant. Under the hand of Berkeley,
the bigoted Church-of-England Governor, distress the
most adverse fell upon the Puritan settlers on the Nanse-
Removal of State Capital. 139
mond river. Under fire of persecution two Puritan elders
fled to Maryland in 1648. It was probably at their sug-
gestion that Governor Stone issued an invitation to the
entire Nansemond church to cross over into Maryland.
Stone's liberal promises of local self-government and
freedom in religion stimulated the Puritan exodus from
Virginia, and caused the refugees to indulge the dream
of an independent colony in the new land of promise.
At the outset they flatly refused to take the oath of alle-
giance. They haggled at the words "absolute dominion."'
And demurred at the obedience due Roman Catholic
officers. For a year these refugees remained outside the
pale of Baltimore's government, in the full determination
to erect upon the shores of the ChesajDeake a "Civitas
Dei" — a church state, to which they gave the reverential
name of "Providence." In 1651, they became again
recalcitrant and refused to send delegates to the provincial
assembly. They protested against the governor's hostile
advance upon the Indians of the Eastern Shore. Stone
regarded the act as rebellious, and re(juired them to take
the first oath of fidelity, on penalty of forfeiture of lands.
The Puritans protested against the oath as repugnant to
their consciences as Christians and contrary to their rights
as free subjects of England. They denounced the j)ower
of the Lord Proprietor, for, said they, he is liable to make
null that done in the "Assemblies ff»i- the gottd of ihe
140 Mkmokial VoLrMK.
people." On notice by Stone that writs and warrants
should no lonii;cr run in the name of tlie Commonwealth,
but in that ol' the Lord Proprietor, the Puiitans prepared
for war. The gained a bloodless victory and summoned
a legislative assembly. One of its first acts was the
disfranchisement of Catholics. Tiie act, though never
rigidly enforced, has left an indelible stain upon their
records. Both sides were now arming for a greater con-
test. The drama of Maiston Moor was to be re-enacted
in the New World. Questions were mooting far wider
than the sphere of religious controversy. The princi-
ple of self-government and civil equality was at
stake. The battle of the Severn was to determine
whether the mediaeval institution of a feudal princi-
pality should persist upon Maryland soil. The defeat
of the royalists of St. Mary's was the vindication
of the democratic principle in Maryland. Within a
generation after the battle of the Severn, the Puritan
settlement as a political aggregate had become a memory.
At tlie restoration of monarchy in England, the Puritan
combined with the more numerous Episcopalians and his
less extreme brethren of Charles County, and completely
lost his identity. Yet the last word of his movement
has not yet been spoken. From the days of the Puritan
challenge to the absolute authority of a feudal Lord,
St. Mary's was doomed as the political centre of the
Removal of State Capital. 141
Province. Jnst two hundred years ago the theatre of
the Puritan struggle received the name of "Annapolis,'^
and was formally advanced to the political headship of
the Province.
Three forms of relationships place us in communion
with our fellows — the family, the State, property. Men
have been slaves to all. To the family, as under the
ca&te system of India; to the State, as under certain
forms of the Spartan or Roman society; to property, as
under the regime of the feudal middle ages. Christi-
anity became the gateway of emancipation by teaching
new lessons of the dignity and worth of man, and of his
personal responsibility to God. Luther reiterated these
half- forgotten truths. Ilis was a reaction against the
doctiinc of corporafe responsibility for opinion. The
Protestant conception of individual responsibility to (iod
has naturally given birth to a multitude of creeds and
churches; all generically Protestant, because all are intol-
erant of the cardinal ]>rinciple of the Roman Court,
namely, allegiance to its authority. Yet it remained for
these champions of self- magistracy in matters of faith to
learn the first lesson in the j)ractice of religious toleration
from the Catholic settlers of Maryland.
Dr. Dexter in his History of Congregationalism, claims
for Robert Browne, the leader of the ultra-Puritan
Separatists, the proud distinction of being the iirst wiiter
142 Mkmdimai, Volumk.
to state and defend, in the English tongue, the true and
now accepted doctrine of the relation of the civil magis-
trate to the church. The voice of Browne was as of one
crying in the wilderness; there was no practical appli-
cation of his theories among his Puritan brethren, either
in Geneva or England or Massachusetts or Maryland.
