UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES
LIBRARY

56ra CONGRESS, ) SENATE. ( Doc. No. 231,

2d Session. } \ Part 4.

COMPILATION

REPORTS

COMMITTEE OK FOREIGN RELATIONS,

UNITED STATES SENATE,

1789-19O1,

First Congress, First Session, to Fifty-sixth Congr^. ?::w Session,

MEDITERRANEAN COMMERCE, ETC. NOMINATIONS AUTHORIZATIONS TO ACCEPT DECORATIONS
FROM FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS; INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCES; MARITIME CANALS; PACIFIC CABLES; RAILROADS-
TRADE AND COMMERCE WITH FOREIGN NATIONS-
TARIFF RESTRICTIONS.

. T\T.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1901.

128144

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES,

January 15, 1901.

Resolved, That there be printed as a Senate document the Compi-
lation of Reports of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the United
States Senate from seventeen hundred and eighty-nine to nineteen
hundred, prepared under the direction of the Committee on Foreign
Relations, as authorized by the Act approved June sixth, nineteen
hundred, entitled "An Act making appropriations to supply deficien-
cies in the appropriations for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth,
nineteen hundred, and for prior years, and for other purposes."
Attest:

CHAKLES G. BENNETT,

Secretary.
2

V.4

MEDITERRANEAN COMMERCE, ETC.

FIRST CONGRESS, THIRD SESSION.
January 6, 1791.

On the President's speech relating to Mediterranean commerce, and
the message from the President in regard to citizens of the United
States in captivity in Algiers, Mr. Langdon reported as follows:

The committee to whom was referred that part of the President's
speech which relates to the trade of the Mediterranean, also the Presi-
dent's message of December 30, with the papers accompanying the
same, are of opinion that the trade of the United States to the Mediter-
ranean, can not be protected but by a naval force, and that it will be
proper to resort to the same as soon as the state of the public finances
will admit.

February 1, 1791.

On letter from Secretary of State, with inclosures, relative to Amer-
ican prisoners in Algiers, Mr. Langdon reported as follows :

Resolved, That the Senate advise and consent that the President of
the United States take such measures as he may think necessary for
the redemption of the citizens of the United States now in captivity
at Algiers, provided the expense shall not exceed forty thousand dol-
lars ; and also, that measures be taken to confirm the treaty now exist-
ing between the United States and the Emperor of Morocco, provided
no greater sum than twenty thousand dollars be expended in that
business.

Ordered, That the Secretary communicate this resolution to the
President of the United States.

March 1, 1791.

As to protection of American commerce in Mediterranean and
securing recognition of treaty with Morocco, Mr. Langdon reported
following bill:

SEC. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled, That, for the
purpose of effecting a recognition of the treaty of the United States
with the new Emperor of Morocco, there be, and hereby is, appropri-
ated a sum not exceeding twenty thousand dollars, to be paid out of
the moneys which, prior to the first day of January next, shall arise
from the duties imposed upon spirits distilled within the United
States, and from stills, by the act entitled "An act repealing, after
the last day of June next, the duties heretofore laid upon distilled
spirits imported from abroad, and laying others in their stead; and
also upon spirits distilled within the United States, and for appropri-
ating the same;" together with the excess of duties which may arise
from the duties imposed by the said act on imported spirits, beyond

6 MKDITKl IRAN KAN OiMMKKCE, ETC.

those which would have arisen by the act entitled "An act making
further provision for the payment of the United States;" and the
President is hereby authorized to take on loan the whole sum by this
act appropriated, or so much thereof as he may judge requisite, at an
interest not exceeding six percent per annum, and the sum estab-
lished for the above-mentioned appropriation is hereby pledged for
the payment of the principal and interest of any loan to be obtained
in manner aforesaid; and, in case of any deficiency in the said fund,
the faith of the United States is hereby also pledged to make good
sucli deficiency.

March 1, 1791.

As to ransom of Americans, captive in Algiers, Mr. Langdon
reported as follows:

Whereas since the resolution of the Senate advising the President
of the .United States to take measures for the ransom of the American
captives at Algiers, large appropriations of money have been made
for the protection of the western frontiers :

Resolved, That the Senate do advise and consent that the President

of the United States suspend any operations under the said resolution

for the ransom of said captives, until the situation of the Treasury

shall more clearly authorize appropriations of money for that purpose.

(Ex. Jour., vol. 1, pp. 72, 73, 75, 77, 78; Annals, 1st Cong.,

1749, 1752, 1703, 1773, 1774, 1781.)

FOURTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
March 22, 1796.

On the message of the President as to the equipment of frigates for
Algiers, Mr. Bingham reported as follows:

That it is the opinion of the committee it will be expedient to
authorize the President of the United States to cause to be completed,
with all convenient expedition, two of the said frigates of forty-four,
and one of thirty-six guns.

That a discretionary power be committed to the President of the
United States to cause the other to be finished, having a due regard
to the existing price of labor and materials.

That so much of the $688,888.32 as by the act of June, 1794, was
appropriated to pay the expenses to be incurred by the act to provide
a naval armament remains unexpended, as well as so much of the
sum of $80,000 appropriated for a provisional equipment of galleys,
by the before-recited act, be appropriated for carrying into effect the
provisions of the aforesaid resolution.

(Annals, 4th Cong., 1st sess., 54, 60.)

EIGHTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
March 24, 1804.

As to protection of the commerce and seamen of the United States

against the Barbary Powers. .Mr. Smith reported the following bill:

Be it enacted, etc.. That for the purpose of defraying the expenses

MEDITERRANEAN COMMERCE, ETC. 7

of equipping, officering, manning, and employing such of the armed
vessels of the United States as may be deemed requisite by the Presi-
dent of the United States for protecting the commerce and seamen
thereof, and for carrying on warlike operations against the Regency
of Tripoli, or of any of the Barbary Powers which may commit hos-
tilities against the United States, and for the purpose also of defray-
ing any other expenses incidental to the intercourse with the Barbary
Powers, or which are authorized by this act, a duty of two and one-
half per centum ad valorem, in addition to the duties now imposed
by law, shall be laid, levied, and collected upon all goods, wares, and
merchandise, paying a duty ad valorem, whic^i shall, after the thir-
tieth day of June next, be imported into the United States from any
foreign port or place; and an addition of ten per centum shall be
made to the said additional duty in respect to all goods, wares, and
merchandise imported in ships or vessels not. of the United States;
and the duties imposed by this act shall be levied and collected in the
same manner and under the same regulations and allowances as to
drawbacks, mode of security, and time of payment, respectively, as
are already prescribed by law in relation to the duties now in force
on the articles on which the said additional duty is laid by this act.

That a distinct account shall be kept of the duties imposed by this
act, and the proceeds thereof shall constitute a fund, to be denom-
inated "The Mediterranean fund," and shall be applied solely to the
purposes designated by this act; and the said additional duties shall
cease and be discontinued at the expiration of three months after the
ratification by the President of the United States of a treaty of peace
with the Regency of Tripoli, unless the United States shall then be at
war with any other of the Barbary States, in which case the said addi-
tional duty shall cease and be discontinued at the expiration of three
months after the ratification by the President of the United States of
a treaty of peace with such power: Provided, however, That the said
additional duty shall be collected on all such goods, wares, and mer-
chandise liable to pay the same as shall have been imported previous
to the day on which the said duty is to cease.

That the President of the United States, if he shall deem it neces-
sary, shall be, and he is hereby, authorized to cause to be purchased
or built, officered, manned, and equipped, two vessels of war, to
carry not more than sixteen guns each, and likewise to hire or accept
on loan in the Mediterranean Sea as many gunboats as he may think
proper.

That a sum not exceeding one million of dollars, to be paid out of
any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, shall be, and
the same is hereby, appropriated (in addition to the sum heretofore
appropriated for the same objects) for the purpose of defraying any
of the expenses authorized by this act which may be incurred during
the present year; or, if necessary, the President of the United States
is hereby authorized to borrow the said sum, or such part thereof as
he may think proper, at a rate of interest not exceeding six per
centum per annum, from the Bank of the United States, which is
hereby empowered to lend the same, or from any other body or bodies,
politic or corporate, or from any person or persons ; and so much of
the proceeds of the duties laid by this act as may be necessary shall
be, and is hereby, pledged for replacing in the Treasury the said sum
of one million of dollars, or so much thereof as shall have been thus
expended, and for paying the principal and interest of the said sum,
or so much thereof as may be borrowed, pursuant to the authority

8 MEDITERRANEAN COMMERCE, ETC.

given in this section; and an account of the several expenditures
made under this act shall be laid before Congress during their next
session.

(Annals, 8th Cong., 1st sess., 295, 298; Stat. L., vol. 2, p. 291.)

THIRTEENTH CONGRESS, THIRD SESSION.
March 3, 1815.

As to protection of the commerce of the United States against
Algerine cruisers, Mr. Bibb reported as follows:

That in the month of July, 1812, the Dey of Algiers, taking offense,
or pretending to take offense, at the quality and quantity of a ship-
ment of military stores made by the United States, in pursuance of the
stipulation in the treaty of 1795, and, refusing to receive the stores,
extorted from the American consul-general at Algiers, by threats of
personal imprisonment, and of reducing to slavery all Americans
within his power, a sum of money, claimed as the arrearages of treaty
stipulations, and denied by the United States, to be due; and then
compelled the consul, and all the citizens of the United States at
Algiers, abruptly to quit his dominions. It further appears to the
committee that on the 25th of August following, the American brig
Edwin, of Salem, owned by Nathaniel Silsbee, of that place, while on
a voyage from Malta to Gibraltar, was taken by an Algerine corsair
and carried into Algiers as prize. The commander of the brig, Capt.
George Campbell Smith, and the crew, ten in number, have ever since
been detained in captivity, with the exception of two of them, whose
release has been effected, under circumstances not indicating any
change of hostile temper on the part of the Dey. It also appears that
a vessel sailing under the Spanish flag has been condemned in Algiers
as laying a false claim to that flag, and concealing her true American
character. In this vessel was taken a Mr. Pollard, who claims to be
an American citizen, and is believed to be of Norfolk, Va., and who,
as an American citizen, is kept in captivity. The Government, justly
solicitous to relieve these unfortunate captives, caused an agent (whose
connection with the Government was not disclosed) to be sent to Algiers,
with the means and with instructions to effect their ransom, if it could
be done at a price not exceeding $3,000 per man. The effort did not
succeed, because of the Dey's avowed policy to increase the number
of his American slaves, in order to be able to compel a renewal of his
treaty with the United States on terms suited to his rapacity. Cap-
tain Smith, Mr. Pollard, and the mate of the Edwin are not confined,
nor kept at hard labor; but the rest of the captives are subjected to
the well-known horrors of Algerine slavery. The committee have not
been apprised of any other specific outrages upon the persons or prop-
erty of American citizens besides those stated ; and they apprehend
that the fewness of these is attributable to the want of opportunity,
and not of inclination, in the Dey to prey upon our commerce and to
enslave our citizens. The war with Great Britain has hitherto shut
the Mediterranean against American vessels, which it may be pre-
sumed will now shortly venture upon it. The committee are all of
opinion, upon the evidence which has been laid before them, that the
Dey of Algiers considers his treaty with the United States as at an
end, and is waging war against them. The evidence upon which this
opinion is founded, and from which are extracted the facts above
stated, accompanies this report, and with it is respectfully submitted.
(Leg. Jour. vol. 5, pp. 686, 687; Am. St. Pap., vol. 3, p. 748.)

NOMINATIONS.

SECOND CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.
January 6, 1792.

On the nomination of Gouvernenr Morris and Thomas Pickering to
be ministers plenipotentiary at Paris and London and William Short
to be minister resident at The Hague Mr. Strong reported as follows:

That from the facts communicated to them they are of the opinion
that there is now a special occasion for the appointing of a minister
to the Court of London.

The committee submit to the consideration of the Senate the infor-
mation they have received relative to the expediency of appointing
ministers at the Court of Paris and at The Hague at this time.
(Ex. Jour., vol. 1, pp. 92, 93, 94.)

TWELFTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
November 25, 1811.

On the nomination of James Monroe to be Secretary of State Mr.
Giles reported as follows:

That they have examined the accounts of Mr. Monroe while acting
as a foreign minister, and find nothing therein to justify tha rejection
of the nomination.

(Ex. Jour., vol. 2, pp. 189, 192.)

THIRTEENTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
June 7, 1813.

On the nomination of Jonathan Russell to be minister to Sweden
Mr. Goldsborough reported as follows:

That in pursuance of the order of the Senate the committee met
the Secretary of State, by appointment, at the office of the Department
of State, when they were informed by the Secretary that there was no
official denial or admission of Mr. Jonathan Russell's that the allega-
tion of the Duke of Bassano to Mr. Barlow, referred to, was true, but
that he (the Secretary) had a private letter from Mr. Russell subse-
quent to the allegation of the Duke of Bassano, in which he under-
stood that allegation to be unequivocally denied.
(Ex. Jour., vol. 2, pp. 349, 351.)

12 NOMINATIONS.

June 4, 1813.

On the nomination of Albert Gallatin to be envoy to Great Britain
and Russia .Mr. Anderson reported as follows:

That in obedience to the resolution authorizing the committee to
inquire and report thereon he had addressed a letter to the President
of the United States, a copy of which accompanies this report, inclos-
ing a copy of the resolution under which the committee were appointed ;
that he afterwards called on the President of the United States, who
informed him that he did not consider the authority given to the com-
mittee such as to authorize them to call on him in their official char-
acter, but that if they were especially instructed to call upon him,
and the specific object should be designated, he would freely receive
them and appoint a time for that purpose.

July 19, 1813.

Mr. Anderson further reported as follows :

That according to the instructions of the Senate of the 16th June
the committee, through its chairman, addressed a note to the Presi-
dent of the United States on the 12th instant, which accompanies this
report, and in reply thereto the President addressed a note to the
chairman on the 14th instant, which note also accompanies this report,
appointing Friday, the 16th instant, to receive the committee, to com-
municate the aforgsaid resolution of the Senate, and apprising the
committee of his late message to the Senate containing the grounds on
which he would be obliged to decline the proposed conference with the
committee. Upon due consideration of this reply the committee
deemed it an incumbent duty to wait on the President according to his
appointment and to present to him both the resolutions of the Senate
in relation to the nomination referred to the committee, and did accord-
ingly wait upon him and present them, when the President was pleased
to observe to the committee, in substance, that he was sorry that the
Senate had not taken the same view of the subject which he had done,
and that he regretted that the measure had been taken under circum-
stances which deprived him of the aid or advice of the Senate. After
the committee had remained a reasonable time for the President to
make any other observations, if he thought proper to do so, and observ-
ing no disposition manifested by him to enter into further remarks,
the committee retired without making any observations on the mat-
ter of the resolutions or in reply to those made by the President .

(Ex. Jour., vol. 2, pp. 352, 353, 388, 389; Annals, 13th Cong.,
Istsess., 86,87,88.)

NINETEENTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
January 16, 1826.

On nominations of Richard C. Anderson and John Sergeant to be
envoys extraordinary and ministers plenipotentiary to the assembly
of the American nations at Panama, Mr. Macon reported as follows:

Your committee have examined the subject to them referred, with
the most profound attention, and have bestowed upon it all the con-

NOMINATIONS. 13

side ration demanded by its novelty, delicacy, and high importance to
the character and future destinies of the United States. In making
this examination the committee found themselves not a little embar-
rassed at first by the circumstance announced by the President in his
message to both Houses of Congress, at the commencement of the
present session, that he had already accepted the invitation given to
the United States by some of the American Republics to be repre-
sented at the contemplated congress of American nations, about to
be assembled at Panama. But seeing in the several communications
made by the Secretary of State to the different ministers of these
Republics that an express reference was made to the concurrence of
the Senate as the indispensable preliminary to the acceptance of this
invitation, and finding in the present message of the President the
explicit assurance that he had not thought proper to take any step in
carrying this measure into effect until he could ascertain that his
opinion of its expediency would concur with that of both branches of
the legislature, the committee believed it became a part of the duty
they owed to the Senate, and would be evidence of the proper respect
due to the President, that they should fully and freely examine into
the propriety of the proposed measure, the expediency of adopting
which was the subject that the Senate was thus invited to deliberate
upon and to make known their opinion.

Considerations of much higher importance than even these induced
the committee to adopt this course. In the ordinary progress of their
proceedings the Senate can rarely, if ever, find it necessary or proper
to inquire as to the objects expected to be attained by appointments
to which their advice and consent is asked. As to all offices created
by statute, in which these objects are defined and their attainment
positively required, the single question rising before the Senate must
ever refer merely to the fitness of the persons nominated by the Presi-
dent to fulfill such duties. The same will generally be found the sole
inquiry necessary to be made in filling up vacancies happening in
preexisting foreign missions designed to maintain the customary
relations and intercourse of friendship and commerce between the
United States and other nations. Very different, however, is the case
when it is proposed to create new offices by nomination, or to dispatch
ministers to foreign States for the first time, or to accomplish by such
mission objects not especially disclosed or under circumstances new,
peculiar, and highly important. In all these cases, instead of confin-
ing these inquiries to the mere fitness of the persons nominated to
fill such offices, it is not only the right but the duty of the Senate to
determine previously as to the necessity and propriety of creating the
offices themselves; and in deciding these questions not only the objects
for the accomplishment of which it is proposed to create them, but
every other circumstance connected with such a measure, must neces-
sarily and unavoidably become an object of their serious examination.

This right, conferred by the Constitution^upon the Senate, is the
only direct check upon the power possessed *by the President in this
respect which, relieved from this restraint, would authorize him to
create and consummate all the political relations of the United States
at his mere will. And as, in the theory of their Government, the high
destinies of the people of the United States are never to be confided
to the unrestrained discretion of any single man, even the wisest and
best of their fellow-citizens, it becomes a solemn duty which the Sen-
ate owe to the sovereign States here represented most seriously to
investigate all the circumstances connected with the novel measure

14 NOMINATIONS.

now proposed by thi' President, as to the expediency of adopting which
they have been invited to aid him with their counsel and advice.

Entertaining these opinions in the performance of ihe duty which
they believe has been required by the Senate, and anxious to manifest
to the President their high respect by complying fully with the wish
which he has expressed upon this subject, the committee will proceed
to investigate the circumstances connected with the measure pro-
posed, and disclosed by the documents to them referred, most deeply
impressed with the importance of the consequences that may very
probably result from it.

The first question which suggested itself to the committee at the
very threshold of their investigation was, What cogent reasons now
existed for adopting this new and untried measure, so much in con-
flict with the whole course of policy uniformly and happily pursued
by the United States from almost the very creation of this Govern-
ment to the present hour? By the principles of this policy, inculcated
by our wisest statesmen in former days and approved by the experi-
ence of all subsequent time, the true interest of the United Stat es was
supposed to be promoted by avoiding all entangling connections with
any other nation whatsoever. Steadily pursuing this course, while
they have been desirous to manifest the most cordial good will to all
nations, and to maintain with each relations of perfect amity and of
commerce, regulated and adjusted by rules of the most fair, equal,
and just reciprocity, the United States have hitherto sedulously
abstained from associating themselves in any other way, even with
those nations for whose welfare the most lively sensibility has been at
all times felt and otherwise manifested.

During the conflict for freedom and independence, in which these
new States of America were so long engaged with their former sover-
eign, although every heart in the United States beat high in sympathy
with them, and fervent aspirations were hourly put up for their suc-
cess, and although the relations then existing with Spain were well
calculated to excite strong irritation and resentment on our part, yet
the Government of the United States, convinced of the propriety of
a strict adherence to the principles which it had ever proclaimed as
the rule of its conduct in relation to other nations, forbore to take
any part in this struggle, and maintained the most exact neutrality
between these belligerents. Nor would it ever recognize the inde-
pendence of these new Republics until they had become independent
in fact, and the situation of their ancient sovereign in relation to
them was such as to manifest that he ought no longer to be held
responsible for their acts. So soon as this occurred the United States
most gladly embraced the opportunity, and in being the first to pro-
claim the sovereignty and independence of these States, gave to them
the strongest pledge of respect and cordial friendship, and sincere
anxiety for their prosperity.

Since that event ministers have been dispatched to each of these new
Republics, instructed to declare the sentiments sincerely and warmly
felt for them by the United States, and empowered to conclude treat-
ies with them, the objects of which should be to establish, upon prin-
ciples of the most perfect justice and equity, all the ordinary relations
that exist between nations. Thus much was due, not less to them
than to ourselves; and in going so far we did all thai our feelings dic-
tated and the interest of either seemed then to require. What neces-
sity has since arisen to do more? What cause exists now to prompt the
United States to establish new and stronger relations with them, and

NOMINATIONS. 15

so to abandon the rule of conduct which has hitherto been here so
steadily and happily pursued?

These inquiries necessarily called the attention of the committee to
a minute examination of all the documents to them referred, in order
that they might therein discover the reasons assigned by the new
States of America for desiring the United States to be represented at
the congress about to be assembled at Panama, and the motives of
the President for intimating his willingness to accept this invitation.
And in making such an examination many reflections presented them-
selves as connected with the proposed measure, all of which the com-
mittee will now state to the Senate.

In a Government, constituted as is that of the United States, in
which the sentiment so natural to freemen prompts them to scruti-
nize most exactly the extent of all the powers they grant, and to limit
this extent by the objects desired to be accomplished by their exer-
cise, the strongest anxiety is (and is to be hoped always will be) felt
to learn distinctly what is the precise object desired to be attained,
and what are the precise means proposed for its attainment. Even
the confidence reposed in the long-tried patriotism and well-proved wis-
dom of our own best citizens does not and ought not to suffice to quiet
this anxiety or to overcome this jealousy, inspired by an ardent
attachment to our rights and privileges. It was, therefore, much to
be desired, and certainly to have been expected that, before the des-
tinies of the United States should be committed to the deliberation
and decision of a congress composed not of our own citizens, but of
the representatives of many different nations, the objects of such delib-
eration should be most accurately stated and defined and the manner
of their accomplishment clearly and distinctly marked out.

In this opinion the President himself seems to have concurred at
the commencement of this negotiation; for in the report made to him
on the 20th of December last by the Secretary of State, this officer
states that agreeably to his directions he had informed the minis-
ters by whom the invitation to the proposed congress at Panama was
given, that "before sucli a congress assembled, it appeared to the
President to be expedient to adjust between the different powers to
be represented several preliminary points, such as the subjects to
which the attention of the congress was to be directed, the nature and
the form of the powers to be given to the diplomatic agents who were
to compose it, and the mode of its organization and action." And it
was made an express and previous condition to the acceptance of the
invitation proposed to be given, that "these preliminary points should
be arranged in a manner satisfactory to the United States."

It was, therefore, not without much surprise and regret that the
committee discovered that, although in none of the communications
subsequently made to this Government by either of the ministers of
the several States by whom this invitation was given are these pre-
liminary points even stated, and although the want of "a compliance
with these conditions" is expressly noticed in the reply made to them
by the Secretary of State, yet they were therein told that the Presi-
dent had determined "at once" to send commissioners to this con-
gress at Panama, provided the Senate would advise and consent to
such a measure.

If, then, the Senate should now demand of this committee to inform
them what are the objects to be accomplished at this congress, and
what are the means by which their accomplishment is to be effected-
although as to objects the documents referred to them will enable

16 NOMINATIONS.

the committee to name a few yet as to all others they must answer
in the lan.L, r uage of the communication made by the Mexican minister,
that they are those "to which the existence of the new States m&y
give ri-e, and which it is not easy to point out or enumerate." As to
the means, however, the committee can only reply that, while it seems'
to be expected that the United States are to clothe their representa-
tives with "ample powers "to accompli shall the enumerated and these
other undefined objects also, yet the mode in which these powers, if
granted, are to be used and exercised, is nowhere even hinted at.

One great question, therefore, upon which the decision of the Sen-
ate is called for will be, whether in the existing state of things it is
wise or expedient that the United States should be represented at a
congress of American nations by agents endowed with undefined
powers to accomplish undefined objects? And this committee feel no
hesitation in stating as their opinion that, if ever it may be proper
to adopt such a measure, there is nothing known to them that requires
or justifies it at this time.

It is true the power confided to the Senate to ratify or reject any
agreement that may be entered into by such agents would constitute
some safeguard to the important interests of the United States. But
long experience must have informed the Senate that it is generally
exceedingly difficult, and sometimes even impossible, to escape from
the embarrassments produced by the mere act of entering into a nego-
tiation; and that it is much better to abstain from doing so until its
objects are distinctly known and approved than to confide in the
power of the Senate, in the last resort, to refuse their assent to the
ratification of an agreement after it is adjusted by means of such
negotiation.

In the present case, if the measures to be accomplished by the pro-
posed congress, whatever may be their object or character, should not
meet the concurring opinion of all the parties there to be represented,
we need not the lights of history to inform us that many consequences,
mischievous in themselves and greatly to be deplored, not only may
but most probably will result. And that a difference of opinion will
exist in regard to measures so important in themselves, and so vari-
ous and diversified in their effects upon nations differing from each
other in almost every particular, is much to be apprehended. The
power possessed by the Senate .of withholding its assent ought not,
therefore, to be regarded as furnishing sufficient assurance against
the possible and probable effects of the proposed measure.

Turning from the undefined objects of this congress, so imperfectly
disclosed in the vague description given of them, that, if seen at all,
they are presented most indistinctly to their view, and regarding those
which are particularly mentioned and described with more precision,
this committee have not been able to discover in anyone of these last
a single subject concerning Avhich the United States ought to enter
into any negotiation wit h t lie States of America to be assembled at the
contemplated congress at Panama.

Before proceeding to the enumeration of these objects, the commit-
tee can not refrain from calling the attention of the Senate to a sin-
gular circumstance disclosed by the documents to them referred,
although an enumeration of the subjects to which the attention of the
proposed congress was to be directed was explictly stated as a condi-
tion preliminary to the acceptance by the United States of the invi-
tation given to them to be represented ; although each of the ministers
giving this invitation had communicated this to his Government and

NOMINATIONS. 17

received its instructions relative thereto, yet great diversities will be
found in the enumeration of these subjects, made by each of these
ministers in pursuance of such instructions. And, what is still more
remarkable, while many of the subjects of intended discussion so
enumerated by these ministers are not referred to in the message of
the President to the Senate, others are therein stated as matters for
the deliberation of the proposed congress to which not the slightest
allusion seems ever to have been made by anyone of the American min-
isters in any of their communications to this Government. Nay, one
of the subjects (the most important, probably, of any which the
United States are desirous to discuss at this congress) is neither
noticed in the communications made to this Government by any of
the American States nor in the message of the President to the Senate,
and is to be only inferred from the documents last referred to this
committee, received under the call made by the Senate for further
information, all of which will be very clearly shown by the details
which the committee will now lay before the Senate.

The first subject stated by the Mexican minister, as one which would
occupy the attention of the contemplated congress and in the delib-
erations concerning which the United States are expected to take a
part, is "the resistance or opposition to be made to the interference
of any neutral nation in the question and war of independence
between the new powers of this continent and Spain." And in the
deliberation upon this subject it seems to be proposed " to discuss the
means of giving to that resistance all possible force," and so to adjust,
by previous concert, the mode in which each of the States represented
at the congress "shall lend its cooperation."

The same subject is also stated by the minister of Colombia, and in
terms still more explicit. He suggests as a matter of useful discussion
in the congress the formation of an "eventual alliance" of the States
there to be represented, for the purpose of preventing any European
power from interfering in the present contest between Spain and her
former colonies, and that the treaty for this purpose should "remain
secret until the casus fcederis should happen."

Notwithstanding this is so stated by both of these ministers, as the
first and great object of the proposed Congress, yet the President, in
his message, assures the Senate "that the motive of the attendance
of the United States is neither to contract alliances nor to engage in
any undertaking or project importing hostility to any other nation."
It thus appears that in relation to this first and most important point,
which seems to have given birth to the scheme of this congress, the
views and motives of the United States differ essentially from those
of the other parties. And this difference of opinion, occurring as to
the very first proposition, which is said to be "a matter of immediate
utility to the American States that are at war with Spain," and is
believed by them to "be in accordance with the repeated declarations
and protests of the Cabinet at Washington," must unavoidably excite
doubts as to "the interest we take in their welfare, and our disposi-
tion to comply with their wishes;" and would so contribute not a little
to defeat other objects.

The next subject stated by the Mexican minister as presenting
"another of the questions which may be discussed," and which he
considers as being "in like predicament with the foregoing," is "the
opposition to colonization in America by the European powers."

The minister of Colombia concurs in this enumeration. He places
"the manner in which all colonization of European powers on the

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 2

18 NOMINATIONS.

American continent shall be resisted " at the very head of all the
subjects of proposed discussion, and couples this with the former as
an object to be effected by the joint and united efforts of all the
States to be represented at the congress, who should be bound by a
a solemn convention to secure this end.

The President concurs in part in the opinion as to the propriety of
attaining this end, but differs radically as to the mode of accomplish-
ing it. "An agreement between all the parties represented at the
meeting, that each will guard, by its own means, against the estab-
lishment of any future European colony within its borders," he thinks
"may be found advisable." Now if this be meant, that each nation
shall, by its own means, protect its own territories against all enroach-
ments upon them, attempted by any European or other foreign State
whatsoever, the committee can not discern either the necessity or
expediency of entering into any formal agreement with other States
to that effect, more than exists for reducing to treaty stipulations,
any other of the high, just, and universally admitted rights of all
nations. Such an idea, however, is obviously not that suggested by
the ministers of Mexico and Colombia and if more is meant to be com-
prehended in the agreement which the President thinks maybe found
advisable, every other article it would contain, must, in the opinion
of this committee, violate all the well-settled principles of the policy
of the United States, and put at hazard their best interest, without
any adequate motive for so novel an experiment. In the one case
the views and motives of the President differ again, essentially, from
those of the other parties to be represented at this congress; and from
the disclosure of these repeated differences of opinion, no good can
possibly result. And in the other, should the views of the President
concur with those of the other American States (which the committee
do not believe), the mutual stipulations growing out of such an agree-
ment would, in the opinion of this committee, prove fatal to the best
interests of the United States, should the casus foederisever happen.

To adjust the means of most effectual resistance to the interference
of neutral nations, in the war of independence between the new
powers of this continent and Spain; and of opposition to colonization
in America by the European powers, are said by the Mexican minister
to be "the two principal subjects" of intended discussion at the con-
templated congress; and, indeed, are all the subjects of discussion
which he particularly states. The minister of Colombia, however,
extends his enumeration of the subjects of intended discussion some-
what further, and after mentioning those before stated, adds, as
another, "the consideration of the means to be adopted for the entire
abolition of the African slave trade."

To this subject the President makes no allusion in his message ; and,
after the examination which it has received in the Senate during two
successive years, this committee deem it quite unnecessary to say
much in relation to it at this time. Some of the sovereign States here
represented were the first in the world to proclaim their abhorrence
of this traffic. Since the formation of this Government the United
States have exerted (and, as this committee believe, have exerted
effectually) all the means in their power to arrest its progress, so far
as their own citizens were concerned; and if all other nations, and
especially those holding possessions in America, would follow their
example, the African slave trade would no longer exist. The United
States, however, have not certainly the right, and ought never to feel
the inclination, to dictate to others who may differ with them upon

NOMINATIONS. 19

this subject; nor do the committee see the expediency of insulting
other States with whom we are maintaining relations of perfect amity,
by ascending the moral chair and proclaiming from thence mere
abstract principles of the rectitude of which each nation enjoys the
perfect right of deciding for itself.

The minister of Colombia states, as another subject of discussion
at the contemplated congress, "on what basis the relations of Haiti,
and of other parts of our hemisphere that shall hereafter be in like
circumstances, are to be placed." To this matter, also, the President
makes no allusion in his message. And, surely, if there is any sub-
ject within the whole circle of political relations, as to which it is the
interest and the duty of all States to keep themselves perfectly free
and unshackled by any previous stipulation, it is that which regards
their future connections with any other people not parties to such an
agreement. Of the propriety or impropriety of such connections each
must ever be permitted to judge freely for itself, because the benefit
or disadvantage to result from them must be peculiar and very differ-
ent to each ; and that relation which is highly desirable at one time
may become hurtful at another. In the opinion of this committee,
therefore, the United States should never permit themselves to enter
into discussion with any foreign State whatever, as to the relations
they should be obliged to establish with any other people not parties
to such discussions. And the objections to such a course become
infinitely stronger when the discussions are intended to refer not only
to those who then exist, bat also to others who may hereafter be con-
sidered as placed "in like circumstances."

These are all the points particularly suggested by the minister of
Colombia as subjects of discussion at the contemplated congress.
The minister of Guatemala, (who also unites in the invitation given to
the United States,) has stated no particular subject as matter of dis-
cussion at this congress. He intimates, however, "that, as Europe
had formed a continental system and held a congress whenever ques-
tions affecting its interests were to be discussed, America should also
form a system for itself."

How far their general suggestion meets the views of the President
the committee are not enabled by any document to them referred, to
decide. But they will present to the Senate their own ideas in rela-
tion to it; the rather because it seems now to be the prominent object
of the proposed congress, the magnitude and variety of details belong-
ing to which defied present enumeration and particular specification.

Without adverting to the great, and obvious diversities existing
between the States of this continent and those of Europe, by which
the system here alluded to has been established diversities growing
out of the situation of their people, the nature of their governments,
and the positions they occupy, not only in relation to each other, but
to the rest of the civilized world this committee will state as their
opinion that no effect yet produced by the continental system of
P^urope is of a character to invite the States of this continent to take
that system as a model or example fit for their imitation. The great
object of the continental system of Europe is to preserve ancient
institutions and relations, long known and well understood, in the
position which they now occupy and for centuries have done.

The operation of this system is by the combination of powers and
the application of mere force to arrest the progress of improvement
in the science of government and in the condition of society; ends
which all free States must reprobate as much as they do the means

20 NOMINATIONS.

employed for tlioir accomplishment. If this were not* so, however,
a system formed for this continent for the same or even different
objects, would most probably produce the worst effects. The short
political existence of all the States on this continent, even of the
United States themselves the most ancient of any hath enabled
them to profit so little as yet by experience that it would seem rash to
proclaim their perfection at this time, or to pledge any of them to
perpetuate either their present institutions or existing political rela-
tions. Our own excellent Constitution is based upon the supposition
of its own probable imperfections, and most wisely provides for its
amendment whenever such defects shall be discovered to exist. We
can not, therefore, stipulate to preserve it as it is; and no compact
with other States can be necessary to bestow upon each the power it
now possesses to effect any change which experience may hereafter
show to be beneficial to itself; and a stipulation to make such changes
as the good of any others may hereafter require would cither be futile
in itself, or must inevitably lead to discord and to wars.

This committee doubt, moreover, the authority of the Governments
of the United States to enter into any negotiation with foreign
nations for the purpose of settling and promulgating either principles
of internal policy or mere abstract propositions as parts of the public
law; and if the proposed congress is viewed but as a convenient
mode of conducting a summary negotiation relative to existing inter-
ests, important to this continent alone, it not only may, but most
probably will be considered by all other civilized nations as a con-
federacy of States therein represented for purposes as prejudical to
the interests of the old, as they are supposed to be beneficial to tlioso
of the new. Many of the provisions in the different conventions
already concluded between some of the new States, relative to this
very Congress, and which are now public, are well calculated to cre-
ate such a suspicion even if they do not justify a belief in its truth;
and, whensoever this suspicion shall be entertained by the nations of
the old world it must be obvious to all that consequences much to be
deplored will unavoidably result.

Nothing that can be done thereafter by any department of this
Government in refusing to sanction the stipulations concluded at a
congress regarded in this light will suffice to avert the calamity.
And the United States, who have grown up in happiness to their pres-
ent prosperity by a strict observance of their old well-known course
of policy and by manifesting entire good will and most profound
respect for all other nations, must prepare to embark their future
destinies upon an unknown and turbulent ocean, directed by little
experience and destined for no certain haven. In such a voyage the
dissimilitude existing between themselves and their associates, in inter-
est, character, language, religion, manners, customs, habits, laws, and
almost every other particular, and the rivalship these discrepancies
must surely produce among them, would generate discords, which,
if they did not destroy all hope of its successful termination, would
make even success itself the ultimate cause of new and direful con-
flicts between themselves. Such has been the issue of all such enter-
prises in past time, and we have therefore strong reasons to expect
in the future similar results from similar causes.

The committee, having thus examined the several subjects of pro-
posed discussion stated or alluded to by each of the ministers of the
new states of America as matters of deliberations at the contemplated
congress, will now proceed to the investigation of others, not men-

NOMINATIONS. 21

tioned or referred to by any of them, but exhibited in the message of
the President.

The committee see nothing in the documents to them referred to
prove that the states who originated the project of this congress
and settled the subjects proper for its deliberation, and who most
probably have already adjusted "the preliminary rules of that assem-
bly," will admit as fit matters for discussion any others than those
which they themselves have so previously announced. Should this
be the case, the degraded position which the United States must then
occupy at the congress must be apparent to all. Without adverting
further, however, at this time to this consideration, the committee
will enter into the examination of the several topics suggested by the
President as though the discussion of them was a matter settled and
already agreed.

The first of these subjects stated by the President is, "the estab-
lishment of principles of a liberal commercial intercourse." The
motives for desiring this are stated to be that "the Southern Ameri-
can nations, in their intercourse with the United States, have some-
times manifested dispositions to reserve a right of granting special
favors and privileges to the Spanish nation as the price of their rec-
ognition; at others they have actually established duties and imposi-
tions operating unfavorably to the United States to the advantage of
other European powers; and sometimes they have appeared to con-
sider that they might interchange among themselves mutual conces-
sions of exclusive favor to which neither European powers nor the
United States should be admitted."

In considering these reasons, it can not escape the observation of
any that in manifesting dispositions to establish such commercial rela-
tions the Southern American nations must have been actuated by the
only motive that ever operates either upon nations or individuals in
regard to their mere commercial intercourse a desire fairly to advance
their own interests, and a belief that they could by such means properly
accomplish this end. If in this belief these nations are right, then the
United States can scarcely be viewed as acting toward them in that
spirit of generous kindness and fraternal friendship they have pro-
fessed when they would strive to induce them to establish as liberal
principles such as would be injurious to the interests of these south-
ern nations themselves. And if they are wrong, it seems to this
committee that the task of exhibiting their errors may be much bet-
ter performed, as hitherto it hath been, by particular discussions with
each separately than by general demonstrations made to all, assem-
bled as a congress.

The interests of commerce are necessarily peculiar; they grow out
of numerous circumstances produced by locality, climate, popula-
tion, manners, customs, and other causes, no one of which exists alike
in any two nations on the globe. Few general principles, therefore,
can ever apply with equal truth to so many peculiarities, and such as
do so apply need not the sanction of solemn compact to give them
effect. They may be very safely confided to the natural disposition
of man promptly to discover and eagerly to advance his own best
interests.

Whatever dispositions then may have been manifested by the south-
ern nations of America, this committee think that their effects, both
upon themselves and the United States, will constitute subjects much
more fit for separate discussion with each than of general investiga-
tion before all. And the committee are the more confirmed in this

22 NOMINATIONS.

Dpinion by the assurance given by the President in this message that
'in most of tlies- ea>es their regulations unfavorable to us have
already yielded 10 friendly expostulation and remonstrance," and by
the fact that the treaties recently concluded between these states
contain express stipulations that in no event will they agree or enter
into any treaty with Spain or any other nation to the prejudice of
their independence, but to maintain at all times their mutual interests
with the dignity and energy proper to free, independent states.

It is true a difference of opinion appears to exist at present between
the United States and one of the new republics of America in relation
to a single principle of their commercial intercourse. When the
Senate recollect, however, that treaties have been already concluded
between the United States and three others of these republics in eaeh
of which treaties this point has been settled as the United States them-
selves think right, the committee believe that the Senate will concur
with them in the opinion that it is much better to continue the discus-
sion of this subject with the dissenting state singly, urging upon her
the example of her sister states, than to put in hazard the stipulations
already secured by voluntarily entering into an examination of their
expediency before the contemplated congress.

"The consentaneous adoption of principles of maritime neutrality
favorable to the navigation of peace and commerce in time of war "
is the next object which, in the opinion of the President, should " also
form a subject of consideration of this congress." In relation to this,
so far as it regards the commerce of peace, the committee have already
expressed their opinion; and so far as it is intended to settle the rules
of war as applicable to navigation, the committee will only remark
that there exists so much risk of compromising and destroying the
relations of neutrality which the United States are now maintaining
should they involve themselves by any compact relative to belligerent
rights entered into with only one of the parties to the present war,
during its continuance, that, in their opinion, it would be highly
inexpedient to make such an experiment at this time. Any principle
relating to the rights of war which one of the parties in the existing
contest may be willing to adopt as promoting its interests could scarcely
be regarded with indifference by the other. And the great maritime
states of Europe would most probably consider that the United States
had seized the occasion of this war to enter into a confederacy with
the other states of this continent, now actually engaged in it, for the
purpose of settling principles intended to affect materially their future
interests.

It is well known to the Senate, moreover, that treaties already exist
between the United States and several of the new states of this cont i-
nent in which all the subjects alluded to by the President in this part
of his message are already settled ; and no reason is known to this
committee to excite the slightest doubt that the others of these states
with whom treaties are not yet concluded will feel any disinclination
to enter into siiniliar stipulations for themselves.

"There is yet another subject [says the President] upon which,
without entering into any treaty, the moral influence of the United
States may, perhaps, be exerted wifli beneficial consequences at such
a meeting the advancement of religious liberty." And as a motive
for making an effort to accomplish this object, he states, that "an
exclusive church has been incorporated with the political institutions
of some of the southern nations, without toleration of any other than
the dominant sect."

NOMINATIONS. 23

Tn the opinion of this committee there is no proposition, concerning
which the people of the United States are now and ever have been
more unanimous than that which denies not merely the expediency,
but the right of intermeddling with the internal aft'airs of other States,
and especially of seeking to alter any provision they may have thought
proper to adopt as a fundamental law, or may have incorporated
with their political constitutions. And if there be any such subject
more sacred and delicate than another, as to which the United States
ought never to intermeddle, even by obtrusive advice, it is that which
concerns religious liberty. The most cruel and devastating wars have
been produced by such interferences; the blood of man has been
poured out in torrents, and, from the days of the crusades to the
present hour, no benefit has resulted to the human family from dis-
cussions carried on by nations upon such subjects. Among the variety
even of Christian nations which now inhabit the earth rare indeed are
the examples to be found of States who have not established an exclu-
sive church, and to far the greater number of these toleration is yet
unknown. In none of the communications which have taken place
is the most distant allusion made to this delicate subject by any of
the ministers who have given this invitation, and the committee feel
very confident in the opinion, that if ever an intimation shall be made
to the sovereignties they represent, that it is the purpose of the United
States to discuss at the proposed congress their plans of internal civil
polity, or anything touching the supposed interests of their religious
establishments, the invitation given would soon be withdrawn.

The committee have thus exhibited to the Senate, in detail, all the
subjects which they have been enabled to find particularly stated,
either by the President in his first message, or by any of the ministers
of the new States of America, as matters intended to be discussed
at the contemplated congress. In reviewing these they will repeat
that a concurrence of opinion does not seem to exist between the dif-
ferent parties as to the subjects of deliberation, nor has the mode of
discussion or decision been in any way settled between them. In
relation to some of the subjects alluded to as fit matters for considera-
tion, differences of opinion, radical and irreconcilable, seem already
to exist, which discussion may aggravate, but can not assuage. As to
others, their very agitation in this mode threatens seriously the com-
promitment of the neutral relations which the United States are now
maintaining, and have so carefully observed throughout this whole
contest. Others, again, are unfit subjects for deliberation in this
mode at all times, and any agreement resulting from their discussion
must impair the freedom of action which it is necessary for the United
States to preserve as to these, and, as to the residue, they are either
not of sufficient importance to require the adoption of this new and
untried experiment of a congress of nations, or may be much better
ad j usted and settled in separate negotiations with each than in a gen-
eral conference with all. For these reasons, if there were none other,
this committee should regard the adoption of the measure proposed
by the President as highly inexpedient at this time.

Although in the message of the President of the 9th instant no new
subject of deliberation at the contemplated congress is specially stated,
yet, from the documents accompanying that message and therein
referred to as containing information tending to show the expediency
of adopting the proposed measure, it appears to this committee that
the present and future condition of the remaining Spanish possessions
in America are considered as proper matters to be there agitated and

24 NOMINATIONS.

settled. Such being the inference of the conmiii tro, they will proceed
to lay before the Senate their opinion upon this subject also.

The committee are well aware that the United States can never
regard with indifference the situation and probable destiny of the
neighboring Spanish Islands of Cuba and Porto Rico; but so far from
believing it expedient to discuss these subjects at a congress of all tin-
American States, and especially at this time, the committee consider
the great probability that such a discussion might be forced upon the
United States, if they are there represented, as a circumstance fur-
nishing in itself the strongest objections to the adoption of the measure
proposed.

If the existing war between Spain and the new States of America
continues, the United States could scarcely endeavor to arrest the
progress of that war in the only direction it can hereafter take, or
prevail upon one of the belligerents not to strike their enemy where
alone he is now assailable and vulnerable by them without announc-
ing a determination to take part in the contest; and if peace shall
happily be restored, all apprehension of the effects of such a blow
must cease, of course. Why, then, discuss the merits of such a ques-
tion which it seems probable will never arise? Or why place the
United States in such a situation where, if the question does arise
and they must speak, the language which they utter must be regarded
as equally unfriendly to all the new States; and where if the United
States keep silence this very silence will be misinterpreted?

Should the situation or policy of the United States induce them to
look with indifference upon the new direction that the existing war
may take, and to abstain from all interference in it, even though the
neighboring islands of Cuba and Porto Rico may be threatened or
assailed, then the very annunciation of such a purpose must contri-
bute much to accelerate an event that can not be desired by us. In
whatever light, therefore, this subject is viewed it does not seem to
be one which the United States should discuss with the other American
States assembled at a congress. The inexpediency of pursuing such a
course appeared more obvious to this committee when they considered
that many of the nations of Europe must also feel that their interests
were materially involved in its decision, and that they would not
abstain from making some movement in relation to it which must
greatly embarrass any course that the United States may wish here-
after to pursue.

While the United States retain the position which they have hitherto
occupied and manifest a constant determination not to mingle their
interests with those of the other States of America, they may continue
to employ the influence which they possess, and have already happily
exerted, with the nations of Europe in favor of these new republics.
But if ever the United States permit themselves to be associated with
these nations in any general congress assembled for the discussion
of common plans in any way affecting European interests they will by
such an act not only deprive themselves of the ability they now
possess of rendering useful assistance to the other American States,
but also produce other effects prejudicial to their own interests.
Then the powers of Europe who have hitherto confided in the sagac-
ity, vigilance, and impartiality of the United States, to watch, detect,
announce, and restrain any disposition that the heat of the existing
contest might excite in the new States of America to extend their
empires beyond their own limits, and who have therefore considered
their possessions and commerce in America safe while so guarded,

NOMINATIONS. 25

would no longer feel this confidence. Each would therefore endeavor
to secure its own interest by its own means, and the power of Spain
not being considered by any as equal to the protection of her remain-
ing American possessions, a struggle would probably commence who
should first obtain the islands of Cuba and Porto Rico, the possession
of which must ever be of the last importance to the commerce of this
hemisphere. Or, if such should not be the case, the interest of many
European nations might seem to require that they should make com-
mon cause with Spain for the purpose of preventing these islands
from falling into other hands. To the United States it would be of
little moment which of these events should occur. For it can not be
expected that any such contest could be carried on so near them
without the most imminent danger to their neutrality.

The very situation of Cuba and Porto Rico, therefore, furnishes
the strongest inducement to the United States not to take a place at
the contemplated congress, since by doing so they must be considered
as changing the attitude in which they have hitherto stood as impar-
tial spectators of the passing scenes and identifying themselves with
the new republics.

These reasons, strong as they have appeared to this committee, are
not the only objections to the proposed measure disclosed by the docu-
ments to them referred. The manner in which this invitation has
been given of itself furnishes many forcible obstacles to its accept-
ance ; and, in the opinion of this committee, the United States will
neither consult their own dignity nor what is due to the proper respect
they have a right to claim from all nations, and especially from the
new States of America, if they now agree to cooperate in carrying
this proposed measure into effect.

The history of the transaction, so far as it is disclosed to this com-
mittee, seems to be this : So early as the year 1821, the project of assem-
bling a general congress of their representatives to consider and adopt
the best plan for defending the States of the New World from foreign
aggression and to conclude treaties of alliance, commerce, and friend-
ship for the promotion of their happiness and prosperity appears to
have been conceived by one at least of the new States of America.
This scheme of forming a continental system for America, to resem-
ble that already formed in Europe, was communicated to the others
of these States, who, concurring in the project, negotiations were
instituted between them for the purpose of concluding conventions to
provide for this object.

The plan being so far matured, the United States were, for the first
time, informally applied to, during the last spring, by the ministers
of two of the new States, separately, to learn whether an invitation to
be represented at this congress, if given by both these republics,
would be accepted. To this communication, informally made, the
President as informally replied that he believed such a congress as
was proposed might be highly useful for several purposes, but that
before it assembled it appeared to him expedient to adjust between
the powers to be represented several preliminary points, such as
the subjects to be discussed, the nature of the powers to be given to
the agents who were to compose it, and the mode of its organization
and action. And if these preliminary points could be arranged in a
manner satisfactory to the United States, the ministers to whom this
communication was made were informed that the President thought
the United States ought to be represented at the contemplated con-
gress. Each minister undertook to transmit to his government this
answer thus given.

26 NOMINATIONS.

The affair remaining in this posture as 1u the United States, the
negotiations previously entered into bet \\ccn the new States were
brought to a close, and con\entions pn>\ ided fur theobjeeteol the
proposed congress were actually concluded, some of them so far bark
;is Hie 6th day of July, 1822.

After the conclusion of all these conventions, and only a f'\v weeks
since, during the month of November last, separate formal communi-
cations were made to the United States by the ministers of Mexico,
Colombia, and Guatemala, respeet ively, disclosing some of the objects
intended to be discussed at the proposed congress, in the manner
already stated by the committee, and giving the invitation to the
United States to be there represented. In some of these communica-
tions the United States were informed that instructions and ample
powers for the attainment of the proposed objects would be given by
at least one of the new republics, and a wish was expressed that the
agents of all the others might bear the same. In none, however, is
any mention made either of the mode of organization or action of
the congress, nor is it anywhere stated who would be the parties,
or what representatives were either invited, expected, or would be
received. But in the very communication which conveys the infor-
mation already stated, the United States were told lliat at the date of
that communication (November 3) the representatives from Colombia,
Peru, Guatemala, and Mexico would have arrived at Panama, the
agreed place of assembling, and would be engaged in settling the pre-
liminary rules of the assembly and in discussing the questions which
should be supposed by them to belong exclusively to the belligerents.

It thus appears that after everything relative to the meeting of the
proposed congress had been settled by formal negotiations and treat-
ies between themselves, the United States have been thus loosely
invited by the other American States, as if it were mere courtesy, to
attend its deliberations. Should the United States accept such an
invitation, the deputies whom they may send to Panama will there be
associated with they know not whom, or for what purposes, or in what
mode. When these deputies shall inquire of the congress as to any
of these important particulars, they will receive the information they
ask, in resolutions and compacts adjusted and concluded before their
arrival. And if, waiving all these things, which none ought to con-
sider as mere ceremonials, the agents of the United States should
take the places previously assigned them and propose to take a part
in the discussions, they will find all the leading principal topics for
deliberation already passed upon and concluded.

The committee are well aware that the interest and character of
free States should never be permitted to rest upon matters of more
fastidious etiquette and ceremonious observance; but even in the
intercourse between individuals, and much more in that between
sovereignties, there is a point at which form becomes a substance
and when scrupulous attention to the most minute ceremonials that.
comity and respect exact is due to the sacred character and dignity
of the Republic. At that point the committee believe the United
States should ever make a stand, and, resting there, should always
exact, even from the most ancient and puissant sovereign of the
earth, everything required by their own self-respect. Nor should any-
thing be then waived, even to manifest their sensibility to whatever
concerns the prosperity of the American hemisphere or the sincere
friendship which they feel for these new Republics.

As the most ancient State in the New World, the first acknowledge' 1

NOMINATIONS. 27

sincere friend of those more recently existing; as a State from whose
greater experience more light is said to be expected to be shed upon
the subjects to be discussed and the principles to be established at
the contemplated congress than from the other States, the United
States had a right to expect that when this project of a congress of
American nations was conceived, it should have been communicated
to them as early as to any others whose presence, by their representa-
tives, was deemed desirable. That they, too, should have been asked
whether such a measure would be acceptable; that they, too, should
have been consulted as to the time, the place, and the manner of
assembling such a congress; that they, too, should have been permit-
ted to assist in the enumeration of the subjects to which its attention
might properly be directed in the adjustment of the nature and form
of the powers to be given to the diplomatic agents who were to com-
pose it, in the mode of its organization and action, and, above all
others, in the settlement of the great question who should be invited
to take part in its deliberations. The United States had, also, a right
to expect that the result of all such consultations should be fixed and
secured by solemn pacts and conventions, in which they, too, should
be parties.

Such the committee believe ought to have been and would have
been the course pursued by the United States toward the other Ameri-
can States if the project of convening a congress of American nations
had occurred to us as a measure useful and beneficial to the American
continent, and being never disposed to exact from others more respect
than, in like circumstances, they are willing themselves to pay, the
United States, in the opinion of this committee, would themselves,
even if an opinion should be entertained that anything exists requir-
ing the adoption of such a measure at this time, courteously decline
the invitation given under the circumstances stated, and to institute
the proper proceedings necessary to its consummation in the mode
which friendship, comity, and deference to others require. Such a
movement belongs to the high character which the United States
enjoy in the estimation of all the world, the merit of which is accorded
to them by none more willingly than by the new-born States of this
continent; and if it be not now made the time will go by when the
position may ever hereafter be properly assumed.

The committee would not be understood as suggesting the expedi-
ency of any such measure at this time. In their opinion, there exists
no adequate motive to induce its adoption. Every spot known or hab-
itable in America is already appropriated by different nations, whose
rights of territory all recognize; and if trifling differences may exist
between any upon the subject of mere common boundary, these dif-
ferences constitute fit matter of friendly discussion between them
alone. The idea of colonization in America, therefore, no longer
exists; and in the present posture of nations there is little reason to
apprehend the willful encroachment of any upon the American posses-
sions of another. Each passing hour strengthens the just claims
which the new states of America have preferred to be recognized as
sovereign and independent by all other nations; and the quiet efflux
of time, if it has not already done so, must very soon place their sov-
ereignty upon the same basis on which rests that of the most ancient
nations of the earth. Spain possesses not the ability to give any of
them cause of serious concern; and enjoying the friendship and pro-
claimed recognition of Great Britain and of the United States, there
is no sufficient reason to apprehend the interference of any European

28 NOMINATIONS.

nation in the question of war and of their independence. Compacts
have been already concluded or are now negotiating between each of
the states til' this continent wherein their iniii ual Interest, both general
and particular, will be firmly fixed upon principles of the most perfect
justice and liberal equity. And n<> common subject now remains of
sufficient magnitude to require a movement so new and important as
the assembling of a congress of all the American nations, which can
not but excite suspicion and jealousy in the other hemisphere, and
might so affect injuriously the interests of the new States themselves.

Should this happy state of things ever change, the lively interest
which the United States have ever taken in the welfare of these their
sister sovereignties ought to be regarded by them as the surest pledge
that we can not be indifferent to anything that concerns them. An
eye the most vigilant we shall ever direct to their prosperity; the
appearance of the first cloud rising to obscure its light will be
announced to them; and the United States will then manifest the
deep interest which they feel in the elevation and happiness of all the
nations of the New World.

When such an event shall occur, the United States will probably be
the first to solicit the assembling a congress of American States; and
the invitations which they shall then give to others to be there repre-
sented will be such as their friendship and respect shall dictate, and
upon terms which the most fair and liberal principles of policy require.
The same, this committee have no doubt, would have been the char-
acter of the invitation given to the United States upon this occasion
if the new States of America, when they conceived or matured the
scheme for assembling the congress at Panama, had entertained the
most remote idea that the United States either would or ought to be
there represented. All the conventions concluded between these
States, however, prove beyond doubt that even at the date of the most
recent of their compacts none others were expected or desired to be
represented at this congress but the States of America who had for-
merly been colonies of Spain and who were then engaged in war with
that power. That the great object of this congress was to adjust
between themselves the most effectual means of conducting this war
to the most speedy and happy conclusion; and that the presence of
no neutral State could therefore be anticipated.

Before they conclude their report, the committee beg leave to re in ark
that the intimation given by the President, in his first message to
the Senate, that this measure, in which he had thought proper to take
no step before ascertaining that his opinion of its expediency would
concur with that of both branches of the Legislature, was, neverthe-
less, "deemed by him ^o be within the constitutional competency of
the Executive," did not escape their observation. But, as the cor-
rectness of this opinion entertained and expressed by the President
will constitute proper matter for the deliberation and decision of the
Senate, when they shall enter upon the consideration of a resolution
now lying on the table, and not referred to this committee, they did
not believe that they were authorized by the Senate to consider this
subject. The committee therefore forbear from saying anything in
relation thereto.

The committee feel most sensibly the embarrassing situation in
which they are placed. On the one hand, the duty which they owe
to themselves, and to the Senate, and to the President required that
they should examine fully and freely the measure proposed, and
should state the reasons that lead to the conclusion, which they felt

NOMINATIONS. 29

themselves bound to adopt. On the other, they were well aware that
the adoption of this conclusion and the assignment of the reasons
which produced it might contribute not a little to embarrass the
President, whose acceptance of the invitation given was already
announced. Placed in this delicate situation after bestowing upon
the subject the most mature consideration, believing it to be a sacred
duty which the Senate owed to the sovereign States that they here
represent, to exercise the constitutional power conferred upon them,
by examining, at this time, every feature of this new project and
deciding upon its expediency or inexpediency, as to them might seem
right, the committee could not hesitate to disclose all their views in
relation to this important matter in order that these, being fully
exhibited to the Senate, might be by them either adopted or corrected.
The committee were induced to adopt this course with less reluctance
by the assurance given by the President that, until he could be aided
by the advice and consent of the Senate, he would take no step to
carry the measure which he had proposed into effect. Most willingly
would the committee recommend to the Senate to abstain from pro-
nouncing any opinion upon this now delicate subject if they could
permit themselves to propose to this body a dereliction of its bounden
duty or the adoption of any course that might lead it to shrink from
its high responsibility. But, convinced that the Senate had the right
and were bound to decide directly upon the expediency of this new
scheme without limiting their decision to the mere nominations con-
nected with it, and convinced that the project itself, viewed in any
light, was highly inexpedient at this time, the committee thought it
better to exhibit these their views and to advise the expression of the
Opinion of the Senate in relation thereto in the first instance.

(Ex. Jour., vol. 3, pp. 473, 474; Cong. Deb., vol. 2, pt. 2,
Appendix, p. 92.)

TWENTY-SECOND CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
February 8, 1832.

On the nomination of Hugh S. Legare to be charge d'affaires to
Belgium, Mr. Taxewell reported as follows:

That they have instituted every inquiry which to them seemed neces-
sary, with the view of informing themselves and of enabling them to
report to the Senate as to the character and qualifications of the
nominee for the office, to fill which he has been nominated by the
President. The result of these inquiries has satisfied them that Mr.
Legare is well qualified to discharge all the duties of the station to
which he has been nominated with honor to himself and usefulness to
his country, and that he is in every way unobjectionable. But the
committee are further satisfied that there exists no reason at this time
which renders it necessary or expedient to enlarge the diplomatic
relations of the United States by sending a diplomatic agent of any
grade to the King of Belgium. For this reason only they recommend
to the Senate the adoption of the following resolutions :

Resolved, That it is not expedient at this time to appoint any charge d'affaires
from the United States to the King of Belgium.

Resolved, therefore, That the Senate do not advise and consent to the appoint-
ment of Hugh S. Legare to such an office.

(Ex. Jour., Vol. 4, p. 207.)

30 NOMINATIONS.

TWENTY-FOURTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
March 3, 1836.

On the nomination of Andrew Ste\ en^m to be minister to Great
Britain, Mr. Clay reported as follows:

That on the 30th of May, 1834, Andrew Stevenson was nominated
for the same office, and on the -Jlth of the succeeding month, he was
rejected by the Senate: that Martin Van Btiren, of New York, had
been previously nominated for the same office, and, on the 25th of
January, 1832, had been rejected by the Senate; that it remained
vacant from this time until the nomination of Mr. Stevenson, and it
has continued vacant from the time of his rejection. This office has
therefore, been unoccupied during a term of more than four yeai >.

When Mr. Stevenson was first nominated, he was the Speaker of the
House of Representatives of the United States, which oiliee he

resigned on the day of June, 1834. While that nominal ion was

under consideration, it appeared to the Senate that the Secretary of
State had, on the 15th of March 1833, addressed an official note to Mr.
Stevenson, in which the Secretary said:

I am directed by the President to inform yon, confidentially that, as soon as
advices shall be received that the British Government consent to open negotia-
tions with this, which are daily expected, it is his intention to offer you the place
of minister plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James: and he requests, that,
should this appointment be agreeable to you, you would hold yourself in readiness
to embark in the course of the summer. I congratulate you, sir, on this mark of
the President's confidence.

This note was received by Mr. Stevenson; but, if he returned a
direct answer, it did not appear to the Senate.

Subsequent to the receipt of this note, in April, 1833, Mr. Stevenson
was elected a member of the House of Representatives from the State
of Virginia; took his seat at the commencement of the session of Con-
gress in the December following; was elected Speaker of the House,
and continued to discharge the duties of that office until he resigned
it, as hereinbefore stated.

It appeared further to the Senate that, shortly after Mr. Stevenson
received the note of the Secretary of State before mentioned, he had
an interview and consultation with Mr. Thomas Ritchie, his friend
and neighbor, and the editor of a leading newspaper supporting the
Administration, published at Richmond in Virginia, on the subject of
the contents of that note. In that interview, Mr. Ritchie, in a letter
to Mr. Stevenson in June, 1834, says it struck him that the President
might appoint Mr. Stevenson in case the contingency happened during
the recess, and did not send him, but Mr. Livingston, to France.

I suggested [says he] that these appointments ought not and could not be made,
according to the spirit of the Constitution, during the recess of the Senate. You
I Mr. Stevenson] promptly and cordially concurred in this view of the subject, and
I then determined to write to a friend in Washington for the purpose of laying
this view before the President himself. You approved of my doing so. and. in i'act,
we agreed perfectly in the course to be taken. We determined to take no notice
of Mr. Livingston's letter; to act yourself as if no letter had been written, and
that it would be best not to offer to accept the appointment if made in the summer,
and to wait the action of the Senate, etc.

In pursuance of the plan thus arranged between Mr. Stevenson and
.M r. Ritchie the latter, in March, 1833, addressed two letters to Mr. W. B.
Lewis, at the city of Washington, who was the friend and enjoyed the
confidence of the President, and held the office of Auditor. Extracts
from these letters were furnished by Mr. Lewis, and presented to the

NOMINATIONS. SI

Senate on the occasion of the first nomination of Mr. Stevenson.
Mr. Ritchie says to Mr. Lewis:

I am about to address you on a subject which has caused much speculation
among our friends and great uneasiness in my bosom. I speak to you as a friend,
and without the slightest reserve. The papers have recently spoken of a batch of
appointments which the President is about to make, embracing the two highest
missions to European courts and the two highest seats in his Cabinet. I have con-
versed freely with our friend Stevenson upon them, and I have this day commu-
nicated to him my intention to write to you and to lay before you my views on
the matter.

We have the utmost confidence in the virtue of General Jackson. We have no
idea that he would arrogate to himself new powers at the expense of the other
Departments of the Government. His generous ambition has been fully satisfied.
He has nothing more to ask of his country than her verdict of approbation when
he lays down the high and difficult office with which he is intrusted. We all
know it, and every candid individual admits it. We believe that the course he
may pursue will be to a single eye to the public interest. But while we dismiss
all apprehensions that he will designedly abuse his authority, we wish at the same
time that he would do no act which may be plead hereafter by an unworthy suc-
cessor in justification of his acts. In this last term of his Administration we wish
to see no precedent set which may be perverted in future times; we desire it on
our own account as well as that of our country. We wish to see his Administra-
tion set in glory, and we wish to see our country benefited in all time to come by
his pure example. But this can not be, if any error should be committed against
principle, even from the best of motives: if any authority should be assumed
which does not fairly belong to him, or even if any doubtful power should be
exercised upon any delicate branch of the Constitution, his high popularity would
only make it more current. One of the highest poweis which attaches to the
Executive is that of appointment; over its exercise is accordingly thrown, and
wisely thrown, the check of concurrence by the Senate. Now, sir, doubts do
exist whether the vacancy in the missions of London and Paris did not originally
occur during the recess of the Senate. Secondly, whether the vacancy does not
still exist; and thirdly, whether it ought now to be filled without .a consultation
with the Senate.

The letters from which these extracts were taken having been
written expressly with a view of being laid before the President,
there can be no doubt that it was done. Their main object that of
preventing the appointment of Mr. Stevenson in the vacation of the
Senate was secured. The President forebore to make it, and waited
until the Senate assembled at the ensuing session before the nomina-
tion was made.

It is stated by the President in his message of the 13th of June,
1834, communicating the note of the Secretary of State to Mr. Steven-
son, that the negotiations to which it refers were commenced early in
April, 1833, in the city of Washington, instead of London, and as
they have been since conducted here no further communication was
made to Mr. Stevenson. What these negotiations were has not been
stated. Whatever they might have been, the residence of a minister
of the United States at London at all times is obviously proper, and
that the appointment of Mr. Stevenson did not depend upon any par-
ticular negotiations is manifest from the fact of his having been
finally nominated for the office. If the President had abandoned all
intention of sending him to England, inasmuch as he had been
requested to hold himself in readiness to go during the summer of
1833 and had not declined the offer, he would probably have been
notified of the change of the views of the President.

The Senate saw, therefore, that a promise of the mission to Great
Britain had been communicated to Mr. Stevenson on the 15th of March,
1833. They saw an indirect intervention, with Mr. Stevenson's knowl-
edge and acquiescence, to prevail upon the President not to make the
appointment in the vacation of the Senate, in accommodation with

32 NOMINATIONS.

the views of Mr. Stevenson and his friend Mr. Ritchie. They saw
that the President did forbear to make the appointment in the vaca-
tion of the Senate. And they saw the final execution of the promise,
as far as it depended upon the Executive, by his nomination on the
30th of May, 1834. During this long interval, he had been elected by
the people of a Congressional district in Virginia as their Reprsenta-
tive, ignorant of his having possession of such an official promise; he
had been elected, under like ignorance, by the House of Representa-
tives as their Speaker, and in that station had performed all the highly
important duties incident to it. That office, at all times one of great
influence, possessed more than ordinary weight in the session of
1833-34. The President, some time before its commencement, had
directed the public deposits to be drawn from the Bank of the United
States and placed in the local banks. That measure excited deep
and general sensation throughout the country; divided the people;
divided the constitutional advisers of the President; divided Con-
gress, and became a subject of warm and animated discussion in both
Houses. It was at this extraordinary period that the Speaker of the
House of Representatives, invested with the power of appointing and
arranging the committees of the House,' and wielding a great influence,
secretly held a written official promise of the important mission abroad,
everybody being ignorant of the fact except himself, the President,
the Secretary of State, and a few confidential friends.

It was under these circumstances that his nomination came up for
consideration in the Senate. It is a fundamental principle of free
governments, that, in order to preserve the purity of their adminis-
tration, each of the three departments into which, according to all
safe maxims, they are divided, should be kept independent of, and
without the influence of the other. But, if the head of one of these
departments may, at a critical period, confidently present, and for a
long period of time hold up to the presiding officer of the popular
branch of the other, the powerful inducement of a splendid foreign
mission, is there not imminent danger of undue subserviency of a
failure of that presiding officer faithfully and independently to dis-
charge the high duties of his exalted station?

The Senate thought there was, and withheld its advice and consent
to the nomination of Mr. Stevenson as minister to Great Britain. And
now, after the lapse of nearly two years, with all the circumstances
by which his original nomination was attended remaining in full force
but with considerable variations in the composition of the Senate, the
same individual is again nominated by the President for the same
office. Doubtless, a place more than any foreign appointment impor-
tant to be constantly occupied, has not been kept vacant with a view to
or in expectation of any such variations. Doubtless, in the ample field
for selection which the intelligence and patriotism of near fifteen
millions of people offer some individual equally well qualified with,
and less exceptionable than, Mr. Stevenson, might be designated to
represent the United States at the Court of St. James. Doubtless, no
personal feelings or wishes to achieve triumph over the Senate can
have prompted the renewal of this nomination.

Whatever may have been its motives, the committee neither know
nor have anything to do with them. They are not themselves aware
of any peculiar fitness in Mr. Stevenson, or any absolute necessity of
deputing him, and him only, as the minister of the United States to
Great Britain. In ordinary times the fact of his being unacceptable
to a large portion of the Senate, even if that did not constitute an

NOMINATIONS. 33

actual majority, would be regarded as deserving of consideration. In
a free government it should be the aim of those who administer it to
promote harmony in the public councils and satisfaction among the
people.

The Senate of the United States is supposed to be, by the theory of
the Constitution, as free and independent in the exercise of its judg-
ment on nominations submitted to its consideration as the President
is in proposing them. Each of the two components of the appointing
power acts upon its own sense of duty and upon its own responsibility.
The Senate has no right to require the President to nominate any par-
ticular individual, and the President has no right to require the Sen-
ate to confirm any particular nomination. When the Senate has once
decided upon a nomination, there ought to be an end to the matter.

Prior to the present administration instances of renomination were
rare, and are believed to have occurred only when some indication
was given from the Senate of a desire that it should take place. It
has of late become more frequent. The practice is liable to great
abuses. A President disposed to grant favorites to public offices, and
finding a Senate disagreeing with him as to their fitness, may forbear
for a long time, to the detriment of the public services, to nominate
any person to fill them, until, from those changes of individual mem-
bers, to which all collective bodies are liable, a Senate happens to be
formed more yielding and complying. When a nomination is once
rejected the exact state of the votes of the Senate is known to the Presi-
dent; and if the practice of renomination is indulged, in process of
time there will be danger of the existence or the imputation of corrup-
tion. The committee think that the practice ought to be resisted ; and
when the Senate has once rejected an individual nomination the deci-
sion ought to be held as final and conclusive, and that it ought not to
confirm the nomination of the same person when made again for the
same office without strong special cause. In the present case no such
cause is alleged or known to exist, while all the considerations which
formerly opposed the confirmation of Mr. Stevenson continued in
unabated strength. The committee therefore recommend the adop-
tion of the following resolution :

Resolved That the Senate do not advise and consent to the appointment of
Andrew Stevenson as minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary to Great
Britain.

(Ex. Jour., Vol. 4, p. 513; Leg. Jour., p. 577.)

TWENTY-FIFTH CONGRESS, SPECIAL SESSION SENATE.
March 8, 1837.

On nominations of John R. Conway and Hiram G. Runnels to be
commissioners to run the southwestern boundary line of the United
States, Mr. Buchanan reported as follows :

That the treaty of January 3, 1828, fixed the boundary line between
the United States and Mexico, but the provision which was made
for the running and marking of the line was not carried into exe-
cution within the time limited by its terms. To remedy this omis-
sio'n, a convention was concluded at the City of Mexico on the 3d of
April, 1835, between the contracting parties, under which each of
them engaged to appoint a commissioner and surveyor to run and

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 3

34 NOMINATIONS.

mark this boundary line within one year from the exchange of the
ratifications, which took place at the city of Washington on the 20th
of April, 1836. It was doubtless for the purpose of executing this
convention that a clause was inserted by Congress in this bill to pro-
vide for the civil and diplomatic expenses of the Government for the
year 1837, appropriating the salary and expenses of a commissioner
and surveyor; and the President of the United States has therefore
felt it to be his duty to send nominations of these officers to the
Senate.

Your committee believe, however, that the recognition of the inde-
pendence of Texas by the United States has entirely changed the
aspect of this affair. Mexico has no longer any control over the
boundary question; Texas has become the party interested in its
adjustment. If the United States would appoint a commissioner
and surveyor, and they should be met by a commissioner and
surveyor appointed by Mexico, this would be a violation of the rights
of Texas, whose independence has just been recognized by the United
States.

The committee are sensible that, under the law of nations, Texas,
which was a part of Mexico when the treaty of 1828 was concluded and
ratified, is not released from executing its provisions in consequence
of having since become an independent State. They deem it more
politic and wise, however, under the existing circumstances to per-
mit the question to rest for the present. The mode and manner of
executing the treaty of 1828, in regard to the boundary line, will
properly become the subject of negotiation between the United
States and Texas in case the latter should maintain her independence.

The committee therefore recommend the adoption of the following
resolution :

Resolved, That the nomination of Hiram G. Runnels to be commissioner and
that of John R. Con way to be surveyor, to run the southwestern boundary line of
the United States, be laid on the table.

(Ex. Jour., vol. 5, p. 22.)

AUTHORIZATIONS TO ACCEPT DECORATIONS
FROM FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS.

AUTHORIZATIONS TO ACCEPT DECORATIONS FROM FOREIGN

GOVERNMENTS.

FIFTH CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.
May 2, 1798.

On letter from Thomas Pinckney, late minister plenipotentiary of
the United States to His Catholic Majesty, requesting the direction of
Congress in respect to the acceptance of the customary present from
that Government, and also one from His Britannic Majesty, made in
conformity to the usage of those powers, respectively, to a foreign
minister, on negotiating a treaty, Mr. Sedgwick reported as follows:

Be it resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled, That Congress doth
consent that Thomas Pinckney, esq., who, as envoy extraordinary of
the United States, negotiated the treaty of friendship, limits, and
navigation, between the United States and the King of Spain, may
receive from the said King such present as it is customary for His
Catholic Majesty to make to such persons as negotiate treaties with
him.

And be it further resolved, That Congress doth consent that the said
Thomas Pinckney, esq., lately minister plenipotentiary from the
United States to the King of Great Britain, may receive from the
said King such present as it is customary for His Britannic Majesty
to make to ministers plenipotentiary on taking leave of him.
(Leg. Jour., vol. 2, pp. 480, 482, 483-484.)

FORTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.

May 24, 1882.

[Senate Report No. 649.]

Mr. Windom, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to whom was referred the
joint resolution (H. R. 54) to authorize Lieut. Henry R. Lemly, United
States Army, to accept a position under the Government of the
United States of Colombia, have considered the same, and respect-
fully report :

That the facts in this case are fully set forth in the following papers ;
and, as the joint resolution simply permits said officer to accept the
position of instructor at the military school at Bogota, and does not
authorize him to accept any military rank from the Government of
.the United States of Colombia, the committee recommend its passage.

1 9 K 1 4 87

1 o 1 4 -t

38 LIEUT. HENRY R. LEMLY.

WAR DEPARTMENT,

Washington City, Felrruuri/ ./'/, 1889,

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the
8th instant, inclosing a copy of House resolution 54, being a joint resolution to
authorize Lieut. Henry R. Lemly, United States Army, to accept a position under
the Government of the United States of Colombia and asking to be informed of
the views of this Department as to the propriety of the legislation proposed
therein.

In reply, I beg to invite attention to the inclosed report of the Adjutant- General
of the Army, to whom the subject was referred, which furnishes the military
history of Lieutenant Lemly, together with a full statement of the circumstances
and authority under which he first accepted a professorship of civil and military
engineering in the national military school at Bogota, including the facts and cir-
cnmstances connected with the subsequent action of the Colombian authorities in
advancing him to the position of superintendent of the academy and conferring
upon him the honorary rank of colonel in the Colombian army, and the reasons
which governed the action of the President in revoking the leave of absence which
had been granted to Lieutenant Lemly to enable him to accept the professorship
above referred to, and directing him to terminate his connection with the mili-
tary school at Bogota.

It will be observed that the action of the Colombian authorities toward Lieu-
tenant Lemly is highly complimentary, and attests, in a forcible manner, the
earnest appreciation of his service by that Government: and as the zeal and
ability which have gained for him so flattering a recognition by the Colombian
authorities are worthy of commendation, and as he went to Bogota with the
approval of the President, the passage of the above- mentioned resolution No. 54 is
recommended, with an amendment as follows:

"Provided, That the permission hereby given shall be held to terminate April 1,
1883."

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

ROBERT T. LINCOLN,

Secretary of War,

Hon. THOS. J. HENDERSON,

Chairman Committee on Military Affairs, House of Representatives.

ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S OFFICE,
Washington, February 14, 1882.

SIR: I have the honor to return herewith the House resolution No. 54, authoriz-
ing Lieut. Henry R. Lemly, Third Artillery, to accept from the Government of
the United States of Colombia " a position of instructor at the military school at
Bogota," which was referred by the Committee on Military Affairs. House of Rep-
resentatives, for the views of the Department as to the propriety of the legislation
proposed therein, and by the Secretary of War to this office for report and previ-
ous history of the case.

Lieutenant Lemly graduated from the United States Military Academy, and
was appointed second lieutenant, Third Cavalry, June 14, 1872; was transferred to
the Third Artillery October 7, 1878, and promoted first lieutenant February 23,
1880. On April 21. 1880, he was, by direction of the President, granted leave of
absence for three years, with permission to go beyond sea. The instructions ol the
President directing that Lieutenant Lemly be granted this leave are indorsed
upon a letter from D. H. Starbuck, stating that "Lieut. Henry R. Lemly, of the
Army, is desirous to visit Fouth America, and has the offer of a professorship of
civil and military engineering in the national military school at Bogota, which ha
desires to accept for a term of three years, provided he can obtain a furlough or
leave of absence for that time." Upon this paper the President indorsed as fol-
lows: "April 19, 1880. Having fully considered this application, I direct that the
leave asked for be allowed First Lieut. H. R. Lemly, Third Artillery, for the pur-
pose herein expressed. "

Under date of September 30, 1881, the Acting Secretary of State transmitted to
the Secretary of War a copy of a dispatch from the minister of the United States
at Bogota, stating that Lieutenant Letnly. ' by his knowledge, tact, and devotion
to duty has secured the approval of the Colombian authorities and respect of this
community to such an extent as to be advanced to the position of superintendent
of the academy, officially styled ' chief director of the studies of the school of civil
and military engineering,' and that as a special mark of distinction this appoint-
ment haa been accompanied by a decree conferring upon him the rank of colonel in
the Colombian army."

LIEUT. HENRY E. LEMLY. 39

Upon these papers the Secretary of War on November 4. 1881, directed the Gen-
eral of the Army to cause Lieutenant Lemly to be informed that "the President,
while commending Lieutenant Lemly for the earnestness and ability which he
has exhibited in the performance of the duties assumed by him under the Colom-
bian Government, directs that he be informed that a consideration of a clause of
the Constitution of the United States [Par. 8, sec. 9, Art. 1] not only prevents the
acceptance by Lieutenant Lemly of either of the offices named in the letter of the
Secretary of War and the Navy of the United States of Colombia, but compels the
revocation of the order of the President bearing date April 19, 1880, granting to
Lieutenant Lemly a leave of absence for three years for the purpose of accepting
a professorship ' in the national school at Bogota.'"

The instructions of the President and Secretary of War were commuuicated to
Lieutenant Lemly by letter from this office dated November 17, 1881, and he was
directed to terminate his connection with the military school at Bogota upon
receipt of the letter, and to return to the United States as soon thereafter as
practicable.

Subsequently, however, on November 17, 1881, the President, through the Sec-
retary of War, directed ' ' that Lieutenant Lemly be authorized to remain at Bogota,
if he so desires, on leave of absence a reasonable time, to allow application to be
made on his behalf to Congress for its consent to his keeping position in national
school," but that he must "immediately disconnect himself from any foreign offi-
cial position and so remain until consent of Congress is obtained."

These instructions were communicated to Lieutenant Lemly by letter from this
office of November 18, 1881.

Under date of January 4, 1882, Lieutenant Lemly reports receipt of the instruc-
tions of November 18, 1881, and that in obedience thereto he had disconnected
himself from "any foreign official position," etc.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

E. C. DRUM, Adjutant-General.

The honorable SECRETARY OP WAR.

WAR DEPARTMENT,
Washington City, May 5, 1882.

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 25th
ultimo, inclosing a copy of joint resolution (H. R. 54) "to authorize Lieut. Henry
R. Lemly, United States Army, to accept a position under the Government of the
United States of Colombia," and requesting information as to the amount of pay
Lieutenant Lemly is now receiving from this Government, and the amount to be
paid to him by the Government of the United States of Colombia.

In reply, I beg to inclose herewith a report of the Paymaster-General, dated the
29th ultimo, giving the information asked for as to the amount of pay Lieutenant
Lemly is receiving from this Government, and to inclose also a communication
from the Adjutant-General, dated the 4th instant, and its accompanying papers,
which include a copy of the contract between Lieutenant Lemly and the Govern-
ment of the United States of Colombia, in which it is stipulated the amount of
compensation to be paid to him by that Government; said copy having been made
from a copy transmitted to this Department by the Department of State, under
date of the 6th ultimo.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

ROBERT T. LINCOLN,

Secretary of War.
Hon. WM. WINDOM,

Chairman Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.

WAR DEPARTMENT, PAYMASTER-GENERAL'S OFFICE,

Washington, April 29, 1882.

SIR: I have the honor to return herewith the letter of the Committee on Foreign
Relations of the Senate of the 25th instant, with the accompanying bill and report,
in reference to Lieut'. Henry R. Lemly, United States Army, and to state in reply
that Lieutenant Lemly is now receiving the sum of $68.75 per month, being half
pay of his grade of first lieutenant of artillery, he being on leave of absence. As
long as he shall continue on leave he will be reduced to half pay.

40 LIEUT. HENRY R. LEMLY.

With reference to the last inquiry in the letter of the committee, "the amount
he will be paid by the Government of the United States of Columbia should the
permission asked be granted," this office is not able to respond.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

WM. B. ROCHESTER,
Paymaster-General, U. S. A.
The honorable SECRETARY OF WAR.

ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S OFFICE, May 4, 1SSS.

SIR: I have honor to return herewith the communication from the chairman of
Senate Committee on Foreign Relations of the 25th ultimo, requesting certain
information in the case of First Lieut. Henry R. Lemly, Third Artillery, in con-
nection with a joint resolution (H. R. 54), and to inclose herewith a copy of Lieu-
tenant Lemly's contract with the Government of the United States of Colombia
received through the State Department.

This information as to the nature of the contract and the compensation Lieu-
tenant Lemly was to receive from the Colombian Government was not received
until after the report of this office of February 14, 1882 (printed in House Report
No. 483, a copy of which accompanies the letter from the Senate committee), had
been made, and is the only information of record in this office touching the inquiry
of the committee as to what amount Lieutenant Lemly "will be paid by the Gov-
ernment of the United States of Colombia should the permission asked for be
granted."

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

R. C. DRUM, Adjutant-General.

The honorable SECRETARY OF WAR.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

\\'<ixlii>t(jton, April u, 18SS.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith, in connection with previous corre-
spondence from your Department upon the subject, a copy of a dispatch from our
minister resident at Bogota, of February 17 last, relative to the case of Lieut, H. R.
Lemly, of the United States Army, who is now employed by the Government of
Colombia, also a copy of Lieutenant Lemly's contract with that Government
inclosed with the minister's dispatch.

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

FREDK. T. FRELINGHDYSEN.
Hon. ROBERT T. LINCOLN,

Secretary of War.

No. 10.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Bogota, February 17, 1882.

SIR: Inclosed copy of contract with the Colombian Government is respectfully
forwarded with the view of affording the President and Congress the fullest infor-
mation in the case of Lieutenant Lemly, United States Army, treated of in Depart-
ment dispatches Nos. 6 and 8.

It is my advice. The Colombian Government desires Lieutenant Lemly's serv-
ices for the terms of the contract, and, taking the view he was permitted to enter
into it by the highest officials of our Government at the time, claims it would be
neither courteous nor proper to deprive it of his services before the expiration of
the time for which it was made.

Have thought it but proper to impart this information to the Department.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

GEO. MANEY, Minister Resident.
Hon. FBEDK. T. FRELINQHUYSEN,

Secretary of State, Washington.

Be it known by this document that we, the undersigned, J. A. Echsverria, of the
city of New York, in the name and by request of Francisco J. Cisneros, of the

LIEUT. HENRY R. LEMLY. 41

same city, now absent in the Republic of the United States of Colombia, party of
the first part, and Henry Rowan Lemly, of Washington, D. C., party of the second
part, have entered into a contract under the following conditions:

ARTICLE THE IST. Francisco J. Cisneros, and in his name J. A. Echsverria, do
here declare: Firstly, that by the law No. 69 of 1877 of the U. S. of Colombia, it
was ordered that a school of civil and military engineering should be established
in the city of Bogota, capital of the Republic; secondly, that in fulfillment of said
law and of the decree issued by the executive power of the Republic, dated at
Bogota the 26th of November, 1879, the school of civil and military engineers must
have been established the 2nd day of the present month, in the building known by
the name of " Candelaria; " thirdly, that according to article 3rd of said decree,
besides the director and several professors and employees, there must be at the
school two foreign professors, with the salary and emolument agreed upon in their
contract, to teach military science and any other one that may be recommended
to them, specially staff and artillery instruction; and, fourthly, that Francisco J.
Cisneros has been expressly commissioned and authorized by the executive of the
Republic of Colombia to engage in the United States of America the two above-
mentioned professors, under the instructions received by him from the secretary
of the war and navy.

ARTICLE THE 2ND. In virtue of his authorization Francisco J. Cisneros, in the
name of the Government of Colombia, does hereby engage Mr. Henry Rowan
Lemly for one of the two professorships of military science in the school of civil
and military engineering of Bogota, with the salary of three thousand five hun-
dred dollars per year, payable in monthly installments of $291. 66 each, in lawful
gold or silver money.

ARTICLE THE 3RD. The salary of Mr. Henry Rowan Lemly will run from the date
of his departure from New York for Savanilla and Bogota, this having to take
effect with the shortest possible delay.

ARTICLE THE 4TH. Besides the above-mentioned salary the Government of 'Co-
lombia will pay the passage out and all regular traveling expenses of Mr. Lemly
and wife from New York to Bogota.

ARTICLE THE 5TH. This contract will be for the term of three years from the
date of the departure of Mr. Henry R. Lemly from New York.

ARTICLE THE 6TH. Mr. Henry R. Lemly ought to oblige himself to take charge
of such classes as will be allotted to him, according to articles 8th, 9th, and 10th
of the decree of November 26th, 1879; to give the theoretical and practical instruc-
tion required in each branch of teaching: to comply with the rules and regula-
tions of the schools, and to fulfill, in a word, all and every duty of his professor-
ship with the assiduity, steadiness, and intelligence that the Government of
Colombia expects from him.