Geneva is said to have been at once the strength and
weakness of the Puritan. "His strength, because here
he saw his ideal realized ; his weakness, because it taught
him to try to get his reforms through the State." Calvin
instituted at Geneva a Theocracy, the like of which the
world lias never seen. It was not a State church, but a
church State. For self-control was substituted State
control — a control that became inquisitorial, exacting,
unjust. Laced in by catechismal formularies, the free
circulation of new ideas was impeded. The Puritan
was the last to see the injustice of purging away
heresy by the shedding of blood, he was the last
to perceive the inadequacy of force to crush a man's
opinions. He inclined a complacent ear to the dogma
of exclusive salvation for those of his own sect —
persecution followed as a corollary. In the years of
Catholic toleration in Maryland, the question of religious
toleration in Massachusetts was decided in the negative.
Adverse opinions were exposed by the Synod of 1637,
and in the white light of Puritan orthodoxy, and became
Removal of State Capital. 143
heresies most foul. These Puritans had eaten of tlie
bitter bread of persecution, they had sailed the seas and
subdued tlie wilderness as victims of religious intolerance.
When, however, thev encountered a Quaker with wrong
views — the}' proceeded to argue him into orthodoxy.
Failing of this, they hung him. Intolerance and perse-
cution do not stand upon the same plane. The one is
rather a'thing of necessity, consequent upon positiveness
of opinion. The otlier is a thing of expediency. In our
own day the power of the sword has happily departed
from every form of religions opinion. This triumph is
based on expediency rather than morality. Persecution
does not neccessarily imply low ideals of conduct. The
best Roman Emperors, as Trajan, Decius, Julian and
Marcus Aurelius, were precisely those who singled out the
early Christians for persecution. The extremest bigots,
as St. Dominic, Carlo Borromeo, Calvin and Caraffa, iiave
been men of the purest intentions and of unimpeachable
morality. As doubt is the antecedent of new knowledge,
so a spirit of intolerance is a necessary condition of prog-
ress. Men will not labor and incur sacrifice to discover
the truth of subjects in respect to which they are perfectly
content, .lolin the Baptist, the uncoiitli jnochiimcr of a
new dispensation, was intolerant — denouncing unsjmringly
the regime of the Scribe and Piiarisce. Isaiah, that otlier
^reat reproaclier and mouth piece of the desert, was intol-
144 Memorial Volume.
erant. Paul, tlic orthodox Jew of the polite world, with
the iiibrciikiiig of the light bccoincs a "pestilent fellow
and a mover of sedition." Only the person who holds
that religious beliefs are essentially uncertain or essentially
unimportant, can sweepingly condemn the religious intol-
erance of earlier ages. Persecution has few apologists
and deserves none. We utterly condemn the narrowness
of the persecuting Puritan, while acknowledging that it
was a high,'' but not too great a price to pay for his
splendid legacy to the cause of civil liberty. It was the
political intolerance of the Puritan which overthrew the
tyranny of hereditary power in England and in America.
The Puritan who trod these walks boldly set about to
redress the balance of the Old World — in the widening
struggle for civil libert3\ The spirit of the Puritan spoke
again in the rejection of stamped paper. It flashed anew
in the destruction of tea in yonder harbor. It echoed
once more in tlie ban put upon the claims of great East-
ern States to Western territory.
The toleration which rests upon respect for adverse
opinion, lives on in the true courtesy of our citizens.
For the U'tbility of a landed aristocracy, has been sub-
stituted among the sons of Maryland, the nobler title of
the "grand old name of gentleman." The generation is
now passing away which bore the griefs and devastations
of a long and cruel war. In these 3-ears of peace, some
Removal of State Capital. 145
have arisen wbo have uever heard the call of grave
political exigency; some who have never known the sac-
rifice for which a great public crisis pleads; some who
may never understand the priceless worth of the free
institutions under which they live, unless with heart
aflame, they read the cost of liberty in the devoted
hearts, the noble purpose, the spent lives of the genera-
tions tiiat have gone before. Men sparing not them-
selves in years of eminent public service — men struggling
to heal the awful breach between brethren — men relin-
quishing friends and fortune as the champions of an
alien race — men placing their lives in pawn for their
country's liberties. Such have been the sons of this
Commonwealth, known in the councils of their State
and nation. Honored of the world. Genius, nobleness,
patriotism, have ever found a meeting place on this
historic spot. The deeds of the men who have made us
what we are, l)ut mock the feeble breath of speech.
Their work lives on, perpetuated by the strong men who
even to-day gather within these historic walls.
■'Tho' much ia taken, much abides; and tlio'
We are not now that strengtli which in oKl days
Moved earth and lieaven; that which we are, we are;
One equal temper of heroic hearts,
Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
To strive, to seek, to hud, aud not to yield."
10
XjETTE1E?.S-
Much of the correspondence was incomplete or inap-
propriate to tliis volume. Such as was definite and per-
tin(Mit has been inserted in this chapter.
Annapolis, Fehr^iary S, 189Jf..
Prof. Alfred P. Dennis,
Dear Sir: — ^It is my pleasant dutj to inform you,
that you have been unanimously chosen by the General
Assembly of Maryland as orator, to represent it in
the celebration to be had in this city, on the 5th day of
March, 1S94, of the removal of the Capital from St.
Mary's to Annapolis. The celebration is under the con-
trol of the municipal authorities of Annapolis, and they
will communicate with you in reference to the order of
■exercises and such other matters as may be necessary.
Yours respectfully,
Thomas S. Baer,'
Cfuiirman of Committee on Public
Records of House of Delegates.
Princeton, N, J., February 9^ ISOJf..
Hon. Thomas S. Baer,
Dear Sir : — I beg leave to acknowledge the receipt of
your letter notifying me of my election as orator for the
Kemoval of State Capital. 147
celebration of Marcli 5th — and record my acceptance of
the honor tlius conferred. I trust jou will pardon my
delay. Have been confined in the College Hospital for
ten days and could not earlier formulate a definite answer.
Most respectfully yours,
Alfred P. Dennis.
Council Chambek,
Annapolis, February 7, IHdlf..
James W. Thomas, Esq.,
Dear Sir : — I am instructed by the Committee of the
City Council of Annapolis, to invite you to take part in
our exercises on March 5th, in celebrating the 200th
Anniversary of the " Removal of the Capital from St.
Mary's to Annapolis," by reading a paper on St. Mary's
City.
You have been assigned to the exercises of the after-
noon at St. John's College.
1 have handed this note over to Dr. Fell, President of
St. John's College, who. will further communicate with
you.
Very respectfully,
KlIMU S. KlLKY.
148 Memorial Volume.
St. John's College,
Pkesident's Room,
Annapolis, Mix, 7th Fchrnary^ ISdIp.
James II. Thomas, Esq.,
My Deak Sik: — By request of Mr. E. S. Riley, the
City Counselloi', I have the pleasure to hand you the
enclosed invitation to deliver an address on St Mary's, on
the occasion of the celebration of the removal of the
Capital from that city to Annapolis.
As it is suggested that your address or paper, on the
subject mentioned, be delivered in the afternoon of the
5th March, and shall form part of the program of the
exercises, more particularly^ connected with the college,
I write to say that we shall be much ])leased to accord
you a place in our program, following the address of
General II. Kyd Douglas, upon King William's School.
It is proposed that the exercises shall commence about
4 o'clock p. m., in McDowell Hall, on Monday, the 5th
March.
Trusting that 3'ou may be willing to accept the invita-
tion, and to accord with the arrangement just mentioned,
I am, very respectfully yours,
Thomas Fell,
President of St. Johii's College.
Removal of State Capital. 149
Cumberland, Md., February 10th., 1894-
Dr. Teomas Fell,
Annapolis, Md.,
Dear Sir: — I have the honor to acknowledge the
receipt of yonr esteemed favor of the 8th inst., convey-
ing a communication from the committee of the City
Council of Annapolis, requesting me to deliver an
address on "St. Mary's City," the early metropolis and
capital of Maryland, on the occasion of the celebration
of the 200th anniversary of Annapolis a? tlie capital of
the State.
It will give me pleasure to participate in that interest-
ing ceremony, and to make a brief address upon the
historic, but the vanished and almost forgotten, city of
St. Mary's.
In thus conveying my acceptance through you to Mr.
E. S. Riley, of the City Council, I beg also to express
my appreciation of the courtesies extended by you in
tliat connection as President of St. John's College.
Yours very respectfully,
James W. Thomas.
1 I KADQUARTERS MeADE PoST No. 27, (». A. R.,
Annapolis, Mo., March ^, 1891^..