ARTICLE THE 7TH. Mr. Henry R. Lemly, on his part, accepts the salary of three
thousand and five hundred dollars per year, payable in monthly installments of
equal amount, and the payment of his passage and travelling expenses from New
York to Bogota that the Government of Colombia, represented by Mr. Francisco
J. Cisneros, offers him to pay; acknowledges that he is instructed of articles of the
decree of Nov'er 25th, 1879, alluded to in the foregoing paragraph; obliges him-
self to teach scientifically and practically the subjects allotted to him, specially
in relation to military science; to comply with the rules and regulations enacted
by proper authority for the government of the school, and, finally, to fulfill all the
duties deriving from his contract during its term of three years to the best of his
abilities.

ARTICLE THE STH. It is understood that in case Mr. Henry R. Lemly, for any
cause whatever, should be called to take charge of a single class the reduction
spoken of in article 18th of the decree of JSIov'er 26th, 1879, will not apply to him,
and his full salary will be in such case paid to him, as agreed upon in this covenant.

ARTICLE THE 9TH. This contract will be considered as provisional until the
arrival of Mr. Henry R. Lemly to Bogota, when it will be ratified by the secretary
of the army and navy.

Both parties, being agreed in the foregoing articles, sign two copies of the same
tenor, which they reciprocally exchange in the city of New York, &c.

(Signed) JOSE A. ECHSVERRIA. [SEAL.]
(Signed) HENRY R. LEMLY, [SEAL.]

1 Lieut. 3d U. S. Art'y, Despaclw.

Witness:

L. DEL MONTE.
JOHN S. SLAGLE.

42 AUGUSTUS J. CAS8ABD BRITISH BARK LAMMERLAW.

FORTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
February 19, 1884.
[Senate Report No. 20L]

Mr. Wilson, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to whom was referred the
application of Augustus J. Cassard to be permitted to accept a gold
medal conferred on him by the Government of France, submits the
following report :

The Secretary of State, in a letter of January 19, 1884, responding
to inquiries relative to the facts in this case, says:

That for eight months prior to February, 1881, Mr. Cassard, our consul at Tam-
pico, rendered valuable service to the French Government by taking charge of its
consular archives and interests, there being during that period no French consul
in that district. For this service Mr. Cassard could receive no compensation, and,
therefore, the French Government desired to present a medal as a mark of its
appreciation thereof.

A gold medal has been prepared by the French Government and
forwarded through the proper diplomatic channels, but as it can not
be delivered to or accepted by Mr. Cassard without the permission of
Congress, the committee present the joint resolution accompanying
this report and recommend its passage.

March 6, 1884.

[Senate Report No. 277.]

Mr. Miller, of California, from the Committee on Foreign Relations,
submitted the following report:

The British bark Lammerlaw, bound from Australia to Portland,
Oreg., with a carload of coal, stranded on the North Break, at the
entrance of Shoalwater Bay, Washington Territory, at about 5 o'clock
on the morning of October 30, 1881. A heavy southwest gale was
blowing at the time, and the sea was very rough and swept over the
vessel as soon as she stranded, so that the crew were forced, for the
most part, to take to the rigging to save their lives. The point
at which the vessel stranded was about 9 miles from the shore. The
facts, as stated in the official report of the affair to the Treasury
Department, show that Albert T. Stream, keeper of the life-saving
station at Shoalwater Bay, being without a crew, collected such vol-
unteers as he could, and in the midst of the greatest perils and at
the imminent risk of his life, rowed out to the vessel and rescued
the entire crew, comprising some 15 persons. He was first apprised
of the stranding of the bark at about 8.30 a. m. of the 30th of Octo-
ber, but, notwithstanding all of his efforts to secure the necessary
assistance, it was not until the evening of the 31st that he succeeded
in getting all of the crew off the wreck. During all of this time the
storm raged without abatement, and shortly after the rescue was
effected the bark sank, leaving nothing but her spars to mark the
spot where she lay. The rescued seamen saved nothing but the cloth-
ing on their persons. The bark went to pieces and the cargo was
entirely lost.

STATUE TO SIMON BOLIVAR HENKY VIGNAUD. 43

In recognition of the humanity and noble heroism displayed by Mr.
Stream on this occasion, the British Government has tendered him a
medal, and the same is now in the hands of the Secretary of State,
who has recommended that the Congress shall take the necessary
action to enable Mr. Stream to accept the reward which he so man-
fully won.

The committee therefore report herewith a bill to authorize Mr.
Stream to accept this medal, and recommend its passage by the Senate.

March 26, 1884.

[Senate Report No. 392.]

Mr. Lapham, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report :

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to whom was referred Senate
resolution No. 43, "for the erection of a bronze equestrian statue to
Simon Bolivar in the city of Washington," having considered the
same, report:

That the leading reasons for such action on the part of Congress are
substantially set forth in the preamble to the said resolution and meet
the approval of your committee.

In addition thereto, the Secretary of State has sent to your commit-
tee, with his approval, a letter from our minister at Caracas in which
he urgently recommends the passage of the bill.

Your committee therefore report the same back with certain amend-
ments, together with the papers referred to, and ask that the said
committee be discharged, and that the same be referred to the Com-
mittee on the Library for final action.

FORTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.

December 17, 1884.
[Seiiate Report No. 915.]

Mr. Miller, of California, from the Committee on Foreign Relations,
submitted the following report:

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to whom was referred Senate
bill 817, "to permit Henry Vignaud, of Louisiana, second secretary
of the legation of the United States at Paris, to receive the decoration
of the Legion of Honor of France," having considered the same, beg
leave to report it back to the Senate with a recommendation that it do
pass.

Mr. Vignaud, a citizen of the United States, born in Louisiana, has
lived for many years in Paris, where he has been the most conspicuous
contributor to the Memorial Diplomatique, a well-known journal pub-
lished in that city, and devoted to the discussion of questions of
diplomacy and international law. He was appointed by the French
Government on the 14th of August, 1874, to the Legion of Honor.
This compliment was paid him, as was set forth in the decree of
appointment, in appreciation of services rendered as a publicist.
Subsequently, viz, on the 14th of December, 1875, Mr. Vignaud was
commissioned second secretary of the legation of the United States at

44 THOMAS O. OSBORN STEAMSHIP ALEBT.

Paris. On the 10th of August, 1881, Mr. Vignaud was made an officer
of the Legion of Honor. This was a promotion falling to him in tin-
regular order of things. The reason given for his original appoint-
ment was again alleged in the order decreeing his promotion; his
services as a publicist were again recognized. As Mr. Vignaud is now
in the diplomatic service of the United States, an act of Congress is
necessary to enable him to accept the natural sequence of a distinction
conferred upon him before he became an officer of the Government.

February 12, 1885.
[Senate Report No. 1336.]

Mr. Miller, of California, from the Committee on Foreign Relations,
submitted the following report :

The Committee on Foreign Relations beg leave to report a bill "to
permit Thomas O. Osborn, minister resident and consul-general of
the United States at Buenos Ayres, to receive a symbolic shield from
the Argentine Republic," and to recommend its passage, submitting
in this connection the following letter from the Secretary of State, viz:

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, February 5, 1885.

SIR: In a note of the 19th of December, 1883, from the Argentine minister of
state to Mr. Thomas O. Osborn, minister of the United States at Buenos Ayres,
complimentary reference is made to the then recent services of Mr. Osborn i en-
deied in the settlement of a boundary question between that Republic and Chile;
and he is requested to accept, in commemoration thereof, a ''symbolic shield, 1 '
properly engraved.

I have now the honor to ask that your committee will introduce a measure
enabling Mr. Osborn to accept the proposed gift, which he has, of course, thus far
declined to receive.

I have addressed a like request to the corresponding committee of the House.
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

FRED'K T. FRELINQHUYSEN.
Hon. JOHN F. MILLER, etc.,

Committee on Foreign Relations, Senate.

February 12, 1885.
[Senate Report No. 1337.]

Mr. Miller, of California, from the Committee on Foreign Rela-
tions, submitted the following report :

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to whom was referred the
message of the President "in relation to the steamship Alert," hav-
ing considered the same, beg leave to report herewith and recommend
the passage of a "joint resolution to authorize the return to Her
Britannic Majesty's Government of the Arctic relief steamer Alert."

In this connection the committee also submit the following letter
from the Secretary of the Navy:

NAVY DEPARTMENT,
Washington, February 9, 1885.

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 4th
instant, wherein you make certain inquiries relating to the present condition of
the Arctic relief steamer Alert, and request this Department to prepare a draft of
such a measure as Congress should pass in order that effect may be given to the
opinions expressed by the President, in his mes.sage of the 30th ultimo, recom-
mending the return of the Alert to Her Britannic Majesty's Government.

STEAMSHIP ALERT STEAMER JE ANNETTE. 45

In reply I have to inform you that, upon her arrival in this country, the Alert
waff repaired and thoroughly fitted for her expected work by this Department, at
an expense of about $60,000. After her return she was laid up in ordinary at the
navy-yard, New York, where she now is. She is in excellent condition, and no
appropriation will be needed to enable her to be returned to Great Britain.
Inclosed herewith is a draft of a joint resolution, such as you desire.
For the further information of the committee. I also inclose a copy of a letter
relating to the subject of the final disposition of the Alert which was addressed
by this Department, on the 23d ultimo, to Hon. C. A. Boutelle, chairman sub-
committee on Naval Affairs, House of Representatives.
Very respectfully,

WM. E. CHANDLER,

Secretary of the Navy,
Hon. JOHN F. MILLER,

Chairman Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.

February 12, 1885.

[Senate Report No. 1245.]

Mr. Miller, of California, from the Committee on Foreign Rela-
tions, submitted the following report :

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to whom was referred the
"message from the President of the United States, transmitting
communication from the Secretary of the Navy relative to the serv-
ices extended in Russia to the survivors of the steamer Jeannette
expedition," having considered the same, beg leave to report an
"amendment intended to be proposed to the sundry civil appropria-
tion bill" to enable the President to carry out the recommendations
made in the said message.

The committee are of the opinion that the amount of the expendi-
tures involved will not exceed $15,000.

The message of the President referred to, and the accompanying
letters from the Secretary of the Navy, are submitted as explanatory
hereof.

[Senate Ex. Doc. No. 48, Forty-eighth Congress, second session.]

[Message from the President of the United States, transmitting communication from the Sec-
retary of the Navy relative to the services extended in Russia to the survivors of the steamer
Jeannette expedition.]

EXECUTIVE MANSION,

January 27, 1885.
To the Senate and House of Representatives:

I have the honor to transmit communications from the Secretary of the Navy
recommending certain action by the Government in recognition of the services,
official and personal, extended in Russia to the survivors of the Arctic exploring
steamer Jeannette and to the search parties subsequently sent to Siberia.

The authority of Congress is requested for extending the specific rewards men-
tioned in the paper accompanying one of the communications of the Secretary.
The suggestion concerning the thanks of Congress is also submitted for consider-
ation.

CHESTER A. ARTHUR.

NAVY DEPARTMENT,
Washington, January 10, 1885.

SIR: In view of the great services and the sympathy extended in Russia to the
survivors of the Arctic exploring steamer Jeannette, and to the search parties
subsequently sent to Siberia, it seems fitting that the Congress of the United
States should tender to the Government and people of Russia an official expres-

46 STEAMER JEANNETTE.

sion of its thanks; and, further, that those officials and ^habitants of Siberia who
directly and materially aided the surviving officers and men of the Jeannette and
the officers of the search parties should receive such additional evidences of the
appreciation of this Government as may be appropriate.

1 have, therefore, the honor to recommend that the thanks of Congress be ten-
dered to the Government and people of Russia; that the persons designated in the
paper accompanying this communication be given the specific rewards set opposite
their names, and that Congress be requested to make such special appropriation as
may be necessary to carry these recommendations into effect.
I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully,

WM. E. CHANDLER,

Secretary of the Navy.
The PRESIDENT.

RECOGNITION OF SERVICES EXTENDED BY RUSSIAN OFFICIALS AND OTHERS TO
THE SURVIVORS OF THE ARCTIC EXPLORING STEAMER JEANNETTE AND TO THE
OFFICERS OF THE SEARCH PARTIES.

SPECIAL REWARDS.
Officials.

Maj. Gen. George Tchernaieff , governor of Yakutsk, Russian Siberia: Sword, and
letter from the President of the United States.

<**> watch and silver medal.
Cossack-Subaltern Baieshoff : Silver medal, sporting rifle, and a gratuity of $200.
Cossack-Subaltern Kalinkin: Silver medal and a gratuity of $200.
Cossack Ivan Bozhedomoff : A gratuity of $100.

Inhabitants of Irkutsk.

Mr. Stepanoff : Gold watch.
Mr. A. A. Thornan: Gratuity of $300.
Mr. Charles Lee: Gold watch.
Constantin Bobokoff : Silver medal.
Jaokin Grombeck: Silver medal.

Natives of the district of Yakutsk.

Vassili Bobrowsky: Large silver medal and $500.
Ivan Androsoff : Medium silver medal.
Constantin Mohoploff : Medium silver medal.
Peter Arrara: Medium silver medal.
Slipsof Verbenie: Medium silver medal.
Alexei Atkasoff : Medium silver medal.
Nicolai Diakonoff : Medium silver medal.
Michael: Small silver medal.
Abanashi Bobrowsky: Small silver medal.
Maxim Stepenoff : Small silver medal.
Toros Savin: Small silver medal.

Korani: Small silver medal.

And, to each of these. 1 small-bore muzzle-loading sporting rifle, 500 rounds of
ammunition. 1,000 percussion caps, powder flask, bullet pouch, bullet mold, cleaner,
nipper, fine ax, waist belt, sheath knife, flint and steel, 2 pairs scissors, 100 glover's
needles, 5 pounds of white and 5 pounds black linen thread, 20 yards navy flannel,
20 yards calico, 5 pounds tea, 10 pounds tobacco, and 5 pounds horsehair for nets.

Criminal exiles in district of Yakutsk.

Kusma Eremioff (Russian): Two hundred and fifty dollars.

Yafim Kopoloff (Russian): One hundred dollars.

Feodore Serroroff (Yakut) : One hundred dollars.

For general distribution among the natives of the villages of Eitach, Zemovia-
lach, and Arrui, a quantity of tea, tobacco, beads, flannel, calico, thread, needles,
glover's needles, lead, and horsehair for nets, to be distributed by the headmen,
and excluding those Yakuti specifically rewarded as above. The quantity should
be ample for about 300 people, which is the estimated number that should benefit
by this bounty.

8TEAMEE JB ANNETTE JOSEPH KAWIOZ. 47

NAVY DEPARTMENT,
Washington, January 10, 1885.

SIR: As it seems fitting that the important and valuable services, official and
personal, extended in Russia to the survivors of the Arctic exploring steamer Jean-
nette and to the search parties subsequently sent to Siberia should receive appro-
priate official recognition, I have the honor to recommend that your thanks be
tendered the following-named persons, all of whom, as specifically set forth in the
reports made to this Department, materially aided the surviving officers and men
of the Jeannette and the officers of the search parties:

Governor-general, Lieutenant-General Anuchin (Irkutsk).

Governor-general, Lieutenant General Kalpokoffsky (Omsk).

Governor, Major-General Tchernaieff (Yakutsk).

Governor, Major-General Nassovich (Irkutsk).

Governor, Conseiller d'Etat Mertsalof (Tomsk).

Governor of Petropaulovsk.

Gen. Peter Civer (Irkutsk).

Consul of France, M. Edmund de Lagreue (Moscow).

Medical Director R. Kapello (Yakutsk).

Count Emil Ahlfeldt Laurwigen (St. Petersburg).

As valuable services were also extended by Dr. R. Byelie and Mr. E. Leon, polit-
ical exiles in Siberia, to the officers and men referred to, I shall, with your approval,
tender them the thanks of this Department.

I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully,

WM. E. CHANDLER,

Secretary of the Navy.

The PRESIDENT.

FORTY-NINTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
January 13, 1886.
[Senate Report No. 35.]

Mr. Payne, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to whom was referred the let-
ter of the Secretary of State of December 17, 1885 (Senate Ex. Doc.
No. 11), recommending the passage of an act to permit Joseph Rawicz,
United States consul at Warsaw, Russia, to accept decorations from
Russia, have the honor to submit herewith a bill for the purpose men-
tioned, with recommendation that it do pass.

The committee find that for many years Mr. Rawicz has discharged
the duties of United States consul at Warsaw without receiving any
compensation therefor; that the Russian Government has tendered
him certain decorations for services rendered his own country (he
being a Russian subject), which, as he holds an office of trust under
the United States, he is not at liberty to accept without the consent
of Congress specifically given, while, as a subject of Russia, he can
not decline them. The committee are of the opinion that, in view of
all the circumstances, Congress may very properly accede to the
request of Mr. Rawicz that he may be permitted to accept the honors
referred to.

The letter of the Secretary of State referred to is submitted here-
with, and made a part of this report.

48 JOS KIM I KAWICZ.

[Senate Ex. Doc. No. 11, Forty-ninth Congress, first session.]

i Secretary of State, r<

States consul at Warsaw,

[Letter from the Secretary of State, recommending the passage of an act to permit the United

iw, Russia, to accept decorations from Russia.]

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

U'ttxltiiigton, December 17, 1885.

SIR: I have the honor to send yon inclosed extracts from dispatches Nos. 115
and 119 from Mr. Joseph Rawicz, consul of the United States at Warsaw, Russia,
relating to certain decorations that nave l;een conferred upon him by the Russian
Government.

In accordance with Mr. Rawicz's request I respectfully recommend that a hill
be passed granting him permission to accept said decorations. It is proper to add
that the ottice held by Mr. Rawicz is compensated by fees, the amount of which
is very insignificant, and that he is a Russian subject.
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

T. F. BAYARD.
Hon. JOHN SHERMAN,

President of the Senate pro tcmpore.

No. 115.] CONSULATE OF THE UNITKD STATES,

]\'<trsatc, June 5, lS8b.

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of the State Department's two
copies of the monthly consular reports Nos. 47 end 48, one circular of April 9. and
one dispatch, No. 01. of April 22 last.

In reply to the latter I have the honor to state that, having been decorated by
the Russian and French Governments, viz:

March 24, 1875, with the order of St. Stanislaus, third class, for my services of
twenty years as judge of the commercial court;

May 25, 1877, with the order of St. Anna, third class, as member of the commit-
tee of Philadelphia Exhibition, held in 1876;

October 30, 1878. with the Red Cross;

September 25, 1880, with the French Cross of the Legion of Honor for the Paris
Exhibition of 1878;

May 15 and June 25, 1883, with two orders of St. Stanislaus, second class, for
my services as member of the committee of the Warsaw Commercial School; and
finally,

February 28, 1885, with the order of St. Anna, second class, as curator of the
Warsaw Lunatic Asylum, for ten years' services.

*******

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

JOSEPH RAWICZ, United States Consul.
Hon. WILLIAM HUNTER,

Second Assistant Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.

No. 119.] CONSULATE OF THE UNITED STATES,

Warsaw, October 1, 1885.

SIR: * * * I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of dispatch No. 63,
of July 15 last. In reply to the latter I have the honor to inform you that, being
at the head of the oldest local 1 anking house, existing since 1769, I am frequently
called to hold various Government and private honorary offices, as a president or
member of committees.

This prominent position always enables me to decisively act in the behalf of
this consulate, and this influential position becomes the more desirable as this
consulate is the only one not being general, and the latter circumstance greatly
influences upon the official classification of foreign consuls in this country. Owing,
however, to my personal position, I am enabled in some measure to keep myself
upon the level with the rights due to my colleagues the consuls-general.

Many a time I requested the State Department for changing this consulate into

JOSEPH KAWICZ GEN. O. O. HOWARD. 49

a general one, never requiring any special pecuniary compensation or privilege,
as I wanted only the title indispensable for the intercourse with the local authori-
ties. Not wishing to be behind all other local consuls, I requested long ago for
this title the Department of State by the mediation of some of the United States
ministers passing through Warsaw to St. Petersburg, but I regret to say their
mediation, as well as their representations made the State Department, remained
till now entirely unconsidered.

The reason why the other European powers are represented here by the consuls-
general is that Warsaw was once the capital of the Kingdom of Poland.

As the subject of this country I can not decline the acceptance of the Russian
decorations, and therefore I repectfully beg you to pass the necessary formalities
through the Congress relative to the orders already received by me.

*******

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

JOSEPH RAWICZ, United States Consul.
Hon. WILLIAM HUNTER,

Second Assistant Secretary of State, Washington, D. C,

January 29, 1886.

[Senate Report No. 68.]

Mr. Edmunds, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

The Committee on Foreign Relations, having had under considera-
tion a letter addressed by the Secretary of State, under date of January
8, 1885 [1886], to the committee, transmitting copy of a letter from the
Secretary of War, addressed to the Secretary of State, under date of
December 29, 1885, and copy of a letter addressed to the Secretary of
State by Gen. O. O. Howard, United States Army, under date of 16th
November, 1885, requesting the consent of Congress to General How-
ard receiving from the French Republic a decoration of the Legion of
Honor and the brevet appointment and honorary rank of Chevalier,
respectfully report that they have had the matter under consideration.

It appears from the letter of General Howard that in the year 1884,
he, being in France, attended the fall maneuvers of the Seventeenth
Corps d'Armee as representing the United States; in what precise
capacity, however, does not appear from the papers; and that this
decoration and title was tendered him by the French Government, in
appreciation of services rendered his own country.

It does not appear from the letters of the Secretaries of War and
State that they recommend that such an act of Congress be passed ;
but whatever may be their views upon the subject, the committee is of
opinion that the legislation asked for ought not to be enacted. It has
been the custom hitherto, and, as the committee thinks, somewhat too
frequent and extended, for Congress to authorize officers of the United
States to receive gifts and decorations from foreign Governments for
some distinguished and peculiar service that such officer may have
rendered to such foreign government, its citizens, or subjects; but the
committee is of opinion that it would be contrary to the spirit of our
republican institutions that any of the officers of the United States
should receive decorations or titles from foreign governments as tokens
of their appreciation of the services of such officers in their own coun-
try, which is supposed to be capable of measuring for itself and suit-
ably rewarding the services of its own citizens.

The papers referred to are hereto appended.

S. Doc. 231, pt4 4

50 GEN. O. O. HOWARD.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, January 8, 1885.

SIR: With reference to section 3 of the act of Congress approved January 31 , 1881,
entitled " An act authorizing the persons therein named to accept certain decora-
tions and presents therein named, and for other purposes," I have the honor to
transmit to yom herewith for your consideration a copy of a letter to this Depart-
ment from my colleague, the Secretary of War, asking that the proper steps may
be taken for the passage of an act of Congress permitting Gen. O. O. Howard,
United States Army, to accept the decoration of the Legion of Honor which has
been tendered to him by the Government of France.

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

T. F. BAYABD.

JOHN F. MILLER,

Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations, Senate.

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE PLATTE,

Omaha, Nebr., November 16, 1885.

SIR: By date of November 18, 1884, 1 requested the Hon. Levi P. Morton, United
States minister to France, to forward through your Department to Congress the
tender of the decoration of the Legion of Honor.

Afterwards 1 inclosed him the brevet and badge given me at the time I was in
Paris.

It will require an act of Congress forme to accept the brevet and badge. It, the
decoration, was tendered to me by the French Government for services rendered
to my own country. The honorary rank was that of " Chevalier," and I regarded
the tender as conferring upon me and my country, which I represented at the fall
maneuvers of the Seventeenth Corps d'Armee of France, special honor.

Will you kindly forward my wishes by the usual method of carrying out the law
when such a gift is tendered to a citizen of the United States?

Please write me if the brevet and badge have been received at the State Depart-
ment, or if there is anything further for me to do in the premises.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

O. O. HOWARD,
Brigadier-General, United States Army.

Hon. THOMAS F. BAYARD,

Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.
(Through the Hon. Secretary of War.)

WAR DEPARTMENT,
Washington City, December 29, 1885.

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the
28d ultimo, containing a copy of a communication received by you direct from
Gen. O. O. Howard, United States Army, requesting that the proper measures be
taken by your Department for the passage of an act of Congress permitting him
to accept the decoration of the Legion of Honor conferred upon him by the Gov-
ernment of France.

In accordance with the suggestion contained in your letter, General Howard
was advised that, as an officer of the Army, he should address a coordinate Depart-
ment of the Government through the Secretary of War, and I have now the honor
to transmit herewith General Howard's official communication to yon through this
Department, asking that the proper steps be taken for the passage of the act of
Congress permitting him to accept the decoration in question.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

WM. C. ENDICOTT,
Secretary of War.

The Hon. SECRETARY OF STATE.

COMMANDER JOHN W. PHILIP. 51

February 18, 1886.
[Senate Report No. 131.]

Mr. Sherman, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

The Committee on Foreign Relations beg leave to report herewith
Senate bill 1568, recommending its passage, to authorize Commander
John W. Philip, United States Navy, to accept a silver pitcher ten-
dered him by the Government of the United States of Colombia.

A reference to the letters and documents of the Secretaries of the
State and Navy Departments, presented herewith, will show that, on
the request of the Colombian Government, Commander Philip was
detailed, on the 10th of January, 1884, to inspect a revenue cutter
built for that government at Wilmington, Del., and that Commander
Philip rendered that service to the satisfaction of that Government,
which, in token of its appreciation of the manner in which the duty
was performed, tendered to him the silver pitcher referred to. The
'committee are of the opinion that, under the circumstances, the con-
sent of Congress may very properly be given to the acceptance of the
gift by Commander Philip.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington. January IS, 1886.

SIR: I have the honor, at the instance of the Colombian minister here, and with
the approval of the Secretary of the Navy, to ask that Congressional action may
be taken to enable Commander John W. Philip, United States Navy, to accept a
silver pitcher from the Colombian Government in recognition of his service in
inspecting, in 1884. the revenue cutter Boyaca for that Government.
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

T. F. BAYARD.
The Hon. JOHN F. MILLER, Etc.,

Committee on Foreign Relations, Senate.

NAVY DEPARTMENT,
Washington, January 30, 1886.

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 28th
instant, and beg to inclose herewith a copy of the Department's order, dated
December 10, 1883, to Commander John W. Philip, United States Navy, directing
him to proceed to Wilmington, Del., and inspect the revenue cutter Boyaca, built
by the Pusey & Jones Company, of that city, for the Colombian Government,
together with copies of all other papers bearing upon the subject on file in this
Department.

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

W. C. WHITNEY,

Secretary of the Navy.
Hon. JOHN SHERMAN,

Acting Chairman Senate Committee on Foreign Relations.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,
Washington, November 5, 1883.

SIR: I have the honor to bring to your consideration the inclosed copy of a dis-
patch from the minister of the United States at Bogota, of September 80 last,
preferring the request of the Colombian Government that a naval officer of the

52 COMMANDER JOHN W. PHILIP.

United States be detailed to inspect a revenue cutter now being built at Wilming-
ton, Del., for Colombia, before its final acceptance by the Government. I trans-
mit at the same time a paper containing the contract for the construction of the
vessel in question, and will thank you to return the same for our files when you
will have made such use of the paper as your Department thinks advisable.
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

W. HUNTER,

Acting Secretary.
Hon. WILLIAM E. CHANDLER,

Secretary of the Navy.

No. 112.] UNITED STATES LEGATION,

Bixjota, September .;<>, 1883.

SIR: I beg to inclose herewith a copy and translation of a note which I have
received from the Colombian minister for foreign affairs, dated the 2.">th instant,
and to earnestly express the hope that the request therein made may be granted
by the Navy Department. I inclose also the copy of the Diario Oficial referred to
in the minister's note, and likewise a copy or my note to him, dated the 26th
instant.

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

WILLIAM L. SCRUGGS.
Hon. FRED'K T. FRELINGHUYSEN,

Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.

[Inclosure 2 In No. 112. Translation.]

BOGOTA, September 35, 188S.

SIR: The executive power has arranged, through the home department, that the
coasting vessel, contracted for in the name of the Colombian Government, by
Seiior Miquel Camacho Roldan, of New York, with Messrs. Pusey, Jones & Co.,
of Wilmington, Del., be received under the inspection and report of a naval officer
of the United States, in order that by this means there may be nothing wanting in
the fulfillment of the contract, and that the vessel should satisfy the needs of the
public service for which it is destined.

To this end the executive power hopes that the Government of the United
States will kindly lend the aid of one of its naval officers for the purpose indicated,
and, in order to obtain this courtesy, I direct this note to your excellency, accom-
panied by the number of the Diario Oficial in which the contract is published.

I beg that your excellency be pleased to communicate the contents of this note
to the Department of State at Washington, for the information and consideration
of His Excellency the President of the United States of America, and also, should
this request be granted, to have communicated at the same time to Seiior Miquel
Camacho Roldan, in New York, the name of the naval officer that may be desig-
nated, and the date on which the examination of the vessel can take place.

In the name of the national executive, I present for transmission to your excel-
lency's Government his expressions of the most sincere thanks, and for yourself
the assurances of my most distinguished consideration.
I remain, your excellency's very attentive servant,

ANTONIO ROLDAN.

To his excellency WILLIAM L. SCRUGGS,

Minister Resident of the United States of America.

[Inclosure 3 in No. 112.]

UNITED STATES LEGATION,

Bogota, September 26, 1883.

COMMANDER JOHN W. PHILIP. 53

ernment by the mail of the 30th instant, and I doubt not that the request therein
so courteously made will be most cheerfully granted by the President.

With renewed assurances of my most distinguished consideration, I have the
honor to remain your excellency's most obedient servant,

WILLIAM L. SCRUGGS.
To his excellency Dr. ANTONIO ROLDAN,

Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the United States of Colombia.

NAVY DEPARTMENT,
Washington, November 14, 1883.

SIR: .1 have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 5th instant,
bringing to my attention the request of the Colombian Government that an officer
of the Navy be detailed to inspect a revenue cutter being built at Wilmington, Del.,
for Colombia, and inclosing a copy of a dispatch from the minister of the United
States at Bogota, together with a copy of the Diario Oficial of Bogota, in which
the contract is published.

In reply I have pleasure in informing you that this Department will detail an
officer to inspect the steamer being built for the Co'ombian Government by the
Pusey & Jones Company, with instructions to carefully examine and report
whether or not the specifications of the contract have been complied with.

The officer selected will be ordered to proceed with the inspection when this
Department is informed that the vessel is ready. The copy of the Diario Oticial
will be returned to the Department of State as soon as the report shall have been
completed.

I am, sir, your obedient servant, ED. T. NICHOLS,

Acting Secretary of the Navy.
Hon. FREDERICK T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

Secretary of State.

DEPARTMENT OP STATE,
Washington, November 20, 1883.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith, in connection with my letter to you
of the 16th instant, the inclosed copy of one addressed to me by Mr. Roldan, of the
17th instant, relative to the revenue cutter now building at Wilmington, Del., for
the Colombian Government, and whose inspection by a naval officer of the United
States is desired by that Republic.

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

FRED'K T. FRELINGHUYSEN.
Hon. WM. E. CHANDLER,

Secretary of the Navy.

[Inclosure.]

NEW YORK, November 17, 1883.

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your esteemed favor of the
16th instant, relative to the inspection of the revenue cutter now building for
the Government of the United States of Colombia, by an officer of the Navy of
the United States, and in reply thereto beg to say that I am at present unable to
name the precise date on which she will be in readiness, but will at once commu-
nicate with the builders, and upon receipt of their reply will advise your Depart-
ment of the date on which she will be completed and ready for inspection.
I am, sir, yours, very respectfully,

M. CAMACHO ROLDAN.
Hon. FREDERICK T. FRELINGHUYSEN,

Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.

DEPARTMENT OP STATE,

Washington, January 7, 1884.

54 COMMANDER JOHN W. PHILIP.

stating that the revenue steamer built at the yard of the Pnsey & Jones Com
pany, Wilmington, Del., for the United States of Colombia, is now ready for ami
awaiting inspection, as desired by that Government, by an officer of the United
States Navy, before the formal acceptance of the steamer by Colombia.
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

JOHN DAVIS,

Acting Secretary.
Hon. WILLIAM E. CHANDLER,

Secretary of the Navy.

NEW YORK, January 4, lf>$4.

SIR: I beg to refer to your esteemed favor of November 17th ultimo, also to my
reply thereto of the following day's date, and to advise you that the revenue
steamer built at the yard of the Pusey & Jones Company, Wilmington, Del., for
the Government of the United States of Colombia, is now ready for and awaiting
inspection by an officer of the United States Navy detailed for that purpose by
request of the said Government of the United States of Colombia made through
your Department.

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

M. CAMACHO ROLDAN,
Per J. N. VAN SICKEL.
Hon. FREDERICK T. FRELINGHUYSEN,

Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.

NAVY DEPARTMENT,
Washington, D. C., January 10, 1884.

SIR: Application having been made by the Government of the United States of
Colombia that a steam revenue cutter built by the Pusey & Jones ( 'ompany, of
Wilmington, Del., may be inspected by a United States naval officer lor the pur-
pose of determining whether the specifications and the contract between the
company and the Government have been carried out, and whether the vessel is
likely to fulfill the conditions required of her as a revenue cutter, you have been
selected for that duty.

The Department having been notified that the steamer has been completed and
is now awaiting inspection by an officer of the United States Navy, you will pro-
ceed without delay to New York and put yourself in communication with Senor
M. Camacho Roldan, 8? Wall street (P. O. box 1609), and arrange with him the
time for making the necessary steam trials and examinations.

From New York you will proceed to Wilmington, Del., and having acquainted
the Pusey & Jones Company with the tenor of your instructions, and having
received authority from them, make careful examinations of the steam vessel
built under contract with the Government of the United States of Colombia, a
copy of which is contained in the Diario Oficial, published in Bogota May 19, 1888,
herewith inclosed.

After having thoroughly examined the above-mentioned steamer, under way and
at the dock, you will report to this Department whether or not the steamer fulfills
the terms of the specifications and contract, and whether or not the vessel is likely
to prove efficient in the service for which she is intended.

Should you find that the terms of the contract have not been carried out, you
will so inform the Department, stating wherein the specifications have not been
complied with.

Be pleased to return to the Department the inclosed copy of the Diario Oficial
when you shall have finished the examination of the steamer.

Upon the completion of this duty return to your home and await orders.

This employment on shore duty is required by the public interests, and such
service will continue until February 10, 1884, unless it is otherwise ordered.
Very respectfully,

W. E. CHANDLER.

Secretary of the Navy.

Commander J. W. PHILIP, U. S. N.,

Washington, D. C.

COMMANDEE JOHN W. PHILIP CAPT. D. W. MULLAN. 55

NAVY DEPARTMENT,
Washington, January 17, 1884.

SIR: I have the honor to inclose herewith, in connection with your letter of the
7th instant, notifying this Department "that the revenue steamer built at the
yard of the Pusey & Jones Company, Wilmington, Del., for the United States of
Colombia, is now ready for and awaiting inspection," a copy of an order to Com-
mander J. W. Philip, U. S. N., and a copy of his report upon the inspection of
the steamer Bot/aca, built by the Pusey & Jones Company, Wilmington, Del.,
for the Government of the United States of Colombia. I also inclose, as requested
in your letter of the 5th November last, the copy of the Diario Oficial, published
in Bogota, forwarded therewith.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

WM. E. CHANDLER,
.. Secretary of the Navy.
Hon. FREDERICK T. FRELINGHUYSEN,

Secretary of State.

NEW YORK, January 16, 1884.

SIR: In obedience to your order of January 10 I have carefully examined the
steamer Boyaca, built by the Pusey & Jones Company, of Wilmington, Del. , for the
Government of the United States of Colombia, and respectfully submit the following
report:

The steamer was in the water, coaled and provisioned, and about ready for her
sea voyage, consequently I could not make that examination of her under-water

Eortion viz, stem, sternpost, rudderpost, rudder, sheathing, etc. that the speci-
cations called for, but all parts of the vessel attainable were carefully examined
and measured and found to be in strict accordance with the specifications and very
neatly and well constructed.

Owing to ice in river and creek, it was impracticable to get the vessel under way,
Sefior Rolden agreeing with me that it would be best to dispense with that part of
the examination.

A "dock trial" was had, when the engines ran very smoothly, noiselessly, and
with but little vibration, thus showing evidences of careful construction from good
material with promises of giving entire satisfaction. In examining and measuring
about the vessel, if discrepancies exist they are in favor of the steamer for instance,
both anchors and chains are larger and heavier than the specifications call for,
and the boats are lifeboats instead of the ordinary yard-built cutters.

On questioning the captain and chief engineer, they told me that, so far as they
were able to judge, the best of material had been used in the construction of
the hull and engines and that the company (Pusey & Jones) had been most liberal
in the supply of stores and supplies, both in regard to quantity and quality.

After the above examinations I am able to report that the steamer Boyaca fulfills
the terms of the specifications and contract, and I am of the opinion that she will
prove most efficient in the service for which she is intended.

I return herewith the copy of the Diario Oficial.

Hoping my report will meet with the approval of the Department, I remain, sir,
very respectfully,

JNO. W. PHILIP,
Commander, United States Navy.

Hon. W. E. CHANDLER,

Secretary of the Navy.

March 3, 1886.

[Senate Report No. 186.]

Mr. Brown, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

In the matter of the medal tendered by the Chilean Government to
Capt. D. W. Mullan, of the United States Navy, your committee sub-
mit the following report:

During the late war between the Governments of Chile and Peru

56 OAPT. D. W. MULLAN LIEUT. D. PRATT MANNIX.

Captain Mullan, then a lieutenant in the United States Navy off the
coast of Chile, was sent by Commander J. A. Howell, of the Navy.
then in command of the U. S. S. Adams, to visit the headquarters of
the Chilean army and request that he be permitted to accompany the
staff of the Army during: the operations near Lima. The request was
granted by the Chilean Government, and Lieutenant Mnllan observed
the operations of the Chilean army during two or three important
battles.

On the 14th of October, 1885, the minister of war of the Chilean
Government addressed a letter to W. R. Roberts, then representing
the United States Government hear the Government of Chile, convey-
ing to him a medal for Captain Mullan, which the minister of war
says is intended in the character of simply a memento, and not as a
military recompense, etc.

From the whole case it appears that Captain Mullan was detailed
by authority of our own Government to visit and remain for the time
at the headquarters of the Chilean army to observe its military opera-
tions. In that capacity he had no right to render any service to the
Chilean Government or to take any part whatever in the military
operations then being conducted. He was simply there, by the courtesy
of that Government, to observe its military operations. It is not pre-
tended that he rendered any service to the Chilean Government or
that he did anything to the detriment of the Peruvian Government,
and it seems that the medal is intended simply as a memento of what
he saw at the battles which were fought while he was at the head-
quarters of the Chilean army.,

While your committee are of the opinion that Congress should
authorize the acceptance by American officers of medals or decora-
tions or other presents, where they were in condition properly to ren-
der and did render important services to a foreign government, or
perform acts of gallantry or humanity which in the opinion of the
foreign government entitled them to marked consideration, your com-
mittee think that this practice is carried too far, and that Congress
should not as a matter of course, without regard to the merits of the
case, pass an act authorizing every officer of the United States to
whom a decoration or medal may be tendered by a foreign government
to accept.

In this case your committee do not see from an examination of the
papers that any important service was rendered to the Chilean
Government or any act of humanity performed which would entitle
Captain Mullan to any special consideration at the hands of the
Government of Chile. They are therefore of the opinion that no act
of Congress should be passed authorizing the acceptance of the medal
above referred to.

March 3, 1886.
[Senate Report No. 187.1

. Mr. Brown, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

This is an application made to the State Department by Mr. E. J.
Smithers, charge" d'affaires ad interim at Perkin, informing the State
Department that Li Hung Chang, viceroy of China, has informed him
that His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of China has conferred upon

LIEUT. D. PKATT MANNIX AUGUSTUS J. CASSAKD. 57

Lieut. D. Pratt Mannix, of the United States Marine Corps, the deco-
ration of the third class of the Double Dragon, on account of distin-
guished services rendered by him to China as torpedo instructor. The
viceroy states that he displayed the utmost ability, and that all the
soldiers under his tuition have become proficient, which has been a
service of great satisfaction to the viceroy.

As this was a service rendered the Emperor of China by a citizen of
the United States, which was eminently satisfactory to His Majesty,
and as the Secretary of State of the United States joins in the recom-
mendation that he be permitted to accept the decoration tendered by
the Emperor, your committee report the accompanying joint resolu-
tion and recommend that it do pass.

March 17, 1886.

[Senate Report No. 237.]

Mr. Frye, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted the
following report :

An examination of the facts in this case, as appears from the com-
munications of the Secretary of State, shows that for eight months
prior to February, 1881, Mr. Cassard, our consul at Tampico, rendered
valuable services to the French Government by taking charge of its
consular archives and interests, there being during that period no
French consul in that district. For this service Mr. Cassard could
receive no compensation, and therefore the French Government desired
to present a medal as a mark of its appreciation therefor. A gold
medal has been prepared by the French Government and forwarded
through the proper diplomatic channels, but as it can not be delivered
to or accepted by Mr. Cassard without the permission of Congress,
your committee present the joint resolution accompanying this report
and recommend its passage.

June 5, 1886.

[Senate Report No. 1380.]

Mr. Sherman, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to whom was referred the mes-
sage of the President relating to the acceptance and inauguration of
the colossal statue of Liberty Enlightening the World, having consid-
ered the same, beg leave to report herewith an amendment intended to
be proposed to the bill making appropriations for sundry civil expenses
of the Government, providing for an appropriation of $106,100, to be
used as recommended in the message of the President cited, which
they ask may be referred to the Committee on Appropriations, with
accompanying documents.

58 STATUE OF LIBERTY ENLIGHTENING THE WOBLD.

[.Message from the President of the United States, relating to the acceptance and inauguration
of the colossal statue of Liberty Enlightening the World.]

To the Senate and House of Representatives:

By a joint resolution of Congress approved March 3, 1877, the President, was
authorized and directed to accept the colossal statue of Liberty Enlightening the
World when presented by the citizens of the French Republic, and to designate
and set apart for the erection thereof a suitable site upon either Governors or
Bedloes Island, in the harbor of New York, and upon the completion thereof to
cause the statue " to be inaugurated with such ceremonies as will serve to testify
the gratitude of our people for this expressive and felicitous memorial of the
sympathy of the citizens of our sister Republic."

The President was further thereby " authorized to cause suitable regulations to
be made for its future maintenance as a beacon, and for the permanent care and
preservation thereof as a monument of art and the continued good will of the
great nation which aided us in our struggle for freedom."

Under the authority of this resolution, on the 4th day of July, 1884, the minister
of the United States to the French Republic, by direction of the President of the
United States, accepted the statue and received a deed of presentation from the
Franco- American Union, which is now preserved in the archives of the Depart-
ment of State.

I now transmit to Congress a letter to the Secretary of State from Joseph W.
Drexel, esq., chairman of the executive committee of "the American committee
on the pedestal of the great statue of ' Liberty Enlightening the World,' " dated the
27th of April, 1886, suggesting the propriety of the further execution by the Presi-
dent of the joint resolution referred to, by prescribing the ceremonies of .inaugu-
ration to be observed upon the complete erection of the statue upon its site on
Bedloes Island, in the harbor of New York.

Thursday, the 3d of September, being the anniversary of the signing of the
treaty of peace at Paris by which the Independence of these United States was
recognized and secured, has been suggested by this committee, under whose
auspices and agency the pedestal for the statue has been constructed, as an appro-
priate day for the ceremonies of inauguration.

The international character which has been impressed upon this work by the
joint resolution of 1877 makes it incumbent upon Congress to provide means to
carry their resolution into effect. Therefore I recommend the appropriation of
such sum of money as in the judgment of Congress shall be deemed adequate and
proper to defray the cost of the inauguration of this statue.

I nave been informed by the committee that certain expenses have been incurred
in the care and custody of the statue since it was deposited on Bedloes Island, and
the phraseology of the joint resolution providing for "the permanent care and
preservation thereof as a monument of art " would seem to include the payment
by the United States of the expense so incurred since the reception of the statue
in this country.

The action of the French Government and people in relation to the presentation
of this statue to the United States will, I hope, meet with hearty and responsive
action upon the part of Congress, in which the Executive will be most happy to
cooperate.

GROVKE CLEVELAND.

EXECUTIVE MANSION, May 11, 18S6.

To the President:

I transmit to you herewith a letter dated April 27, 1886, addressed to this
Department by Joseph W. Drexel, esq., chairman of the executive committee of
" the American committee on the pedestal of the great statue of ' Liberty Enlight-
ening the World.'" Mr. Drexel's letter, after referring to the joint resolution of
Congress approved March -i, 1877, in accordance with which the statue was accepted
by this Government, suggests the propriety of taking measures for its proper
inauguration upon its completion, and asks for the payment of certain expenses
incurred in taking care of the statue.

I recommend that the subject be submitted to Congress for its consideration.

Respectfully submitted.

T. F. BAYARD.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington^ May 7, 1886.

STATUE OF LTBEETY ENLIGHTENING THE WOELD. 59

NEW YORK, April 27, 1886.

DEAR SIR: I ana instructed by the executive committee of the American com-
mittee on the pedestal of the great statue of " Liberty Enlightening the World"
to lay before you an account of the progress and present condition of their enter-
prise, together with a suggestion of the duties devolving upon the Government of
the United States under the existing circumstances.

In order, however, that you may clearly understand the subject, it may be well
to recall its history.

You will doubtless remember that during the year 1875, when the people of the
United States were making preparations for the celebration, in 1876, of the hun-
dredth anniversary of their national independence, the people of the sister Repub-
lic of France desired to give some token of their sympathy in the occasion. As
their ancestors had been in alliance with our fathers in the great Revolutionary
struggle which ended in the establishment of onr independence, it was natural
and appropriate that they should desire to take part in its centennial commem-
oration. A committee was accordingly formed, called the "Union Franco-
Americaine de France," to devise the modes in which they could best give expres-
sion to their feelings. Among the members of this committee were many of the
most eminent citizens of France, including Ossar de Lafayette, the Marquis de
Noailles, the Marquis de Rochambeau, Count de Tocquevftle, Cornelius De Witt,
Paul de Remusat. Edward Laboulaye, and Henri Martin; some of them descend-
ants of the heroes who helped us in "the times that tried men's souls," and others
distinguished for their lifelong devotion to republican principles. It was decided
by the Union to present to the people of this country a colossal statue of " Liberty
Enlightening the World," of which the models had just been made by an eminent
French artist, M. Felix Bartholdi. In their address to the people of France,
soliciting funds for the construction of this statue, the committee said:

''Our design is to raise a monument, in remembrance of a glorious anniver-
sary, which shall be unequaled in its kind. We propose the erection of it in the
harbor of the metropolitan city of New York, on an island belonging to the United
States of the American Union, and in face of Long Island, where some of the most
memorable battles of independence were fought. This gigantic statue, whose
frame on the horizon will be the good cities of New York, Brooklyn, and Jersey
City, will rise from the bosom of the waves, and on the threshold of a continent
so full of new life, where vessels from all parts of the globe are constantly pass-
ing, represent the Goddess of Liberty as the enlightener of the world."

The money for this purpose was raised by voluntary subscription from all classes
of the people of France.

The citizens of New York, whose harbor had been designated as the proper site
for this magnificent monument, promptly responded to the movement abroad, and
at a meeting held in 1877 appointed a committee, of which Mr. William M. Evarts
was chosen chairman, Mr. H. F. Spaulding treasurer, and Mr. Richard Butler sec-
retary, to receive the noble gift, to provide a proper pedestal for the statue, and to
secure from the Congress of the nation whatever legislation might be necessary
and appropriate. In pursuance of a special message of President Grant, the
Congress, on the 22d of February, 1877, passed unanimously the following joint
resolution:

JOINT RESOLUTION authorizing the President to designate and set apart a site for the colos-
sal statue of "Liberty Enlightening the World," and to provide for the permanent mainte-
nance and preservation thereof.

Whereas the President has communicated to Congress the information that
citizens of the French Republic propose to commemorate the one hundredth anni-
versary of our independence by erecting at their own cost a colossal bronze statue
of "Liberty Enlightening the World," upon a pedestal of suitable proportions, to
be built by private subscription upon one of the islands belonging to the United
States in the harbor of New York: and

Whereas it is proper to provide for the care and preservation of this grand mon-
ument of art and of the abiding friendship of our ancient ally: Therefore,

Be it resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That the President of the United States be, and
he is hereby, authorized and directed to accept the colossal statue of "Liberty
Enlightening the World," when presented by citizens of the French Republic,
and to designate and set apart for the erection therefor a suitable site upon either
Governors or Bedloes Island, in the harbor of New York: and upon the completion
thereof shall cause the same to be inaugurated with such ceremonies as will serve
to testify the gratitude of our people for this expressive and felicitous memorial
of the sympathy of the citizens of our sister Republic; and he is hereby author-
ized to canse suitable regulations to be made for its future maintenance as a
beacon, and for the permanent care and preservation thereof as a monument of

60 STATUE OF LIBERTY ENLIGHTENING THE WORLD.

art and of the continued good will of the greet nation which aided us in our
struggle for freedom."

In exercise of the power thus intrusted to him. President Hayes requested Gen.
William T. Sherman to determine which of the two places mentioned in the reso-
lution was best adapted to the purpose in view. General Sherman chose the island
known as Bedloes Island, which was no longer needed for military uses, as a posi-
tion admirably fitted for the statue, regarded either as an ornament or a beacon.
That island was thereupon transferred by the War Department to the temporary
occupation of the American committee, which proceeded immediately to divest it
of the few useless buildings upon it and to prepare the ground for the foundation
of the pedestal. Gen. Charles P. Stone, a military engineer of the highest quali-
fications and great experience, was chosen by the committee, on the recommenda-
tion of Generals Grant. Sherman, and others, as their responsible and active agent
in the prosecution of the work of erecting the pedestal, which was found to be one
of unexampled magnitude and difficulty. As the funds required were to be raised,
according to the joint resolution, by voluntary subscription, the committee
addressed their appeals to all parts of the Republic, and in the end succeeded in
getting the amount of money which was necessary over 311,000. The expendi-
tures were increased considerably beyond the original estimates of the committee
by the slowness with which the subscriptions came in, which necessitated prolonga-
tions and delays of labor, and by the unexpected outlays incurred in the reception
and unloading of the vessels in which the great statue was borne across the seas.

The statue was completed in 1884. and formally received by the United States
minister, Hon. Levi P. Morton, in Paris, under the instructions of the State Depart-
ment, and it was dispatched to the United States in vessels of the French Repub-
lic, which has always manifested the profoundest interest in the subject. The
arrival of these vessels in the harbor of New York, in the month of June, 1885,
was made the occasion of a brilliant aquatic display and civic festivities that
were alike honorable to the givers and receivers of the munificent present, which
has been well called a new wonder of the world.

The expenses of this reception were borne by the committee, aided by the munic-
ipal government and the Chamber of Commerce of the city of New York.

The executive committee are happy to report that this gigantic pedestal has been
finished according to the designs of the distinguished architect, Mr. Richard M.
Hunt, and that the only work remaining to be done is to raise the statue itself to
its proper position. This work they hope to accomplish in the course of the com-
ing summer, when the entire monument will be handed over to the possession and
disposal of the Federal Government.

It will be seen by the joint resolution of 1877, cited above, that the President of
the United States is authorized "to cause the said statue to be inaugurated with
such ceremonies as will serve to testify the gratitude of our people for this express-
ive and felicitous memorial of the sympathy of the citizens of our sister Republic;"
and the executive committee would therefore beg leave to suggest to the President,
through you, his first minister, that the said ceremonies of inauguration might be
observed with signal propriety on the 3d of Sep' ember next, the hundredth anni-
versary of the signing of the treaty of peace at Paris, which consummated the
glorious work begun in 1776. It is understood that at that time the French Gov-
ernment will be willing to participate in the event by a suitable representative
delegation. As the occasion will require the expenditure of some money, I need
hardly remind you that the appropriation of it must be made by the Congress
now in session.

I have the honor to be, your obedient servant,

Jos. W. DREXEL,
Chairman Executive Committee.

Hon. THOMAS F. BAYARD,

Secretary of State of the United States.

DEPARTMENT OP STATE,

Washington, May .'.:. 1886.
Hon. JOHN SHERMAN,

Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations, Senate:

SIR: In response to the inquiry contained in your communication of the 20th
instant, I have the honor to transmit to you herewith a copy of a letter to this
Department from the Secretary of War furnishing the information desired by your
committee in relation to the probable expense of the inauguration of the statue of
Liberty Enlightening the World, and to the cost of the completion of that work.
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

JAS. D. PORTER,
Acting Secretary.

STATUE OF LIBERTY ENLIGHTENING THE WORLD. 61

INAUGURATION OF BAETHOLDI STATUE.

WAR DEPARTMENT,

Washington City, May 22, 1886.

SIR: In accordance with the suggestions contained in the inclosed letter of the
22d instant, from the Chief of Engineers, I have the honor to transmit for your
information copies of communications dated the 19th and 2 1st instant, respectively,
from Gen. Charles P. Stone, the engineer in charge of the Statue of Liberty, in
relation to the probable expense of the inauguration ceremonies of that statue
and to the cost of completion of the work.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

S. V. BENET,
Brigadier-General, Chief of Ordnance, and Acting Secretary of War*

The SECRETARY OF STATE.

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, UNITED STATES ARMY,

Washington, D. C., May 22, 1886.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith copies of communications received
this day in relation to the probable expenses of the inauguration ceremonies of the
Bartholdi Statue and of the cost of completion of the works.

I beg leave to suggest that these papers be referred to the State Department for
transmission to Congress.

These papers contain the most reliable information which this office is capable
of furnishing at the present time.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

JOHN NEWTON, Chief of Engineers.
Hon. WM. C. ENDICOTT,

Secretary of War.

[Statue of Liberty, office of engineer in chief, No. 1 Broadway, room 140.]

NEW YORK, May 21, 1886.

DEAR GENERAL: I inclose herewith the estimate, which I have made with as
mnch care as possible, for the cost of the proper installation of the Statue of Liberty.

Generals Duane and Abbot very kindly accompanied me to Bedloes Island, on
the 19th instant, in compliance with your suggestion.

They agreed with me that the present wharf is utterly worn out and unsafe, and
that it would be best to replace it by one of stone and beton. A wooden wharf
would cost $10,000 and would be only temporary, subject to the attack of worms
and weather.

Genera. s Duane and Abbot both agreed with me that the proposed system of
electric light illuminating the statue and throwing a beam upward from the flame
of the torch would be preferable to any other, and General Duane kindly requested
his assistant, Lieutenant Millis, Corps of Engineers, who has had much personal
experience in the arrangement of the electric light at Hell Gate, to confer with
me about the details of the proper machinery, taking advantage of the results of
experiments at the above-named place. That able young officer has conferred
fully with me yesterday and to-day, and he believes that the amount staged in the
estimate will establish the necessary light.

An elevator in the interior of the pedestal is evidently necessary for the decent
satisfaction of the public, and the same power which during the night can supply
the electric light can during daylight work the elevator.

The necessity of large expense in clearing and arranging the grounds is only too
evident to all who visit the island.

The estimate for strengthening the interior walls is for about 1,200 cubic yards
of beton. This strengthening is rendered necessary by the removal of the build-
ings which formerly occupied the interior and for supporting the thrust of the
arches connecting the fort, with the foundation mass of the pedestal. -

The connecting arches for which estimate is made will re jnire 3,300 cubic yards
of beton and very heavy centering, as the half arches have 40 feet span.

The platforms for the ceremony of inauguration must necessarily be very-large
in their proportions, very high, and will, therefore, require great quantities of
lumber and timber say 60,000 feet, and say $850 in skilled and ordinary labor
$150 for nails and spikes, etc.

62 STATUE OF LIBERTY ENLIGHTENING THE WORLD.

As a great crowd will doubtless assemble on the day of inauguration, a large
police force will be necessary, and I have estimated for 30 during twenty-four
hoars.

As the United States Government will doubtless have the courtesy to officially
invite the French Government to send representative men of that Republic to be
present on the occasion, estimate is made for their proper entertainment during
their probable stay.

There will doubtless be present invited representatives of the several States and
the diplomatic corps on the day of inauguration and such, together with the repre-
sentatives of the Congress (Senate and House), the Army and Navy, and civil
service, will probably number at least the 500 for whom refreshments are estimated.

The committee will be under great obligations to you for all that you may do to
aid in the prompt securing of the proper appropriation, and to their thanks in
advance I beg to be permitted to add my own personal thanks.
Very truly, yours,

CHAS. P. STONE, Engineer in Chief.

Maj. Gen. JOHN NEWTON,

Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army.

[Statue of Liberty, Office of Engineer in Chief, 1 Broadway, Boom 140.]

NEW YORK, May 19, 1886.
Estimate for appropriation for installation of Statue of Liberty.

For amount of memorandum by H. F. Spaulding, treasurer of American

committee $15, 000

For construction of platform for ceremonies of inauguration, decorations,

music, and police 3,520

For refreshments for, say, 500 invited guests 2,500

For unforeseen expenses of inauguration day 480

For entertainment of, say, 30 official French guests during, say, thirty

days, at $10 each 9,000

For clearing grounds of island, grading, and removing unsightly struct-
ures 5,000

For building a new wharf of stone and concrete 16,000

For electric-light plant 15,000

For elevator in interior of pedestal 6, 000

For strengthening interior walls of court 7,200

For connecting arches between walls of fort and foundation mass of

pedestal 26,400

Total 10(5,100

CHAS. P. STONE,
Engineer in Chief.

[Office of the American Committee of the Statue of Liberty, No. 65 Liberty street, room No.
32, William M. Evarts, chairman; Richard Butler, secretary; Henry F. Bpanlding, treasurer.
Executive committee: Joseph W. Drexel, chairman; Parke Godwin, J. W. Pinchot, V. Mum-
ford Moore, Frederick A. Potts.]

NEW YORK, May 17, 1886.

The American committee has received voluntary contributions from the people
for building the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty, about $323,000. It is now com-
pleted.

Among the items of expenditure are the following:
For landing the statue from the /sere, housing and protecting it on Bed-

loe Island about $4, 450

For wages paid two watchmen for about four years, as demanded of us by

the Secretary of War, for the protection of Government property on the

island, each man, at 60 per month 5,760

Total 10,210

The committee thinks it belongs to the Government to reimburse us for these
outlays.

STATUE OF LIBERTY ENLIGHTENING THE WORLD. 63

Our executive committee is in debt as follows:

For borrowed money $3,000

For balance due on contract for heavy steel girders and fastenings for the
statue 5,000

Total 8,000

Our committee considered its task completed when the pedestal was fin-
ished, but in its anxiety to have the statue placed in position for dedi-
cation on the 3d of September next, made an appeal to the public for the
funds necessary for that purpose, and entered into a contract for the
erection of the statue (including services of our chief engineer) 12,500

Add incidental expenses 500

Total... 13,000

We have received in response to our appeals about 6, 000

Leaving balance still needed ... 7,000

The foregoing figures are approximately correct.

As yet the Government has paid nothing toward the expenses of this grand
international historical monument. We therefore respectfully ask that the sum
of $15,000 be inserted as an item in an appropriation for expenses incidental to
the inauguration of the Statue of Liberty, to be used to square up the accounts
of our committee, as herein stated.

Respectfully submitted by order of the board.

HENRY F. SPAULDING,
Treasurer American Committee Statue of Liberty.

FIFTIETH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
April 11, 1888.

[Senate Report No. 934.]

Mr. Brown, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted the
following report :

The Committee on Naval Affairs, to whom was referred the bill
(H. R. 639) providing that Commander John W. Philip should be
authorized to accept a silver pitcher tendered to him by the Govern-
ment of the United States of Colombia, beg leave to report as follows:

A reference to the letters and documents from the Secretaries of the
State and Navy Departments, presented herewith, will show that, on
the request of the Colombian Government, Commander Philip was
detailed, on the 10th of January, 1884, to inspect a revenue cutter
built for that Government at Wilmington, Del., and that Commander
Philip rendered that service to the satisfaction of that Government,
which, in token of its appreciation of the manner in which the duty
was performed, tendered to him the silver pitcher referred to. The
committee are of the opinion that, under the circumstances, the con-
sent of Congress may very properly be given to the acceptance of the
gift by Commander Philip.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, January .?#, 1886.

SIR: I have the honor, a,t the instance of the Colombian minister here, and with
the approval of the Secretary of the Navy, to ask that Congressional action may
be taken to enable Commander John W. Philip, U. S. Navy, to accept a silver
pitcher from the Colombian Government, in recognition of his service in inspect-
ing in 1884 the revenue cutter Boyaca for that Government.
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

T. F. BAYARD.
The Hon. JOHN F. MILLER, etc.,

Committee on Foreign Relations, Senate.

64 COMMANDER JOHN W. PHILIP.

NAVY DEPARTMENT,
Washington, January 30, 18S6.

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 28th
instant, and beg to inclose herewith a copy of the Department's order, dated
December 10, 18*:5, to Commander .John W. Philip, U. S. Navy, directing him to
proceed to Wilmington, Del., and inspect the revenue cutter /ft *./'"'" built by the
Pusey and Jones Company, of that city, for the Colombian Government, together
with copies of all other papers bearing upon the subject on file in this Department.
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant.

W. C. WHITNEY,

Secretary of the Navy.
Hon. JOHN SHERMAN,

Acting Chairman Senate Committee on Foreign Relations.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, November S, 1883.

SIR: I have the honor to bring to your consideration the inclosed copy of a dis-
patch from the minister of the United States at Bogota, of September '60 last, pre-
ferring the request of the Colombian Government that a naval officer of the United
States be detailed to inspect a revenue cutter now being built at Wilmington, Del.,
for Colombia, before its final acceptance by the Government. I transmit, at the
same time, a paper containing the contract for the construction of the vessel in
question, and will thank you to return the same for our files when you will have
made such use of the paper as your Department thinks advisable.
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

W. HUNTER, Acting Secretary.
Hon. WILLIAM E. CHANDLER,

Secretary of the Navy.

No. 112.] UNITED STATES LEGATION,

Bogota, September 30, 1883.

SIR: I beg to inclose herewith a copy and translation of a note which I have
received from the Colombian minister for foreign affairs, dated the 2.jth instant,
and to earnestly express the hope that the request therein made may be granted
by the Navy Department. I inclose also the copy of the Diar. Oficial referred to in
the minister's note, and likewise a copy of my note to him, dated the 26th instant.
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

WILLIAM L. SCRUGGS.
Hon. FRED'K T. FRELINGHUYSEX,

Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.

[Inclosure 2 in No. 112. Translation.]

BOGOTA, September 25, 188S.

SIR: The executive power has arranged, through the home department, that the
coasting vessel contracted for in the name of the Colombian Government by
Senor Miquel Camacho Roldan, of New York, with Messrs. Pusey, Jones & Co.,
of Wilmington, Del., be received under the inspection and report of a naval officer
of the United States, in order that by this means there may be nothing wanting
in the fulfillment of the contract and that the vessel should satisfy the needs of
the public service for which it is destined.

To this end the executive power hopes that the Government of the United
States will kindly lend the aid of one of its naval officers for the purpose indicated,
and in order to obtnin this courtesy I direct this note to your excellency, accom-
panied by the number of the Diario Oficial in which the contract is published.

I beg that your excellency be pleased to communicate the contents of this note
to the Department of State at Washington, for the information and consideration
of His Excellency the President of the United States of America, and also, should
this request be granted, to have communicated at the same time to Senor Miquel
Camacho Roldan, in New York, the name of the naval officer that may be desig-
nated and the date on which the examination of the vessel can take place.

COMMANDER JOHN W. PHILIP. 65

In the name of the national executive I present, for transmission to your excel-
lency's Government, his expressions of the most sincere thanks and for yourself
the assurances of my most distinguished consideration.
I remain yotir excellency's very attentive servant,

ANTONIO ROLDAN.
To His Excellency WILLIAM L. SCRUGGS,

Minister Resident of the United States of America.

flnclosure 3 in No. 112.]

UNITED STATES LEGATION,

Bogota, September 26, 1883.

Mr. SECRETARY: I have had the honor to receive your excellency's polite note
of yesterday (and also the number of the Diario Oficial to which it refers) relative
to the revenue cutter now being built in the United States for and on account of
the Colombian Government. It shall be my care to transmit the same to my Gov-
ernment by the mail of the 30th instant, and I doubt not that the request therein
so courteously made will be most cheerfully granted by the President.

With renewed assurances of my most distinguished consideration, I have the
honor to remain your excellency's most obedient servant,

WILLIAM L. SCRUGGS.
To His Excellency Dr. ANTONIO ROLDAN,

Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the United States of Colombia.

NAVY DEPARTMENT,
Washington, November 14, 1883.

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 5th
instant, bringing to my attention the request of the Colombian Government that
an officer of the Navy be detailed to inspect a revenue cutter being built at Wil-
mington, Del., for Colombia, and inclosing a copy of a dispatch from the minister
of the United States at Bogota, together with a copy of the Diario Oficial, of
Bogota, in which the contract is published.

In reply I have pleasure in informing you that this Department will detail an
officer to inspect the steamer being built for the Colombian Government by the
Pusey & Jones Company, with instructions to carefully examine and report
whether or not the specifications of the contract have been complied with.

The officer selected will be ordered to proceed with the inspection when this
Department is informed that the vessel is ready. The copy of the Diario Oficial
will be returned to the Department of State as soon as the report shall have been
completed.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

ED. T. NICHOLS,
Acting Secretary of the Navy,
Hon. FREDERICK T. FRELINQHUYSEN,

Secretary of State.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,
Washington, November 20, 1883.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith, in connection with my letter to yon
of the 16th instant, the inclosed copy of one addressed to me by Mr. Roldan, of
the 17th instant, relative to the revenue cutter now building at Wilmington, Del.,
for the Colombian Government and whose inspection by a naval officer of the
United States is desired by that Republic.

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

FREDK. T. FRELINGHUYSEN.
Hon. WM. E. CHANDLER,

Secretary of the Navy.

[Inclosure.]

NEW YORK, November 17, 1883.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 5

66 COMMANDKK J(HX \V. PHILIP.

the United States', and in roiily thereto beg to say that I am at present unable to
nni.ie tbe precise date on whirli she will be in readiness, but will at once commu-
nicate with the (milder*, and upon receipt of their reply will advise your Depart-
ment of the date on which she will be completed and ready for inspection.
I am, sir, yours, very respectfully,

M. CA MACHO ROLDAN.

Hon. FREDERICK T. FKKLINUHI YSKN.

Secretary of State, \Vnnhimjton, D. C.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,
Wiixliiiii/tnn, ./inniiiri/ 7, 1884.

SIR: I have now the honor to apprise you, in connection with the Department's
communication to you of November 16 last, of the receipt of a letter of the 4th
instant (a copy of which is herewith inclosed) from Mr. M. Camacho Roldan,
stating that the revenue steamer built at the yard of the Pusey & Jones Com-
pany, Wilmington, Del., for the United States of Colombia, is now ready for and
awaiting inspection as desired by that Government by an officer of the United
States Navy before the formal acceptance of the steamer by Colombia.
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

JOHN DAVIS,

Acting Secretary,
Hon. WILLIAM E. CHANDLER.

Secretary of the Navy.

NE\V YORK, January 4, 1884.

SIR: I beg to refer to your esteemed favor of November 17 ultimo, also to my
reply thereto of the following day's date, and to advise you that the revenue steamer
built at the yard of the Pusey & Jones Company, Wilmington, Del., for the Gov-
ernment of the United States of Colombia, is now ready for and awaiting inspec-
tion by an officer of the United States Navy detailed for that purpose by request of
the said Government of the United States of Colombia made through your Depart-
ment.

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant.

M. CAMACHO ROLDAN,
Per J. N. VAN SICK.EL.
Hon. FREDERICK T. FRELINQHUYSEN,

Secretary of State, Washington, D. (7.

NAVY DEPARTMENT,
Washington, D. C., January in. 1884,

SIR: Application having been made by the Government of the United States of
Colombia that a steam revenue cutter built by the Pusey & Jones Company, of
Wilmington, Del., may be inspected by a United States naval officer, for the pur-
pose of determining whether the specific ati on s and the contract between the com-
pany and the Government have been carried out, and whether the vessel is likely
to fulfill the conditions required of her as a revenue cutter, you have been selected
for that duty.

The Department having been notified that the steamer has been completed and
is now awaiting inspection by an officer of the United States Navy, you will pro-
ceed without delay to New \ork and put yourself in communication with Sailor
Hi. Camacho Roldan, 87 Wall street (P. O. box 1609). and arrange with him the
time for making the necessary steam trials and examinations.

From New York yon will proceed to Wiluvngton. Del., and having acquainted
the Pusey & Jones Company with the tenor of your instructions, and having
receh ed authority from them, make careful examinations of the steam vessel boilt
under contract with the Government of the United States of Colombia, a copy of
which is contained in the Diario Oficial, published in Bogota May 19, 1883, here-
with inclosed.

After having thoroughly examined the above-mentioned steamer, under way
and at the dock, you will report to this Department whether or not the steamer

COMMANDER JOHN W. PHILIP. 67

fulfills the terras of the specifications and contract and whether or not the vessel
is likely to prove efficient in the service for which she is intended.

Should you find that the terms, of the contract have not been carried out, you
will so inform the Department, stating wherein the specifications have not been
complied with.

Be pleased to return to the Department the inclosed copy of the Diario Oficial
when you shall have finished the examination of the steamer.
Upon the completion of this duty return to your home and await orders.
This employment on shore duty is required by the public interests, and such
service will continue until February 10, 1884, unless it is otherwise ordered.
Very respectfully,

W. E. CHANDLER,

Secretary of the Navy.
Commander J. W. PHILIP. U. S. N.,

Washington, D. C.

NAVY DEPARTMENT,

Washington, January 17, 1884.

SIR: I have the honor to inclose herewith, in connection with your letter of the
?th instant, notifying this Department " that the revenue steamer builfrat the yard
of the Pusey &. Tones Company, Wilmington, Del., for the United States of Colom-
bia, is now ready for and awaiting inspection," a copy of an order to Commander
J. W. Philip, United States Navy, and a copy of his report upon the inspection of
the steamer Boyaca, built by the Pusey & Jones Company, Wilmington, Del., for
the Government of the United States of Colombia. I also inclose, as requested in
your letter of the 5th of November last, the copy of the Diario Oficial, published
in Bogota, forwarded therewith.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

WM. E. CHANDLER,

Secretary of the Navy.
Hon. FREDERICK T. FRELINGHUYSEN,

Secretary of State.

NEW YORK, January 16, 1884.

SIR: In obedience to your order of January 10, I have carefully examined the
steamer Boyaca, built by the Pusey & Jones Company of Wilmington, Del., for the
Government of the United States of Colombia, and respectfully submit the follow-
ing report:

The steamer was in the water, coaled and provisioned, and about ready for her
sea voyage; consequently I could not make that examination of her under-water
portion, viz, stem, sternpost, rudderpost, rudder sheathing, etc., that the specifica-
tions called for, but all parts of the vessel attainable were carefully examined and
measured and found to be in strict accordance with the specifications and very
neatly and well constructed.

Owing to ice in river and creek, it was impracticable to get the vessel under way,
Seiior Roldan agreeing with me that it would be best to dispense with that part of
the examination.

A "dock trial " was had, when the engines ran very smoothly, noiselessly, and
with but little vibration, thus showing evidences of careful construction from good
material, with promises of giving entire satisfaction. In examining and measuring
about the vessel, if discrepancies exist, they are in favor of the steamer. For
instance, both anchors and chains are larger and heavier than the specifications
call for and the boats are lifeboats instead of the ordinary yard-built cutters.

On questioning the captain and chief engineer they told me that so far as they
were able to judge the best of material had been used in the construction of the
hull and engines and that the company (Pusey & Jones) had been most liberal in
the supply of supplies and stores, both in regard to quantity and quality.

I return herewith the copy of the Diario Oficial.

Hoping my report will meet with the approval of the Department, I remain, sir,
very respectfully,

JNO. W. PHILIP,
Commander, United States Navy.

Hon. W. E. CHANDLER,

Secretary of the Navy,

68 ENSIGN J. B. BERNADOU.

In view of the facts set forth in the foregoing correspondence the
committee recommend the passage of the bill.

The Committee on Foreign Relations of the'Senatc adopt the foregoing
report of the House committee, and recommend the passage of the bill.

FIFTY-FIRST CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
May 7, 1890.

[Senate Report No. 885.]

Mr. Sherman, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

The Committee on Foreign Relations respectfully report a .joint res-
olution "authorizing Ensign J. B. Bernadou, United States Navy, to
accept two vases presented to him by the Government of Japan," and,
for the reasons stated in accompanying letters from the Departments
of State and Navy, recommend that it do pass.

DEPARTMENT or STATE,

Washington, May 6, 1890.

SIR: I have the honor to bring to your attention the inclosed copy of a letter
addressed by my predecessor to your committee, February 28, 1889, with its
accompaniments concerning two flower vases presented to Ensign J. B. Bernadou,
United States Navy, by the Government of Japan, and the necessary authority of
Congress for him to accept them.

No action appears to have been taken upon that letter owing, no doubt, to its
being so near the final adjournment of the Fiftieth Congress. I venture, there-
fore, to suggest that the Department's previous recommendation may receive
favorable consideration, and that authority, under the provisions of the act of
Congress approved January 31, 1881 (Stat. L., vol. 21, p. 603), may be given Ensign
Bernadou to accept the testimonial referred to.

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

JAMES G. BLAINE.
Hon. JOHN SHERMAN,

Chairman Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,
Washington, February 28, 1S89.

SIR: I have the honor to call your attention, with a view to securing such action
on the part of Congress as may be proper, to a gift of two Japanese vases presented
by the Imperial Japanese Government to Ensign J. B. Bernadou, United States
Navy, in recognition of services rendered to certain Japanese subjects in Korea.

In the month of December, 1884, Mr. Bernadou was temporarily attached to the
United States legation at Seoul, Korea, at which time a very serious outbreak
occurred in that capital, endangering the lives of all foreign residents. On the
9th of December, 1884, by direction of Mr. Foote, then in charge of the legation
of the United States, Ensign Bernadou, proceeded to Chemulpho in charge of a
number of Japanese refugees, whom he safely conducted to the seashore. In May,
1885. Mr. Masuki Konto, the Japanese charge at Seoul, informed Mr. Foulk that
the Japanese Government had instructed him to transmit a pair of flower vases
which His Majesty's Government desired to present to Mr. Bernadou "as a token
of acknowledgment of the kind services he performed in escorting to His Imperial
Japanese Majesty's consulate at Chemulpho a number of Japanese subjects;'' and
Mr. Kondo also requested Mr. Foulk to convey to Mr. Bernadou the sentiments of
high appreciation of His Majesty's Government.

ihe vases in question have now reac'ied th a Department, having, for various
Causes, been delayed in their transmit si jn hither. My colleague, the Secretary of

COMMANDER DENNIS W. MULLAN. C9

Ihe Navy, has been informed of their receipt, and he concurs with me in thinking
that the services of Mr. Bernadou appear to be of such a character as would justify
the Congress in granting him permission to receive the present.

A statement or the occurrences in Korea referred to may be found in the volume
of Foreign Relations for 1885, pages 331-335.
I have the honor, etc.,

T. F. BAYARD.
Hon. JOHN SHERMAN,

Chairman Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.

NAVY DEPARTMENT,
Washington, February 25, 1SS9.

SIR: The Department has to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 21st
instant, stating that you have in your possession a pair of Japanese vases, a pres-
ent from the Japanese Government to Ensign J. B. Bernadou, in recognition of
services rendered to certain Japanese subjects in Korea, and asking whether it is
the Department's desire that permission should be asked of Congress for their
acceptance by Ensign Bernadou.

In reply I have to say that the Department agrees with you that the services of
Mr. Bernadou appear to have been of such a character as would justify the Con-
gress in granting him permission to receive the present, and I have to respectfully
request that you communicate the facts to Congress, with a view to its granting
Ensign Bernadou permission to accept the present tendered in such a complimen-
tary manner.

Very respectfully, etc., W. C. WHITNEY,

Secretary of the Navy.
The SECRETARY OF STATE.

June 16, 1890.

[Senate Report No. 1367.]

Mr. Payne, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report :

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to whom was referred the reso-
lution (S. R. 66) authorizing Commander Dennis W. Mullan, United
States Navy, to accept the medal presented to him by the Chilean
Government, having duly considered the same, respectfully report:

That the correspondence in the appendix submitted herewith
shows that Commander Dennis W. Mullan, United States Navy, was
on November 26, 1880, ordered by Capt. J. A. Howell, United States
Navy, then commanding the U. S. war ship Adams, off Callao, Peru,
to attach himself to the headquarters of the Chilean army as a repre-
sentative of the United States Navy, then stationed and serving in
the South Pacific Ocean, for the purpose of observing the military
operations then going on between the Governments of Chile and Peru,
and to report thereon for the benefit* of the proper authorities of the
United States; that while so attached to the headquarters of the
Chilean army, Commander Dennis W. Mullan, United States Navy,
was present at the battles of Chorillos and Miraflores, in Peru.

As a compliment to said officer and as a memento of the matters
set forth in the correspondence submitted herewith, the proper author-
ities of the Chilean Government forwarded, through the American
minister at Santiago, Chile, Hon. William R. Roberts, a gold medal
to be presented to Commander Dennis W. Mullan, United States
Navy, through the Secretary of State, and which medal is now in the
State Department in the custody of the Secretary of State.

The correspondence contained in the appendix herewith shows that

70 COMMANDER DENNIS W. MULLAN.

Commander Dennis \V. Mullan, United States Navy, by his official
acts as an officer of tin- Navy, has on sundry occasions reflected .^reai
credit upon himself and upon the Navy, and which have rendered
him eminently worthy to receive at the hands of the Chilean (io\ em-
inent this testimonial of their appreciation, as fet forth in said corre-
spondence.

Wherefore your committee recommend the adoption of said reso-
lution.

APPENDIX.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

\\'(isli/i<</t<>/i, -I/a//.;, 7,s',90.

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 30th
ultimo, with which you lay before uie sundry papers concerning the services of
Commander Dennis W. Mullan. United States Navy, in the Samoan Is'ands. and
during the war between Chile and Peru, together with a co;y of joint resolution
(S. R. 66) authorizing that officer to accept a medal presented to him by the Chilean
Government. On behalf of the Committee on Foreign Relations you request the
opinion of this Department " as to whether this authorization would be agreeable
to the Government of Peru.''

It appears from the recital of the resolution that in 18SO, under authorization and
detail of Capt. J. A. Howell. United States Navy, then commanding tiie Ailam*.
Commander Mnllau accompanied the Chilean military forces to observe and make
report concerning operations then in progress against Peru, and that the medal
in question is tendered to Commander Mullan by the Chilean Government to
commemorate his presence at the battles of Chorillos and Hiraflores. in Peru.

It is not uncommon in time of war for military and naval officers of neutral
governments to be attached to the headquarters of the respective forces during
the progress of active hostilities for the purpose of observing and reporting to tln-ir
own governments concerning the operations of combatants. This has been the
case in several recent European wars, and our attaches have in no wise been iden-
tified with the interests of the governments whose forces they accompanied. Their
function has been simply that of disinterested observers and chroniclers of the
events falling under their notice. Inasmuch as the impartial status of the officer
is an essential condition of his presence, it is not seen how the fact of his accom-
panying the forces of one of the belligerents could in any way be impugned by the
other; neither is it perceived how a courteous recognition or commemoration of
his presence by the government with whose army he was stationed could in the
slightest degree wound any just susceptibilities of the opposed government.

A precedent for the proposed authorization in favor of Commander Mullan is
found in the act of Congress approved January 31. 1881 (Stat., vol. 21, p. tJ04 ) . by
which Lieut. Francis V. Greene, of the United States Army, was authorized to
accept certain decorations conferred upon him by the Government of Russia for
bravery under fire at Shipka Pass, Plevna, and o:her engagements in the course
of the Russo-Turkish campaign of 1877.

Returning herewith, as requested, the papers which accompanied your letter,
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

JAMES G. ELAINE.

Hon. JOHN SHERMAN,

Chairman Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.

JOINT RESOLUTION authorizing Commander Dennis W. Mullan, United States Navy, to
accept a medal presented to him by tne Chilean Government.

Resolvedbythe Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of Amer-
ica in Congress assembled. That Commander Dennis W. Mullan, United States Navy,
be, and he is hereby, authorized to accept a medal presented to him by the Gov-
ernment of Chile through the State Department of the United States, as a memento
of his presence with the headquarters of the Chilean army at the battles of Cho-
rillos and Mirarlores, in Peru, by virtue of an official order issued November '2>\.
1880, by Capt. J. A. Howell. United States Navy, then commanding the United
States war ship Adftms, off Callao. Peru, to Commander Dennis W. Mullan. to
accompany General Baquedano, chief of the Chilean military forces, for the pur-

COMMANDER DENNIS W. MULLAN. Yl

pose of observing, as a representative of the American Navy, the military ,and
naval operations then going on between the Governments of Chile and Peru, and
making a report thereon to the proper authorities of the Government of the United

States.

BUREAU OF NAVIGATION, NAVY DEPARTMENT,

\\'<i*ltington, April 1, 1890.

SIR: In accordance with your request of the 31st ultimo to the Department, the
bureau incloses copies of letters written by Mr. Stephen J. Wheeler, master of
American vessel Orion, and by Mr. Peter Colly, master of American barkentine
Constitution, to the Navy Department.

Very respectfully, F. M. RAMSAY,

Chief of Bureau.
Commander D. W. MULLAN, U. S. Navy,

Annapolis, Md.

SAN FRANCISCO, March 27, 1889.

DEAR SIRS: I desii'e to inform your respective Departments that I, Stephen
James Wheeler, was the captain of the American vessel Orion which left San
Francisco on November 15, 1888, laden with a cargo, consisting of supplies for the
U. S. S. Nipsic, stationed at Apia. Samoan Islands, and of other stores, etc., and
that my vessel reached Apia on December 23, 1888. on which date the German
authorities in the harbor of Apia, Samoan Islands, attempted to search my vessel.
This attempt I resisted, and the authority to do so I denied. I thereupon imme-
diately reported a 1 these facts to the captain commanding the U. S. S. Nipsic, Com-
mander Dennis W. Mullan, United States Navy, who, with very great promptness
and cheerfulness, came to my immediate aid, and sent on board of my vessel one
of hiv officers with a squad of his men from his ship ZVtpgte,ttnd thereby prevented
this outrageous violation of the rights of American vessels in the waters of the
South Pacific Ocean which was attempted to be perpetrated upon me and my
vessel by the German authorities.

It is proper, therefore, in my opinion, upon my arrival in the port of San Fran-
cisco, that I should duly report all these f;icts to your Departments at Washing-
ton, and at the same time to place on record the thanks and appreciation of myself
and the other officers and crew of my vessel for the kind and efficient and valua-
ble services of Commander Mullan, United States Navy, commanding the U. S. S.
Nipsic, and for the very courteous manner in which he came to the rescue and
support of myself and officers and crew of my vessel on said occasion, and also
for the prompt, chivalric, and successful manner in which he resisted and pre-
vented this unwarranted search, by a foreign power, of my vessel in the waters
of the South Pacific Ocean, during a time of peace between the United States and
Germany.

I am, sirs, yours, very truly,

STEPHEN J. WHEELER,

Captain of the Orion.

Hon. SECRETARY OF THE NAVY and Hon. SECRETARY OF STATE,

Washington, D. C.

SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., April 2, 1889.

DEAR SIR: The undersigned, Peter Colly, captain of the American vessel Con-
stitution, left this port of San Francisco, Cal., on December <i, 1888, loaded with
a miscellaneous cargo for Apia, Samoan Islands, at which place 1 arrived with
said vessel on February 1, Ib8l).

On my arrival at Apia the German authorities sent their officials to my vessel
to examine my ship's papers, etc., which I would not permit to be done by them.
My vessel remained in the harbor of Apia until February 13, 1889, on which date
she was wrecked in that harbor.

1 now, therefore, write to the Navy Department to express my warm thanks
and high appreciation for the valuable services rendered me by Capt. D. W. Mul-
lan, of the Navy, commanding the U. S. S. Nipsic, during the time I was in the
harbor of Apia, and especially for the valuable services he rendered me and my
vessel by taking my anchor and mooring my vessel in the safest part of that har-

72 nMMAMKK DKNM< W. MULL AN.

b<r. and in rescuing, saving, and landing myself and the crew of my vessel on the
day she was wrecked on a reef in that harbor, and which fact necessitated my
returning to San Francisco as a passenger on the steamer Zi'ltnutiu.

For the very kind, voluntary, and successful efforts of Captain Mullan, of the
J\7/;,?jc, on all these occasions, I desire, therefore, to now return to the Navy Depart-
ment at Washington the thanks of myself and of the crew of my vessel.
I am, sir, your very obedient servant,

PETER COLLY,

Captain of the American Vessel Constitution.
Hon. BENJAMIN TRACY,

Secretary of the Xavy, Washington, D. C

[Senate Mis. Doc. No. 110, Fifty-first Congress, first session.]

PAPERS RELATIVE TO THE CONFERRING UPON COMMANDER DENNIS W. MULLAN,
UNITED STATES NAVY, BY THE GOVERNMENT OF CHILE, A GOLD MEDAL.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Department of State:
To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting:

I certify that the documents hereto annexed are true copies from the files of this
Department.

In testimony whereof I, William F. Wharton, Acting Secretary of State of the
United States, have hereunto subscribed my name and caused the seal of the
Department of State to be affixed.

Done at the city of Washington this 3d day of February, A. D. 1890, and of the
Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and fourteenth.

[SEAL.] WILLIAM F. WHARTON.

No. 30.] UNITED STATES LEGATION,

SaiiHufjo, Xar- .

SIR: I have the honor to inclose a medal which has been transmitted to me by
the minister of war of Chile, with a request that I would have it forwarded to
Captain Mullane, of the United States States Navy.

The letter of the minister of war, a copy of which, with translation, I inclose,
will explain the motive which has prompted its presentation. I also inclose a
copy of my reply to the minister.

I trust the medal will reach you. I had hoped to send it by the hands of some
person returning to the United States, but finally concluded to trust it to the
mails.

I have the honor to remain, your obedient servant,

WILLIAM R. ROBERTS.
Hon. T. F. BAYARD,

Secretary of State, Washington, D. C.

[Translation of No. 2 in 30.]

MINISTRY OF WAR, REPUBLIC OF CHILE,

Santiago, October 14, 1885,

SIR: Believing that it will be agreeable to Mr. Mullan, captain of the corvette
of the marine of the United States of North America, to preserve a remem 1 ranee
of the battles of Chorrillos and Miraflores, at which this officer found himself
added to the general headquarters or the Chilean army, coin missioned by the Gov-
ernment of the United States of North America in order to observe the operations
of our forces, will you please have sent to the hands of Mr. Mullan the accom-
panying medal? It is the same as those which the chiefs of our army have received:
but in sending it to Captain Mullan it is destined in the character of simply a
memento, and not as a military recompense, which the Government of Chile could
not agree to in this case, nor Mr. Mullan accept.