Eliiiu S. Rii-i-:y, Esq.,
Dear Sir: — Your kind invitation to tliis Post to take
part in the parade, Monday, March 5, 1S91, to celebrate
150 Memorial Volume.
the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Removal of the
Capital of Maryland to Annapolis, received, and the
Adjutant was directed to answer the same, informing
your Honorable Body of the peculiar condition that exists
in this Post which would make it almost impossible to
attend in a body. Secondly, there are those of our
members who are so employed that it would be impossi-
ble for them to participate. TVishing the celebration
much success and beautiful weather,
I am, very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
L. B. Smith,
Adjutant Meade Post No. 27, G. A. R.
61 Gloucester Street,
Annapolis, Md., FtJjrv.ary 20th, 1891f,.
Dear Sir : — I regret being unable to accept your
courteous invitation for next Monday, having several
days ago made arrangements to fulfil two important
engagements in Baltimore on that day.
I have long felt deeply interested in the history and
prosperity of "My Maryland," and most heartily wish
Removal of State Capital. 151
jou a successful celebration of your Metropolitan Cen-
tennial.
Believe me, dear sir,
Yours cordially,
Decatur V. B. Morgan.
To P^Linr S. Riley, Esq.,
Counsellor at Law,
Court House, Annapolis.
February, Hist, ISOJ^.
Elihu S. Riley, Esq..
Annapolis, Md.
Dear Sir: — I am directed by tlie gentlemen of the
Council of the Society of Colonial Wars in the State of
Maryland, to thank your Committee, throuf^h you, for their
courteous invitation for this Society to participate in the
Bi-Centennial of the Removal of the Capital to the city of
Annapolis, and to convoy the acceptance of the invita-
tion by the Society. Will you kindly inform me, by
return mail, of the time and place of meeting and for-
mation, and such details of the ceremonies as it may l)e
convenient for you to communicate.
Very re-<pectfully yours,
Geo. N<jki;i kv Mackenzie.
152 Memorial Volume.
Annapolis, March ^, 1894-.
Elihu S. Riley, Esq.,
Dear Sir : — I accept with pleasure the duty assigned
to me b}^ tiie Committee of Arrangements, of making the
opening prajer at the celebration next Monday evening.
Yours sincerely,
Wm. Scott Sodthgate.
Palestine Commandery No. 7,
Axnai'olis, February 27, hSOJf,.
Jos. S. M. Tjasil, Jr., Esq.,
Assistant Marshal,
My Dear Sir: — In reply to your invitation extended
to our Commandery, would say, that it being impossible
to obtain dispensation, Palestine Commandery must
decline same.
Wishing your procession much success and a tine day,
I am, courteouslj' yours,
Rich'd H. Green.
Recorder.
Hall of St. Mart's Bay Council, No. 175,
Catholic Benevolent Legion,
Annapolis, February '28111. 189]^..
Sir: — I am in receipt of the coinniittee's invitation to
this council to participate in the procession on the 5th
proximo.
Hemoval of State Capital. 153
In reply, I beg to state, that this council, at its last
meeting, decided to decline to participate, owing to the
inability of the majoi-ity of its members to be absent
from duty on that day.
Very truly, &c..
For the Council, IIasmds Clausen,
Seci^etary.
Mr. J. S. M. Basil, Jk.,
Assistant Marshal.
I)ALTiMoKE, Felmuiry 2J^, 189Jf,.
Me. Eliuu S. Riley,
For fhf Committee on Celebration^ etc.^
Council Chaj7iber, Annapolis.
Deak Sik: — I have the honor to acknowledge, on be-
half of the Maryland Historical Society, the reception of
your communication of the 14th inst., addressed to its
president, inviting the Society to [lartic-ipatc' in the pro
cession to take place in your city on the r)th Martdi. to
celebrate theTwo Ilunch-edth Anniversary of the Kcnioval
of the Capital to Anna])oIis.
It is a matter of much regret that there will be no
meeting of the Society before your anniversary, at which
this invitation can l)(^ presented for the Society's action.
lf>4 MiMoKiAi, Volume.
I beg, however, in advance of such presentation, to
express to jon and the committee yon represent, the
thanks of the Society for your recollection of it in your
arrangements for the celebration. In the absence of the
opportunity for more formal action by the Society, two
of its officers will be requested to be present and repre-
sent it on the occasion.
I am, sir, very truly yours,
Mendes Cohen,
Corresponding Secretary.
Annapolis, Md., March ^d, ISdlf,.
Mr. E. S. Riley, Esq.,
Dear Sir : — We have received your invitation to
participate in the parade on Monday, 5th inst., and
regret to say that we will not be able to do so, as the
time required to get the members together and make the
necessary arrangements are too short. We can not have
another meeting for two weeks.
A^ery respectfully,
E. H. Samuels,
Post Commander^ Sheridan Post^ G. A. R.
C. H. Smith, Adjutant. ■
Removal of State Capital. 155
The following congratulatory greetings were sent on
the occasion to St. John's College :
United States Naval Academy.
March 3, 189 J^.
Your invitation for the Academic Board to meet the
Board of Visitors of St. John's College, at 3.45 p. m.,
March 5th, and proceed with them to take part in the
celebration of the Bi-Centenary of King William's
School, has been laid before the Board, and it will give
them pleasure to accept the same.
C. H, Chester,
Comrnandei' U. S. JSfavy^ Commanding.
Johns Hopkins University.
Bai/iimore, Md., March 6th^ 189 J^.
In the absence of the President of the Johns Hopkins
University, the Academic Council sends its congratula-
tions to tlio Visitors and (Tovernors of St. John's College
on the occasion of the Bi Centenary of an institution that
has done memorable service to the cause of education in
this State, with best wishes for incroMscd [trcspi-rity and
usefulness.
Ika Ivkmskn, Secy.
156 Memokiai- Volume.
-loii.vs Hopkins University.
Baltimore, Md., March 5th, ISOJf,.
Let me congratulate you upon the interesting historic
anuiversarj' whicli you are now celebrating. Kindly
accept this word from the Historical Department as a
token of rejoicing with you in the honorable record of
St. John's Colleore.
H. B. Adams,
Prof. Hist
Johns Hopkins University.
Baltimore, Md., March 5th, 189Jf.
I am sorry not to be present at your Bi-Centenary. I
am greatlj^ disappointed. I send congratulations to you
on the auspicious circumstances under which you cele-
brate this interesting anniversary.
Edward H. Griffin,
Dean.
The Woman's College of Baltimore, Md.
March 3d, 189 J^.
The President and Faculty of the Woman's College
send greeting to St. John's College,
Professor Wm. H. Hopkins will attend the exercises
on March 5th, as a delegate from the W^oman's College.
Eemoval of State Capital. 157
Baltimore City College.
March 5th, 189/f.
I regret that our duties here will probably prevent the
attendance of myself and colleagues. "We wish you a
most successful occasion.
F. A. Sopek,
Principal.
The Bisnop of Maryland,
Rt. Rev. Wm. Paeet, B, A.
I regret much that my duties and positive engagements
will not permit me to be present at the 200th Anniversary
of King William's School. You have my hearty wishes
and prayers for still longer and stronger life work. And
I beg you to assure the Board of Trustees of my interest
in the College, and my wish that I could have found it
possiljle to be present.
William Pakkt,
Bishop of Maryland.
Cardinal ARcnuisnoi' of Baltimore.
Baltimore, Md., Fclruary 28th, 1891,..
The Cardinal Ar(;lil)isli()]) of Baltimore regrets that his
Lenten duties will deprive him of the pleasure of atten-
dance on the occasion of the l»i-Centenary of King Wil-
liam's School.
Cardinal AKcnHisiioi- of JJaltimork.
158 Mkmorjal Volumk.
Rev. Leighto^j Fakks, D. D.
of Emannel Church, Boston.
March 3, 18H.
I trust that the celebration will be the success that it
deserves, and that the future of the college may be bright
and prosperous.
Leiohton Parks.
Rev. F. J. Keech, M. A.
New Yokk City, March 5, 189Jf.
Accept my hearty good wishes for continued and
renewed prosperity of my alma mater upon this its Bi-
centenary Celebration.
F. J. Keech.
ANNAPOLIS IN 1694.