With sentiments of distinguished consideration, I remain your attentive and con-
stant servant,

CARLOS AUTUNEZ.
Hon. WILLIAM R. ROBERTS,

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary

of the United States of North America,

COMMANDER DENNIS W. MULLAN. 73

[Copy of No. 3 in 30.]

UNITED STATES LEGATION,

Santiago, October 28, 18S5.

SIR: I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your esteemed favor dated the 14th
instant, with the accompanying medal, requesting me to forward it to Captain
Mullan, of the American Navy.

I assure your excellency that it will afford me great pleasure to transmit it to
my Government on the first favorable opportunity, accompanied with a copy of
your communication.

I have the honor, etc.,

WILLIAM M. ROBERTS,
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary

of United States of America.
His Excellency DON CARLOS AUTUNEZ,

Minister of War.

U. S. S. ADAMS (THIRD RATE),

Off Callao, Peru, November 26, 1880.

SIR: H. M. S. Osprey having been detailed by Admiral Sterling, of Her Majesty's
service, for the purpose of giving neutral officers a passage to such a point south
as will enable them to communicate with General Baquedano, the chief of the
Chilean forces, you will take passage in her to-morrow morning, November 27.
Upon your arrival near the Chilean headquarters, you will communicate with
General Baquedano, or the officer in command of the Chilean army, and present
my letter requesting permission for you to accompany his staff during the opera-
tions near Lima. If the permission be granted, you will remain with the army,
and will note the different features and incidents of the conflict, and report the
same upon your return. If permission be not granted, you will return in the
Osprey.

Very respectfully, J. A. HOWELL,

Commander, U. S. Navy, Commanding U. S. S. Adams.
Lieut. Commander D. W. MULLAN, U. S. N.,

U. S. S. Adams.

ANNAPOLIS, MD., February 5, 1890.

I hereby certify that the foregoing is a full, true, and correct copy of an original
order issued to me November 26, 1880.

DENNIS W. MULLAN,
Commander, U. S. Navy.

JOINT RESOLUTIONS tendering the thanks of the State of Maryland to Commander Denni
W. Mullan, United States Navy, and authorizing the governor to procure and present to him
as a testimonial, a gold chronometer watch, suitably inscribed.

Whereas Commander Dennis W. Mullan, U. S. Navy, a native of this State,
commanded the United States war ship Nipsic during a critical period when con-
fronted by a superior foreign naval force, and discharged with heroism and ability
the delicate diplomatic duties that devolved upon him as a naval commander, by
resisting the imperious demands made upon him by the commander of said naval
force to surrender an American citizen, then under his protection on board of his
said ship, and in vindicating American rights by preventing an attempt by a for-
eign power to search American vessels in the South Pacific Ocean: and

Whereas Commander Dennis W. Mullan also commanded said ship during the
destructive and memorable hurricane in Samoan waters, South Pacific Ocean, in
March, 1889, and with heroic bravery and nautical skill saved his ship during said
hurricane; and

Whereas all of said services were perilous, demanding skill, courage, and ability
as a naval commander, and said acts reflect credit upon the American Navy and
upon his native State: Therefore,

Be it resolved by the general assembly of Maryland, That the thanks of the State
of Maryland be, and they are hereby, tendered to Commander Dennis W. Mullan
for his unflinching courage and gallant achievements in vindicating the rights of
American citizens and of American vessels in foreign waters, and for his bravery
and nautical ability in saving his ship during the destructive hurricane in Samoan
waters.

74 COMMANDER DKNXIS \V. MULLAN.

/. That as a testimonial of the skillful, able, and courageous manner in
which Commander Dennis W. MulUin protected and vindicated American rights,
and the bravery and nautical ability shown by him during the hurricane in Samoaii
waters, the governor of this State be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to
procure and present to Commander Dennis W. Mullau, U. S. Navy, a gold chro-
nometer watch, with an inscription as follows, to wit:

The State of Maryland, to Commander Dennis W. Mullan, U. S. N., for his
heroism and gallant services in protecting and vindicating American rights, and
for the bravery and nautical ability shown by him during the hurricane of 18SU,
in Samoan waters, South Pacific Ocean."

And be it further resnlred, That the cost of said testimonial shall be paid by the
governor out of the contingent fund at the disposal of the executive.

R. F. BRATTAN,
President of the Senate.

JOHN HUBXEK,
Speaker of the House of Delegates.

STATE OF MARYLAND, set. :

I, Spencer C. Jones, clerk of the court of appeals of Maryland, do hereby certify
that the foregoing is a full and true copy of the joint resolution of the general
assembly of Maryland of which it purports to be a copy, as taken from the original
joint resolution belonging to and deposited in the office of the clerk of the court of
appeals aforesaid.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand as clerk and affixed the seal
of said court of appeals this 7th day of March, A. D. 1390.

[SEAL.] SPENCER C. JONES,

Clerk Court of Appeals of Maryland.

STATE OF MARYLAND, set.:

I, Richard H. Alvey, chief judge of the court of appeals of Maryland, do hereby
certify that Spencer C. Jones is clerk of the court of appeals of Maryland, and that
the foregoing attestation by him is in due form and by the proper officer.
Given under my hand this 7th day of March, 1890.

R. H. ALVEY,
Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals of Maryland.

STATE OF MARYLAND, set.:

I, Spencer C. Jones, clerk of the court of appeals of Maryland, do hereby certify
that the Hon. Richard H. Alvey, who has signed the foregoing certificate, is, and
at the time of so doing was, chief judge of the court of appeals of Maryland, and
that full faith and credit are due to his acts as such.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand as clerk, and affixed the seal
of the said court of appeals, this 7th day of March, A. D. 1890.

[SEAL.] SPENCER C. JONES,

Clerk Court of Appeals of Maryland.

STATE OF MARYLAND,

Executive Department:

I, Elihu E. Jackson, governor of the State of Maryland, do hereby certify that
Spencer C. Jones, esq., is clerk of the court of appeals of Maryland, and as such
keeper of the acts and resolutions of the general assembly of the State, and that
full faith and credit are due and ought to be given to his acts as such.

In testimony whereof I have hereto set my hand and affixed the great seal of
the State of Maryland on this 7th day of March, A. D. 1890.

[SEAL.] ELIHD E. JACKSON.

By the governor:

E. W. LE COMPTE, Secretary of State.

OFFICERS AND CKEW OF THE U. S. S. BALTIMOKE. 75

FIFTY-FIRST CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.

December 17, 1890.

[Senate Report No. 1871.]

Mr. Sherman, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

The Committee on Foreign Relations report that His Majesty the
King of Sweden and Norway has presented a box containing 354
medals to be delivered to the commander, officers, and crew of the
U. S. S. Baltimore, to commemorate the service rendered by them to
Sweden in carrying back to bis native land the remains of Capt. John
Ericsson. Your committee is of the opinion that these medals should
be accepted and presented by the Department of State to the persons
for whom they were designed, in compliance with the terms of sec-
tion 3 of the act approved January 31, 1881, entitled "An act author-
izing the persons therein named to accept of certain decorations and
presents therein named from foreign Governments, and for other pur-
poses," and report a joint resolution for that purpose, accompanied
by the letters, hereto attached, from the Secretary of State, the Sec-
retary of the Navy, and the commanding officer of the U. S. S. Balti-
more.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,
Washington, December 16, 1890.

SIR: The Department has received a letter from the Acting Secretary of the
Navy, a copy of which is inclosed, calling attention to the reception from our
legation at Stockholm by Capt. W. S. Schley, commanding the U. S. S. Baltimore,
of a box containing boi medals, which His Majesty the King of Sweden and
Norway desires to present to the commander, officers, and crew of that vessel, to
commemorate the service rendered by them to Sweden in carrying back to his
native land the remains of Capt. John Ericsson.

In view of the provisions of section 3 of the act of Congress approved January
31, 1881 (United States Statutes at Large, volume Si, page 604), and of the letter
of the Acting Secretary of the Navy, I have the honor to ask that Congress will,
if it deems it proper, authorize this Department to deliver the medals in question
to the commander, officers, and crew of the U. S. S. Baltimore,^ accordance with
the desire of His Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway.
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

JAMES GK ELAINE.

Hon. JOHN SHERMAN,

Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations,

United States Senate.

NAVY DEPARTMENT,

Washington, October 10, 1890.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith a copy of a communication dated
Kiel, Germany, 25th September, received from Capt. W. S. Schley, commanding
the U. S. S. Baltimore, in which he advises the Department that the United States
minister at Stockholm has sent on board the Baltimore a box containing 354
medals commemorative of the transportation of the remains of the late John
Ericsson from America to Sweden, which it is the desire of the King of Sweden
to present to the officers and crew of that vessel. In view of the act of Congress

OFFICERS AND CREW OF THE U. S. S. BALTIMORE.

with regard to the acceptance of presents of any kind by officers of the Navy from
foreign governments, the matter is submitted to the Department of State for such
action thereon as may appear to it to be proper.

Very respectfully, F. M. RAMSAY,

Acting Secretary of tlie Navy.
The SECRETARY OF STATE.

U. S. S. BALTIMORE (FIRST RATE),

Kiel, Gt'i-iinint/, September 25, 1890.

SIR: I have the honor to inform you that the United States minister at Stork-
holm, the Hon. W. W. Thomas, jr., sent on board this vessel on September 22, the
day before my departure, a box containing 354 medals commemorative of the trans-
portation of the remains of the late John Ericsson from America to Sweden in the
U. S. S. Baltimore.

One of the medals is of gold, intended for the commanding officer; 31 are of
silver, intended for each of the 81 officers on board; and 322 are of bronze, intended
for ea-.-h one of the crew.

It is the desire of the King to present these medals to the officers and crew as a
means to commemorate the service rendered by them to Sweden in bringing back
to his home and country the remains of his most distinguished countryman.

As we are not permitted to accept these medals except by the auihority of Con-
gress, and as the ship will be absent from home for some time to come, I would ask
the Department, on behalf of the officers and crew, that such action may be taken
as will secure the necessary Congressional action preliminary to their accepting
them.

These medals merely commemorate an incident, and are not intended as an order
or as a decoration of any kind from the King of Sweden and Norway.

The box containing them will be held on board, and the medals will not be deliv-
ered until the proper authority is given to accept them.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

W. S. SCHLEY,

Captain, U. S. N., Commanding.
The SECRETARY OF THE NAVY,

Navy Department, Washington, D. C.

List of officers of the U. S. S. Baltimore when the remains of Ericsson were taken

to Sweden.

Captain, Winfield Scott Schley.
Lieutenant-commander, Uriel Sebree.
Lieutenant, Edward W. Sturdy.
Lieutenant, Sidney H. May.
Lieutenant, Henry McCrea.
Lieutenant, Robert M. Doyle.
Lieutenant (junior grade), James H.

Sears.
Lieutenant (junior grade), Herbert O.

Dunn.
Lieutenant (junior grade), Benjamin

W. Wells.
Lieutenant (junior grade), William S.

Cloke.

Naval cadet, John B. Patton.
Naval cadet, William D. MacDongall.
Naval cadet, Philip Williams.
Naval cadet, Julius Prochazka.
Naval cadet, George L. Fermier.

Naval cadet, John R. Edie.
Naval cadet. Lay H. Everhart.
Naval cadet, Lawrence H. Moees.
Naval cadet, Claud B. Price.
Medical inspector, John H. Clark.
Passed assistant surgeon. Oliver Diehl.
Assistant surgeon, Edward R. Stitt.
Paymaster, William W. Woodhull.
Chief engineer, Charles E. De Valin.
Passed assistant engineer, Charles P.

Howell.
Passed assistant engineer, William Row-

bothum.

Assistant engineer, George R. Salisbury.
Chaplain, Joseph P. Mclntyre.
Captain of marines. 1 ienry'H. Coston.
Pay clerk, William M. Long.
Gunner, Peter Hanley.
Carpenter, John S. Walteineyer.

OFFICERS AND GREW OF THE U. 8. S. BALTIMORE.

List of men on board the U. S. S. Baltimore on date of arrival at Stockholm, Sweden,

September 13, 1890.

Name.

Rate.

Name.

Rate.

Abrahamsen, A .... ....... .

Sea.

Hayes, William

Sea

C. hold.

Horn Oharlpis

C top

Albertson, Louis .

Sea.

Hogan, George

Cox

Allen J. J

C. H.

Holm, AHnlpli

Sea

Anderson, Charles .

Q. M.

Horgan, Michael ...

Oiler

Andersen, D. N

Painter.

Houlihan, Michael

2 C F

Andersen, Jerry

C. H.

Hoey, Frank

2C. F.

Howard, Charles

Lds

Burkhart, H

C. H.

Hurley, J. J ..

C and C

Bacchus..!

O. S.

Hunt, H

Ch Q M

Barbee, William A - ... . ,..

Lds.

TTnghfis, .Tarn PIS S

C H

Bergman, A

O. S.

Hunt J H

Sea

Berneker, Ulrich J .. ..

Gr. M.

Iriski, Sinjiro ..

Lds

Birdsull, D. D

C. H.

1 C F

Bleisner, O - .. .

O. S.

Johnson, Peter

Boyle, Condv

2C. F.

Oiler

Brauns, Charles ._ .. ...

Mach.

Kearns Peter J

1 C F

Briggeman, N. J

Lds.

Kenny, Thomas

Sea

Brady, J. T

C. H.

Kelly Edward

C H

Brown, Warren

2C. F.

Kinsey, Frederick E

1 C F

Brown, John
Brown, Joseph

Ch. B. M.
Gr. M.

Kilbride, John
Kinkiohi, F

C.H.
W O S

Brown, J. G ...

C. H.

Kondrup J. J

O S

Broome, C. H

Pay. yeo.

Kobayashi, Edward . .

Lds

Burke, M. J

Lds.

Kraft Frederick

Butts, Robert ^^

W. O. C.

Kurz, Frederich -.

Burns, J. P

2C. F.

W R S

Burns, W. H

C. H.

Lacey, William ..

C H

Carlsen, P . .

Sea.

Sea

Carson, T

Sea.

Lavery, James F .

Oiler.

Carson, John

1C. F.

Lightfoot, W. H

Lds

Conning, O. vS

C. H.

Lindstrom, C. G -

Carroll, G. H

C. H.

Little Louis

Lds

Chase, J. A. F.-.

Lds.

Lucy, Patrick

C H

Christie, W. H

2 C. F.

C H

Coyn, A

Lds.

Mahoney, Peter

1 C F

Cott, George H

C. H.

Mai oney, John

Lds.

Colo uhoun, William

1 C. F.

Marshall, Harry .. .

Qi* mr.

Cook, J. W

Lds.

Maramuchi. T ..

Lds.

Collins, W

C. H.

Mallory, G. A. L

1 C F

Conway,P

C. H.

Masterson, P. F ..

1 C. F.

Carrin, John

Cox.

McCool, William J ,

Oiler

Clausen, R

M. A. A.

McShehy, Samuel..

Bavman.

Crav, William D .

C. H.

Me Adams John ...

W T

Craven, Thomas

Mach.

McGrath, Joseph .-

2C F.

Cutherell, E. J ...

Mach

COT

Cullin, W.F

Q. M.

McBride.John - . .

Oiler.

Daistrom, Charles

McCarthy, Owen

W T

Dayton, F. G

Deunison. William .

r. gr.
r. gr.

McCarrier, Samuel
McGuinness, Thomas

C.H.
C.H.

Dexter,John

Mach.

Me Williams, P .. . .

C H

Donaldson, A

1 C. F.

Miller, D. M

W. T.

Downey, John

C. H.

Miller.T

C F. C.

Downey, E

Lds.

Mitchell, Samuel K

Lds.

Duncan, E .

Lds.

EC) yeo.

Eagan, Patrick

1 C F

8 M M

Ebert, B

Lds.

Mori Joseph

Eble, Charles

Sea.

Martensen , Soren

Sea.

Ellwood, Nicolas

C. H

Morgan James

Oiler.

Eshikawa Masatara

Steward

Murphy, William .. .

1 C.F.

Finnegan, P

C H

Br mkr.

Flynn, S.E

Barber.

Neil John .. .

B.M.

Faster, Louis

Cox

Nelson, Andrew

Freeze, John W . . ..

Nevis, John - ..

Sea.

Fri^rlrirrh, Hnrmftn

O S

C H.

Fullham, Thomas

C. H.

O'Donnell, Lawrence R

C.H.

Knrlong, .Tamps

W T

Sea.

Gabrielson, Niels M

Sea

Olsen, Harry . ..

Sea.

Gallacher, Thomas

2C. F.

Oshima, Joseph .

Str. cok.

Gallops, James. ....

1 C. F.

O'Toole, John

Or. Gr.

Grillsn, James

2 C F

O'Neill, Patrick ..

2 C. F.

Gorman, M. J. ......

C and C

Oshimatsu, Okado .

Lds.

Green, Richard

Packard, Elijah ..

Or. gr.

C of F

C.H

Gustafson, John P

Lds

Patterson, Martin .

Cox.

Peterson Harry ...

Sea.

Gustafson, Gustav

1 C. F

Peterson, Andrew

Lds.

Gilsinan, Thomas

C and C

Pfeiffer, Louis ...

Lds.

Hall, Thomas

Sea.

Pfeiffer, Alfred

Oiler.

Hamilton, John .

C. M.

Phillips, John J

1C.F.

Sea.

Pickernell, Frank

Mach.

OFFICERS AND CREW OF THE IT. 8. 8. BALTIMORE.

List of men on board the U. S. S. Baltiinon- <>,, <lntcnf arrival at Stockholm, Sweden,
Septi inhi'i- /.', 1890 Continued.

Name.

Rank.

Name.

Rank.

Paulsen William F

Lds.
Ldfc.

C.H.
Eng. yeo.
Lds.
Be*
C.H.
B.M.
O.S.
2C.F.
2C.F.
1C.F.
C.H.
Sea.
Oiler.
Sea.
Baa
Sea.
S. cook.
IC.F.
Mach.
C.H.
Stw.
Lds.
O.S.
Sea.
Mach.
IC.F.
Bayman.
Oiler.
Sea.
Sea.
IC.F.
Mach.
Lds.
C.H.
Lds.
Cox.
r.H.
C.H.
C.H.
Apoth.
Cb. cook.
Lds.
2C.F.
Lds.
Lds.
Cox.
Oiler.
Sea.
J.O.D.
8-gr.
O.S.
Armorer.
Sea.
C.H.
Qr.M.
Sea.
Mach.
B'smith.
2C.F.
Cox.
Lds.

Apprentice*
Bechtle, J. J

S.A.1C.
1C. A.
1C. A.
S.A.2C.
1C. A.
S.A.2C.
1C. A.
1C. A.
1C. A.
S.A.1C.
1C. A.
1C. A.
S.A.2C.
S.A.2C.
1C. A.
S.A.2C.
S.A.2C.
S.A.1C.
1 C. A.
S.A.1C.
S.A.2C.
S.A.2C.
1C. A.
1C. A.
8.A.2C.
8.A.2C.
S.A.1C.
S.A.2C.
S.A.1C.
1C. A.
1C. A.
1C. A.
1C. A.
S.A.2C.
1C. A.
S.A.2C.
S.A.1C.
3C.A.
1C. A.
S. A 2 C.
1C. A.
2C.A.
1 C. A.
Bugler.
S. A. 1 C.

L'C.A.

1 i A.

S.A.1C.
S.A.2C.
2C.A.
1C. A.
1C. A.
S.A.2C.
S.A.2C.
S. A. 1 C.
S.A.2C.
1C. A.
S.A.2C.
S.A.2C.
1C. A.

Bennett, W. F

Borstel, Frank

Reese. William L. ......

Brigge, William A. .

Readdy William

Brisco.K.F

Rigtfin C.W

Brosnan, William J

Richardson B R . .

Butler, John . ........ ... .

Riddick Henry W

Burns William K .

Robertson, James ..

Cass, Henrv

Rodgers George W .... . .

Cook.J.J .. ..i

Cunningham, H

Dang H J S

Seymour, James . ....

Davis. Frederick W

Dfleglise, Albert A .... ...

Sheehan Daniel .

Dunn, Charles D

Ennis. M. S

Shields, James

Greber, C. F

Healey, Thomas W

Snafer Adam A .... .. .

Hedenger.I.B

Shea John

Hill. Joseph

Sbimada Harakichi .. ......

Holdsworth, W. R

Shinjiro, Nagano ...

Honnors, Frank ... ........

Hodge, R.J.J.S

Soden John - .

Kenney, Joseph ... . .

Spain, Andrew . .....

Lillis.J.'A

Stewart Alex J ...

Lucas, P. J

Staples William ......

Leitner, W.J

Stick ney, Robert

Mantz. Louis . ....

Swanson, Adolph .

McCormick, E

Smith Frederick .1 . ....

McDonough, T.F

Sullivan, William

McElwain, Edward N

Tabb Paul K

Moel, Harry F .

Taliaferro, Q. D

Moore, Archibald .,, ...

Morris, Charles D

Tiv nan, John . .

Nickerson,*Horace J

Townsend, George W

Noonan . John . .

Toner John F . ...

Olsen,N.B

Turnbull, George .

Parkinson. F. W .

Tnrnbull, William

Powell, R.T

Trefethen.F. J

Rogers. John F

Tinney, James A
Wallace, LeeA ..

Ryan. George
Reynolds. W.H

Waterstreet, Elias . . ..... .

Rogers, P. V

Watanabe, Sad jiro . .

Schopp, Otto

Watanobay. Talo

Seeckts, Albert

Weisbogel, Albert

Serini, J. O . .

Welch, John F

Sheehan, J. A

Weiss, Charles L

Smith, F. H

Weissell. Adam .

Sterne, Nick

Whannell G. D ..

Talbot, John W

Whalen.J.E

Taylor, J. R

Whipkey, Allen

Wendel, Charles Q

Wilson, Charles . ..

Werz, Charles F

Williams, John . .......

Whidding.C. H

Wilson, Roliert

White, William E

Wilson, M.J

Williams, F.D

Wilkinson, Patrick H

Wilbur.B.R

Williamson, William

Wightman, James ...

Winter, James .. . .......

Williams, T. H...

Wetteland, Olaf

Willis, C. C

Yama, Moto. .............

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS; INTERN A

TIONAL CONFERENCES; MARITIME

CANALS; PACIFIC CABLES;

RAILROADS.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS; INTERNATIONAL CONFER-
ENCES; MARITIME CANALS; PACIFIC CABLES; RAILROADS.

THIRTY-SECOND CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
August 30, 1852.

[Senate Report No. 355.]

Mr. Mason made the following report :

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to whom has been referred
the message of the President of the United States of the 27th July,
1852, communicating the correspondence between the Government of
the United States and the Republic of Mexico, respecting the right of
way across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, have had the same under
consideration, and after giving to the subject all the deliberation which
its importance demands, now respectfully report:

That the right of opening a communication, by artificial way, be-
tween the Atlantic and the Pacific, across the territory of Mexico at
the Isthmus of Tehauntepec was conceded to Don Jose de Garay, a
citizen of Mexico, on the 1st of March, 1842, by General Santa Ana,
then President of Mexico, vested with the " supreme power." By his
decree of that date, in the name of the " supreme government," " the
honor and faith of the nation are pledged to maintain the projector,
Don Jose de Garay, as well as any private individual or company suc-
ceeding or representing him, either natives or foreigners, in the undis-
turbed enjoyment of all the concessions granted."

In the following year, Gen. Nicholas Bravo having succeeded to the
Presidency, the grant thus made by Santa Ana was recognized and
affirmed by his decree of the 9th of February, 1843, pursuant to which
orders were issued lay the Government of Mexico to the department of
Oaxaca and Vera Cruz to put Garay in possession of the lands con-
ceded to him by the grant of 1842 and directing that every facility
should be extended for the prosecution of the work. These decrees
were executed by those departments, and Garay, the grantee, put in
actual possession of the lands conceded.

On the 6th October, 1843, Santa Ana, being restored to power, issued
a further decree, reciting that the surveys by Garay being completed
and the work about to commence, he ordered the governors of the
departments of Oaxaca and Vera Cruz to furnish 300 convicts to be
employed on the work, and by another decree of the 28th December,
1843, the time for its commencement, which was to expire on the 1st
July, 1844, was extended to the 1st July, 1845.

The Government of Mexico during this period was subject to fre-
quent revolutions. Santa Ana, driven from power in the winter of

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 6 81

82 ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTEPEC.

1844, was succeeded for a short time by General Paredes, who in turn
yielded to Mariano de Salas as Dictator.

In the distracted and unsettled condition of the country, resulting
from constant revolution, the grantee of the Tehuantepec way, fore-
seeing that he would probably be disabled from commencing opera-
tions so early as July, 1845, procured the passage of a law by tin-
Mexican Chamber of Deputies granting further time to commence the
work. In the Senate this bill had a favorable report from the appro-
priate committee, and, it is not doubted, would have received the sanc-
tion of the Senate, when, by a sudden and violent popular convulsion,
the entire Congress was dispersed.

In November, 1846, Salas, being still invested with supreme power
as Dictator, promulgated a decree, which was a copy of the law thus
accidentally frustrated, giving time until the 5th of November, 1848,
for the commencement of the work, and the work was actually com-
menced prior to that date.

So much for the history of this grant whilst in the hands of the
original grantee, a citizen of Mexico.

During the years 1846-47 various contracts were entered into be-
tween Don Jose de Garay, the grantee, and Messrs. Manning and
Mclntosh, subjects of Great Britain, which were formally recognized
and consummated at the City of Mexico on the 28th September, 1848,
and by which the grant aforesaid, with all its privileges and incidents,
was transferred to the latter.

On the 5th of February, 1849, this grant was assigned to Peter A.
Hargous, a citizen of the United States, who subsequently entered into
a contract to assign and transfer the same to certain citizens of New
Orleans on terms intended to secure the necessary capital to execute
the work. These transfers form part of the documents communicated.

In December, 1850, a party of engineers, with a competent equip-
ment, was sent out from the United States, at great expense, by the
American assignees, to complete the necessary surveys on the Isth-
mus, who continued so employed until the month of June following,
when they were required to discontinue the work and to leave the
country. This was effected through a letter from the governor of
Tehuantepec, dated June 3, 1851, transmitting from the governor of
Oaxaca an order from the minister of relations in Mexico, issued in
pursuance of a law approved by the President of the Mexican Repub-
lic on the 22d May, 1851 ; by which law the grant to Garay was made
null and void.

The committee have thus briefly traced this grant from its incep-
tion to its regular and legitimate transfer to its present holders, all of
whom, it is believed, are citizens of the United States.

It will be seen that by the terms of the grant and the decree of 1842,
on which it was founded, the "honor and faith" of Mexico were
pledged to maintain the grantee, "as well as any private individual
or company succeeding or representing him, either natives or foreign-
ers, in the undisturbed enjoyment of the concessions granted."

It will be seen that the period for commencing the work was extended
from time to time by the Mexican Government until it expired on the
1st of July, 1845, under the circumstances detailed above. And it
will be seen that as soon as the Government became once more estab-
lished this single lapse was cured by the decree of Salas of November,
1846, giving two years' further time, until the 5th November, 1848, tc
commence the work, and that the work was actually commenced
within this period.

ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTEPEO. 83

The committee will now proceed to show that the Mexican Govern-
ment has, subsequently to this decree of November, 1846, recognized,
in the most unequivocal manner, the binding validity of this grant,
and admitted its obligation to abide by it.

In 1846-47 the assignment of the grant to Manning & Mclntosh was
duly notified to the Government of Mexico, and on their complaint
President Herrera issued orders to the governors of Oaxaca and Vera
Cruz to prevent the cutting of mahogany on the lands granted by any
other than the English company.

In 1847, while the treaty of peace was under negotiation, Mr. Trist,
the commissioner on the part of the United States, by instruction
from his Government, proposed a large money consideration to Mexico
for a right of way across the Isthmus of Tehauntepec, and was
answered "that Mexico could not treat on this subject because she
had several years before made a grant to one of her own citizens, who
had transferred his right, by authorization of the Mexican Govern-
ment, to English subjects, of whose rights Mexico could not dispose."

After the assignment of the grant to the present American holders
the minister of the United States in Mexico was instructed by his
Government to apprize that of Mexico of the desire of this company
to commence their work by a thorough survey of the isthmus; and the
minister was further instructed to make overtures for a treaty secur-
ing to the enterprise the joint protection of the two Governments.
The Mexican Government, as we learn from the correspondence of
Mr. Letcher with the Mexican minister of foreign relations, "made
not the slightest opposition in forwarding passports, and issued orders
to the departments of Oaxaca and Vera Cruz, not only to avoid inter-
posing any obstacles in their way, but, on the contrary, to afford
them aid and hospitality." "The engineers," Mr. Letcher adds,
"were accordingly sent, the ports thrown open for their supplies,
and more than $100,000 have been expended in surveys, opening
roads, etc., besides a large sum of money in furnishing materials," etc.

This is not all. The Government of Mexico at once assented to
enter into negotiations for the proposed treaty, and a convention for
the joint protection of the work thus to be executed by American citi-
zens, as assignees of the Garay grant, was concluded at Mexico in
June, 1850, and sent to the United States. To this convention certain
modifications being suggested by the Secretary of State at Washing-
ton, it was returned to our minister in Mexico, and the whole termi-
nated by a new convention, signed at Mexico on the 25th of January,
1851, with the approval of President Herrera. This last convention
was ratified by the Senate of the United States and returned to Mex-
ico, and finally rejected by the Mexican Congress in April, 1852.

It should be remarked that by the twelfth article of this convention
it was required that the holder of the Garay grant (then being Mr.
Hargous, an American citizen) should file with the Mexican minister
at Washington his written assent to the convention before it should
be submitted to the Senate of the United States for ratification. This
was accordingly done, on the 21st February, 1851, through the Secre-
tary of State ; but the Mexican minister declined to recognize it on the
ground of absence of instructions from his Government.

Previously, however, to the rejection of this convention by the
Mexican Congress the law was passed, before adverted to, annulling
the decree of Salas of November, 1846, and with it the Garay grant.

The rejection by Mexico of the convention concluded with the
approbation of President Herrera, and subsequently ratified by the

84 ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTEPEO.

Senate of the United States, however calculated to disturb the har-
mony of the relations between this Government and Mexico, had not
the slightest effect upon the validity of the Garay grant, nor is it so
pretended. On the contrary, the sole ground upon which Mexico resi s
for the vacation of this grant is that it was forfeited by failure to
commence the work before the 1st July, 1845, and that the decree of
Salas of November, 1846, which cured the alleged forfeiture, was null
because he was in possession of supreme power by usurpation, or
because he transcended the powers of a usurper. And this strange
position is assumed by Mexico in the face of the repeated subsequent
recognitions of its existence and validity which are hereinbefore
recited. Respect for that Government alone restrains the committee
from speaking of this position in the terms it would seem to require.

The Government of Salas was that of Dictator, vested with supreme
power. It was acknowledged and submitted to by the people of
Mexico and treated with, while it lasted, as the Government de facto.
After having accomplished the purpose of creating a federal system,
an election for members of Congress was held by his decree, which
met pursuant thereto. To that Congress the Dictator communicated
the decrees made by his Government ad interim, and with them this
very decree of November, 1846.

Amongst the decrees thus issued during the dictatorship of Salas
are several of the character of general laws, not one of which was dis-
affirmed by Congress, nor was his authority ever questioned as the
lawmaking power for the time being, until found convenient to do so
for the purpose of annulling this grant after it became the property of
citizens of the United States.

The doctrine that the government de facto is the government respon-
sible has been fully recognized by Mexico herself in the case of the
dictatorship of Salas, as of those who preceded him. It is a principle
of universal law governing the intercourse of nations with each
other and with individuals, and this Government can not and ought
not to treat with indifference a departure from it by Mexico in the
present instance.

There is a remaining view of this question which the committee are
not at liberty to disregard, and that is the embarrassment into which
the relations of the two Governments is thrown by the conduct of
Mexico in the negotiations which have taken place in reference to this
grant.

Two formal conventions, having for their basis this grant of a right
of way, the value and importance of which to the people and Govern-
ment of the United States was fully exposed to Mexico as the induce-
ment on our part to negotiate, were actually signed at the City of
Mexico by ministers duly empowered by their respective Govern-
ments, the last of which, formally ratified by the Senate, has been
rejected by the Mexican Congress.

The committee are aware that a refusal by one government to enter
into treaty stipulations with another upon a prescribed subject should
not as of course be considered an indication of unfriendly feeling;
yet regarding the circumstances attending the protracted discussions
which terminated in the second convention spoken of above, with its
prompt rejection by the Congress of Mexico; regarding the fact fully
made known to Mexico, that the interests of the Government and the
citizens of the United States were deeply involved in obtaining the
right of way proposed; and finally that it has been refused at last by
the discourtesy of rejecting a treaty proffered bv the United State*-.

ISTHMUS OF TEHLTANTEPEC. 85

and by the violent sacrifice of a valuable property belonging to
citizens of the United States, for- the preservation of which the "honor
and faith" of Mexico were formally pledged, the committee can not
but look on the occasion as one authorizing if not requiring this
Government to review all of its existing relations with the Government
of Mexico.

Certainly in what has passed there is to be found but little assur-
ance of that friendly feeling on the part of that Republic which leads
nations to connect themselves by treaty obligation, or which makes
it desirable to continue such as have been previously contracted.

In the correspondence submitted with the message of the President
the committee have seen with entire approbation that the executive
department has been fully impressed with the importance of the ques-
tions involved in this controversy, and of the grave attitude they may
assume should Mexico persevere in her refusal of the redress which is
required at her hands.

In a letter from the Secretary of State to Senor Luis de la Rosa, the
Mexican minister at Washington, dated April 30, 1851, after an able
and comprehensive review of the whole question, the Secretary, refer-
ring to the probable rejection of the treaty by Mexico (which a letter
of the Mexican minister led him to anticipate), concludes in the
following emphatic terms:

The President of the United States can not persuade himself that such a calamity
as its rejection by Mexico now impends over the two countries.

Again, in a letter to Mr. La Vega, the successor to Senor La Rosa,
of the loth March, 1852, the Secretary of State says:

If, however, these hopes should prove to be unfounded, and the convention
should not go into effect, this Government will feel itself compelled to take into
consideration the measures which its duty to its own citizens may require it to
adopt to protect their rights under a voluntary grant made by Mexico of the
transit way arross the isthmus. The Government of the United States can in no
event be expected to abandon those rights, and ardently hopes that the Mexican
Government wiil do justice to them in season.

And, finally, in view of the great importance of the occasion, and to
avert if possible consequences of the magnitude of which to the two
countries, while this question remains unsettled, none can be blind,
the President of the United States addressed himself directly to the
President of Mexico by a letter of the 19th of March, 1852, from which
the committee quote as follows:

In addition to the motives I have urged for the speedy ad iustment of this matter,
I beg leave most earnestly to call the attention of Your Excellency to the probable
difficulties that may grow up between the two nations should Mexico break her
plighted faith in the grant to Garay. Our citizens, relying upon her good faith,
have become interested in that grant; they have advanced large sums of money for
the purpose of carrying out its objects; they have surveyed a route for a railroad
and demonstrated the practicability of constructing it; and it is not possible that
they should now be deprived of the privileges guaranteed by that grant and
sustain the heavy losses that must ensue without appealing to their own Govern-
ment for the enforcement of their rights. My anxious desire is to avoid the too
probable consequences that must result from such an appeal. We can not, if we
would, be indifferent to it. It is a duty which every government owes to its own
citizens to protect their rights at home and abroad; and the consequences growing
out of the disagreement of the proprietors of the Garay grant and the Govern-
ment of Mexico are such as no true friend of this country or of Mexico can look
upon with indifference.

The committee are fully prepared to sustain the executive depart-
ment in the position assumed toward Mexico in the correspondence

86 ISTHMUS OF TEHUAXTEPEO.

here referred to, and conclude by recommending to the Senate the
adoption of the following resolutions:

Resolved, As the judgment of the Senate, that in the present posture of the
question on the grant of a right of way through the territory of Mexico at the
Isthmus of Tehauntepec. conceded by that Republic to one of its citizens, and
now the property of citizens of the United States, as the same is presented by the
correspondence and documents accompanying the message of the President of the
United States of the 27th July, 1852, it is not compatible with the dignity of this
Government to prosecute the subject further by negotiation.

2. Should the Government of Mexico propose a renewal of such negotiation, it
should be acceded to only upon distinct propositions from Mexico not inconsistent
with the demands made by this Government in reference to said grant.

8. That the Government of the United States stands committed to all of its
citizens to protect them in their rights, abroad as well as at home, within the
sphere of its jurisdiction; and should Mexico, within a reasonable time, fail to
reconsider her position concerning said grant, it will then become the duty of
this Government to review all existing relations with that Republic, and to adopt
such measures as will preserve the honor of the country and the rights of its
citizens.

Since this report was prepared and ready to be submitted to the
Senate the committee were apprised that a correspondence had taken
place between Mr. Larrainzar, the Mexican minister to the United
States, at Washington, and the Secretary of State, communicating to
the Department further correspondence on the subject of the transit
way at Tehuantepec; a note was accordingly addressed by the chair-
man of the committee to the Secretary of State, asking for copies of
such correspondence.

The reply of the Secretary of State, with a supplementary note from
the chief clerk of the Department communicating these papers,
' accompanies this report. They have been examined by the commit-
tee, but they find nothing in them requiring, in their opinion, any
modification of their report or the resolutions accompanying it.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

U'dsliiiKjIon. Ai'i/iixtSO, 1852.

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the S8th
instant, and herewith transmit a copy of the correspondence between the Depart-
ment and the Mexican minister respecting the documents relative to Tehuantepec,
not included in the report of this Department to the President on the subject, and
a translation of the papers which accompanied Mr. Larrainzar's note of the 2t5th
instant, which, however, was not received at the Department until late on Friday,
the 27th instant. It does not appear to me that the papers are of material impor-
tance, or should influence the deliberations of the committee or delay its report.
I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

DANL. WEBSTER.
Hon. J. M. MASON,

Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations, Senate.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE. August 30, 1859.

MY DEAR SIR: The clerk who copied Mr. Webster's note to Mr. Larrain^jir. of
the 18th instant, having accidently mislaid the draft, it has been deemed Jtdvis-
able not to delay sending the other papers. That note, however, merely said that
the only paper mentioned by Mr. Larrainzar as wanting in the corresponded
published, which could be found in the Department, or which had ever Veen there,
was the note of Mr. Buckingham Jmith to Mr. Macedo. which was not deemed
either very important or relevant to the subject. In order that the whole series
may be complete. I will probably send yon in the course of the day a copy of Mr.
Webster's note to Mr. Larrainzar. above referred to.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

W. HUNTER, Chief Clerk.
Hon. J. M. MASON.

ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTEPEC. 87

Mr. Larrainzar to Mr. Webster.

[Translation.]

WASHINGTON, August 11, 1852.

The undersigned, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the Mexi-
can Kepublic, has the honor to address the Hon. Daniel Webster, Secretary of
State, the present communication, with the design of manifesting to him that in
a publication which has been made by order of the Senate of the diplomatic corre-
spondence and documents relating to the business of Tehuantepec, certain notes
are not to be found which the undersigned believes of considerable importance to
an exact understanding of the circumstances attending this serious affair.

The notes which are wanting in the published correspondence are as follows:
One of Mr. Rosa to the Secretary of State, of the 1st of April, 1851; another of the
minister of foreign relations of Mexico to Buckingham Smith, esq., of the 3d of
August of same year; three from Mr. Letcher to the minister of relations of
Mexico, of the (ith and 19th of January and the 7th of April of the present year,
1852, and three from said minister of relations to Mr. Letcher, of the 8th of Janu-
ary and the 6th and llth of last April.

If the Secretary of State, coinciding in opinion with the undersigned, should
make the same estimate of their importance, it would afford him much satisfac-
tion to see that his suggestion had obtained the object had in view.

The undersigned seizes this occasion 'to offer anew to the Secretary of State the
assurances of his very distinguished consideration.

MANUEL LAREAINZAR.

Mr. Larrainzar to Mr. Webster.
[Translation.]

* WASHINGTON, August 19, 1852.

SIR: The undersigned, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the
Mexican Republic, advised by the note of Hon. Daniel Webster, Secretary of State,
of the inability tojind among the papers of the Department the notes referred to
in that which the undersigned had the honor to address him on the llth instant,
has directed copies to be made of all of said notes. The undersigned will be care-
ful to remit them to the Secretary of State as soon as possible, in compliance with
the indication which he was pleased to make.

In the meantime he has the greatest pleasure in renewing the assurances of his
very distinguished consideration.

MANUEL LARRAINZAR.

Mr. Larrainzar to Mr. Webster,
[Translation.]

WASHINGTON, August 26, 1852.

The undersigned, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the Mex-
ican Republic, complying with his offer to the Hon. Daniel Webster, Secretary of
State, in his official note of the 1'Jth instant, has the honor to inclose copies of the
eight notes to which special reference was made in the note of the llth instant,
which he had the honor to direct to him.

The undersigned would be much gratified if the same publicity were given to
these notes as that which the other documents, concerning the Tehuantepec busi-
ness, received; that was the object of the aforementioned note, and he hopes that
the Secretary will find his indication founded m reason.

The undersigned always has the greatest satisfaction in renewing to the Secre-
tary of State his very distinguished consideration.

MANUEL LARRAINZAR.

88 ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTEI'KO.

Mr, la Rosa to Mr. Webster,

[Translation.]

MEXICAN LEGATION IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

hingttrti, April 1, 1S51.

The undersigned, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the Mex-
ican Republic, has the honor to address the Secretary of State for the purpose of
saying that until now he had conceived it to be his duty to urge, as he has urged,
his request for a reply to his note of the 7th of last month relative to the Tehuan-
tepec treaty. The Secretary of State has refused up to this time to give said
reply, perhaps because he may have thought proper to treat upon this business
directly with the Government of Mexico, or through some other channel. The
undersigned therefore believes that it would no longer be decorous in him to insist
further in requesting the reply of the Secretary of State.

The undersigned will therefore henceforward preserve a complete silence upon
this point, unless he shall find himself obliged to interrupt it because of some
grave circumstance arising, or because of new instructions which he may receive
from his Government. But he desires that this silence may not be attributed
either to a forgetfulness of his duty, or much less to a desistance from what he
has unfolded to the Secretary of State in his aforesaid note of the 7th ultimo.

The Government of Mexico has comjilied with all that good faith audits fidelity
to the Government of the United States required from it in making the declara-
tions and giving the explanations contained in the aforesaid note. For greater
exactitude in its deliberations, it desired to know the views of the Government
of the United States in regard thereto. If it should unfortunately happen that,
from the long silence which the Secretary of State has thought proper to preserve
with this legation upon this subject, any serious difficulty should sooner or later
arise between the two Governments, neither the undersigned nor the Govern-
ment of Mexico will be responsible for this result. The undersigned has endeav-
ored to prevent it as far as it has been in his power, animated as he is, as well as
his Government, with the liveliest desire that the relations of amity and good
will, which happily exist between the two Republics, may be preserved unalterable.

The undersigned fears lest the reserve and prolonged silence of the Secretary of
State toward this legation may be a fresh source of difficulty in Mexico in respect
to the approval of the treaty by Congress. The Secretary of State will at once
perceive that his silence may be interpreted in a thousand ways by the multitude
of persons who, as deputies or senators, are to take part in the revision and exami-
nation of the treaty referred to.

The undersigned avails himself of this occasion to reiterate to the Secretary of
State the assurances of his most distinguished consideration.

Luis DE LA ROSA.

Hon. DANIEL WEBSTER, etc.

Mr. Macedo to Mr. Smith,
[Translation.]

NATIONAL PALACE, MEXICO, August S, 1851.

The undersigned, minister of foreign relations, has the honor to state to Mr.
Buckingham Smith, charge d'affaires ad interim of the United States, that, accord-
ing to information which the Government of Mexico has received. American ves-
sels are quite frequently departing from New Orleans bound direct to Minatitlan,
notwithstanding that the latter is not an open port, and that the vice-consul in the
said city of New Orleans has constantly refused to grant them the necessary docu-
ments. In this manner has sailed the pilot boat 1I< ! -n Mdr, which was brought
from Guatzacoalcos to Vera Cruz, there condemned by the district judge to a fine
of $200 and the expenses arising from her being brought to said port; and her
captain, James Silkirk, in order not to pay said fine, abandoned the vessel in
Vera Cruz, to which case the undersigned calls the attention of Mr. Bucking-
ham Smith, protesting that Mexico is not responsible for any loss which may
ensue to the owners of the Helen Mar because of the abandonment of her by her
captain. In like manner the so-called Tehuantepec Railroad Company, in the dis-
patch of the schooner United States and the barks Zambia and Alina<jn\ whose
captains, in conjunction with the secretary of said company, have made protests

ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTEPEC. 89

against the Mexican vice-consul and the authorities of this Republic because
they do not permit vessels to be freely cleared for Minatitlan, giving as a reason
what they call the rights of the company (which this Government does not recog-
nize ), and that there is an American consul at Minatitlan; wherefore they affect
to understand it to be and open port.

Furthermore, the aforesaid company, through its secretary, has published in
the New Orleans newspapers proposals for the sale to it, in the present month and
until the 1st day of next month, of two river steamboats, and for contracts in its
service of 500 laborers, who they say are to be employed in the Isthmus.

In view of these circumstances which may excite popular feeling upon this
subject ;md compromise the honor of Mexic-o. the Government of the undersigned
has resolved that there not being now any occasion for the American consul in
Minatitlan. since in the present state of things the laws of this Republic do not
permit foreign vessels to be admitted into Guatzacoa'.cos, the exequatur which on
the 14th January of this year was granted on the appointment of Mr. John O.
Robert as consul ad interim at said place is revoked and the permission subse-
quently granted by the Government of the undersigned on the llth of February
last for Mr. Alexander Pleasant to act as consular agent of the United States of
America in said place, Minatitlan; and he hopes that the charge d'affaires of the
United States will be pleased to so inform those gentlemen directly.

The undersigned also hopes that Mr. Smith in communicating this measure to
his Government will signify to it that there have been no other influences
toward dictating it than pacific considerations and the desire to preserve due har-
mony between the two nations by removing a pretext of the violation of the laws
of lUexico toward persons who, from their interests being ill understood, are
induced to desire to violate them.

The undersigned reiterates to Mr. Smith the assurances of his distinguished
consideration.

MARIANO MACEDO.

Mr. BUCKINGHAM SMITH,

Charge d 1 Affaires ad interim of the U. S. A.

Mr. Letcher to Mr. Ramirez.

[Translation.]

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Mexico, January 6, 1852.

The undersigned, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the
United States of America, has the honor to reassure Mr. Ramirez of his sincere
consideration, and to avail himself of the earliest opportunity to manifest to his
excellency, very respectfully, that having consented to open negotiations relative
to the treaty of Tehuantepec as has been done heretofore, with a view to its modi-
fication, seeing that the difficulties have been renewed as far as relates to its ratifi-
cation by the Government of Mexico, and the conferences having been commenced
concerning the projet which was presented on the 3d instant by Mr. Ramirez in
substitution of the treaty as it now stands the undersigned finds himself under
present cir/umstances bound by a proper consideration of his duty to indicate
frankly and expressly to Mr. Ramirez that in truth it is absolutely and indis-
pensably necessary and proper that the time specified for the ratification of the
treaty, which expires on the 25th instant, should be prolonged in order that the
business may be definitely arranged in the manner which its vast importance
requires.

In the opinion of the undersigned it is altogether impossible that, in the period
of a few days, the articles of a treaty which embraces so many important interests
can be minutely arranged and modified.

All must acknowledge that the communication between the two great oceans,
which it is the so e object of the treaty to establish on just and equitable bases, is
the grandest and most magnificent enterprise of the present century. If it should
be accomplished a new era will dawn on the entire commercial world. All the
civilized nations of the globe are more or less interested in the successful conclu-
sion of this immense advancement, and Mexico more than any other.

It seems to the undersigned that the importance of the measure requires more
time for mature deliberation; but he will not stop to speak of it for it speaks for
itself. Therefore, considering the state of the negotiation and looking at it in all
its aspects and bearings, he would add that he sincerely desires that without hesi-
tation you will accede to the reasonable prorogation which the undersigned

90 ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTEPEC.

requests. He flatters himself at the same time that a very satisfactory arrange-
ment can be made of all the difficulties before the expiration of the aforesaid pro-
rogation. Time for deliberation and investigation can not prejudice anyone and
can only contribute to promote the great object aimed at.

Before closing this note the undersigned should remark that from the first inter-
view had with 79ur excellency up to this date your excellency has evinced in
relation to this business the best disposition to proceed freely and openly and with
enlightened liberality, and he has confidence that, animated by the same spirit.
you will promptly and willingly agree that it is altogether proper that the nego-
tiation should be concluded within the limited time above designated.

R. P. LETCHEE.

Mr. Ramirez to Mr. Letcher.

[Translation.]

NATIONAL PALACE, MEXICO, Januarys, 1859.

The undersigned, minister of foreign affairs, had the honor to receive the note
of hia excellency, Mr. R. P. Letcher, of the Oth of the present month, in which he
acknowledges the receipt of the projet of a convention which was presented to
him on the 3d instant as a substitute for that signed on the 25th of January of
last year by his excellency and the minister plenipotentiary of the Republic for
the opening of the communication by the way of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

In reference thereto, and remarking in relation to the impossibility of regulating
conveniently so serious a business in the very few days which remain between this
and the 25th, the time fixed for the ratification, his excellency desires that the time
should be extended to the same date of the coming month of June.

The undersigned comprehends fully the correctness and reason which exist for
this extension, considering the state in which this business now is, and although
the undersigned has had no intervention therein, yet, wishing to give a decided
proof of his sincere desire to obviate all ground for complaint or occasion for diffi-
culty with the Government of the United States, and also as a mark of considera-
tion so merited by its worthy representative, signifies to him a disposition to con-
sent to a prolongation of time sufficient for the negotiation which has been begun
in relation to the aforesaid work, although he would limit it to the 8th day of next
April, at which time it will be considered as terminated if the object contemplated
should not be accomplished. This is as much as the undersigned can do with a view
to preserve the peace and harmony of the two Republics, in despite of difficulties
and embarrassments which Mr. Letcher will know how to appreciate.

The acquiescence given by the undersigned revives a condition agreed to by your
excellency, and which he desires to see ratified in the reply to this note. That con-
dition is that nothing shall be commenced by the Government of the United States
or its citizens interested in opening the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in the state in
which this business now is toward advancing the undertaking, not even under
the pretext of collecting materials or making reconnaissances, for, in case of their
so doing, the Government of Mexico reserves to itself the right to put a termina-
tion to the negotiation, in whatever state it may be. without prejudicing its right
to act in conformity with the declarations and protests which were made to your
excellency in its note of the 13th of last December.

The undersigned renews to His Excellency Mr. Letcher the assurances of his
high consideration.

J. FERNANDO RAMIREZ.

His Excellen -y R. P. LETCHER,

Euuoy, etc., and Minister, etc., of the U. S. A.

Mr. Letcher to Mr. Ramirez.
[Translation.]

LEGATION OF UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Mexico, January !'>, 1852.

The undersigned, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the Uni ted
States of America, had the honor to receive the note of His Excellency Mr. Ramirez,
of the 8th instant, in reply to the one directed to him on the 6th, which proposed
to extend until the 25th of June next the time for the ratification of the convention

ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTEPEC. 91

of 25th of January last, relating to the opening the way of communication across
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, for reasons of public interest which are considered
conclusive.

Knowing Mr. Ramirez, as he does very well the strength of the reasons, and
impelled by just principles of liberality and sound policy as far as relates to the
important object which is embraced by the' negotiation, he accedes to the exten-
sion of the time until the Nth of April next. The undersigned will refrain from
using a single expression of displeasure or complaint in reference to the resolution
adopted by his excellency, although, considering the circumstances attendant on
this business, and with the greatest respect, he will say that the time granted by
Mr. Ramirez is much less than the undersigned expected. He will assent, however,
to the decision of his excellency, and, in consequence thereof, agrees that the period
shall be continued until the 8th day of April, believing, however, that it should
have been extended to a longer time. The undersigned has no just reason, not the
most remote, to fear that during the pendency of negotiations any attempt will be
made by the New Orleans company or any other to take possession of the Isthmus
by force. But if, contrary to the expectations of the undersigned, such a thing
should happen, Mr. Ramirez has reserved to himself in such a contingency the
right to submit to Congress the convention of 25th of January, all of which he has
manifested to the undersigned as well by words as in writing.
Embracing this occasion, etc.,

R. P. LKTCHER.

His Excellency Jos K F. RAMIREZ,

Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Mr, Ramirez to Mr. Letcher.

[Translation.]

NATIONAL PALACE, MEXICO, April 6,

The undersigned, minister of foreign affairs, has received the note of His Excel-
lency R. P. Letcher, envoy extraordinary and minister, etc. , of thedate of yesterday,
and although diplomatic usage would justify him in returning, without replying
to, a communication which does not refrain from personalities, yet he will keep it
for the particular importance which it has in relation to other intentions, and
without entering into the business deeply, will limit himself to a few observations
the nature of which requires they should be known to the Government of the United
States through its minister.

The undersigned deems it necessary, although it may seem of little importance,
to commence by fixing the character of the note in question. It appears that your
excellence' sent it as a reply to the circular with which was communicated to the
diplomatic corps the report relative to the business of Tehuantepec published by
this department; but this is not certainly the character with which it should come,
for your excellency announced said note ever since the 2^d of the anterior month
that is, before it, the circular, was printed, and even before it was concluded, and
it was announced with the view of communicating officially the last instructions
of your Government, in virtue of which the undersigned was advised that the
negotiations then pending might be considered as put a stop to, referring to the
treaty of Tehuantepec.

In a note again presented a few days subsequent thereto asked for by the under-
signed in his confidential letter of the 1st, and finally promised by your excellency
in your reply of same day you offer "to show your instructions again." The
character has entirely changed in your note of yesterday, for your excellency,
taking exception to his intentions, even enters into the question concerning the
rights of Garay and the company of New Orleans a thing which you never
wished to do, notwithstanding the urgings of the undersigned, to whom you
declared explicitly, and many times, that you did not wish to touch that .question.

In the presence of these antecedents, the surprise manifested by Mr. Letcher is
more and more incomprehensible at the publication of the report, and which he
qualifies as "improper and unheard of in the annals of negotiations." It is not
so, for the report relates to public acts, and in it no reference whatever is had to
the negotiation. It is not, for the history of diplomacy presents an infinity of
examples of publications made before and during the continuance of the same
negotiations, even in relation to points therewith connected. It is not, for that
relating to which reference is now made took place after your excellency declared
the negotiation concluded. Finally, if it were, which it is not, the fault which is

92 ISTHM1 S ol- I KIirAM KI'EC.

now imputed belongs altogether to your excellency; for the undersigned, not for-
getting tor a moment the system of sincerity, frankness, and courtesy which he
proposed to observe in all his conferences and relations, intimated to Mr. Letcher,
in one held toward the close of February or I eginning of March, "that, seeing
that your excel iency, your Government, and the directors of the company were
completely deceived in regard to the rights of Garay, he had commenced writing
a report on the subject, which he proposal to publish, to undeceive them and rec-
tify the opinion of the people of the United States and of the whole world that
they judged of Mexico by false and garbled information. ' The undersigned
added "that its justice was so evident that he doubted not that your excellency
would be persuaded of it whenever he shall have read it.'' To this announcement,
made with the frankness and good faith which the words show. Mr. Letcher only
replied that, in consideration of the business which occupied the undersigned, it
would be proper to suspend the conferences for some days in order that the under-
signed might have the repose and time necessary to conclude it, asking that it
might be communicated as soon as it was printed. They thus separated; the con-
ferences in effect were suspended for more than a week; they were not opened
afterwards until, witli the intention of making known to the undersigned that
dispatches and instructions lately received directed your excellency to exact the
approval of the treaty in the same terms in which it was agreed upon, and that if
not approved the negotiation should Le considered as terminated. In view of the
above lacts, which Mr. Letcher will not have forgotten, the surprise is inconceiv-
able which he mani Tests at the publication of the report, and the charge which he
makes, founded thereon, is truly unheard of.

If the resolution which the undersigned has taken stood not in the way to pre-
vent examination of the points treated of by Mr. Letcher, it would be very easy to
destroy their foundations, tor they (without making reference to those intended
to have an impression on the imagination) are based entirely on a suppression of
the principal facts, or on a suppos.tion of others which have never existed, and do
not now exist. These, as well as oihers treated of by your excellency, will be
revealed and ratified at the proper time and in such manner that the Government
of the United States will be convinced that the execution of the great work will
not be frustrated by the unjust and capricious resistance of Mexico, but by the
private interest of three or four persons.

Although the undersigned, in virtue of the position which he holds and his
birth, considers that he has a right to have some influence in the deliberations of
Congress in reference to any matter which may affect the interests of his country,
he has not used it as he now assures Mr. Letcher. in whom he recognizes no right
to take him to task for so doing; and he finds himself so far from fearing the light
(the system adopted by your excellency of subjecting the will of the representa-
tives of the people), that, leaving every one in tranquil possession of doing what
he may think best, he now transmits to the Chamber of Deputies the treaty, and
with it your note, without making any explanation whatever in regard to it, in
this manner complying with th- 1 wishes of your excellency in this respect, as also
putting an end to the negotiation.

The undersigned, feeling deeply the unexpected and disagreeable termination
which His Excellency B. P. Letcher has given to a negotiation which gave so
much promise, and not forgetting the affecting manifestations with which he has
been honored and to which he has cordially corresponded, will not conclude this
note without renewing to your excellency the assurances of his high consideration
and respect.

JOSE FERNANDO RAMIREZ.

His Excellency E. P. LETCHER,

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, U. S. A.

Mr. Letcher to Mr. Ramirez.

[Translation. ]

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

ML ri,->. .lj,ril 7, 1852.

The undersigned, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the
United States of America, had the honor last night to receive the note of Mr.
Ramirez of yesterday, in reply to one transmitted to his excellency a few days
since.

The undersigned truly regrets to see that h s exre'.lency has permitted himself to
Le so excited in relation to it, and certainly without any just v ause of personal provo-

ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTEPEC. 93

cation on the part of the undersigned. He has but a few words to say in reply. As
an act of justice to himself, he declares, with great sincerity and truth, that in
the transmission of said note he had no motive or design to wound the sensibility
of his excellency nor of any other person whatever. He considered the circular
(which Mr. Ramirez deemed proper to publish) premature and out of the regular
routine of negotiations, and expressed his opinion with that freedom which his
excellency has uniformly used with him. Was this cause of offense?

The undersigned has objected, decidedly, to the mode which Mr. Ramirez wished
to adopt in manifesting his opposition to the Tehuantepec communication, and in
the same manner he still objects to it.

It is true, as his excellency observes, that he communicated to the undersigned
his intention of making known to the world his views in relation to Garay's grant:
but the undersigned supposed, of course, 'that he would have done it in the way
customary under actufil circumstances. He expected to receive a copy of the
report in the form of an official note, and supposed that afterwards it would be
published. But certainly he never had the most remote idea that it would be
given to the public at the time and in the manner which his excellency in fact
chose.

On this point it was the intention of the undersigned to express his views frankly
but respectfully. It was not by any means that he should be understood as arro-
gating to himself the right of reprimanding his excellency nor any other person.
The undersigned will not forbear to say that a difference of opinion and the liberty
of dissent which emanates from this difference of opinion ought not to be taken
as a reprimand.

His excellency seems to insinuate that the undersigned wishes in his note to give
offense to Mexico. Such insinuation is entirely gratuitous and unjust. The
undersigned desires the prosperity of Mexico. He anxiously desires to see her
advancing, even to the highest point of elevation; his most ardent sympathies
have been for a long time in her favor. The undersigned is the last man in the
world who would say or do anything which would in the least degree offend or
injure Mexico. If all were animated by the same sentiments which inspire the
undersigned in relation to her. she would soon be seen elevated to a high eminence.
The undersigned requests that he may be permitted to add that his favorable
sentiments can not be changed by any injustice that it may be his lot to receive
from any person.

His excellency complains that the undersigned always avoided a discussion of
the merits of the concession of Garay. This is most assuredly the fact. But why?
For the reason that the undersigned discovered the very first moment that he had
the pleasure of knowing his excellency that he was very susceptible and that
whoever might gain an advantage over him in an argument which his excel-
lency had invited would incur his never-ending displeasure. Knowing very well,
as did the undersigned, that if he permitted himself to enter into a discussion
with his excellency while his excellency sustained the untenable side of the ques-
tion, he consequently could not maintain it, the undersigned refused to be drawn
into it; he believed it much more proper to leave his excellency to his own reflec-
tions.

The undersigned avails himself of the present occasion to assure his excellency
that, let him be in the enjoyment of prosperity or oppressed by adversity, whether
in good or bad humor, he will always ardently desire the welfare and happiness
of hia excellency.

R. P. LETCHER.

Mr. Ramirez to Mr. Lctcher,
[Translation.]

NATIONAL PALACE, MEXICO, April 11, 1852.

The undersigned, minister of foreign affairs, has the honor to acknowledge the
receipt of a note of the Ith instant from His Excellency R. P. Letcher, in reply to
the note which was sent to him by the undersigned on the day previous. He
laments equally with your excellency that in the power of feeling and the mode
of seeing objects they should diil'er so widely, and that he finds even the explana-
tions which occupy their attention clothed in the same dress as the anterior note
and forming a part of the same proper system. There might not have been any
design, as your excellency says, to wound the sensibility of any person; but the
undersigned, who can only judge of the proper signification and strength of words

94 ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTEPEO.

without searching for intentions, saw, and still sees, that those referred to tran-
scended the rules; for although harsh and even disagreeable phrases, drawn out by
confidence in the cause which is defended, may be excusable in the heat of dis-
cussion, they should, however, be so restrained as never to descend to person-
alities. The undersigned acknowledges that he has made use of the license per-
mitted to him, although not to so great an extent as your excellency, while at the
same time he has the consciousness that he has never once been wanting in that
respect and consideration due to himself.

But dropping this question, concerning which the Government of the United
States will form its judgment in view of its practice and the antecedents, the
undersigned will only add a few lines to rectify certain ideas which Mr. Letcher
has referred to, with a view to obviate the inferences which might be drawn from
a silence being observed thereon.

The undersigned is certain that he never gave to your excellency at any time
reason to believe that the report which he published concerning the privilege of
Garay should be communicated in the form of an official note previously to its pub-
lication. On the contrary, and in the most express and explicit manner, he said
that it was his intention to publish it forthwith. It was exactly this manifesta-
tion which induced your excellency to suspend the conferences and to request
that one of the first copies might be sent to you. That request is irreconcilable
with any such belief. Moreover, the previous assent of your excellency was
unnecessary, for the reason that a topic was treated of which had occupied the
attention of the public press for years and had nothing to do with the negotiation.

The proof of this assertion is found in the declarations which Mr. Letcher has
ceased not to repeat and which he has reiterated in his last note. His excellency
agrees that he never wished to open the discussion concerning the justice of the
concession of Garay; and although he now explains his resistance with a new per-
sonal offense which he unjustly ccmmits against the undersigned, the truth is th it
his excellency was not thoroughly acquainted with the business, and, as is appar-
ent, did not deem it necessary to inform himself of it entirely. In evidence o i he
first is the surprise which the sight of the deed of 20th of July, 1846, entered into
between Garay and Mclntosh. caused; and the second is clear from a certain
declaration, which his excellency will not have forgotten to have made to the
undersigned when, being pressed on this point, he said that he had already made
up his opinion on this business and that nothing would induce him to change it.
The report then treated of a question which, according to Mr. Letcher. was
entirely extraneous and foreign to the negotiation. So likewise had the Congress
considered it, when it only examined the propriety or impropriety of the treaty
submitted for its delibei ation, without taking the least account of the concession
of Garay.

In the extremity to which the affair has arrived the undersigned thinks not
from his own too great delicacy, however that it is proper to put a stop to the
discussion, since it can not conduce to any useful or positive result, tending to the
advancement of the great work so desired by the two Republics. That of Mexico,
firm and persevering in her purpose, will apply her resources to its accomplish-
ment without at the same time refusing foreign assistance, much less the effica-
cious cooperation of the United States and the other nations interested in main-
taining and securing free and liberal transit over the new way of communication
for the commerce of the whole world. The undersigned, in this manner, has
addressed himself to the Government of Mr. Letcher, and he hopes that under less
adverse auspices all difficulties will be removed, all interests reconciled, and that
with them will be more firmly consolidated the bonds of friendship by which both
countries are united.

The undersigned expects that the measure proposed will meet the approbation
of Mr. Letcher, so as to facilitate the arrangement of the other questions pending,
and that he will receive it as a new mark of the consideration and respect which
he offers to his excellency.

JOSE F. EAMIHEZ.

To His Excellency R. P. LETCHER,

Envoy Extraordinary of the United States.

Mr. Webster to Mr. Larrainzar.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

The undersigned, Secretary of State of the United States, has the honor to
acknowledge the receipt of the note of Mr. Larrainzar, envoy extraordinary and

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME EXHIBITION. 95

minister plenipotentiary of the Mexican Republic, of the llth instant, specifying
some papers relative to the Tebuantepec negotiation as having been omitted in
the pamphlet recently published i.-y order of the Senate, and suggesting that they
are important to a full understanding of the subject. In reply the undersigned
has the honor to acquaint Mr. Larrainzar that the only paper he mentions which
can be found on the tiles of the Department is the note of Air. Buckingham Smith
to the min ster of foreign relations of Mexico, of the 3d of August, 1851. It is
presumed that this was purposely omitted in the report of this Department to the
President because it was r.ot considered to have any direct connection with the
subject. It merely expresses the wisli of the Mexican Government that the acting
consulate of the United States at Minatitian should be discontinued.

The correspondence between Mr. Letcher and the minister of foreign relations
of the Mexican Republic, to which Mr. Larrainzar refers, has never been received
at this Department; and if the note of Mr. La Rosa, of the 1st of April, 1851. was
communicated it has been mislaid. The undersigned will consequently thank
Mr. Larrainxar for a copy of these papers, and avails himself of this occasion to
offer him a renewed assurance of his very distinguished consideration.

DANL. WEBSTER.

Senor Don MANUEL LARRAINZAR, etc.

[See pp. .]

FORTIETH CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.

January 15, 1868.
[Senate Report No. 9.]

Mr. Sumner, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

A RESOLUTION providing for the representation of the United States at the
International Maritime Exhibition, to be held at Havre.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of the
Navy be authorized to detail one or more officers of the navy, as he shall
think best, to be present at the International Maritime Exposition, to
be held at Havre, under the auspices of the French government, from
the first of June to thirty-first of October of the present year, there to
represent the United States, and otherwise to promote the interests
of exhibitors from our country: Provided, That no expenditure shall
accrue therefrom to the treasury, or to any public fund, nor shall any
mileage or other expenses, or any additional compensation be paid
to such persons as may be designated under authority of this resolu-
tion, nor shall any national or public vessel be employed to convey the
officers so detailed to or from the place of such exhibition.

Approved March 12, 1868.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, January 3, 1868.

SIR: I have the honor to submit to your consideration, and that of the commit-
tee over which you preside, the inclosed translation of a note of the 24th of No-
vember last, and a copy of the printed papers which accompanied it, in relation to
an international maritime exhibition proposed to be held at Havre from the 1st of
June to the 31st of October, U6S, under the patronage of the Emperor and the
Prince Imperial of France. The note of .\1. Berthe'iiy, under the instructions of
his Government, conveys to that of the United States an invitation to participate
in this exhibition and a request that commissioners may be appointed on the part
pf this Government to perfect the arrangements necessary for a representation;

96 INTERNATIONAL MAKITIMK K.XIII I5ITK >X.

and it also convoys a request that the printed papers may be published in this
country tor the informal. on of our citi .ens.

In the absence of legal authority f <r adopting any of the measures above sug-
gested it is left for Congress t<> signify its dec sion as to the acceptance of the
conrteous invitation thus officially communicated and as to the other measures
involved in such acceptance. Jt is presumed ihat if Congress authorizes an
acceptance of the invitation the limit set for the reception of application-; from
this country will be extended sufficiently to enable our citizens to be admitted
as exhibitors. And it would probably be well, in the event of acceptance, to make
it conditional upon an extension of that time to the 1.1th of February next.
1 have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant.

WILLIAM H. SEWARD.
Hon. CHARLES Si MNER.

Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relation*, Senate,

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, Jan nary 6, 1868.

SIR: With reference to my letter of the 4th instant < oncerning a proposed mari-
time exhibition at Havre. France, I have the honor to inform you that since that
letter was written information has been received through our legation at Paris
that the condit on wlr'ch I suggested, in the event of an acceptance by authority
of Congress of the invitation, has been anticipated by the directors of the exhibi-
tion. Corrected copiesof the printed regulations have 1 een accordingly forwarded
to the Department, in which the 15th of February next is n.imedas the latest date
for the reception of applications.

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

WILLIAM H. SEWARD.
Hon. CHARLES SUMNER,

Chairman of tlie Committee on Foreign Relations, Senate.

[Translation.]

LEGATION OF FRANCE TO THE UNITED STATES,

Washington, November 24, 1867.

The SECRETARY OF STATE: An International Maritime Exposition is to take
place at Havre from the 1st of June to ihe 31st of October of the coming year.
This enterprise, of which the Emperor and the Prince Imperial have designed to
accept the patronage, is being organized with the cooperation of the municipal
administration of the city, through the care of a general committee constituted
under the honorary presidency of the senator, prefect of the Lower Seine. In
giving notice of this projected exposition to your excellency I have the honor to
inform you at the same time of the value which the committee would attach to
seeing the Federal Government appoint commissioners who would place them-
selves in relations with it.

The work it is in view to carry out. in fact, is interesting to all maritime nations,
and in this respect the United States are called upon to take therein so considera-
ble a part that the expectation can not but l.e believed to be well founded that
they will give a favorab'e reception to the earnest wishes the expression whereof I
am instructed by my Government to transmit to you.

I have the honor, in consequence, Mr. Secretary of State, to annex hereto two
copies of the programme and of the -regulations, as well as some forms of applica-
tions for admission, begging you to have the kindness to cause that official
publicity to be given to these documents which comports with the usages of the
Administration.

The information which they contain permits the communication of an exact
statement of the object of the maritime exhibitions and of the principal condi-
tions of its organisation.

Accept, Mr. Secretary of State, the assurances of my high consideration.

BERTH EM Y.

Hon. WILLIAM H. SEWARD, etc.

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME EXHIBITION. 97

Mr, Morris to Mr. Seward.

No. 51.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Havre, November 85, 1867.

SIR: I have the honor to inform the Department that a Maritime International
Exhibition will be held at Havre next year.

The particular utility of the undertaking, strongly urged by the French press,
has attracted the attention of the Imperial Government, and His Majesty the
Emperor, foreseeing the benefits which will inevitably follow to French commerce
from such an enterprise, has bestowed his powerful patronage upon the same,
and the Government is now concerting measures to insure its success.

Inclosed I beg to transmit a number of pamphlets containing the rules of the
exhibition and other necessary data for exhibitors.

I likewise forward a plan of the exhibition itself, which is now being erected.
I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

DWIGHT MORRIS,

United States Consul.
Hon. WILLIAM H. SEWARD,

Secretary of State.

Mr. Morris to Mr. Seward.

No. 54.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Havre, December 14, 1867.

SIR: I beg respectfully to refer to my dispatch No. 51, and have now the honor
to transmit to the Department some additional information in relation to the
Maritime International Exhibition of this city, showing the constantly increas-
ing importance of the undertaking and the deep interest evinced in its success by
the Imperial Government.

I learn from a reliable source that His Majesty the Emperor, the Empress, and
the Prince Imperial will all furnish a number of prizes, in specie and otherwise,
for distribution to the exhibitors.

The ministers of marine and of commerce have likewise promised to allot a
handsome sum to the enterprise, and the city of Havre will devote, it is said,
50,000 francs to the same.

The minister of marine will, besides, forward all the objects exhibited by his
department at the late Paris exhibition, and the board of salvage will furnish as
large a number of its lifeboats as possible.

The number of French exhibitors already inscribed is no less than 2,000.

Belgium and Italy will likewise exhibit those articles pertaining to their marine
which figured at the grand exposition, and have appointed special commissioners
to reside at Havre.

The number of Belgian private exhibitors is 75; that of Italian exhibitors 90.

Great Britain has promised to appoint a commissioner, and no less than 733
English exhibitors are now inscribed.

Sweden, Norway, and Denmark have already appointed commissioners, and
their Governments have promised to send all the objects exhibited by their marine
departments at the Paris Exhibition. The number of Swedish, Danish, and Nor-
wegian exhibitors is 47.

Austria has already furnished 35 exhibitors, and, it is thought, will shortly ap-
point a special commissioner.

Prussia has appointed a commissioner and will exhibit its marine models, etc..
which figured at Paris. The number of Prussian private exhibitors inscribed
is3o.

The cities of Hamburg and Bremen have furnished 45 exhibitors.

The secondary States of Germany Bavaria, Grand Duchy of Baden, etc. will
all appoint commissioners, and the number of their private exhibitors is 32.

Spain and Portugal have each appointed a commissioner, and the number of the
former's private exhibitors is 17, and that of the latter country 9.

Brazil will exhibit the greater portion of the objects which were in the late
Paris Exposition, has already appointed a commissioner, and possesses 30 private
exhibitors.

From the French colonies there are now inscribed 10 exhibitors.

The city of Habana has furnished 2 exhibitors.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 7

98 INTERNATIONAL MARITIME EXHIBITION.

The Government of the Sandwich Islands and the Republic of Honduras have
appointed special commissioners and will exhibit the articles which figured at the
Paris Exhibition.

Greece has appointed a commissioner, and the number of its private exhibitors
inscribed is 2.

China and Japan will also exhibit their Paris Exhibition articles.
Persia and the Kingdom of Siatn have appointed special commissioners, and it
is anticipated that they will also send to the Havre Exhibition those articles which
were exhibited by them at the late Paris Exhibition.
The United States, up to the present time, figure for 33 exhibitors.
The total number of private exhibitors from all countries already inscribed is
8,193.

I will make it my duty to keep the Department advised of all that passes of
interest connected with the Havre Exhibition.

I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

DWIGHT MORRIS,

United States Consul.
Hon. WILLIAM H. SEWARD,

Secretary of State.

The Havre International Maritime E.rhilrition, from the 1st of June, 1S6S, to the

Slst of October.

[Under the patronage of His Majesty the Emperor and His Highness the Prince Imperial.]

The Maritime International Exhibition of Havre is organized under the, patron-
age of the municipal administration of Havre and of a general consultative com-
mission, of which M. le Senateur-Prefet de la Seine Inferieure ishonorary president.
This commission is composed of the principal men in administration, trade, and
industry, of scientific and practical men, etc.

Honored with the flattering adhesions of LL. excellences le ministre de la
marine et des colonies, le ministre des travaux publics, du commerce et de 1'agri-
cultnre, le ministre des affaires etrangeres, as well as those of the delegates of
the foreign powers to the Universal Exhibition, the exhibition of Havre has been
able to add to these great supporters the high patronage of H. M. the Emperor and
that of H. H. the Prince Imperial, which was granted on the 24th of July, 1867,
and thus becomes for this undertaking the surest pledge of sue :-rss.

The Maritime International Exhibition of 1868 includes 43 classes, figuring in
the programme in the 5 following groups: ' Navigation, goods, fishing, aqui-
cnltim , complemental classes.

NAVIGATION.

First class: Sailing vessels (models and plans).
Second class: Steam vessels (models and plans).
Third class: Wood-built vessels and composite (wood and iron).
Fourth class: Iron-built vessels.
Fifth class: Boats of all descriptions.
Sixth class: Masting.
Seventh class: Rigging.
Eighth class: Sails.

Ninth class: Materials for fitting out ships.
Tenth class: Preservation of ships.

Eleventh class: Furniture for vessels, steamers, yachts, etc.
Twelfth class: Ship stores.
Thirteenth class: Sailors' outfit and chest.

Fourteenth class: Instruments for navigation, steerage, light-houses, and signals.
Fifteenth class: Hygiene, ship's medicine chests and surgery.
Sixteenth class: Apparatus for loading, stowing, unloading, and transshipping.
Seventeenth class: Lifeboats and other contrivances to save life and property;
swimming apparatus: various objects for the use of bathers.
Eighteenth class: Paddle propellers.

1 The programme, the regulations, and the linear plan are forwarded on application. The
Gazette or Report of the Maritime Exhibition is published every month. Subscription, 3 francs
a year.

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME EXHIBITION. 99

Nineteenth class: Screw propellers.
Twentieth class: Engines, impellers.
Twenty-first class: Steam boilers and generators, fuel.

Twenty-second class: Various parts of machinery belonging to marine engines
and accessories.
Twenty-third class: Various works relating to ports; ship's repairing.

GOODS.

Twenty-fourth class: Textiles cotton, flax, hemp, etc., wooV horsehair.

Twenty- fifth class: Colonial goods for consumption, home produce (similar.)

Twenty-sixth class: Corn, alimentary flours, fruits, and seeds.

Twenty-seventh class: Dyeing and chemical produce.

Twenty-eighth class: Greasy and oily substances.

Twenty-ninth class: Woods, wrought or uuwrought.

Thirtieth class: All kinds of metals.

Thirty-first class: Different sorts of goods and produce of industry for importa-
tion or exportation. 1

Thirty-second class: Instruments and apparatus applied by trade to establish
the quality or discover the adulteration of goods.

Thirty-third class: Packing produce used for manufacturing objects necessary
to pack up goods.

FISHING.

Thirty-fourth class: Whale fishing, etc.

Thirty-fifth class: Cod fishing, etc.

Thirty-sixth class: Coast fishing.

Thirty-seventh class: River fishing and pond fishing.

Thirty-eighth class: Specialty of tackle and instruments used in fishing; bait;
aalt: preparation of fish; models of establishments for preparing fish; fishermen
and sailors' outfit and clothing.

AQUICULTURE.

Thirty-ninth class: Fresh and salt water.

COMPLEMENTAL CLASSES.

Fortieth class: Art annex, special naval art, art properly so called.

Forty-first class: Writings and books, maps and plans.

Forty-second class: Competition and experiments.

Forty-third class: Nautical sports, representations, the plan and action of which
will be taken from historical events or fabulous and legendary snbjects.

A Maritime and International Congress will take place during the time of the
exhibition.

We must mention also the aquarium and the sea- water ponds, worthy of notice
with regard to their inhabitants and aquatic plants.

The exhibition will be held in closed galleries, which were begun in the month
of July, 1867. on the grounds situated by the seashore opposite the roadstead on
the Boulevard Imperial and the Boulevard Francois I er . These grounds are granted
by Government. It contains, besides the galleries, an inclosure in the open air;
a floating annex will receive special exhibitions.

The whole surface of the exhibition is about 5 hectares, or 12 acres and 2 roods,
English measure, not including the annex above mentioned.

Objects admitted will be exhibited under the name of the inventor, builder,
manufacturer, or author, etc., and generally of the producer or the manufacturer.

They may also be exhibited under the name of the shipowner, merchant, holder,
collector, tradesman, or the consignee.

Exhibitors will have the privilege to sell in the inclosure of the exhibition com-
modities manufactured on the spot. They will have also, in special galleries for
this use, the right of letting customers taste their produce, and retailing goods
similar to those exhibited. Nonexhibitors will not have this right.

The first 500 exhibitors will have free admission to the club belonging to the exhi-
bition, serving as a place where exhibitors may meet and treat of their affairs.

1 This class includes: Goods, machinery, parts of machinery and any produce whatever that
can not be classed in the the maritime branch properly called, but which are used or may be
used in navigation. The thirty-first class will thus make a special and most important group
for importation and exportation.

100

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME EXHIBITION.

The rewards adjudged to exhibitors, on the decision of the international jury, will
consist of pecuniary gifts and objects of art. gold and silver medals, and honorable
mentions. There will be several great prizes among the rewards.

The jury will begin their operations as soon as the exhibition opens. The rewards
will be delivered in a grand assembly of the general commission on Sunday, -'fith
of August. 1868.

The catalogue of the exhibition, entitled Catalogue officiel de 1'Exposition Mari-
time Internationale, and the under title, Manuel de la Marine et du Commerce
Maritime, has been ceded to MM. Marc Deffaux et Pache. rue de Rivoli, No. 1(54
a Paris. They will have no right to sell the book at more than 2 francs, nor
require from exhibitors or the public more than 2 francs for each line of notice or
advertisement.

The conditions for admission are indicated in the following articles of the
regulations:

ART. 4. A moderate charge is laid on exhibitors, on account of the expenses
incurred by the erection of the building, and for watching, insuring, and keeping
the same in order.

The tariffs of the exhibition are fixed as follows:

French measures and prices.

Closed galleries, le metre super-

ficiel. Fr.25

Closed galleries, le demi-metre . . 15
Closed galleries, le quart de me-
tre 10

On inside wall, le metre superfi-

ciel 10

In open air, le metre superficieL. 5
With the right to erect sheds or
set np kiosques 10

English measures and prices.

Closed galleries, 3 ft. 3 in.

square 1.00.0

Closed galleries, 1 ft. 7^ in.

square 0.12.0

Closed galleries, 9$ inches

square 0. 08.

On inside wall. 3 ft. 3 in. square. 0. 08.
In open air, 3 ft. 3 in. square . . 0. 04.
With the right to erect sheds or

set up kiosques 0. 08.

Pictures and purely art productions will be admitted free of charge. Books,
memoirs, etc., will have to pay 5 francs per exemplary or volume. The exhibition
furnishes bookcases and furniture for the rooms where they are situated.

Private fixtures, show glass cases in the galleries, decorations, ornaments, and
inscriptions, as well as Swiss cottages, kiosques, sheds in open air, and fancy
buildings, are erected by exhibitors or their delegates, unless they instruct the
exhibition to build them for their account.

The exhibition will provide shelves or stands for objects weighing 200 kilograms
(4 hundredweight) and under at the rate of

Le metre Fr. 5

Le demi-metre 3

Le quart de metre 2

3 feet 3 inches for 0.4.0

1 foot 7$ inches for 0.2.6

1 foot OJinches for. 0.1.8

ART. 5. An exhibitor paying over 100 francs will have a right during all the
time of the exhibition to have his name, address, and profession posted up in one
of the frames of publicity placed in the galleries and all around the inclosures
without paying any supplementary charge. He also has a right, from this date,
to a trade advertisement like the preceding one in the Gazette de 1'Exposition, pub-
lished once a month. Any exhibitor whose dues to the exhibition are under 100
francs may obtain the double advertisement just spoken of by paying a sum of 25
francs.

ART. 8, sec. 4. Objects coming from the Universal Exhibition of Paris will be
received as soon as this exhibition closes, and be kept in their packing until the 1st
of March.

ART. 10. Foreign goods to be directed to MM. Mohr, Nicole & Co. , general agents
to the Maritime International Exhibition of Havre. Exhibitors will have to set-
tle with them for the carriage, unpacking, and returning of the said goods. If any
more information is required, ask for the regulations of the exhibition, Townhall,
Havre.

ART. 12. Foreign goods will be received for temporary admission, and conse-
quently will not have to pay any cus$oin-house dues.

The formula or model of demand for admission here inclosed, when filled up and
signed, must be addressed: Au Directeur de 1'Exposition, Hotel de Ville, au Havre.
Office, Cercle International du Champ de Mars a 1'Exposition Universelle, Paris;
open from 11 o'clock till ">.

The inclosed demand must be sent in before the 1st January, 1868. It will be
answered immediately.

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME EXHIBITION. 101

Goods and product will be received upon the premises of the exhibition from the
1st of March until the 1st of May, 1868.

The railway companies in France on seeing the certificate of admission will allow
a deduction of 50 per cent on objects and product destined for the Havre exhibi-
tion. The companies for transport by sea will also, for the most part, reduce their
prices on freight.

JORET DES CLOSIERES,
Le President de la Commission d' Organisation, Sous-prefet du Havre.

P. NICOLE,
Le Directeur de VExposition Maritime Internationale.

Demand of admission to the Havre International Maritime Exhibition, opening on
the 1st of June and closing on the 31st of October, 1868.

No. .

M (1) , in case his demand of admission is received, will have a

right (2) of the exhibition to a surface of (3) ,to exhibit

(4) . He will have to pay the sum of (5) Representing

the whole amount of charges, viz, the half during the week following the sending
of the certificate of admission, and the balance on the 15th of May, 1868.

He will consequently enjoy the privileges, rights, and advantages granted to
exhibitors.

Mr. moreover observes (6)

Signature of exhibitor

(1 ) Name and Christian names , address, medals, and rewards obtained in former
exhibitions and competition meetings.

(2) In the closed galleries, or on the inside wall of the galleries, or in the inclo-
sure in open air. (Regulations of the exhibition, article 4.)

(3) Mention the number of square feet.

(4) Nature of the object or produce exhibited, its estimated value for the insur-
ance which shall regard the exhibitions. (Regulations of the exhibition, article 4.)

(5) The amount.

(6) Mention if the exhibitor will furnish his own fixtures or have them made
by the exhibition, or if he will use the shelves or stands mentioned in article 4 of
the regulations.

International Marine Exhibition of Havre, under the patronage of His Majesty
the Emperor and His Highness the Prince Imperial; opening June 1 and closing
October 31, 1868.

RULES OF THE EXHIBITION.

ARTICLE 1. The Havre International Marine Exhibition will be opened on the
1st of June and closed on the 31st of October, 1868, and will include an indoor and
an outdoor department.

ART. 2. This exhibition is organized by the Society of the Havre Exhibition,
under the patronage of His Majesty the Emperor Napoleon, His Highness the
Prince Imperial, the Havre corporation, and also of a general consulting commit-
tee, of which the senateur-prefet of the Seine-inferieur is honorary president,
which committee is composed of the leading gentlemen of French commerce, art,
science, etc.

ART. 3. The demands for admission must be addressed, before the 15th Fevrier,
1868, to the directors of the Havre exhibition, or to the special delegates in France
or abroad.

ART. 4. A moderate charge will be made to exhibitors to cover the expenses of
the building, keeping, insuring, etc. The rates are fixed as follows:

Indoor department closed galleries: Francs.

Per superficial yard 25

Per superficial half yard 15

Per superficial quarter yard 10

On the inside wall, per superficial yard 10

Outdoor department:

Per superficial yard . 5

With power of erecting roofs, sheds, etc 10

102 INTERNATIONAL MARITIME EXHIBITION.

Pictures and works of art will be admitted without charge.

Books, p_auij>hlets. etc.. will be charged ~> franca per volume.

The exhibition furnishes the nrrt:s>ary fixtures of the library.

Private spares, glass cases, decorations, and inscriptions, as well as buildings in
the outdoor department, must be erected by the exhibitors or their assignees; or
the exhibition will undertake to erect them at the cost of the exhibitors.

The exhibition provides stands and supports for articles of 200 pounds weight or
less at the rate of

Francs.

Per yard 5

Per half yard... . 3

Per quarter yard 2

ART. 5. Every exhibitor paying charges exceeding 100 francs will have the right
of advertising during the entire exhibition by frames and bills placed in the gal-
leries and on the surrounding walls. The name, address, and business of every
exhibitor in this category will be placed on these framed bills, and without any
extra charge.

He has, besides, and from this date, right to an advertisement in the " Gazette
of the Exhibition," published every month.

Every exhibitor who pays less than one hundred francs may obtain the same
advantages of publicity by paying twenty-five francs extra.

ART. G. The same advantages will be given to members, besides the publicity to
which that membership entitles them.

ART. 7. The distribution of space made by the directors of the exhibition will
be announced at a later date.

A plan of the whole exhibition will be sent free on application.

ART. y. French and foreign productions will be received in the buildings of the
exhibition from the first of Mar.-h to the first of May. After which date they
will be strictly refused, and the charges to which they are liable made by the
exhibition.

Articles from the Paris exhibition will be received immediately after its closing,
and kept in their packages until the first of March.

ART. 9. From the first of March a catalogue will be made of the articles
exhibited, indicating the spot they occupy in the buildings.

This catalogue will include two alphabetical indexes one of the exhibitor and
one of the articles exhibited.

ART. 10. French and foreign productions intended for the exhibition must be
addressed to Messrs. R. Mohr, Nicole & Co.. general agents of the exhibition, with
whom exhibitors must arrange for the carriage, unpacking, reshippiug, &c.

Demands for reduced rates have been addressed to all companies of conveyance
by land and water.

ART. 11. The expense of package and carriage there and back must be borne by
exhibitors.

ART. 12. Foreign goods will be entered as "admission temporaire," and conse-
quently will be free from duty.

ART. 13. No article of any kind admitted to the exhibition can be reproduced,
copied, or drawn without the exhibitor's permission.

The directors reserve to themselves the right of permitting drawings, photo-
graphs, &c., of the whole.

ART. 14. The constructors of machinery requiring water, gas. or steam, and those
who intend having engines in motion, must give notice, wnen asking for admission,
of the speed, and also of the motive power they will require. They will oblige by
sending these particulars as soon as possible, in order that the committee may
make the necessary arrangements on that special object.

ART. 15. Every facility will be given to exhibitors for the sale of their goods;
they will not, however, be allowed to take them away before the close of the
exhibition.

The directors, as well as the members of the committee, will undertake to intro-
duce the foreign exhibitors to any merchants or tradesmen of Havre, whose assist-
ance for the sale of their goods they may think desirable.

ART. 16. A free admission ticket is delivered to every exhibitor, which is not
transferable, and will be forfeited if lent or sold.

ART. 17. Exhibitors have the right of intrusting their goods to their own agents,
subject to the approval of the directors.

Admission tickets will be delivered to these agents under the same restrictions
as exhibitors.

An agent for exhibitors will not have more than one ticket, however many
exhibitors he may represent.

INTEBNATIONAL MAK1TIME EXHIBITION. 103

ART. 18. During the exhibition international judges will be chosen for each class
of objects exhibited.

Trials and experiments will be made under the management of the judges. The
results of these experiments will be published in the " Gazette of the Exhibition."

The rewards given to exhibitors will consist of works of art, gold and silver
medals, money prizes, and honorable mentions.

ART. 19. Meetings and lectures will take place during the exhibition.

ART. 20. Immediately after the close of the exhibition exhibitors are bound to
commence the packing and removing of their goods, &c.

This removal must be completed before the first of December; after that date the
goods, packages, and fittings not yet removed by exhibitors or their agents will be
carried away and consigned to a public warehouse at the exhibitors' risk and
expense. Objects not removed after the 30th of June from the above-mentioned
warehouse will be sold by auction and the proceeds given to charities.

PROGRAMME.

NAVIGATION.

1. Sailing ships: Models and drawings of merchantmen, pilot boats, yachts, and
rowing boats; models and drawings of the ancient navigation; Egyptian, Indian,
Chinese, and Japanese navigation.

2. Steamers: Models and drawings of paddle and screw steamers, trans-Atlantic
steamers, steam yachts, river steamers, towing steamers and barges, tugs.

3. Wooden constructions: Models and drawings of the hulls of wooden ships and
ships of wood and iron; various improvements in the building of ships of wood;
specimens and models showing these improvements.

Fittings, tools, etc. ; works for the building of wooden ships; specimens of decks,
deck houses, quarter-decks, &c.

4. Iron constructions: Models and drawings of iron ships; various improve-
ments in the building; models and drawings of quarter-decks, etc.; fittings, tools,
and building yards for iron ships.

5. Small boats: Canoes, whaleboats, pontoons for raising anchors, etc.

6. Masting: Models and drawings of wood and' iron masts; different ways of
joining; iron masts; telescope masts; movable masts; specimens of wooden masts,
raw and finished state; specimens of iron masts.

7. Eigging: Hemp, iron, wire; brass wire rigging; hemp, flax, cotton, coir-yarn,
etc.; cables, ropes, and lines; blocks, oars, etc.

8. Sails: Linen, cotton, incombustible sails; sewing machines for making sails;
models and drawings of sails.

9. Ship fitting: Anchors, chains, capstans; apparatus for dropping and raising
anchors; various pumps; rudders of all kinds; fittings in galvanized iron; rudders.

Distillatory apparatus; cooking apparatus; bread ovens.

10. Preservation of naval constructions: Paint, coatings, cements, for destroy-
ing insects; zinc and copper sheets.

Electro-chemicals for the preservation of iron ships; ventilation of the frame.
Various fittings for casing, pegging, and calking ships.

11. Furniture of ships, steamers, and yachts: Cabins, beds, washing stands,
various fittings for the comfort of passengers; tables, various seats, beds, ham-
mocks.

Carpets, oilcloth; looking-glasses, mirrors, gilt frames; heating apparatus; glass;
table service, china, linen.

Table service for ships, steamers, and yachts; water-closets; special fittings for
emigrants.

12. Ships' stores: Preserved victuals of all kinds; ship bread; icing apparatus;
apparatus for preserving water; demijohns; drinks and liquids; meats of all kinds
salt, dry, cured, smoked, etc.; eggs; fish, salt or smoked; preserved vegetables;
potatoes: fruits, dry or preserved.

13. Sailors' outfit: Ready-made clothes for sailors; waterproof clothes, fur and
skin; boots, trunks, and outfits for sea voyages.

14. Instruments of navigation, light-houses, and signals: Chronometers, com-
passes, charts, barometers, thermometers, astronomical instruments, logs, auto-
matical and electric logs; sounding lines; sandboxes, loxodographs, hygrometers;
lightning conductors.

Light-houses, beacons, signals, flags, buoys; telegraphs for light-houses, sema-
phores, watchhouses; colored lights, revolving lights, electric lights, whistles, fog
bells, electric bells, engine bells; shells and rockets for signals, signal guns, tele-
graphic indicator of the position of the rudder; various buoys; electric buoys com-
municating with a seniaphoric station.

104 INTERNATIONAL MAKITIMK KXETIBITION.

1"). Hygiene, pharmacy, and surgery: Marine hygiene, medicine chests, physic;
preservation against and treatment of seasickness; mechanical apparatus for
fractures.

Cleaning, ventilating, and disinfection of a ship.

Preparations and apparatus for destroying vermin.

16. Loading, stowing, landing, transporting apparatus: Tents and shelters;
movable and permanent cranes, steam cran-

17. Salvage apparatus, lifeboats, etc.; swimming and bathir/g apparatus: Models
and drawings of lifeboats.

Salvage clothes, waterproof clothes, life belts, schaphanders, nautilus, diving
bell, submarine boats, submarine lights, salvage buoys, carriages for lifeboats,
rafts, etc.

Guns and rockets.

Swimming apparatus, costumes, etc.

Models and drawings of swimming baths.

18. Paddle propellers: Mode's and drawings of paddles; feathering apparatus,
various improvements.

19. Screw propellers: Various screw propellers: Various propellers.

20. Moving powers of all kinds: Models and drawings of steam engines, ether,
dilated air, gas, and electric motors.

21. Boilers, generators, combustibles: Models and plans of
Middle-pressure and high-pressure boilers.

Fireplaces, safety-valves, etc.

Coals, coke, etc.

Coal places, coal shipping and landing apparatus.

22. Various parts of marine engines and accessories: Condensers; air pumps;
taps and apparatus of injection; valves, etc.. employed with condensers, etc.

23. Ports and works; ships' repairs: Models, drawings, and plans of ports, har-
bors, piers, jetties, breakwaters, docks, wharfs, various drags; bridges, dock gates;
pontoons, various apparatus for cleansing and repairing ships' bottoms.

GOODS.

24. Textile materials, cotton, hemp, flax, jute, etc.; wool, hair, etc.: Samples of
these goods; cotton seed; its use.

25. General produce: Raw and refined sugar, molasses, sirups, cocoas, coffees,
teas, vanilla, cloves, cinnamon, ginger, wax, nutmeg, peppers, tobacco leaf, india
robber, gutta-percha, cauca leaf.

Beet-root sugar, molasses, native wax, and tobacco.

Medical herbs: Rhubarb, sarsaparilla, ipecacuanha.

Barks: Quinine and others.

Fruits: Senna, tamarind, etc.

Gums: Camphor, opium, copaphine, styrax, etc.

26. Corn, flours, fruits, and seeds.

27. Dye materials and chemical products.

28. Oils and greases.

29. Woods for building, cabinetmaking, etc.: Cocoanut, bamboos, etc.

30. Metals of all descriptions and metallic salts.

31. Hides and skins, bones, whalebone, horns, ivory, tortoise shell, mother-of-
pearl.

32. Instruments and apparatuses used to state the quality and adulteration of
goods: Diagometers (oils), saccharometers, alcometers, scales, etc.

33. Packing: Packing of every description for export; wood and tin boxes; bags,
barrels, cases, etc.

FISHING.

34. Whale and cachalot fishing: Models and drawings of ships.

35. Cod fishing.

36. Coast fishing: Bottom nets, drag fishing, oyster fishing.
Fishing boats for these purposes.

Making and preservation of the nets.

Floating nets; mackerel, herring, and sardines, etc.

Permanent nets and fisheries, various proceedings.

37. River and pond fishing: Outfit for river and pond fishing; the angler's outfit;
models and drawings of boats, punts, etc.

38. Specialties for fishing: Various baits.

Fishing and salting on board; various preparations; salts, casks, etc.
Models of works; drying, curing, salting, etc.; various fittings, clothes, etc.

SHIP CANALS ACKOSS THE ISTHMUS OF DAKIEN. 105

AQUICULTURE.

39. Fresh and salt waters: Fittings and products; various systems of elevating;
models of establishments for the spawning of tish and crustaceans.

COMPLEMENTARY CLASSES.

40. Arts: Special art; statues and busts of ships.
Attributes and ornaments; decorative pictures.
Models of ships in wood, ivory, metal, glass, etc.

Arts: Pictures, studies, water colors, drawings, engravings, lithographs, marine
photographs, etc.

41. Books on any marine, fishing, or aquiculture subject.

42. Experiments and contests: Permanent contest between the French and for-
eign ships that will enter the port of Havre from the 1st of November, 1867, to the
31st October, 1808; steamers and sailing ships mixed; fishing smacks and boats,
tugs, pilot boats.

These ships will be visited during that time by a special commission that will
inspect the building of ships, their condition at the moment of their arrival (hull,
rigging, sails, etc.).

Rapidity of passage; books; hygiene and food of the sailors, passengers, and
emigrants.

Prizes will be awarded to the shipowners, captains, mates, and sailors.

Special experiments: Contests between the engineers and workingrnen of various
marine establishments.

F. DENNIS,
Agent in Liverpool, 7 Grosvenor Buildings.

[See pp. 107, 135, 139, 141, 187, 403, 410, 415, 457.]

SPECIAL SESSION.

May 16, 1881.

[Senate Report No. 1.]

Mr. Burnside, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report :

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to whom was referred the
resolution on the construction of ship canals across the Isthmus of
Darien, having had the same under consideration, report:

That the subject embraced in the resolution is one of great national
importance and worthy of the most careful consideration. The reso-
lution is as follows :

Resolved, That the interests of the people of the United States of America, and
the welfare and security of their Government, are so involved in the subject of
the construction of ship canals and other ways for the transportation of seagoing
vessels across the isthmus connecting North and South America that the Govern-
ment of the United States, with the frankness which is due to all other peoples
and governments, hereby asserts that it will insist that its consent is a necessary
condition precedent to the execxition of any such project, and also as to the rules
and regulations under which other nations shall participate in the use of such
canals or other ways, either in peace or in war.

This resolution was unanimously reported from the Committee on
Foreign Relations by the Hon. William W. Eaton, its chairman, at
the last session of the Senate, but was not acted upon for want of
time, and was again brought before the Senate at this session by the
Senator from Alabama, Mr. Morgan.

Certainly the United States can not remain silent and acquiescing
spectators and see any European government or corporation monopolize
the control of a great route for the transportation of ships across the

106 SHIP CANALS ACROSS THE ISTHMUS OF DARIEX.

Isthmus of Darien. It is au affair of vital importance to those who
<1 \\ ell on the Atlantic and on the Pacific coasts, as well as to the people
of our whole country.

President Monroe, a wise and discreet man, announced in a public
message to Congress, in December, lsj:j, thai "the American conti-
nents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed
and maintained, are henceforth not to be considered subjects for
future colonization by any European power." This declaration has
since been known as the " Monroe doctrine," and whilst it does not
directly apply to the construction of an inleroceanic canal, the prin-
ciple underlying it, which -principle lies at the very foundation of our
public welfare and safety, leads us to the announcement of the doc-
trine contained in this resolution.

This "Monroe doctrine" lias received the public and official sanc-
tion of subsequent Presidents, as well as of a very large majority of
the American people. At different times Great Britain has attempted
to secure a foothold on the Isthmus of Darien, which it is now pro-
posed to pierce with a canal, and each time she has been forced to
abandon the project, so earnest and firm was the resistance offered
by the Government of the United States. The Hon. Reverdy John-
son, who was the Attorney-General of President Taylor, thus alludes
to one of these attempts to found a British colony on the Isthmus, in a
letter ad dressed to the Hon. John M. Clayton December 30, 1853:

President Taylor, had firmly resolved, by all constitutional measures in his
power, to prevent such aggression if any should be attempted, considering, as
he did, that all the passages through the Isthmus should be kept free, to enable
us to retain our possessions in the Pacific.

By the passage of this resolution we simply serve a notice to the
world that, in the opinion of the Senate of the United States, the
peace, safety, and general welfare of this Republic require that it
should be consulted concerning and should have a voice in the man-
agement of any canal or other way for the transportation of seagoing
vessels across the Isthmus of Darien.

We do not express any doubts as to our rights or suggest any refer-
ence of the subject to an international tribunal, because in this mat-
ter we are absolutely in the right. We simply ask nations who may
directly or indirectly send their subjects, citizens, or capital to the
Isthmus that they obtain the consent of the United States, as the
power most directly interested, and that the rules and regulations for
the government of this interoceanic highway be made acceptable to
us, whose interests, in peace as in war, they will so materially affect.

Another reason for the passage of this resolution is that companies
have been and others may be formed for the construction of projected
routes which it is well known can never be successfully operated
under their present plans, and in which the money subscribed will be
totally lost. Yet many of the subscribers have undoubtedly beeii led
to believe that the United States Government approved indirectly,
if not directly the scheme in which they have invested. This should
not be. No one, at home or abroad, should be beguiled into the
investment of accumulated property or of hard earnings by the belief
that the Government of .the United States approved the project. A
declaration by the Senate that the Government would insist that its
consent is a necessary condition precedent to the execution of any
such scheme would be a warning to investors not to take any stock in
an unauthorized enterprise. The honor of the country will thus be

MAKITIME CANAL COMPANY. 107

protected against accusations that its name led individuals in this and
other lands to make investments which were to them total losses.

However we may be divided on political questions, and however we
may wrangle on matters of domestic interest, the United States Senate
has never failed, when a matter relating to foreign complications came
before it involving the general welfare and peace of the country, to
stand shoulder to shoulder and to assert what the public interests
demanded.

We therefore recommend the passage of the resolution already pub-
lished in this report.

[See pp. 105, 135, 139, 141, 187, 402, 410, 415, 457.]

FORTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.

April 4, 1882.

[Senate Report No. 368.?

Mr. Miller, of California, from the Committee on Foreign Relations,
submitted the following report :

The Committee on Foreign Relations submits the following report
in regard to Senate bill No. 550, to incorporate the Maritime Canal
Company of Nicaragua, and recommends certain amendments returned
with the bill.

In considering this measure the committee has been impressed with
the importance of the proposed work to our interests, national and
commercial.

For various reasons it is desirable that any canal determined upon
should be located upon that route the nearest to our territory which
offers a practicable water transit.

The committee has been aided in its inquiries by the report and
accompanying memorandum, made by aboard appointed by the Presi-
dent in 1872, "to consider the subject of communication by canal
between the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans." The report
was delayed while additional surveys were made, and was submitted
February 7, 1876, and printed by order of the Senate (Forty-sixth
Congress, first session, Ex. Doc. No. 15).

Regarding the Tehuantepec route, the nearest one to our coast line,
reference is made as follows :

It has a summit level of 754 feet, which it is proposed to reduce to 732 feet at
Tarifa. A harbor must be constructed on each coast.

The Coatzacoalcos River must be improved to the highest point of the river,
which could be utilized for navigation about 35 miles. Its banks are low, and
during freshets entirely overflowed. One hundred and forty-four miles of canal
must be built, with 140 locks, of 10.4 feet lift, with a feeder 27 miles long (requir-
ing primarily to dam the water supply to an elevation of 86 feet) , having four
tunnels of an aggregate length of 3.6 miles.

There is some question as to the efficiency of the water supply. Assuming a com-
mon standard of dimensions of canals and locks and prices of materials and labor
for all the routes, the estimated cost of this route would largely exceed that of the
Nicaragua route.

These existing conditions are manifestly such as to preclude hope
for the construction of an efficient canal across that isthmus.

Nicaragua offers the next depression to the south of Tehuantepec,
across the American isthmus, over which a canal could be constructed.

Of this route the board reported that it "possesses, both for the
construction and maintenance of a canal, greater advantages, and

108 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

offers fewer difficulties from engineering, commercial, and economic
points of view, than any one of the other routes shown to be practi-
cable by surveys sufficiently in detail to enable a judgment to be
formed of their relative merits."

Surveys made since the date of that report have shown the entire
practicability of modifications in the line of location reviewed by the
board, greatly simplifying the construction of the canal and rendering
it both more serviceable and less costly.

Considering that the highest elevation above tide water to be over-
come is 110 feet; that the deepest cut between Lake Nicaragua and the
Pacific is but 41.6 feet above the lake level; that generally the canal
will be at the surface level of the country over which it passes, and
will nowhere have an embankment exceeding 5 feet in height; that the
lake with an area of 2,700 square miles, and a drainage basin of 8,000
square miles, forms the summit level and offers an inexhaustible sup-
ply of clear and pure water for the canal throughout; that in sections
where lowlands might create sickness the excavation can be done by
steam dredge, and the exposure of workmen be thus avoided; that at
the summit level there will be 120 miles of open and free navigation,
leaving but 53 miles to be canalized, and, finally, that in the rainy sea-
son vessels of 400 tons now steam across Nicaragua through the San
Juan River and Lake Nicaragua to within 12 miles of the Pacific, the
committee can find no serious difficult}^ in the construction of an
entirely efficient and secure ship canal along the routes proposed, and
believe it to be the best of all those proposed or existing, while there
is no element of uncertainty or of experiment about it. Locks are in
use in ship canals in this country and abroad with entire satisfaction
and security. Canada has expended a large sum recently in the
enlargement of the Welland Canal, which overcomes an elevation of
549 feet, and has cost altogether $52,000,000. The largest lock in the
world is at St. Marys Falls in Michigan, and no difficulties are expe-
rienced in its working.

The geographical situation of the Nicaragua route presents certain
advantages over that of both Panama and Tehuantepec. It is central
as respects the American Isthmus and will facilitate commerce equally
well with both North and South American ports in the Pacific, while
Tehuantepec is too far north for the south-coast carriage, and Panama
is too far south for the best results to the North Pacific ports. In
other words, a canal across Nicaragua would meet all the requirements
of a ship transit over the American Isthmus for any trade, and would
therefore remove all need for the construction of any other transit,
an advantage not possessed by either the other routes named.

In point of distance between our Atlantic and Pacific ports Tehuan-
tepec is the shortest route and Panama the longer of the proposed
transits, the respective sailing distance between New York and San
Francisco, as reported by Commodore J. C. P. De Krafft, hydrographer,
Navy Department, being via Tehuantepec, 4,109 miles; via Nicara-
gua, 4,703 miles, and via Panama, 5,260 miles. The canal surveys
over the isthmus at the different lines of transit are, respectively, 179
miles, 173 miles, and 45 miles. Adding these to the sailing distance
it appears that the entire distances from New York to San Francisco,
are as follows:

Miles.

Via Tehuantepec 4,288

Via Nicaragua 4,876

Via Panama 5,305

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY. 109

The distance from New Orleans to San Francisco is as follows:

Miles.

Via Tehuantepec 3,089

Via Nicaragua 4,158

Via Panama J 4,692

Between New York and San Francisco the Tehuantepec route is
therefor* 588 miles nearer than the Nicaragua line, and 1,017 miles
nearer than via Panama.

Between New Orleans and San Francisco the Tehuantepec route is
1,069 miles nearer that the Nicaragua route, and 1,603 miles nearer
than by way of Panama.

For the trade of Central America the Nicaragua line is central,
while it has a direct route from our ports on the eastern side to the
west coast of South America. A canal, then, will place New York 3,000
miles nearer to the ports of both the North and South Pacific than the
coast of Europe, the ports of which now possess great advantages in
geographical position for voyages around Cape Horn. In a period of
more than thirty years of our occupation, the States of California and
Oregon and Washington Territory have attained a population of but
little over 1,100,000, while capable of supporting 30,000,000 of people
if populated only in the same degree as some of the Middle States on
the Atlantic side. Emigration has not been able to encounter the
risks and expense of reaching that remote portion of our territory,
and hence single States, more favorably situated and of compara-
tively small area, have gained more inhabitants in the past twenty
years than the present population of the entire Pacific slope. Not-
withstanding this relative paucity of population, the agricultural
products have become of great importance, the cereals for exporta-
tion produced in a single year having been 1,500,000,000 tons, while
the means of transportation have been insufficient, and the conse-
quent freight charges very high. Grain is now carried around Cape
Horn on a voyage of nearly 14,000 miles.

The overland railways have been found incapable of transporting
freight of this ordinary character across the continent, and therefore
do not afford the relief anticipated.

The Nicaragua Canal will not only become the much-needed outlet,
but will also open a direct and easy line of emigration to the Pacific
coast, one as inviting and but little more expensive than by line of
steamers to New York. In viewing the subject of a ship transit over
the isthmus, the political and commercial importance of the enter-
prise to this country, apart from a mere regard to the coast trade
between our States on the two oceans, or to the transportation of the
products of the Pacific slope to European markets, should be consid-
ered as conditions of grave import to arise from its completion.

Our population and wealth are much greater than the population
and wealth of all the other nations of the two Americas combined,
but our commercial relations with these people are of a secondary
character. It is supposed a ship canal would greatly increase our
commercial intercourse with the states of Central and South America,
with whom it will place us in much nearer association.

The canal will become an important channel for the transfer of our
naval forces.

The canal company will require works for the repair of vessels, and
can offer the Government every requisite for the repairs of its ships.

As before remarked, this scheme presents no experimental tests,
while it imposes no obligations upon the Government until the canal

110 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

is constructed and open to the passage of all classes of mercantile
vessels.

The committee is of opinion that the guaranty of : per cent net
earnings provided for in the bill, and which is to become operative
only after the completion of the canal and i<> continue ihcreafter for
twenty years, will impose little, if any, pecuniary liability upon the
Government.

The Suez Canal for 1881, it appears, earned gross receipts of
$0,000,052, with expenses for superintendence, repairs, and all costs
attending operating the canal of $87G,751, being about 8.85 per cent of
gross receipts.

The outlay for repairs in that canal involves a large amount of dredg-
ing yearly, both in the harbor of Port Said and within the canal itself,
and a seagoing dredge is employed outside of Port Said.

Under the provisions of the bill as amended, the United States might
be called upon to make good receipts falling below $3,250,000 yearly;
but at $2.50 per ton for all charges in the canal, 1,300,000 tons of
traffic will secure the required amount, while the cereal productions
of the Pacific coast for exportation are more than equal to that num-
ber of tons.

Oregon offers a vast field for wheat production, hardly yet opened
to settlement, and a large increase in the area cultivated in that State
will follow upon the opening of an economical route for transportation
to markets.

The importance of the undertaking and the reasons existing for
having such a ship transit under the control of the Government of the
United States invite careful consideration of the powers and duty of
Congress in the premises.

Copies of the statements made by the Provincial Interoceanic Canal
Society, the report of the board referred to herein, and the letter of
Commodore De Krafft relating to distances to the several proposed
transit routes, are appended hereto.

STATEMENT RESPECTING THE MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.
INTEODDCTORY REMARKS.

The course of events during the past quarter of a century has brought about
changes in our affairs which to-day present questions of national policy in aspects
greatly differing from those in which they were viewed by many of our people
within a very recent period.

The timid and hesitating policy that directed our foreign relations after the
acquisition of California led to the acceptance of a treaty concerning Central
America that to-day menaces our peace and welfare; it caused us to abandon
claims to a territory which, now in the hands of another people, divides onr pos-
sessions on the Pacific; it postponed the final settlement of grave questions con-
nected with the interests, safety, and prestige of this country in the western world
to the present time.

In the first years of our possession California was regarded as a country rich in
the precious metals and as capable of maintaining a sparse population of herds-
men, but it rounded out pur continental outlines on the Pacific side. It was
thought that the construction of transcontinental communications wholly within
our territory would inure to our benefit in a commercial sense and secure the
safety of that part of pur population in their isolation upon a distant western
shore. But the necessities of our people and the growth of the agricultural inter-
ests of a territory so remote from the consumers of the world the cereal products
for exportation of the Pacific slope for the past year having amounted to about one
and one- half million tons have demonstrated the inadequacy of the existing means
of transportation, and our fellow-citizens on that side of the continent are every-

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY. Ill

where now petitioning Congress to promote the construction of a canal over Nica-
ragua that shall reduce by one-half their distance from the markets of the Atlantic
and spare them the stormy seas of Cape Horn. The commerce of the world is
awakened to the importance of such a communication over the American Isthmus
between the east and the west, and that the capital of the world is interested is
shown in the success of De Lesseps in securing money for his almost hopeless task
at Panama.

It is now perceived that those great transcontinental roads, on which the pub-
lic treasure and public lands have been lavished, have for their real mission car-
riage between the coasts and the interior; that when the ports on the Pacific are
provided with suitable sea transportation, these great railway lines upon either
side will be occupied in a traffic to supply the wants and interests of a great inte-
rior population and to distribute those products of human industry which human
invention has rendered possible. There will be some point in the interior where
the cost of carriage and the facilities offered will meet upon equal terms from
either ocean and enter into earnest rivalry and competition.

Through transportation by rail, except for those articles of great value, demand-
ing rapid, transit, will become, as indeed it has already largely become, a matter
of secondary consideration to our great trunk lines.

We are now fairly confronted with a vital and rapidly growing issue that should
be met by our Government in a spirit of broad and enlightened statesmanship,
while yet regarding those national interests which it is a first duty to study and
to promote.

That a canal will be constructed over some point of the Isthmus must be accepted
as a fact, and, indeed, one is in the course of construction. Whether it is likely to
succeed, in view of its costly design and of natural obstacles, will not affect the
issue now presented for consideration; for in any event a canal is felt to be a
necessity of the day, and the only question presented to us is, Under what aus-
pices shall it be constructed?

The interests of the United States naturally demand its location as near our
coasts as circumstances make practicable, having in view the requirements of an
efficient, safe, and sure transit for all classes of mercantile vessels of the world.
This line of inquiry will embrace the conditions of navigation upon either side of
the Isthnrus at any proposed location for such a work, the cost of construction,
and the consequent tax to arise upon commerce for its use. These conditions
being satisfactorily met, that transit the nearest to our territory should interest
us the most.

The United States caused surveys to be made of every known or stapposed depres-
sion on the American Isthmus. It was ascertained that Tehuantepec, the first in
order as regards proximity to us, offered insuperable obstacles to an efficient canal
construction. Nicaragua comes next in order and was shown to possess all the
requisites necessary for a ship canal. The Nicaragua route consequently is the
preferable one for us.

Shall the United States now secure such degree of control over that line of transit
as may be thought necessary and is practicable? Those views which regarded
that security for our Pacific coast arising from isolation, and from remanding
hostile fleets to voyages around Cape Horn, will find expression now in the need
to Secure control over the new route of approach.

The busy world demands an efficient transit and has no time for those delays
needed in experiments. The inhabitants of the Pacific slope have settled down to
the conviction that a canal offers to them a sure and secure ship transit and one
attended with no risks or uncertainties, and are therefore united in their petitions
for a canal. The interests and influences of this nation in the affairs of the western
world seem to demand a prompt action in a manner that will command respect
as promoting a practicable and reliable enterprise and one entirely removed from
the influences of theoretical and tentative projects.

An American society holds a concession einbrac ng all the conditions necessary
to the construction of an economical and absolutely free highway for the com-
merce of the world, and the society is entirely in sympathy with those views that
would make the enterprise as wholly national as in the nature of existing circum-
stances it can be made. Shall the opportunity be seized upon by the Government?
Then the further question will present itself, To what extent will it be thought
necessary to secure control over the work itself?

The opportunity offers to the United States to assume actual control by taking
a majority of the stock upon the same conditions that individual subscribers
enjoy, and the proofs that will be submitted will show that an occasion is now
presented the Government to aid in promoting commerce between the States by
the establishment of the most important of all our lines of transportation without

112 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

actual pecuniary loss or risk. In this it differs from all our governmental aid
hitherto given to lines of interior communication, in which many millions of money
and still more millions of acres of land have been contributed. Yet, with all the
lavish use of the public wealth, the means established are wholly insufficient and
unequal to the demands for transportation coming from our Pacific States and
Territories. The Committee on Commerce of this Congress are now considering
measures for the improvement of the Mississippi River which involve many mil-
lions of absolute expenditure. The Government has abolished tolls on its canals
around falls in our great interior lines of water communication in the interest of
cheap carriage. It is not much the people of the Pacific coast are now asking to
aid them in the prosecution of their enterprising and expansive growth, interests
quite as justly calling for national attention as any now receiving it and as rightly
demanding the most secure and economical outlet in the power of the Government
to procure for them. They propose and expect to pay reasonable tolls for the use
of this outlet.

It can not be doubted that the adoption by the Government of the measures
proposed in the bill to incorporate the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua
would greatly discourage efforts at construction elsewhere; and should it be
determined to take part of the shares, such action would arrest work in other
localities. The receipts from the Nicaragua Canal enterprise would pay much
greater returns upon the investment than the United States are required to
give in interest for money, and hence such a course would serve at once both
the political and pecuniary interests of the Government through the prosecu-
tion of a safe isthmus policy at this juncture, while giving to the Pacific empire
a means of transportation imperatively demanded by existing conditions.

STATEMENT OP THE PROVISIONAL INTEROCEANIC CANAL SOCIETY RESPECTING
THE BILL BEFORE CONGRESS TO INCORPORATE THE MARITIME CANAL OF
NICARAGUA.

To the honorable the members of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations,

House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs:

In making such remarks as may assist in your inquiries concerning the pro-
visions of the bill to incorporate the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua, it is
considered important to briefly state upon what the promoters of the enterprise
found a claim for the support of Congress.

In 1872 President Grant appointed a commission to consider the subject of com-
munication by canal between the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In
1879 the Senate called for the report of that commission. I have here a copy of it
as then published, Forty-sixth Congress, second session, Ex. Doc. No. !">.

This commission, composed of the Chief of Engineers, the Superintendent of the
Coast Survey, and the Chief of the Bnreau of Navigation, assembled in 1874, hav-
ing been delayed in meeting, awaiting the completion of surveys. At the request
of the commission a survey of the Panama line for a lock canal was made.

The care and zeal displayed are well indicated by that request and by a further
one, that army engineers should be assigned to pass over two of the proposed
routes for a personal examination. In accordance with this request, Major
McFarland and Captain Heuer, of the Engineer Corps, and Prof. Henry Mitchell,
of the Coast Survey, made the personal examination desired, accompanied by
General Ammen and D. S. Walton, civil engineers.

After the completion of the surveys and personal examinations requested, the
commission was enabled to make its report February 7, 1876. There were before
the commission surveys and examinations of ten proposed routes.

Briefly, the report set forth that the Nicaragua route "possesses, both for the
construction and maintenance of a canal, greater advantages and offers fewer
difficulties, from engineering, commercial, and economic points of view, than any
one of the other routes shown to be practicable by surveys sufficiently in detail to
enable a judgment to be formed of their relative merits."

In presenting copies of the grant made by the Government of Nicaragua to the
Provisional Interoceanic Canal Society, the translation of which was revised by
the official translator at the Department of State, your attention is invited to the
remarks of the commission, found on pages 7, 8, and i) of its report, as it will be
observed that the conditions of the grant coincide closely with the requirements,
as outlined by the commission, of the privileges needed in the construction of a
work of such magnitude as a ship canal.

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY. 113

" In 1876, at a meeting of a commission of scientific persons called by M. A. P.
Blanchet, a letter from M. Ferdinand de Lesseps was read, in which he declared
that he considered the project of a canal via Nicaragua as that which offered the
greatest ease of execution and the greatest security of construction." (Revue de
Deux Mondes, 1st August, 1879.)

It may not be irrelevant to give a brief statement of the manner in which the
grant was obtained.

In the winter of 1879-80, Admiral Ammen, upon various occasions, represented
the difficulties encountered in the preliminary measures for the creation of a com-
pany to construct a ship canal across the territory of Nicaragua. Ascertaining
that no grant had been obtained, which certainly was the first step necessary
to such an organization, I undertook to form a provisional society, composed of
responsible and influential persons, and obtained such number of signatures as
appeared desirable.

Mr. A. G. Menocal, C. E., United States Navy, who had been engaged in the
Government canal surveys on the Isthmus, went, as the representative of the
society, to make proposals of a perfectly frank character to the Government of
Nicaragua, meeting with such success as is shown in the concession obtained a
grant beyond question the most liberal and enlightened ever acted upon, or even
considered, by any of the States whose territory includes portions of the American
Isthmus.

The Congress of Nicaragua was convened in special session expressly to consider
this grant, and it was confirmed in terms as negotiated with President Zavala,
and embraces a period of one hundred and ninety-eight years from the day on
which the canal is opened to traffic.

The grant provides that the canal locks shall not be less than 500 feet long and 28
feet deep. They will be made still longer.

It declares the canal and the ports at its entrances neutral, and that they shall
remain so even when Nicaragua itself is engaged in war.

It is given solely for the benefit of a canal company to be organized by the society,
but 6 per cent of the capital shares are to be set apart, one-fifth to reimburse
Nicaragua its special expenditures in connection with the grant and the canal
construction, and four-fifths to enable the society to conduct the surveys for final
location, to organize the company, and to secure the assistance of capitalists. In
addition, Nicaragua is to receive 5 per cent of the capital shares in consideration
for grant of lands and rights connected with the concession, the lands amounting
probably to 1,200,000 acres.

The State authorizes the company to overflow lands, to divert streams, to deposit
excavations, to make use of lakes, islands, ports, roadsteads, and rivers, to adopt
any route, and, in short, to do all things necessary, in the opinion of the com-
pany's engineers, to the construction of the canal.

Lands belonging to the State are given free, as are all materials found upon
public lands; and private property is to be subject to use of the company upon the
same conditions the State would enjoy.

All materials imported for use of the company, and the vessels carrying them or
employed by the company, are to be exempt from duties and charges, and the
property of the company is declared free of all forms of taxation.

The State gives to the company the benefit of all port charges and dues upon
vessels traversing the canal.

It establishes a free zone along the canal for 100 yards in width on either side,
and makes the ports at its entrances free. No papers or manifests of vessels pass-
ing through the canal are required, and the fullest liberty to discharge, reload,
and repair vessels is given.

All the ports of Nicaragua, except Corinto, are made free of charge to vessels
anchoring in them while en route to traverse the canal.

Nicaragua has left nothing undone which lies in its power to encourage and
facilitate the construction of the canal.

The bill to incorporate the company has been prepared with a view to placing
such safeguards about the enterprise as our national interests seem to require, and
yet such as are not calculated to prevent a successful creation of a construction
company. The society believes there is nothing in the bill not immediately appar-
ent on its perusal. Having no objects except a perfectly frank business presenta-
tion, the aim has been to prepare a bill as simple in form as should be consistent
with proper security for both the Government and the company, and having due
recognition of the national character of the enterprise and the consequent rightful
control of the United States over it.

The first question presenting itself relates to the powers of Congress to create a
corporation; and then the exercise of this power in incorporating a company to

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 8

114 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

do certain things outside of the limits of the United States and within the terri-
tory of an independent State. Consideration of the relation of the enterprise to
the existing condition of affairs on the Isthmus will doubtless become necessary,
and hence the appropriate reference of the bill to the committees charged with
the foreign affairs of the Government.

The right of the United States to assist in the construction of a canal across the
American Isthmus will not be questioned by other powers unless aid be given
with a view to a preference or to an exclus've right in the use of the canal. This
not being supposable, further reference to this branch of the subject would not be
proper.

It would seem absurd for me to discuss a question of such character in the
presence of men whose knowledge and experience in the direction of the inquiry
are so superior, but I may spare the committee some trouble in an examination as
to the powers of Congress by presenting such points as I found some time since
and which seen applicable.

As to the power of Congress to create a corporation, the decision of the Supreme
Court delivered by Chief Justice Marshall in the case of McCulloch r. State of
Maryland (Wheaton's Reports. 4 United States Supreme Court) is conclusive.

It affirms the power of Congress to adopt any legitimate means for carrying into
execution its given powers. If conferring certain powers upon an associate body
of men be the means employed for the execution of any of its powers, the act is
constitutional.

The Chief Justice said:

" Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution, and all
means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end. which are
not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are con-
stitutional.

"That a corporation must be considered as a means not less usual, not
of higher dignity, not more requiring a particular specification than other means,
has been sufficiently proved. If we look to the origin of corporations, to the man-
ner in which they have been framed in the Government from which we have
derived most of our legal principles and ideas, or to the uses to which they have
been applied, we find no reason to suppose that a constitution omitting, and wisely
omitting, to enumerate all the means for carrying into execution the great powers
vested in government ought to have specified this. Had it been intended to grant
this power as one which should be distinct and independent, to be exercised in any
case whatever, it would have found a place among the enumerated powers of the
Government. But being considered merely as a means to be employed only for
the purpose of carrying into execution the given powers, there could be no motive

for particularly mentioning it.

* " ..- * * * * *

" The power of creating a corporation is never used for its own sake, but for the
purpose of effecting something else. No sufficient reason is. therefore, perceived
why it may not pass as incidental to those powers which are expressly given, if it
be a direct mode of executing them.''

In this opinion the Chief Justice refers to the fact that the First Congress had
incorporated a bank, and also to the frequency with which the power had been
exercised, and the general acquiescence by the people and by the legislative and
judicial branches of the Government in the right to exercise such powers.

Mr. Hamilton, when Secretary of the Treasury, in a very able argument sus-
tained this power of Congress to create a corporation as an inherent attribute of
its sovereign powers. And President Madison, in 1815, while declining to approve
an act for the incorporation of the United States Bank, admitted the powers of
Congress to "create"' corporations.

It is hardly necessary to accumulate authorities as to the constitutional powers
of Congress in this respect.

(2) The second of the two divisions of the question as to the powers of Congress
relates to the incorporation of a company to do something beyond the territorial
limits of the United States.

This view of the subject involves the treaty-making powers of the Government
and the grant made by Nicaragua for the construction of a ship canal.

The treaty-making power is vested in the President and Senate. There is no
limitation in the exercise of this power. Whatever the President may determine
upon in negotiations with the governments of the world, if ratified by a two- thirds
vote of the Senate, becomes the law in respect to the relation between the citizens
of the nations parties to the treaty.

In the exercise of this power the United States and the Republic of Nicaragua
entered into a treaty, dated June 21, 1867, and promulgated the 13th day of August,
1867.

MAEITIME CANAL COMPANT. 115

Articles 14 to 19, both inclusive, relate to the right of transit between the Atlantic
and Pacific oceans through the territory of Nicaragua and to the construction of
routes of communication between the two oceans.

Article 15 binds the United States to the protection of all such routes of com-
munication, and in consideration of such protection, amongst other enumerated
advantages to be enjoyed, is the right to the transportation of troops and muni-
tions of war in their own vessels or otherwise, and of mails, without obstruction
and free of charges or toils.

In article 17 the United States reserve the right to withdraw their protection to
such routes of communication on six months' notice, if dissatisfied with discrimi-
nations made or with the exactions and toils imposed.

Article 18 provides that the guaranty and protection of the United States shall
be held to be void until the holders of grants for construction of interoceanic
routes shall recognize the concessions made by the treaty to the United States.

Article 19 limits the dividends to be enjoyed by any company constructing an
interoceanic communication through the territory of Nicaragua.

In the grant made to the Provisional Interoceanic Canal Society for the Maritime
Canal Company of Nicaragua, articles 7, 8, i), 10, and 50 of which relate to the
organization of the company and specify how it may be organized, care was
observed by the Government of Nicaragua to make all the stipulations correspond
to the existing treaty, and to the observance of that treaty the canal company is
fully committed.

This government is asked for grant of powers to do what the company needs to
do within the territory of the United States; that is to say, to organize a company
with power to issue stock and bonds in the United States, and to sue and be sued
in the courts of the United States. The financial management of the company is
to be, and will remain, in the United States, where large sums are also to be
expended for machinery and supplies.

The United States will become in some sense partners with Nicaragua in the
proposed canal, and in the exercise of their treaty-making power have imposed
conditions upon the parties now asking grant of incorporate powers, and in doing
this have exercised powers analogous to those they are asked to exercise in grant-
ing a charter.

And in the exercise of this power they will act in harmony with, and in con-
formity to, the rights and powers already conferred by Nicaragua, the other party
to the treaty.

The object of that part of the treaty contained in the stated articles was to pro-
mote the construction of an interoceanic route of communication, and to protect
the interests of the people of the United States in the use of such route.

The exercise of the treaty-making power is in effect legislation, and the fact that
the advantages demanded by the United States are to be given in consideration of
protection to be extended to the work does not affect this character of the power
exercised in obtaining so much of control over a work to be executed in the terri-
tory of another people.

If Congress has not power to confer that corporate authority necessary to the
construction of a canal which, while contemplated as a private undertaking, is by
the terms of the treaty made f re ' to the United States for certain uses, then it
appears the President and Senate together can impose laws upon citizens, and, in
a sense, appropriate private means vested in a work designed to advance the gen-
eral welfare, while the President and Congress combined can not legislate in rela-
tion to the same matter so as to facilitate the operations of citizens designing to
conform to the conditions of the treaty and to carry it into effect by constructing
the very work which it was expected to promote.

The views expressed by Chief Justice Marshall and Mr. Hamilton apply with
equal force to the powers of Congress to regulate commerce between the States.
The terms used in the Constitution in granting this power to Congress are "to
regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several States, and with
the Indian tribes.''

The right of Congress to do anything necessary to facilitate or advance the inter-
ests of our foreign commerce has not been doubted, and Congress continually
adopts means not specified in the Constitution in the execution of that power.

Whatever it may do in respect to the foreign commerce of the nation, it may
with the same degree of constitutional effect do in the regulation of commerce
between States, its powers as to both being identical. If it can promote and
advance the interests of one, it can do the same for the other.

The canal will become the thoroughfare of the greatest of all commerce between
the States, embracing no less than all the water-carried trade between the Atlantic
and Pacific States.

116 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

It was in view of the importance of this aspect of the route that the treaty stip-
ulations provide for free ports and free transit for commerce and limit the charges
for canal tolls.

To facilitate the construction of this highway for that commerce and to supple-
ment the action of Nicaragua, already had in granting all the rights and privileges
dependent upon her action to carry into effect the object and purpose of the treaty,
would be to create a means for the execution of the powers of Congress in respect
to commerce between the States.

It would be a legitimate and an appropriate means adapted to that end, is not
prohibited, and "consists in letter and spirit with the Constitution."

Moreover, it would be the creation of a means lor giving effect to an exercise of
the treaty-making power of the Government.

So much delay had occurred before the society was in condition to send an agent
to Nicaragua and the length of time then required to secure a confirmation of the
grant by the Nicaragua Congress, that the Count de Lesseps had already com-
pleted a financial arrangement in Paris, which, while ruinous in character, enabled
him to secure subscriptions to the Panama Canal enterprise. That success has
made it impracticable to secure money for a second enterprise unless presented
with some such encouragement as is proposed in this bill.

A guarantee of 3 per cent net gains upon the capital shares for twenty years
would not appear to be a very great inducement for investors who must wait five
or six years for this guarantee to become operative, but the moral support secured
by such a guarantee is really worth more than the percentage pledged. It would
give a promise of security and stimulate the projectors and investors in the Amer-
ican enterprise in a degree commensurate with the discouragement it would create
for competing projects, and it is believed that the superior advantages of the Nic-
aragua route would become so manifest shortly after the commencement of work
as to render the prosecution of work elsewhere quite impracticable.

It is considered by the society that the United States, in the assumption of the
proposed guaranty, would incur no pecuniary liability even were the canal at
Panama to be completed.

To show on what foundation this opinion rests, the following statement is made:

The maximum amount of the capital shares of the canal company is limited in
the bill to $100,000,000, and the allowance for all expenses of the company to
$1,000,000; consequently, $4,000,000 must be earned yearly to secure the United
States from all liability.

The Secretary of the Treasury being furnished with a detailed statement of the
receipts and expenditures of the canal company for any one year of the twenty,
when it may be claimed the net earnings have not been o per cent, is to determine
what amount, if any, the United States become responsible for under the pledge,
and he will have the sworn statements of the company's officers, verified by the
Government's representative in the board of directors.

The Secretary is also made the judge of when it may become necessary to reduce
canal charges, as provided in the bill, to maintain the net earnings at the limita-
tion of 10 per cent upon the capital shares.

The provision that no principal of, or interest upon , any indebtedness of the corn-
pan y shall be paid out of canal earnings so as to leave the United States in any
way responsible under the guarantee, it is thought, will not only protect the Gov-
ernment, but will also be a notice to all parties proposing to become creditors of
the company.

Assuming that the capital stock will be $100,000,000, which may happen, the
United States in effect would promise that the earnings shall be >>4,000,000, or
between $3,000,000 and $4,000,000, should the canal expenses not reach $1,000,000.

The inquiry as to what the earnings probably would be should be answered; as
also should one as to the sufficiency of $1,000,000 to meet the yearly expenses of a
canal.

Mr. Nimmo, chief of the Bureau of Statistics in the Treasury, in answer to a
resolution of a committee of the House of Representatives, prepared a valuable
paper upon the probable tonnage then offering for passage through a ship canal
across the American isthmus. It is the most authentic statement existing upon
the subject. There are certain influences, not of a legitimate character, operating
to divert certain of the carrying trades of which he treated to channels to which
he in consequence assigned them, but of which influences he was not cognizant.
Correcting his statement by transfers as papers necessary from this cause, and
adding to it for the increase in grain production on the Pacific slope, his showing
is made reliable for the trade existing at the present time, that might pass through
a canal were there one in operation.

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY. 117

After making sundry deductions from the whole tonnage he found the amount
to be 1,625,000 tons. The great increase in grain production on the Pacific side
would now increase the amount by at least 600,000 tons, that item in his estimate
being included in an amount of 550,000 tons (4), while the total grain produced
for shipment in 1880 reached 1,500,000 tons. Considerable of the trade of the
southwest coast of South America, credited by Mr. Nimmo to the route via Cape
Horn, would seek a transit over the isthmus, if not too far north.

The carrying capacity of sailing vessels exceeds their registered tonnage by 80
to 40 per cent, and that of steamships also largely exceeds their registered tonnage.

These facts taken into account, the following results are obtained:

Tons.

Amount of tonnage found by Mr. Nimmo 1,625,000

Add for increase in grain products 600,000

Add tonnage from coast of South America 500,000

Total registered tonnage 2,725,000

Add for capacity in excess of registered tonnage 25 per cent 681, 250

Number of tons liable for tolls 3,406,250

To adopt 3,000,000 tons is, in all probability, an underestimate for the trade now
awaiting a canal at Panama or Nicaragua.

A charge of $2.50 per ton on that business would produce a gross amount of
$7,500,000, a sum greatly in excess of that required to secure 3 per cent on the
capital shares.

There arises the possibility of the Panama Canal being completed. In such an
event what would probably be the trade of the Nicaragua Canal?

To rightly estimate for this condition the difficulty of approach for sailing ves-
sels, the chief carriers of the great grain crops of California, to either entrance of
the Panama Canal; the extreme difficulty of keeping open so deep a cut, the dan-
gers in its navigation because necessarily very narrow, the delays for meeting ves-
sels, and the greater distance from our Pacific ports are all points that should be
considered, as they are influences that would favor Nicaragua; and there is still
another greater advantage to its credit in the comparatively small tolls required
to pay a return upon the smaller investment.

Estimate of the tonnage that would pass via Nicaragua Canal in preference to one
in operation at Panama, as derived from Mr. Nimmo's tables, with an addition^
as before, for the increase in the grain trade.

(1) Trade between New York and ports in Central America and oar Tons.

Pacific ports via Panama 60,735

(2) New York and San Francisco, via Cape Horn 120, 682

Estimated increase .. 130,000

(3) New York and Mexico, Honduras, Hawaiian Islands, China, Japan,

and half the Australian trade 270,277

(4) Pacific ports and foreign ports in the Atlantic Ocean, including

grain carriage 1,200,000

(5) European ports with Central America 52,389

(6) European ports with New Zealand, via Cape Horn.. 237,851

(7) European ports with British Columbia 22,331

Total tonnage 2,094,245

Add 25 per cent for carrying capacity 523,561

Probable tonnage for tolls 2,617,806

At $2.50 per ton canal charges the extreme amount of business requisite to earn
the guaranteed 3 per cent net gains would be 1,600,000 tons, or an amount 1,000,000
tons less than shown in the above estimate.

From this it is manifest that the United States can not incur, in any event, a
serious liability through adopting the proposed measure.

In estimating the yearly expenses of the Nicaragua Canal, which, exclusive of
locks, will be 51| miles long, no allowance will be made for dredging, as the water
used throughout will be taken from the lake and no surface drainage admitted to
deposit silt.

118 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

The anticipated cost of management, maintenance, and operating the canal is
derived from the following data:

/. CANAL.

This canal is 100.15 miles long, and cost $92,273,907. Vessels are towed through-
out. The yearly expenses are now about $s:54,<>00.
For the year 1878 they were $882,505, made up as follows:

Expenses of general administration in Paris . $164, 366

Agencies and administration in Egypt 58, 300

$222, 666

659,161 cubic yards dredging outside of and within the basin,

Port Said Harbor, at 15 cents 98,874

982,920 cubic yards dredging in canal, at 15 cents 147, 438

246, 312

Other expenses for maintenance and repairs 109, 270

For operating the canal, including pay of employees, towage,

towboats, materials, tools, lights, repairs, etc 304, 257

413,527

Total expenses 882. .ID.-)

Deduct for dredging 246,312

Total expenses, exclusive of dredging 636, 193

This rate of expenditure for a canal 5l miles in length would amount to:

Expenses for 514 miles of canal, no locks $327,639

Add for 12 locks, at 20,000 each 240,000

Add for harbor expenses, same as at Suez 98,874

Total pro rata cost for Nicaragua Canal 666,513

The large item charged for the Paris office is due in part to the heavy pensions,
or life pays, fastened upon the company. Count de Lesseps alone receiving $25,000
yearly for life. The cost of dredging is estimated, the rate per cubic meter not
being given.

The total receipts of the Suez company for 1878 were $7,315.000, and the expendi-
tures for all purposes were therefore 11.4 per cent of gross receipts. With a proper
rate of expenditure in the Paris office the total outlay would not have exceeded 10
per cent of receipts.

LOUISVILLE AND PORTLAND CANAL.

This canal, 2.15 miles long, has two locks 372 feet long and 80 feet wide, with 12
feet and 14 feet lifts. The locks were worked by hand in 1879; 3,168 vessels of all
classes passed through the canal that year. A towboat, a dock, and steam dredges
are maintained.

Expenses for 1879 were, less $12,955.84 for dredging, $30,928.47. This is at the
rate of $14,4">3 for 1 mile of canal and one lock. Taking $12,000 for cost of oper-
ating the lock, there remains $2,453 per mile for canal.

For 51| miles of canal this makes ,. $126,330

Add for 12 locks, at $20,000 each 240,000

Corresponding amount for Nicaragua Canal 366, 330

Add for harbor expenses, same as at Suez 98,874

Total for the expenses of Nicaragua Company 465, 204

ST. MARYS FALLS CANAL.

This canal is slightly over 1 mile in length. There are two locks to overcome
the same elevation, one being the largest in the world. It is 515 feet in length, 80
feet wide, and 18 feet lift. Estimated yearly expense, $25.000.

Assuming the locks to cost $20,000, the other expenses would be $>,000 per mile.
For the Nicaragua Canal these rates give:

5H miles canal, at $5,000 per mile $257,500

12 locks, at $20,000 each 240.000

Harbors, as before 98,874

Total for expenses of the Nicaragua Company 596,374

MAEITIME CANAL COMPANY. 119

NORTH SEA CANAL.

This canal is 16 miles in length and from 130 to 400 feet in width. The level is
below that of the sea. There are two sets of locks of large dimensions and an arti-
ficial harbor, constructed under great difficulties. The depth, originally made 23
feet, is to be increased to 26 feet by 1884. In 1879 vessels of 23 feet 4 inches draft
passed through the canal. The cost of the work was 27,000,000 florins, or
$10,800,000.

From November, 1877, to August, 1879, 4,862 vessels passed through the canal.
The expenses for operating it in 1877, the only year for which a report has been
found, amounted to only $75,569.45.

As there are two sets of locks and 16 miles of canal, there are 8 miles of canal to
each lock lift. In Nicaragua, as now projected, there will be something over 4
miles of canal to each lift.

Assuming, as before, each set of locks to cost yearly $20,000, there remains but
$35,000 to pay all the other expenses of 16 miles of canal and of an artificial harbor
in the North Sea. Charging it all to the canal makes the expenses per mile $2,185.
Then-
Expenses of 511 miles canal, at $2,185 per mile, is $112,528

Add for 12 locks, at $20,000 each 240,000

Add for harbor expenses, as before 98,874

Total for Nicaragua Canal, pro rata 451,502

Strictly the item for harbor expenses should have been omitted, as such an
expenditure is included in the other amounts.

DBS MOINES CANAL.

This canal is 7.6 miles long, has three locks suitable for the largest steamers on
that river, and they are subject to overflow in freshets. The dredging is quite large
in amount, yet the yearly expenses are usually about $30,000.

These results grouped are as follows:

Expenses for Nicaragua Canal, as derived from the Suez Canal expendi-
tures $666,513

Louisville and Portland Canal expenditures 465,204

St. Marys Falls Canal expenditures 596,374

North Sea Canal expenditures 451,402

The average yearly expenditures thus shown amount to 544, 873

From the foregoing figures it would appear that gross earnings amounting to
$3,545,000 would give a net gain of 3 per cent on $100,000,000 capital, and the total
tonnage necessary to yield that amount would be but 1,418,000 tons.

On such a business the expenses would be about 15 per cent of receipts, but a
much larger tonnage would involve but little additional cost, as the maintenance,
management, and working of the canal, and offices would be much the same, save
in the one item of towage not a heavy expense.

It is thus quite evident that $1,000,000 will more than meet the yearly expendi-
tures of the Nicaragua Canal Company.

Certainly that amount is in excess of what would be required for a tonnage so
small as to render the United States in any degree liable in respect of the proposed
guarantee.

The purpose in the preparation of the bill, as before stated, has been to make the
canal enterprise as national in character as is consistent with the conditions of the
grant, and the bill provides that the company shall recognize in advance all those
rights of control the Government may at any time secure by treaty or otherwise.
The conditions, so far as the company is concerned, upon which the Government,
for national reasons, may take temporary possession of the canal, are distinctly
set forth in the bill.

The Government is to appoint one of the directors. Nicaragua also appoints
one, thus leaving nine to be elected.

The shares which Nicaragua is to have are to be 5 per cent of the whole number,
and are to be nontransferable.

Should it become the purpose of Congress to secure for the United States a fur-
ther controlling influence over the work, the object can be effected by directing
subscriptions to be made for such number of shares as is thought necessary, the
Government to pay the same as individual subscribers and to enjoy pro rata all the

120 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

benefits of the grant. As Nicaragua is to have 5 per 'cent of the shares, should the
United States take forty-six one-hundredths of them, the two Governments would
together have the majority of the stock; but as two of the directors are appointed
by them, their shares in the elections for directors should be counted in the ratio of
nine-elevenths of the whole number.

Should the interest taken by the United States be confined to that limit, it is
believed the people of Nicaragua would be pleased. The grant can not be trans-
ferred to any foreign government, but there is no prohibition of a partnership with
one no limitation upon the stock subscriptions.

Having explained so much of the purposes and provisions of this bill, as viewed
by the promoters of the canal enterprise, there remains for mention the estimated
costs of the work and the basis upon which it is proposed to organize a company.

In the surveys of the canal route made by direction of this Government, esti-
mates were based upon the lines then measured, and the total amounted to
$62,577,718, including $10, 952, 05? for improvement of harbors and river.

By direction of the society addition surveys have been made, which, in conjunc-
tion with surveys made for the Nicaragua Government between the San Juan
River and Grey Town, have enabled Mr. Menocal to relocate portions of the line
with results highly advantageous.

The adoption of the Rio Lajas line or route between the lake and Pacific Ocean
in lieu of that by the Rio del Medio, whereby the maximum cut becomes only 41
feet above the lake or canal level, has reduced the cost of that section of the canal
by no less a sum than $7,052,721. The route was well known before, but the entire
practicability of turning the head waters of the Rio Grande had not been ascer-
tained until the society had the surveys made.

In lieu of several dams and small canals around them, along the San Juan River,
one large dam has been located upon superior foundation above the mouth of the
San Carlos River. This dam will hold the lake and river at one level, making of
the latter, in fact, an estuary of the former, and creating for a distance of 120 miles
an uninterrupted line of free navigation, in which the very largest steamships
may proceed with full steam power. The waters of the lake will be at the high-
water level of 1878. This change has largely reduced the estimated cost of improve-
ments both in the river and lake. After passing along the river valley to a point
about 6 miles below the dam, the new canal line abandons the river in favor of a
direct route to Grey Town, thus shortening the distance 7.4 miles. The aggregate
of estimated cost of the work between the lake and Caribbean Sea is reduced by
these various changes $4,614,158, making the total reductions amount to $11,666,879
and the resulting estimated cost $40,910,839.

It is to be remarked that these estimates are based upon measurements, and any
changes in location due to more extended examinations could hardly result other-
wise than to diminish the amount of work. It is also important as a factor in the
estimates that at least half of the 38 miles between Greytown and the dam across
the San Juan River can be dug with dredges.

Assuming the sum of 41,000,000 as the estimated cost, the final outlay can hardly
exceed as follows:

Estimated cost $41,000,000

Add 50 per cent for engineering contingencies 20, 500, 000

Add 20 per cent for other contingencies 8,200,000

Estimated amount, contingencies included 69,700,000

Add 6 per cent interest during construction, say five payments, time

six years, to be allowed in stock settlements 12,964,200

Nicaragua's shares 4, 644, 056

Surveys, expenses of organization of company, and Government out-
lays 5,572,868

Total amount 92,881,124

This is probably an overestimate. Should thecapital shares not exceed 75,000,000,
subscribers would be secured 4 per cent by the Government guaranty for twenty
years after the canal should be completed.

The construction of this canal presents no serious difficulties. There is nothing
new, untried, or experimental in or about it. Such canals are in daily use, on a
less extended scale, and the locks are worked without danger to vessels. Engi-
neers of high repute, such as Ashbel Welch, president of the Society of Engineers,
New York; General Weitzel, United States Engineers; Mr. E. A. Douglass, engi-
neer, and others, testify to the facility, celerity, ease, and security with which, by
aid of steam power, the largest ships can be passed through locks, and lifts of 30
feet are not considered extreme.

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY. 121

In a paper read before the Society of Civil Engineei's in New York in August,
1880, Mr. Welch said:

" My present object is to point out how a ship-canal lock of the most extreme
dimension and of 30 feet lift can be made, into and out of which ships of the
largest size can be hauled quickly and in which they can be held and handled
safely and all the operations of the lock performed surely and rapidly by a steani
engine on the wall.

" This mighty agent, in its present matured state so powerful, so controllable,
so instantaneously and so exactly obedient to human command, can, with suitable
appliances, which I propose to point out, be made to perform all the haulingsand
holdings of the ships, and all the openings and shuttings of the gates and valves,
safely, certainly, and quickly.

" Water power can not so well be applied directly, for its changes are not quick
enough, but it maybe applied through hydraulic engines with great advantage.
*******

"It appears, from the advice they have given, that some of the most eminent
engineers of the world have not thought of this plan, or, at any rate, have not
thought it out, and that for want of considering what can be done and knowing
what has been successfully done already, they, as well as most persons interested
in ship navigation, including naval officers consider locks for ship canals abso-
lutely inadmissible. I repeat what I have already said on more than one occasion,
that if locks for ships could be operated only in the old way, I would no more
build one than undertake to row the Great Eastern across the Atlantic by human
hands. Knowing only the old way, those engineers were right in advising a level
canal from the Atlantic to the Pacific, notwithstanding its enormous cost, its
unavoidable narrowness, involving great delay and risk, its exposure to floodsonly
imperfectly diverted, and all the dangers and expenses almost always incident to
deep cuts. 1 Some of those risks I adverted to more fully on a former occasion.
*******

"I have calculated for a lift of 80 feet. Probably that is as high as the ground
will permit any lock to be made. I should not hesitate to go higher than that if
the situation permitted.

" Where there is plenty of water, or where water-saving basins are used for the
locks of large lift, there is no necessity for the traditional Procrustean rule of
making the locks of uniform lift, whether that fits the ground or not. Mr.
Douglass, already mentioned, made locks of 33 feet lift, which worked easily,
safely, and well for a quarter of a century. They were emptied in two minutes.
The higher the lift the less the cost of construction and operation, and the less the
detention per foot lift."

Mr. Welch's estimate of time required to pass a vessel weighing 40,000,000
pounds, much heavier than anything afloat except the Great Eastern loaded:

Minutes.

'To hook on the hauling and breast lines ,. 1

'To give velocity of 3 feet per second in 135 feet 1.5

'To move 540 feet at 3 feet per second _ 3

'To stop in 135 feet 1.5

'To shut the lower gates _ 1

'To fill the lock safely (outside calculation) 6

' To open the upper gates 1

'To overcome the inertia and move 810 feet 5.5

20.5

"Probably in almost every location where water is to be had a better ship canal
can be made with a few locks, and at a far less cost than a sea-level canal. A
small part of the money saved by the locks will in most cases make a broad and
deep canal, where ships can go safely and rapidly and pass each other anywhere
without delay, instead of narrow, deep cuts, commonly dangerous and always
expensive, where ships must move slowly and commonly wait to pass each other.

" The question nmst be decided in each case whether the very large amount
required for the construction and operation of a lock will save a larger amount in

1 The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal has a deep cut about a mile long I do not
know the figures, but I suppose that first and last the maintenance of the canal
through this cut has coat more than the maintenance and operation of all the locks
on the canal. The "Gap Cut," on the Pennsylvania Railroad, gave a great deal
of trouble for years and cost a good deal of money.

122 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

some other way. and whether the half hour's delay at each lock will save a greater
delay in some other way.

" The plan I have presented of the construction and operation of a ship-canal
lock is so simple and its practicability so evident your mental exclamations have
probably so often been Why, of course,' that I feel like apologizing for taking up
your time in laying it before you. And yet, though so plain when once presented,
eminent engineers have failed to see it."

The largest lock in the world is the one at St. Marys Falls. The approaches
are not completed and cause material delays, yet lockages do not occupy half an
hour. In the many thousands of lockages made in the North Sea Canal not a ves-
sel has been injured.

It is probable the number of locks finally built to overcome the 110 feet eleva-
tion across Nicaragua may be materially reduced from 12 in number, as now pro-
jected. The one tidal lock would be necessary were the canal at sea level, and
the French now admit one must be adopted at Panama.

The Caledonian Canal across Scotland, exclusive of lakes, is 23 miles long and
cost 1,023,628. It is 122 feet wide on the top and 50 feet on the bottom and has
20 feet depth. The slopes are covered with stone as a protection, and steamships
of 17 feet draft steam along this canal at from 7 to 11 miles per hour, a fact here
stated to show what may be possible as an attainable speed in the Nicaragua
Canal by adopting suitable protection for the work. (Annual Cyclopedia.)

The probable time of transit may be stated thus:

Hours.

Passage of 5 U miles of canal, at 4 miles per hour 13

120 miles of river and lake navigation, at 10 miles 12

12 locks, at 15 minutes each (more than General Weitzel's estimated time) 3

Deductions, etc 8

Total time 36

Hence, two days would be an outside limit for the transit. The time may be
reduced by improvements entirely feasible and by higher speed in the river and
lake.

The San Juan River generally is from 600 to 1,200 feet wide, and the available
width will be increased by the dam. In two places, where the water is deep, the
river bed contracts to a width between 400 and 500 feet. There is no point where
a line tangent to it and reaching from shore to shore on the opposite side is not
at least 3, 200 feet in length. The dam being 49 feet above the usual river level,
will afford water for a long distance over the points and bottom lands. The depth
of water in the lake is considerable, except near the southeastern shore, where
dredging in soft mud must be done to deepen the channel to the canal entrance.

The deepest cut in the divide between the lake and Pacific Ocean is 41.6 feet
above the lake and canal summit level, an elevation not half that of the hill on
which this Capitol stands above the Potomac, and the cut of this depth is less in
width on the divide than the length of some steamers that will traverse the canal.
The elevation of Lake Nicaragua above the ocean is less than that of the Senate
Chamber floor above the Potomac.

The improvement of the harbors, in the opinion of engineers who have exam-
ined them, presents no great difficulties and will not be very costly. They do not
in any degree offer the difficulties overcome in the construction of the harbor of
Y-Mmden, at the entrance of the North Sea Canal.

Nicaragua is central in tropical America, and is capable of development beyond
the imagination of those who have not passed over the country and studied its
resources. Under the stimulating influence of such a highway for commerce and
outlet for the products of that region, its prosperity would be assured, and the
United States could not fail to reap a rich return for their encouragement of the
canal enterprise. Our national influence and prestige will be assured and our
commercial interests with Central and South America greatly benefited. It is
unnecessary to more than advert to the importance of this highway to the Pacific
States and to the interstate trade between them and those on the Atlantic.

The superior situation of the Nicaragua line in connection with general com-
merce is shown as follows:

All voyages between ports in either ocean north of the latitude of Tehuan tepee,
so far as regards actual distance only, would be favored more or less by that route,
and all voyages between all ports in the Atlantic and those to the south of Tehuan-
tepec, in the Pacific, would be favored in all respects via Nicaragua.

MAKITIME CANAL COMPANY.

128

TABLE 1 (page 6, Mr. Nimmo's report).

Number of vessels and amount of tonnage which might have passed through the
proposed canal if it had been constructed.

[N. B. This table is based upon statistics of the latest year for which the requisite data can be

obtained.]

No. of
vessels.

Tons.

1. Average number of vessels and amount of tonnage entered at and cleared
from either side of the Isthmus of Panama, annually, in trade with all na-

338

533,000

2. Vessels entered at and cleared from Pacific ports of the United States in
trade around Cape Horn with Atlantic ports of the United States during
the year ended June 30, 1879 a (Appendix 4) ... .. .

120,662

3. Vessels entered at and cleared from Atlantic ports of the United States in
trade with foreign countries west of Cape Horn during the year ended
June 30 1879 (Appendix 5)

273

247,567

4. Vessels entered at and cleared from Pacific ports of the United States in
trade with foreign countries east of Cape Horn during the year ended
June 30 1879 (Appendix 6) ... .

455

551,929

5. Vessels entered at and cleared from ports of the several countries of Europe
in trade around Cape Horn with foreign countries other than the United
States during the latest year for which the data can be stated with respect

1,644

1,462 897

6. Vessels entered at and cleared from ports of British Columbia in trade
with countries of Europe during the year ended June 30, 1879 ......... .

22,331

Total . .-

2,818

2,938,386

J An estimate from the report of the United States consul at Panama (Appendix 2), and from
a statement compiled from British consular returns (Appendix 3).
2 Compiled from special reports by collectors of customs.

TABLE 2 (page 8).

Showing the tonnage engaged in guano and niter carrying via Cape Horn, a busi-
ness conducted by sailing vessels.

Vessels.

Tons.

Westward passages via Cape Horn . ...... . ..

314

314,000

Eastward passages via Cape Horn

496

496,000

Total

810

810,000

TABLE 3 (page 9).

Showing the deductions Mr. Nimmo estimates should be made from the gross
amount of trade which might have passed through a canal, as shown per table,
page 6, amounting to 2,938,386 tons.

Vessels.

Tons.

(a) Vessels employed in trade between Atlantic ports of the United States
and Australia

63,685

(6) Vessels employed in trade between Atlantic [ports of the United States
and Chile

17,120

372

368, 193

(d) One-half of the tonnage employed between Atlantic ports of the United
States and China and Japan (estimated ) . . .

64,604

(e) Vessels engaged in guano and nitrate of soda trade between Atlantic
ports of the United States and ports of Europe, with the western coast
of South America .......

810

810,000

Total

1,337

1,313,602

Deducting the above amount from 2,938,386 tons, he arrives at 1,624,784 tons as
representing the probable business of the canal.

124

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

The several amounts of tonnage in Table 1, with the exception of 2 and 6. con-
tain items of carriage between ports lying to the north or to the south of Tehuan-
tepec, to be credited to each of the routes, as follows:

Item 1. Traffic over Panama Railroad with San Francisco (p. 19), 30,734 tons,
credited to Tehuantepec.

Item 5. China and Japan trade, 129,208 tons, credited to Tehuantepec.

Item 4. Trade with Brazil and Africa (Appendix G), 18,568 tons, credited to
Nicaragua.

Item 5. Trade with west coast of Mexico (Appendix 7), 11,438 tons, credited to
Tehuantepec.

Distributing the amounts according to the indications given in the table, and
correcting as above, the following results are obtained:

Items.

Tonnage for
which Te-
huantepec
would oe
the shorter
distance.

Tonnage for
which
Nicaragua
would be
the shorter
distance.

1..

Tons.
30,734

Tons.
608,266

2...

120,662

3 . .

129.208

118,359

4..

633,361

18,568

5...

11,438

1,451,459

22,331

Total

847,734

2,090,652

That is, of the total carrying trade between the Atlantic and Pacific ports, as
per Mr. Nimmo's table, five-sevenths would be favored by the Nicaragua route.

Mr. Niinino made deduction as per Table 3, by which he reduced the probable
business of a canal to 1,625,000 tons.

In these deductions one-half the carrying trade between our Atlantic ports and
those of China and Japan is included, and in order to ascertain what proportion
of 1,625,000 tons carrying business Tehuantepec would favor in distance, that
trade must be deducted from the amount above credited to the route:

Tons.
Proportion for which Tehuantepec was before found to be the shorter

distance 847,734

Deduct half trade with China and Japan (item 1 , page 9) 64, 604

Carrying trade for which Tehuantepec is the shorter route 783, 130

Total Mr. Nimmo's estimated traffic 1,625,000

Carrying trade for which Nicaragua would be the shorter route 841 , 8TO

In further discussion of this subject it will be shown that Nicaragua is quite as
favorably situated as Tehuantepec for all this carrying business, except that
between our own ports on the two oceans and also that between our Atlantic ports
and those of the west coast of Mexico.

Assuming this to be the case, the following results are shown by Mr. Nimmo's
tables:

Item.

Tonnage via
Tehuan-
tepec as the
shorter
route.

Tonnage via
Nicaragua
as the short-
er route.

Tonnage
which might
take either
route.

I...

Tons.
30 734

Tons.
602 266

Tons.

130,662

118,359

129,298

18,568

fti:i,:ft;i

il,438

1,451,459

22,331

Total

162 834

2 090 652

684 900

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

125

Or, on the basis of 1,625,000 tons carrying trade

Item.

Tonnage via
Tehuan-
tepec as the
shorter
route.

Tonnage via
Nicaragua
as the short-
er route.

Tonnage
which might
take either
route.

Tons.
30,734

Tons.

602,266

Tons.

120,663

3 ...

118,359

129,208

18,568

533 361

11,438

138 093

*22,331

Total

163,834

777,266

684,900

Thus it appears that of the carrying business Mr. Nimmo found for a canal
162,824 tons would be favored by Tehuantepec; 777,268 tons by Nicaragua, and
684,900 tons, other things than distance being equal, would take either route with
like advantage.

The grain carrying from the Pacific slope would make much larger figures for
item 4, Table 1, than Mr. Nimmo gives; but this business being conducted with
European ports would not add a ton to the list favored by Tehuantepec, but would
pass to the third column above.

A canal affording a safe, rapid, and sure transit across the American Isthmus
to every class of commercial vessel found upon the ocean can not fail to exert a
powerful influence in the reestablishment of our merchant marine. It must
greatly increase the construction of both wooden and iron vessels, for the voyages
in the carriage of our coast trade, which then would be continuous for 4,000, 5,000,
and 6,000 miles, would call for vessels of the best class, both as regards size and
construction.

In the last half of 1881 , 70 American ships sailed from the Pacific ports grain
laden, the smallest cargo having been 1,270 tons and the largest 3,300 tons in
weight; but the whole number sailing so laden was 303, of all nationalities, and
carrying cargoes up to 4.000 tons each. This magnificent fleet sailed around Cape
Horn for European ports, a distance of 13,710 miles, whereas, had the canal been
open, the distance would have been 7,200 miles, a loss of 6,500 miles in sailing dis-
tance for each vessel and an aggregate loss of 1,969,500 miles; an expense the
wheat growers of the Pacific slope have paid.

The cost of maintenance, management, and operating the Suez Canal in 1880
was $852,080. Its gross receipts were $7,943,596, and its net receipts $7,091,516.

Had it been a ship railway costing 50 per cent of receipts for operating

expenses, its outlay would have been $3,971,798

Actual expenses of Suez Canal 852,080

Difference in favor of the canal _. 3,119,718

Because profitable, the Suez Canal shares, originally costing 500 francs, now sell
for more than four times that amount.
All of which is respectfully submitted for the society.

S. L. PHELPS,
Chairman Executive Committee Interoceanic Canal Society.

WASHINGTON, March 16, 1882.
Hon. JOHN F. MILLER,

United States Senator, CJiairman Subcommittee of Committee on

Foreign Relations on Interoceanic Canals.
Hon. CHARLES G-. WILLIAMS,

United States Representative, Chairman Committee on Foreign Affairs.
GENTLEMEN: I have now received a statement of the receipts of the Suez Canal
Company for the year 1881, and have the honor to submit the following compara-
tive exhibit. 1 also avail of these data to contrast the cost of operating a ship
canal and a ship railway by taking the actual experience of the Suez Canal Com-
pany and the conditions for a ship railway as proposed in the bill now before the
Senate.

126 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

SUEZ CANAU

Cost. This canal is 100.15 miles long. The deepest cut is 70 feet above sea-
level. Total cost, $92,273,907. For a long period excavation was carried on by
human hands, the dirt being taken out in such quantities as could be laid upon
the carrier's back above the arms crossed over it to form a barrow. The enter-
prise, under such methods, became a failure, but was rescued by the introduction
of dredges of not very efficient character.

The canal could to-day be constructed for half the amount it cost, yet the stock
of the company has sold recently for more than five times its par value.

Receipts from the canal business:

Francs.

1878. Total receipts, less land and water rents 31,292,347

1879. Total receipts, less land and water rents 33, 500, 000

1880. Total receipts, less land and water rents... 41,676,792

1881. Total receipts, less land and water rents.. 51,941,509

Expenditures for maintenance, management, and operation:

1878. Total expenses, less those for lands and irrigation 4, 630. 139

1879. Total expenses, less those for lands and irrigation 4, 389. 000

1880. Total expenses, less those for lands and irrigation. 4, 780, 713

1881. Total expenses, less those for lands and irrigation

Mean of three years 4,599.9.10

The gross expenditures for 1881, including interest on obligations, bonds, and
capital shares, were 28,000,000 francs. For 1878 the same expenditures were
28,678,325 francs; for 1879, 28.059,000 francs, and for 1880, 28,179,80; francs.
Hence, the mean of the expenditures for maintenance, etc., for three years would
be a large amount to assume for the year 1881, but I adopt it (being x,s7i>.?.">i )
because the itemized expenditures for the year will not be made known until the
meeting of the canal board in May next.

This rate of expenditure for 1881 is 8.85 per cent of the gross receipts. During
1880 old appliances were discarded and new ones provided, creating an increased
expenditure for " entretien."

Expenditures for 1880:

Francs.

For administration in Paris and Egypt 1,142,619

For maintenance and repairs, including about 1,500,000 cubic yards of

dredging in Port Said Harbor and the canal 2, 079, 875

For operating the canal, including towage, tovvboats, pay of employees,

materials, tools, lights, etc 1,558,219

Total expenditures 4,780.713

Sir Edward J. Reed, in his statement before the Senate Committee on Commerce,
mentioned the serious caving in of the sandy banks of the canal and the difficul-
ties in its navigation as observed by himself. The value of his observations will
be appreciated by reference to the above statements of receipts and expenditures.
A business that springs in one year from 33,000,000 francs to 41,000,000 and the
following year bounds up to 52,000,000 francs does not indicate apprehensions on
the part of shipmasters, owners, or shippers; nor does a rate of expenditure for
operating and maintaining the work represented by 8.85 per cent of gross receipts
leave a margin for costly repairs or expensive working.

Were the expenses of the Paris office (amounting to $104,000 of a total expendi-
ture of $876,751) reduced to an economical basis, the total expenses would be less
than 7 per cent of the gross receipts.

The yearly cost of maintaining and operating railways is from 60 per cent of
gross earning upward to their full amount. The great trunk lines are less expen-
sive than ordinary roads.

In 1880 the expenses of the New York and Hudson River Railroad (very low
grades) were 59.04 per cent of gross earnings; of the Erie road, 62.29 per cent,
and of the Pennsylvania road, 61.90 per cent, the mean being about 61 per cent.

Captain Eads's biil provides that 50 per cent of gross receipts shall be taken as
the expenses of the ship railway.

The business of the Suez Canal for 1881 amounted to $9,900.052. Had its ex-
penses been 50 per cent of earnings its account would have stood thus:

1881. Gross earnings of canal $i),900.052

Expenses, 50 per cent of receipts 4,900,026

Net earnings 1 4,950,026

MARITIME CANAL COMPAJTT. 127

The company's account was as follows:

1881. Gross receipts of canal $9,900,052

Expenses 876,751

Net earnings. 9| per cent on cost 9,023,301

Net earnings, based on railway expenditures , 4,950,026

Difference in favor of the canal. 4,073,275

Captain Eads estimates the cost of the railway at $75,000,000. Adding for con-
tingencies would nearly double this amount; but take his estimate without an
addition of any kind:

9f per cent on $75,000,000 would be $7,252,500

Add for expenditures 50 per cent 7,252,500

Total earnings necessary for ship railway to give same net amount
as the Suez Canal ., 14,505,000

The Nicaragua Ship Canal, 53.15 miles long, is estimated by Government officers
to cost, including harbor and river improvements, $41,000,000, the estimates being
based on actual governmental surveys and measurements.

Assume the total cost to be $75,000,000:

9| per cent on $75,000,000 would be.. $7,252,500

Expenditure, based on the cost for maintaining and operating four ship

canals' .-, 600,000

The cost of maintenance, management, and operating the Nicaragua Caijal, as
derived from

The Suez Canal (yearly cost $876,751 ) , would be $327, 639

The Louisville and Portland Canal (y.early cost $30,928) , would be 126, 330

The St. Mary's Falls Canal (yearly cost $25,000) , would be 257, 500

The North Sea Canal (canal 16 miles long, two sets locks, and artificial

harbor, yearly cost $75,000), would be 112,528

Mean result. 205,999

Add for 12 locks, at $20,000 each .. 240,000

Add for harbor expense, same as Suez 98,874

Total yearly expense for the Nicaragua Canal 544, 873

Receipts necessary for 9| per cent net earnings 7, 852, 500

Receipts necessary for 9| per cent net earnings for ship railway 14,505,000

Difference in favor of the Nicaragua Canal 6, 652, 500

The railway would therefore impose a tax on commerce $6,652,500 greater than
a canal would cause, and that tax would fall upon shipping of a small class, the
railway being constructed for vessels of only 4,000 tons displacement, while the
estimates for the canal cover a construction equal to the carriage of larger steamers
than any now employed in commerce, although some entering New York Harbor
displace up to 13,500 tons.

Very respectfully, S. L. PHELPS.

[Senate Ex. Doc. No. 15, Forty-sixth Congress, first session.]

Message of the President of the United States, transmitting, in answer to a Senate
resolution of April 15, J879, a copy of the report of the commission appointed by
the President March 15, 1872, relating to the different interoceanic canal surveys
and the practicability of the construction of a ship canal across the continent.

To the Senate of the United States:

In compliance with a resolution of the Senate of the 15th instant, I transmit here-
with a copy of the report of the commission appointed by the President on the 15th
of March, 1872, relating to the different interoceanic-canal surveys and the prac-
ticability of the construction of a ship canal across this continent.

R. B. HAYES.
EXECUTIVE MANSION,

April 18, 1879.

'There will be no dredging in the Nicaragua Canal. In the Suez Canal it
amounts to about 1,500,000 cubic yards annually.

128 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

REPORT OF THE INTEROCEANIC-CANAL COMMISSION.

WASHINGTON CITY, February 7, 1876.
To the President of the United States:

The commission appointed by you to consider the subject of communication by
canal between the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across, over, or near
the isthmus connecting North and South America, have the honor, after a Ion-;,
careful, and minute study of the several surveys of the various routes across the
continent, unanimously to report:

1. That the route known as the "Nicaragua route," beginning on the Alantic
side at or near Greytown, running by canal to the San Juau River; thence follow-
ing its left bank to the mouth of the San Carlos River, at which point navigation
of the San Juan River begins, and by the aid of three short canals of an aggregate
length of 3.5 miles reaches Lake Nicaragua; from thence across the lake and
through the valleys of the Rio del Medio and the Rio Grande to what is known as
the port of Brito, on the Pacific coast, possesses, both for the construction and
maintenance of a canal, greater advantages and offers fewer difficulties from
engineering, commercial, and economic points of view than any one of the other
routes shown to be practicable by surveys sufficiently in detail to enable a judgment
to be formed of their relative merits, as will be briefly presented in the appended
memorandum.

The data for the conclusions of the commission will be found in the reports of
the various surveys and examinations made under the direction and auspices of
the Navy Department, copies of which are transmitted herewith.

A statement relating to these surveys and examinations, with a brief account of
the characteristic features of the routes, will be found in the accompanying memo-
randum prepared by the commission.
We have the honor to be, with high respect, your obedient servants,

ANDREW A. HUMPHREYS,
Brigadier-General, Chief of Engineers, U. S. A. , etc.

C. P. PATTERSON,
Superintendent United States Coast Survey,

DANL. AMMEN,
Commodore and Chief of Bureau of Navigation,

ACCOMPANYING MEMORANDUM.

At the time of the appointment of the commission various surveys for an inter-
oceanic ship canal across this continent had been made by different parties, and
others were in progress under the Navy Department. No formal meeting occurred
until the surveys in progress were completed and their results presented in the
shape of reports, maps, and plans upon the routes which, as presented, appeared
the most practicable.

On the oth day of February, 1874, a sitting was held. General information
bearing upon the subject was discussed, as well as that derived from the recent
surveys made under the Navy Department as far as then executed.

Captain Shufeldt and Commanders T. O. Selfridge and E. P. Lull, of the Navy,
were invited and appeared before the commission for the purpose of making verbal
explanations relating to the different surveys of which they had charge. Capt.
R. W. Shufeldt had charge of those on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Commander
T. O. Selfridge of those including the San Bias and Chepo route and all lying south
and east of that line, and Commander E. P. Lull of those via the Nicaragua Lake
and afterwards of those on the Isthmus of Panama, as will be mentioned hereafter.

It was agreed to take up the discussion of the routes from the north toward the
south and to request the assignment of Army engineers for the purpose of passing
over and making a personal examination of the relative practicability of two of
the proposed routes, and also to examine and report upon whatever related prac-
tically to the execution of the works,

The commission therefore asked the aid of the honorable Secretary of the Navy,
who kindly supplied the necessary facilities for the desired examination through
our naval vessels. The proper officers who had been engaged on those surveys were
also detailed to facilitate the examination, and several civil engineers were invited
to accompany the parties and to report their views after personal inspection.

By request of the commission, Maj. Walter McFarland and Capt. W. H. Heuer,
United States engineers, and Prof. Henry Mitchell, of the United States Coast
Survey, made the personal examination desired, accompanied by Gen. Jacob
Ammen and Civil Engineer D. S. Walton, whose observations and services were
not the less valued or appreciated because they were honorary.

MAEITIME CANAL COMPANY. 129

The reports made by the gentlemen are herewith appended.

A disctission of the Nicaragua and Atrato-Napipi routes, after the receipt of the
preliminary reports of these gentlemen, induced the commission to ask a close
instrumental survey on the Isthmus of Panama. This was rendered further desir-
able by surveys that were said to have been made, the reports of which had been
asked for of the those concerned and best informed without obtaining definite
information. The commission has to expres * its obligations for the prompt and
efficcient manner in which the honorable Secretary of the Navy caused this survey
to be made by Commander E. P. Lull, United States Navy, a corps of junior officers,
and Civil Engineer A. G. Menocal, United States Navy, and also for the actual
line of location of the Atrato-Napipi route and other information by Lieut. F. Col-
lins, United States Navy, and party, who had previously been under the command
of Commander T. O. Selfridge. In this manner the collection of information was
completed as deemed necessary for a decision upon the subject. The commission
is pleased to recognize the laborious works conducted through a series of years by
naval officers, under the instructions of the Navy Department, on a field of oper-
ations extending over large tracts of territory and believed to preclude the exist-
ence of as favorable lines for the construction of an interoceanic ship canal as those
herein particularly presented for consideration.