After forty-five years of growth, Annapolis, in 1694,
liad under forty houses in it, and, it may be estimated,
not over one hundred and fifty inliabitants. Within its
precincts and in its vicinity were names that have linked
themselves with every stage of progress of the "Old
Line State." From the ancient rent-rolls are taken the
names of the men who first settled in Annapolis and its
vicinit-y, and whose posterity lived in Annapolis when it
became the Capital of the State, with here and there
some sturdy son of the virgin settlement who remained
to see the steady progress and new honors of "the Ancient
City." The dates show the years when the surveys were
made and the land taken up for patent.
RICHARD 15ENNETT, 1G50.
THOMAS GOTT, 1658.
WILLIAM GALLOWAY, 1659.
JOHN COLIEIt, 1659.
samup:l ruthkrs, hkh.
In Middle Neck Hundred, between Severn and Sdiifh
liivers:
ZKPHENIAH SMITH, 1650.
MATTHEW HOWARD, 1650.
WM. CROUCH, 1650.
JOHN HOWARD,- 1650.
160 Memokial Volume.
RICHARD WARFIELD, 1G50.
ALKX. WARFIELD, 1G50.
THOMAS TODD, 1651.
JAMES HOMES, IGol.
ANN OWEN, 1G84.
NICH. WYAT, 1651.
SAM. DORSEY.
RICHARD ACTON, 1G51.
PETER PORTER, 1G51.
JOHN BALDWIN, 1661.
CHRISTOPHER OATLY, 1651.
RICHARD BEARD, 1650.
THOMAS HOWELL, 1651.
WILLIAM HOMES, 1652.
JAMES WARNER, 1651.
HENRY PINKNEY. 1651.
THOS. GATES, 1658.
JOHN HOWARD, 1658.
WILLIAM GALLOWAY, 1659.
TOBIAS BUTLER, 1G59.
NEAL CLARK, 1659.
GEO. LAUGHER, 1650.
SAML. WHITERS, ICGl.
LAWRENCE RICHARDSON, 16G1.
ANN CORELL, 1661.
EDWARD HOPE. 1661.
Col. HENRY RIDGELY, 1661.
CHARLES RIDGELY, 1661.
JACOB BENINGTON, 1G61. .
WILLIAM FRIZZELL, 1663.
E-EMOVAI. OF State Capital. 161
NEAL CLARK, 1663.
EDWARD SKIDMORE, 1662.
NICHOLAS WYAT, 1662
CORNELIUS HOWARD, 1662.
SAML. HOWARD, 1662.
JOHN HOWARD, 1662.
CHARLES STEPHENS, 1662.
WALTER SMITH, 1662.
JOHN EDWARDS, 1662.
PATRICK DUNK AN, 1663.
JOHN HOWARD, 1663.
CHARLES STEPHENS, 1663.
RALPH SALMON, 1663.
JOHN JAMES, 1663.
HENRY SEWELL, 1663.
THOMAS UNDERWOOD, 1663.
EDWARD DORSEY, 1663.
JOHN DORSEY, 1663.
JOSHUA DORSEY, 1663.
CORNELIUS HOWARD, 1663.
JOHN EDWARDS, 16G3.
RICHARD MOSS, 1663.
THOMAS HAMMOND, 1664.
WILLIAM GUMES, 1664.
WILLIAM READ, 1665.
JOHN C. MACCUHIN, 1665.
ROBERT CLARK, 1664.
THOMAS ROPER, 1664.
JOHN BARTON, 1665.
THOMAS BKLT,, 1665.
10
162 Mkmokiai. Volume.
ill i>road and Tuun Neck IliiiulreU, betwtjon Sever u
and Magotby Rivei>:
ROBERT BIRLE, KiSO.
ABRAM HOLMAN, 1650.
RICHARD EWEN, 1652.
THOMAS HOMWOOD, 1652.
LEWIS lONES, 1652.
JOSHUA MERIKEN, 1652.
RICHARD YOUNG, 1652.
JOHN CO WELL, 1651.
WILLIAM DURAND, 1651.
RALPH HAWKINS, 1652.
JAMES HOME WOOD, 1652.
NATH. UTIE, 1658.
WaLI-IAM HOPKINS, 1659.
PHILIP HOWARD, 1659.
EDWARD LLOYD, 1659.
JAMES RIGBY. 1659.
W'lLLIAM FULLER, 16)9.
ELIZABETH STRONG, 1659.
MATTHEW CLARK, 1659.
HENRY CATLINS, 1659.
THOMAS BROWN, 1659.
HENRY WOOLCHURCH, 1662.