Geographically from the north end toward the south they are situated in the fol-
lowing order: (1) The Isthmus of Tehuantepec; (2) the Nicaragua route via Lake
Nicaragua; (3) the Isthmus of Panama; (4) the San Bias and Chepo route; (5) Cal-
edonian and Morti routes; (6) Caledonian and Sucubti routes; (7) the so-called
"De Puydt" route; (8) the Cacarica and Tuyra route; (9) the Atrato and Fer-
nando route; (10) the Atrato-Napipi route.

THE TEHUANTEPEC ROUTE.

This route has been sufficiently examined by Capt. R. W. Shufeldt, U. S. N.,
aided by a corps of junior officers and Civil Engineer A. G. Tuertes, to admit of
a satisfactory general discussion and comparison of its character and merits with
those of other routes. It has a summit level of 754 feet, which it is proposed to
reduce to 732 feet at Tarifa. A harbor must be constructed on each coast.

The Coatzacoalcos River must be improved to the highest point of the river,
which could be utilized for navigation about 35 miles. Its banks are low and
during freshets entirely overflowed. One hundred and forty-four miles of canal
must be built, with 140 locks of 10.4 feet lift; with a feeder 27 miles long (requir-
ing primarily to dam the water supply to an elevation of 86 feet), having four
tunnels of an aggregate length of 3.6 miles. There is some question as to the
efficiency of the water supply. Assuming a common standard of dimensions of
canal and locks and of price of materials and labor for all the routes, the esti-
mated cost of this route would largely exceed that of the Nicaragua route.

THE NICARAGUA ROUTE.

Commander E. P. Lull, U. S. N., with a corps of junior officers and Civil Engi-
neer A. G. Menocal, made the survey of this route. The summit level is designed
to be 107.62 feet above the two oceans the surface of Lake Nicaragua being main-
tained at the highest water mark by a dam at Castillo.

Two harbors must be constructed, one at or near Grey town, the other at Brito,
on the Pacific.

The eastern division is 108.5 miles long, of which 42 miles is canal, extending
from the proposed harbor on the eastern coast to and along the San Juan River to
the mouth of the River San Carlos, at which point slack- water navigation of the
San Juan begins, and, by the aid of three short canals, having an aggregate
length of 3.5 miles, around the proposed dams in the San Juan (four in number),
reaches to Lake Nicaragua, a distance of 63 miles of slack-water navigation.

The four dams alluded to are located as follows, with dimensions as given:
No. 1, Castillo. 940 feet long, 21 feet high; No. 2, Balas, 1,196 feet long, 31.9 feet
high; No. 3, Machuca, 824 feet long, 34 feet high; No. 4, San Carlos, 1,000 feet
long, 31 feet high.

Ten lift locks are required, of an average lift of 10.76 feet each. They are all
located on hard ground, and only at one location are two locks placed together.

Different parts of the San Juan River, utilized by means of dams for slack-
water navigation, must be deepened by dredging, and to a small extent excavated
in rock.

Owing to the great extent of Lake Nicaragua (2,800 superficial miles, to be
further increased through the Castillo dam), which receives the silt of the water-

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 9

130 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

sheds that drain into it, the flow of water in the river is nearly equalized through-
out the year, so as effectually to prevent floods or freshets. This is an important
consideration in its bearing upon the construction and maintenance of the inter-
oceanic canal works. The watersheds, too, bordering on the upper San Juan, by
reason of the trends of the San Carlos and other rivers, are shown to be of limited
extent and do not seriously affect the rise of the San Juan. The water supply is
sufficient for any possible contingency.

A later reconnoissance shows that a shorter and better location of the lower
portion of the eastern division can undoubtedly be found.

The middle division comprises the lake navigation, a distance of 56.5 miles, with
channels of approach at either end requiring dredging and other work.

The western division, extending from Lake Nicaragua to Brito, is 16.33 miles
long, and requires 10 lift locks, one tide lock, and a new channel for a part of the
Bio Grande.

The deepest cutting is through a mere crest 134 in height, and the excavations
are not of extraordinary magnitude on this division.

The commission has derived much advantage from the reports of Maj. Walter
McFarland, Corps of Engineers, United States Army. Gen. Jacob Ammen. and
Prof. Henry Mitchell, of the United States Coast Survey, reports based upon relia-
ble information and personal observation in their inspection of the country and of
various points on the line as located.

Whatever differences may exist between the reports of Civil Engineer Menocal
and those of the gentlemen referred to, it is conceded that the surveys are suffi-
cient to make an approximate estimate of the amount and character of the work
necessary to construct the canal.

The questions relating to the enlargement of the works deemed necessary* by
Major McFarland, the construction of more extensive harbors, the relative cost of
labor and material there as compared with the rates in our country, as well as the
determination of the best location possible, will doubtless engage the careful atten-
tion of those concerned in its construction.

Respecting the magnitude of the harbors, it is to be remarked that on the west
coast the port of San Juan del Sur would serve as a convenient port to await
entrance to the canal, the actual distance apart being about 5 miles.

The sea is usually so smooth and bad weather so unusual that vessels can
anchor off Brito itself, in the open sea, to await the opportunity of entering the
canal. Gales of wind are almost if not wholly unknown in that region, and squalls
are off the land, in no degree endangering the safety of a vessel at anchor off the
coast. Nevertheless a heavy ocean swell rolls in, rendering ample breakwaters
necessary to secure smooth water at the entrance to the canal.

More difficulties exist on the eastern coast, and a smooth anchorage would be
desirable for vessels awaiting transit, but even there the anchorage, although dis-
agreeable without shelter, would be regarded as safe. Here, as on the west coast,
it is requisite that the entrance to the canal should have smooth water, which can
only be secured by the construction of ample breakwaters.

Respecting the length of locks proposed (400 feet), the canal should be built for
the class of vessels best adapted to extended navigation, which class would in gen-
eral follow the routes of prevailing winds. Extreme length should be discouraged
as well for a true economy as for safety of passengers. Vessels of exceptional
length can go, as now, through the Straits of Magellan.

No doubt exists as to the entire practicability of constructing an interpceanic
ship canal via Lake Nicaragua. If the work were conducted with ability and
honesty, it would be completed within a moderate period of time, and at a cost
that would prove commercially profitable by the payment of tolls, moderate when
compared with the loss or time, wear and tear, deterioration of cargo, insurance,
etc., that belongs to a voyage via Cape Horn or the Straits of Magellan. The cost
of construction of the canal and harbors, with all their necessary adjuncts locks
400 feet in length and 26 feet depth of water may be set down as at least
$100,000,000.

THE PANAMA ROUTE.

At the request of the commission, for reasons previously stated, the honorable
Secretary of the Navy caused a careful instrumental survey of this route to be
made in the vicinity of the line of the Panama Railroad.

The proposed route is 41.7 miles long; has a summit level of 123.7 feet (surface
of canal above the ocean); requires a dam and feeder 10.5 miles long; a retained
dam at Obispo Station: an aqueduct across the Chagres River; a deep cut at the
summit level 4.H1 miles long with a mean depth of 101 feet and greatest depth of
197 feet; the construction of the lift-locks necessary to overcome the summit level,

MAEITIME CANAL COMPANY. 131

and, what is common to all of the routes, the construction of harbors on each
coast. The deep cut would probably be subject to landslides, from which the
Panama Railroad has suffered seriously, and the canal would be exposed to seri-
ous injury from flood. The excavation of the cut, involving the handling and
transport of millions of cubic yards of materials, is of itself a very great under-
taking, especially in such a climate as that of the Isthmus.

The cost of the whole work, including that necessary in the harbor of Panama
and at Aspinwall, is estimated to exceed by nearly 50 per cent that of the Nicara-
gua route.

THE ATRATO-NAPIPO ROUTE.

The additional surveys which the honorable Secretary of the Navy directed to
be made last winter by Lieutenant Collins, and an actual line of location, gauging
the water supply, and the estimates relating thereto, enable the commission to
form a more definite opinion of the approximate amount of labor necessary to exe-
cute this work.

The construction of a harbor at the mouth of the Urala (one of the mouths of
the Atrato) is supposed to be practicable at a moderate expense; thence to the
mouth of the Napipi, a distance of 160 miles, the navigation is unimpeded for a.ny
class of commercial vessels.

The proposed interoceanic canal begins at the mouth of Napipi River, and for
a distance of 21.4 miles no special obstacle exists to its construction. At this
point it is proposed to cross the Napipi by means of a dam and basin at a surface
level of 143 feet above the oceans.

The Napipi at this point is a mountain stream, subject to extreme floods, and
bearing along at such times large quantities of debris. The deep cutting in the
valley of the Doguado begins about 7,000 feet after crossing the Napipi. The mean
depth of cut from the crossing of the river to the entrance of tunnel is 90 feet a
distance of 4.8 miles; a maximum depth of this cut being 245 feet, and at entrance
of tunnel 225 feet.

The proposed tunnel has a length of 3.5 miles. The material through which it
must be opened is not determined.

The tunnel opens abruptly on the Pacific, giving a linear distance of 4,500 feet
measured on the line of location of the locks, making a continuous flight necessary.

After the canal has left the Atrato and reached the Napipi River at the point
where it is proposed to cross that stream, the execution of the remainder of the
work will require the greatest skill in engineering; and its cost can not be esti-
mated in advance with any accuracy, though it must necessarily be extraordinarily
great.

The rainfall and the duration of the rainy season upon this route are greater than
upon the Panama route, and are much greater than the downfall and duration of
the rainy season upon the Nicaragua route.

Unlike all of the other routes for which estimates have been made, for this route
supplies of every kind, as well as laborers for the construction of the canal, would
have to be brought from considerable distances, still further swelling the cost.

Finally, were the work actually built, the cost of its permanent maintenance
would be greater than upon the other routes. The estimated cost of this work
upon the same basis of cost of material and labor exceeds by at least 50 per cent
the estimated cost of the canal by the Nicaragua route.

TENTATIVE SURVEYS.

Commander T. O. Selfridge, with a corps of junior officers, four assistants of the
Coast Survey, a considerable working party, and a large guard of marines, made
tentative surveys of all the watersheds from the Bay of San Bias to the head waters
of the Chepo River; from Caledonia Bay to the Morti, and from the same vicinity
on the eastern coast to the Sucubti across the divide; and the following season,
with a different organization of parties, the "Du Puydt route," and that of the
Cacarica and Tuyra rivers.

None of these routes affords a practicable location (as shown by these attempts)
for the construction of an interoceanic ship canal.

The survey by Michler and Craven of what is known as the " Tonando route"
shows that a broad mountain range divides the two oceans in such a manner as to
render impracticable the construction of an interoceanic ship canal within that
watershed at any reasonable cost.

The examinations made by Trautewine and others, whenever proper instruments
for surveying were used, over the long distances from the Gulf of San Bias toward
the south and east to the Atrato-Napipi route, demonstrate the impracticability of
all the proposed routes across it.

132 MARITIME CANAL COMPANI

ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.

The commission accompany their report with certain reports and maps (printed
and manuscript) , a list of which is appended.

1. Report of Major McFarland (written).

2. Report of General Ammen (written).

3. Report of Professor Mitchell ( written).

4. Report on the Tehnantepec route (printed).

5. Report on the Nicaragua route (printed).

6. Report on the Panama route (printed).

Reports on the Atrato-Napipi route.

7. Report of Commander Selfridge (printed).

8. Report of Lieutenant Collins (printed).

We have the honor to be, with high respect, your obedient servants,

ANDREW A. HUMPHREYS,
Brigadier-General. Chief of /,</','< />, U. S. A.

C. P. PATTERSON,
Superintendent United States Coast Survey.

DAN'L AMMEN,
Commodore, and Chief of Bureau of Navigation,

MEMORANDUM.

This memorandum briefly alludes to the salient points that pertain to the several
routes more particularly mentioned. The question was in its nature competitive,
the most important points being economy of construction and maintenance, with
a sufficient water supply to meet whatever demand might be made in the future
upon its capacity. No doubt whatever exists that the Nicaragua route will fulfill
these conditions more completely than any other route considered.

In relation to building material and relative cost of construction for a given
amount of work, with any route named the Nicaragua will compare with advan-
tage. The transportation of material can be effected with economy and facility
along the proposed line, and whatever is required in wood, lime, and stone may
be said to be at hand. Tfce country abounds in wholesome food, and would fur-
nish a considerable number of the laborers that would be required for the con-
struction of an interoceanic ship canal.

So far as our national interests are concerned, obviously the shorter coast route
between California and our eastern coast would be the best. But the difficulties
to be met at all points, and the great cost of construction at even the most favor-
able, narrows the question to a commercial consideration.

The ' ' coasting trade " and outlet to European markets for the productions of our
west coast give the construction of a ship canal special value to us nationally.
Were an interoceanic ship canal built a great stimulus would be given to the
wheat production of our Pacific coast, which might furnish an abundant food
supply to European markets at remunerative prices.

Apart from local interests we have one in common with the great commerce of
the world. It would be superfluous to discuss the effect of the construction of this
interoceanic canal. It is obvious that, with moderate tools and amply capacity to
meet the wants of transportation, an interoceanic ship canal would change the
routes of commerce of the world in a greater degree than any work that has been
constructed. It should therefore be regarded with favor by the civilized world.

The towage dues should be reduced as the commerce increased to allow only a
liberal interest on the cost of construction, and no discriminating advantages
should be allowed between the vessels of those nations that subscribed to the neces-
sary guaranties of neutrality.

The Nicaraguan Government has given all possible aid to our officers and their
parties who were engaged in making the surveys through her territory, and has
expressed a desire, as is known to us unofficially, to forward the work of construc-
tion of an interoceanic ship canal in whatever way within the limits of her
resources.

In the common interest of all nations and peoples, and to insure the security of
Nicaragua and adjacent States, as well as for the security and interests of the con-
structors of an interoceanic ship canal, a guaranty of neutrality and protection
seems necessary on the part of all nations who wish its benefits, making neutral
approaches so wide and so well defined as to forbid a close or effective blockade,

MAEITIME CANAL COMPANY. 133

ami that the Government of Nicaragua should guarantee that both ports adjacent
to the sea should be free and without port charges or let or hindrance.

It seems necessary also that that Government should condemn such private
property, whether lands, timber, lime, stone, etc., for the location, construction,
and maintenance of an interoceanic ship canal, paying a fair valuation for the
same to the owners, to be reimbursed by the constructors, and, in addition, to
receive a stipulated amount of stock in perpetuity for that Government, which
could not be hypothecated beyond the term of one year.

It would be essential that the constructors should maintain an armed police to
preserve order on the neutral territory during the period of construction, and that, .
should laborers or others pass beyond the neutral belt into adjacent territories, at
the request of the Government concerned it should be the duty of the constructors
to pursue, apprehend, and bring to justice marauders or other culprits, but under
no other condition to cross over, trespass, or interfere in any way beyond the
limit of the neutral territory.

If necessary to preserve order, the Government of Nicaragua 'would doubtless
require passports from persons going into her territory, and, if found advisable,
would call upon the constructors to expel persons who were lawless, or bring to
justice those who had committed greater crimes, if not able to do so herself with-
out raising and maintaining an extraordinary force for that purpose.

Should the constructors fail to comply with this requisition on the part of the
Government of territories adjacent to the neutral belt, it would seem to be the
duty of our Government to propose as a security to the peace and repose of those
territories that she should assume the responsibility of protecting them against
armed marauders.

When it is borne in mind that those territories are sparsely populated, and that
the ease of living on natural productions might throw into the country so large a
population of turbulent and idle men, disposed to live partly by plunder and com-
mit acts of disorder and violence, it seems only reasonable to guarantee the adja-
cent Governments against the onerous expenses and grave disorders which they
might otherwise have to endure. It is thought worthy of consideration whether
it might not serve as a guarantee to stockholders, as well in relation to the prog-
ress of the work, as to the proper application of the means employed for its execu-
tion, if the nations specially interested in the construction of the canal were to
appoint "examiners," who should form part of the board of directors or honorary
members of it these examiners to be officers of the respective Governments, paid
by them, and not allowed to receive any compensation from the canal construction.

We have the honor to be, with high respect, your obedient servants,

ANDREW A. HUMPHREYS,
Brigadier-General, Chief of Engineers, U. S. A.

C. P. PATTERSON,
Superintendent United States Coast Survey.

DANL. AMMEN,
Commodore and Chief of Bureau of Navigation.

BUREAU OF NAVIGATION, NAVY DEPARTMENT,

Washington, D. C., March 17, 1882.

SIR: In obedience to your order, Master W. H. H. Southerland and myself have
made careful measurement of the following distances, on the charts published by
this office:

Miles.

From New York to Aspinwall 2,000

From Panama to San Francisco 3,260

From New York to Greytown 2,028

From Brito to San Francisco 2,675

From New York to Coatzacoalcos 2,004

From New Orleans to Aspinwall _ 1,387

From New Orleans to Greytown 1,310

From New Orleans to Coatzacoalcos 805

From Ventosato San Francisco 2,105

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

JAS. G. GREEN,
Lieutenant-Commander, U.S.N.,in Charge Chart Division.

Commodore J. C. P. DE KRAFFT, U.S.N.,

Hydrographer, Bureau of Navigation.

134 COMMON PRIME MERIDIAN.

FORTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.

[See p. 138.]

July 18, 1882.

[Senate Report No. 840.]

Mr. Miller, of California, from the Committee on Foreign Relations,
Submitted the following report :

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to whom was referred the
joint resolution (H. Res. 209) to authorize the President of the United
States to call an international conference to fix on and recommend
for universal adoption a common prime meridian to be used in the
reckoning of longitude and in the regulation of time throughout the
world, have considered the same, and respectfully report :

That they have examined all the memorials and papers referred to
them in relation to a commission for establishing a zero of longitude
and a standard of time throughout the globe.

These papers present two principal phases :

First. The establishment of a prime meridian from which longitude
shall be reckoned for all sea charts, which shall therefore have a
quality of universal usage.

Second. Standard time for the use of railroads, etc., through dif-
ferent countries.

The committee recognize the practical benefits to be derived from
having a common zero of longitude for the charts of all commercial
nations, and believe that in the course of years a single line of depar-
ture would be adopted. Yet it seems very important that its estab-
lishment should be hastened by a convention of delegates from the
various commercial nations. It would appear as necessary as the
universal reckoning of latitude from the equator. At all events, a
question which has so long occupied the attention of men of science
and which provokes earnest discussion of its practical phases may as
well be settled. The promulgation of such a prime meridian would
be analogous to the promulgation of the Gregorian calendar, giving
the smaller countries an opportunity to avail themselves of it with-
out compromising their dignity.

The committee recognize the fact that most of the great commercial
nations adopt the meridian of Greenwich as the zero of longitude, but
that the longitude is reckoned east and west therefrom to the one
hundred and eightieth meridian. This single circumstance involves
the liability of those navigators near the zero and near the one hun-
dred and eightieth degree of making in their calculations a mistake
in sign which may place them on the wrong side of those meridians.
The gravity of this point is appreciated when we remember that the
zero of longitude through Greenwich crosses the track of an immense
commerce along the dangerous coasts of western Europe.

The committee therefore feel the advisability of counting the longi-
tude through 360 degrees or twenty-four hours from the prime merid-
ian, and thus avoid the possibility of falling into the foregoing errors.

A source of danger to navigation in the use of several prime merid-
ians is where two vessels signal each other under stress of weather,
and the one which has had no observation for longitude receives and
uses a longitude from the other vessel based upon a different zero from
her own, and may proceed to her destruction. The same may happen
to a vessel approaching a strange coast line.

In order to ascertain generally what commercial nations are using

COMMON PRIME MERIDIAN MARITIME CANAL COMPANY. 135

a common meridian, the committee have obtained from the charts at
the office of the Coast and Geodetic Survey the following enumeration :

COUNTRIES USING THE GREENWICH MERIDIAN FOR CHARTS.

Great Britain, with India, Australia, Dominion of Canada, British
Columbia, and all the dependencies, together with survey of dan-
gers, harbors, etc., all over the world.

The United States.

Germany (the topographical maps use Berlin, 13 23' 53" east of
Greenwich).

Russia (also uses Paris, 2 20' 15" east of Greenwich; St. Peters-
burg, 30 20' east of Greenwich; but gives Greenwich preference).

The Netherlands (also uses Amsterdam, 4 53' east of Greenwich).

PER CONTRA-.

France uses Paris, 2 20' 15" east of Greenwich.

Spain uses San Fernando, 6 20' east of Greenwich.

Denmark uses Copenhagan, 12 34' east of Greenwich.

Portugal has no strictly geographical charts.

Italy, no specimen of sea charts. On the topographical maps she
uses Turin, Milan, and San Fernando.

Upon the consideration of adopting a universal standard of time
for all countries the committee believe that the acceptance of such a
proposition by any convention is extremely doubtful. At different
periods there have been so many chimerical schemes proposed, and
no thoroughly practical one suggested, that the committee can not
urge this as a reason for supporting the recommendation of a con-
vention. The great railroad corporations of each country will nat-
urally solve this problem for themselves, with, perhaps, local
legislation, but the committee believe that the adoption of number-
ing the hours from at the prime meridian or zero of longitude to 24,
consecutively, will afford a basis of local action and hasten the estab-
lishment of common railroad time in the different countries.

Beyond the demands of the railroad traffic it seems absolutely
necessary that local time shall be retained, because of the many
industries and trade customs and legal questions involved. It would
appear to be as difficult to alter by edict the ideas and habits of the
people in regard to local time as to introduce among them novel sys-
tems of weights, measures, volumes, and money.

Upon a careful weighing of all the evidence before them the com-
mittee believe that the question of establishing simply a prime merid-
ian for all nations and reckoning the longitude therefrom through 360
degrees and through twenty-four hours, consecutively, is of such
practical importance to commerce and navigation as to justify the
calling of the proposed convention, and they therefore recommend
the passage of the joint resolution with the amendment agreed upon
by the committee.

FORTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.

[See pp. 105, 139, 141, 187, 402, 410, 415, 457.]
January 31, 1883.

[Senate Report No. 952.]

Mr. Miller, of California, from the Committee on Foreign Relations,
submitted the following report:
The Committee on Foreign Relations, to whom was recommitted

}">'') CONSULAR AND DIPLOMATIC SERVICE.

Senate bill 550, to incorporate the Maritime Canal Company of Nica-
ragua, beg leave to report the same back with sundry amendments,
and recommend its passage as amended.

[See Senate Report 368, Forty-seventh Congress, first session, p. 107.]

FORTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.

April 10, 1884.
[Senate Report No. 432.]

Mr. Miller, of California, from the Committee on Foreign Relations,
submitted the following report:

The Committee on Foreign Relations beg leave to report the accom-
panying amendment, which they propose to the bill making appropria-
tions for the consular and diplomatic service for the year ending June
30, 1885, in lieu of bills S. 347, 594, and 1700, which bills the commit-
tee, recommend be indefinitely postponed, and ask that the amend
inent herewith be referred to the Committee on Appropriations. The
subject-matters embraced in the above-mentioned bills have been
carefully considered by the committee, and their views are contained
in the letter from the Department of State, dated March 26, 1884,
hereto appended and made a part of this report.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

\\'it*ltiii<ft<i. March ?H. 1SS4.

Sra: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 5th instant,
inclosing copies of two proposed amendments to the consular and diplomatic bill
for an appropriation to defray the expenses of a conference of independent Ameri-
can nations to promote commerce and general peace, and in which you inform me
of the courtesy of the committee in submitting the amendments for my considera-
tion, with the request that if the President approve of the proposition, to place it
within his power, so far as expenses are concerned, to invite such a conference
that I submit a draft of an amendment, such as 1 regard as proper, or that I
indicate which of the two I prefer.

I am thoroughly convinced of the advisability of knitting closely our relations
with the States of this continent, and no effort on my part shall be wanting to
accomplish a result so consonant with the constant policy of this country, and in
the spirit of the Monroe doctrine, which, in excluding foreign political interfer-
ence, recognizes the common interest of the States of North and South America.
It is the history of all diplomacy that close political relations and friendship
spring from unity of commercial interests. The merchant or trader is the fore-
runner and aid to diplomatic intimacy and international amity. With the spirit
of the proposed amendments I am in harmony.

But certain practical objections to the mode suggested occur to me. I fear that
a congress so soon to meet, without previous conference with the several govern-
ments, and without the preparation of a well-digested programme for discussion,
might be unable to acomplish a valuable result. The views of the States which
are to be parties to the conference should be obtained, their wishes and aims care-
fully considered, and thereupon the scope and purpose of the congress carefully
denned and outlined in the invitation.

The disadvantage of summoning a congress without some definite assurance of
general accord, and without an announcement of its programme, was shown in
18$0, when the Colombian Government convoked a congress of Spanish- American
States at Panama to concert measures for preserving peace between them by means
of international arbitration. Few States were represented, and the conference
failed to develop unity of views, and broke up without accomplishing anything,
except, perhaps, a prejudice against the renewal of the project.

Moreover, it is probable that the other States certainly the smaller and less
powerful among them would desire a treat v of a'liance, requiring of the United

CONSULAR AND DIPLOMATIC SEEVICE. 137

States protection and defense in case of attack, not only by European powers, but
by their more powerful neighbors on this continent. Material aid also in the con-
struction of their railroads and other similar public works would be expected,
neither of which propositions could be entertained by us. In the conference the
smallest State would have a voice equal to that of the United States; and while
we need not necessarily be bound by the conclusions reached, it would weaken
rather than strengthen our influence with these countries if we should feel forced
to reject measures adopted by the conference.

Considerations of much this character influenced the failure of thenptable project
for an American congress at Panama during Mr. Adams's Administration, in
1828-29. The congress was proposed by the South American States, then recog-
nized by us as independent, but still nominally at war with Spain. Its purposes
were mutual alliance and preservation of peace among them. President Adams
and Mr. Clay favored the project, but continued opposition, in and out of Con-
gress, developed the general belief that the only result would be to make the
United States the responsible protector of the whole republican system of the con-
tinent, thus giving the minor States the benefit of a special protection which the
United States did not need for themselves and could not adequately expect from
the rest. The United States commissioner, although appointed, did not attend
the congress, and owing to the disordered condition and conflicting interests of
the Spanish- American States it attained no result. (See note to Dana's Wheaton,
p. 99, et seq.)

The true plan, it seems to me, is to make a series of reciprocity treaties with the
States of Central and South America, taking care that those manufactures, and as
far as is practicable those products which would come into competition with our
own manufactures and products should not be admitted to the free list. By these
treaties we might secure for valuable consideration, so as not to violate the most-
favored nation clause of other treaties, further substantial advantages, such, for
example, as the free navigation of their coasts, rivers, and lakes.

Indiscriminate reduction of duties on materials peculiarly the production of
Central and South America would take from us the ability to offer reciprocity,
and we would thus lose the opportunity to secure valuable trade. Removal of
duties from coffee, without greatly cheapening its price, deprived us of the power
to negotiate with the coffee-growing countries of Spanish America highly advan-
tageous reciprocity treaties, and indiscriminate reduction of duties on sugar would
complete our inability to establish favorable commercial relations with those
countries which form our natural market, and from which we are now almost
entirely excluded. If we confine the reduction of duties on such articles as sugar
and coffee to those Spanish- American countries which are willing to negotiate
with us treaties of reciprocity we cheapen these products for our own people, and,
at the same time, gain the control of those markets for the products of our fields
and factories.

Another point seems well worthy of consideration. The United States are great
producers of silver, and every market which can be opened for this valuable prod-
uct is to our direct advantage. Great Britain, on the other hand, strives to dis-
parage and exclude it as a means of exchange; for its use in this way depreciates
her wealth and works to her disadvantage. The States of Central and South
America are also silver producers, with interests like ours. It would, therefore,
be advantageous, and is probably practicable, to agree upon a common silver coin
equal in value, say, to our gold dollar, or to some other appropriate standard,
which, under proper regulation as to coinage, etc., should be current in all the
countries of this continent. Thus value would be given to our silver products,
and commei'ce with these countries wou'd be aided.

I suggest that it would be well to make an appropriation, giving to the Presi-
dent power to appoint a commission to carefully consider what the best interests
of North and South America and the Isthmus require; to send, if found advisable,
delegates to confer with the Governments of the other countries, and, after this
commission has made its report upon the most feasible means of carrying out
measures of mutual advantage, then empowering the President, if he sees proper,
to call the convention. A body so convened would meet with its general object
and scope marked out, and would know beforehand what wishes of the other
States this Government is unable to comply with, thus avoiding what might seem
a rebuff should we feel obliged to decline a project matured by the congress with-
out our assent.

I inclose herewith a draft of an amendment embodying these views, which meet
the President's approval.

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

FREDK. T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

Hon. JOHN F. MILLER,

Chairman Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.

138 INTERNATIONAL (.'MKRENCE.

FORTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.

[See p. 134.]

February 7, 1885.

[Senate Report No. 1188.]

Mr. Miller, of California, from the Committee on Foreign Relations,
submitted the following report :

The Committee on Foreign Relations, in submitting the resolution
to authorize and request the President to "communicate to the Gov-
ernments of all nations in diplomatic relations with the United States
the resolutions adopted by the International Conference held at \Va>h-
ington in October, 1884, for the purpose of fixing a prime meridian
and a universal day, and to invite their accession to the same," beg
leave to ask the attention of the Senate to the following statement, viz:

By an act of Congress approved August 3, 1882, the President of
the United States was authorized and requested to call an Interna-
tional Conference to fix on and recommend for universal adoption a
common prime meridian to be used in the reckoning of longitude and
in the regulation of time throughout the world. In pursuance of the
object sought to be attained by this act, the Secretary of State, in a
circular note dated October 23, 1882, inquired of the several Govern-
ments of foreign States whether they would be disposed to take part
in such a conference if invited thereto; to which inquiry a favorable
answer was returned in the majority of cases, and the formal invita-
tion of the President to send delegates to an International Conference
to meet at Washington on October 1, 1884, "for the purpose of dis-
cussing, and if possible, fixing upon a meridian proper to be employed
as a common zero of longitude and standard of time reckoning
throughout the globe," was communicated to the several foreign Gov-
ernments with which the United States maintain relations, by means
of a circular note dated December 1, 1883, and issued by the Secretary
of State.

In response to this invitation, delegates appointed on behalf of Aus-
tria-Hungary, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, France, Germany,
Great Britain, Guatemala, Hawaii, Italy, Japan, Liberia, Mexico,
Netherlands, Paraguay, Russia, San Domingo, San Salvador, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Venezuela, and the United States of
America, met in Washington on the 1st of October, 1884, in confer-
ence, for the purposes set forth in the said invitation; and after dis-
cussing and considering the subject in several conferences, adopted,
on the 22d of October, 1884, certain resolutions reciting the conclusions
they had reached. On the day last named the conference referred to
unanimously adopted the following resolution, viz:

That a copy of the resolutions passed by this conference shall be communicated
to the Government of the United States of America, at whose instance and within
whose territory the conference has been convened.

The said resolutions have been communicated to Congress by the
President, together with the record of the proceedings of the confer-
ence.

The committee desire to submit also the following letter from the
Secretary of State for consideration in this connection, viz:

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,
Waxlnin.iton, Februarys, 1885.

SIR: Permit me to call to your attention the subject of the late Prime Meridian
Conference held in October last, of which the full protocols, in French and Eng-

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE MARITIME CANAL CO. 139

lish, were transmitted to C mgress by the President on the 4th of December last,
and printed as House Executive Document No. 14.

It will be seen by a perusal of the final act of that conference (doc. cit., pp.
111-113) that its conclusions were embodied in a series of abstract recommenda-
tions or resolutions, seven in number, only one of which makes any proposal to
the Governments represented. The sense of the conference was, in fact, that no
general proposal should be made by it to the Governments represented, but that
the initiative should be left to the Government of the United States, which had
called the conference.

I have had the honor to consult with the President on this subject, and he is of
the opinion that in his annual message, and in communicating to Congress the
record of the conference, he had done all that is necessary to bring the matter
again within the jurisdiction of Congress (where the project originated), and that
it is open to that body to signify its wish as to whether the conclusions reached by
ihe conference shall be brought by this Government formally to the notice of other
governments, with an invitation to adopt them for universal use by means of a
general international convention to that end.

The accompanying draft of a joint resolution in this sense is submitted for the
consideration of your committee.

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

FREDK. T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

Hon. JOHN F. MILLER,

Chairman Committee on Foreign Relations, Senate.

The committee recommend the adoption of the resolution.

FORTY-NINTH CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.

[See pp. 105, 107, 135, 141, 187, 402, 410, 415, 457.]

January 6, 1887.
[Senate Report No. 1638.]

Mr. Edmunds, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to which was referred Senate
bill 2636, entitled "A bill to incorporate the Maritime Canal Company
of Nicaragua," respectfully reports:

That in the opinion of the committee the bill ought to pass amended
as herewith reported.

The committee is of opinion that the instance must be rare and
exceptional when it should recommend Congress to pass any act of
incorporation other than for local purposes within the District of
Columbia or in some Territory, but it thinks that for great national
objects and for specific purposes, affecting the welfare of the people
of all the States, that Congress may rightfully and properly create a
corporation to effectuate the same public objects that Congress might
by law provide for being done by the Government itself.

The committee is of opinion that this is a case within the principle
just laid down.

The means of water transit between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
at or near the Isthmus of Panama is obviously a matter of the great-
est interest to the industrial, commercial, and political welfare of the
people of the United States, and it is, the committee thinks, equally
clear that it is in the highest degree desirable, so far as may be done
consistently with their obligations to other powers, that this transit
should be under the influence if it can not be under the control of the
United States.

It is well understood that the Republic of Nicaragua and her sister
Central American republics have a strong disposition to affiliate their
interests with those of our Republic, inasmuch as their political insti-

140 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY TERRITORY OF ALASKA.

lutions are based upon the same theory as our own, and from geo-
graphical proximity we are, or should be, their natural friends and
allies, desiring to promote in the largest degree their safety, inde-
pendence, and welfare, which must necessarily be in every respect
consistent and in harmony with our own.

It is well known that for a long time past the Republic of Nicaragua
has been willing and desirous that a ship canal should be built
between the two oceans through her territory and in such a way and
under such conditions as should promote the common prosperity of
all the American republics. From one cause or another the accom-
plishment of this desire has been continually postponed until at last,
it seems clear to the committee, it can hardly be expected that our
sister Republic will much longer refrain from doing what she can
toward the building of this canal by seeking aid from nations or other
people whose commercial and political interests are not altogether in
accord with ours. It seems to the committee, therefore, that the least
the United States can do is to authorize a corporation composed, as
it is believed the names mentioned in the bill do, of highly respectable
and responsible citizens of the United States to be a corporation for
the purpose of building this canal under any concessions or authority
that the Republic of Nicaragua may concede to them. It will be
noticed that the bill, as proposed to be amended, provides rigorous
security for the due administration of the affairs of the corporation
and for the prevention of the diversion of its funds to other purposes
than those intended by the act, and that it also provides for the com-
plete authority of Congress to amend or repeal it as the public good
may require. It will also be observed that the bill as amended does
not draw into question the existence or extent of any supposed treaty
obligation of the United States with any power.

Looking, therefore, to the large benefits, not only to the United
States and the Republic of Nicaragua and her sister republics, but
also to the commerce and intercommunication of the whole sisterhood
of civilized governments on the globe, the committee recommends the
passage of the bill with the amendments proposed, in the hope that
the resources and enterprise of private citizens of our country may
be enabled to accomplish this great work even if our Government itself
is not yet ready to undertake it.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

GEO. F. EDMUNDS,

For the Committee.

FIFTIETH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
February 1, 1888.

[Senate Report No. 158.]

Mr. Frye, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted the
following report:

Your Committee on Foreign Relations have considered the bill
(S. 841) to facilitate the settlement and develop the resources of the
Territory of Alaska, etc., and report:

That from the present sources of information open to them they are
inclined to the opinion

(1) That the proposed line of railroad runs through a region utterly
unfit for agriculture both in Alaska and in British Columbia.

(2) That no line of railroad can be built along the Pacific coast of
Alaska. It was determined by the company examining in 1865, 1866,

TERRITORY OF ALASKA MARITIME CANAL COMPANY. 141

and 1867, touching the feasibility of a telegraph line, that such a line
was impossible from Vancouver's Island to Mount Saint Elias.

(3) To build a railroad line down from the interior of Alaska along
the line of the peninsula would involve an immense outlay and require
extraordinary engineering skill.

(4) Such a line built could not possibly run six months in the year.
The intense cold of the interior, from 40 to 60 below zero for weeks,
and some years for months, deep snows, terrible gales drifting and
blocking it, sudden freshets pouring the melted sno'w and ice over the
eternally frozen earth, destroying sections of the road, seem to make
a railroad entirely impracticable.

(5) Along the line of road indicated by this bill no stock or cattle
can be kept.

(6) No amount of expenditure of money could build a branch of this
road to Sitka.

(7) It is difficult to see how the public convenience and necessity
require this road.

For these and other reasons your committee report that the bill
ought not to pass.

FIFTIETH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.

[See pp. 105, 107, 135, 139, 187, 402, 410, 415, 457.]
February 9, 1888.
[Senate Report No. 231.]

Mr. Edmunds, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to which was referred Senate
bill 1305, "A bill to incorporate the Maritime Canal Company of
Nicaragua," respectfully report the same back with the recommenda-
tion that it do pass, with the amendments as marked in the bill.

The committee does not deem it at all necessary to go into any
discussion of the great importance to the United States and to the
general interests of civilized nations of the proposed work. The com-
mittee therefore contents itself with reporting, in connection with
this bill, the minutes of the interview between the committee and
some of the gentlemen named as incorporators, when the bill was
under consideration, and also a copy of the concession made by the
Republic of Nicaragua to this association of gentlemen.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

GEORGE F. EDMUNDS,

For Committee.

THE MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

[Minutes of an interview between the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate,
and Hon. Charles P. Daly, Hon. Joseph E. McDonald, Hiram Hitchcock, Capt. Henry C.Taylor,
Alexander T. Mason, and A. Q-. Menocal. on the part of the incorporators of the Maritime Canal
Company of Nicaragua, on the 35th day of January, 1888, the committee having under con-
sideration Senate bill 1305, to incorporate the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua.]

THK MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS,

UNITED STATES SENATE,

January 25, 1888.

The committee met pursuant to call.

Present, Messrs. Sherman ( chairman), Edmunds, Frye, Evarts, Dolph, Morgan,
Brown, Saulsbury, Payne.
The chairman "laid before the committee, as pending business, the following

142 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

Senate bill, and stated that, in obedience to instructions of the committee, Hon.
Charles P. Daly and his associates were present at his request.

Senate 1305, Fiftieth Congress, first session, a bill to incorporate the Maritime
Canal Company of Nicaragua.

Senator KDMUVD8. I corresponded with Judge Daly, who drew up the charter
of the Maritime Canal Company, and said to him that I thought that it would be
desirable for him to make a brief statement to the committee of substantially who
the gentlemen are who are engaged in this enterprise proposed: whether it is a
real thing and got some bottom and "go" in it. and means business and respecta-
bility; and how far they have succeeded in what they are now doing, and what they
wish to accomplish" if they can have this charter. That is what 1 suggested to
him that probably the committee would like to know.

Judge DALY. I may first say in respect to myself that I have been for twenty-
five years president of the American Geographical Society, and the subject of a
canal to connect the Atlantic and the Pacific has been one to which I have given a
great deal of attention. Before the Panama route was undertaken, or, I should
say, decided upon by M. DeLesseps, the American Geographical Society instituted
an investigation to ascertain which of the proposed routes was the most desirable.
It invited persons interested in the various routes to take part in this discussion,
and representatives or advocates of each were fully heard. There were many sit-
tings, lasting over several weeks, at which I presided, A stenographic report of
everything that was said was taken down, which the society published as part of
its proceedings. The conclusion at which I arrived from this investigation was
that what is known as the Nicaragua route was the most feasible, the least expen-
sive, and from all points of view the most desirable.

In respect to the inquiry as to the character of the gentlemen who ask for this
charter, and whose names are embraced in the bill, I do not know them all indi-
vidually, but I know of them, and know those who are especially active. They
are persons of character without exception. There is no person on the whole list
whose character is not such as should be associated with such an enterprise.

Senator EDMUNDS. Are all these gentlemen who are named in the charter actually
and affirmatively concerned in the business, or is it true, as sometimes we have
known in our lives, that these names are put in as ornament air

Judge DALY. I will answer that question very satisfactorily. We thought this
ought to be a Government undertaking; at least I did, and very many agreed with
me; but when we found that the Panama Canal was culminating toward a point
we felt assured it would reach, and that our Government was not taking any
action, we thought from information we had received that the Nicaragua route
would probably be undertaken by some German or English organization, and if
the canal was not to be built by our Government, that it ought to be built by
American citizens. This was the reason of our organi/.ing. We organized at first
somewhat imperfectly to undertake to get a concession. We thought the proper
way to do was to get a certain sum of money together, and we arranged what
might be called a syndicate in which $300,000 was paid in by gentlemen whose
names are in the bill. Having that amount we went down to Nicaragua and got
a concession, which was accompanied, of course, by a pecuniary deposit as an
assurance of good faith. Having obtained the concession, we organized a survey-
ing party of forty engineers who are now making a final or axial survey, and we
have expended already, or will have expended, about the amount we have raised.
We are able, however, to raise a further amount from the ability of the persons
of the organization. I think I will have sufficiently answered the question when
I say that every gentleman on that list has contributed a part of this amount.
Most of us subscribed $5,OCO apiece and paid it, and there is no one who has not
paid $1,000.

The enterprise is undertaken in entire good faith. It is undertaken in connec-
tion with parties in this country and in Europe, and whenever we are prepared by
a charter to launch the enterprise we have very little doubt of succeeding in
obtaining the money to construct the canal. As your time is short I wish to be
very brief upon this point.

Assuming it to be an undertaking of a national character, all we want upon the
part of the Government is something in the form of national recognition. We do
not ask the Government to give any money toward it. We do not because we
think we can raise the sum to build it. We have so much confidence in the work
itself that we entertain no doubt of our ability to satisfy the money centers in this
country and in Europe, in which money is obtained for such an undertaking, that
it is entirely practical and a good investment. We feel that the money will be
forthcoming in due time; but we deem it essential that there should be something
like a national indorsement of it. and, as the Government has heretofore incorpo-
rated companies that have been organized for national purposes, we simply desire
such an incorporation and nothing more.

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY. 143

Now, it is necessary that there should be certain provisions in the act of incor-
poration that will satisfy persons abroad, from whom a large part of the money
should be raised. There is nothing more difficult in enterprises of this kind than
to get money. It is the hardest thing to get, and it is obtained only upon # thor-
ough security. Now, Mr. Menocal has made an estimate of $64,000,000 for build-
ing this canal. I am not an engineer or financier, but I take it for granted that
we will probably have to expend 100,000,000 for this canal, and that it can be
built for that amount; that is why we propose to have the company organized for
that amount in the act of incorporation.

Now, when we go abroad for the purpose of raising money in addition to what
can be obtained in our own country for we shall not attempt to raise it there
until we have obtained a substantial part of the sum here the question whether
we will be success! ul or not in a foreign loan will be determined by three circum-
stances.

They will first inquire whether, as an engineering project, the canal can be con-
structed. I say they will ask they will inquire but they will not depend upon us
for information upon this point. They will next inquire whether it will be a good
security for the money advanced. If they are satisfied as to that, the next inquiry
will be whether the canal will be sufficiently profitable to justify the risk in making
the loan, and for which they will require an additional pecuniary consideration.

Being satisfied upon all these points they will. I think, loan the money.

The way it is done in enterprises of this kind, and I know of no exception-
enterprises that involve a large amount of money is to issue bonds in the nature
of mortgage bonds. They are a security upon the work as it is finished, and are
paid only as the work progresses, and net otherwise. They are not paid in
advance; and as a compensation for the risk, in addition to the interest on the
loan, a certain amount of the stock will have to be given. That is the way it has
invariably been done. That has been the way with our great Western undertak-
ings to the Pacific. One of the first questions they will ask will be whether we
have lawful authority to issue bonds as a corporation. If we should tell them
what our laws are, they would answer at once: "We know nothing about your
laws," and it is to guard against this that we have incorporated in the charter the
right to issue bonds.

The next question would be whether the stock issued for the work as it pro-
gresses would be regarded as paid-up stock, and for that reason a provision to that
effect is made in the bill.

Those are the only two important provisions we have inserted in the bill. We
can then say, there is the charter which authorizes us to issue bonds, and also
authorizes stock to be issued for property and work done. Now, those are the
two essential things to put in the charter. Beyond that we ask nothing but the
recognition which is implied by the granting of the charter.

I am so considerate of your time, gentlemen, that I do not propose to extend it
further than to say that it the Government is willing to take the work off our
hands, we are quite willing to give it up. I, however, speak only for myself, and
say that I am more interested in the success of this enterprise than any pecuniary
advantage I may derive from it. I have been familiar with it and thought over it
for many years. I do hope I may live long enough to see this great enterprise
accomplished. I attach more importance to it than many do. I consider it one
of the great enterprises of the century. I consider it more important even than
the Suez Canal, in the future. I do not think we have begun to measure its great
advantages to the world and to our country. I have no doubt of its pecuniary
success, but I am not a financier and anything on that subject I may say may not
have much weight.

Senator EDMUNDS. You say you have engineers at work. I would like to know
definitely where those engineers are and what they have been doing. We have
sometimes been told that a scheme of this kind was in progress, etc., and then,
on inquiry, it was only in progress on paper. I should like to know precisely, in a
general way, what you have done about sending out engineers, and whether they
have gone there and are now there.

Judge DALY. That is a very practical question, and I will give a practical answer
to it. We have sent out a corps of engineers under Mr. Menocal, the chief engi-
neer here, under a second assistant in charge, with about 40 engineers and 180
laborers. We have sent them out at an expense of about $100,000, and we will
have to pay a much larger amount than that as the work goes on. They have
commenced the work, and at last advices they have surveyed 10 miles. What is
called the canal surveys have already been made. You know very well this sur-
vey has been made several times by our Government. But before the work can
be begun there must be a final or axial survey, and they are engaged now in that
service. They are very practical and experienced men. They arrived there safely,
and were very warmly received by the authorities of Nicaragua, through which

144 MARITIME OANAL COMPACT.

State the principal portion of the canal runs. A small portion passes through
Costa Rica. They are engaged now in Nicaragua.

Senator EDMUNDS. Do the Costa Ricans recognize your building this canal?

Judge DALY. I have advised, as acting counsel of the organization, that we had
better not go into the controversy between Costa Rica and Nicaragua as to the
right to a certain portion of the route through which the canal may pass; that
we had better obtain a concession from Costa Rica on the same terms that we
have from Nicaragua.

Senator EDMUNDS. The bill provides for that.

Judge DALY. Yes. And if it should turn out that Costa Rica and not Nicaragua
has the right to the disputed territory it will be the same to us, having the conces-
sion from both, for we do not think we can allow the enterprise to de. end upon an
uncertainty of that kind. If we succeed in getting an act of incorporation from
the present Congress, we will go at once to the moneyed centers of the world and
commence the work.

Senator EDMUNDS. The Costa Rican minister called on me the other day for a
copy of this bill, and expressed himself as entirely satisfied with its provisions, as
the company did not undertake to claim jurisdiction resting solely upon either one
of these Governments. Have you a copy of the Nicaragua concession here, and
can you file it with the committee?

Judge DALY. Yes. I might with propriety urge that we have to give a certain
consideration, an offer of stock, to Nicaragua for the concession, and we would
have to do the same for Costa Rica. We thought it better not to go into that ques-
tion in dispute between them. We should give Costa Rica as much as she now
claims, a matter of 17 miles on the south bank of the San Juan River. We would
give as much in proportion as we give Nicaragua. If it turned out she had nothing,
it would be the same to us. We thought that would be a better business way of
treating the matter. I have read all their briefs and seen their maps submitted to
the Government, and have my own impression about the result. But we have
not considered that at all, and do not mean to. We have considered this entirely
as a business enterprise.

Senator MORGAN. You stated that you were willing the Government should
take this enterprise off your hands. Would you be willing that the Government
should have the option to take it off the hands of the company at any time?

Judge DALY. I can only answer for myself individually. I think we should all
be willing. We are doing a good deal of hard work: we have, the most of us, put
in individually $5,000, which is a small amount comparatively. We feel we will
not lose that, but make a good investment of it. If the Government would under-
take it, I think we would all be delighted.

Senator EDMUNDS. Yes; but to get at exactly what I infer Senator Morgan may
have in his mind, suppose we would insert in this charter a clause that at any
time within twenty years, or in some time after twenty years, or in any way we
might put it in, the Government of the United States should have the right to take
the work off your hands, making a reimbursement for your actual outlays, etc.,
how would such a charter and such a general provision satisfy the objects that you
have in view?

Judge DALY. I can not answer for any other person than myself at present. I
can answer after consultation and give the answer to the committee. Individu-
ally I should be exceedingly gratified by the Government taking the undertaking
off our hands, making the necessary arrangement for so doing; but such a pro-
vision would be no aid to our enterprise.

Senator EDMUNDS. The only question it made upon my mind was what effect it
would have upon your borrowing money on bonds.

The CHAIRMAN. Such a thing would have a great restraint upon your borrowing
money on bonds. They expect some extraordinary profit on a transaction of this
kind.

Judge DALY. Mr. Chairman, capital is very timid, as you know, and we would
be embarrassed, as you are aware.

Senator EDMUNDS. If it should be a mere loan of money at a fixed rate of interest
for a fixed time, say fifty or one hundred years, then I can not see that the mort-
gagee would care whether during that time or at the end of it the United States
should take up the work, for he certainly would receive his principal and interest
according to the stipulation, which would still exist; but if the stock question
came in, each bondholder having a certain amount of stock given to him, then of
course each bondholder would have an interest besides that of a mere creditor,
and would have his chance of profits in the other earnings of the enterprise.

Judge DALY. I probably have not understood the full bearing of the question
As a business enterprise I should be unwilling to risk such a provision in the bill.
I think Senator Sherman has had some experience in these things in the West,
have you not?

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY. 145

The CHAIRMAN. Yes; in the Western railroads. It is only a recent plan, how-
ever, to give stock with bonds within twenty years.

Mr. DALY. I would like some time for reflection and to consult some financial
gentlemen about it; but my present impression is that it would be prejudicial.

Senator MORGAN. Is there anything which authorizes the Government of Nic-
aragua to take up this work?

Judge DALY. No.

Senator MORGAN. What length of time does the concession run?

Judge DALY. Ninety-nine years.

Senator MORGAN. At the end of that time your charter would expire?

Judge DALY. Yes.

Senator MORGAN. But it would be for the Government of Nicaragua to make
such extension or concession as they think right?

Judge DALY. Mr. Meno -al caUs my attention to the fact that there is a provision
in the concession for another extension.

Senator EVARTS. Is there anything in your concession that precludes this Gov-
ernment undertaking the work?

Judge DALY. I think not. You mean the Government?

Senator EVARTS. I mean this Government. Is there anything in the concession
from Nicaragua that would preclude this Government from undertaking the work?

Judge DALY. You ask a very pertinent and very important question that my
attention has not been called to. My hasty impression is that there would be an
embarrassment in the terms of the concession. This Government could not come
in under our concession.

Senator EDMUNDS. Unless through negotiation and arrangement with Nicaragua
herself. Whether in the raising of the money it might not be admissible to make
a provision that the United States and Nicaragua, as they might mutually agree,
might take up the work, might be worthy of consideration, but, as the concession
now stands, not preclude us making a provision of the kind solely on the authority
of the United States.

Judge DALY'. The more I think of it I do not see how we could. We could not
do it under the concession as it is.

Senator SAULSBURY. On the issue of stock the money will be raised in Europe,
What will be the effect of a majority of that stock falling into the hands of citi-
zens of European governments and continuing as an American corporation?

Judge DALY. They could not, by being mere stockholders, change its American
character. They would be acting as members of an American corporation. There
are a great many persons who have advanced money for American corporations
who have representation in the board of directors, but, as a matter of common
experience, they do not interfere much with American corporations. They leave
it in the hands of persons organizing it.

Senator SAULSBURY. Still the power will be in the majority of the stockholders
to change the direction of the company, I suppose.

Judge DALY. There is one consideration in that point of view; our association
will be large stockholders by virtue of the concession made to us by Nicaragua,
and the State of Nicaragua will also be a large stockholder by virtue of the "con-
cession. If a large proportion of the bonds is taken up in Europe, the amount of
stock given to the foreign bondholders will be comparatively small. Practically,
as a general result, they might have control, but that would only be in cooperation
with American holders. I presume that would be the case here.

Hon. J. E. MCDONALD. The committee will notice that the fifth section of this
charter reserves at all times to Congress the power to alter, amend, or repeal.

Senator EDMUNDS. Yes; kept within Congressional control, according to our
modern phrase.

Mr. MCDONALD. The concession under which this company proposes to organize
undoubtedly contemplates the construction of this work by a private company,
not by a government, and this instrument that the company asks by Congress as
a charter is a very brief instrument. While it is comprehensive in its provisions,
it is very brief in its terms, and simply confers upon this company the necessary
corporate powers to undertake such work.

,) iidge DALY. I made it as simple as possible. We merely wanted a national rec-
ognition as an incorporation, and I inserted nothing in it beyond our right to issue
bonds and our right to issue stock for work or property. I embraced nothing else
in it for that reason.

Mr. MCDONALD. The Government is not passing this out from under its control
at all.

Adjourned.

S. Doc. 281, pt 4 10

146 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

Concession and decrees of the Republic of Nicaragua to the Nicaragua Canal Asso-
ciation of New York.

The President of the Republic to the inhabitants thereof. Know ye
That Congress has ordered as follows:
The Senate and Chamber of Deputies of the Republic of Nicaragua do hereby

DECREE.

ONLY ARTICLE. The contract for a maritime interoceanic canal, entered into
the 23d of March ult., between Dr. Adan Cardenas, commissioned especially by the
Supreme Government, and Mr. A. G. Menocal, member and representative of the
Nicaragua Canal Association organized in New York, is hereby ratified. This
contract shall be a law of the Republic if Mr. Menocal accepts it as soon as he be
notified, with the following modifications and upon the following terms:

The undersigned, Adan Cardenas, commissioner of the Government of the
Republic, party of the first part, and Aniceto G. Menocal, representative of the
Nicaragua Canal Association, party of the second part, both having sufficient
powers, have entered into the following contract for the excavation of an inter-
oceanic canal through the territory of Nicaragua.

ARTICLE L

The Republic of Nicaragua grants to the aforesaid Nicaragua Canal Association,
and Mr. A. G. Menocal, representative of the said association, accepts on its behalf,
for the purposes set forth in Article VII, the exclusive privilege to excavate and
operate a maritime canal across its territory, between the Atlantic and Pacific
oceans.

ARTICLE II.

The canal shall be of sufficient dimensions for the free and commodious passage
of vessels of the same size as the large steamers used for ocean navigation in Europe
and America, provided that no locks used in said work shall be less than five hun-
dred and fifty (550) feet in length and thirty feet in depth.

ARTICLE III.

The State declares this work to be one of public utility.

ARTICLE IV.

The duration of the present privilege shall be for ninety-nine (99) years, to be
counted from the day the canal shall be opened to universal traffic. During the
aforesaid period the company shall have the right to construct and operate a rail-
way along the whole extent of the canal, or those parts of the same that may be
considered convenient for the better service and operation of the said work.

ARTICLE V.

The State binds itself not to make any subsequent concession for the opening of
a canal between the two oceans during the term of the present concession, and also
to abstain from granting a concession for a railroad, such as might compete with
the canal for the transportation of merchandise, during the same period; biit noth-
ing in this article shall prevent the Government of Nicaragua from constructing
or permitting the construction of such railways as it may deem advisable for com-
merce and internal traffic. Said Government also to have the right to construct
or permit the construction of an interoceanic railway if, in course of time, it be
demonstrated that the canal is not sufficient to satisfy the demands of the traffic
of all nations.

The grantee company shall have the right to establish such telegraph lines as it
may deem necessary for the construction, management, and operation of the
canal. The Government shall have the right to occupy these lines for the public
service without any remuneration to the company.

ARTICLE VI.

The Government of the Republic declares, during the term of this concession, the
ports at each extremity of the canal, and the canal itself, from sea to sea, to be
neutral, and that consequently the transit through the canal in case of war between

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY. 147

two powers, or between one or more and Nicaragua, shall not be interrupted for
such cause; and that merchant vessels and individuals of all nations of the world
may freely enter the ports and pass through the canal without molestation or
detention.

In general, all vessels may pass through the canal freely, without distinction,
exclusion, or preference of persons or nationality, provided they pay the dues and
observe the regulations established by the grantee company for the use of the said
canal and its dependencies. The transit of foreign troops and vessels of war will
be subjected to the prescriptions relating to the same established by treaties
between Nicaragua and other powers or by international law. But entrance to
the canal will be rigorously prohibited to vessels of war of such powers as may be
at war with Nicaragua or with any other of the Central American Republics.

Nicaragua will endeavor to obtain from the powers that are to guarantee the
neutrality, that in the treaties that shall be made for that purpose they shall agree
also to guarantee a zone of land parallel to the canal, and also a maritime zone in
both oceans, the dimensions of which will be determined in such treaties.

ARTICLE VII.

This present agreement, with all its charges and advantages, shall be the object
of a company of execution in agreement with Articles I, X, and those following
thereafter.

Said company shall be the grantee, and whenever said name is used, in this
present contract, reference is made to it.

ARTICLE Vin.

The present concession is transferable only to such company of execution as
shall be organized by the Nicaragua Canal Association, and in no case to govern-
ments or to foreign public powers. Nor shall the company cede to any foreign
government any part of the lands granted to it by this contract; but it may make
transfers to private parties under the same restriction.

The Republic of Nicaragua can not transfer its rights or shares by selling them
to any government.

ARTICLE IX.

The people of all nations shall be invited to contribute the necessary capital to
the enterprise, and it shall be sufficient for the fulfillment of this requirement to
publish an advertisement for thirty (30) consecutive days in one of the principal
daily papers of each of the cities New York, London, and Paris.

The capital stock of the final company shall be composed of shares, bonds, or
obligations of any other kind in such proportion as it may deem convenient. The
issue and transfer of these obligations shall be exempt from stamp dues and from
any other imposts or taxes established or that may be hereafter established in the
Republic.

Of the capital with which the company shall organize, and which it proposes to
distribute among the different countries interested in the enterprise, there shall
be reserved at least five (5) per cent for the Central American Gorernments and
citizens that may desire to subscribe.

As soon as the company is ready to open subscription books it shall advise the
Government of Nicaragua, which will invite the other governments, and through
them private parties, to subscribe. All such shares not taken within six months
following the date on which the Government shall have been advised of that cir-
cumstance shall remain subject to the free disposition of the company.

ARTICLE X.

The company shall be organized in the manner and under the conditions gener-
ally adopted for such companies. Its principal office shall be in New York, or
where it may be deemed most convenient, and it may have branch offices in the
different countries of Europe and America where it may consider it expedient.

Its name shall be the "Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua," and its board
of directors shall be composed of persons, one-half at least of them shall be chosen
from the promoters who may yet preserve their quality as such.

ARTICLE XI.

The Government of Nicaragua, in its character of shareholder in the company
of execution, as hereinafter provided, shall have the perpetual right of naming

148 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

one director, who shall be an integral part of the board of directors of the com-
pany, with all the rights, privileges, and advantages conferred npon them by the
statutes of the company and the laws of the country under which it shall organize.
The Government shall also have the right in its aforesaid capacity of shareholder
to take part in such elections as the company may hold.

ARTICLE XII.

The company is bound to keep a representative in Nicaragua vested with all
powers necessary for the proper conduct of the service and for the transaction of
its business with the Government.

ARTICLE XIII.

The canal will follow the valley of the River San J uan to Lake Nicaragua, through
which will be designated the most convenient route for communication with the
Pacific Ocean. In any event the company shall have the most ample freedom to
select the route which it considers most convenient between the two oceans for
the excavation of the canal and its dependencies and its ports, particularly those
serving for entrance and exit on both oceans. The company shall have the same
liberty to adopt the route which may be deemed most advantageous and econom-
ical for the construction of the canal, after the final survey by a commission of
competent engineers.

However, should the company, after the survey of the River San Juan, find it
necessary to abandon, in any place, the bed of the river and cut a lateral canal,
the Government of Nicaragua reserves the right of requiring from the company
the duty of establishing a communication between the part of the San Juan not
used for canal purposes and the dividing level of the canal by means of a lock, or
a series of locks, suitable for the navigation of ships of six feet dratt. As soon as
the final plans are adopted and laid before the Government, it shall notify the
company within one month after their receipt whether or not they meet with its
approval, in order that the company may proceed in accordance therewith. It is
understood that this duty does not in any manner compel the company to place or
to maintain in navigable condition for small craft the lower part of the river
which these locks may be intended to place in communication with the canal.

ARTICLE XIV.

Within three years, to be counted from the commencement of the work upon the
interoceanic canal, the company shall, at its own expense, construct a navigable
canal between Lake Managua and the navigable part of the Tipitapa Kiver, near
Pasquier. of sufficient dimensions to admit of the free passage of vessels drawing
six feet and of 150 feet in length. When completed, this canal shall be taken pos-
session by the Government of Nicaragua, and will be, after that date, the prop-
erty of the Republic, which, by virtue of its ownership, shall be bound to bear Jill
expenses required in the future for the service, maintenance, repair, and opera-
tion of the canal. But the company shall have the right to make use of it for all
purposes useful for the maritime canal enterprise, and to pass through it freely
with its vessels and those belonging to contractors employed in the service of the
interoceanic canal during the term of this concession without being subject to
any charge whatever, or to pay tolls or contributions of any kind to the Govern-
ment of Nicaragua, or to any person or company that may, through any cause, be
in charge of the administration and operation of the work and its dependencies.

The Government of Nicaragua will place at the disposal of the company, free
of all expenses and charges, all the lands th it may be required, as well as the
materials found thereon, or on those belonging to the Government and that may
be utilized by the company in the execution of this work.

ARTICLE XV..

All expenditures for surveys, construction, maintenance, and operation of the
Interoceanic Maritime Canal shall be borne by the concessionary company, with-
out any subvention in money nor guaranty of interest on the part of the Republic,
nor other concessions than those specified in the present agreement.

ARTICLE XVI.

The company shall construct, at its expense, and maintain in good condition
two large ports, one in the Atlantic and one in the Pacific, to serve as termini of

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY. 149

the canal, each of them to have a light-house of the first order. It shall also con-
struct at the two points on the borders of the lake where the canal disembogues
two ports of lesser size, w'th the respective light-houses.

The company is also obliged to maintain and improve said ports by means of
dredges, dikes, piers, embankments, or any other works it may deem advisable,
having always in view the goo;l service of the traffic through the canal.

It may. for this purpose, select on the coasts of the two oceans, within the ter-
ritory of Nicaragua, the localities which the surveys made indicate as preferable.

ARTICLE XVII.

All the space necessary, whether on the mainland, in the lake and its islands,
at the ports, roadsteads, or rivers of the two oceans for the establishment of the
canal, its paths, and embankments, for depositing the materials from the excava-
tions and cuttings for the necessary spaces to be occupied by water after raising
the dams which are to be constructed in the bed of the river, for all necessary
deviations of streams, as well as for reservoirs, dikes, spaces about the locks, sta-
tions, lights, and beacons, storehouses, buildings and workshops, deposits for
materials, and also all those spaces necessary for the routes, service railways, and
canals of the same nature for the transportation of the materials to the line of the
work and for feeders for the canal; in short, all lands and places necessary to the
construction and operation of the canal, as laid down in the drawings and plans
made by the engineers of the company, shall be placed at the disposal of the com-
pany by the State, under the conditions set forth in the following articles:

ARTICLE XVIII.

Said lands belonging to the State will be given to the company without any
compensation whatever; and, with regard to those belonging to private parties,
the State charges itself with their expropriation if the company so requests. The
compensation which may be required in this case shall be paid by the company.

ARTICLE XIX.

In all relating to the expropriation that may be made in conformity with the
preceding article, the company shall enjoy all the immunities and privileges
which the laws of the country accord to the State, so that in no case shall the
company be obliged to pay more than the State would under similar circumstances.

ARTICLE XX.

The Government obliges itself to place the company, within six months after
its request, in possession of up to one thousand (1,000) manzanas of land between
the lake and the Pacific at such places as the company shall designate, but they
are to serve exclusively for cutting the canal, its havens, ports, and other acces-
sory works. The Government shall on its own account cause the necessary expro-
priation to be made, and the company shall pay to it for all indemnity the sum of
fifty thousand dollars ($oO,000) American gold. This payment to be made by the
company in Managua within four months after the date of its request.

ARTICLE XXI.

The company shall have the right to take, free of charge, from the public lands
for the purpose of construction, operation, and maintenance of the canal, what-
ever materials may be found on them, especially timber for construction and for
fuel, the lime, stone, clay for bricks, and earth for fillings, as may be necessary.
As regards materials found on private lands, the company shall pay for what it
may need thereof, enjoying in this respect the same rights and privileges which
the State enjoys according to law.

ARTICLE XXII.

Should the company require to occupy, temporarily and during the construc-
tion of the canal, lands in the territory of Nicaragua which are not included in
those designated in articles 17, 18, and 21, it shall not be obliged to pay any
indemnity for them it' they are public lands; and the State shall not have the
right to sell or dispose of them in any other manner after the company has deter-
mined to occupy them, unless under the reservation of this right, whose limit shall
be the completion of the works on the Interoceanic Canal. Should -the lands

150 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

belong to private parties, the company shall enjoy, in regard to their temporary
occupation, all the rights and privileges which the law accords to the State, with
the special privilege of occupying them immediately after the declaration of neces-
sity and utility and after paying the compensation, which shall not exceed that
which the State should be compelled to pay in a similar case.

ARTICLE XXIII.

The Republic of Nicaragua, desiring to assist the company efficaciously in the
construction of the Interoceanic Canal, a work in which it takes the deepest
interest, cedes in fee simple to the said company the public lands hereinafter men-
tioned, in alternate lots with other similar ones which it reserves to itself, and of
the dimensions and in the places as specified hereinafter:

1st. On the left bank of the River San Juan, from the Atlantic to Castillo Viejo,
lots of three miles frontage on the canal and six miles in depth from the banks of
the river. Where the canal diverges more than six miles from the banks of the
river the lots are to be measured on both sides of it and shall be three miles wide
and six miles deep. And where this distance is less than six miles the lota shall
be three miles front and three miles deep, and they shall be measured from the
bank of the canal to the river, taking what may be lacking from the opposite bank
of the canal.

2d. Three miles distant from Castillo upstream, on the right bank and tip to the
lake, lots of two miles in depth and two of frontage on the canal. From the lake
along its south shore to the River Sapoa and thence to the River Lajas, lots of one
mile frontage and one mile depth. On the left bank of the river, from a point in
front of Castillo and up to the lake, lots of three miles of frontage on the canal
and four miles in depth.

3d. On the north shore of the lake as far as the River Tule, lots of two miles
frontage on the lake and two miles deep.

4th. In the places which the company selects in accordance with the govern-
ment of the existing public lands, forty (40) lots, each four miles frontage by five
miles deep, reserving always the acquired rights.

It is understood that the Government reserves around each of the forts Castillo
and San Carlos the lands included in a circle of one and one-half (U) miles radius,
whose center shall be the respective fortresses.

As a general rule, at the extremities of the Interoceanic Canal and at its points
of contact with the lake, the opposite lots will be allotted one to the Government
and one to the company, but if this be not possible, the first will belong to the
Government.

From the Atlantic to the lake, that part of the river bed occupied by the canal
shall be considered as part of the latter for all purposes of this article.

The measurement and setting out of all lands ceded by this contract shall be
made at the expense of the grantees under the supervision of the Government.

The State shall vest in the company the possession of said lands so soon as the
said company shall begin operations on the canal. Operations shall be regarded
as begun when the provisions set forth in article 47 shall have been complied with.
The final title deeds shall not be granted except as the work of the canal progresses
and in due proportion.

ARTICLE XXIV.

In the unforeseen case that a new survey should show the necessity of adopting
another line for the construction of the canal, which varies wholly or in part from
the line set forth in article 13, the company shall have the right to the lands and
other elements necessary for the construction of the canal according to articles
16, 17, 18, 19, 21, and 22.

The company shall, in that event, also have the right to the lands mentioned in
the preceding article in the same proportions, conditions, and dimensions therein
established, with the single proviso that if it alter the line the localities whence
these lands shall be taken shall be altered accordingly.

ARTICLE XXV.

The State reserves the right to occupy in the several lots of land granted the
company such places as it may need for such roads and public buildings as it may
deem convenient. In the same manner it may use timber and other building
materials found on such lands whenever they may be necessary for any work
upon which it may determine. However, these lands, with all their products,
vegetable and mineral, shall be subject to the laws of the country so soon as they

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY. 151

become the property of individual citizens by transfer from the company, and
then, should the State need them for the ends set forth in this article, or for any
others, it shall make compensation to their owners according to law, without any
right on the part of the expropriated owners to reclaim against the company.

Should the company have improved the lands so taken for purposes of use,
ornament, or pleasure, the State shall be bound to reimburse it for such damages
as it may have suffered, according to the assessment of experts.

ARTICLE XXVI.

Mines of coal, stone, gold, silver, iron, or other metals situated in the lands
granted to the company, shall belong to it by right, without need of previous
"denunciation," it having the right to work them when considered expedient,
subject to the laws of the country.

ARTICLE XXVII.

The company shall also have the right to utilize for its account, for sale or expor-
tation, the lumber in the forests situated in the lands ceded to it by the State, from
the time they enter into possession of them in accordance with this contract that
is, from the time of commencement of the works always saving the acquired
rights.

ARTICLE XXVIII.

From the day on which the present concession is ratified by Congress the public
lands included in those necessary for the construction of the canal can not be sold,
nor can any of those ceded to the company on the banks of the canal, by article
23, nor can they be leased to the prejudice of the company.

ARTICLE XXIX.

The company shall have the right, throughout the extent of the canal, as well
as at its mouths on both oceans, and in the lake and throughout the extent of the
lands ceded by virtue of articles 16, 17, 22, and 23, to enter upon the work of locat-
ing, leveling, excavating, dredging, and in general any other work of whatsoever
nature that may be judged useful for the establishment and feeding of the canal,
or for its operation, preservation, and maintenance. The company is specially
authorized to execute along the canal line and on the banks of the River San Juan
and its affluents, within the territory of Nicaragua, and also on the tributaries of
Lake Nicaragua, the lakes or water courses which can be utilized in their flow to the
Pacific, the system of dikes, rectifications, dredgings, embankments, dams, cuts,
location of buoys, and in general all the works that in the opinions of the engineers
of the company are deemed indispensable for the construction, feeding, naviga-
tion, and operation of the canal. The company may also do all works of like
character deemed necessary at the entrances of the canal into Lake Nicaragua, as
well as in the lake itself, in accordance with the route that may be determined
upon in order to secure in it easy navigation, and as may be found necessary in
the other lakes or lagoons that are to be traversed.

The embankments, fillings, and dikes formed in the mouths of the canal, in the
lake, and in the ports on the oceans, by deposits of materials resulting from the
excavations of the canal, shall belong in fee simple to the company; the Govern-
ment having the right to use them if necessary, after compensation made. But it
may never obstruct said ports nor widen the beaches in front of them, unless
there is absolute necessity to do so, and in this case the embankments and fillings
that it may be necessary to construct in front of the ports shall belong to the
Republic.

In general, the company shall have the right to use all the lakes and rivers of
Nicaragua, the waters of which may be necessary, in the judgment of the engi-
neers of the company, for the construction and supply of the canal and for main-
taining its operations. It being understood that the damages caused to private
parties by the deviation of the water courses shall be compensated for by the
company according to a just assessment by experts in agreement with the laws of
the Republic.

ARTICLE XXX.

152 MARITIMK (ANAL COMPANY.

needed for the works of the enterprise, such as snrveys. examination of localities,
construction, use, operation, maintenance, repair?, and improvements of the canal;
for the telegraphic service and for that of the railways: for running the workshops
the company may keep in operation: and such articlt s may consist of tools,
machinery, apparatus, coal, limestone of all classes, lime, iron, and other metals,
raw or manufactured, mining powder, dynamite, or any other analogous sub-
stance. These articles may be transported between whatever points they may be
required during the works of opening of the canal, and be discharged and stored
free of all local taxes.

The company may import free of duties and taxes, during the work on the canal,
provisions and medicines absolutely necessary for its own consumption. Goods
the commerce of which is not free are excepted from the privileges contained in
this article, which goods, excepting powder, dynamite, and other explosives,
remain subject to the requisites and duties prescribed by the laws.

ARTICLE XXXI.

The vessels employed by the company as tugboats or for the service of the canal
shall be free from all duties, and also the materials for their repair and the fuel
they use. The vessels and appurtenances from whatever place they may be coming
for the use of the company shall also be exempt from all duties.

ARTICLE XXXII.

The Government will establish such regulations as it may judge necessary to
prevent smuggling and to maintain public order in the region of the canal.

The company is bound to lend its assistance for the enforcement of such regula-
tions. But in the free ?one along the margin of the canal, as hereinafter provided,
measures for the prevention of smuggling shall be limited to vigilance on the part
of the employe or employes whom it may concern without any further measures
being taken against passengers, vessels, or their cargoes, except when an attempt
at smuggling is discovered; it being the intention of the State that there should be
the most ample liberty of transit by the canal for persons and property, with the
sole limitations established by this contract. Consequently the company shall
have the right to discharge and reload ships in transit at such points as may be
necessary in order to make repairs, lighten the vessel, shift cargo, or on account of
any a- cident that renders it absolutely necf ssary. without being subject to search,
exactions, or contributions of any kind, provided that in each case, and before
beginning operations, the nearest custom-house authorities shall be notified.

ARTICLE XXXIII.

The Government shall lend its protection, in conformity with the laws of the
country, to the engineers, contractors, employes, and laborers engaged in the pre-
liminary surveys, or in the work of construction and operation of the canal.

ARTICLE XXXIV.

The company shall be exempt from all forced loans and military exactions in
time of peace and of war. The foreign agents and employes shall likewise be
exempt from direct contributions, forced loans, and military exactions during the
time they are in the service of the canal, but they shall pay the taxes established
by the laws, if they acquire real property.

ARTICLE XXXV.

The company may freely introduce immigrants into the lands ceded to it. and
the employes and workmen needed in its works and workshops. Asiatics, how-
ever, are excepted. Both the immigrants and the employes and workmen will be
subject to the laws of the Republic and the regulations of the company. The
Government assures them aid and protection, and the enjoyment of their rights
and guarantees in conformity with the constitution and the national laws during
the time they remain on Nicaxaguan territory.

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY. 153

AETICLE XXXVI.

The Government of Nicaragua assures to the company and its agents, tinder
the laws of the country as it does to the other inhabitants, the full enjoyment of
the guarantees and rights which the constitution and the same laws grant to them.
And reciprocally the company and its agents bind themselves strictly to respect the
laws and regulations that are in force in Nicaragua, and especially to comply with
the executory judgments of the tribunals without considering themselves vested
with other rights than those which the laws concede in favor of the Nicaraguans.

ART OLE XXXVII.

The Government shall establish all along the Uneof the canal, including between
the two terminal ports, such police stations and revenue offices as in its judgment
are necessary to preserve order in the region of the canal, and for the observ-
ance of the fiscal laws of the Republic. All expenses incident to this service,
including those of buildings, endowments, salaries and allowances of employes,
and transportation of the forces, shall be paid to the Government by the company
on such terms and conditions as may be established, taking into consideration the
requirements and necessities of such service. The company, however, shall have
the power to establish guards and watchmen for the service of the canal and the
enforcement of its regulations.

ARTICLE XXXVIII.

Contracts for labor on the canal shall enjoy the privileges which the laws of the
country afford to agricultural contracts, provided they be clothed with the for-
malities that the laws require in such contracts. And the contracts in regard to
canal labor that the company execute in foreign countries shall be valid and law-
ful in Nicaragua during the term stipulated in them, provided they do not violate
the laws of the Republic; provided also the documents containing them be pre-
sented to the proper authorities, with due authentication, that they may be
registered.

ARTICLE XXXIX.

The company shall be exempt during the period of this concession, in peace and
in war, from all manner of taxes upon the real property it may acquire by virtue
of this contract, and from every kind of direct contributions, local taxes, or any
other tax relating to the property and use of the canal, its buildings and construc-
tions appertaining thereto, in its entire length, including those that are situated
in the ports and maritime establishments on the two oceans, as also the lands con-
ceded to the company for the whole term of the privilege. This franchise is not
assignable to those who buy the real estate which the company may dispose of by
virtue of this concession.

ARTICLE XL.

The Republic of Nicaragua shall not establish any tonnage, anchorage, pilot,
light-house dues, or charges of any kind whatsoever upon vessels of whatever class,
or upon the merchandise, baggage, and passengers which may pass through the
canal from one ocean to the other, all such dues being reserved for the benefit of
the company, as hereinafter set forth in Article XL11I.

But all such merchandise as shall be loaded or discharged at any point of the
canal, intended for sale, shall pay the import and export duties fixed by the rev-
enue laws of the State.

ARTICLE XLI.

With the view of securing the most ample freedom in the transit of persons and
property, and in order to remove as far as possible occasions for disagreeable ques-
tions, there shall be on each side of the canal a free zone, the extent of which shall
be one hundred yards, measured from the water's edge in the canal, it being under-
stood that the borders of the lake shall not be considered as margin of the canal
for the purposes of this stipulation.

154 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

All traffic declared illegal by the laws of the Republic shall be prohibited within
the said zone, and the revenue authorities charged with watching and preventing
smuggling shall act in conformity with the stipulations in Article XXXII.

It is expressly agreed that every vessel that passes through the canal shall carry
on board an officer named by the Government when the authorities think it neces-
sary, and this employe shall act in conformity with the law in case he discovers
its infringement.

The two ports to be constructed for the entrance and exit of the canal on the
two oceans shall be declared free ports, and they shall be recognized as such from
the beginning of the work to the termination of this concession.

The Government in agreement with the company shall establish, by special
decree, the limits of the freedom of these ports, which limits shall not extend the
waters of the port, which are those included between the month of the canal and
the entrance to the said ports.

ARTICLE XLII.

For the proper administration of the canal and its appurtenances, and in order
to facilitate its construction and operation, the company shall establish the neces-
sary regulations, which shall be binding on all persons found in its waters or its
appurtenances, the sole reservation being that the rights and sovereignty of the
State be respected.

It being understood that the company in the exercise of the powers conferred by
this article may not make other regulations than those necessary for the adminis-
tration and particular management of the canal, and that before executing and
enforcing these regulations they shall be submitted to the Government for
approval, the State will lend the aid of its authority for the enforcement of these
regulations.

ARTICLE XLIII.

By way of compensation for the expense of surveys, construction, maintenance,
and operation of the canal, which under the present con< ession shall be at the cost
of the company during the period of said privilege, it shall have the right to estab-
lish and collect for the passage of all kinds of vessels, travelers, and merchandise
through the canal, and in the waters and ports pertaining to it, taxes on naviga-
tion, tonnage and pilotage, towage, storage, lay days, anchorage, light, roadstead
dues, wharfage, hospital dues, and any other similar charges in conformity with
the tariff to be established by it in accordance with Article LII of this contract.

These tariffs may be modified by the company at any time on condition that all
modifications that may be introduced shall previously be communicated to the
Government, which, in case of finding them within the limits established by the
said Article LII, shall cause them to be complied with as if they were regulations
enacted by itself.

The payment of all the tariff dues shall be exacted without any exception or pref-
erence, and under identical conditions, from all vessels, whatever be the place
they come from or their nationality, with the exception stipulated in the following
article:

ARTICLE XLIV.

As compensation for the privileges and concessions that Nicaragua grants by
this contract, it is hereby stipulated that the Republic shall enjoy the special privi-
lege that Nicaraguan vessels sailing under the Nicaraguan flag may navigate the
canal at a reduction of fifty ('>()) per centum from the general tariff while engaged
in the coasting trade or in the reciprocal trade with the other Republics of Central
America. It is declared that the vessels referred to in the preceding paragraph
must be exclusively of the register of the Republic, and they must not be owned,
either in whole or in part, by citizens of other countries.

A reduction of fifty (50) per cent from the general tariff is also granted to ves-
sels that begin their voyage for a foreign country in any of the ports belonging to
the Republic, with a cargo wholly composed of products of the country. All the
privileges to which this article refers shall be extended to the other Republics of
Central America whenever Nicaragua shall find itself free from international obli-
gations which may prevent it, or whenever one or more of the said Republics shall
form a single nation with Nicaragua. The company can not collect any navigation
dues whatever npon vessels and craft navigating the Lake of Nicaragua and its

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY. 155

prolongations without passing out of the locks. The Nicaraguan vessels of war,
and, in the case above provided, those of the Republic of Central America, shall
not pay any dues on passing through the canal.

ARTICLE XLV.

In case it may be possible to utilize the waters of the canal and its dependencies
for irrigation of plantations, gardens, and streets, or for the supply of towns that
may be without it, or as motive power for private enterprises, the company shall
have power to supply it, collecting dues in proportion to the amount furnished,
according to the tariff that it may establish in agreement with the Government.

ARTICLE XL VI.

In view of the existence of an exclusive privilege granted by the Republic in
favor of Mr. F. Alt'. Pellas, by a contract ratified on the 10th of March, 1877, for
the navigation by steam on the lake and river for the purposes of the internal com-
merce of the Republic, the canal company shall have the right of expropriation
against Mr. Pellas, as regards his rights and properties, on just assessments by
experts, after making a corresponding compensation according to the laws of the
Republic.

It is also stipulated that the company binds itself to pay to the Government of
the Republic all it may from now on expend in any way for the improvement of
the navigation of the river and the port of San Juan del Norte. This payment
shall be made within six months of the date of the beginning of the works of the
canal, and according to the original accounts of the corresponding office.

ARTICLE XL VII.

The company shall undertake at its expense the final surveys of the ground and
the location of the line of the canal by a commtssion of competent engineers, two
of whom shall be appointed by the Government of the Republic, which shall protect
as far as it may the said commission.

There is granted to the concessionary company a term, not exceeding one year,
in which to commence the final surveys for the canal, and one year and one-half
additional for completing them, to organize the executing company and commence
the work of construction. Said terms shall begin to be counted from the date of
the ratification of the present contract by the Nicaraguan Congress, published in
the official paper, which shall be construed as notification. Furthermore, said
terms are not to be extended, and it is understood that operations are not consid-
ered to have been begun if daring the first year of the work two million dollars
($2,000,000) are not expended on it.

ARTICLE XLVIII.

A term of ten years is also granted to the company for the construction, comple-
tion, and opening of the canal for maritime navigation. However, should events
of main force arise duly justified, and sufficient to impede the regular progress of
the works during the period of the said ten years, an extension shall be granted
equal in duration to the time that may have been lost by such delays.

If, at the expiration of the ten years aforesaid, the works should not be completed
so as to have the maritime communication between the two oceans opened, in con-
sideration of the great capital the company may have invested in the enterprise,
and of the good will and ability it may have shown, and the difficulties encoun-
tered, the Republic binds itself to concede a new extension.

ARTICLE XLIX.

As a guaranty of the fulfillment of the obligations which the company incurs in
accordance with article 47 it shall deposit to^ the order of the Government of
Nicaragua, in a bank or in a mercantile house in the city of New York, which the
Government may designate, and within sixty (60) days from the date of the
ratification of this contract, the sum of one hundred thousand ($100,000) dollars,
American gold, which the company shall forfeit to the Republic if it do not fulfill

156 MAUITIMK CANAL COMPANY.

the said obligations, and which sum otherwise shall be considered an advance to
the Government (in account of the necpss iry xpf-nses of payment of the police of
the canal, according to the stipulations set forth in article 37. This deposit, as
soon as made, shall be at the disposal of the Government.

ARTICLE L.

In consideration of the valuable privileges, franchises, and concessions granted
to the company by this contract, the Republic shall receive in shares, bonds, certif-
icates, or other securities which the company may issue to raise the corporate
capital, six per centum of the total amount of the issue.

Such shares, bonds, certificates, or other securities shall be free of all payment
on the part of the Republic, being considered as paid in full. The six per
centum shall in no event be less than four million dollars ($4,000,000); that is to
say, forty thousand shares or obligations of whatsoever kind of one hundred ($100;
dollars each.

Of said shares, bonds, certificates, or securities of whatsoever class, two-thirds
shall not be transferable: but all shall participate in the benefits, interests, parti-
tions, dividends, sinking fund, rights, privileges, and in all the advantages given to
paid-up shares without any distin -tion. The Government, in its capacity of share-
holder, shall besides have the right t > appoint one director, who shall represent its
interest in the board of directors of the canal company from the time of its definite
establishment. The shares referred to in this article shall be delivered to the
agent the Government may appoint to receive them, and as soon as the company
shall be ready to issue the certificates for its capital.

ARTICLE LI.

In order that the canal association may indemnify itself for the expenses it may
have had to incur for the verifications, preparations, explorations, and surveys
hereinl>e!ore mentioned, and for all other expenditures that it will have to make
until the definite organization of the company, it shall have the right from the
time of the organization of said company to six per cent in shares, bonds, certif-
icates, or other securities which the company may issue for the purpose of rais-
ing the corporate capital, and which are to be issued in excess of the capital to be
su: scribed.

These bonds, shares, or securities shall be identically like the subscription
shares, and issued from the same register or stock book. As a consequence they
shall participate in all benefits, interests, partitions, dividends, sinking fund,
rights, privileges, and of all the advantages given to the paid-up shares, bonds, or
securities without any distinction whatever.

ARTICLE LII.

From the receipts of the enterprise the company shall take in the first place the
necessary amount to cover all the expenses for maintenance, operation, and admin-
istration: all the sums necessary to secure the interest, which shall not exceed six
per centum, and the amortization of the obligations and of the shares, and what
remains shall form the net profits, of which at least eighty per centum (80 per
centum) shall be divided among the shareholders, it being agreed that after the
lapse of ten years after the completion of the canal the company shall not divide
among the shareholders in payments of dividends, directly or indirectly, by issue
of shares or otherwise, more than 15 per centum (15 per centum) annually or in
this proportion, from dnes collected from the aforesaid canal; and where it shall
appear that these dues yield a greater profit, they shall be reduced to the fixed
limit of fifteen per cent per annum.

ARTICLE LIII.