WILLIAM PYIHER, 1659.
RICHARD DEVAIER, 1662.
MATTHEW HOWARD, 1663.
ALICE DURAND, 1662.
ROBERT TAYLOR, 1662.
ABRAM DAWSON, 1662.
Kemoval <vf State Capital. 163
WILLIAM LLOYD, 1662.
THOMAS TURNER, 1662.
ROBERT LUSBY, 1662.
EDWARD SKIDMORE, 1663.
ROBERT TYLER, 1663.
SARAH >[ARSH, IG63.
THOMAS C. MARSH, 1663.
JOHN ASKEW, 1663.
JOHN GREEN, 1663.
WILLIAM STAID, 1662.
JOHN HAMMOND. 1663.
EMMANUELL DREW, 1663
ELIZABETH DARRELL, 1663.
CHRISTIAN MERRIKEN, 1665.
THOMAS THURSTON, 1664.
THOMAS (.'OLE, 1664.
WILLIAM HILL, 1665.
JAMES ORWICK, 1665.
RICHARD MOSSEN, 1665.
RICHARD DEVOUR, 166;^.
JOHN BROWN, HiC.V
JOHN CL.\RK, 1665.
HERMAN SOLLINC;, 1665.
ELIZABETH HILLS, 1666.
(iEOR(iE YATE, KWlu.
ROBERT I'KTTYBON, 1666.
EDWARD BLAY, 1606.
JOHN ROCKHOLD, 1666.
I'AUL DORKKLL, 1667.
MORRICE U.VKKU, 1667.
..FAMES CON NA WAY, KKlM.
16-t Memorial Volume.
GEO. NORMAN, 1669.
JOHN BURTON, 1667.
WILLIAM DAWS, between 1667 and 167a.
WILLIAM READ, 1665,
HENRY PIERPONT, 1665.
PHILLIP THOMAS, 1664.
WALTER PHELPS, 1665.
NICHOLAS GREEN, 1665.
FRANCIS REASLY. 1666.
ELIZABETH SISSON, 1666.
WILLIAM HARRIS, 1667.
JEANE SISSON, 1667.
EDWARD DORSEY, 1668.
THOMAS PHELPS, 1668.
WILLIAM HOPKINS, 1669.
GUY MEEK, 1669.
RICHARD WARFIELD, 1669^.
EDWARD GARDNER, 1669.
ANNAPOLIS IN 1894.
In^ 1845, Annapolis liad, after nearly two hundred
years of growth, increased to 3,000 inhabitants. The
ISTaval Academy gave it a slight impetus when it was
established there at the lust named date, and Annapolis
in 1S90 was reported as having over 7,000 souls. This
does not include the Naval Academy and residents
adjacent to the town, which would make the number
nearly 9,000.
Dignified with the seat of government in 1694, Aimap-
olis had put on its honors with the stir of a new vitality.
Its name was changed to its present one from Ann
Arundel Town, ship yards were laid out, a parish church
(the present St. Anne's parish and now the third church),
a schoolhouse (King William's School, now St. Johirs
Collegej, and a public ferry over the Severn, which was
maintained until 1887, when it was superseded by a
bridge, followed each other in rapid order.
The city of Annapolis has not made j)rugress in
wealth nor in population, but its development, on better
lines, has been the pride of its people. With the arrival
of the capital and a new element, came j)olitician8,
lawyers, legislators, judges and scholars. Here grace and
166 Memorial \ ulumk.
beauty gatliered, and in this prototype of an English-
capital, wealth, leisure, beauty and refinement created a
life of social gayety and voluptuous enjoyment that
made the city famous throughout all the colonies for its
fastidious pleasures, whilst the culture and elegance of
its people gained for it the title of "'The Athens of
America." Nor was the title undeserved. From its
civilization were evolved Charles Carroll of Carrollton,.
Charles Wilson Peale, William Pinkney, Daniel Dulaney,
Reverdy Johnson and John D. Godman, in the last cen-
tury, and in the present, Stewart Holland, the hero of
the Arctic; James Booth Lockwood, of the Greeley
expedition ; Stuart Robson, representative of the histri-
onic art ; Dennis W. Mullan, the hero of Samoa — all of
whom were born in Annapolis — and many others in both
eras whose names belong to the liistory of the whole
country.