The present concession shall be forfeited:

1st. Through the failure on the part of the company to comply with any of the
conditions contained in articles 8, 46. 47, 48, and 49.

'.M. If the service of the canal, after its completion, be interrupted for six
months, except in cases of main force.

When the concession shall have been declared forfeited, from whichever of these
causes, the public lands granted by this convention will revert to the Republic, in
whatsoever state they may be and without compensation even in the case that
buddings may have been erected thereon.

MAKITIME CANAL COMPANY. 157

Such lands shall be excepted as may have been alienated to private parties by
the company, with the formalities prescribed by law, provided that such aliena-
tions shall not have taken place within the six months preceding the date on which
the company may have become legally liable to the penalty herein established.

ARTICLE LIV.

On the expiration of the ninety-nine years stipulated in this concession, or in the
event of the lorfeiture contained in the preceding article, the Republic shall enter
upon possession in perpetuity of the canal, of works of art, light-houses, store-
houses, stations, deposits, stores, and all the establishments used in the adminis-
tration of the canal, without being obliged to pay any indemnity to the company.

There shall be excepted from this condition the vessels belonging to the com-
pany, its stores of coal and other materials, its mechanical workshops, its floating
capital, and reserve f nnd, as also the lands ceded to it by the State, excepting those
in which are established the works indicated in the first part of this article, and
which will revert to the State, together with their immediate appurtenances, as nec-
essary for the service of the canal and as an integral part of the same.

But the company shall have the right at the exp ration of the aforesaid term of
ninety-nine years to the full enjoyment of the free use and control of the canal in
the capacity of lessee, with all the privileges and advantages granted by the said
concession and for another term of irnety-nine years, on the condition of paying
twenty-five per cent of the annual net profits of the enterprise to the Government
of the Republic, besides the dividends due to it for its shares in the capital stock.

The company furthermore shall have the right to fix at its discretion the dues
referred to in article 43 of this concession, so that the shareholders still receive
dividends not to exceed ten per centum per annnm on the whole capital alter
deducting the payment of twenty-five per cent of the net gains to the Government.

At the expiration of this second term of ninety-nine years the Government shall
enter into perpetual possession of the canal and other properties referred to in the
first part of this article, including a'so in this possession all that which is excluded
in the said first part, with the exception of the reserve and amorti/ation funds.
The failure to comply with any of the terms of the lease shall terminate it, and the
State shall enter into possession of the canal and other works belonging to it in
accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

ARTICLE LV.

-Any misunderstanding that may arise between the State of Nicaragua and the
company in regard to the interpretation of the present stipulations shall be sub-
mitted to a court of arbitrators composed of four members, two of which shall
be appointed by the State and two by the company.

These arbitrators shall be designated by each of the paities within the period of
four months from the day on which one of the contracting parties shall have
informed the other in writing of the want of agreement on the point at issue.
Shoxild one of the parties allow the aforesaid term to pass, it shall be considered as
assenting to the opinion or claim of the other.

The majority of the votes of the arbitrators shall decide finally and without
recourse. In case of a tie vote the arbitrators shall select, by mutual consent, a
fifth person, who shall decide. If unable to agree to such nomination, they shall
draw by lot the names of the diplomatic representatives accredited to Nicaragua,
and the first one drawn out shall exercise the functions of the fifth arbitrator; he
shall either adopt the opinion of one or the other of the parties to the controversy,
or render his opinion between these extremes, and his decision shall be final arid
without any appeal whatever; the fifth arbitrator failing, the second person drawn
shall exercise these functions, and so on successively until a decision is reached.

Prior to the initiation of the works of opening the canal the Government shall
formulate, with the concurrence of the company, rules to be observed by the arbi-
trators in all matters relating to procedure.

Questions between the company and individuals residing in Nicaragua shall be
under the jurisdiction of the ordinary tribunals of Nicaragua, in conformity with
the legislation of the country. In matters pertaining to nonresidents of Nicaragua
the rules of international private law will be observed.

In witness of the foregoing stipulations we have signed two instruments of the
same tenor in Managua on the 23d day of March, one liiousand eight hundred and
eighty -seven.

AD. CARDENAS.
A. G. MENOCAL.

158 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1889.

The Government finding the foregoing contract in conformity with the instruc-
tions transmitted, determines to approve it in all its parts and to submit it to Con-
gress for its ratification.

Managua, April twelfth, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-seven.

E. CAUAZO.

The acting subsecretary of the interior.

CANTON.

Done in the hall of sessions of the chamber of deputies, Managua, April 20, 1887.

TOM AS A i; MI. 10.
LEOPOLD M. MONTENEGRO.
Luis E. SAENZ,

To the S. E. P., hall of the Senate,
Managua, April 23, 1887.

JOAQUIN ZAVALA.
S. MORALES.

ELIODORO RIVAS.

Therefore, be it executed. Managua, April 24, 1887.

E. CAUAZO.

The subsecretary of the interior in charge of the office.

ALEJANDRO CANTON.

Accepted on the same date.

CANTON. A. G. MENOCAL.

I do hereby certify the preceding signature of the subsecretary of the interior,
which reads Alejandro Canton, to be genuine.
Managua, April 25, 1887.

JOAQUIN ELIZONDO.

FIFTIETH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION

March 22, 1888.
[Senate Report No. 728.]

Mr. Payne, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report :

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to whom was referred House
joint resolution No. 83, beg leave to report the same and recommend
its passage with certain amendments.

The amendments, providing for an increased allowance for salary
and personal expenses of the commissioner- general and associate
commissioner-general and of the scientific experts, are based upon
the consideration that their services will, presumptively, extend
through a period of the greater part of two years. The sums named
in the House resolution were framed according to the corresponding
provisions for these services at the Paris Exposition of 1878, and
attendance upon which, in representation of the United States, occu-
pied less than a year.

Another amendment omits the provision for the appointment of hon-
orary commissioners by the governors of the respective States. The
experience of this arrangement, as carried out at the exposition of
1878, was such as, in the opinion of the committee, should not lead to
its renewal at the exposition now to be provided for.

Another amendment omits the provision for transportation to and
from France free of cost, in public vessels, of articles to be offered for

PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1889. 159

exhibition by citizens of the United States. The experience as to this
use of public vessels has shown that it was extremely expensive to the
Government and attended by inconvenience and embarrassment to
all interests.

Upon these two last-mentioned amendments the committee have
found very instructive the suggestions of Commissioner-General Mc-
Cormick on these points, made in his report to the Secretary of State
upon the conduct and results of the exposition of 1878, and in making
these amendments the committee have given great weight to the fol-
lowing observations in that report :

The clause in the resolution of Congress authorizing the President, in his discre-
tion, to assign one or more of the public vessels to transport to and from France,
free of cost, articles offered for exhibition by the citizens of the United States, was
doubtless inserted from good motives and in respect to the popular sentiment that
it would be a graceful act to employ the Government vessels in the international
service in the interest of peace and industry.

It proved, however, to be a costly mistake. The first class vessels of our limited
Navy were all engaged in important service. Beyond the small steamer Wyoming,
sailing ships only could be assigned to the duty. These were, without exception,
old and poorly adapted to freight. The expenditure of a considerable sum of
money was necessary to prepare them for sea, asnd when made ready they were
found to be difficult to load and stow.

Taking into account the expense to the Government in preparing the ships for
sea, the inconvenience of keeping them for many months at Havre, and the serious
delays in transporting the goods of exhibitors to and from Europe, it would have
been far better and cheaper for Congress to have given authority for the transpor-
tation of freight by mail steamers. Goods would have been in transit but a few
days instead of many weeks, and our department at the exposition would have
been in condition much sooner than it was, and the business of the office of the
commissioner-general on this side of the Atlantic might have been completed some
months earlier.

The provision in the Congressional legislation relating to our representation in
Paris in 1867, and also to our representation in Vienna in 1873, by which the appoint-
ment of a large number of honorary commissioners was authorized, had so clearly
proven an impolitic one, that it was surprising to all who had given the subject
attention that it should have been reenacted in the resolution touching the expo-
sition of 1878.

After the additional commissioners who were selected to prepare reports upon
the exposition, the sending of 24 honorary commissioners, under direct appoint-
ment of the President, might have been understood, but the sending of 2 more
from each State, on the nomination of the governors, and of still another class
chosen by the governors without Presidential approval (of which class 50 came to
Paris during the summer and autumn ) was, to the exposition authorities, an almost
inexplicable procedure, no other country having sent nearly so large a number.

Simply to receive them and their traveling companions consumed much of my
time and that of my clerks, which should have been given to the exhibitors and
jurors. In scarcely an instance could they render any service, and realizing what
an empty honor their appointment conferred, and how reluctant the authorities
were to recognize them, their position was anything but a pleasant one. More-
over, their coming was not without expense to the Government, for, while under
the resolution of Congress they were not allowed pay or compensation, their pres-
ence necessitated certain increased expenditures in the way of office accommoda-
tions, stationery, etc., and to obtain admission for them to the official entertain-
ments was at times a difficult matter.

The increase of the appropriation for the coming exposition, and the
proper representation of the United States there, to $300,000 is based
upon the consideration already mentioned, that the preparation,
attendance, arid subsequent expenses upon this occasion will occupy
quite twice as long as in 1878, and upon the experience and instruc-
tion gained by the representation of this Government at that exposi-
tion and communicated by the valuable report thereon of Commissioner-
General McCrrmiok.

The last amendment, by which the House resolution providing spe-

160 I'AUIS KXHIMITlnN OF 1889.

eilie arrangements in reference to a speeial (however important) inter-
est in the products of this eonntry is omitted needs no further obser-
vation than that the committee regarded it as inappropriate to the
occasion in which the Republic of France is celebrating the centennial
of the irreat political event of the fall of the Hastile in 17*'. an event
which that irreat and most friendly Republic marks for the. date of
its celebration of French liberties, as the Cnited States have marked
the 4th of July, 1776, as the date of the foundation of our liberty and
independence.

The committee include as a part of this report the House report
which accompanied the House resolution, and recommend the passage
of the joint resolution in the spirit of a cordial acceptance of the iiivi-
tation of the French Republic to participate in this centennial cele-
bration, and in the purpose of promoting the interests of agriculture,
manufactures, and commerce of the United States.

[House Report No. 135, Fiftieth Congress, first session.]

Mr. Belinont, from the Committee on Foreign Affairs, submitted the following
report:

The Committee on Foreign Affairs, to whom were referred a message from lie
President of the United Stutes (Ex. Doc. GO) transmitting a report from the Secie-
tary of State relating to an invitation from the Government of France to partici-
pate in the international e:shit ition to I e held in Paris in 1889. and also a joint
resolution (H. Res. 83), respectfully report thereon as follows:

On the 6th of April last, shortly after the close of the Forty-ninth Congress, the
Government of the French Republic, through its legation in Washington, for-
mally asked the cooperation of this Government in the celebration of a worlds
exhibition to be opened in Paris on the 5th of May, 1889. The general purposes
of this exhibition are such as should enlist the earnest sympathy of the United
States. Its primary object is to receive the works of art and the productions of
the industry and agriculture of all nations. The exhibition i.s to be divided into
nine groups:

(1) Works of art; (2) education, and processes used therein; (3) plain and deco-
rative house furniture; (4) textile fabrics; (5) the raw and manufactured prod-
ucts of mining, forestry, chemistry, etc.; (6) apparatus and methods of mechanical
industries; (7) food products; (8) agriculture, vine culture, and fish culture; (9)
horticulture.

In nearly all these branches of industry it is believed that the United States has
made great progress since its participation in t he World's Exposition held in Pi.ris
in 1878. If no other considerations presented themselves it would therefoiel.e
desirable for the advancement of the commercial interests of the United States
that the invitation thus extended by the F:ench Republic should be accepted.
But there are other reasons \vhich can properly be regarded by the Congr* as of
the United State.-. This nation can net I'o get its obligations to France f.n- the
assistance rendered in its early struggle > for freedom. On many occasions sin e.
not-tbly in the presentation by the Fiench people of th Statu <>f Lib -i ty which
now adorns New York Harbor, the sympathy and good will of the French nation
toward the United States and its Government liave been manifested.

The people of the United States have wat hed with gratification the fiimness of
purpo.-e and selt-control with which the French na'.ion has maintained and
increased its hold upon republican institutions in recent times of menace and
peril. The year 1889 will be the centennial < f events in Fran -e which gave impe-
tus to the establishment of republican institutions throng n ut the world. Jt is
clearly the duty of the Congress of the United States to promptly take action upon
the invitation extended and thus to proclaim in th'' most emphatic manner its
approval of this important project. Your coaiuiittee therefore recommend that
the invitation of the Government of France in participate in the International
Exhibition to beheld in Paris in 1889, transmitted to Congress by the President of
the United States in his message of the 12th instant. h< rt to annexed, be accepted,
and in order that such acceptance may be carried out in a becoming manner they
J: u; tii, r recommend the passage of the accompanying joint resolution as amended.

PAEIS EXHIBITION OF 1889. 161

[Fiftieth Congress, first session. H. Res. 83.]

JOINT RESOLUTION accepting the invitation of the French Republic to take part in an inter-
national exposition to be held in Paris in eighteen hundred and eighty-nine.

Whereas the United States have been invited by the Republic of France to take
part in an exposition of works of art and the products of manufactures and agri-
culture of all nations, to be held in Paris, commencing the fifth day of May and
closing the thirty-first day of October, in eighteen hundred and eighty-nine:
Therefore,

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That said invitation is accepted, and that the gov-
ernors of the several States and Territories be, and are hereby, requested to invite
the people of their respective States and Territories to assist in the proper repre-
sentation of the productions of our industry and of the natural resources of the
country, and to take such further me;isures as may be necessary in order to secure
to their respective States and Territories the advantages to be derived from this
beneficent undertaking.

SEC. 2. That the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
shall appoint a commissioner-general to represent the United States in the proposed
exposition, and, under the general direction of the Secretary of State, to make all
needful rules and regulations in reference to the contributions from this country
and to control the expenditures incident to the proper installation and exhibition
thereof; the pay of jurors, and the preparation of the reports on the exposition, and
the general results thereof; and an assistant commissioner-general, who shall per-
form the duties of commissioner-general in case of his death or disability; and that
the President may also appoint nine subcommissioners, and said subcommissioners
shall be scientific experts, corresponding to and specifically assigned to the nine
groups into which the exposition will, under the official regulations, be divided;
that the allowance to said commissioner-general for salary and personal expenses
shall not exceed five thousand dollars for his whole term of office; that the allow-
ance of said assistant commissioner-general for salary and personal expenses shall
not exceed twenty-five hundred dollars for his term of office, and the allowance of
the nine subcommissioners for salary and personal expenses shall not exceed twelve
hundred dollars each, not including such clerical service as may be allowed by the
commissioner-general, which shall not exceed fifteen thousand dollars; and the
governors of the several States may nominate and the President appoint one hon-
orary commissioner from each of the several States, and the President may appoint
one honorary commissioner from each of the several Territories, which said hon-
orary commissioners may report upon such special subjects as the commissioner-
general may direct, and 'shall serve without pay or other expense to the United
States: Provided, That no person appointed by virtue of this resolution shall have
any pecuniary interest, directly or indirectly, in any article exhibited for compe-
tition or act as the agent for any exhibitor.

SEC. 3. That the President be authorized, in his discretion, to assign one or more
of the public vessels to transport to and from France, free of cost, under regula-
tions to be prescribed by the commissioner-general, such articles as may be offered
for exhibition by the citizens of the United States.

SEC. 4. That in order to defray the necessary expenses above authorized, and for
the proper installation of the exhibition, and the expenditures of the commissioner-
general, made under the direction of the Secretary of State, and with his approval,
and not otherwise, there be, and hereby is, appropriated, out of any money in the
Treasury of the United States not otherwise appropriated the sum of two hundred
thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary for the purposes herein
specified, which sum shall be expended under the direction of the Secretary of State;
and out of such amount the Commissioner of Agriculture is hereby authorized to
collect and prepare, as far as practicable and with as little delay as possible, suit-
able specimens of the agricultural productions of the several States and Territories
of the Union for exhibition at the Paris exposition.

SEC. 5. That it shall be the duty of the Secretary of State to transmit to Congress
a detailed statement of the expenditures which may have been incurred under the
provisions of this resolution, together with all reports called for vinder section two
of this resolution, which report shall be prepared and arranged with a view to
concise statement and convenient reference.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 11

162 PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1889.

[House Ex. Doc. No. 69, Fiftieth Congress, first session.]

Message from the President of tJie United States, transmitting a report from the
Secretary of State, relating to an invitation from the Government of France to
participate in the international exhibition to be held at Paris in 1889.

To the Senate and the House of Representatives:

I transmit herewith a report from the Secretary of State in relation to the invita-
tion from the Government of France to this Government to participate in the inter-
national exhibition which is to be held at Paris in 1889.

QBOVER CLEVELAND.
EXECUTIVE MANSION,

Washington, January 12, 1888.

To the PRESIDENT:

I transmit herewith a translation of a note from Mr. Bonstan, the minister of
France at this capital, extending an invitation to this Government to participate
in the international exhibition which is to be held at Paris in 1889.

The benefits which the commerce, the manufactures, the sciences, and the arts
of this country derived from the taking part in the great international exhibitions
which have heretofore beeu held at Paris are so numerous and obvious as to com-
mend to this Government the propriety of accepting the present invitation. That
the popular interest in the proposed exhibition is very great is manifest from the
numerous inquiries relative to it, representing the most important business inter-
ests, which have been received by the Department from all parts of the country.

I therefore recommend that the accompanying papers be laid before Congress,
and that that body be asked to enact a law authorizing the President, by and with
the advice of the Senate, to appoint a commissioner-general to represent the United
States in the proposed exhibition, and, under the general direction of the Secretary
of State, to make all needful rules and regulations in reference to the contributions
from this country, and to control the expenditures incident to the proper installa-
tion and exhibition thereof, and to the preparation of the reports on the exhibition.

I furthermore recommend that the sum of $200,000 be appropriated, out of any
money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to be expended, or so much
thereof as may be necessary, in defraying the necessary expenses of the proper
installation of the exhibits of American citizens and the expenditures of the com-
missioner-general, made under the direction of the Secretary of State and with his
approval.

I also recommend that provision be made by law for the reentry, free of duty,
under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, of all arti-
cles and merchandise which may be sent from this country to the exhibition in
question.

Respectfully submitted.

T. F. BAYABD.

DEPARTMENT OP STATE,

Washington, January 12, 1888.

No. 1.
Mr. Roustan to Mr. Bayard.

[Translation.]

LEGATION OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC,

Washington, April 6, 1887.

MR. SECRETARY OF STATE: By a decree bearing date of November 8, 1884, the
President of the Republic decided that a world's exhibition should be opened at
Paris on the 5th of May, 1889, and closed on the 31st of October following.

I am instructed by my Government to notify you of the opening of this inter-
national exhibition, and, in view of the deep interest that is felt in having all
nations participate in this enterprise of peace and labor, to ask the cooperation of
the United States Government.

To this effect, I have the honor herewith to transmit to you two copies of a pam-
phlet containing the general regulations and the text of sundry official documents

PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1889. 163

having reference to the organization of the various branches of the exhibition and
to the admission of productions; also the text of the law of July 6, 1886, relative to
financial guaranties.

1 should be very grateful to you, Mr. Secretary of State, if it were possible for
you to enable me soon to make known at Paris the decision adopted by the United
States Government.

Be pleased to accept, Mr. Secretary of State, the assurances of my very high con-
sideration.

TH. ROUSTAN.

Hon. T. F. BAYARD,

Secretary of State of the United States.

WORLD'S EXHIBITION OF 1889.

LAW OF JULY 6, 1886.
ARTICLE I.

The convention concluded by the minister of commerce and industry, represent-
ing the State; the prefect of the Seine, representing the city of Paris, authorized
by the decision of the municipal council of March 31, 1886, and the governor of
the Credit Foncier, acting for the Guarantee Association, which is to be estab-
lished for the World's Exhibition of 1889, is hereby approved.

No expense shall be incurred beyond the amount of 43,000,000 francs, for which
provision is made by Article I of this convention, unless provision shall previously
have been made therefor by a special law.

Such proceeds as may accrue from payments required of exhibitors for the space
assigned to them shall not enter into the computation of the receipts provided for
by Article V of the convention beyond the amount necessary to make the total
receipts 18,000,000 francs.

ARTICLE II.

The State shall contribute to the expense of the exhibition of 1889 by an appro-
priation of 17,000,000 francs.

This appropriation shall be charged (to the amount of 12,693,635 francs) to the
loan of 80,000,000 francs made to the State by the Bank of France in pursuance of
the convention of March 29, 1878, approved by act of the 30th of June following.

In case the expenses shall amount to less than the sum of 43,000,000 francs,
which is provided for by Article I of the convention, the saving effected shall
inure to the benefit of the State alone.

ARTICLE III.

The sum of 12,693,635 francs shall be allowed by way of an extraordinary appro-
priation to the minister of commerce and manufactures on the fiscal year 1886,
over and above the allowances made by the financial act of August, 1 885. This
allowance shall form a special chapter entitled "No. 43. Amount contributed by
the State to the expenses of the exhibition of 1889."

This extraordinary appropriation shall be paid from the source mentioned in the
foregoing article.

ARTICLE IV.

The appropriations necessary for the expenses of the years 1887, 1888, 1889, and
the following, shall be made, within the limits of the allowance above fixed, by the
annual appropriation laws.

Nevertheless, during the recess of the chambers, in pursuance of Article V of the
act of December 14, 1879, such appropriations may be made by decrees approved
by the council of ministers. These decrees shall be submitted to the chambers for
their sanction within the first fortnight after their next meeting.

ARTICLE V.

All moneys for the exhibition shall be received and expended by the officers of
the treasury, and shall be submitted to the court of accounts for inspection.

The subsidy alkjwed by the city of Paris, together with all receipts accruing
from the World'sTSxhibition of 188 ( J, shall be paid into the treasury as funds for
public expenses, according to article 13 of the act of June 6, 1843.

164 PARI> EXHIBITION OF 1889.

ARTICLE VL

Plans of all kinds relative to the construction, arrangement, and management
of the exhibition of 1889 shall, before being put into execution, be submitted to
the minister of commerce and manufactures for his approval.

ARTICLE VII.

A detailed statement of the receipts and expenditures of the World's Exhibition
of 18.S! shall be presented to the President of the Republic in a report which shall
be published and distributed among the senators and members of the Chamber of
Deputies.

A report published in the same way shall annually make known the state of
advancement of the work, and shall furnish a statement of the expenses incurred.

ARTICLE VIII.

The instruments designated in article 1, paragraph 0, of the act of February 28,
1872, and approved by the minister of commerce and manufactures, in pursuance
of this act, shall be subjected to a fixed duty of '3 francs. This act having been
adopted by the Senate and Chamber of Deputies, shall be executed as a law of the
State.

MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES WORLD'S
EXHIBITION OF 1889, AT PARIS.

GENERAL REGULATIONS.

Ministerial order of August 26, 1886.

ARTICLE I.

In pursuance of the decrees issued by the President of the French Republic, at
the suggestion of the minister of commerce and manu''actures and of the minister
of public instruction, fine arts, and worship, an International World's Exhibition
shall be opened at Paris on the 5th day of May, 1889, and shall be closed on the
31st of October following.

No production shall, however, be admitted in the exhibition after April 1, 1889.

ARTICLE II.

This exhibition shall receive works of art and productions of the industry and
agriculture of all nations.

It shall be held principally in the Champ de Mars, in the unoccupied space
between Lamothe- Piquet avenue and the square situated near the quay. It may
extend

(1 ) On the left bank of the Seine, over the causeway and the steeps of the quay,
in the parts comprised between the Champ de Mars and the esplanade of the
Invalides. and over the Esplanade of the Invalides.

(2) On the right bank of the Seine, in the Trocadero Park and the available
parts of the Trocadero Palace, in the Palace of Industry, and on the grounds situ-
ated between that palace and the Seine.

ARTICLE III.

GENERAL ORGANIZATION.

An advisory commission, consisting of 300 members, and styled the "grand
council of the World's Exhibition of 1889," shall be appointed under the presi-
dency of the minister of commerce and manufactures, who shall likewise be the
commissioner-general of the exhibition.

ARTICLE IV.

The grand council shall be convoke 1 and presided over by the minister, who
shall fix the order of its daily proceedings.

PAEI8 EXHIBITION OF 1889. 165

ARTICLE V.

It shall be subdivided into twenty-two advisory committees, to wit: The com-
mittee on superintendence and finance, on contested claims, buildings, festivals
and ceremonies, transportation, the fine arts, agriculture, colonies and countries
under protectorate, military and maritime exhibitions, education, the liberal arts,
hygiene, the third group (furniture, etc.), the fourth group (textile fabrics, wear-
ing apparel, etc.), the fifth group (manufacture of extracts, raw and manufac-
tured productions), the sixth group (mechanical instruments and processes in
mechanical industry), the seventh group (articles of food), electricity, the press,
musical and theatrical pieces, congresses and conferences, the retrospective exhi-
bition of work.

ARTICLE VI.

The advisory committee on superintendence and finance, which is to be appointed
by a decree of the President of the Republic, shall be presided over by the minis-
ter, or, in his absence, by one of the three vice-presidents, each in his turn.

It shall be convoked by the minister, who shall fix the order of its daily pro-
ceedings.

ARTICLE VII.

This commission shall be consulted by the minister on all questions having refer-
ence to the financial management of the exhibition. Its advice shall be acted upon
in all cases in which questions are concerned relating to receipts of all kinds to be
collected on the occasion of the exhibition.

ARTICLE VIII.

The other committees may subsequently be completed by the addition of new
members, to be appointed by ministerial orders.

Their chairmen shall be appointed by the minister.

Their vice-chairmen and secretaries shall be designated by the committees them-
selves, subject to the approval of the minister.

They may be subdivided into subcommittees, with the approval of the minister,
who shall designate the new chairmen.

ARTICLE IX.

The minister shall lay suitable matters directly before the committee and sub-
committees.

ARTICLE X.

The directors-general, who are to be appointed in the manner provided by the
decree of July 28, >88(5, shall be charged, each in that which concerns him, with
the preparation and submission to the minister, commissioner-general, of the plans
relative to the construction, arrangement, and management of the exhibition.
They shall be admitted to all sessions of the committee on superintendence and
finance, and to the sessions of the committees having charge of matters connected
with their respective branches. They shall at these sessions have the right of dis-
cussion, but not that of voting.

ADMISSION AND CLASSIFICATION OF PRODUCTIONS.

ARTICLE XI.

A departmental committee, appointed by the minister of commerce and manu-
factures, shall be instituted in each department of the French Republic. The
duties of this commission shall be

(1) To make known throughout the department the regulations concerning the
organization of the exhibition, and to distribute the blank forms of applications
for admission, together with all other documents relating to the exhibition.

(2) To furnish, with as little delay as possible, the names of the principal artists,
agriculturists, and manufacturers whose admission to the World's Exhibition shall
seem particularly calculated to promote the success of that enterprise.

(3) To promote the exhibitions of industrial, agricultural, and horticultural pro-
ductions of the department.

166 PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1889.

(4) To promote and organize, if deemed desirable, the collective grouping of
similar productions of the department, and to accredit a delegate, whose duty it
ehall be to represent each collective exhibition.

(5) To prepare, if thisshall be thought desirable, by way of subscription or other-
wise, the establishment of a special fund, designed to facilitate the examination
and study of the World's Exhibition by a certain number of master-workmen,
workmen, and cultivators of the department.

ARTICLE XIL

Foreign commissions appointed at the request of the French Government are
urged to send their delegates with as little delay as possible.

The duty of each delegate shall be to discuss such questions as may interest his
countrymen, and especially such as relate to the distribution of the entire space
among the different countries and to the method of installation of each national
section. Consequently, the minister, commissioner-general, will not correspond
directly with foreign exhibitors, and all productions presented by foreign producers
shall be admitted only through the agency of their respective commissioners.

ARTICLE XIII.

The departmental committees appointed by the minister and the foreign com-
missioners regularly accredited to him shall enter into direct relations with the
director-general of the management.

The foreign commissioners shall receive from him all suggestions and plans with
regard to the most advantageous installation of the productions of their nations,
together with all information concerning the conditions of general circulation and
of public order to which they shall be obliged to conform.

They shall have recourse to him for all changes of space from country to country.

ARTICLE XIV.

In each section devoted to the productions of the same nation the articles exhib-
ited shall be divided among the nine groups following:
First group: Works of art (class 1 to 5).

Second group: Education, instruction, materials and processes used in the lib-
eral arts (class 6 to 16).

Third group: Furniture, etc. (class 17 to 29).

Fourth group: Textile fabrics, wearing apparel, etc. (class 30 to 40).
Fifth group: Manufacture of extracts, raw and manufactured articles (class

41 to 47).

Sixth group: Instruments and processes used in mechanical industry elec-
tricity (class 48 to 66).

Seventh group: Articles of food (class 67 to 73).

Eighth group: Agriculture, vine culture, and pisciculture (class 74 to 77).
Ninth group: Horticulture (class 78 to 83).

Each of these groups shall be divided into classes according to the system of
general classification appended to these regulations (Annex No. 1).

That document shall comprise for each class a compendious enumeration of the
articles which it is to include.

ARTICLE XV.

A methodical and complete catalogue of the productions of all nations shall be
prepared in the French language. This catalogue shall state the places to be occu-
pied by said productions in the halls, the parks, or the gardens, together with the
names of the exhibitors.

Each nation shall, moreover, have the right to prepare at its own expense, but
only in its own language, a special catalogue of the productions exhibited in its
section.

ARTICLE XVI.

Neither French nor foreign exhibitors shall be obliged to pay any rent for the
space occupied by them in the exhibition.

They shall have to defray all the expenses of installation and decoration in the
halls, parks, or gardens. These expenses shall in the main comprise the furnish-
ing and putting in place of the floors, and the tents or ceilings in the halls, and also
of the special earthworks and trees or plants set out in the parks or gardens in the

PARIS EXHIBITION OP 1889. 167

vicinity of and within the limits of the special buildings authorized by the minister
commissioner-general .

The floors shall be constructed in good condition for use in all the interior pas-
sages through which the public is to pass.

ARTICLE XVII.

No work of art and no article exhibited in the halls, parks, or gardens shall be
drawn, copied, or reproduced in any manner whatever without an authorization
from the exhibitor bearing the vise of the director-general of the management.

The director-general of the management may, however, authorize the reproduc-
tion of views of sundry articles together.

ARTICLE XVIII.

No work of art and no article exhibited can be withdrawn before the close of the
exhibition without special authorization.

ARTICLE XIX.

Within the time allowed, and on the terms provided by the act of May 23, 1868,
relative to the guaranty of inventions susceptible of being patented, and of designs
for manufactured articles, exhibitors shall enjoy the rights and immunities granted
by the aforesaid act. (Annex No. 2.)

ARTICLE XX.

In pursuance of the decree issued on the 25th of August, 1886 (Annex No. 3),
the exhibition is to be, in fact, a bonded warehouse; consequently articles exhib-
ited are to be exempted from the payment of city dues and from search by the
municipal authorities of Paris, and also from the payment of duties at the French
custom-house and from search there.

ARTICLE XXI.

Subsequent regulations shall in due time determine the methods of shipment,
of reception, and of installation of the productions, the method of admission to
the premises of the exhibition, and the formation of the international jury on
premiums whose duties shall begin as soon as the exhibition is opened.

SPECIAL, PROVISIONS RELATIVE TO WORKS OF ART.

ARTICLE XXII.

The works of French and foreign artists executed since May 1, 1878, shall be
admitted to the exhibition.

ARTICLE XXIII.

Such works shall comprise the seven kinds below mentioned:

1. Paintings.

2. Drawings: Water-colors, pastels, miniatures, enamel, porcelain, and cartoons,
not including those which represent subjects of ornamentation only.

3. Sculpture.

4. Engravings on medals and precious stones.

5. Architecture.

6. Engraving.

7. Lithography.

ARTICLE XXIV.

The following shall be excluded:

1. Copies, even such as reproduce a work in a style different from that of the
original.

2. Unframed paintings or drawings.

3. Sculptures in unbaked clay.

ARTICLE XXV.

It shall be the duty of a special jury to decide concerning the admission of works
of art.

168 PAEIS EXHIBITION OF 1889.

ARTICLE XXVI.

The requirements to be fulfilled for applications for admission shall be fixed by
subsequent regulations. Another regulation shall also indicate the method of
shipment and of reception of works of art.

ARTICLE XXVII.

Decision shall be given hereafter with regard to the number and nature of the
premiums to be awarded, and also concerning the appointment of an international
jury for the award of premiums.

SPECIAL. PROVISIONS RELATING TO INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTIONS.

ARTICLE XXVIII.

All manufactured and agricultural productions shall be admissible to the exhi-
bition, with the exceptions and reservations mentioned in the following article:

ARTICLE XXIX.

Detonating and fulminating articles and, in general, all matters regarded as
dangerous, shall be excluded.

Spirits or alcohols, oils and essences, corrosive substances, and in general any
articles that may injure other productions with which they may come in contact,
or that may incommode the public, shall not be received otherwise than in solid
vessels suitable for containing them, and of small dimensions.

Percussion caps, fireworks, chemical matches, and other similar objects shall
not be received. Imitations thereof may, however, be received, provided that they
contain no inflammable matter.

ARTICLE XXX.

Exhibitors of injurious productions or those calculated to impair the health of
human beings must, at all times, conform to such precautionary measures as may
be prescribed.

ARTICLE XXXI.

The director-general of the management may at all times cause the removal of
all articles, no matter what may be their origin, which, owing to their nature and
their appearances, may appear to be objectionable or incompatible with the object
or the decorum of the exhibition.

ARTICLE XXXII.

French applications for admission must be drawn up according to the form
appended to these regulations. (Annex No. 4.)

Applications from Paris and the department of the Seine are to be sent directly
to the minister of commerce and manufactures, commissioner-general, No. 35
Quai d'Orsay, Paris, or to the director- general of the management, No. 80 rue de
Varenne.

Those from the departments are to be received by the departmental committees,
who will forward them to the same addresses.

All applications of French citizens, thus centralized, shall be submitted by
classes to the examination of committees on admission, appointed by the minister,
and from whose decisions there shall be no appeal. It is essential that all appli-
cations be handed in as speedily as possible.

The printed blank forms of applications for admissions shall be furnished to the
public gratuitously, at the following places:

(1) At Paris: At the ministry of commerce and manufactures. No. 25 Quai
d'Orsay, and No. 244 boulevard Saint Geriuaine; at the buildings of the manage-
ment of the exhibition (avenue de La Bourdonnaye and rue de Varrenne, No. 80) ;
at the tribunal, and at the chamber of commerce.

(2) In the departments: At the prefectures, subprefectures, chambers of com-
merce, tribunals of commerce, advisory chambers of arts and manufactures, and
at the locations of the departmental committees, as well as at such places of dis-
tribution as may be designated by the said committees.

PAEI8 EXHIBITION OP 1889. 169

ARTICLE XXXIII.

Constructors of apparatus requiring the use of water, gas, or steam, must state,
either at the time of making their application for admission or through the foreign
delegates, the quantity of water, gas, or steam that they require.

Those desiring to set machinery in motion shall state the exact velocity of such
machinery and the motive power which it will require.

ARTICLE XXXIV.

Water, gas, steam, and motive power for the machinery galleries shall be fur-
nished gratuitously.

The power shall be taken from the vehicle of general transmission.

The establishment of all intermediate transmissions shall be at the cost of
exhibitors.

PROVISIONS RELATIVE TO MANAGEMENT.

ARTICLE XXXV.

Articles shall be exhibited in the name of the signer of the application for
admission. From this requirement there shall be no deviation.

ARTICLE XXXVI.

Exhibitors are authorized to enter, after their own names or the names of their
firms, the names of such cooperators of all kinds and all grades as have contributed
to the utility of the articles exhibited.

ARTICLE XXXVII.

Exhibitors are expressly requested to state the market price of the articles
exhibited, both for the purpose of facilitating the labor of the jury and of edify-
ing visitors.

ARTICLE XXXVIII.

Articles sold shall not be removed before the close of the exhibition, unless by
special authorization.

ARTICLE XXXIX.

The State shall take measures to protect articles exhibited from all injury, but
it will in nowise be responsible for any accidents, or for fire, or for any damage
that they may suffer, be the cause thereof what it may. Exhibitors shall be at
liberty to insure their goods directly, at their own expense, if they shall think
proper to do so.

ARTICLE XL.

A general surveillance shall be established in order to protect goods from theft
and embezzlement.

Foreign commissions shall have full control as regards the custody of their
respective sections. The officers designated by them for the performance of this
duty shall be commissioned by the commissioner-general. They shall wear a uni-
form or a distinctive badge; they may, under all circumstances, apply for assist-
ance to the French officers and policemen who shall walk through the passages
open to the public, or who shaU be stationed there.

In the French section the exhibitors of each class shall make arrangements for
the organization of a collective system of guardianship, independent of the gen-
eral surveillance. The special officers of this class shall be commissioned by the
minister commissioner-general; they shall wear badges indicating the number of
the class whose rooms they are to watch.

ARTICLE XLI.

It is expressly understood that the State disclaims all responsibility for any
thefts and embezzlements that may be committed.

170 PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1889.

ARTICLE XLII.

No article shall be advertised by means of handbills, prospectuses, etc., within
the exhibition, by exhibitors, holders of concessions, or any other person, without
regular authorization and prepayment of such fees as may be required.

ARTICLE XLIII.

All communications relative to the exhibition must be addressed to the Minister
of Commerce and Manufactures, Commissioner-General, No. 25 Quai d'Orsay,
Paris, and must bear on the envelope the words "World's Exhibition of 188'J."
(Exposition universelle de 1889.)

XLIV.

Both French citizens and foreigners, by becoming exhibitors, declare by that
very fact that they adhere to the provisions contained in Articles XI-XL1I of
these regulations.

EDOUARD LOOKROY,

Minister of Commerce and Manufactures, Commissioner-General.
PARIS, August 26, 1886.

[Annex No. 1.1

SYSTEM OF GENERAL, CI^ASSIFICATION.
FIRST GROUP.

WORKS OF ART.

GLASS 1. Oil paintings.
Paintings on canvas, panels, and on various preparations.

CLASS 2. Paintings of different kinds, and draicings.

Miniatures; paintings in water colors; pastel, and drawings of all kinds; paint-
ings on enamel, china, and porcelain; cartoons for windows and frescoes.

CLASS 3. Sculpture, and engraving on medals.

Sculpture in full relief, bas-relief, punctured and chiseled sculpture. Medals,
cameos, and engraved stones. Inlaid enamel work.

CLASS 4. Drawings and models for buildings.

Studies and fragments. Representations and plans of buildings. Restorations
from ruins or documents.

CLASS 5. Engraving and lithographing.

Engravings in black; polychromatic engravings. Lithographs in black, in
crayon, and in pencil; chromolithography.

SECOND GROUP.

EDUCATION AND INSTRUCTION. MATERIALS AND PROCESSES USED IN THE LIBERAL

ARTS.

CLASS 6. Education of very young children. Primary instruction. Instruc-
tion of adults.

Plans and models of infant asylums, schools for mothers, orphan asylums, rooms
and gardens for the care of children; arrangement and furniture of such estab-
lishments. Materials for instruction calculated to promote the physical, moral,

PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1889. 17 1

and intellectual development of a child until the age when it is proper for him to
enter school.

Plans and models of city and country school buildings; arrangements and fur-
niture of such buildings. School articles, books, maps, apparatus, models, etc.

Plans and models of schools for adults and for industrial training. Arrange-
ment and instruction in such establishments. Articles used in the instruction
of adults and in industrial training. Articles used in elementary instruction in
its various branches. Articles for elementary instruction in geometrical and land-
scape drawing.

Articles for the instruction of the blind, and of the deaf and dumb.

Articles made by pupils of both sexes.

Books and publications.

CLASS 7. Organization of secondary instruction and articles used therein.

Plans and models of establishments for secondary instruction; lyceums for boys
and girls, gymnasiums, colleges, and industrial and commercial schools. Arrange-
ment and furniture of such establishments.

Collections, standard books, maps, and globes; articles used in technological and
scientific instruction, or instruction in the arts, and in drawing, music, and singing.

Apparatus and methods used in teaching gymnastics, fencing, and military
exercise.

CLASS 8. Organization and methods of superior instruction and articles used

therein.

Plans and models of academies, universities, medical and practical schools, tech-
nical schools, and those for application, agricultural schools, observatories, scien-
tific museums, amphitheaters, and laboratories for instruction and experiment.

Furniture and arrangement of such establishments.

Apparatus, collections, and materials used in superior education and in scientfic
research.

Special exhibitions of learned, technical, agricultural, commercial, and indus-
trial institutions and societies.

Scientific expeditions.

CLASS 9. Printing and bookselling.

Specimens of typography, autographic proofs, lithographic proofs in black and
colors; proofs of engravings.

New books, and new editions of books already known; collections of works
forming special libraries; periodicals. Drawings, atlases, and albums.

CLASS 10. Stationery, bookbinding, and articles used in painting and drawing.

Paper, cards, and cardboards; ink, chalk, crayons, pastels, desk furniture, arti-
cles used in offices, inkstands, letter scales, etc., and copying presses.

Articles made of paper such as shades, lanterns, flowerpot screens, etc.

Record books, copy books, albums, and notebooks; bindings, movable bindings,
cases, etc.

Various articles for washes and water colors; paints in cakes, in pastels, in blad-
ders, tubes, and shells.

Instruments and apparatus for the use of painters, designers, and modelers.

CLASS 11. Ordinary application of the arts of designing and modeling.

Industrial designs: designs obtained, reproduced or reduced by mechanical pro-
cess. Decorative paintings, lithographs, chromolithographs, or engravings to be
used in manufactures. Models for figures, ornaments, etc.

Molded, stamped, chiseled, and carved articles. Cameos, seals, and various
articles decorated by means of engraving. Industrial decorative plastic goods
made by mechanical process; reductions, etc.

CLASS 12. Photographic proof s and apparatus.

Photographs on paper, glass, wood, cloth, enamel, etc. Heliographic engrav-
ings, lithographic proofs, litho-photographic proofs, photographic cliches, stere-
oscopic proofs and stereoscopes. Proofs obtained by amplification. Photochromy.

Instruments, apparatus, and raw material used in photography. Articles used
by photographers.

172 PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1889.

CLASS 13. Musical instruments.

Nonmetallic wind instruments, with single mouthpiece, with bee <!< >///7<7, with
ree<1s, with or without air reservoirs.

Metallic wind instruments, single, with extensions, with slides, with pistons,
with keys, and with reeds.

Wind instruments with keys: Organs, accordions, etc.

Stringed instruments played with the fingers or with a bow, without keys.

Stringed intruments with keys: Pianos, etc.

Pulsatile instruments, or those played by means of friction. Automatic instru-
ments: Hand organs and bird organs.

Detached pieces and articles used in orchestras.

CLASS 14. Medicine and surgei-y Veterinary and comparative medicine.

Articles, instruments, and apparatus used in anatomical, histological, and bac-
teriological work.

Normal and pathological anatomical specimens: histological and bacterioscop-
ical preparations.

Instruments for medical examinations, both general and special.

Apparatus and instruments used in general, local, and special surgery.

Apparatus used 1 or dressing wounds.

Apparatus used in plastic and mechanical prothesis: orthopedic apparatus;
apparatus used in hernial surgery; balneatory and hydrotherapeutical apparatus;
apparatus used in medical gymnastics; articles, instruments, and apparatus used
in special therapeutics.

Articles used in dental siirgery.

Miscellaneous articles for the use of the infirm, the sirk, and the insane.

Accessory articles used in the medical, surgical and pharmaceutical service of
hospitals or infirmaries.

Cases for instruments and medicines for the use of army and navy surgeons.
Articles for nse in succoring the wounded on l>attlefields.

Appliances for resuscitating the drowned and the asphyxiated.

Special articles, instruments, and appliances used by veterinary surgeons.

CLASS 15. Philosophical instruments.

Philosophical apparatus and instruments.

Apparatus and instruments used in practical geometry, surveying, topography,
and geodesy, compasses, calculating machines, levels, mariners' compasses, barom-
eters, etc.

Measuring apparatus and instruments, verniers, micrometric screws, dividing
machines, etc., and philosophical balances.

Instruments used in ordinary optics. Astronomical instruments. Physical and
meteorological instruments, etc. Instruments and apparatus for laboratories and
observatories.

Measures and weights of different countries. Coins and medals.

CLASS 16. Geographical and cosmographical maps and apparatus Topogra-
phy Models, plans, and designs for civil engineering and public icorks.

Geographical, geological, hydrographic. and astronomical maps and atlases.

Physical maps of all kinds. Plain or raised topographical maps.

Terrestrial and celestial globes and spheres. Statistical works and tables.
Tables and ephetnerides for the use of astronomers and navigators.

Models, plans, and designs for public works, such as bridges, viaducts, aque-
ducts, drains, canal bridges, locks, dams, etc.

Models, plans, and designs for public buildings to be used for special purposes;
municipal buildings, hotels, and tenement houses; houses for the occupancy of
the working classes.

Models, plans, and designs for stations, car houses, and sundry buildings
required by railways.

THIRD GROUP.

FURNITURE, ETC.

CLASS 17. Cheap and fancy furniture.
Buffets, bookcases, tables, toilet tables, beds, sofas, chairs, billiard tables, etc.

PABIS EXHIBITION OF 1889. 173

CLASS 18. Tapestry and decorative work.

Cushions, upholstered chairs, canopies, curtains, hangings, and tapestry.

Decorative articles and furniture. Molded pulp and decorative articles of plas-
ter, statuary pasteboard, papier mache, etc. Frames. Paintings and decorations
for churches.

CLASS 19. Glass articles and window glass.

Vases and goblets; carved, double, and mounted crystals, etc. Ordinary vases
and goblets. Common glassware and bottles. G-lass for windows and mirrors.
Highly finished, enameled, Jiligreed, and tempered glass, etc.

Glasses for optical purposes; articles for ornament, etc. Stained glass for win-
dows. Mirrors, looking-glasses, etc.

CLASS 20. Ceramics.

Semivi trifled porcelain, hard and brittle porcelain. Fine painted china, etc.
Semivitritied china. Baked clay. Enameled lava. Bricks and squares. Ceramic
stones.

CLASS 21. Carpets, tapestry, and other fabrics used in house furnishing.

Carpets, moquettes, and tapestry, velvety or with flock surface. Carpets of felt,
mats, etc. India-rubber carpets, etc.

Fabrics used in furnishing, such as cotton, wool, or silk, plain or figured. Fab-
rics of horsehair, vegetable leather, moleskin, etc. Leather used for hangings
and furniture. Oilcloths and linoleums.

CLASS 22. Decorated paper.

Printed paper. Paper with velvety surface, marbled, grained paper, etc. Paper
for bookbinders' boards, binding, etc. Artistic papers. Enameled and varnished
paper. Imitations of wood and leather. Painted or printed blinds.

CLASS 23. Cutlery.

Knives, penknives, scissors, razors, etc. Various articles of cutlery.
CLASS 24. Silverware.

Silverware for use in churches; decorative and table silver; articles of silver for
the toilet, for office use, etc.

CLASS 25. Bronzes, cast-iron articles used in the arts, repousse work in metals.

Statues and bas-reliefs in bronze, cast-iron, zinc, etc. Cast metals with metallic
coatings.
Repousse work in copper, lead, zinc, etc.

CLASS 26. Watches and clocks.

Detached pieces, both large and small, used in the manufacture of clocks and
watches.

Watches, chronometers, pedometers, sundry reckoners, etc. Mantel and other
clocks; regulators and metronomes.

Astronomical clocks, chronometers for the Navy, traveling clocks, alarm clocks,
etc. Water clocks and hourglasses.

CLASS 27. Apparatus and processes used in warming buildings Apparatus and
processes used for lighting otherwise than by electricity.

Hearths, fireplaces, stoves, and furnaces. Accessory appliances for heating
bxrases. Stoves and apparatus for heating and cooking with gas.

Apparatus for heating by means of hot water, steam, and hot air.

Lamps for lighting by means of sundry oils and essences.

Accessory articles for lighting. Matches. Accessory appliances and apparatus
for lighting by gas. Apparatus for lighting by means of magnesium, etc.

174 PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1889.

CLASS 28. Perfumery.

Cosmetics and pomatums; perfume oils, extracts, and scented waters; aromatic
vinegar; almond paste, powders, pastiles, and perfume sachets; perfumes for
burning toilet soaps.

GLASS 29. Morocco goods, toys, baskets, and brushes.

Workboxes, and small fancy articles of furniture; liqueur cases and glove cases.
Fancy boxes.

Cases and bags, jewel boxes. Porternonnaies, pocketbooks, notebooks, and cigar
cases.

Turned, machine-turned, carved, and engraved articles of ivory, shell, etc.
Pipes, and tobacco boxes.

Fancy combs; fine toilet brushes.

Miscellaneous lacquer articles.

Fancy baskets; clisssages and fine esparto goods.

Coarse brushes and feather dusters.

Paint brushes.

FOURTH GROUP.

FABRICS, WEARING APPAREL, ETC.

CLASS 30. Thread and cotton fabrics

Prepared and spun cotton.

Fabrics of pure cotton, plain or figured.

Fabrics of mixed cotton.

Cotton velvet.

Cotton ribbons.

CLASS 31. Thread and fabrics of hemp, flax, etc.

Flax, hemp, and other vegetable fibers, spun.

Canvas and drilling.

Cambric.

Fabrics of thread, with a mixture of cotton or silk.

Fabrics of vegetable fibers, other than those of cotton, flax, and hemp.

CLASS 32. Threads and fabrics of combed wool Threads and fabrics of carded

wool.

Combed wool, threads of combed wool.
Mousselines, Scotch cassimeres, merinos, serges, etc.
Woolen ribbons and laces mixed with cotton or thread, silk, or floss silk.
Fabrics of hair, pure or mixed.
Woolen shawls, pure or mixed.
Cashmere shawls.

Carded wool; threads of carded wool.
Cloths and other fabrics of carded wool.
Blankets.

Felt of wool or hair, for carpets and hats.
Socks.

Fabrics of carded wool, unfulled or slightly fulled: such as flannels, tartans,
swanskins, etc.

CLASS 33. Silks and silk fabrics.

Raw and thrown silks: threads of floss silk.

Fabrics of pure silk, plain, highly finished, figured.

Fabrics of silk mixed with gold, silver, cotton, wool, thread, etc,

Fabrics of floss silk, pure or mixed.

Velvets and plushes.

Ribbons of pure or mixed silk.

Shawls of pure or mixed silk.

PAEIS EXHIBITION OF 1889. 175

CLASS 34. Laces, tulles, embroidery, and lace work.

Laces of thread or cotton, made with the spindle, the needle, or by mechanical
process.

Laces of silk, wool, or goats' hair.

Silver or gold lace.

Silk or cotton tulle, plain or figured.

Embroidery in tambour work, crocheting, etc.

Embroidery in gold, silver, and silk.

Sacerdotal vestments.

Embroidery, tapestry, and other hand work.

Laces of silk, floss silk, wool, goats' hair, sundry kinds of hair, horse hair, thread,
and cotton; braids, etc.

Fine and imitation lace work. Special lace work for military equipments.

CLASS 35. Articles of hosiery and underclothing Other articles of wearing apparel.

Hosiery of cotton, thread, wool, or silk cashmere, or of floss-silk, pure or mixed.
Elastic fabrics; knit goods. Gentlemen's, ladies', and children's furnishings; baby
linen. Flannel goods and other woolen fabrics. Corsets, cravats, gloves, gaiters,
garters, suspenders, fans, screens, umbrellas, parasols, canes, etc.

CLASS 36. Wearing apparel for both sexes.

Men's clothing, women's clothing.

Hats and head gear for both sexes; artificial flowers and feathers.

Wigs and hair work.

Boots, shoes, etc.

Children's furnishings.

Special garments for different occupations.

Popular costumes of different countries.

CLASS 37. Jewelry and trinkets.

Jewels of precious metals, carved, filigreed, adorned with precious stones, etc.

Plated and imitation jewelry.

Trinkets of jet, amber, coral, mother-of-pearl, steel, etc.

Diamonds, precious stones, pearls, and imitations.

CLASS 38. Portable arms Hunting.

Defensive weapons: Cuirasses, helmets.
Blunt weapons: Clubs, bludgeons, etc.

Side arms: Swords, sabers, bayonets, spears, axes, and hunting knives.
Missile weapons: Bows, crossbows, etc.
Firearms: Guns, carbines, pistols, revolvers.

Other articles made by gunsmiths. Filled or hollow projectiles, explosives.
Caps, priming tubes, cartridges.

Hunting equipments: instruments used in training dogs.
Articles used in fencing.

CLASS 39. Articles for traveling and camping out.

Trunks, valises, saddlebags, etc. Traveling cases. Miscellaneous articles.
Traveling rugs; cushions; head gear; waterproof garments; iron-bound staffs;
grapnels; parasols.

Portable articles specially designed for travelers and persons going on scientific
expeditions; cases and baggage for the use of geologists, mineralogists, naturalists,
settlers, pioneers, etc.

Tents and articles for use in camp, such as beds, hammocks, seats, folding
chairs, etc.

CLASS 40. Toys.

Dolls and toys: also wax figures.

Games intended for the amusement of children or adults.

Instructive and scientific toys.

1VG PABIS EXHIBITION OF 1889.

FIFTH GROUP.

EXTRACTIVE ARTS, RAW AND MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS.

CLASS 41. Products of mining and metallurgy.

Collections and specimens of rocks, minerals, and ores: ornamental rocks: hard
rocks: refractory substances: earths and clays: various mineral products; raw
sulphur: rock salt, salt from salt springs: mineral fuel, various coals, residua, and
agglomerates; asphalts and asphaltic rocks: bitumen, coal tar. unrefined petro-
leum, etc.

Unwrought metals: Smeltings, iron, steel, iron in process of conversion to steel,
copper, lead: silver, zinc, etc.; metallic alloys.

Products of the art of the leacher of ashes, and of the refiner of precious metals,
of the gold beater, etc.

Products of the manufacture of un wrought metals: Castings, bells, commercial
iron (pig iron): special kinds of iron; sheet iron and tin; sheet iron lor sheeting
and building purposes, etc.

Sheet iron coated with zinc and coated with lead, etc.; copper, lead, and zinc
sheets, etc.

Wrought metals: Forge work and large iron work; wheels and tires: unsoldered
tubes, chains, etc.

Products of wire drawing: Needles, pins, metallic cables, lattices, wire gauzes,
punched sheets.

Hardware, edge tools, manufactures of iron, of copper, of sheet iron, iron ware,
and tinware.

Various wrought metals.

CLASS 42. Products of forest growth and forest industries.

Specimens of forest species.

Wood for ornamental work, fuel, and building purposes. Wood prepared for
naval purposes, clapboards, split wood.

Cork; textile barks; substances for tanning, dyeing, scenting, and resinous sub-
stances, etc.

Products of forest industries: Woods dried by fire and charcoals; potash in the
raw state: articles manufactured by the cooper, the basket maker, manufactures
of esparto, wooden shoes, etc.

CLASS 43. Products of the chase Products of the fisheries, apparatus and instru-
ments for fishing, and for gathering fruits of natural growth; products of the
latter.

Collections and drawings of amphibious animals, birds, eggs, fishes, cetacea,
mollnsks, and Crustacea.

Products of the chase: Furs and skins, hair, horsehair, feathers, down, horns,
teeth, ivory, bones, shells, musk, castorenm, and similar products

Products of the fisheries: Whale oil. spermaceti, etc.; whalebone, ambergris,
mollusk shells, pearls, mother-of-pearl, sepia, purple, corals, sponges, etc.

Products of fruit growth or of crops obtained without cultivation: Mushrooms,
truflles, wild fruits, lichens used in dyeing, for 1'ood, or forage; fermented saps:
quinquinas; useful barks and filaments, wax, gum resins, caoutchouc in the raw
state, gutta-percha, etc.

Snares and apparatus: Lines and hooks, harpoons, nets, apparatus and bait for
fishing.

Apparatus and instruments for harvesting products obtained without c ulti vation.

CLASS 44. Agricultural products not used for food.

Textile substances: Raw cotton, flax and hemp, dressed and undressed; textile
vegetable fibers of every kind; wool in the raw state, washed and unwashed; silk-
worm cocoons.

Various agricultural products employed in industry, in pharmacy, and in
domestic economy; oleaginous plants, oi.s, wax. resins.

Leaf or manufactured tobacco. Touchwood.

Tanning and dyeing substances.

Stored forage and substances specially intended for feeding animals.

PARIS EXHIBITION OP 1889. 177

CLASS 45. Chemical and pharmaceutical products.

Acids, alkalis, salts of all kinds, sea salts, and products resulting from the treat-
ment of mother-waters.

Various products of the chemical industries; wax and fat bodies; soaps and can-
dles; elementary bodies of perfumery; resins, tar, and derived bodies; essences and
varnishes; various glazes; blacking.

Elementary bodies of pharmacy; simple and compound medicines.

Products of the caoutchouc and gutta-percha industries; dyeing substances and
colors.

Products derived from the treatment of mineral matters utilized for light.

CLASS 46. Chemical methods of bleaching, dyeing, printing, and finishing.

Specimens of threads and stuffs bleached and dyed. Samples of dyeing prepa-
rations.

Specimens of printed or dyed cloths, of cotton prints, pure or mixed. Specimens
of woolen prints, pure or mixed, combed or carded.

Specimens of silk prints, pure or mixed.

Specimens of printed felt or cloth carpet; of oil-cloth.

CLASS 47. Leathers and skins.

Elementary substances employed in the preparation of skins and leather.

Green skins, salted skins, tanned leather, curried leather, pressed leather, or
dyed leather; varnished leather.

Morocco and sheepskins; Hungary-dressed skins; sharnoy-dressed skins: tawed
skins; dressed or dyed skins; skins prepared for gloves; peltry and furs, dressed
or dyed; parchments.

Articles of gut work: Cords for musical instruments; gold-beater's skins; liga-
ments of the ox, etc.

SIXTH GROUP.

APPARATUS AND METHODS OF THE MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES ELECTRICITY.

CLASS 48. Apparatus and methods of working mines and of metallurgy.

Apparatus for search borings for artesian wells, and for wells in long tubular
sections.

Models, plans, and sketches of the working of mines and quarries.

Methods of utilizing the flow of mineral waters.

Machines and apparatus intended for lifting for carrying down and bringing
up the workmen from the mine.

Machines for drainage; pumps.

Machinery for pumping in air; ventilators.

Safety lamps; safety apparatus; parachutes; signals.

Apparatus for the mechanical preparation of ores and mineral fuel.

Apparatus for compressing fuel.

Apparatus for carbonizing fuel; furnaces and metallurgic blasts; smoke-con-
suming apparatus.

Plant of metallurgical shops.

Special plant of forges and foundries.

Plant of shops for working up the metals under all forms.

CLASS 49. Apparatus and methods of farming and forestry.

Plans for cultivation, distribution, and management of crops.

Plant and works of agricultural engineering: Surface drainage, subsoil drain-
age, irrigation.

Plans and models of agricultural buildings.

Tools, instruments, machines, and apparatus serving for plowing and other
dressings given to the ground for sowing and planting, harvesting, preparing, and
preserving the products of cultivation.

Various agricultural machines moved by teams or steam.

Plant for carts and agricultural conveyances.

Movable steam engines for special purposes and horse gins.

Fertilizers of organic or mineral origin.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 12

178 PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1889.

Apparatus for the physical and chemical study of soils.

Plans of methods of replanting, managing, and cultivating forests.

Plant for forest work and forest industries.

Plant, instruments, and machines for the manufacture of tobacco.

CLASS 60. Plant and methods of agricultural manufactories and food industries.

Plant for agricultural manufactories; manufactories of artificial fertilizers, of
drainage pipes; cheese factories, dairies, flour mills, farina mills, starch mills, oil
mills, breweries, distilleries, sugar mills, refineries, mills for the manufacture of
textile substances, silk-worm nurseries, etc.

Plant for the manufacture of food products: Bread beaters and mechanical
ovens for bakers; pastry and confectionery utensils.

Apparatus for the manufacture of doughs for food, sea biscuit, etc.; machines
for making chocolate; apparatus for drying coffee.

Preparation of ices and sherbets; manufacture and keeping of ice.

CLASS 51. Plant of tJie chemical arts, pliarmacy, and tanning.

Laboratory utensils and apparatus; enameling lamps; blowpipes.

Apparatus and instruments designed for industrial and commercial experiments.

Plant and apparatus of the manufactories of chemical products; soaps and
candles.

Plant and methods of the manufacture of essences, varnishes, articles of caout-
chouc and gutta-percha.

Plant of factories using the mineral substances useful for light

Plant and methods of bleaching factories.

Plant for the preparation of pharmaceutical products.

Plant of factories for tanning and tawing leather.

Plant and methods of glass factories and manufactories of ceramic products.

CLASS 52. Machines and apparatus of general mechanics.

Detached pieces of machinery: Supports, rubblesones, sliding rods, eccentrics,
gearing, coupling rods, parallelograms and joints, pulleys, belts, funicular sys-
tems, etc.: couplings, monkeys, etc.; regulators and moderators of motion; appa-
ratus for greasing.

Indicators and registers; dynamometers, manometers, weighing apparatus;
gauging apparatus for liquids and gases.

Machines used for handling heavy masses.

Hydraulic lifting machines: Norias, pumps, tympanums, hydraulic rams, etc.

Hydraulic receivers: Wheels, turbines, water-pressure engines.

Hydraulic presses.

Engines moved by steam: Stationary engines, stationary and movable engines,
movable engines, boilers, steam generators, and accessory apparatus.

Apparatus for condensing vapors.

Engines moved by other vapors than steam; by combined vapors.

Gas, hot-air, and compressed-air engines.

Apparatus for the transmission of force by water and by air.

Windmills and pananemones (wind vanes?).

Balloons.

CLASS 53. Machine tools.

Machine tools used for working up wood: Planes, toupies (molding cones? turn-
ing lathes?); circular and belt saws; mortise cutters, etc.; machines for making
casks; machines for cutting cork.

Turning lathes and fine boring and planing machines; mortise-cutting machines,
piercing machines, cutting presses, circular saw cutting machines (?) (machines a
J'raiser), machines for cutting out curves (?) (machines d dtcolleter), punching
machines, screw-cutting machines, riveting machines, etc.; drills; various tools
of shops of mechanical construction.

Stones for whetting, scraping, polishing, etc.

Tools, machines, and apparatus used for pressing, crushing, kneading, sawing,
polishing, etc. Special machine tools in the various industries.

CLASS 54. Plant and methods of rope spinning.

Plant of hand spinning. Detached pieces belonging to the plant of spinning
mills. Machines and apparatus used in the preparation and spinning of textile
substances. Apparatus and methods used in the operations complementary to

PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1889. 179

these: Drawing, dividing, twisting throwing; mechanical preparations. Appara-
tus for drying and determining the thickness and length of the threads.

Plant of rope-spinning mills, round cables, flat cables, cables diminues (short
cables?), ropes, strings, wire cables, cables with a metal core, fuses, quick
matches, etc.

CLASS 55. Apparatus and methods of weaving.

Machines for warping, winding. Stretching machines. Ordinary and mechan-
ical frames for the manufacture of close tissues. Frames for the manufacture of
figured and embroidered stuffs; damask looms.

Frames for manufacturing carpets and tapestries.

Frames with meshes for the manufacture of hosiery and tulles. Plant for the
manufacture of lace. Plant of lace- work factories.

High-warp tapestry frames, and methods of figuring by means of pirns (?)
(espoulinage). Accessory apparatus: Machines for fulling, mangling, diapering,
watering, measuring, folding, etc.

CLASS 56. Plant and methods of sewing and making articles of clothing.

Ordinary tools of sewing and finishing shops. Machines for sewing, stitching,
seaming, and embroidering.

Saws for cutting stuffs and leathers for the manufacture of articles of clothing
and boots.

Machines for making, pegging, and screwing shoes.

Machines for utilizing caoutchouc.

CLASS 57. Plant and methods of manufacture of articles of furniture and of

building, material.

Machine for cutting up wood for veneering. Saws for cutting up and profile
cutting, etc.

Machines for making moldings, borders for frames, floor plates, furniture, etc.
Turning lathes and different apparatus of the joiner's and cabinetmaker's shops.

Machines for stamping and chasing, machines and apparatus for working in
stucco, pasteboard, ivory, bone, horn, etc.

Machines for bringing to a point (a mettreau point), sculpturing, chiseling down
statues, engraving, engraving in waved lines, etc.

Brick machines, tile machines. Machines for making artificial stones.

Machines for sawing and polishing hard stones, marbles, etc.

CLASS 58. Plant and methods of paper manufacture, dyeing, and printing.

Plant and products of the manufacture of paper pulp of wood, straw, alfa, etc.

Methods and products of the bleaching of ligneous fiber.

Plant of the manufacture of paper by the vat and by machine.

Apparatus for satining, glazing, watering, diapering, filigreeing, and ruling
paper.

Machines for cutting up, cutting and stamping paper, etc.

Plant for bleaching, coloring, and finishing paper and tissues.

Plant for printing paper hangings and tissues.

Machines for engraving the printing rollers.

Plant, apparatus, and products of foundries for types, stereotype plates, etc.

Machines and apparatus employed in printing, stereotyping, engraving, auto-
graphy, lithography, engraving on copper, engraving on zinc, chromo-lithography,
etc.

Machines for setting up and sorting type.

Printing of bank notes, stamps, etc.

CLASS 59. Machines, instruments, and methods used in various occupations.

Coining presses; machines used in the manufacture of buttons, pens, pins, letter
envelopes; machines for packing, making brushes and cards; manufacturing cap-
sules; leading goods; corking bottles, etc.

180 PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1889.

Tools and methods of manufacture of articles of clockwork, toys, mosaic work,
basket work, etc.
Machines for binding; writing machines.

CLASS 60. Carriage and icayn uml-ing, harness making, and saddlery.

Detached pieces of wagon and carriage manufacture; wheels, tires, axles, wheel
boxes, iron work, etc. Springs, and various systems of suspension.

Methods of harnessing; bits.

Products of the wagon- building industry: Wagons, carts, drays, vehicles destined
for special purposes.

Products of carriage building: Carriages for hire, state carriages, private car-
riages, sedan chairs, litters, sledges, etc., velocipedes.

Articlesof harness and saddlery; pack saddles, saddles, stretchers for conveying
the wounded on the backs of mules: bridles and harness for riding animals; beasta
of burden and draught; stirrups, spurs, whips, and riding whips.

CLASS 61. Plant for railroads.

Detached pieces: Springs, buffers, brakes, etc.

Fixed plant: Rails, chairs, fish plates, side tanks, switches, turntables; rubber
buffers; cranes for supplying fuel and water tanks; optical and acoustic signals.
Various kinds of safety apparatus, of blocking trains.

Fixed plant for tramways.

Rolling stociv: Passenger cars, construction cars, freight cars, cattle cars, loco-
motives, tenders.

Self -movable carriages and road engines.

Special machines and tools for shops of maintenance and repair and the construc-
tion of plant.

Plant and machines for inclined planes and self-movable planes; models of ma-
chines of systems of traction, of apparatus relating to railways.

Rolling stock for tramways of various kinds.

CLASS 62. Electricity.

Production of electricity: Static electricity, piles and accessories, magneto-elec-
trical and dynamo-electrical machines, accumulators.

Transmission of electricity: Cables, wires, and accessories: lightning rods.

Electrometry : Apparatus serving for electrical gauges. Registers of electricity.

Applications of electricity: Telegraphy, signals, teiephouy, microphony, photo-
phony, electric light, electric motors, electrical locomotion, conveyance and dis-
tribution of force transmuters. Medical elecricity, electro chemistry. Electro-
magnets and magnets, compasses. Electrical clockwork.

Various kinds of apparatus.

CLASS 63. Plant and methods of civil engineering of public works and architec-
ture.

Building materials: Rocks, woods, metals, ornamental stones; limestone, mor-
tars, cements, artificial stone-* and concretes; draining tiles, bricks, paving tiles;
slates, roofing paper and felts for roofs.

Plant and products of the methods employed for the preservation of wood.
Apparatus and instrunients for testing building material.

Plant for earthworks; excavators. Apparatus for construction shops. Tools
and methods of the trimmer, of the cutter of stones, of the mason, carpenter,
roofer, locksmith, joiner, glazier, plumber, painter of buildings, etc.

Fine locksmith's work: Locks, padlocks, gratings, balconies, balustrades, etc.

Plant and engines for building foundations: Pile drivers, piles, screw piles,
pumps, pneumatic apparatus, dredges, etc.

Plant for hydraulic works in seaports, canals, rivers.

Plant and apparatus serving for the distribution of water and gas. Plant for
maintaining roads, plantations, walks.

Light-houses.

Special plant for telegraphing by compressed air.

PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1889. 181

CLASS 64. Hygiene and public works.

Plant instruments and apparatus used in hygiene investigations.

Plant and methods for rendering salubrious private houses, buildings, and cities;
methods of renewing the air directly; warming, ventilating, lighting in their rela-
tion with health; methods of carrying off water and sewerage by gutters, drains,
and sewers; receiving reservoirs, hydraulic siphons, water-closets, public and pri-
vate urinals, 'sinks, close-stools, night-soil apparatus, sanitary plumbing, walls,
bricks, roofs, flooring, etc.

Apparatus for carrying off, receiving, and treating sewerage.

Apparatus and methods for filtering water.

Apparatus intended for the prevention of infectious diseases; methods, prod-
ucts, and instruments for purifying, destroying germs, and disinfecting.

Apparatus and instruments for interring and destroying dead bodies in ceme-
teries and on battlefields; cremation.

Plans, models, and documents of health offices, national, departmental, and
communal.

Plant and methods of industrial and professional hygiene.

Plans, models, arrangement, and furniture of hospitals, various asylums, houses
of refuge, of retreats, insane asylums, infant asylums, etc.

Plans, models, specimens of civil and military ambulances.

Mineral waters and waters charged with natural or artificial gases.

CLASS 65. Plant of navigation and life-saving.

Drawings and models of stocks, refitting basins, floating docks, etc.

Drawings and models of buildings of all kinds used for river and maritime navi-
gation. Plans and models of systems of construction adopted in the merchant
and war services, torpedo boats, ship's boats, and small craft.

Plant of ship's rigging; cranes, capstans. Vireurs (steam capstans?), steering
gear.

Equipment.

Flags and signals. Apparatus intended to prevent collisions at sea; buoys,
beacons, etc.

Instruments and methods of swimming, diving, and life-saving; life-preservers,
swimming belts, etc.; diving bells, nautiluses, diving armor, etc.; submarine
boats, instruments for the maritime life-saying service; mortars for casting lines;
lifeboats, etc.; instruments for life-saving in case of fire and other accidents.

Pleasure boats.

CLASS 66. Instruments and methods of the art of war.

Works of military engineering; fortificatipns.
Artillery, arms, gun carriages, and projectiles of all kinds.
Equipment, clothing material, and material for camps.
Plant used for military transport.
Military topography and geography.

SEVENTH GROUP.

FOOD PRODUCTS.

CLASS 67. Cereals. Farinaceous products, with their derivatives.

Wheat, rye, barley, rice, maize, millet, and other cereals in the grain, and when
ground.

Hulled grain and oatmeal.

Potato starch, rice starch, lentil starch, etc., gluten.

Tapioca, sago, arrowroot, various starches, mixed farinaceous products.

Italian paste, senaolino, vermicelli, macaroni.

Preparations of food intended to take the place of bread, noules (pastry), pap,
pastry of domestic make.

182 PAEIS EXHIBITION OF 1889.

CLASS 68. Products of the bakery and pastry shop.

Various kinds of bread, leavened and unleavened; fancy breads andpat>is/af annex
(bread worked into figures?) ; pressed bread, for traveling, military campaigns.
etc. . sea biscuit.

Different products of pastry belonging to each country. Spice bread aud dry
cakes fit for keeping.

CLASS 69. Fat bodies used for food, milk products, and eggs.

Fat and oils for food.

Fresh milk, condensed milk; salt and fresh butter; cheeses.

Eggs of all kinds.

CLASS 70. Meats and fishes.

Salt meats of every kind. Meats preserved by various processes. Meat and
soup tablets. Hams and preparations of meat.

Poultry and game.

Salt fish, packed fish, codfish, herrings, etc.; fish cured in oil; sardines, pickled
mackerel, etc.

Crustacea and shellfish: Lobsters, shrimps, oysters, pickled oysters, ancho-
vies, etc.

CLASS 71. Vegetables and fruits.

Roots, potatoes, etc.

Dry farinaceous vegetables: Beans, lentils, etc.

Green vegetables for boiling: Cabbage, etc.

Vegetable roots: Carrots, turnips, etc.

Spice vegetables: Onions, garlic, etc.

Salads, cucorbitaceous plants, pumpkins, melons, etc.

Vegetables preserved by various processes.

Fruits in the fresh state; fruits dried and prepared; prunes, figs, raisins, etc.

Fruits preserved without the aid of sugar.

CLASS 72. Condiments and stimulants; sugars and products of confectionery.

Spice: Pepper, cinnamon, allspice, etc.
Table salt.
Vinegar.

Condiments and compounded stimulants: Mustard, karis, sauces, etc.
Teas, coffees, and aromatic drinks; coffees of chickory and sweet acorns.
Chocolates.

Sugars intended for domestic and other uses.

Various products of confectionery: Sugarplums, sugar bonbons, foridants (a
kind of bonbon), nougat, angelica, anise, sweetmeats, and jellies.
Conserves.
Brandied fruits.
Sirups and suga.wd liquors.

CLASS 73. Fermented drinks.

Vin ordinaire, red and white.

Cordials and vin cuits (wines treated by fire?).

Sparkling wines.

Ciders, perry, and other drinks extracted from cereals*

Fermented drinks of every kind.

Brandies and alcohols.

Spiritons liquors, gin, rum, tafia, kirschwasser, etc.

PAEIS EXHIBITION OF 1889. 183

EIGHTH GROUP.

AGBICULTURE, CULTIVATION OF THE VINE, AND FISH CULTURE.

CLASS 74. Specimens of farm improvements and factories of agricultural

products.

Plans of farm buildings of various countries.

Plans of stables, cow stables, sheep sheds and folds, pigsties, and buildings fit
for raising and fattening animals.

Material for stables, cow stables, kennels, etc.

Apparatus for preparing food for animals.

Agricultural machines in operation: Steam plows, reapers, mowers, haymakers,
thrashers, etc.

Plans of agricultural manufactories: Distilleries, sugar mills, refineries, brew-
eries, flour mills, fecula and starch factories, silkworm nurseries.

Cider presses, oil presses.

Plans for poultry houses, pigeon coops, pheasant coops.

Apparatus for artificial hatching.

Plans of kennels.

CLASS 75. Viticulture.

Plans of buildings used in viticulture.

Plant used in the cultivation of the vine.

Plant of wine vaults, cellars, and vats. Presses.

Courses and methods employed in fighting diseases of the vine.

Collections of vines.

CLASS 76. Useful and injurious insects.

Bees, silkworms, and various kinds of hornbyx.

Cochineal.

Material for raising and preserving bees and silkworms.

Material and methods used in the destruction of injurious insects.

CLASS 77. Fish, Crustacea, and mollusks.

Useful aquatic animals in the live state.

Aquariums, methods of pisciculture.

Material for rearing fish, mollusks, and leeches.

NINTH GROUP.

HORTICULTURE.

CLASS 78. Conservatories and material used in horticultiire*

Tools of the gardener, nnrsery gardener, and cultivator of flowers.

Apparatus for watering, keeping up turf.

Large conservatories and their appurtenances.

Small room conservatories and window conservatories.

Aquariums for aquatic plants.

Fountains and apparatus for the ornamentation of gardens.

CLASS 79. Flowers and ornamental plants.

Species of plants and specimens of cultivation indicating the characteristic
types of the gardens and the natives of every country.

CLASS 80. Kitchen gardens.

Species of plants and specimens of cultivation indicating the characteristic
types of the kitchen gardens of every country.

184 PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1889.

CLASS 81. Fruits and fruit trees.

Species of plants and specimens of the products of cultivation indicating the
characteristic types of the orchards of every country.

CLASS 82. Grains and plants of forest species.

Species of plants and specimens of the products of cultivation indicating the
methods of forest planting in use in every country.

CLASS 83. Plants grown under glass.

Specimens of the methods of cultivating in use in various countries for pleasure
or utility.

[Annex No. 2.]

Law of May SS, 1868, relating to the guaranty of inventions capable of being pat-
ented and of industrial designs, which shall be admitted to public expositions
authorized by the Government throughout the whole Empire.

ARTICLE 1.

Every Frenchman or foreigner, author of a discovery or invention capable of
being patented under the provisions of the law of July 5, 1844, or of an industrial
design which may be registered conformably with the law of March 18, 1806, or
his representatives may, if admitted to a public exposition authorized by the Gov-
ernment, cause the delivery to them, by the prefect or the subprefect of the depart-
ment or arrondissement in which the exposition is opened, of a certificate describ-
ing the object exhibited.

ARTICLE 2.

This certificate assures to its receiver the same rights which a patent of inven-
tion or a legal registration of an industrial design would grant, dating from the
day of admission and extending to the end of the third month following the closing
of the exposition, without prejudice to the patent which the exhibitor may receive
or to the registration he may effect before the expiration of this period.

ARTICLE 3.

The request for this certificate is to be made within the first month, at very
latest, from the opening of the exposition.

It is to be addressed to the prefecture, or subprefecture, and to be accompanied
by an accurate description of the thing to be guaranteed, and, if there be occasion,
by a plan or drawing of the said article.

The requests as well as the decisions made by the prefect or subprefect are to be
recorded in a special register, which shall be afterwards transmitted to the depart-
ment of agriculture, commerce, and public works, and communication of its con-
tents shall be made, without charge, on every request.

The delivery of the certificate shall be free of costs.

[Annex No. 3.]

Decree issued on the report of the minister of commerce and industry declaring the
premises appropriated to the Universal Exposition of 1889 to be a Government
customs-house.

THE PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC:

In view of the decree of November 8, 1884, and the law of July 6, 1886, author-
izing the opening at Paris of a universal international exposition in 1S89;

In view of article 34 of the law of December 17, 1814;

In view of article 4 of the law of July 5, 1836;

PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1889. 185

On the report of the minister of commerce and industry and of the minister of
finance:

DECREES.

ARTICLE 1.

The premises appropriated to the Universal Exposition of 1889 are declared to be
a Government customs-house.

ARTICLE 2.

Articles intended for the Universal Exposition shall be forwarded directly to the
palace of the exposition, under the conditions of international transit or of ordi-
nary transit, according to the choice of the interested parties, by all the offices
opened to this transit, and free from statistical duty (droit de statist ique).

Transmission by international transit shall be made without examination.

Transmission by ordinary transit shall give occasion only to a brief examination,
and the seals of the custom-house shall be affixed without charge.

ARTICLE 3.

Goods admitted to the Universal Exposition which shall be offered for consump-
tion shall be subjected, of whatever origin they may be, only to the duties appli-
cable to similar products of the most favored nation.

ARTICLE 4.

The minister of commerce and industry and the minister of finance shall be
charged, so far as each may be concerned, with the execution of the present decree.
Done at Mont-sous- Vandrey, August 25, 1886.

JULES GREVY.

By the President of the Republic.
The minister of commerce and industry:

EDOUABD LOCKKOY.
The minister of finance:
SADI-CARNOT.

[Annex No. 4.]

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND INDUS-

TRY.

GROUP No.

Universal Exposition of 1889.

FRENCH SECTION.

DEPARTMENT OF

CLASS No.

Request for admission.

I, the undersigned ' , residing at 2 , request to exhibit

the products described below 3 , for the exhibition of which I shall

need space corresponding to the following dimensions 4 :

Breadth, ; height, ; depth, . By these presents I declare that
I am informed of the general regulation and accept it.

[Signature.]

'Name, Christian names, firm.

s Give the exact residence in the cities; name carefully the commune, canton, and
arrondissement where the factories and isolated establishments are situated.

3 Give as complete details as possible of the articles offered; state whether it is
intended to exhibit machines or other objects demanding foundations or special
constructions, and furnish, as far as possible, an annexed sketch of these founda-
tions or constructions, with their cost. In case it is desired to exhibit apparatus
demanding the employment of water, gas, or steam, it is requested that the quan-
tity and pressure of gas or of vapor necessary shall be stated. If it is desired to
put the machines in motion, it is necessary to give information of the rapidity of
each and of the motive force needed, expressed in horsepower.

- These dimensions should comprise those of the cases, furniture, or platforms
necessary for the exhibition of the articles.

186 PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1889.

[Extract from the general regulations.]

ARTICLE 31.

The director-general of the management can always direct the withdrawal of
articles of any origin which by their nature or appearance may appear injurious
to or incompatible with the purpose of the exposition or its properties.

ARTICLE 32.

*******

Applications for admission from Paris and the department of the Seine are to be
sent directly to the minister of commerce and industry, the commissioner -general
at Paris, Quai d'Orsay, 25, or to the director-general of the management, Rue de
Varenne, 80.

Applications from the departments will be received through the departmental
committees, which will forward them to the same addresses.

All French applications thus collected are to be submitted according to their
class to the examination of the committees on admission appointed by the minister
and deciding without appeal.

It is essential that all applications should be forwarded as rapidly as possible.

The printed forms of applications for admission shall be put without charge at
the disposition of the public:

(1) In Paris: At the department of commerce and industry, Quai d'Orsay, 2.1,
and boulevard St. Germain, 244; at the administrative buildings of the exposition
(avenue de la Bourdonnaye and rue de Varenne, 80), at the tribunal and the
chamber of commerce.

(2) In the departments: At the prefectures, subprefeetures, chambers of com-
merce, tribunals of commerce, consultative chambers of the arts and manut'a<--
tures, and at the places where the departmental committees sit, as well as at the
places of distribution which they shall have designated.

No. 2.
Mr. Bayard to Mr. Roustan.

DEPARTMENT OP STATE,

Washington, April IS, 1887.

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your note of the Gth instant
in which you invite this Government to participate in the international exposition
which is to be held at Paris in 1889.

The matter will be brought to the attention of Congress at its next session, with
a recommendation that provision be made for the participation of this country in
the proposed exhibition.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

T. F. BAYARD.

Hon. TlIE. ROUSTAN.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 187

FIFTY-FIRST CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.

[See pp. 105, 107, 135, 139, 141, 402, 410, 415, 457.]
January 10, 1891.

[Senate TCeport No. 1944.]

Mr. Sherman, from the Committee on Foreign Belations, submitted
the following report:
To the SENATE :

The Committee on Foreign Eelations respectfully report that on the
llth day of April, 1890, the Senate, in executive session, adopted a
resolution in the following terms:

Kesolved, That the Committee on Foreign Relations be, and it hereby is, directed
to inquire into what steps have been taken under the act of Congress entitled "An
act to incorporate the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua," approved 20th Feb-
ruary, 1889, and what are the present conditions and prospects of the enterprise ; and
to consider and report what, in its opinion, the interests of the United States may re-
quire in respect of that interoceanic communication.

In obedience to this direction of the Senate the committee entered
upon an investigation and consideration of the subject, which they
have diligently and exhaustively pursued, and now submit their report
thereon with an accompanying bill, the passage of which we earnestly
recommend.

Columbus, in his last voyage in 1502, believed that he would find a
strait in Central America which would give his vessel a passage through
the continent, which he then supposed to be a vast island, to waters at
the westward which should bring him into immediate communication
with the shores of Asia. He therefore examined the coast of Central
America from the bay of Honduras to the Spanish Main. He sought
that which did not exist in physical geography. Irving, in referring to
his search, says :

He had been in pursuit of a chimera of a splendid imagination and penetrating
judgment. If he was disappointed in his expectations of finding a strait through the
Isthmus of Darien it was because nature herself was disappointed. For she appears
to have attempted to make one, but to have attempted in vain.

Nature, however, was not much disappointed in her efforts between the
two seas at Nicaragua. There is the lowest continental divide (148 feet)
between the Strait of Magellan, in latitude 53-4 south, and the perpet-
ual and all-pervading ice that forms the northern boundary of the Eng-

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

lish Possessions, in latitude 70 north, between which is a space of 126
d'-^rees of latitude, equal to nearly 0,000 miles.

Almost four centuries have passed since Columbus was baffled in
his efforts to reach the tranquil sea and to open direct communication
westward from Europe to Eastern Asia, while, during all this time,
benignant nature has placed within the reasonable capacity of civili/.ed
man the means of making such communication practical and henrm-nit.

JJut the great desirability of communication was not lost sight of.
In 1551 the Spanish historian Gomara proposed the construction of a
passage through the isthmus and urged on Philip II the attempt
to accomplish it on some one of the three routes that, have, in recent
times, been so often considered and in some respects attempted, viz,
Tehuantepec, Nicaragua., and Panama.

Later, and in comparatively recent times, surveys and reeonnois-
HH nces have been carried on or attempted over almost every part of the
Isthmus. Time, research, and experiment have, we think, now demon-
strated that the only adequate, efficient, and practicable passage is that
by way of Lake Nicaragua. And it is due to the Republic of Nicaragua
to say that in the year 18i'5 the minister of foreign affairs of that coun-
try addressed Mr. Clay, then our Secretary of State, on the subject, a-id
appealed to the United States to assist in executing the work of a canal
there. He stated that his new-born republic was in the first period of
its existence, and said that

Nothing would be more grateful to it than a cooperation by this generous nation,
whose noble conduct h;i8 been a model and the protection to all tho Americas; it
would )- e highly satisfactory to have a participator not only of the merit of the enter-
prise, bat of the great advantages which that canal of communication must produce,
by means of a treaty which would perpetually secure the possession of it to the two
nations.

The executive administration of the United States entered with in-
terest into the consideration of the subject, and Nicaragua was informed
that the then newly appointed United States charge d'affaires to that
country would investigate the subject and communicate information
upon it to the United States, and that it would then be necessary to
consult Congress. It does not appear that the diplomatic officer of the
United States obtained any definite information in respect of the feasi-
bility of the enterprise. But Mr. Clay, in his letter to the Commis-
sioners of the United States to the Congress of Panama, observed :

A canal for navigation between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans should form a
proper subject of consideration at the Congress. The vast object, if it should ever be
accomplished, will be interesting in a greater or less degree to all parts of the world;
but especially to this continent will accrue its greatest benefits ; and to Columbia,
Mexico, Central America, Peru, and the United States, more than any other of the
American nations.

It is evident to the committee that it was the want of precise infor-
mation, such only as careful engineering, surveys, and estimates could
furnish, which left the project nnattempted at that time or soon after.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 189

But the hungry instincts of commerce, as well as a deliberate com-
prehension of its interests and necessities, led, from time to time, to
enterprises of one kind and another, inaugurated to accomplish the
passage of the Isthmus by a ship waterway.