The spirit, character and patriotism of the people of
Annapolis are written in deeds like these: The battle of
the Severn, 1656; establishment of King William's
School, 1096; founding of the Gazette, 1727; the merci-
ful reception of the banished Acadians, 1755; erection
of the first theater in America, in 1760; mobbing of
Hood, the stamp act tax gatherer in 1765 ; the burning
of the Peggy Stewart and her tea in 1774; furnishing
two incidents in the bill of indictment of George III,.
Removal of State Capital. ItJT
in the Declaration of Independence; mobbing the Tories
of 1812. who dared rejoice by a sermon and procession
over the fall of Napoleon and the freeing of English
legions to tight America, and in gaining the love of
Washington next to his Mount Vernon home.
The people of the "Ancient City" today, inheritors of
the same blood, are legatees of the same spirit that
characterized their forefathers, and are noted for their
intelligent grasp of vital issues and their fearless vindica-
tion of their free-i)orn rights.
NOTES, INCIDENTS, THANKS.
Among the representatives of the Maryland Historical
Society taking part in the civic and military procession,
was Edwin Warfield, Esq., of Howard county, who is
a lineal descendant of Major Edward Dorsey, who repre-
sented Ann Arundel county in the Legislature of 1694.
In the House of Delegates of 1894, is Orraond Ham-
mond, Esq., of Talbot county, who is a lineal descendant
of Capt. John Hammond, who represented Ann Arun-
del county in the Legislature of 1694.
Fenton Lee Duvall, one of the ushers at the Hall of
House of Delegates, on March 5, is a lineal descendant
of Gov. Thomas Johnson, of Maryland, who nominated
Gen. Washington to be commander of the Army and
Navy of the thirteen united colonies.
John R. and Peter H. Magruder, ushers, March 5, are
lineal descendants of Gov. Francis Nicholson.
All of the four speakers, on the occasion of the cele-
bration, were Protestants, so the historical facts, recited
by them, were not colored by religious bias.
Nicholas Brewer, one of the Board of Visitors and
Governors of St. John's College, and one of the com-
mittee of arrangements, is a descendant of Nicholas
Brewer, who gathered the boats together for Washington
Removal of State Capital. 169
to cross the Delaware, the night he captured the
Hessians.
Senator Washington Wilkinson, of St. Mary's, is a
descendant of Rev. William Wilkinson, rector of Poplar
Hill Protestant Episcopal Church, in 1650, the first Epis-
copal church in Maryland.
Col. Casperus A. Herman, delegate from Cecil county,
in 1694, built the first State House at Annapolis, in 1696.
Elihu S. Riley, historian of the celebration, is a lineal
descendant of Col. Henry Ridgely, the major of the
armed troop of Anne Arundel in 1661, for the defense
of the colony.
Dr. A brain Claude, one of the ex-mayors of Annap-
olis, who took part in the parade, is the grandson of
Mr. Abraham Claude, who, with other citizens of Annap-
olis, in August, 1765, successfully resisted here the
landing of Hood, the stamp-tax collector.
Charles H. Carter, Esq., member of the House, from the
Second Legislative District of Baltimore, 189-1, is a
descendant of Lord Paltimore.
The masquerade procession was attended i)y a singular
accifient. iVfr. John fxates was crossing West street,
extended, on horsei)ack, when .Nfr. i''i-ank Small came
up the street on another iiorse at a full gallop; the horses
collided. SmalTs horse was killed outright, and (rates'
17<' ^l i: MILKMAN Volume.
died shortly afterward. J^oth riders were injured and
knocked senseless. Gates recovered consciousness in
thirty minutes; Sniiill remained in a comatose condition
for several hours. The former was only slightly injured ;
Small was seriously hurt, hut finally recovered.
THANKS OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF
ANNAPOLIS.
In the City (Council of A.nnapolis, on March 12. 1894,
on motion of Oity Counsellor Riley, it was —
Ordered, That the thanks of the City Couucil are hei-eby ten-
dered to Allan McCullough, Esq., Chief Marshal, Mr. ,T. S. M.
Basil, Jr., First Assistant Marshal, and the Assistant ]\[arshals, for
the faithful performance of all the duties assigned them in the
procession of March oth. Also, to all the organizations that
assisted in forming the line of the procession, and to our citizens
generally, whose hearty co-operation made the celebration
exercises a marked success.
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