A new and more powerful impulse and interest arose when, shortly
before 1850, the northern portion of Mexico bordering upon the Pacific
became a part of the Republic of the United States, immediately fol-
lowed by the discovery of the enormous resources of the country, not
only in the precious metals, but in all those aspects of nature best
adapted to the support and development of self-sustaining, civilized,
and populous communities.

The construction of such a canal as is now proposed appeared to be
an immediate and somewhat urgent necessity. The British had ob-
tained a narrow foothold through so-called negotiations with the Indian
chiefs of the Mosquito coast (a geographical phrase of almost unlimited
elasticity). British subjects had a " settlement" at the Belize for the
purpose of getting and carrying away mahogany and other wood
products under an ancient license from Spain.

The British Government had also seized the country at the mouth of
the San Juan River, which was the necessary Atlantic end of the canal
via Nicaragua. It may be fairly concluded that Her Majesty's Gov-
ernment was solicitous that the United States should not be the control-
ling party in interest in the construction of the then impending enter-
prise of a canal; and that the United States were quite as solicitous that a
Government of another continent and not republican should not estab-
lish itself by conquest, colonies, or dependencies or spheres of influ-
ence in the midst of any of the Republics of Central America. Such
considerations doubtless led the two Governments to conclude the Con-
vention of 1850 known as the Clayton Bulwer Convention.

That convention was, as stated in its opening paragraph, one in
which the two Governments were to set forth and fix " their views and
intentions with reference to any means of communication by ship
canal," etc, across the isthmus.

The convention then proceeds to declare that neither of the Govern-
ments will ever obtain for itself any exclusive control over the canal
"or colonize or assume or exercise any domain over Nicaragua, Costa
Rica, the Mosquito Coast, or any part of Central America," etc.

It provided for the exertion of the influence of the two Governments
in facilitating the construction ot the work by every means in their
power. It provided that after completion they will defend its neu-
trality, with the privilege of withdrawing such guaranty on notice. It
provided for inviting other Governments to come into the same arrange-
ment. It provided that each party should enter into treaty stipula-
tions with such of the Central American States as they might deem
advisable for carrying out the great design of the convention.

190 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

It declared that no time should be unnecessarily lost in commencing
and constructing the canal and, therefore, that the two Governments
would give their support and encouragement to such persons, etc., as
might first offer to commence the same with the necessary capital, etc.,
and that, it any persons then already had obtained the right to build
it from the Central American Government and should fail, each of the
two Governments should be free to afford their protection, etc., to any
other company that should be prepared to proceed with work.

All these declarations of views and stipulations concerning them were
made forty years ago.

During all this time no practical and effective steps in the construc-
tion of the canal have been taken until the passage of the act of Con-
gress of February 20, 1889, incorporating the Maritime Canal Company
of Nicaragua.

We think it can be justly affirmed that the convention of 1850 has
become obsolete, for the convention was, based upon the idea of an im-
mediate prosecution of the enterprise of creating this great interna-
tional water highway, and that neither Government would be found,
so far as it regarded the particular question, apart from other con-
siderations, to consider its stipulations as longer binding.

Not only this consideration is to be taken into view, for the course of
events in the enterprise and operations of nations has changed entirely
the grand commercial situation of the world. The Suez Canal has been
constructed and the Government of Great Britain has become, in sub-
stance and effect, its dominant and controlling proprietor, thus secur-
ing to that Government, in a very large degree, the control of the east
and west commerce of the world between the southern and eastern
shores of Asia and the whole of Europe and, to a couisderable degree,
the eastern shores of the United States and the other American Re-
publics.

We think it may be safely affirmed that had the Government of Great
Britain, in 1850, been in possession of the Suez Canal, the United States
would never have consented that any canal across the American isth-
mus should be under the joint control of Great Britain and the United
States or under any other European control. In this respect, there-
fore, the immediate declarations and engagements of 1850 between the
two Governments, in regard to an isthmian canal, have become entirely
inapplicable, and justly entitle the United States to give its separate
aid and encouragement to the construction of such a canal. But this
is not all.

One of the provisions of the convention of 1850 most important to
the United States and to the preservation of the republican governments
on this continent was that which declared that neither party to the con-
vention should "occupy or fortify or colonize or assume to exercise
any dominion over Nicaragua, Costa liica, the Mosquito coast, or any
part of Central America."

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 191

At that time the " settlement" of British subjects, as it was called,
at the Belize, on the coast of Central America, was of the smallest
dimensions, and had no substance or form of a territorial dominion.
British woodcutters were there under an ancient Spanish license of
timber cutting, and nothing more. These settlers in a country not
belonging to the British Crown had, off and on, attempted to form a
kind of local government for preserving order among themselves, and,
after going through various phases, had reached the point, in 1850, of
some local magistrates and an imperial superintendent, merely and
clearly for the purpose of preserving internal order among the English
adventurers engaged in the lumber trade in that foreign country.

This was substantially the condition of things when the convention
of 1850 was entered into.

The next step taken, after the convention of 1850, was in 1853, when
a legislative assembly was constituted to manage the affairs of the
settlement. This was followed by a convention between Great Britain
and Guatemala, in 1859, for the establishment of the boundaries be-
tween what the treaty chose to call "Her Britannic Majesty's settlement
and possessions in the Bay of Honduras " and the territories of Guate-
mala. The country, or the largest part of it, belonged to Guatemala as
the successor to all the sovereign territorial rights of Spain in that re-
gion ; but by this treaty that which was before a licensed industrial es-
tablishment became instantly a possession of the British Crown. The
settlement government continued until 1862 when the settlement was
declared a colony of the British Crown and a regular colonial establish-
ment was set on foot ; and so from that time to this, the form and sub-
stance of a regular colonial government as a part of Her Majesty's do-
minions has continued. It is understood that its geographical dominion
has been vastly enlarged from the licensed wood-cutting limitations and
boundaries that existed in 1850. All this has taken place systematic-
ally and persistently notwithstanding the declaration of Her Majesty's
Government that it should not "colonize or assume or exercise any
dominion over * * * the Mosquito coast or any port of Central
America ".

If these proceedings of her Majesty's Government, in respect of one
of the most important subjects of the convention and in absolute op-
position to it, do not discharge the United States from all and every of
their declarations and engagements stated in that convention, it is im-
possible to conceive what could.

In view of all these considerations the committee is of opinion that
the United States is at present under no obligation, measured either
by the terms of the convention, the principles of public law, or good
morals, to refrain from promoting, in any way that it may deem best
for its just interests, the construction of this canal, without regard to
anything contained in the convention of 1850.

These observations are submitted as a part of the historical and

192 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

diplomatic; consideration of the subject, the omission of which might
lead to the implication that the committee are opinion that the con-
vention of 1850 is still in force and of binding obligation on the United
States, but we think there is nothing in the provisions of the bill now
reported which is inconsistent with any of the engagements of the
United States entered into in 1850, as stated in that convention.

In view of some of the events following the convention of 1850 the
United States in 1867 entered into a treaty with the Republic of Nica-
ragua by which that Republic granted to the United States, for its
citizens, the righbof transit between the two oceans, on any route of
communication, natural or artificial, whether of land or water, that
might be constructed, to be used upon equal terms by the citizens of
the two Republics.

This treaty ot 1867 is still in force and would, we think, of itself jus-
tify the United States in undertaking to aid the construction of the Nic-
aragua Canal. In 1884 the President of the United States negotiated
a treaty with the Republic of Nicaragua providing for the construction
of the canal by the United States and under arrangements that pre-
served the sovereignty of Nicaragua and secured to all the Central
American Republics, as well as the United States, the benefits of the
enterprise.

That treaty was submitted to the Senate in December, 1884, but be-
fore its final disposition it was withdrawn by the President on the 13th
of March, 1885, for further consideration, and has not been again sub-
mitted to the Senate for reasons stated by him and mentioned further
on. Afterwards, in 1887, the Republic of Nicaragua, supposing, appar-
ently, that the treaty which had been negotiated would not go into
effect, made a concession of the right to build the canal to a private
association of citizens of the United States (known as the Nicaragua
Canal Association), through Mr. A. G. Menocal, who had been one of
the engineers employed by the United States in making surveys there.

That concession explicitly provided, first, for the exclusive privilege
to build and operate the canal for ninety nine years. It provided that
the concession might be taken by a company of execution to be organ-
ized by the association, which is the company chartered by Con-
gress February 20, 1889. It provided that the people of all nations
should be invited to contribute capital on a certain notice, which notice,
the committee understands, has long since been given. It provided for
a reservation of 5 per cent, of the subscriptions to the Central Ameri-
can Republics. It provided that shares not so taken should be sub-
ject, to the free disposition of the company. It provided the respective
terms and time within which work should be commenced and, in gen-
eral, the rapidity with which it shoul I be carried on. It provided that
the Government of Nicaragua should receive 6 per cent, of the total
amount of the issue of the stock, etc., as compensation for the grant.

It made other provisions in respect of detail, protection, management,

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 193

etc., analogous to those usual in statutes granting corporate privileges
for public works. Later the Republic of Costa Eica assented to the
arrangement so far as her interests were concerned.

Pursuant to the provisions of this concession Mr. Menocal and his
associates, all citizens of the United States, became incorporated as
the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua, under the act of Congress
of February 20, 1889.

This last-named company has since proceeded with the work in con-
formity with the terms of the concession and with the act of incorpo-
ration. The extent, nature and physical characteristics of the work are
stated in another part of this report. In immediate connection, how-
ever, with the preceding meager historical statement, it may be most
convenient to state the general geographical, commercial, and political
situation of the subject viewed in its broader aspects.

It is self-evident from climatic considerations that the great bulk of
the commerce and intercourse of the world must move ou eastward
and westward lines. A glance at any modern map of the world on
Mercator's projection will show the geographical relations of seas and
continents and the arrangement of the present commercial lines of
ocean and land transit ; it will show how perfectly correlative, in these
respects, the Central American isthmus is to the Isthmus of Suez.

It will be seen also that, while the Suez Canal is immediately most
important to the commerce of the whole of Europe with southern and
western Asia, the Nicaragua Canal is immediately and most largely im-
portant to the great body of the Republics of North, Central, and South
America.

The Nicaragua canal will bring into the utmost possible near com-
munication the eastern and western shores of North America, and, in
like manner, it will bring into the utmost possible short communication
the eastern and western shores of South America, and it will bring the
western shores of South America into direct communication with the
eastern shores of North America, and the eastern shores of South
America into direct communication with the Western shores of North
America, thus making the short passage of the Isthmus the grand key
and common gateway of friendly communication between the republics
that now occupy substantially the whole of the habitable parts of both
the continents of North and South America.

Not only will this be accomplished, but the great lines of the world's
trade by sea will be, by this canal, very much shortened, and the perils
of navigation and the asperities of climate will both be immensely di-
minished. We submit herewith for consideration in this connection a
table (marked Appendix 1) showing some of the savings of distance in
sea navigation by the use of this canal.

We think it quite unnecessary to speak at large of the great political
considerations attending the construction of this work under the pat-
ronage ot the governments and citizens of the United States and the

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 13

ll NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

republics whose territorial and sovereign interests are directly con-
cerned in it.

These considerations are not those that look to hostile or adverse
dealing with the other nations of the globe, but such as look to giving
the benefits of the opening of this great "secret of the strait" to the
whole family of civilized mankind, always under such just and consid-
erate administration as shall promote to the utmost degree the harmon-
ious and intimate intercourse of all the republican governments which
now, as we have said, occupy, almost entirely, the two great western
continents, and such as shall enable them to protect and improve them-
selves commercially and otherwise in their republican and commercial
development and prosperity.

THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THE WORK ON THE NICARAGUAN CANAL,
GIVES A STRONG ASSURANCE OF ITS EARLY COMPLETION.

The work has advanced rapidly and with such uninterrupted success
that some of the most important parts of it have already been accom-
plished. This is especially true as to the engineering and the clearing
of the line of the canal and the building of a railroad preparatory to the
dredging of the channel.

Nature has placed within the convenient reach of science and labor
the requisite conditions for the location of this great ship canal, and the
material for its construction at a very low cost as compared with other
similar enterprises. When it is constructed on the plan and on the
ocation selected it will for ages furnish ample water way, convenience,
and security to the fleets of all nations that may pass through this
canal from ocean to ocean.

The enthusiasm naturally excited by the magnitude and importance
of such a work is appreciated by the committee, and has increased
their caution in presenting only such facts in their report as are well
authenticated, and such conclusions as they seem to fully sustain. The
reports and papers herewith submitted, as appendices to this report,
and to support the recommendations of the committee, come from
sources that are worthy of full credit. They are, first, a paper read by
A. G. Menocal. chief engineer of the Maritime Canal, in July, 1890, at
the Fourth International Congress on Inland Navigation, Manchester,
which is marked Appendix A .

Second. A special report by Charles T. Harvey, civil engineer, on the
maritime canal of Nicaragua, and data relating to the ship-canal facili-
ties and traffic of the Lake Superior basin, marked Appendix B.

Third. The report of Frank P. Davis, division engineer of the com-
pany, dated at San Juan Del Norte, Nicaragua, October 19, 1890, cov-
ering also the report of Chief Surgeon J. Edward Stubbert, dated No-
vember 1, 1890, marked Appendix C.

Fourth. A paper issued by the Maritime Company in 1890, entitled
"The Maritime Ship Canal of Nicaragua", marked Appendix D.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPAJfY. 195

Fifth. An article from the Engineering News, of dates the 14th and
llth September, 1889, marked Appendix E.

Sixth. An article published in the California Banker's Magazine, in
October, 1890, by William L. Merry, marked Appendix F.

Seventh. The report of A. Gr. Meuocal, of January 1, 1890, and a re-
port from five civil engineers, selected by the Maritime Canal Com-
pany, to revise the report and estimates of A. G. Menocal, chief en-
gineer, marked Appendix G and H.

After Mr. Menocal had completed the surveys required for the per-
manent location of the route of the canal he requested the company to
select a board of engineers of the highest skill and experience to
thoroughly examine his report, and to revise his estimates of the cost
of the canal. This was done with due care and impartiality. His
estimates were increased by $14,633,262, to cover contingencies which
include every possible increase of the cost of the work from causes
within the range of probable conjecture.

These calculations and results have also been critically examined by
many of the leading engineers of the world, without any practical dis-
sent from the main propositions in Mr. Menocal's reports. The atten-
tion of scientific engineers, and of various governments, has long been
directed to this proposed transit for ships across the Isthmus of Darien,
and it may now be stated as the final concensus of opinion, based on
many surveys, that the Nicaraguan route is the most feasible and the
least costly of all the routes that have been projected for a ship canal
across that barrier. It can now be assumed as a fixed and reliable
fact that the best location of the axis of the canal has been selected for
this work.

The statements and opinions of Mr. Merry, as expressed in Appen-
dix F, are those of an experienced navigator, who was for many years
the president of the San Francisco Board of Trade. They also reflect
the opinions of the people of the Pacific coast, who have most carefully
studied this subject, as to the wisdom of the policy indicated in the
bill herewith submitted to the Senate.

The committee respectfully invite attention to the great force and
effect of the facts presented in these several papers as to the value of
this ship canal, and the comparatively small expenditure required to
secure to all the nations and peoples of the earth the benefits of this
highway for travel and commerce, that connects all the great oceans
and seas of the globe.

The canal, as it is located, after patient, careful, and skillful exami-
nation, has features of great and peculiar advantage that are not found
elsewhere in the world for a work that can approximate it in its im-
portance to mankind. It has for its crest line and v reservoir the deep
lake of Nicaragua, that is fed through a narrow outlet by Lake Mana-
gua to the northward, where the heavy torrents from the rainfall in the

196 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

mountains are caught and imprisoned. Lake Nicaragua is a rock-
bound basin, with a single outlet, called the San Juan River.

This outlet has a deep and constant current of water, without any
natural obstructions or sudden falls, and is never flooded with a rise
of more than 4 or 5 feet by the heaviest rainfalls, so that it is a
safe feeder for the ship canal. The difference in the volume of water
discharged between the highest and lowest water in the lake is about
1,000 feet per second. The distance from the Caribbean Sea at Grey-
town to the Pacific Ocean at Brito is 169.448 miles, all of which will
be slack- water navigation except 26.783 miles, which is the length of
the prism of the canal, making 142.659 miles of free navigation. A
dam at Ochoa, on the San Juan River, the " divide " between the San
Francisco Kiver and the Deseado, about 16 miles from Greytown, and
a dam at Tola, within 4 miles of the Pacific coast, with a short in-
terval of canalization, extend and establish a clean surface level of
1534 miles over the whole distance of 169 miles between the oceans.

For the exact measurement of these distances the committee refer
to the papers appended to this report. It has impressed the committee
that this route has very important advantages in the fact that such a
great distance of slack water navigation is secured by the erection of
two dams at places where the structures can easily be made entirely
secure by the use of material found in abundance along the line of the
canal. The surveys for this work were made with the greatest care.
They average about 40 miles of preliminary lines to 1 mile of actual
location.

At Ochoa, on the San Juan River, below the entrance of the San
Carlos River, flowing northward from Costa Rica, the line of the canal
diverges to the eastward, while the flow of the united rivers is to the
southward.

Behind a range of low hills a valley, or basin, was found, into
which the waters of the San Juan will be forced by the dam at Ochoa.
In this basin about 9 miles of water at the level of Lake Nicaragua
will form a vast estuary and dispense with the necessity of excavating
the canal. Another important result is that the canal is beyond the
influence of any flood that may occur from the united volumes of the
San Juan and San Carlos rivers in the rainy season.

The skillful thoroughness of the surveys have secured a location for
the canal that includes every possible advantage that the topography
of the country and the easy and cheap control of the best material for
its contraction affords.

The dams, banks, slopes, aprons, drains, weirs, locks, and waste-
ways have been so located as to assure the permanency of the work.

The quarries of stone along and near to the line of the canal while
increasing the cost of excavation, strengthen the work and are of great
advantage in the construction of locks and dams and in the building of
bridges, piers, moles, and breakwaters and quays in the harbor.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 197

Confronted with the great difficulties that are described in the report
of Mr. Davis, and within about twelve months of actual operations, a
solid pier has been extended about 1,000 feet into the sea, where the
natural depth of the water is 14 feet. The channel to the leeward of
this pier is rapidly deepening by the action of the sea and will soon be
of sufficient depth to admit the passage of the largest vessels. A safe
harbor for the largest ships at the entrance of the canal may now be
considered as being assured at a very moderate expense.

Pure cold water is brought in steel pipes for a distance of 10 miles
from the hills back of the city of America, on the coast. This gives
much security to the health of those employed on the canal.

Provision for the health and comfort of all classes of employe's has
been carefully made by the company, and the results have been entirely
satisfactory, as they are shown in the reports of the surgeon in chief.

The building of storehouses and accommodations for the comfort of
the laborers, and providing them with good, wholesome food and cloth-
ing, has been of great advantage to the enterprise. All the work done
by the company has been attended with careful regard to economy.

The heaviest part of the labor of clearing the dense forests from the
line of the canal has been accomplished.

The great swamp of the Deseado River has been crossed with this
clearing and the firm ground of the hills has been reached, where the
forests are comparatively light and the wood is better for construction
purposes. The wood found in the swamps being of light and soft tex-
ture decays rapidly, and in the dry season the felled forests are readily
destroyed with fire. Between 10 and 12 miles of railroad has been
built through this great swamp, and is ballasted with sand. It may
be classed as a good and permanent road that supports heavy trains
drawn by locomotives of 30 and 40 tons burden, and is sufficient for all
the purposes of the construction of the canal, so far as it has been
built.

This road is surveyed and located to its terminus at Ochoa, to which
point a line of telegraph is in operation from Greytown.

The report of Mr. Davis shows the work that has been done on the
Pacific Division ot the canal and the great quantity of material and
machinery that has been collected there, indicating enlightened and
systematic industry and zeal on the part of the company.

This company has engaged the confidence of the Governments and
people of Nicaragua and Costa Eica as to its ability and faithful pur-
pose to construct the canal. Their earnest cooperation, thus secured,
is an important element of success.

The committee consider that it is not necessary to recapitulate the
facts, so fully stated in the papers appended to this report, as to the
details of the work on the canal and its cost. No important facts are
omitted, and none are unduly colored in statement, so far as the com-
mittee have been able to discover.

198 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

In some of these papers comparisons are made between the cost of
this work and of its engineering difficulties with those works that en-
able sea-going vessels to reach Lake Superior from tide water on the
St. Lawrence River.

Perhaps an accurate estimate cannot now be made of the cost of
opening, maintaining, and improving the Welland Canal and the locks
at Sault St. Marie, but the lowest calculation will bring the cost up to
two thirds of the sum that the Nicaraguan Canal will cost. The differ-
ence in elevation to be overcome is about 500 feet in favor of the route
through lake Nicaragua, and the other physical difficulties are greater
than those found on the Nicaraguau Canal. When the commerce of the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans is compared with that of the basins of our
northern lakes it is obvious that the tonnage that will pass through the
Nicaraguan Canal will be many times greater than that through our
lakes in the interior.

Mr. Harvey in his report puts this matter in this strong light :

If the tonnage of this canal route npon a water-course composed of a cluster of
inland lakes, paralleled through their entire length by railways on both of their
borders, and with competing adjacent water-courses as shown, has actually increased
from ',567,741 tons of freight in 1881, to 6,411,423 in 1888, and, presumably to 7,500,000
tons in 1889, what must be the traffic of the ship caual which bisects a hemisphere,
oaves 10,000 miles and fifty days of freight-steamer time between New York and San
Francisco, and economizes proportionately in time and the distance to and from in-
numerable other commercial centers?

Mr. Harvey also estimates the freight tonnage passing through the
Suez Canal in 1889 at 0,800,854 tons, which is 709,168 tons less than
that of the Lake Superior Canal at Sault Ste. Marie.

There seems to be no reason to doubt that the Nicaragua Canal will
be completed within six years from the date of the passage of the bill
herewith reported to the Senate, and that commerce will force its way
in ships from ocean to ocean, for the necessities of every maritime coun-
try coincide in an urgent demand for the early completion of this work.

SHALL THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES AID IN THE CON-
STRUCTION OF THE CANAL.

The closing direction of the Senate is that this committee report its
opinion as to what the interests of the United States may require in
respect to the Nicaragua Canal, or, in other words, whether in view of
existing circumstances it is for the interest of the United States to di-
rectly or indirectly aid the Maritime Canal Company in the execution
of the work proposed, and if so to what extent and in what manner.
This depends upon the ability of the Maritime Canal Company to con-
struct the canal upon the basis of actual cost, so that the tolls and
charges need not exceed a fair interest on such costand the expense of
maintenance and administration.

It is a matter of the highest importance that the charges upon the
commerce of the world for the use of the improvement should not be

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. li)9

enhanced by interest and dividends on stock and bonds far in excess of
the actual cost. It became therefore the first duty of the committee to
ascertain whether the Maritime Canal Company intended to or could
limit the stock and bonds of the company to the amount of money ac-
tually expended, and, if not, what additional stock or bonds would be
required to cover contractors' risks, bankers' discounts, and bonus
granted to induce investors to incur the leal and imaginary risks of an
investment that could yield no income until the work of six or seven
years was completed.

Your committee therefore called before them the officers and engi-
neers of the Maritime Canal Company, and also of the Construction
Company employed by the Maritime Company to actually construct the
work, to ascertain what contracts and agreements had been made
between them and what plan was proposed to raise the large sum of
money needed. A copy of the statements made and the documents fur-
nished in the process of this examination are made a part of this report.

It appears from the estimate of A. G. Menocal, chief engineer, dated
January 31, 1889, to the president and board of directors of the Nica-
ragua Canal Construction Company, that the cost of the work proposed,
without interest and contingencies, was $65,084,176. It also appears
by the report of the board of consulting engineers, revising the reports
of the chief engineer, that the estimated cost is increased to $73,166,308.
To this estimate they add for certain specified and unspecified contin-
gencies of construction $14.633,262, making the total estimate $87,799,-
570. These estimates are based upon a plan of construction which con-
templated that the work could be completed within six years. The in-
terest accruing on the money actually invested as the work progressed,
at the rate of 5 per cent., if the work was completed within six years,
assuming an equal expenditure each year during the period of construc-
tion, would be equivalent to 15 per cent., or $13,000,000, making the
aggregate of expenditure of money and accruing interest thereon for
the full completion of the work of about $100,000,000.

This estimate, your committee is of the opinion, from such judgment
as it can form upon the documents furnished, is a reasonable estimate
of the cost of the completed work if paid for in money. There are ele-
ments of unavoidable contingencies which may largely increase this
cost, such as grave financial disturbances that may advance the rate of
interest, such legislation as will diminish the purchasing power of
money, possible contingencies arising out of disturbances in the local
governments of Costa Rica and Nicaragua, and from natural convul-
sions, storms, or earthquakes, which can not be foreseen and of which
there is no reasonable fear. The estimates of the actual cost of the
work and of contingencies seem to be sufficiently liberal to cover all
probable expenditures, and lead your committee to the belief that the
amount stated, $100,000,000, if furnished as needed without delay or
impairment of value will be ample to complete the work proposed.

200 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

It became important in the first instance to ascertain how it was pro-
posed by the Maritime Canal Company that this large sum should be
raised. The statement of Mr. Hiram Hitchcock, president of the Ma-
ritime Canal Company of Nicaragua, and of Hon. Warner Miller, presi-
dent of the Nicaragua Canal Construction Company, show clearly the
plans proposed by the two companies to raise the money requisite.

The act incorporating the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua
provides that the capital stock of said company shall consist of not
less than 1,000,000 shares of $100 each, or $100,000,000, with the
right to increase the capital stock to 2,000,000 shares of $100 each,
or $200,000,000 on the vote of two-thirds of the stock of said company
at any time outstanding. It also authorizes the company in the con-
struction of said canal, and to carry out the purposes of the act, to issue
its bonds and secure the same by mortgage on its property and rights
of property of all kinds and descriptions, real, personal, and mixed, in-
cluding its franchise to be a corporation. The amount of said bonds is
not limited, but assuming, as the act contemplates, that it would be
equal to the amount of stock outstanding, the amount of stock and
bonds might range from $200,000,000, to $400,000,000, with authority to
increase the amount of bonds to an indefinite extent.

Under the provisions of this charter the Maritime Canal Company
entered into a provisional contract by which the canal company agreed
to pay the Construction Company for the work proposed stock to the
amount of $92,500,000, being the total stock authorized, less conces-
sions to Nicaragua and Costa Eica, and $150,000,000 in bonds, an aggre-
gate of $242,500.000. It was assumed that the bonds of the company,
bearing interest at 5 or 6 per cent, per annum, could be sold at the rate
of about 60 cents on the dollar, the rate at which the first bonds of the
Suez Canal were sold. The stock was to be given to the contractors
as a bonus to induce them to undertake the contract. In view of the
difficulties in the way of the enterprise, your committee is of the opin-
ion that the contract was as favorable a one as could be made, if we
may judge by the contracts made for similar undertakings by private
companies and in view of the risks and hazards of the future. The
ability of the Construction Company to perform the work, even for this
great sum, would depend entirely upon its ability from time to time to
sell the securities of the Maritime Company.

Any stringency or fluctuation in the money market might prevent
their sale and thus arrest the progress of the work. Any neglect on
the part of the Governments of Nicaragua and Costa Rica to protect
the contractors in the performance of the work would necessarily add
to its cost, and, perhaps as in similar enterprises disable the company
and forfeit their charter privileges. Any failure of the bankers pur-
chasing these securities to pay for them according to the conditions of
the sale would have the like effect. The work is so great and the bene-
fits of its completion so transcendent thnt it would seem that its exe-

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

cution should not be left to private enterprise that, in the chances of
the future, may fail. It is doubtful whether any private company,
corporation or combination, however strong it may appear, would be
able to complete so great an enterprise, one that could yield no income
during its progress and could not in any event yield profit until after
the whole enterprise was completed. Unlike railroads, the investment
could not yield any income or profit until it was demonstrated by
actual trial that commercial vessels could pass from ocean to ocean with
reasonable facility and without delay or danger. In whatever view
the committee could take of the enterprise there appears grave doubt
whether it could be executed without the strong, certain, and powerful
support of a great nation or a combination of nations.

Even if completed upon the plan proposed, the amount of stock and
bonds outstanding would at 5 per cent, require that the tolls and other
income of the company would yield $12, ."500,000 a year, a sum that
would be so great a burden on the commerce of the world as to leave
it questionable whether vessels would pass through the canal or follow
the old course of navigation around Cape Horn. The gentlemen en-
gaged in the enterprise are confident of their ability to execute the
work. They did not express a desire for aid but seemed to have entire
confidence of their success. They have already expended, as we are
advised, about $4,000,000 and are negotiating contracts and loans.

The committee, however, felt grave doubts, and it was apparent that
at all events the necessities of the company would compel them to sell
their stock and bonds in the best market at a large discount. The
stock and bonds would naturally flow into the hands of European
bankers, and with them the ultimate control and government of the
canal. For more than seventy years the United States has carefully
adhered to the policy of the noninterference of European powers with
the integrity or autonomy of American nations. This canal will be to
the United States a part of its coast wise channel from the Atlantic
States to the Pacific States. The concessions made by Nicaragua
and Costa Rica are to an American company with stipulations and
privileges in favor of the United States. The interests of the people of
the United States are much greater in the proper management of the
canal and in its free use at reasonable tolls than any foreign power.

The Maritime Company as now organized may be trusted to protect
the interests of American citizens, but its willingness to do so may be
changed by a change in the ownership of stock. Many examples of that
kind have occurred when combinations and even foreign governments
have bought the majority of the stock of a corporation with a view to its
control. To leave the interests of the people of the United States de-
pendent upon the cupidity of a corporation controlled necessarily by its
changing its pecuniary interests and which may fall under the influence
of rival powers would be to surrender the great advantages expected by
our people from the use of the canal in shortening by over 10,000 miles

202 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

the passage of vessels from our ports on the Atlantic to our ports on the
Pacific, as well as to endanger the vast trade that it is expected will
spring up from the United States through the canal to the western
ports of South America and to Asia and Australia. While the United
States does not desire to have a monopoly of these benefits, but is
willing upon just considerations to share them with all the nations of
the world, yet we are more deeply interested than any other in making
the burden of this transit as light as possible, and to secure its comple-
tion at a sum the interest of which will not be too great a burden upon
commerce.

These considerations led your committee without division to the con-
clusion that it is the interest of the United States to make such a con.
tract with the Maritime Canal Company as would certainly assure the
completion of the canal within the period of six years at its actual
cost in money, to be represented by bonds of that company guarantied
by the United States, qphich in any state of the money market would
be sold at not tess than par, the United States to be indemnified against
liability on its guaranty by a pledge of a majority of the capital stock
of the company with power to vote snch stock. Thus, without loss to
the United States, it would secure the early and complete construction
of the work at its actual cost and snch reasonable control of the transit
as would give to our citizens at least equal advantages in the use of the
canal.

In this way, assuming that the estimate of the cost of the canal is
reasonable, which the committee propose to have tested by United
States engineers, the United States could secure to the people of Nica-
ragua and Costa Rica (who from their position are most interested in
the canal), to the people of the United States, who will probably main-
tain the largest commerce over it, as well as to all the nations of the
world, the use of the canal at the lowest tolls that will reimburse and
save harmless the United States from its guaranty, and yet will yield
to the actual builders of the canal moderate profits, without watered
stock or discredited bonds resulting in unnecessary burdens upon ves
sels passing through its waters.

This has been the object of the United States in all the treaties made
and negotiations had with the Central American States and other for-
eign powers during a period of seventy years. Every President since
and including Mr. Monroe has participated in this negotiation, and all
of them have favored the construction of an interoceanic canal from
the Atlantic to the Pacific across the isthmus to be practically under
the control of the United States, but to be open to the commerce of the
world. To secure the best practicable route the United States has con-
ducted many elaborate and expensive surveys, with full details as to
every route proposed from Mexico to Colombia, resulting in the concur-
ring judgment of nearly all the engineers and officers of the Army and
Navy that the route proposed by way of Lake Nicaragua is the best.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 203

In communicating some of these surveys to the Senate, President Hayes
thus stated the American doctrine in respect to the proposed canal :

The policy of this country is a canal under American control. The United States
can not consent to the surrender of this control to any European powers. If exist-
ing treaties between the United States and other nations, or if the rights of sover-
eignty or property of other nations stand in the way of this policy a contingency
which is not apprehended suitable steps should be taken by just and liberal negoti-
ations to promote and establish the American policy on this subject, consistently with
the rights of the nations to be affected by it.

The capital invested by corporations or citizens of other countries in such an enter-
prise must, in a great degree, look for protection to one or more of the great pow-
ers of the world. No European power can intervene for such protection without
adopting measures on this continent which the United States would deem wholly in-
admissible. If the protection of the United States is relied upon, the United States
must exercise such control as will enable this country to protect its national interests
and maintain the rights of those whose private capital is embarked in the work.

An interoceanic canal across the American isthmus will essentially change the
geographical relations between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States,
and between the United States and the rest of the world. It will be the great ocean
thoroughfare between our Atlantic and our Pacific shores, and virtually a part of the
coast line of the United States. Our mere commercial interest in it is greater than
that of all other countries, while its relation to our power and our prosperity as a
nation, to our means of defense, our unity, peace, and safety, are matters of para-
mount concern to the people of the United States. No other great power would,
under similar circumstances, fail to assert a rightful control over a work so closely
and vitally affecting its interest and welfare.

Mr. Evarts, then Secretary of State, in the same connection said:

The natural interest of the United States in any connection through the American
Isthmus has not only been always emphatically expressed by the government, but
it has been fully and distinctly recognized by other governments from the earliest
period of our national existence.

By the treaty negotiated in 1884 between the United States and
Nicaragua the canal was to be built by the United States. It was
still pending in the Senate when Mr. Cleveland became President. He
withdrew it, not from opposition to its general purposes, but because,
as he states in his annual message of December, 1885, it was "coupled
with absolute and unlimited engagements to defend the territorial in-
tegrity of the States where such interests lie." He held that this clause
was an "entangling alliance," inconsistent with the declared public
policy of the United States. This objection led to the concessions by
Nicaragua and Costa Bica to private persons, and the incorporation by
the United States of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua.

These concessions and the charter provide expressly that the United
States may aid the company by a subscription of stock or otherwise. If
such aid is rendered it must be rendered now. If the Maritime Canal
Company is to enter the money market without our aid as a borrower of
$100,000,000 to be expended within six years, it must execute its mort-
gage now for an amount that will probably yield that sum as needed.
The swollen cost will largely fall upon the people of the United States

204 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

in the form of tolls. If the work is, as we confidently believe, one ol
transcendent value to the United States worthy to be done In a ;reat
nation which will cost only its credit without being a burden to the
taxpayer, one that will not in any event cripple its resources, but will
be a monument of its power and its beneficence more enduring than the
monuments of antiquity, a realization of the dreams of all nations for
four centuries, it ought to be undertaken not by a corporation alone,
but aided by the United States for the benefit of the American conti-
nent and the commercial world. It is an act worthy to commemorate
i lie beginning of the second century of our existence as a nation and of
I he public policy upon which we have entered of uniting the Republics
of America by works of peaceful development.

The practical difficulty of the committee was in determining in what
manner and to what extent the United States should aid in this enter-
prise. Nicaragua and Costa Rica were quite willing that this Govern-
ment should directly construct the work, but for the reasons stated the
treaty for this purpose was not ratified. The Maritime Canal Company
was interposed by act of Congress. Composed exclusively of citizens
of the United States, they were not desirous of surrendering what they
regarded as a favorable business enterprise. The plan proposed in the
accompanying bill was dictated by this committee, and, after many
conferences, agreed to by that company, subject to the approval of
Congress. The company is now actively engaged in construction, and
it is but fair to it that if the bill is to become a law Congress should act
as speedily as possible, so that the company may not be delayed in its
contracts.

The bill herewith reported is founded upon the theory that the cost
of the completed work shall be represented only by bonds and stock
to the amount of money actually spent in construction and the accruing
interest paid in its progress.

The bill proposes to limit the stock of the Maritime Canal Company
to 1,000,000 shares of $100 each and no more. By the concessions of
Nicaragua that country is entitled to 6 per cent, or $6,000,000 of the
stock of the company for the liberal grants made to and privileges con-
ferred by that country upon the Maritime Construction Company, a
copy of which is hereto attached. Costa Rica for similar concessions
on her part is entitled to $1,500,000 of this stock.

By the terms of these concessions the Maritime Canal Company be-
came entitled to $12,000,000 of the capital stock, and this amount has
been, by the agreement with the Construction Company, transferred to
the latter company. The agreement heretofore referred to between the
Maritime Company and the Construction Company provided for the
t ranster of the residuum of the stock and also 150 million dollars of
bonds to be issued in paj inent for the work as performed. By that
agreement the ownership and control of both companies would follow
the ownership of the stock and bonds. By the bill proposed all certfi-

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 205

cates of stock and all contracts, assignments, and transfers of stock other
thau the stock to which the Governments of Nicaragua and Costa Rica
are to be surrendered and canceled, except the sum ot $3,000,000, which
is to be retained by the Maritime Company or its stockholders in full
payment and satisfaction of the concessions and agreements and ad-
vantages obtained by them.

The United States is to reimburse the Maritime Canal Company the
amount expended in promoting the enterprise and in the surveys and
construction of the work thus far performed, including all expenditures
in connection therewith upon statements to be made, but subject to the
approval of the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury.
The canal shall thereafter be constructed from the proceeds of the bonds
of the Maritime Company, guarantied, as aforesaid, in payments as the
work progresses, not less frequently than every sixty days. All con-
tracts or engagements of whatever name or nature now existing or out-
standing not consistent with the provisions of the bill are to be canceled
and set aside, and the work is to be proceeded with upon estimates
made by United States engineers and to be paid for at actual cost
by bonds, or the proceeds of bonds, of the kind and description men-
tioned. All the expenses of the work, including interest on the guar-
antied bonds issued, are to be paid by the Maritime Canal Company
of Nicaragua, and upon the failure of said company to pay the in-
terest as it accrues, it is to be paid by the United States. The interest
proposed on the bonds is 3 per cent., payable quarterly, and running
for a period of twenty years.

To indemnify the United States from all liability upon its guaranty
$70,000,000 of stock of the Maritime Company is to be deposited with
the Secretary of the Treasury and no stock other than that already
named is to be issued except when, in the opinion of the President of
the United States, the installments of the mortgage bonds shall be in-
sufficient to meet the current requirements of the company in respect
to the enterprise. The Secretary of the Treasury has power, at his dis-
cretion, to vote the stock pledged to the United States, either in person
or by proxy, at any meeting of the stockholders of said company, and
the United States is entitled to a representation of six members upon
the board of directors composed of fifteen persons.

These, in brief, were the terms suggested by your committee to the
Maritime Canal Company and the Construction Company, and, after
many conferences, a full report of which is hereto attached, the officers
of said companies agreed to the terms and conditions proposed. This
bill, if it should become a law, would, in the opinion of your committee,
secure, without reasonable doubt, the prompt completion of the Nica-
ragua Canal at its actual cost, and secure to the United States a reason-
able and proper control in conformity with the concessions granted by
Nicaragua and Costa Rica. The management and conduct of the work
is left with the Maritime Company, but under such restraints as will

206 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

insure economy and with the strongest inducement to limit its obliga-
tions to the actual cost of the work, so that the tolls upon it will not
be swollen to pay for watered stock or bonds of doubtful credit.

The United States becomes a party strong enough to cope with the
magnitude of the enterprise, and to give confidence not only to its
securities, but to its safety from injury from internal or external forces.
It is believed by your committee that the United States will not be
called upon to pay any portion of the principal or interest of the bonds,
but that the work itself will amply repay all its cost, and yield its ben-
efits not only to the people of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, but to the
civilized world. If it appeared at any time that the interests of the
United States are in jeopardy from any cause, it can purchase the ma-
jority of the stock and become the controlling owner of the canal by
paying its own bonds to an equal amount, and the property, tolls, in-
come, and profits of the canal will be an ample security against the
obligations it assumes.
The committee therefore recommend the passage of the bill.

JOHN SHERMAN, Chairman.

GEO. F. EDMUNDS.

WM. P. FRYE.

WM. M. EVARTS,

J. N. DOLPH.

JOHN T. MORGAN,

JOSEPH E. BROWN.

B. B PAYNE.

J. B. Eusxis.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

207

APPENDIX 1.

TABLE SHOWING DISTANCES IN MILES BETWEEN COMMERCIAL PORTS
OF THE WORLD AND DISTANCES SAVED BY THE NICARAGUA CANAL.

From

Via
Cape

Horn.

Via Cape
of Good
Hope.

Via
Nicara-
gua
Canal.

Distance
saved.

New York to

Miles.
14, 840
17, 921
16, 105
13, 071

Miles.

Mile*.
4,946
8, O.'fl
6, 209

Milet.
9,894
9,895
9,896
9,949
9,949
4,163
6,827
3,290
3,870
7,842
6, 988
8,41.8
5,02

11,005
10, 874
10, 874
9,343
7,913
5,975

6,996
7,051
7,051
392
1,051
1,265
3,929
5, 431
4,090
2,144
4,944
431
1,314

7, 051
7,051
5,900
5,605

Sitka

3, 1
3,6

.'2
82

:;.s
03

,'<>
80
^,S
01

47
0!)
09
10

88
87

04
70

:;o

48
49
86
LI
90
49

;i(i
:!0
>_()

(87

<80
i20
>:io
>15

13, 631

18, 180
17, 679
13,502
12, 550
14, 2IJO

15, 201
16, 190
13, 290
14, 125

11, (
9, :
10, (
8, t

6,:

3,7
3,0
4,(

4.C
2,4
2,
2.S
2,1
8,1

7,
5,1

6,4
12, '
11, J
13, '
12, ]
5,*
6,4
7,4
9,
13, {
13, i

6,f

6,:

5,.

Yokohama .

Melbourne

10, 689
11,471

Guayaquil.....

9,750

New Orleans to
San Francisco

15.052

Acapulco

13,283

13,843
11, 683

Callao

10, 001
9,962

14,690

Valparaiso

Liverpool to

12, 921

13, 481

Melbourne ,

13, 362
12,400
18, 030
17, 529
11, 321

13, 140
13, 975
15, 051
16, 040

Hong Kong

Yokohama .......

Callao

10, 539

Valparaiso

9, 600

Sandwich Islands

14, 080

Spain to Manilla

16,900
17, 750

13, 931
13, 371

13, 951
15, 201

France to Tonquin ......

Hamburg to

Fonseca....

11,430

11,120

To eastern
ui_-_ entrance of -us..
Nicaragua From
Canal. ,

To western
entrance of
Nicaragua
Canal.

Mile*.
New York..... 2021 San Francisco

Milo.
2,776
2,518
1,531
3,219
3,428

Hamburg............... .... 5 219 Callao.

Amsterdam........ 4,994 Portland..... ... ..

Havre. 4,874 Victoria --

Cadiz 4 220

New Orleans...... 1,308 !

NOTB. The distances are measured by customary routes most convenient for s iling ships and
low freight steamers.

208 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

APPENDIX A.

THE NICARAGUA CANAL- -ITS DESIGN, FINAL LOCATION, AND WORK

ACCOMPLISHED.

fBy A. r . MKXOOAL, Chief Engineer Nicaragua Canal Conttruetion Company, (U. 8. N., JT. AM.

SOa C. E., etc.)}

The idea of establishing a waterway across the American isthmus dates hack
from the beginning of the sixteenth century, when the early navigators, perceiving
the narrow neck of land separating the two oceans, were forcibly impressed by the
advantages to be derived by cutting a canal through it. The Isthmus <>!' Panama,
being the narrowest part of that strip of land, and Nicaragua, on account, of the evi-
dent natural facilities presented by the lake and its outlet, the river San Juan,
have always been the main points of attraction as possessing the most favorable
features for doing the work, and as early as 15T>0 the Portuguese navigator Antonio
Galvao proposed four routes; one of which was by way of Lake Nicaragua and the San
Juan River, and another through the Isthmus of Panama. As the configuration of the
isthmus became better known, the belief in the practicability of joining the two oceans
by a canal gradually increased ; but it was not until the beginning of the present
century, when through the indorsement of Huiuboldt, who had studied the problem
on the ground, and later on through the united efforts of the Central American Re-
publics, that the question commenced to assume a well-defined shape. But, while
these States and the Republic of New Granada were anxiously soliciting the co-
operation of other nations and of capitalists in favor of the undertaking, no regular
surveys had been made of any portion of the isthmus; the routes proposed and
claimed to have been discovered being the result of imperfect reconnoissances or of
the imaginat ion. It was evident, moreover, that the work would require the expendi-
ture of large sums of money; and, while it was universally admitted that the canal
would be of great advantage to the world at large, it was not equally clear that the

erobable traffic seeking it would be sufficient to pay interest on the capital invested,
ut the gold discoveries following the acquisition of California by the United States,
and the subsequent rapid development of the vast commercial and agricultural in-
terests of the Territories lying on the Pacific slope, exerted a powerful influence in
attracting attention to the commercial and political importance of the canal. What
had until then been regarded as a humanitarian scheme or a geographical desidera-
tum became a political and commercial necessity, and the attention of the American
statesmen, capitalists, and scientists was at once directed to finding the most practi-
cal solution of the problem.

The idea of establishing a continnons water communication between the two
oceans has been always recognized as the only means of satisfying all the require-
ments of commerce, but a satisfactory solution of all the unknown quantities enter-
ing into such avast undertaking could not be readied without, serious surveys of the
isthmus, and these required time and the adjustment of political difficulties with
other nations interested in the proposed work. In the mean time the Americans,
anxious to meet the increasing demand for means of communication between the
two oceans consequent to the rapid development of Hie Pacific coast, turned
their attention to an overland route, and, having obtained a concession from the
Republic of New Granada, in 1849 organized a company and intrusted the surveys
for a railroad to Col. G. W. Hughes and J. C. Trantwine, well-known civil engineers.
This was the first authentic survey made across the isthmus, and resulted in the con-
struction of the Panama Railroad between 1850 and 1855.

In the meantime the Government of the United States, alive to the importance of
the canal, had ordered a reconnaissance of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and, by di-
plomatic negotiations with Nicaragua, had encouraged and supported the organi/.a-
tion of the Atlantic and Pacific Ship CanaUCompauy, which had obtained from Ni-
caragua the right to build the canal, and, ponding the completion of the work, to

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 209

stabliah a transit between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, to facilitate the
commerce between the two oceans, by way of the river Sail Juan and Lake Nicara-
gua.

This company intrusted the survey for a ship canal to Col. O. W. Childs, a con-
scientious and able engineer. He examined in 1850 several routes between Lake Ni-
caragua and the Pacific Ocean, and is entitled to credit for the discovery of the low-
est depression in the Cordilleras between the Arctic Sea and Cape Horn. Through
this divide, which he found to be 152 feet above sea level, he located a route for the
canal extending from the mouth of the river Lajas, ou the west shore of the lake,
to the Port of Brito, or the Pacific, the main features of which have stood the test
of many subsequent surveys and rectifications in that region, and have been incor-
porated in the plan of the final location of the canal across that country. Col. Childs's
plan contemplated the use of the lake as the summit level, and of the valley of the
river San Juan, its outlet, to its delta, through which he proposed to excavate a
canal following the left bank of the river to Greytown. This survey was the first on
the isthmus for a ship canal conforming to the requirements of engineering, and its
accuracy has been fully confirmed by subsequent explorations.

Much might be said here to show the great interest evinced by the Government of
the United States in the building of a canal, and to demonstrate the fact that the
only thorough surveys made on the isthmus with the view of establishing the prac-
ticability and cost of the work have been done either by the Government directly or
by American citizens under its auspices.

It is interesting and instructive to follow, step by step, the American explorations
on the isthmus from Tehauntepec to the Gulf of Darien, but this paper deals with the
proposed Nicaragua Canal, which is believed to be the only practicable route for con-
necting the two oceans by a ship canal. This conclusion is the result of forty years
of exhaustive studies over the whole isthmus and of a valuable lesson so dearly
taught by an unfortunate attempt to prove the practicability of building a canal by
the expenditure of vast sums of money in useless excavations and wild schemes for
removing insuperable natural obstacles prior to a thorough examination of the physi-
cal conditions.

The period from 1870 to 1876, during the administration of General Grant, was one
of marked activity in the explorations of the isthmus, and it may be said that the
question as to the route possessing the greatest advantages was settled in February,
1876.

The commission appointed by President Grant in 1372 to report upon the various
plans submitted by the surveying parties consisted of General A. A. Humphreys,
Chief of the United States Corps of Engineers; Mr. C. P. Patterson, Superinten'ent
of the Coast Survey, and Commodore Daniel Ammeu, Chief of the Bureau of Navi-
gation of the Navy Department.

On February 6, 1876, the commission submitted its decision to the President of the
United States, in which it was said : "After a long, careful, and minute study of the
several surveys of the various routes across the continent, we unanimously report
that the route known as the Nicaragua route possesses, both for the construction and
maintenance of a canal, greaser advantages and offers fewer difficulties from en-
gineering, commercial, or economical points of view than any of the other routes
shown to be practicable by surveys sufficiently in detail to enable a judgment to be
formed of their relative merits, as will be briefly presented in the appended memo-
randa."

The routes considered by this commission vrere the Tehauntepec, the Nicaragua,
the Panama, and the Atrato-Napipi. The surveys conducted by the Government of
the United States at other points did not develop physical conditions favorable enough
to justify a location sufficiently in detail to form an estimate of the cost, and the re-
sults of the explorations were examined by the commission only in so far as was
necessary to show their impracticability or' inferiority as compared to other routes.

The survey of the Nicaragua route by the United States Government was com-
menced in March, 1872, and continued until July, 1873. Eight different routes
between the lake and the Pacific were carefully examined. The correctness of
Childs's survey from the mouth of the river Lajas to Brito was carefully confirmed,
and, while the low divide was a strong feature in favor of his location, the problem
of properly draining the valley of the Rio Grande was not at the time satisfactorily
solved, and the next best route, extending from the mouth of the small stream Del
Medio at the lake north of Lajas to a point on Childs's line 9 miles west of the lake,
and thence following Childs's line to Brito, was adopted and carefully located.

In this, as in all projects for a canal across Nicaragua, the lake was taken as the
summit level, and in this location its mean level was assumed to be 107 feet above
sea level. East of the lake slack-water navigation was secured in the river San
Juan for a distance of 63 miles by the construction of four dams, the lower dam being
below the confluence of the San Juan and San Carlos Rivers. Below that point the
canal was proposed to be excavated for a distance of 41.9 miles on the right bank,

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 14

210 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

and following the genenil direction of the river to the outlet. San Jnanillo, where it
turned almost directly to Greytown. Twenty-one locks, with an average lift of ten
feet, were proposed ; ten on the Atlantic and eleven on the Pacific slope. This project
wa a decided improvement on that proposed by Cliilds, hut in its general outline
the design did not differ very materially from his. Its main features were as fol-
lows:

Canal in excavation 61.74

Slack-water navigation in the River San Jnan 63. 02

Lake navigation 5b'. 50

Total miles from ocean to ocean 181. 2(i

Number of locks 21

Nnmher of dams across the river San Juan 4

The total cost was estimated at $65,222,147.

The writer, who had heen the chief engineer of the Government surveys, recog-
nized the practicability of the canal by this route, but was not satisfied with the
location. The Lajas line, with its low divide of 152 feet, had been reluctantly aban-
doned on account of difficulties in the drainage problem, and the Medio route, with
90 feet greater depth of cutting, had been adopted instead, thereby increasing the
difficulties in construction and l>y several millions of dollars the cost, of the work.

In the Eastern Division the frequent interruptions of the river navigation by the
interposition of dams was not a desirable feature, and the sharp curves and too
close proximity of the canal, in excavation to the river, in several places, should, if
possible, be eliminated from the problem. There were, also, too many locks, which
together with the long stretch of canal in excavation, would necessarily tend to
retard navigation and restrict the capacity of the canal for traffic.

The Government surveys were intended to show the practicability of the canal,
and that object had been fully attained in the comparatively short time devoted to
the work, but it was quite evident that before the project was finally adopted as a
commercial enterprise, important modifications should, and could, in my opinion, be
introduced in the original designs. To what extent this has been accomplished will
beshown in the description of the route finally locatedand adopted by the present Nic-
aragua Canal Construction Company. In 1876-'77, while surveying the delta of the
San Jnan and harbor of Greytown for the purpose of devising plans for the improve-
ment of the navigation of the river and the restoration of the harbor, I bad occasion
to make extensive reconnoissances in a direct line connecting Greytown with the end of
slackwater navigation in the San Juan River, my object being to find, if possible, a
direct route joining those points, in lieu of t!ie long and tortuous line following the
bank of the river. These explorations, conducted from both ends of the desirable
location, and in opposite directions, could not be completed within the time then at
my disposal. There remained a gap of 4 or 5 miles yet to be examined, but, so far
as carried ont, the results of the explorations were extremely gratifying, with strong
indications of physical conditions favorable to a satisfactory solution of the prob-
lem.

In 1880 I devoted my attention to a rectification of the Lajas location, and suc-
ceeded so far as to reduce the length of the route by 1 miles ; eliminate several
curves and enlarge the radius of others ; decrease the amount of excavatiou in the
narrow valley of the Rio Grande, and, what was of the greatest importance, found a
satisfactory solution of the drainage problem by diverting the waters of the Grande,
above its confluence with the canal, through an artificial channel, and the rivers
Jnan Davila and Lajas into the lake, thus leaving the narrow valley of the stream
free for the canal.

That much having been accomplished in the Western Division towards the con-
templated improvement of the original location, a greater interest was naturally felt
for a thorough rectification of th eastern section. In 1885 the Government of the
United States, immediately after having completed a treaty with Nicaragua for the
construction of the canal, directed me, at my own suggestion, to proceed to Nicara-
gua with a party of competent assistants and ascertain the practicability of intro-
ducing favorable modifications in the eastern section of the canal location. The
results attained by this last examination, together with what had been previously
secured west of the lake, were all calculated to attract the attention of engineers
and capitalists, and the organization of the company chartered by the United States
Congress and now building the canal, soon after followed. The results of this sur-
vey can be found in detail, in book form, in my report to the honorable Secretary of the
Navy, dated November, 1885, and entitled "Report of the United States Nicaragua
Surveying Party" (Ex. Doc. No. 99, Forty-ninth Congress, first session).

The company was well aware, however, that while these surveys were ample to
prove the practicability of the canal, aud sufficient in detail to arrive at an approxi-
mate cost of the work; yet they were only intended as a preliminary location, and

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 211

more thorough studies, comprising the minutest details, were still wanted before
actual construction could be commenced. Therefore the first work undertaken by
the company, immediately after its organization, was to fit out and send to Nicara-
gua a numerous corps of competent engineers, with instructions to make a thorough
relocation of the whole route and accessory works, so as to eliminate all doubtful
elements and to arrive at an accurate estimate of the character, amount and cost of
all the work required for the completion of a canal ample for the navigation of the
largest ships afloat, and the passage of the maximum traffic likely to seek it.

Six land surveying parties, one hydrographies party, and two boring parties, have
been for two years and a half making this verification, and although the axial dis-
tance of the land survey (exclusive of the lake j/nd river) is less than 50 miles, the
length of lines actually surveyed by transit and level, in cross-sectioning, location
of locks, dams, embankments, railroads, flowage lines, drains, etc., is not less than
4,000 miles, or at the rate of 40 miles of actual instrumental survey for every mile of
final location. The result of this laborious work has been a verification of the loca-
tion of 1885 in its essential features, but with marked improvements in the details,
and the final location of the route upon which the canal is now being constructed,
and which I will proceed to describe in a concise form.

THE PROPOSED ROUTE.

San Juan del Norte (Qreytown) on the Atlantic, and Brito on the Pacific, are the
termini of the canal, the total distance from port to port being 169.448 miles, of which
'26.783 miles will be excavated canal and 142.659 miles free navigation by Lake Nica-
ragua, the river San Juan, and through basins in the valley of the streams Deseado,
San Francisco, and Tola. Lake Nicaragua is necessarily the summit level of the
canal, and its elevation above mean sea level is taken at its mean at 110 feet. It
will be connected with the Pacific by two sections of canal in excavation and the
Tola basin, and with the Atlantic by slackwater navigation through the valley of
the river San Juan, and a series of basins in the valleys of the San Francisco and
Deseado, connected by short sections of canal, the sea level on each side being
reached by three locks which have been located as near as possible to the extremi-
ties of the canal, viz, 3 miles from Brito and 12f miles from Greytown, thereby
giving a clean summit level of 153J miles in extent out of a total distance of 169|
miles, as stated above. For purposes of description the route has been divided into
four divisions, viz, Eastern, San Francisco, Lake and Kiver, and Western.

Eastern Division.
I From the! nner harbor of San Juan del Norte (G rey to wn) to the San Francisco Basin, 18.864 miles.]

The line selected and located starts from the inner harbor of San Juan del Norte
and extends in a southwesterly direction for a distance of 9,297 miles to Lock No. 1,
in the valley of the small stream Desearlo, which descends from the high ridge sep-
arating the valley of the San Juanillo from that of the CanoSan f rancisco. Where
the stream Deseado interferes with the course of the canal, it is to be diverted by
artificial channels. These first 9.297 miles of canal will be at the level of the sea,
forming practically a prolongation of the harbor of Greytown, the width proposed
allowing ample room for the passage of vessels going in both directions. The exca-
vation will be entirely through flat, alluvial deposits, as shown by the numerous
borings taken along the whole line.

Tlte first lock from this reach will have a lift of 30 feet, and the uniform dimen-
sions of chamber adopted for all the locks, viz : 650 feet long and 70 feet wide. A
suitable rise of ground for the site of the lock is met with in the lower valley of the
Deseado. From the head gate of Lock No. 1, to Lock No. 2, the canal follows the
valley of the Deseado, which is here partially flooded by the construction of four
low embankments connecting the site of Lock No. 1 with the sides of the valley. In
this manner the canal excavation, which here consists chiefly of stiff 7 red clay under-
lying a thin stratum of loam, is much reduced, and the drainage economically and
efficiently controlled by suitable weirs of maximum flood capacity.

Lock No. 2, located 1.258 miles above the head gate of Lock No. 1, has a lift of 31
feet and will rest on solid ground, a hill on the south side of the valley affording an
excellent site for it.

Lock No. 3, with a lift of 45 feet, is located 12f miles from Greytown and 1.927
miles from the head gate of Lock No. 2. This section of the canal occupies the lower
basin, made in the valley of the Deseado by the erection of a dam 38 feet high and
1,300 feet long across the stream, and two embankments of an aggregate length of
1,400 feet and about20 feet high, on the top of the confining ridges. The only exca-
vation needed through this basin is in cutting across three low hills of red clay.

At this point the valley of the Deseado is spanned by an embankment 70 feet high
and 1,050 feet long, resting on two high hills, and the gaps on the ridge connecting

212 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

this embankment with the sides of the valley are closed with small embankments
aggregating 5,800 fet on the eirst. with an average height of 20 feet to the level,
112 feet above sea level. By this means a basin 3.086 miles long is created in the
valley of the stream in which a depth of from 30 feet t<> 70 feet is obtained, without
excavation, for a distance of '2.598 miles. It is proposed to retain the water in this
basin at an elevation of 106 feet above sea level ; in other words, the summit level of
the canal is carried across the "divide" and extended to Lock No. 3, or to within
I'Jf miles of the Atlantic, and but 3$ miles from the sea level, which, as stated above,
reaches 9J miles up from Greytown. The advantage of them; two large reservoirs in
close proximity to the locks need not be commented upon, ;ind the facilities afforded
as a "turnout" for ships in waiting and traveling in opposite directions can not be
overestimated. The dain is proposed to be built of stone or what is termed "rock-
fill," with earth backing, and will have a weir 600 feet long on the crest, and a fall
of 45 feet for the discharge of the surplus water into the lower basin. This will be
supplemented by another weir fcOO feet long, located on the south side of the valley
in a gap between the bills inclosing the upper basin, giving a total length of weir
of 1,400 feet.

At the western extremity of this basin begins the Eastern Divide cut, connect-
ing the valley of the Deseado with that of the Cafio San Francisco. This cut is 2,917
miles long, has a maximum cutot'2'Jrt and :iv> ra^ depth of 111.2 feet above the level
of the water, the depth in the canal heinir 30 feet, and contains about 21 per cent, of
the total excavation estimated tor the whole canal.

The magnitude of this work jjirows less striking as we proceed to examine its im-
portance as a factor in the solution of the problem, the local advantages for its exe-
cution, its permanency when finished, and the advantageous and economical dispo-
sition of the material to be excavated.

Fint. It will be observed that this cnt is almost in a direct line between Ochoa
and Greytown, which are the two objective points of the canal; the former being the
point at which IT must, of necessity, leave the San Juan liiver, and the latter equally
necessary as its terminus on the At lantic.

Second. It is the lowest point along the whole ridge which intervenes between
these two points, and nearly equidistant from each.

Third. It is also the narrowest pass, by several miles, of any other on the ridge,
the valleys of the Deseado on one side and th<; San Francisco on the other, here pen-
etrating it farther than elsewhere, thus allowing the greatest possible extension of
their basins with the least excavation.

Besides the above there are several other important advantages connected with
this particular pass entitled to much consideration.

Firtt. The material to be removed is in the main solid rock ; therefore the volume
of excavation is reduced to a minimum, and the cut, when made, will remain so
forever without further expense.

Second. The material is needed for the construction of the dam at Ochoa, for the
embankments between Ochoa and Greytown, for the construction of the locks, for
the breakwater at Greytown, and for pitching the sides of the canal, and the surplus
can be dumped in the immediate vicinity.

Third. The center of distribution is most conveniently located, and were not this
material available, at the sole expense of transportation down grade, it wonld have
to be obtained at considerable cost from quarries in the vicinity, as there is no rock
easy of access between Ochoa and Greytown, except in this ridge.

Fourth. The locality is one of the healthiest in Nicaragua, the drainage ia perfect,
and water abundant and excellent for domestic uses.

Fifth. There is close at hand on both sides of the ridge an inexhaustible water
power for the economical and convenient operation of all the machinery required to
do the work.

Possessing, therefore, as it does, this truly marvelous coincidence of favorable cir-
cumstances, it wonld seetn as though the very hand of nature had made this par-
ticular spot with the view of facilitating the execution of the greatest undertaking
of this or any other age. With proper appliances and good management, so much
of the work in the adjacent sections being dependent upon the material to be got
from this cut,, an even rate of progress can easily be maintained and the whole work
be pushed to completion well within the six years estimated as the time for com-
pleting the canal.

San Francisco Division, 12.500 miles.
[From the western end of the Divide cat to the River San Joan at Ochoa.]

On the western slope of the divide, the canal follows the valley of the Limpio for
1.477 miles to the end of the cut. Before falling into the San Francisco basin it
passes for .738 miles through a rolling country in the lower valley of the Limpio, the
average depth of the cutting for this distance being 16 feet above the bottom of the

canal.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 213

Passing into the basin of the Cafio San Francisco it follows the valleys of the
Limpio and Chanchos to near the confluence of the latter with the San Francisco,
and then up the valley of the last-named stream, skirting the hills on the west to a
favorable pass in the hill range separating this valley from the swampy region called
Florida Lake, extending towards Ochoa. The line of location follows this swamp to
its western extremity, where it strikes the high rolling country intervening between
this low region and the valley of the Machado, and following a tributary of the latter,
it enters the River San Juan, 1,600 feet above the mouth of the Machado. The dis-
tance from the western end of the divide cut to the bank of the River San Juan is
12.500 miles, of which 7.481 miles are tangents and 5.019 miles comprised in eleven
curves of from 4,000 to 11,459 feet radius. The hills surrounding the basin on the
south do not form an unbroken range rising at all points above the level of the water,
which, in this section also, is maintained at 106 feet above sea level. Eight gaps
will have to be closed by embankments aggregating in length to 2,440 feet, meas-
ured on the valley floor, and 12,260 feet on the crest, the maximum depth being 60
feet below the level of the water in the basins.

In addition to the above, 59 smaller embankments, aggregating in length 18,280
feet on the crest, rising 6 feet above water level and varying in height from 1 to 50
feet, will be required from Ochoa to the main ridge of the divide. All embankments
resting on the valley or swamp level are designed of rock fill and earth-backing,
with three parallel rows of sheet piling between abutments.

The total length of basin secured by this plan is 11.267 miles from flowage line to
flowage line, of which 8.697 mi lea are in water varying from 30 to 60 feet in depth.
That is, of the 12.500 miles in the division, but 1.233 miles will be wholly, and 2.570
miles partly, in excavation. This is not, however, the only advantage gained by the
creation of this basin. Without it the cut across the divide would be of such
proportions as to make the route commercially impracticable, and the basin of the
Deseado an impossibility. Not less important are the additional considerations of
free navigation through a wide and deep basin, instead of a restricted excavated chan-
nel. In the former, vessels can travel at full speed, lie at anchor, or pas each other
at all points, while in the latter, the position and speed of all ships must conform to
rigid regulations.

Attention is also invited to another striking feature of this work, as compared with
that close to the bank of the San Juan.

In a country subject to observed rainfalls of more than 6 inches in twenty-four
hours, the problem of drainage involves a contest with forces of nature whose enor-
mous destructive powers are a constant menace to engineering works, however care-
ful and skillful their design and execution. And it is of the utmost importance,
therefore, to reduce these forces to a minimum before the construction of works to
withstand them.

The large territory embraced between the ridge confining the basin to the south
and the "lower route," which term is used to designate the canal line formerly pro-
posed, and which lies on the right bank of the San Juan River to Greytown, is, by
the adoption of the "upper route," or that over which the canal is being built, en-
tirely eliminated from the problem of drainage, leaving only that portion of the
watershed north of the ridge, from the divide to the valley of the Machado, to be
provided for. The area of this catchment basin is about 65 square miles.

It is proposed to build all embankments across the valleys in the disconnected por-
tions of the ridge, of rock fill and earth backing, the crest to be 107 feet above sea
level, and with the top and outer slope so shaped and paved with large stones as to
admit the free flow of water over the surface without danger of injury, all other em-
baukinents to be 112 feet above sea level. All these embankments will be, in fact,
so many waste weirs for the discharge of the surplus water at several points in the
basin, with an aggregate length of 4,720 feet of spillway, and assuming that the em-
bankments are perfectly tight, which will not be the case until several years after
construction, and, therefore, that all the surplus water passes over the weirs, the
maximum depth on the crest will not exceed 15 inches.

An extraordinary freshet in the San Juan above the dam would probably send
some of the river water towards the basin, but it will be observed that the weirs in
the basin alone are capable of discharging 90,200 cnbic feet per second before the
water reaches the top of the high embankments, and that, in such extreme cases, the
basin would also be discharging through the divide cut, over the Deseado Dam and
weirs, and, if need be, through the culverts of lock No. 3. As an additional precau-
tion a guard gate is provided in the first cut east of the Machado, by which the
waters of the river San Juan may be shut off from the basin. With these ample pro-
visions the destruction of the smaller earth embankments by an overflow of the basin
seems to be well guarded against.

214 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

Lake and River Dirition, 121.04 Milt*.
[From Ochoa to SYrbleru Coast of Lake Nicaragua

This divisioB extends from the western extremity of the San Francisco Division in
the valley of the Machado to the entrance of the canal on the vest shore of Lake
Nicaragna. The total distance is 1*21.04 miles, divided aa follows: navigation by the
river San Juan, 64.54 miles; Lake Nicaragua, 56.5 miles. The section of the river
from Ochoa to the Lake is to be made navigable by the construction of a dan: at
Ochoa, just below the Machado, maintaining the water at the summit level of 106 faet
above sea level. It may be here explained that this elevation, hitherto treated as
the summit level, is 4 feet below the lake, a fall of three-quarters of an inch to
the mile being allowed for the slope necessary to discharge its waters, although for
all the purposes of navigation that portion of the river is converted into an exten-
sion of the lake.

The dam is located between two steep hills, and it length of weir on the crest will
be 1,250 feet, and abutments 650 feet. The average depth of the water iu the river
was, at the time of the survey, 8 feet, and the maximum depth, close to the southern
abutment, 14 feet, the width between the banks being 950 feet. With a mean flow
in the river of 20,000 cubic feet per second, the depth of water on the top of the weir
will be abont 3 feet.

The dam is proposed to be built of rock fill and earth backing, in all respects sim-
ilar to all the other large embankments and weirs already described. Its average
height above the river bottom is 61 feet, its thickness at the top, 25 feet, and at the
bottom, 500 feet. The core of the rock portion will be made of smaller stones, gravel,
and refuse from the rock cute, with three rows of sheet piling from abutment to abut-
ment, and substantial concrete core walls from the ends of the sheer piling carried
well into the abutment hills and up along the slope beyond the maximum flood level.
The upper portion and long flat apron will be composed of stones of the largest di-
mensions that can be handled and arranged, the interstices being filled from behind
with small stones, gravel, and earth dumped from suitable trestles.

By this dam, slack-water navigation in the River San Juan will be obtained in the
whole distance from the Lake, in which, with the exception of the 28 miles above
Toro Rapids, the navigable channel will be at no point less than 1,000 feet wide,
with depths varying from 28 to 130 feet. Between the Lake and Toro Rapids rook
blasting under water and dredging to an average depth of 4^ feet will be required at
several places, amonnting in all to 24 miles, most of the rock blasting occurring at
Tore. The average depth of water, as raised by the dam, over the shallow places
where deepening ha* been estimated for, is 23 feet, and the excavated channel is 125
feet at the bottom, the slopes varying with the character of the material.

A further important effect of the dam will be to raise the water from the River
San Carlos to the level attained by the San Juan at their confluence above Ochoa.
converting the valley of that stream into a spacious lake or port ; and an integral
part of the summit level and of the canal itself. Thousand* of square miles of the
territory of Costa Rica, now inaccessible by land or water, will thus become the
richest portion of that Republic ; and the sediment now being brought down by the
rapid current of the river will then be deposited, for want of transporting power,
at the mouths of the ravines and mountain torrents emptying into the basin. In fact,
the area now scoured will be so much reduced that comparatively little material
will be transported.

The confining ridge to the east of the valley of the San Carlos is a generally high
range, extending in a nearly straight line from the south abutment of the Ochoa
Dam, about S. 15 W. 7J miles, to the foot of the high mountains of the interior. The
length of the ridge, following its crooked crest-line, is about 10 miles. The hills
forming the ridge do not form an unbroken range at all points higher than the level
of the water, which is here also maintained at 106 feet above sea level. A number
of sh'>rt depressions will have to be closed by embankments, the tops of which will be
at an elevation of 112 feet.

The total number of embankments necessary is twenty-one. Of these eight will be
very small, the ridge being now above the water line but below 112 feet. Only two
will reach the floor of the valley, having a depth of 48 feet. The remaining eleven
have an average depth of 19 feet. The aggregate length of embankments on crest
is 5,440 feet ; on floor of valley 130 feet.

The embankments proposed will be entirely of clay, 15 feet wide on top, with
slope of three to one on both sides.

It is proposed to build a large waste weir in the ridge about % J| miles from the
Ochoa Dam. This weir having its crest of 106 feetelevation, will discharge the flood
waters of the San Carlos into the San Juan independently of and below the dam.

The valley of CnreOo Creek runs directly from the site of the proposed weir to the
San Juan, 5} miles below Ochoa, hence no channel for the discharged waters need b
provided.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 215

In the east side of Lake Nicaragua, dredging in soft rand will be neded for a dis-
tance of about 14 miles to reach the depth of '30 feet, the average depth of the cut
being 9.8 feet, and the proposed channel 150 feet wide at the bottom, with aide slopes
of three to one to the present bottom of the Lake.

From the end of this cat to within 1,400 feet of the west coast, at the entrance of
the canal, the depth in the Lake varies from 30 to 150 feet. The excavation on the
west side is estimated as rook. No borings were taken on this side of the Lake, but
the indications on the shore and the result of the borings in the vicinity point to rook
as predominating in the subaqueous excavation.

In view of the nature of the bottom and the prevailing winds on that coast of the
Lake, it is deemed advisable, if not essential, to estimate for two crib piers or break-
waters at the entrance of the canal and extending into deep water a distance of 1,800
feet and 2,400 feet respectively. These piers will have the effect of arresting debris
drifting along the coast by the action of the waves, insure smooth water at the en-
trance of the canal, and serve as guides to approaching vessel*.

Western Division.
[From the Lake to Brito, 17.04 miles.]

This section of canal connects the Lake with the Pacific Ocean. It is 17.04 miles
long from the shore of the Lake when at 102.5 feet above the aea level, the elevation
at the time the surveys were made, to the port at Brito.

As the canal is now estimated for 11.44 miles of that distance will be wholly in ex-
cavation and 5.60 miles through a basin in the valleys of the rivers Grande and Tola.

In this basin from 30 to 70 feet of water can be had for a distance of 4.568 miles.
The basin has an area of 4,000 acres, an extreme width of 12,500 feet, and an average
of 5,500 feet. An alternative route has been located through the valleys proposed to
be flooded for a canal in excavat ion should it be found more economical on account
of the value of the land through which it passes. The only new feature of this divi-
sion is the basin now introduced.

The first section begins at the mouth of the river Lajas, on the west shore of Lake
Nicaragua, and follows the valley of that stream for a distance of 8,260 feet, in which
the width of the canal is 120 feet at the bottom, and the side slopes one and one-half
to one, both in rock and earth. The river Lajas here turns to the south, and it is
proposed to divert it and make it discharge into the lake a short distance south of
its present mouth. The canal continues on the same straight line, crosses a plain
about three-quarters of a mile wide, and enters the valley of the Guiscoyal, a small
tributary of the Lajas, and at 4.70 miles from the lake it crosses the highest eleva-
tion on the line between the lake and the Pacific. This point ia 42 feet above high
lake, or 152 feet above mean tide in the Pacific, and is situated in a valley about 2
miles wide, deserving special notice by reason of the face that it is the lowest depres-
sion of the main ridge between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans on the American con-
tinent.

After crossing this divide the line gradually descends at the rate of about 9 feet
per mile, and in If miles farther it meets the Rio Grande, a mountain stream which
drains an extensive area of the western slope of the Cordillera. The line of the canal
follows the tortuous channel of the Grande, cutting across some of its sharp bends, or
occupying a channel in short reaches. In 1 miles it frees itself from this contracted
valley and cuts across a broad plain as it turns to the westward, and enters the basin
of the Tola, 9 miles from the lake. The distance across the basin by the sailing line
is 5.504 miles. This basin is formed by the construction of an embankment 1,800 feet
long and 70 feet high, resting on two high hills at a place called La Flor. The method
of construction of this embankment is in all respects similar to that adopted for the
construction of the Ochoa Dam and embankments in the San Francisco Valley.
The rock for the fill will be obtained from the excavations for Locks Nos. 4 and 5
in the north abutment, and the earth from the canal excavation east of the basin.
The level of the lake will be extended through the divide cut and the basin to this
dam, the top of which is established at 112 feet above sea level. Therefore, the
lake will have to rise more than 2 feet above the proposed summit level before any
water runs over the weir. With a length of weir of 1,300 feet and the look culverts
capable of discharging not less than 4,500 cubic feet per second, the level of the lake
can be kept under control, even during extraordinary floods. Yet a guard gate is pro-
posed in the section of canal between the lake and the "Divide" to shut off the
water from the lake in case of necessity. No special provision has been made for the
control of the rivers Grande and Tola, and none is deemed necessary. These
streams will flow into the summit level, one between the lake and the Tola basin,
and the other at the northern extremity of the basin. The waters will be distributed
between the basin and the lake, or partly used for feeding the locks, and should
both rivers b in flood while the water in the basin is below the crest of the weir,

216 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

and therefore, most of the combined flow discharging into the lake, the cnrrent in
the caual through its narrowest portion in the "Divide," will not exceed "2 miles
an hour, which can do no harm to the rock cut, while in the larger portions of the
canal the velocity would, of course, be proportionately less.

From the western end of the valley of Tola to Brito, the canal, after leaving Locks
Nos. 4 and 5, cats across a broad, flat country, with an inclination of about 9 feet per
mile, to the port, a distance of 2.28 miles, in which the excavation does not exceed
that required for the canal prism.

Three locks are proposed to overcome the difference of level between the summit
and the Pacific. Locks Noa. 4 and 5 are located in the hill north of La Flor Dam ;
their chambers are 650 feet long and 70 feet wide, and the lifts 42| feet in each. Lock
No. 6, of the same dimensions of chamber, is situated 1.58 miles below, its lifts being
21 and 29 feet, respectively, at high and low tide. Between this lock and the port of
Brito, a distance of 0.57 miles, the canal will be at the level of the sea, with an en-
larged section, and may be regarded as an extension of the harbor, ituilar to that at
the Greytown end of the route.

HARBOR OF GRBYTOWN.

Thirty years ago this harbor had a comparatively narrow but safe entrance from
the sea, with a deep and commodious inner bay, where the largest class of sea-going
vessels could lie with perfect safety. To-day this bay is converted into a fresh-water
lagoon, separated from the sea by a continuous sand strip, stretching across the old
entrance. Thia sand bank is the work of the waves, which, striking the sandy coast
at an angle varying with the direction of the wind, but always inside of the first
quarter, drives the sand fiom east to west, to be deposited at the extreme western
end of the hook, or east aide of the entrance. This continuous operation caused the
hook to advance until it struck the main coast on the west, thus completely inclosing
the bay.

The plan for the restoration of the harbor is based on data gathered through many
years of investigations, in which the nature and magnitude of the forces operating
on the coast were carefully defined and considered. It became then an easy matter
to create the means of opposing these forces, and the following plan has been adopted,
and is now in process of execution.

It consists in the construction of a jetty, or breakwater, about 2,000 feet long,
nearly normal to the shore of the sand strip separating the bay from the sea, and
extending to the 6-fathom curve ; then dredging from this latter depth offshore across
the sand bank and in the inner bay.

The jetty is located to the windward of the proposed entrance channel, which it is
intended to shelter from the sea and protect from the wash of the waves and the
traveling sand of the coast. The shifting sand arrested by the pier will accumulate
in the angle formed by the pier and coast until the deposit reaches the end of the
breakwater, when there will be a tendency to shoal around the outer end and across
the entrance. This can be again prevented by an extension of the pier, and the
same process continued from time to time until the new coast line thus formed is
perpendicular to the prevailing direction of the wind, when the shifting action of
sea will be permanently arrested and the work of the waves will be confined to
piling the sand on the beach.

The first section of the jetty extending from the shore to 15 feet of the water, ia
proposed to be built of creosoted timber, fascinage, and stone, and that portion in
deep water to be of "pierre perdue" or rubble, the atone to be obtained from the
" Divide Cut." The entrance channel is estimated to have a depth of 30 feet and
a width of 500 feet at the bottom, and the inner basin is designed of sufficient
dimensions to aiford easy access to the canal and to accommodate a large number of
vessels, its excavated area on the bottom being 206 acres, which, with the area of
the enlarged section of the canal at sea level to Lock No. 1, gives a total area of 341
acres of water 28 feet deep, exclusive of slopes of three to one and the remaining
portions of the inner bay not deepened, yet having in many places a depth of 20 feet,
in which a large nnmber of vessels of ordinary size can lie.

The first 700 feet of the pier have already been successfully built, and the results
BO far obtained fully confirm the expectations to be realized by the execution of the
plan.

BRITO.

The recent snrveys have greatly added to previous information as to the natural
conditions of this locality, which, by reason of its being of necessity the terminus of
the canal on the Pacific coast, has been apoken of as " the harbor," when, as
remarked by Professor Mitchell, it is not even a roadstead. Yet the practicability
of constructing a harbor at this poiut has not been disputed, the only difference of

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 217

opinion being confined to details. The plan iiow proposed combines, as nearly as
possible, the most economical form of construction with that best adapted to the
physical conditions, and meets, it is believed, most effectually the objections raised
against former designs.

The broad valley of the Rio Grande stretches to the coast at this point through a
wide gap in the main range of hills extending along the Pacific coast. This valley,
it is believed, formed once a considerable bay, but is now filled up for a distance of
about 6,000 feet from the beach to about the level of high water. The proposed
plan for the construction of the harbor consists, (1) in a breakwater 900 feet long,
extending from a rocky promontory projecting from the beach at the western ex-
tremity of the range of hills, and, (2) another jetty, 830 feet long, normal to the
beach nearly opposite the extremity of the one before mentioned. The proposed
harbor will be partly in deep water confined by the jetties, but its main portion is
proposed to be excavated in the alluvial valley, the whole forming a deep and broad
basin penetrating 3,000 feet from the present shore line at high water and 3,900 feet
from the entrance between the jetties. As an entension of the harbor, the canal it-
self is excavated at sea level with an enlarged prism for a distance of 3,000 feet far-
ther inland where the tide lock has been located. It is believed that, with the basin as
designed and the prolongation of the sea level through the canal, sufficient tranquil-
ity will be secured ar. the lock and in the harbor, but should this prove not to be
the case, an enlargement of the main basin by dredging in soft material would be a
question of but comparatively small expense.

The breakwaters, as estimated for, areof "pierre perdue," the material to be obtained
from the rocky promontory or from the western " Divide Cut," the price allowed
being on the latter basis. The harbor has an area of 95J acres on the bottom or
excavated portion, and with the sea level section of the canal the total area is 103|
acres of water, 30 feet deep, exclusive of the slopes of three to one.

MATERIALS FOB CONSTRUCTION.

The whole line of the canal is well supplied with timber, generally of excellent
quality, though in some sections of the eastern division it has been deemed advisable
to estimate for its use only on temporary works during construction, such as trestles,
laborers' dwellings, etc., the sheet piling and most of the bearing piles being imported
from the Southern States and creosoted when necessary. On the western division,
however, the wood growing on ground less moist is of a very superior quality, and
it is proposed to use it for all purposes, its durability having been amply proved in
every class of construction throughout the country.

The rock proposed to be used for the dams, weirs, and breakwaters will be got
from the divide cuts, which consist chiefly of basalt and various descriptions of trap
of excellent quality for the purpose.

Lime of the best quality is obtainable in the western division at many places, and
the numerous specimens of work on which it has been used have stood the test of
many generations and are to-day in a state of perfect preservation, but it is calcu-
lated to supplement this supply with imported cement, which will be used largely
in the form of concrete in the construction of locks, etc., clean sharp sand being
found in abundance In the beds of most of the streams in the vicinity of the canal.

DIMENSIONS AND CAPACITY OF THE CANAL.

In establishing the dimensions of the canal it has been my purpose to profit by the
experience at Suez, where a yearly traffic of 6,000,000 tons could not be carried
through without serious delays to navigation. The reduction in the length of exca-
vated canal accomplished by the last location in Nicaragua, through the substitution
of free navigation in deep and broad basins for a restricted channel, gives additional
facilities for the construction of a waterway capable of accommodating not less than
12,000 vessels, with a net tonnage of 20,000,000 a year, at but a small increased cost
as compared with the advantages secured, both for the commerce of the world and
the economical administration of the enterprise. In fact, the immediate and pros-
pective benefits obtained by the enlargement, in the increased facilities for passing
vessels, and a considerable decrease in the cost of maintenance and preservation of
the work, fully justify, it is believed, the additional expense in the original cost.
It will be seen on examination of the subjoined table that, of the 169.448 miles, the
total length of the canal from the Atlantic to the Pacific, 121.04 miles is unimpeded
navigation in the river San Juan and in Lake Nicaragua, and 21.619 miles through
basins, making a total distance of 142.659 miles in which ships can travel with little
or no restriction as to speed. Of the remaining 26.789 miles, 0.759 is taken up by the
six locks, leaving but 26.030 miles of canal actually in excavation. Of this latter
distance 18.189 miles are of canal large enough for vessels traveling in opposite direc-

218

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

tionB to pM8 each other, the secli onal area beinp in excess of the largest area of the
Suez Canal. The two sections of canal with contracted prisms are in the eastern and
western divide cuts ; the first is 2.917 miles and the other 4.924 miles in length, and
located as they are almost at the extreme ends of the summit level and in close
proximity to the upper locks, it is believed that the slight additional facilities to
navigation secured by enlarging the dimensions of the canal in these heavy rock cuts
and the inconsiderable gain in the time of transit would not compensate for the
larger outlay necessary.

Table showing the dimensions of the several sections of the proposed cannl.

Section of canaL

Length.

Width.

Mean
depth.

Area of
prism.

Top.

Bottom.

Milei.
9.297
1.258
1.C50
1.762

Ftet.
288
210
210

Feet.
120
120
120

Ftet.
28
30
30
30
30

40
52
28
50
30
30
30
50
35
28

Sq. feet.
5,712

4, 9.M)
4,950

Lock No 1 to Lock No 2 canal .......................

Lock No 2 to Lock No. 3, canal .....................

Lock No 2 to Lock No. 3, basin

Lock No. 3 to western end of eastern divide cnt, canal . . .
Lock No. 3 to western end of eastern divide out, De-

2. !17
3. ORO

2,40*

Western end of divide cut to Ochoa, canal

1.233
11. 267

184

3,673

Western end of divide cut to Ochoa, San Francisco

River San Juan to Toro Rapids

37.040

River San Juan, where dredging is needed

27. 5<iO
56. 50(1

rr.

lf>0
120
80
80

1. .105

210
80
184

4, O r >0
2, 40
3,673

Western divide ont, canal

4.921
2.519
5. 504
1. 582
.570

Divide out to east end of Tola Basin, canal .............

East end of Tola Basin to Lork No. 4, basin ........

184
288

80
120

3,673
5.012

Lock No 6 to harbor of Bri to canal

RECAPITULATION.

Ifilei.

Canal excavation, east sido 14.870

Canal excavation, west side 11. 160

Six looks, both sides... 759

Canal in excavation 26.789

Deseado Basins 4.848

San Francisco Basin 11.267

Tola Basin 5.504

Length of basins 21.619

River San Juan 64.540

Lake Nicaragua 50.500

Natural waterways 121.040

From Atlantic to Pacific (length of canal) 169.448

In the lake and in the greater part of the River San Juan vessels can travel with
unrestricted speed, and in some sections of the river and in the basins, although the
channel is at almost all points deep and of considerable width, yet the speed will be
somewhat checked by reason of the curves.

Official reports show that, in the Suez Canal, steamers of 4,400 tons can travel at
an average speed of 6 statute miles per hour, and that smaller vessels travel
through the canal at the rate of from 6 to 8 miles an hoar. On this basis the follow-
ing estimate of the time of transit has been prepared :

Estimated time of through transit by steamer.

II. M.

26.030 miles of canal, at 5 miles an hour. 5 12

21.619 miles in the basins, at 7 miles an hour 3 05

64.540 miles in River San Juan, at 8 miles an hour 8 04

56.500 miles in Lake Nicaragua, at 10 miles an hour 5 39

Blockages, at 45 minutes each 4 30

Allow for detentions in narrow outs .. 1 30

Total time of transit 28 00

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 219

The traffic of the eaual will be limited Uy the time required for a vessel to pass a
lock and on a basis of 45 minutes and that bat one vessel will pass in each lockage,
the number of vessels that can pass through the canal in one day will be 32, or in one
year 11,680, which, at the average tonnage of vessels going through the Suez Canal,
will give 20,440,000 tons per year. This estimate is on the assumption that the traffic
will not be stopped during the night, for, with abundant water power at the locks
and at the basins the whole canal can be economically illuminated by electricity,
and, with beacons and range lights in the lake aud river, there seems to be no good
reason why vessels should not travel day and night with perfect safety, and the out-
lay necessary for the illumination has consequently been included in the estimate.

WATER SUPPLY.

Lake Nicaragua has a surface area of about 2,600 square miles and a watershed of
not less than 8,000 square miles. Gauges at its outlet, the River San Juan, at its
lowest stage between the Lake and Toro Rapids, showed a minimum flow of 11,390
cubic feet per second. Colonel Childs estimated the discharge with full lake in the
wet season at 18,059 cubic feet per second, which gives a mean flow of 14,724 cubic
feet per second, or 1,272,530,600 cubic feet per day.

Water required for lockage.

Cubic foot
Water required for one lockage :

On the east side 2.047,500

On the west side 1,933,750

On both sides 3,981,250

Water required for thirty-two lockages per day 127,400,000

This gives a daily excess for the lake supply only of 1, 144,753,600 cubic feet.

To the latter amount must be added the flow of the several tributaries of the San
Juan River between the lake and the Ochoa Dam, and also the tributaries of the
basins forming part of the summit level, which would fully compensate for leakage
and evaporation.

It is expected that considerable leakage will take place at the rock -fill dams and
embankments before they consolidate and become tight, but this may well be accepted
as a desirable condition to aid in gradually disposing of the surplus water without a
large discharge over the weirs.

The above statement shows that the lake discharge is about ten times larger than
the maximum amount needed for the canal, aud it may be safely estimated that for
many years after the canal is opened for traffic, the surplus, from that source alone,
will be double that amount, while at the confluence of the rivers San Juan and San
Carlos, above the Ochoa Dam, the excess may even reach forty times the quantity
needed for the canal. It is evident, therefore, that as long as the summit level can
be maintained at the required elevation, the leakage through the rock-fills, acting
as safety valves, may be regarded as an element of security rather than one of danger,
especially aa the tightening of the dam may be regulated by depositing suitable
material on the upstream side, or by dumping more stone on the lower slopes or on
the crest, so as to preserve the desired elevation of the surface of the water.

A detailed estimate of the cost of the canal is foreign to the nature of this paper,
but it may be proper to state that the probable total cost has been arrived at through
careful computations based upon the data obtained by the last location and numerous
boring along the whole route.

The eastern divide cut, less than 3 miles in length, is represented in the estimate
with 7,000,230 cubic yards of rock in place, and 22 per cent, of the cost of the whole
canal. Reference has already been made, in describing the Eastern Division, to the
existing facilities for doing the work and the several purposes to which the material
to be removed can be economically applied in the construction of the canal. In the
Western Division the excavation in rock through the divide cut is estimated at
5,696,507 cubic yards, distributed over a distance of 9 miles, in which the deepest
portion of the excavation is but 42 feet above the surface of the water. There are
ample facilities for the deposit of the waste material not needed for the construction
of the breakwaters, the locks, the embankments, the dam, etc.

Of the 26.789 miles of canal in excavation, more than 12 miles will be done by
dredging at the level of the sea, the material to be deposited directly on both sides
of the canal prism.

A railroad has been estimated for between Greytown harbor and the river San Juan
above the Ochoa Dam, and on the Western Division between the lake and the Pacific,
which, together with the lake and river and the smaller streams penetrating the val-
leys of the Deseado and San Francisco, will afford easy and economical communica-
tion along the whole route.

It is admitted that th cost of this work will be greater than that of similar work

220 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

located in a well- developed country. A large percentage of the increased cost is
chargeable to the transportation of machine tools, and to the difficulty of obtaining
and providing for the workmen, the country from Greytown to the lake being un-
inhabited and covered with a dense forest, and intercepted by extensive swamps and
ridges of steep hills; and that between the lake and the Pacific but sparsely popu-
lated. The erection of houses for the protection of property and the accommodation
of employe's will also be a necessary item of considerable expense, but the country
is exceptionally healthy, and these structures need not be either substantial in
character or expensive. They need be, as a rule, but temporary sheds built with
material gathered along the line of the canal, at but little more cost than the labor
of handling it. Yet much delay and expense will be found unavoidable in the pre-
liminary preparations for commencing the work of excavation.

Another contingency which may cause a marked increase in the cost of the work ie
the physical inability of the imported workmen to perform the ordinary labor, as com-
pared with that accomplished in a more temperate climate. The laboring classes of
Nicaragua, when under proper control, are capable of an activity and endurance under
great fatigue and exposure to the elements scarcely equalled in any other country,
and with no apparent injury to health ; yet the same capabilities can not-be expected
in nnacclimated foreigners accustomed to different conditions of life. It is believed
that not less than 6.000 excellent laborers can be obtained from the Central American
States, and that with a judicious management all the help needed can be had from
the Gulf States in this country where the climatic conditions are in many respects
similar to those prevailing over a large portion of the canal route. The number ot
skilled laborers employed will be comparatively small. On the west side of the lake,
where the greater number of laborers will be employed, the climate is not excelled
for salubrity by any other portion of Central America, and in that portion of the
eastern section from Ochoa to Greytown, which is the only locality where trouble
from climatic causes might be expected, the unexceptional good health enjoyed by
the employe's of the company during more than two years of constant exposure to the
influence of the climate, while undergoing all kinds of hardships and privations,
seems to be an evident demonstration that no apprehension need be entertained as to
the climate. It will be observed that in this section the work is divided into two
large classes, viz : the divide cut and dredging. The first is located in the most
elevated and healthy portion of the line, and in the second the number of employe's
is reduced to a minimum, as manual labor is almost entirely excluded. The small
force necessary to handle and care for the machinery will be either housed on the
dredges or in quarters in the divide where, with the purest of waters from the moun-
tain streams and the cool trades constantly sweeping in from the sea, the slightest
sanitary regulations will insure perfect health at all times.

It is believed that with an intelligent and businesslike management the canal can
be completed in six years for the work of actual construction, and one year in mak-
ing the necessary preparations to commence active operations, and that the total
cost will not exceed $90,000,000, exclusive of banking commissions, interest during
construction, and other expenses not included in the engineer's estimate.

WORK ACCOMPLISHED.

The first expedition for construction left New York on the 25th of May, 1689, and
on the 3d of June landed at the proposed entrance to the canal, near Greytown, on a
sandy, uninhabited coast, without harbor or shelter from the elements, with no
means of communication along the line of the canal except through tortuous and
much -obstructed streams, some of which could not float a loaded canoe, and depend-
ing altogether on a base of supplies for construction materials and subsistence 2,000
miles distant, with only one line of steamers touching on that coast, and two weeks
distant from the nearest telegraph station. The first work of the pioneers of the
great enterprise was, necessarily, one of self preservation. Rude temporary shelters
had to be improvised for the protection of men and stores, while more permanent
buildings could be erected ; means of transportation along the route of the canal
through deep and extensive swamps and virgin forests had to be provided for, and
telegraphic communication to the nearest station (more than 100 miles from the
coast) and connecting the various camps about to be established with the base of
operations, was felt from the start to be a necessary adjunct to prosecuting the
work. Under these conditions, aggravated by an insufficient supply of an inferior
class of labor, the first operations were difficult, tedious, and expensive, and it was
not until the month of October following that the preliminary organization of the
various departments had been completed, and the ordinary work of construction
could be said to have commenced.

The opening of an entrance into what used to be the Bay of Greytown, was recog-
nized from thr start to be an indispensable requisite in the prosecution of the work.
Ships now anchor about 2 miles off shore, and machinery and other supplies are

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 221

brought ashore in lighters, through a shifting entrance and dangerous bar, with a
variable depth, never exceeding 6 feet. This method of landing supplies involves
considerable risk and expense, and is altogether inadequate for the discharge of the
heavy machinery. The company, therefore, has spared no effort in obtaining an
entrance from the sea into the bay, and the construction of the breakwater was one
of the first works undertaken by the company, and pushed ahead with all possible
dispatch. This pier is now about 700 feet long, its outer end being in 12 feet of
water, and so far has fulfilled, even beyond expectations, all that was expected to be
accomplished by it. It affords already sufficient protection to the dredges excavating
the channel, and the company has already made a contract for the dredging of the
entrance and inner bay to a depth of 20 feet. Some of the dredges are now in Nica-
ragua and others are in process of construction and will leave soon for Greytown. It
is expected, therefore, that within the next five months vessels drawing 15 or 20 feet
may be able to enter the bay and discharge their freight directly on the wharves of
the company.

Heavy machinery suitable for the work can then be safely landed, the work of
preparation may be said to have been completed, and active operations can be under-
taken along the whole route.

While prosecuting the harbor work the company has also established permanent
quarters, erected large storehouses, hospitals, dwellings, shops, and other buildings.
It has accumulated the necessary material for the construction of an aqueduct
13 miles in length (work on which is now actively pushed), which is to supply Grey-
town, the works on the eastern section of the canal, the harbor, and the company's
headquarters, with fresh water from the mountains. It has erected wharves and
warehouses for the receipt and storage of supplies. Parts of the San Juanillo,
Deseado, San Francisco, and other streams, have been cleared of obstructions and
made navigable for small craft, and several miles of the route of the canal, between
the harbor and the Eastern Divide, have been grubbed and cleared and made ready
for dredging. The company has built about 10 miles of broad gauge railroad and
about 70 miles of telegraph and telephone lines, and has landed at Greytown large
quantities of machinery, tools, lumber, piles, creosoted timber, boats, steam tugs
and. launches, lighters, pile drivers, and other materials and equipment necessary
for the harbor and canal work. Large quantities of railroad supplies, locomotives,
steam excavators, are now at Greytown, and a contract has been let for the con-
struction of 17 miles of railroad from Greytown to the Eastern Divide cut, work on
which has already commenced, and, in short, it may be safely said that the whole
work is being pushed forward as rapidly as the Circumstances and condition of the
country permit.

A. G. MEXOCAL,

Chief Engineer.

222 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

APPENDIX B.

sf'KCIAL REPORT ON DATA RELATING TO THE MARITIME CANAL <>l
NICARAGUA AND THE REGIONS TRI/WTARY TUKRETO.

[ByCHARi.K.8 T. HAIIVKV, Civil Knginetr.]

THE MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA,

Secretary's Office, 44 Wall Street, December M, 1889.

The nnderaigned has been instructed to cause the following correspondence and
report to be printed for the general information of the friends and stockholders of the
above-named enterprise.

Special attention is called to the fact that the locks of the Lake Superior Ship
Canal (of which the dimensions most nearly coincide with those proposed for the
Nicaragua Canal,) have been in constant use for one-third of a century without ces-
sation for a single day from accidents or for repairs during seasons of navigation.

This precedent is deemed by the company a sufficient indication that like results
are certain in this enterprise, where the latest-improved lock appliances and safe-
guards will be provided from the outset, and where more favorable climatic condi-
tions exist.

The fact that the Lake Superior Canal was built within the estimates of both time
and cost, under less favorable conditions in many respecta than attach to the con-
struction work of this company, will doubtless have weight in the minds of those who
in such matters are influenced by precedents.

The statistics of the growth and relative economy of the water way traffic of the
section of this continent tributary to the Lake Superior Ship Lock Canal, are deemed
worthy of especial attention.

The conclusions set forth in Mr. Harvey's report, illustrated by the accompanying
maps, relating to the territory on this continent, from which commerce will seek the
Nicaragua Canal as the most economical route, suggest new commercial conditions
and results, deemed especially interesting to those having, or contemplating, invest-
ments in connection with this interoceanic and international water way.

THOMAS B. ATKINS,
Secretary Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua.

THE MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICAKAGUA,
PretidenCs Office, 44 Wall Street, New York, May 15, 1889.

DEAR SIR : The fact that yon occupied the positions of both business manager and
constructing engineer of the greatest ship canal operated with locks at the time of its
completion, and which has held the first place as to tonnage traffic up to the present
time (outranking the Suez Tide-Lovel Canal in monthly volume of business during
open season on the Western Lakes), and that yon were honored with a vote of thanks
by the Constructing C ompany for your ability displayed in prosecuting the canal
work under your charge to completion, led the Nicaragua Canal Construction Com-
pany to select yon an a member of the advisory board of engineers, which has lately
concluded its revision of the estimates of Chief Engineer Menocal, as based upon the
surveys made and data ascertained by the engineering corps under hi- directions.

Considering your former experience a valuable gnide in such undertakings, and
that your recent inspection of the maps, profiles, plans, and general data of this en-
terprise will enable yon to state the main points connected with its feasibility and
future traffic development in the light of established precedents coming under your
personal obaert ation, and in a manner which will no doubt prove worthy of special

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 223

attention, I request you to favor me with your views aud suggestions from the stand-
point of a constructor of ship-lock caual work and manager of such water-way in-
terests.

Yours, very respectfully, HIRAM HITCHCOCK,

President Maritime Canal Company.
CHAS. T. HARVEY, ESQ.,

Civil Engineer, New York City.

NEW YORK CITY, May 110, 1889.

DEAR SIR: Your communication of the 15th instant has been received and duly
considered. Prior engagements for the ensiiing^eason will prevent my giving imme-
diate attention to the subject to which you refer, but when otherwise disengaged
I will endeavor to comply with your wishes.

I am at present planning to visit, during the coming summer, the ship canal at the
outlet of Lake Superior, the subject of my former labors, and if that plan is realized,
I will allot a portion of my time while there to formulating a statement of facts, past
and present, connected with that water way, with a view to its bearing upon the
results to be anticipated at the completion of the Nicaragua Ship Canal.

The extended examination of the construction data of the noble enterprise which
you represent, made by me early in the present year, has led to the formation of
opinions which, with due allowance for time necessarily occupied by other and prior
professional engagements, can bo placed at your service after my return to the city.
Meanwhile you may not hear from me again until I reach the outlet of that match-
less inland sea and the adjacent region where I was a pioneer in promoting the de-
velopment of its then latent, but now famous, commercial resources.
I remain, very respectfully, yours,

CHAKLKS T. HARVEY.

HIRAM HITCHCOCK, Esq.,

President Maritime Canal Company.

INTERNATIONAL HOTEL,
Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., August 20, 1889.

DEAR SIR : Referring to my letter to you of May 20, 1889, I have now to say that
circumstances have favored the plan I then entertained of revisiting this locality.

If any persons have the impression that ship canals have been superseded in com-
mercial importance by the march of modern improvements in other forms of transit,
a visit of inspection to this point (where is located the greatest development of lock
canals to be found in the world) will quickly dispel such an illusion. From the
windows of the hotel where these lines are written my eyes can rest upon enlarge-
ments of canal capacity, now being prosecuted upon both banks of the Falls of the
St. Mary's River, the outlet of this greatest of inland seas, by two of the most enter-
prising nations of the world. The workmen employed in these respective operations
are under separate nationalities, although less than one mile apart. And yet, with
only the present facilities, more tonnage is being locked through the operating canal
on the southern side of the river in seven months (navigation in this region being
closed by ice, on the average, from December 1 to May 1 in each year), than is ex-
pected to pass through the Suez Canal during the present calendar year. I have
myself seen, during one morning of this week, 15 steamers (some of 3,000 tons bur-
den), clustered together as passed, passing, or waiting to pass the locks ; and within
the space of one hour all had disappeared upon their respective voyages.

The annexed view is from a photograph recently taken of a fleet of steam and sail
vessels (the latter mostly masted barges, regularly towed between ports by consort
steamers) awaiting their turn to pass through the lock of the United States Ship
Canal at the entrance to Lake Superior.

Comparing this with the time when, in 1853, I wheeled out the first barrowload of
excavation for the original ship canal at this point, the change seems almost incredi-
ble. Then a tram railway operated by a few horses sufficed to transfer around the
falls all commodities to and from Lake Superior.

This, to my mind, is but an appropriate indication of the growth of the commerce
which waits upon the opening of the Nicaragua interoceanic water way to crowd
its utmost capacity.

Thus far, by way of introduction, to a report [part first] upon the data respecting
water-way developments in this region, the preparation of which I have already com-
menced.

Very respectfully, yours,

CHARLKS T. HARVEY.

HIHAM HITCHCOCK, Esq.,

President Maritime Canal Company, 44 Wall St., New York City.

-_>_> 4 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

PART FIRST.

DATA RELATING TO THE SHIP-CANAL FACILITIES AND THAFFIC
OF THE LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN.

HISTORICAL.

In the last decade of the eighteenth century, a British far-trading company con-
structed, on the Canadian side, a sluiceway for the passage of loaded bateaux around
the Falls of the St. Mary's River, by a gradual incline to a lift-lock, about 40x9
feet in area, bnilt of dressed timber, of which remains have recently been exhumed.
Records are silent as to its farther history, but it is believed to have been destroyed
daring the war of 1812-'14, when a military force from the United Slates burn every
building in that vicinity.

In 1852 the Congress of the United States passed a law donating to the State of
Michigan 750,000 acres of public land within its borders, to aid in building a ship
canal around the Falls, committing the entire control of the work to the State,
stipnlating, however, that the canal should not be less than 10'J feet in width, and
12 feet deep, with locks not less than 250 feet long and 50 feet wide.

Being myself at the Falls when this law was enacted, my own conviction of the
importance of the work led me to immediately devote my time and energies to its
promotion. In the line of this effort I attended the next session of the State legis-
lature, and was selected by the committee having the matter in charge to draught the
State law to govern the prosecution of the enterprise, and it was enacted substan-
tially in the form in which I submitted it. Having made a tour of the lake region
during the previous year, its latent resources so impressed me that, npon later at-
tendance at the legislature, I strenuously advocated bnilding the canal npon a still
larger scale than the act of Congress called fur, as sure to be needed in the coming
years. Although the only person, so far as my memory recalls, who originally pro-
posed an increase of the lock dimensions, my views were, after considerable hesita-
tion, adopted by the legislators, and locks 350 feet long and 70 feet wide were (in
the law) made obligatory by the State as a condition in any contract for the work.

Afterward, submitting a bid in behalf of Eastern capitalists, the contract was
awarded to them, and I was at once appointed State's agent by the governor to
designate the lands to be received in payment from the United States. In consider-
ation of such selections as made by myself in the Upper Peninsula, and later by a co-
land agent for the Lower Peninsula, my principals proposed to build the canal for
the State, and upon the wise selection of the aforesaid lauds their profits de-
pended.

My next step was to apply to the legislature of New York for a special charter for a
construction company, which the constitution of the State of Michigan did not per-
mit, but which its legislature could (and did) recognize when created by another
State. Having obtained the charter at Albany, New York City was next visited,
where cash subscriptions were secured for the authorized capital stock of $1,000,000,
and the same apportioned to capitalists, who constituted a remarkably influential
and financially able body of stockholders.

Upon the organization of the corporation as the St. Mary's Falls Ship Canal Com-
pany I was appointed its general agent, with full executive powers for prosecuting
the work, and proceeding to Detroit organized the first detachment of the working
force, numbering about 400 men, chartered a steamer, and landed them at the " Soo"
(the name under which the Falls, in abbreviation of the French name given it by
the Jesuit pioneers of the seventeenth century, were known), June 2, 1853. On the
4th of the same month I formally broke ground, and the work commenced forthwith.

My supervisory duties included, unexpectedly to me, that of chief engineer, with
the sole responsibility of directing the work, in all respects, during the closed or
winter seasons. The most remarkable operation occurring in the engineering de-
partment during that period was the devising and constructing of a machine, oper-
ated by steam, which could deliver a blow of 10,000 pounds force per square inch,
by which submarine rock excavation was carried on in midwinter in 2 fathoms
of water, including nearly a half- fathom of ice.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 225

When the emergency requiring such force was discovered, I was obliged to dis-
patch couriers over the icy wastes of frozen rivers aiul lakes to the Canadian settle-
meuts along the north shore of Georgian Bay to collect numbers of blacksmiths'
bellows sufficient to furnish the blast for forging the main parts of this novel ma-
chine.

It proved a great success, and by it thousands of yards in area of solid rock were
excavated rapidly and economically. While it was operating at the lake entrance
I had the honor of personally opening the cofferdam sluice gates, which let the
waters of Lake Superior flow permanently into the finished prism and locks of the
ship canal the 19th of April, Id55.

The time between the commencement and completion of the work was twenty-two
and one-half months, whereas the contract period allowed was twenty-four months.
The capital allotted for the work was $1,000,000; but my account as construction
agent was, in rouud numbers, less than $875,000. Thus this canal was, both as to timt
and cost, completed within the original estimates.

Probably no public work was ever constructed upon more honorable principles. In
every case where, as engineer, I applied to the directors for permission to improve
the work beyond the contract specifications, it was granted. The State engineer's
plans were originally for lock-gates, worked with long beams, against which men
were to brace their backs in opening or shutting. Before that detail was reached
more excellent but costlier devices were substituted at the contractors' expense.

This canal had by far the largest locks then to be found in the world, and they
have fulfilled their mission without defect or cessation for over a third of a century.
Upon an examination made this week I could not find a single fissure in the lock
walls or detect any deflection in them, nor in the miter sills or lock-chamber floors.
That they would continue thus for ages, so far as the forces of nature are concerned,
is unquestionable. The engineers of the United States Government have, however,
now commenced operations to remove them, and to substitute a new lock of nearly
quadruple capacity, as will be hereinafter noted.

In referring to them, General Poe, U. S. Army, in charge of the work, in his re-
port of of December 29, 1886, uses the following language :

"They were magnificent constructions in their day, and would still be useful if the
commerce had not entirely outgrown them."

It may be of interest to you to be assured that if the construction of the canal, of
which you have charge, was under its present conditions the subject of choice for
personal management, as against the canal at this point, with the surroundings un-
der which its construction was undertaken, I should recommend yours as involving
the least risk and administrative energy, to secure its completion within your engi-
neering estimates as to both time and cost.

To meet any incredulity as to such conclusions, in view of the far greater opera-
tions required at Nicaragua, some of the obstacles overcome will, by way of contrast,
be recalled.

This region was then more remote from the sources of labor supply and many
prime materials than is yours at this time.

Thus in 1853 every one of the many thousand kegs of powder used was transported
here from the States of Connecticut or Delaware on the Atlantic coast. Agents
were required, en route to and from New York City, to hire immigrants and bring
them here in gangs, paying all their expenses, and also to circumvent the emis-
saries of the various railroads then building in Illinois and Wisconsin, who came
here surreptitiously to hire them to go elsewhere, as there was at that time a scarcity
of labor throughout the West. The nearest machine shop was several hundred
miles away, with no practical means of communication during five-twelfths of the
year. The nearest telegraph station was at Detroit, 450 miles distant, and business
letters in midwinter required six weeks to reach the Construction Company's New
York office and return a reply.

On the other hand, all parts of your work will be in telegraphic communication
with each other and with your New York office, while labor and supplies can be sent
from the best markets directly and cheaply to your own landings and depots.

The conditions as to improvements in labor-saving machinery and explosives made
available within the intervening years are almost incomparably in your favor.

In this case drilling was done mainly by hand 100 men then not equalling the
work of ten men with present improved machinery. Then the only way to hasten
the work was to increase the number of hands, and consequently at one time 2,000
men could here be seen at work within the space of 1 mile. The climate and sani-
tary conditions of your Hue of work must be considered as exceptionably favorable,
in view of the equable mildness of the climate and for other reasons hereinai'tei
stated under the caption of " climatic conditions," etc.

At this locality, during the severity of winter, 35 degrees below zero is frequentlj
registered in the mornings of the short days, with only eight hours of sunlight

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 15

226 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

Duritg the hours of such extremely low temperature one man wasdetai'ed to stand
at the head of each of the runways for barrows, with orders when he saw a face frost-
bitten to rub it with snow until circulation was restored without the barrow -in an
leaving the work. Epidemic cholera broke out during the second summer and carried
to their graves about one-tenth of the working force.

When these facts are borne in mind it will be seen that a choice of your undertak-
ing as the least difficult will not seem unreasonable. Experts have declared that
the record of building a work of the dimensions and importance of the Lake Suprrioi
Ship Canal in the face of the obstacles indicated, and yet within the estimates as to
botli time and cost, has never been surpassed. Be that as it may, it is a pleasant con-
clusion of this historical notice to be able to say that, viewed as a financial venture,
the canal proved a great success for its contractors, as the following instance will
illustrate: An English capitalist, residing or having business connections in the
Madeira Islands at that time, visited the works with introductory letters to im
and, after personal observation, instructed his agent in New York to invest $100.000
in the Construction Company's stock. About twenty years later that agent's canhicr
informed me that he had remitted over $500,000 in sterling exchange as the proceeds
of the sale of a part of that investor's quota of the selected lands, with a balance
yet to follow.

The locks and canal as originally constructed continued uninterruptedly in use
until the close of the season of 1886. Meanwhile the commerce of Lake Superior,
in consequence of these canal facilities, increased so rapidly that the demand for
enlargements was imperative not alone from the State of Michigan, which con-
trolled it, bnt also from such of the other States and the provinces of Canada as
bordered upon its connecting lakes. Consequently the State of Michigan, on the
3d of March, 1881, passed an act transferring the canal to the United States Govern-
ment, which by an act of Congress of the same year accepted it as a national canal
the most important public work within its broad domain. On the 1st of September
of the aforesaid year the supplementary lock (for which Congress had made due
appropriation) was added to the canal facilities.

Thus far in historical review.

It was my good fortune to meet here during the present month, General Casey,
Chief of United States Engineers, having charge of all the national public works,
also General Poe, U. 8. Army, in charge of Government works in this district, to-
gether with Mr. E. S. Wheeler, civil engineer, United States, general superintend-
ent of the canal.

By the courtesy of these distinguished officials, the opportunity was provided for
an inspection by me of the governmental work of deepening the river about 20 miles
below the canal, at a point known as the Middle Neebish Channel.

CHANNEL IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ST. MARY'S RIVER.

General Superintendent Wheeler accompanied me on the United States steamer
Despatch on the 12th instant and afforded me all possible information conceiniug the
Neebish Channel rock-excavating operations. A channel is there being cut through
solid sandstone rock, from 10 to 15 feet thick, 300 feet in width, for a distance of over
2 miles.

Dredges were made capable of forcing their way through the less solid upper strata
of the rock, bnt the use of explosives in all the strata was found to be cheaper. The
chief interest centered upon a machine drill boat, having four steam drills working
from one of its sides, boring 24-inch-diameter holes about 6 feet apart, and 12 to 15
feet deep, into which 30-iuch-long dynamite canisters were placed and exploded by
electricity, without delaying the other drills at work alongside.

The perfection to which work of that kind has been brought is shown by the fact
that the constructors now receive but $1.80 per cubic yard for the rock excavation,
measured in place, although required to deposit the d6bris in a way to construct a
sea wall or mole some 6 feet above water, 50 feet from and parallel to the ship chan-
nel, as a safeguard against transverse currents acting upon passing vessels. Super-
intendent Wheeler informed me that the same work, if let ten or twelve years ago,
would have cost at least $4 per yard.

These and similar items of information have a direct bearing upon the plans and
operations of your company, in prosecuting the deepening of the ship channel at its
entrance into Lake Nicaragua and at various points along the San Juan River.

LOCK ENLARGEMENTS AND IMPROVEMENTS.

At the time of the completion of the original canal at this locality no vessels draw-
ing over 8 feet of water could reach it from Lake Huron, owing to reefs and sand
bars in the connecting river channels. Then the depth of 12 feet in the locks seemed
ample. Not long after this was assured, the National Government entered upon tie
work of deepening and straightening the lake water courses to a minimum of 12 feet.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

227

A decade later, the channel depth was generally increased to 1C feet, and the same
is now being still further deepened to a minimum of 20 feet, under the supervision of
Army officers detailed to that duty at the various points of operation.

Coincident with the attainment of the general canal depth of 16 feet, it became
necessary to provide similar depth in the canal and locks, and accordingly a sup-
plementary lock was built by the side of the original ones, the lift being made in a
(single chamber, as shown in the annexed photographic view recently obtained.

This is now the operating lock of the canal, being 515 feet long, 80 feet wide, de-
creased to 60 feet in width at the gates.

It has a depth of 17 feet over the miter sills, and a lift of 18 feet. The depth of
the chamber is 39 feet. At each end of the lock are placed outside guard gates of
the same style as those in regular use, all being of the usual horizontal motion plan-

The inflow and discharge of the locks is provided for by two parallel conduits pass-
ing under the miter sills and lock floors; those for the inflow being 8 feet square,
and having openings 2 feet square, occurring at regular intervals, under the whole
length of the lock. This proves to be a perfect plan for the purpose, and is being
copied, substantially, by the Canadian engineers.

The gates are operated by hydraulic power, in a simple but effective method, by
which, in two minutes of time, the leaves are brought into reversed positions. Eleven
minutes suffices for tilling the lock, and eight minutes for its discharge. The lock
and the canal are equipped with electric lights, and vessels are passing at all hours;
the estimated capacity being 4 per hour, or 96 per diem. The greatest daily number
passed to date was on June 14, 1887, when 87 were locked through. I recently witnessed
a pleasing instance of international courtesy, when two Canadian Pacific Line
steamers, of 2,000 tons each, were locked together through this United States canal,
without toll or charge of any kind.

At the upper end of the canal is anovel arrangement of a guard gate, to be used in
case of any serious displacement or damage to the operating lock gates; an accident
which might convert the canal into the channel of a torrent, in which ordinary
swing gates would not withstand the process of being closed.

This device may properly bo termed a movable dam, and resembles, in appearance,
an ordinary railway swing bridge, with the addition of a lower section moving in
the canal prism. Its advantages are that it can be operated entirely on land, and,
having slot openings, would not stop the current suddenly (being only partially shut,
until each slot is separately closed), and thus this appliance would not invite the
whole force of the current to crush the jambs or the gates.

The following wood cufc will serve to indicate its form:

228 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

The possibility of this guard gate being called into requisition is not remote, for s
heavily loaded steamship might easily surge against lock gates with force sufficient
to carry t In m away singly, or through a series of lifts.*

The principle of the movable dain offers a reliable safeguard against such contin-
gencies, and I cau not too strongly recommend the adoption of the principle in its
m<t improved form on the Atlantic and Pacific slopes of your water way, as of the
highest importance. The credit of the above-mentioned device, I aui informed,
belongs mainly to Mr. Alfred Noble, formerly the assistant constructing engineer on
this canal.

One feature of the new lock invites criticism. It is the drawing in of the chamber
width at the gates, which is an unnecessary impairment of the capacity of the lock,
as it prevents two vessels entering freely abreast. This feature is reported as being
copied on the Canadian side, but in the latest and largest projected United Stair-.
lock it is sensibly discarded altogether.

As before mentioned, the United States Government having engaged in the pro-
cess of making all the lake-connecting channels of a minimum depth of 20 feet,
new lock facilities commensurate with the increased draught bfecame a necessary
sequence. To provide these it was decided to remove the original locks already
mentioned, and replace them by an enlarged lock with these unprecedented dinn-ii-
.simis: 800 feet long, 100 feet wide in chamber and at gates, and having 18 feet lift,
with 21 feet in depth over miter sills.

The gates are to be in two leaves of iron material, each of about 55 by 45 feet in
area, and, as General Poe informs me, are estimated to weigh 124 tons for each leaf.
Upon an intimation that I thought a plan involving less weight might be devised, he
requested me to submit the same to him when I should have it fully prepared ; this I
intend to do in time for your company to have the benefit of his judgment as well us
that of the Canadian canal engineers, who also desire to adopt improvements in
this regard.

The Canadian Government having determined to build, at this point, a canal
within its own territory, work has already commenced [under contracts to be com-
pleted in 1892], upon a canal 150 feet wide at bottom, with locks 600 feet long, 85
feet wide, and narrowed to 65 feet at gates, with 18} feet over miter sills.

Assuming that both the United States and Canadian canal enlargements now in
progress, will be in service at the commencement of 1895, the following growth of
canal transit capacity in the first forty years of ship caual operations on this inland
water course, will have been developed :

Cubic feet. Cable feet.

1855. Lockage. 350 by 70 by 16 (counting as one full lift) 39-2,000

1895. Lockage. 515 by 80 by 16 659,200

Lockage. 600 by 85 by 18* 943,500

Lockage. 800 by 100 by 20 1,600,000

3,202,700

Increase, more than 8 for 1.

TRAFFIC DEVELOPMENT.

Surprising as the foregoing figures may be deemed, it will be seen that the traffic
growth has a far larger ratio of increase. Thus :

1855.

1888.

Registered tonnage ... ...... .................

106 206

5 130 659

Tons freight net (estimated)......

30,000

*6, 411,423

* Official.

The returns of the first three months of 1889 indicate that the freight tonnage will
reach at least 7,500,000 tons, for the season. (Traffic to August 1, 3,426,051 tons.)
The tonnage increase of the canal traffic (with a most liberal starting figure of regis-
tered, instead of traffic tonnage), is, therefore, in thirty-four years, over 60 to 1.

"Since these lines were written, I have been informed by Chief Engineer Page,
who has charge of all the Canadian canals, that such an occurrence has taken place
more than once in his experience with the Welland Canal (extending between Lakes
Erie and Ontario). A steamer, its engines " caught on center" when the engineer
attempted to reverse their motion, caused a pair of gates to be disabled during the
present season; and in a previous year an entire series of oonnecting lift gates were
carried away from the same cause.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

229

That the progress of annual development may be noted, the tables of yearly
returns are to be annexed (see Addenda, page 45), by which it will be seen that there
has been a steady advance from the beginning, and that at the same ratio of increase
the traffic of 189.") will approximate 15,000,000 tons.

These astonishing results already attained have been realized, notwithstanding
the tact, that railways have been extended to all the principal points on both sides
of this inland water course, from end to end, and also that Lake Michigan, through
its Green Bay estuary, extends within 60 miles of Lake Superior at the point where
the, mineral belt commences, and there draws away several million tons (or more
than one-half) of the Iron- ore pTOdno 1 along the South Shore region of Lake Superior,*
the shipment of which passes east through the Straits of Mackinaw, or south through
Green Bay and Lake Michigan, and, consequently, does not appear in the canal
totals, as given above. (See map.)

THE CAUSE OP THIS REMARKABLE WATER-TRANSIT DEVELOPMENT.

The conditions causing and controlling this carrying trade are clearly set forth in
official communications to the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, by General Poe, U. S.
Army, dated United States Engineer's Oriice, Detroit, Mich., May 11, 1888.

It inclosed beside an admirable report by Mr. E. S. Wheeler, United States civil
engineer, general superintendent of the Lake Superior Ship Canal. In it, as the result
of a general inquiry among vessel owners, shippers, and consignees along this water
course, the following data were established for the year 1887:

Average length of water transportation (Duluth to Buffalo), 811.4 miles.

Total of freight curried, 5,494,649 tons.

Total miles of conveyance tor single ton, 4,458,544,804.

Total of freight charges, including terminal freight charges, $10,075,153.13.

Cost of water transit per ton per mile, 0.28 of a cent. Referring to the reports of
the Bureau of Statistics of the United States, Mr. Wheeler found that the average
freight charges of the railroad trunk lines for 1886 were 0.999 of a cent per mile, and
the average cost as between landand water carriage was as 811 is to 183. It followed
that the saving for the year to consumers of staples seeking a market through this
canal was $:54,557,140.

To this deduction General Poe adds the following remarks :

"It is not at all improbable that but for this water route, open for about seven
months in 1887, the charges laid upon the freight carried would have amounted to
$50,000,000. If this estimate is not exaggerated, and I think it is not, then the actual
benefit to producer and consumer was fully $40,000,000 in that single year, divided
among them in unknown quantities."

But Mr. Wheeler personally informs me that in pursuing the same line of inquiry
for the year 1888 the existence of a decrease from prior water rates to that of 0.15 of
a cent per ton per mile, or a reduction of about 44 per cent in that one year, was
clearly established.

This would swell the total of annual saving to the shippers and the public, as re-
sulting froin thecanal facilities, to the aggregate of nearly $60, 000, 000 upon the same
basis of calculation as quoted on the authority of General Poe for the previous year.

Mr. Wheeler also predicts that the average of this year will reach still lower, and
that the cause of these large reductions is to be found in the increasing use of much
larger steamers, with freight-carrying capacities greater than ever before; the ma-
jority of these vessels now approximate 2,000 registered or 3.000 freight tons each,
effecting by reason of snch augmentation a great saving in expenses pro rata per ton
as compared with the smaller craft of former years.

Here, then, is the primary cause and satisfactory explanation of the enormous devel-
opments of tonnage upon this inland water-transit line, namely, in its being unap-
proachably cheaper than land carriage can ever be.

THE BEARINGS OF THIS EXAMPLE UPON THE NICARAGUA ROUTE.

I. This is the only ship canal on the globe with lockage facilities upon a scale com-
parable with that proposed for the Nicaragua Ship Canal transit project, and it affords
a realized example upon which to base calculations as to the future of that enterprise.
If the tonnage of this canal route upon a water course composed of a cluster of inland
lakes, paralleled through their entire length by railways, on both of their borders,
and with competing adjacent water courses as shown, has actually increased from
1,567,741 tons of freight in 1881 to 6,411,423 in 1888, and presumably to 7,500,000

"At Escanaba, a city situated near the northern extremity of Green Bay, are docks
with facilities for shipping ores on a more extensive scale than exist at any other
port on the globe.

230 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

tons in 1889, what mast be the traffic of the ship canal which bisects a hemisphere,
saves 10,000 miles and fifty days of freight- steamer time between New York and San
Francisco, and economizes proportionately in the time and the distance to arid from
in numerable other commercial centers?

II. The same commercial forces which have raised the Lake Superior Canal traffic
to the proportions stated wait upon the opening of the Nicaragua route to render a
large section of this continent tributary to it. My views as to the extent of the
same lead to the prediction which I will now venture to make, that the "Lake Super-
ior" and "Lake Nicaragua" lock-lift canal* will divide bettreen them the carrying trade to
European destinations of the products of the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, north
of latitude 40.

That the transatlantic traffic of the western slope will go via Lake Nicaragua
no thinking mind will gainsay; but how many have considered how far eastward
of the Rocky Mountains the competing line between these rival lock canals may
come T Let them trace the one-hundredth meridian of longitude and notice how it
bisects the great wheat-bearing belt of the Saskatchewan and Missouri Valleys in
Manitoba and the Dakotas.

Let them suppose the case of the owner of 10,000 bushels of wheat stored in an
elevator upon t bat line of longitude, north of the latitude of Chicago, in the latter
part of November. If he would ship by the Lake Superior Canal he must wait five
months for the " closed season " to pass. (The annexed view of the original upper
lock gate at the " Soo " during the five months of " closed season " will serve to illus-
trate the meaning of that term.)

The shipper by the Lake Superior route must add to his investment charges for
interest, for insurance, and possibly for taxes during nearly or quite one-half of an
entire year. After these drawbacks are met he must transport his grain by rail to
Dnlnth; thence by steamer to Buffalo; thence by canal or rail to Montreal or New
York ; thence by steamer to Europe this method of transportation involving t hree
transfers en route. If, however, he loads his wheat on cars going West, they will de-
liver his grain at a Pacific seaboard, whence it will be carried by steamer through the
Nicaragua Canal to Europe ; a system of transit involving but one transfer en route,
with no closed season whatever.

III. It is, from the foregoing premises, clearly dedncible that the values of most of
the exports, in at least thirteen States and Territories, besides several of the Cana-
dian provinces, will be directly benefited by the water transit proposed by your en-
terprise ; which will, in fact, constitute the small end of a funnel, the broad opening
of which, reaching from Sitka to San Diego, extends eastward until it meets com-
peting lines of water transit via Lake Superior or the Mississippi River.

In the accompanying map of this continent the different colors indicate the por-
tions which in my judgment are to remain commercially tributary to its three main
water-ways, viz: (1) The Lake Superior Canal and connecting lakes and canals.
(Erie and Welland). (2) The Mississippi River and its tributaries. (3) The Nicar-
agua Canal. Also the remainder as connected with the seacoast.

Leaving this continent out of view, it appears that the currents of trade between
this Central American route, in competition with those of the Suez tide-level canal
will meet on the eastern coast of Asia, and that from the Straits of Sunda northward,
trade and travel will gravitate strongly towards your route, moved thereto in no
small degree by the attractiveness of the delightful scenery and climate of the Lake
Nicaragua route, which will be in marked contrast with the intolerable heat and
desolate surroundings which must always characterize a passage through the Red
Sea and the Snez Canal, where no sailing ship is ever seen.

From these considerations the conclusion must be drawn that no artificial water
way can be projected which will make such an extent of continental coast line and
inland territory tributary to it as will be controlled by the Maritime Canal of Nica-
ragua, and that the data of the Lake Superior Ship Canal proves beyond perad ven-
ture that the Nicaragua Canal presents the most permanently profitable investment
of its kind that can be offered to the public, because its position entitles it to be con-
sidered as the most important artificial water way on the globe, connecting, as it
does, two great oceans at nearly the center of the habitable and consequently com-
mercial zone, with all the traffic and revenues which that fact implies, in the light
of the results furnished by the Lake Superior example.

NOTE. Since the foregoing portion of thin report was placed in type I have re-
ceived from General Superintendent Wheeler an official statement of the traffic of
the Lake Superior Canal for the year li-8'.t, which is included in Addenda, page 45.

The only official report of the Snez Canal traffic for 1889 which I have as yet been
able to obtain gives tables of the passages and receipts alone. But by comparison

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

231

of the latter with the returns in tons of previous years, I am able to approyiinate
closely, and find the result to be, respecting these several arteries of commerce:

Number.

Tons
freight.

Lake Superior Canal lockages (1889) .....

4,684

7, 516, 022

Suez Canal passages (1889)

3,425

6, 800, 854

1,259

709, 168

It thus appears that the Lake Superior Canal, in 1889, exceeded the Suez Canal in
volume of business over 33 per cent, in voyages and 10 per cent, in freight, and con-
sequently now ranks first as to commerce on the list of the world's artificial water
ways.

ADDENDA.
[Referred to on page 43.]

Tabulated official returns of the commerce passing through the Lake Superior Canal from
date of opening, in 1855, to 1889, inclusive.

Tonnage.

.2,5

Year.

o
a

Tear.

__ , fcC

.3 a

a ai
1

Registered.

Actual
freight.

t/2

3
W

I*
1

Registered.

Actual
freight.

1855

(a)

(c)

106, 296

(c)

1873. ..

1,549

968

(c)

1,204,446

(c)

1856

(a)

101, 458

(c)

1874. ..

833

901

(B)

1, 070, 857

()

1857

(a)

(c)

180, 820

(c)

1875 .

569

1,464

(e)

1, 259, 534

()

1858

(a)

(c)

219, 819

1876 .

684

1,733

1, 541, 676

(c)

1859

(*)

(a)

()

352, 642

(c)

1877. .

1,401

1,050

(c)

1, 439, 216

()

I860 ...

(a)

()

403, 657

()

1878.

1,091

1,476

()

1,667,136

1861

(a)

(c)

276, 639

()

1879. .

1,403

1,618

()

1, 677, 071

(c)

1862

(a)

(c)

359, 612

()

1880. .

1,718

1,735

()

1, 734, 800

(c)

18G:(

(a)

(c)

507, 434

1881. .

1,706

2,117

2,120

2, 092, 757

1,567,741

1864

1, 045

366

()

571,438

(c)

1882

1,663

2,739

2,572

2, 468, 088

2, 029, 521

1865

602

395

(c)

409, 062

1883. .

1,458

2, 620

2,351

2, 042, 259

2, 267, 105

1866. ...

555

453

(c)

458, 530

1884

1,709

3,609

3,074

2, 997, 837

2, 874, 557

1867

839

466

556, 899

()

1885 .

1,689

3,354

2,863

3, 035, 937

3, 256, 628

1868

817

338

(c)

432, 563

(c)

1886. .

2,534

4,584

3,593

4, 219, 397

4, 527, 759

1869. ...

939

399

(c)

524, 885

(c)

1887

2,562

5,968

4, 165 I 4,897,598

5, 494, 649

1870

1,397

431

690, 826

1888. .

2,009

5,305

3, 845 5, 130, 659

6,411,423

1871

1,064

573

(c)

752, 101

()

1889. .

2,635

6,501

4,684

7, 221, 935

7, 516, 022

1872

1,212

792

(c)

914, 735

(c)

a No*recor(l kept until 1864.

e No record kept until June, 1881.

REMARKS.

The United States Government assumed control of operating the canal on June 9,
1861, when more full and accurate returns were instituted and maintained.

The west-bound freight amounted to about 33 per cent.

The Canadian freight, in 1888, amounted to about 6 per cent.

Cost, conveyance 5,494,649 tons of freight in 1887, estimated at $10,075,153, or, per
ton per mile, 2.3 mills.

Cost, conveyance 6,411,423 tons of freight in 1888, estimated at $7,833,077, or, per
ton per mile, 1.5 mills.

The consort masted barges are classed as sail vessels, but not used as such except
in emergencies. No exclusively sail vessels are now regularly employed on that
route.

The official estimate of expense for operating the canal for the year 1889 was $36,000.

_>,;_> NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

PART SECOND.

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE MARITIME
CANAL OP NICARAGUA.

It may be well to state, incidentally, that in January, 1889, 1 received official notice
that I had been named as one of the five engineers selected by the Construction Com-
pany to compose an advisory board of engineers to pass upon the surveys and the de-
tailed estimates of cost of the proposed ship canal of Nicaragua, formulated by its
distinguished chief engineer, A. G. Menocal, civil engineer, U. S. Navy. Also, that
after my acceptance of such position, I was in attendance during parts of several
months at meetings of the board in the city of New York, within which time special
attention was given to the admirable series of maps and profiles which had been pre-
pared by your engineering corps, as well as to the geological specimens and test-hore
cores, of which a very complete collection was at hand for our consideration, together
with all requisite explanatory information, supplied by Chief Engineer Menocal or
his assistants of the surveying corps, Mr. R. E. Peary, civil engineer, U. S. Navy,
and Ensign J. H. Maxwell, U. S. Navy, who attended meetings of the board for that
purpose.

The reliable information thus at hand was sufficient to enable the board to arrive
at determinate opinions in reference to the main features of the work, which, through
our report, wherein we confined ourselves to the vital questions of quantity and cost,
have been made known as the collective conclusions of the examining engineers.

At a later period came the request contained in the introductory correspondence
that I should, individually, enlarge the scope of observation, and consider and report
upon circumstances and conditions other and beyond those to which the advisory
board confined its inquiries. In complying with such suggestion, I desire at the out-
set to state that my aim in preparing this report will be to explore folds of in rest it/at ion
not referred to by the able and distinguished experts who were my associates in the late ad-
visory board. With these preliminary remarks, I proceed to the consideration of cer-
tain fundamental features of this undertaking, as the basic conditions upon which to
predicate reliable estimates, and also sustain the conclusions embodied in these pages.

FIKST. Local geological developments.

Beginning at the deep-water line in the Atlantic basin, nearest the most northerly
entrance to the San Juan River, the surveys prove that in securing 30 feet depth of
water way, no rock formations will be encountered in the harbor basin or canal
prism until the site of Lock No. 1 is reached. These most favorable geological con-
ditions insure the practicability of excavating that portion of the Eastern section of
the canal westward from Greytown Harbor, about 10 miles in length, by the aid of
dredging machinery solely, where entire freedom from current agitation is assured,
with convenient and ample dumping area under like conditions.

The excavation (as proven by the borings made by your surveying corps) will l>o
either through alluvial silt, or sand, or clay formations together extending entirely
across the delta of the Rio San Juan.

(Diagram A, attached, shows the composition of the canal prism between the ocean
and the highlands of the San Jnanillo range.)

The geological conditions of this sect ion must consequently be regarded as extremely
favorable for the rapid and economical construction of the work. There is also gn-at
economic significance in the fact that in these lowlands where, if at all, miasmatic
attacks upon the working force maybe anticipated, all excavation being effect d by
machinery, the operating employes will be sheltered from exposure to the sun and
rain, and drilled in sanitary precautions a coarse which will work wonders in main-
taining health and vigor in the skilled labor required in the management of the all-
powerful dredging appliances which modern ingenuity has supplied for the rapid
and economical accomplishment of the extensive tide-level excavation required upon
this section of the work.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. ' 233

In examining the next section, reaching from Lock 1 to the Sau Joan basin, above
the Ochoa Dam, it is very gratifying to find that the first lock on the Atlantic slope
will be placed upon solid rock foundations (see Diagram A), and that Locks 2 and 3
will also be located in rock ledges.

The importance of this beneficial feature, insuring the stability of the lock walla,
is too apparent to need extended remark.

The nature of the rock through which the great "divide cut" and other "cuts"
are to be made, is also decidedly favorable, in view of the fact that it is, as shown by
the specimens exhibited, homogenous, and neither friable nor traversed by seams,
nor decomposable to any appreciable extent by exposure to the elements. Hence,
the sides of the cuts may be safely left at an angle but a few degrees removed from
the perpendicular, thus effecting large reductions in the quantity of excavation
usually required to render the slopes both safe and permanent. (See Plate I, Dia-
gram 5.)

Passing by the lake level as not involving questions that require a study of geo-
logical conditions, I can but pause, when considering the location of the locks on the
Pacific slope, to express admiration at the wonderfully-favoring geological formations
which nature has furnished and the skill of your engineering department has shown
to be available for those structures.

That, at the summit of the western slope of the continent at this point, there
should rise, as a rampart for the long, summit level of the canal, a sufficient width
of primeval rock into which the locks to regulate this mighty reservoir may be firmly
bedded thus to form the imperishable gateways of the descent to the level of the
Western Ocean is a fortuitous geological feature of great significance as presenting a
perfect barrier against disastrous undermining casualties to the high-level water way,
and also as affording the best possible conditions for permauance of the locks. (See
Plate VII.)

A studious view of this section of the canal as it will appear when fully completed,
will give force to the prediction that, when this work is an accomplished fact and
when ocean steamers of the largest class, their decks crowded by hundreds of passen-
gers, and their holds laden with thousands of tons of freight, are seen on the crest
Formed by Lock 4, majesticalh rising from, or descending to, the broad Pacific, that
reaches out to the western horizon in unobstructed view below the spectacle will be
deemed to display one of the most impressive of the mighty engineering achievements
of any age.

The test borings in the lower valley of the Rio Grande, completed at Brito duriug
the past winter, show that the full depth of 30 feet will there be attained without
encountering rock, and that a harbor as spacious as that of Chicago or Port Said may
be made available by the simple and rapid process of inland alluvial dredging,
duly protected by seaward entrance piers, thus assuring ample and economically
constructed terminal facilities on the Pacific coast.

The geological conditions of the canal route are, therefore, as a whole, deemed to
be of a remarkably favorable character.

SECOND. Topographical features.

From the east the seaward approach to this grand interoceanic route is unexcep-
tionable, as the proposed harbor at Greytown, when completed, may be entered or
cleared by craft under sail, with the wind upon any quarter. Thence, extending
nearly in a straight line of canal about 10 miles through the San Juan lowlands, a
channel in full view from end to end will afford all possible facilities for rapid pas-
sage over the section extending between the harbor and the eastern locks.

Passing the locks, the Deseado basin will be available with extra width of water
way up to the "divide cut," where a channel through 3 miles of solid rock will
bring ships into the San Francisco basin, with its ample water way for clearance of
counter bound craft. Passing through three short "cuts," vessels will then enter
the San Juan basin, with its surplus breadth of counter passage way caused by the
water storage of the Ochoa Dam ; thence into the great Nicaragua Lake ; thence by
canal into the Tola basin, resulting from the storage of the waters of the lake by the
dam near Lock 4. This basin extends the upper level to a point but 4 miles dis-
tant from the Pacific Ocean, where in full sight of it, ships may lie, awaitiug orders,
making repairs, shifting cargo, unloading or transferring the same, alongside or at
warehouse piers with all the unlimited accommodations of the shores of this land-
locked Lake at command, having upwards of 15 miles of water front, where every com-
mercial facility may be obtained, all within easy access of the port of Brito. Graving
docks of unsurpassed convenience may also be constructed in the Tola basin, owing
to the ease of obtaining sluice discharge for dry-dock purposes. (See Plates VI
and VII.)

The following important natural facilities for prosecuting the work of construction
should not be overlooked :

234 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

Of lf>3 miles of route from Greytown to the month of the Lajas on the western
shore of Lake Nicaragua, 90 miles border on water ways, with no sections of the
entire work, except interiors of divide cuts, more than 2 miles distant from naviga-
hle waters, including under that head nuch as may be mud available by certain in-
expensive improvements, proposed by your chief engineer the lines of which are
indicated in red colors upon Plate I, his explanation thereof being annexed iu a mar-
ginal note herewith.*

For the heavy work of the canal excavation, a construction railway will be requi-
site, and can be provided at moderate cost.

Along the western section, 17 miles in length, a double-track railroad will, of
necessity, be provided; and must be relied -upon for distribution of labor, machin-
ery, and material. This represents, however, an average maximum haulage of less
than 9 miles from either of the two bases of supply by water-transit, one being
via the Pacific, and one via the Atlantic coast. The canal level being bnt 4:5 feet
below the highest point on this section, it follows that subsidiary railway const ruc-
tion and operation along the working line will be upon easy grades with ample level
spaces for side tracks and the other facilities requisite for the handling of surplus ex-
cavation, or of building material.

The paramount question of an abundant, and yet always controllable and reliable,
high-level water supply for canal lockage and filtration is completely answered in
this case by the presence of such equalizing reservoirs as Lakes Nicaragua ami Man-
agua. From these sources an average flow of 90 per cent, over canal-opi-rating
requirements is obtainable at ordinary level, while lowering the level of the lakes
the depth of 1 foot, would afford an enormous surplus over any annual requirements,
with regard to rainfall.

It appears from the latest surveys that the minimum radius of curveson the entire
line can be established at 3,820 feet, which presents a route equal to a straight line,
for all practical purposes of navigation.

The last topographical feature to be noted, is the ratio of minimum channel width
to the whole distance to be traversed between the two oceans. This is found to
be less than 1G per cent, of the whole passage. Of the entire route. t about 60
miles are in spaces sufficiently wide for the largest ships to navigate under sail, as
in Lake Nicaragua ; while about 76 miles are in the Deseado, San Francisco,
San Jnan, and Tola basins, where steamers may proceed under full headway, and
pass one another in counter directions, with safe clearance space. Practically, this
general result reduces th*e distance of canal navigation properly BO termed be-
tween the two oceans, to about 27 miles ; the remai nder having the characteristic of
an ocean estuary.

The result is a monument to the patient research and persistent explorations 01

CHIEF ENGINEER'S OFFICE,
NICARAGUA CANAL CONSTRUCTION COMPANY,

44 Wall Street, New York, December, 1889. .

DEAR SIR: I forward herewith a tracing of that portion of the Nicaragua Canal
comprised between Greytown and Ochoa, showing the streams connecting the river
San Juan, at the month of the river San Francisco and Greytown, with the eastern
divide cut. The San Juanillo is navigable by craft drawing 4 feet up to the out-
let of Lagnna Bernard, and through this outlet and the lagoon to a point in the
Deseado in the vicinity of Lock No. 4. From this point to the foot of the divide the
Deseado can be made navigable with the same draught, by removing the logs
obstructing the stream and the construction of three, and possibly four small low
dams. In order to avoid the expense in building temporary locks to connect the
different reaches into which the stream would be divided, I wonld be in favor of hav-
ing scows in the reaches, and a derrick at each dam to shift freight from one scow to
another.

The river San Francisco, when cleared of logs, will be navigable by the same class
of boats to very near its confluence with the Chanchos. From that point to the foot
of the "divide," on the west, the Chanchos and Limpio wonld afford transportation
by the same method proposed for the Upper Deseado.

In this manner building material can be transported to the divide and the excava-
tion commenced during the construction of the railroad.
Any further information you may desire, will be gladly furnished by
Yours, truly,

A. G. MKXOCAL,

Chief Engineer.
CHARLES T. HARTKY, Esq.. C. E.,

City.

t Total length from extremity of entrance piers at Greytown to like point at
Brito 171.429 miles. (1.513 being in Greytown Harbor, and 1.136 in Brito Harbor.)

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 235

your chief engineer and of yonr surveying corps, and to the wise foresight of the
management in providing means for a thorough exploration of the region thus trav-
ersed preliminary to final location of the route.

THIRD. Engineering Problems. Among otber striking features of the undertaking
is the fact that with such ample transit facilities in view, their realization involves
no unusual or overshadowing engineering problems or contingencies.

The locks to be built are upon a scale already in use at the Lake Superior ship
canal, and with advantages over the latter in having solid rock foundation through-
out their entire length.

The sea approaches and the terminal marine accommodations proposed for this
enterprise present no features which have not already been met by engineering,
talent at other commercial centers requiring facilities of a like character or upon
even a more extended scale. The precedents thus fully established leave no ele-
ments of uncertainty in this respect, and these questions, therefore, require no special
notice beyond a scrutiny as to quantities and cost subjects, however, that are not
now under consideration.

Being led, in the course of this examination, to concentrate attention upon the
features of the route through the highlands commencing at Lock No. 1 on the
Atlantic slope, and extending thence westerly to the vicinity of the Ochoa dam- I
find the subject to be one of such rare interest to engineering minds that I have
caused a series of diagrams and views designated as "plates," to be specially pro-
vided and appended hereto, in illustration of the features worthy of particular remark.

Referring to Plate No. 1, attention is called to the strides which modern engineer-
ing has made along the line of experimental research, on which your chief engineer
has shown himself such a successful leader. Not many years since, the vicinity of the
Rio San Juan would have engrossed the entire attention of the engineering corps,
upon the assumption that, as a matter of course, it must be adopted as the base line
of the lock lifts and of the canal prism.

But patient and laborious explorations, surveys, and researches in many directions
have shown a new and more desirable route to be practicable. This is accomplished
by leaving the San Juan above its lower levels, and utilizing a series of minor val-
leys, occupied at present by insignificant streams, which when dignified by the over-
flow from the San Juan will, by the transformation, approach the sublimity of a new
creation. This metamorphosis of mountain streams and interior valleys (now vis
ited only by explorers and hunters) into a grand artery of interoceanic commerce,
will be an achievement which the whole world may well applaud.

The process by which this result is to be accomplished is easily traceable on the
first of these plates. Lock No. 1 will lift 30 feet above the valley of the Deseado
and will create a lake, the overflow of which is provided for by a waste weir in the
adjacent dam. Lock No. 2, with its 31 feet of lift, will, with its embankments, can.se
the formation of a lake rising to its level, while Lock No. 3, with its 45 feet of Jifr,
will create a lake to fill the basin up to the base of the dividing ridge, at the point
indicated on Plate I. Then follows the piercing of the transverse range of hills by
the "divide cut," the dimensions of which are accurately indicated in Diagram 1, on
the same plate. This is not a very formidable affair, at most ; and when it is com-
pleted and three dams (see Diagram 3, Plate III) have been erected upon the branches
of the San Francisco, and a "cut" comprising less than one-third of a million yards
of excavation, of which less than 10 per cent, is rock (see Diagram 2, Plate I) con-
nects the two valleys, a double lake will be produced, adding nearly 7 miles to
the navigable water way. Another "cut" of a half million yards of earthwork, in
connection with another dam at the Rio Danta (see Diagram 4, Plate III) will create
an additional lake, adding 2 miles more to the navigable water way. Yetonemore
"cut," involving but a million and a half yards of earthwork excavation (see Dia-
gram 4, Plate I), and we are ushered into the valley of the San Juan.

This expanse of artificial lake channels (see Plate I) requires but 24,990 lineal feet
i>f supplementary embankments to secure, their outer boundaries at points where
watersheds or courses lead in other directions. This feature, coupled with the fact
that most of the restraining embankments require but a few feet of elevation, the
deepest gorge to be thus secured being but 21 feet below bottom level of the canal
renders the aggregate of retaining embankment remarkably small. The same method
has been successfully adopted in building the Ohio State canals, as the following ex-
tract from a recent publication indicates :

"The body of water which (in 1889) supplies the St. Mary's feeder of the Miami
Extension Canal (of the Ohio State canal system) is about 9 miles long by 3 miles
broad. It was formed by building two earth embankments from 10 to 25 feet high,
one 2 and the other 4 miles long. About half of the area flooded was a prairie and
the remainder a forest. The reservoir was begun in 1837 and finished in 1845."

With this example in existence, and taking into consideration the always reliable
and ample surplus of the flow of the lake and River San Juan, that these valleys will
prove abundantly retentive under the pressure of the proposed water oiling, is placed
beyond reasonable doubt.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

This marvelonsly practicable rente having regard to the ease of formation of nav-
igable basins and of their being artificially linked together in a continuous wenes
has the further admirable feature of exhibiting this feasible and ample water way ex-
tending along almost a straight line in the general direction desired.

OCHOA DAM.

The Ochoa dam is located at the point where the summit-level water way, formed
in the valleys of subsidiary streams, as already mentioned, connects with the valley
of the San Jnan.

Here advantage is taken of a ridge of hills which contract the valley and form
natural side embankments, which can be ntilized with all the benefits thus provided
free of cost.

The accompanying view( Plate II) of the natural ridge referred to is copied from
a photographic view in the report of the United States Government survey of 1885.

These natural embankments reduce the dimensions of the dam required, as indi-
cated by Plate III, to a size far from unusual, as is shown by the annexed table of
comparative dimensions of works of this character existing in other localities.

Name of dam.

Location.

Longth
at top.

Total
height.

Pillar

Feet.
540

Feet.

175 3

762

16H 5

925

164

Vyrnwy ...................... ...........................

Wales

1,350

146

R :0>ra

Algiers ...........

1,060

137

India

8,500

118

Without entering into the details of the plans for the construction of the Ochoa
dam suffice it to say that from the "divide cut" surplus excavation rock material
wherewith to raise an embankment, answering the purpose of a dam, and of dimen-
sions sufficient to render it as lirm as the primitive hills by which it is flanked, may
readily be brought by rail.

To conclude remarks upon the subject of the dams located along this route, dia-
grams of the largest subsidiary dams are given upon Plate III, from which it will be
seen that none of them are of such dimensions as to require special consideration.
The total length of all of them combined, including Ochoa and those on the western
slope is, bnt 11,720 lineal feet, whereas in the waterstorage and aqueduct system of
the city of New York alone are to be found 7,569 lineal feet of dams already con-
structed, and 4,206 feet additional yet to be built, making a total of 11,775 feet, which
is actually in excess of the requirements, in that respect, of this entire route from
ocean to ocean.

Included in the last-mentioned estimate is the structure known as the " Quaker
Bridge Dam " of the following dimensions : Length, about 1,400 feet ; height, 265 feet
from bed rock.

This, it will be seen, has 2J times the superficial frontage and 3J times the height
of the Ochoa structure. If the criticism be made that it has not yet been completed
and practically tested by use, the table on page :5'J meetsthat objection by indicating
the relative proportions of other dams of large dimensions which are now in constant
service.

Turning westward, the effect of the Ochoa dam in raising the level of the river 58
feet at that point should be noted. It converts the lower valley of the San Carlos
into a lake, the boundaries of which, indicated on Plate IV, extend southward about
10 miles in a straight line, and are flanked by hills upon the eastward side, except
for the short distance of 5,540 feet where artifical embankments of but moderate ele-
vation with due proportions of wasteweir will be necessary.

The problem of the effect of such massing of water filling upon the upper channel
of the San Jnan is happily one easy to solve.

Plate IV shows the course of the river to be in a well-defined valley, which main-
tains like characteristics throughout the entire distance from the Ochoa dam to the
entrance ot Lake Nicaragua, 64$ miles distant by the sailing line.

The whole distance is thus converted into slack-water navigation, and while re-
quiring excavation at various points to secure the minimum of depth, the channel
for a large part of the distance has such surplus of depth and breadth of water way
as to insure the advantages of lake rather than of ordinary canal or river navigation.

Plate V, from a photograph in the report of the United States Government survey
of 1885, presents a very clear idea of a portion of the upper waters of the San Juan

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 237

River above the Ocboa dam. The view represents the locality near the Castillo
rapids, midway between the dam and the great lake. The channel surface at this
point will be raised about 20 feet, and it will be seen from the view that the banks of
the stream are ample to keep the ultimate enlarge ment of the volume of water within
favorable bounds.

The amount of dredging required to secure a navigable channel from the junction
of the "divide" channel with the San Juan slack-water course, to keep deep water
in Lake Nicaragua, has been ascertained to be 7,275,590 yards, distributed over a dis-
tance of 44 miles, including 14 miles of channel, deepening between the river head
and deep water in the lake itself.

These results carry with them the proof of a grand conception and no words of
mine are requisite to add to their force upon appreciative minds.

Passing beyond the magnificent expanse of lake surface, where navigation is un-
obstructed (in one ortion of the course the distant shore scarcely appearing above
the horizon), the construction operations necessary to extend the canal through the
western laud barrier, 15 miles in width, next claim attention.

This portion of the work displays among its features engineering devices of more
than usual interest, shown upon Plates VI and VII. The first point for remark is
the changing of the bed of the Rio Lajas near the lake, to prevent its crossing the
line of the canal. This operation is favored by local topographical conditions, and
frees the canal along that section from interference by floods. Thence by easy
curves the canal crosses the divide between the Atlantic and Pacific slopes, through
a cut, of which the banks rise to but 41 feet above the water level. What a monu-
ment to the exhaustive preliminary explorations and surveys made under the
direction of your indefatigable Chief Engineer exists in this fact alone! Those
who know, or who will trace the course of the stage-route between Lake Nicaragua
and the Pacific coast, opened by Cornelius Vanderbilt in 1850,* will best appreciate
the natural advantages of the route selected for the canal.

The next feature is the Tola River or La Flor Dam, the dimensions of which are
indicated on Plate III, Diagram 2.

Located in a gorge of the mountains, and but 4 miles distant from Brito Harbor,
it creates a lake of such proportions as to add 5J miles of navigable water way to the
route, with no watershed leading westward requiring border embankments to guard
the same. Here ends the summit level of the canal, extendingfrom within 4 miles of
the Pacific, to within 13 miles of the Atlantic, and including a system of natural
reservoirs which appear as if originally planned to provide a water supply, unfail-
ing and easily controlled, and which could hardly be surpassed for the purpose to
which it is now to be applied. The situation of the locks have been hereinbefore
remarked upon, except as to their lifts, which comprise two of 42 feet each, NOB. 4
and 5, while that of No 6 is but 25 feet, as indicated upon Plate VII. Referring to the
profile showing the relative position of the rock strata along the route, further men-
tion of the admirable features connected with their location is not requisite, in view
<>f the proofs afforded in Plates VI and VII.

The harbor of Brito, it will be noticed, lies in a comparatively sheltered position,
and yet, like that at Greytown, can be entered by vessels under sail, with the wind
upon any quarter.

Thus far as to the salient engineering features of this undertaking.

FOURTH. Climatic conditions.

That climatic influences upon the general health of workmen, especially when
migrating to a great distance in the execution of public works of such magnitude as
that now under consideration, affect largely the monetary cost of the same, none can
doubt. Those enlisting to labor in such undertakings invariably and wisely, take
into account the possibility of detrimental effects of the climate upon their health,
when stipulating as to remuneration.

After careful and extensive inquiries in that regard, I am satisfied, as I think other
candid minds must be upon similar investigation, that the health conditions are, in
this case, essentially favorable to the work, and that the section of Central America
traversed by the canal is entitled to be classed as a healthy region.

The lowlands of the San Juan are the most exposed to miasmatic influences^
but the work there being wholly done by machinery, and the operators being mainly
under cover and subject to control as to matters of food and sleep, modern sanitary
appliances, as previously remarked, will neutralize such deleterious influences to a
great extent.

"The course of this once frequented route can be traced upon the model lately on
exhibition by the Maritime Canal Company. In traversing this " divide ' travelers
were led across elevations over 600 feet in height.

238 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

On the highlands of the eastern slope, where the. greatest nnmber of men will be
required, Hit- drainage is good, with clear spring water in abundance. The well-
known trade winds of that zone circulating from ocean to ocean with a regularity
found nowhere else on this hemisphere, clear the atmosphere and moderate end equal
ize the temperature to a degree atl'ording incalculable benefits and physical com fort
along the San Juan Valley/ while in the vicinity of Lake Nicaragua and on the
Pacific slope the same proverbially healthful climatic conditions are found as prevail
upon the coast of California.

A practical proof of the reliability of these conclusions is supplied by the record of
the company's surveying corps of 18S7-'88, consisting of sixty men transported from
New York and more than one hundred natives enlisted on the spot, all of whom en-
camped along the line for many months; and yet, as Ensign Maxwell informs me,
not one of the party was prostrated for more than a day or two by sickness, and Un-
original party returned to New York in better general health than when they left that
port.

This incident, BO recently and BO reliably attested, has a special and most favorable
significance.

FIFTH. Commissary, sanitary, and police organization and supervision.

The affaire of administration indicated by this caption all pertain to the cost of
carrying on the work, and while more especially within the business department of
the enterprise, seriously affect also its engineering resources, consequently they are
deemed proper to be herein mentioned in an advisory way.

The quality and quantity of food to be furnished to the working force should not
be left to the caprice of speculators, nor to be dispensed by those seeking a profit in
so doing, for upon the maintenance of a proper standard and supply of diet largely
depends the reliability and vigor of the laborer. Neither should sufferers from
accident or sickness be committed to the care of casual sympathy or chance acquaint-
ance. The company should retain control of the food supply, and medical and surgi-
cal care and attendance should be regulated by special arrangements which will
secure reliable and competent management of details in these important depart-
ments.

My own experience aa business manager of the company which built the Lake
Superior Ship Canal enables me to state that in that undertaking the observance of
such a policy as here indicated was an indispensable element of the success then and
there attained. Before the visitation of epidemic cholera in 1854 official control of
the food supply and the medical oversight of about four-fifths of the working force
of nearly three thousand men was committed to my charge, and a hospital with a corps
of skilled attendants was also instituted under my supervision. When these precau-
tions were tested by that terrible scourge the reaiilt disclosed a loss of less than 5
per cent of the cholera cases under my control, as against a loss of fully 95 per cent
of those who did not come within the lines of my sanitary regulations in an aggre-
gate of several hundred deaths at that time and* place.

It is assumed that your company, directed by a wise foresight, will organize and
retain control of an efficient police and sanitary corps, patrolling the entire line of
work for the enforcement, not only of personal and property rights, but of strict and
comprehensive sanitary and sumptuary regulations.

SIXTH. Sources of labor supply.

When considering this important element of cost, I learned from reliable sources
that hardy and efficient laborers at lower rates of wages than are current in this
vicinity may be obtained in large numbers from the west coast and from the rnoun
tain districts of Mexico. Also, that negro labor, duly acclimated, may be drawn
largely from the Mississippi Valley and from the West India Islands. Southern
European countries, it is well known, can contribute sturdy white workers of a
higher grade, while skilled labor can be furnished in abundance from this vicinity ;
and from all these sources workmen can be conveyed by water direct to the line of
the work. These conditions are, therefore, to be classed as remarkably favorable in
all respects.

This subject completes the list of features worthy of special consideration, which
together constitute the conditions of which a knowledge must precede the formula-
tion of reliable estimates of the cost of the proposed undertaking.

This portion of Central America is elevated but 110 feet above tide level, being
the least obstructed by mountains of any part of the Pacific coast from Alaska to
Patagonia. The refreshing trade winds, with a freedom of circulation caused largely,
no doubt, by the remarkable depression in the longitudinal mountain ranges (else-
where presenting barriers ranging from 1 to 2 or more miles in height), hero maintain!
a " stiff breeze " during several hours of each day throughout the year.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 239

CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS

The revised estimates of the advisory board, were concurred in by me as embracing
an ample estimate of the cost of constructing the Nicaragua Shij. Canal under favor-
able conditions of financial administration and executive ability.

In that estimate there is, in my judgment, a margin for contingencies sufficient to
include the enlargement of the locks from the capacity proposed by your chief engi-
neer to the advisory board, viz, 650 by 80 feet chambers, to the size I would
earnestly recommend for adoption, viz, 1,000 by 100 feet. These dimensions will be
of the same width and but 200 feet longer than those adopted for the new lock of
the Lake Superior Canal, where experience has demonstrated the economy in time,
or locking through several vessels together. The reasons for this increase I will, it'
desired, submit in a separate report at a later date, prior to the time when the
progress of the work will necessitate your decision.

To my mind it seems clear that when investors examine the schedule of cost as
reported by the advisory board, the more scrutiny they bestow upon it the earlier
will they reach the conclusion that under no ordinary contingencies will it be
exceeded by the actual outlay; and that when open for traffic the canal finances
will be as easy of management as its water way. When thus opened, the crisis of
both will have been passed,and both alike will command the admiration of the world.
Let him who desires to leave his accumulating wealth where his posterity will find
it intact in form, and of constantly increasing value, from the growth of commerce
between the nations, duly appreciate this golden opportunity.

The world at large may adopt many novelties in methods of transportation, but to
supersede the economies secured by such an interoceanic water way is not among
the possibilities of human progress. The expenses of the Lake Superior Ship Canal
in lock lifting nearly 8,000,000 tons of tribute-paying freight during this year are
officially estimated at $36,000, or at the rate of about four-tenths of a mill per ton.
What other form of transit can present such results T

REVENUK ESTIMATES.

It will be presumed that in a general review of the principal features of your en-
terprise the important subject of the extent of its probable traffic will not pass un-
noticed; but while appreciating that fiscal promise is the oue prerequisite of every
incipient enterprise, of this nature, I leave this branch of the subject to others whose
experience renders them more facile than myself in that line of expert estimate.

COMPARISONS.

The old adage that as between persons "comparisons are odious" applies, in ray
judgment, with special force to indiscriminate suppositions of parallels between ex-
istent or proposed ship canals. Many have assumed a similarity of conditions as afford-
ing a basis of comparison between the Nicaragua, the Suez, or the Panama routes; and,
moreover, finding errors in calculations proven in the estimates of cosfc in the last
named enterprise, they proceed to infer like results in the first, especially in the line
of deductions respecting the unreliability of engineering estimates relating to the
time and cost of construction in one of those undertakings as applicable alike to all
of them, when in fact there is and can be no practical ground of comparison. To
emphasize this conclusion it may be well to devote a short space to a review of th
main features of the other projects thus compared with the Nicaragua enterprise.

THE SUEZ CANAL.

Let the Suez Canal be first considered. It is a water way,excavated mostly through
a sandy desert for a distance of 88 miles,* connecting two tide-level seas. It was
projected as long ago as in the time of the Pharaohs. The historian Herodotus, who
lived in the fifth century B. C., asserts that Pharaoh Necho expended 120,000 lives
working upon it. The same writer refers to it as being used in his time and as
wide enough to admit of the passage of two vessels abreast, while the passage is de-
scribed as occupying four days.

It was subsequently allowed to fill up with the shifting sands of the desert and it
remained thus until its restoration was undertaken by M. de Lesseps, in conjunction
with the Khedive of Egypt, in 1858. It was formally reopened November 17, 1869.

* Sixty-six miles of dry excavated channel, 14 miles of dredged, and 8 miles of
natural-lake passage-way. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. IV, Page 791.

240 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

Tin- problems presented were, from an engineering point of view, of the simplest
kind, involving merely an open cut upon and between tide levels. It Las, however,
as to its main features, to meet a danger and expense that was and still remains
unique; namely, the constant tendency of natural causes to choke it with ,-h:it-
iii'4 desert sand. This menace requires the counter force of dredging and led, at the
>t, to opinions by distinguished engineers that the income would not warnmt
the expense. It has, however, been a triumphant vindication of M. de Lesseps' faith
in the ultimate success of the undertaking; in 1888, with a total income of 4f>,524--U-l
francs but 7,743,064 francs were required for the operating expenses. The iiicri-ase
of revenue for 1888 over 1887 was IsiJ per cent. The average time of passage was :JOJ
hours. The latest annual report shows that 3,998,914 cubic meters of sand were re-
moved from the canal during that year. This represented, in part, the accumulated
drift from the desert simoons, and also the excavation consequent npon gradually
widening and deepening the channel. It is reported that this work will be so far
completed by another year that two vessels will have clearance for counter passage
at any point.

It is now about twenty-on years since the narrow channel was first opened for
traffic. The proportion between sand drift and new prism area removed last year
WJIB not stated in the report, but there is no doubt that were this continuous warfare
against the climatic force which dominates in that desert region to be altogether
abated, the canal would, in the process of time, be quite obliterated for many miles
of its length.

These being conditions peculiar to the Suez Canal, how evidently absurd is any at-
tempt to draw engineering comparisons between it and the Lake Nicaragua route.

THE PANAMA CANAL.

Comparative examination of the Panama project, however useless from an engi-
neering standpoint, yet, as connected with M. de Lesseps, the successful projector of
the Snez Canal, invites a measure of consideration, as affording an interesting study
of the history of an attempt to make assumption wear as well as fact.

To studious engineering minds the Panama problem originally presented collateral
(lit)iculties equal to those incidental to the canal itself. The route of the canal from
Colon westward follows the ascending valley of the Chagres River. That water course
must be controlled, but how? Given a river draining an area of about 1,400 square
miles; discharging in the dry season at its first point of contact with the line of the
canal 15 cubic meters of water per second, but in the wet season 4,670 meters in the
same time, precipitated mainly from numberless steep ravines and high mountain
sides, from whence the rainfall quickly concentrates in the main outlet and often in
a few short hours, causes a rise in the Chagres River of from 20 to 60 feet in height
of solid water pressure, increasing its volume to over three hundred times its minimum
discharge! * This, M. de Lesseps contended, might be controlled or eqalized by a res-
ervoir. To accomplish this end a stupendous dam a mile or more in length, VJO feet
high, and 250 feet thick at base, was calculated by French engineer* to be necessary,
and was to be located south of the canal and at a considerable distance therefrom in
a subsidiary mountain gorge.

But even with the dam complete the overflow must still be provided for. To dis-
pose of this there was proposed a tunnel, to be bored for miles through the mountains,
with dimensions sufficient to convey the surplus flood into another valley for exit to
the sea.

That M. de Lesseps should seek every possible way to avoid the cost and delay of
these gigantic preliminaries is not surprising ; but for the ostrich-like policy of hiding
the head of the dilemma by means of a vigorous show of digging upon the canal
proper, while the body of the difficulty remained uncovered, there could be but one
ending, namely, the probably irromedial disaster already developed. The giant
floods of the uncontrolled Chagres River now hold undisputed sway over the route of
the canal whenever appearing in their torrential strength.

Other difficulties, more or less serious in their nature, must be overcome to achieve
final success in the line of that effort, but one of which will now be remarked upon.

It was the popular impression obtaining at the time of its commencement that the
Panama was, like the Suez ronte, to be a tide-level canal.

But tidal differences existed which precluded such similarity. The tides of the
Mediterranean Sea have but 12 inches of variation between high and low tide. Like-
wise those of the Red Sea change but 30 inches from mean level; hence a connecting
channel between them through an " open cut" was practicable. But on the Panama
ronte, while the maximum variations of the Atlantic tides at Colon are but 1-fa feet,

* Some expert estimates place the maximum of these floods at 165,000 cubic feet
per second, or at nearly half the flow over Niagara Falls!

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 241

those of the Pacific at Panama show changes of 21W feet in level. This feature, it
will be readily seen, necessitated the existence of at least one lock on the Pacific
coast, and if but one, then with double gates to meet the alternate water pressure in
opposite directions.

And yet it was generally understood that the original plans called for no locks in the
Panama route. Afterwards, this feature was reconsidered, and a series of locks were
officially announced but without provision for supplying the highest level, except
by pumping.

Such circumstances point to the conclusion that there had been no carefully studied
and matured plan of construction, with a fixed estimate of cost, \ut only a vague and
uncertain groping after a result to be arrived at by whatever means circumstances
might determine, and at whatever expenditure of time, money, and life, chance should
decree. The case is therefore in no wise analagous with the Nicaragua route, except-
ing as to the nse in common of the word "canal."

My conclusion is, that the only canal which can at present be referred to as similar
to your enterprise, is the one of which a sufficiently extended notice has been already
given, to wit:

THE LAKE SUPERIOR SHIP LOCK CANAL.

It ranks with yours in its lockage capacity; like yours, it has an enexhanstible
reservoir on its upper level ; and again, like yours, it has required the deepening of
natural water courses to furnish a continuous and capacious ship channel. Also, this
canal was built within the original estimates of time and cost. It has been in unin-
terrupted use for over a third of a century, and maintains an ever-increasing volume
of traffic which is but an example ,'of what the Nicaragua Ship Canal will demon-
strate in its cost and durability, and will develop as to dividend-earning qualities,
whenever a suitable opportunity is afforded to test its performance.

IN CONCLUSION.

When taking leave of this subject, the professional mind is led in two directions :

First. Retrospectively. Upon looking back to the commencement of the present
century, the retrospect discloses the energies of the world engrossed, in the main, by
the profession of arms and in warfare on land and sea. Railroads and steamships were
unknown, and the science of engineering was in its infancy even the title of civil
engineer being almost unused. On the first of January, 1891, the last decade of the
century will have commenced. What a change will then be traceable between the
opening of the first, and of the last tenth of the cycle ! Now, the engineering pro-
fession, including therein its civil, mechanical, and architectural divisions, is in the
van the leader of the world's energies.

Second. Prospectively . Notwithstanding the vast strides with which modern im-
provements have lately advanced, it is safe to assume that the last decade of the
century will witness its most notable achievement in the completion of the inter-
oceanic canal of Nicaragua. In the progress of its construction the power of applied
science will have its fullest scope.

Mammoth dredging machines, unknown to our fathers, will plough their way with
irresistible force and marvelous rapidity from the shores of the Caribbean Sea to the
foothills of the San Juanillo range. There, steam and air drills and the dynamite
genii will attack the rocky ledges, and where naught but the untrodden wilderness
can now be seen, leave behind them the grandest highway of the nations. When the
locks and dams have taken form, Lake Nicaragua will become a central rendezvous
for the fleets engaged in the commerce of the new world. Electric lights will render
the dark canons of the "divides" and the entire route of tho canal, as passable by
night as by day ; and by its far-reaching wires, the telegraph will convey dispatches
from every section of the noble water way to the commercial centers of both hemi-
spheres.

All these forces, in combinations not known or suggested in A. D. 1800, will, no
doubt, before A. D. 1900, have secured the completion of this grand conception. That
it will be a fitting ciilmiuation of the engineering achievements of the Nineteenth
century, who can doubt f

I have, in conclusion, only to remark that I Bhall deem myself honored by having
aided forward, in anywise, the consummation of this project, insuring such vast util-
ities; and also that I feel impelled from the study of the data referred to herein, to
congratulate its managers upon having already gaided It to so favorable an opening
of its record.

Very respectfully,

CHARLES T. HARVEY,

Civil Engineer.

NEW YORK, December, 1889.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 16

242 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

APPENDIX C.

To the Stockholders of the Nicaragua Canal Construction 'Company:

I take pleasure iii presenting to you the report of the division engineer of onr com-
pany, covering the work performed prior to October 8, 1890, and also the report of
our chief surgeon upon the hospital service and the general health of the employe's
of the company in Nicaragua.

The report of the division engineer is a very complete statement of the work done
by our company, and will, I believe, satisfy all interested that the work during the
past year has been pushed with great vigor and success. The health of the force dur-
ing this time has been remarkably good, and there is no longer any fear that the work
can not be successfully prosecuted because of climatic causes. I also have to report
that our concession from Nicaragua was confirmed by the Nicaraguan Government
early in November; a commission appointed by the President of Nicaragua haying
made a thorough examination of our work reported to the Government that we had
complied with all the provisions of the coucession,j^nd had expended much more than
the $2,000,000 required to be expended during the first year. By the confirmation of
the concession the rights of the canal company have been rendered permanent.

I am also able to report that the depth of water on the bar at Grey town is now
12 feet ; having received a cable a few days ago irorn Chief Engineer Menocal to that
effect. It is expected that the water on the bar will be deepened to 20 feet within
the next four weeks, which will give us a sufficient depth of water for all vessels to
enter the harbor and unload at the company's wharves. I therefore feel justified in
congratulating the stockholders of the Nicaragua Canal Construction Company on
the present favorable condition of the work.
Yours, truly,

WABNKK MJLLKB,

President.

NEW YORK, December 17, 1890.

NICARAGUA CANAL: COMPANY 243

REPORT OF THE DIVISION ENGINEER.

WORK PERFORMED BY THE NICARAGUA CANAL CONSTRUCTION
COMPANY PRIOR TO OCTOBER 8, 1890.

SAN JUAN DEL NORTJE, NICARAGUA,

October 19, 1890.

SIR : I would most respectfully submit the following report of the work done by
the company in Nicaragua prior to this date.

The surveys for the final location of the entire canal line have been completed and
the detail surveys of the sites of all embankments, dams, and locks are very nearly
finished.

This survey has covered not only the one line selected, but any and all routes which
gave any probability of being practicable, and in many cases covers a width of sev-
eral miles of country.

In addition to actual surveys the whole country has been thoroughly explored, so
that every range of hills and every small stream has beer, examined to ascertain what,
if any, bearing it might have upon the general problem of construction.

The south bank of the Rio San Juan has been carefully examined from Ochoato the
Rio Colorado, and extending back from the river several miles, to ascertain if there
was any more favorable location for a dam than the Ochoa. Most of this region is a
lagoon country, with low disconnected hills. No favorable site for a dam was found.

The surveys for a railroad line from America to Ochoa, keeping above the flowage
line in the basin, have been completed. It was a difficult piece of location, as the
hills bordering the basin are very steep and badly cut up with lateral drainage.

The cheapest and best line for the railroad would have been found on the crest of
the ridge bordering the valleys of the Deseado and Limpio, on the south side ; but as
this ridge is from 400 to 1,000 feet in height and from 1 to 3 miles away from the
canal, it would be ot no use for construction purposes. So we were forced to lo-
cate on the hillside, necessitating a great deal of very careful work to make a loca-
tion that was at all practicable.

Another line has been located from America to the divide for a temporary road, for
constructing purposes, keeping in the valley of the Deseado. As the Deseado is a very
crooked stream, with high hills coming down to the water on both sides at frequent
intervals, it required a large amount of preliminary work to decide on the best loca-
tion.

Careful detail surveys have been made for the location of a dam and reservoir on the
La Paz Creek, about 12 miles from this place ; also for the pipe line to bring the
water from that point to America. Several other streams were examined and careful
surveys made to ascertain where the best and most economical supply could be ob-
tained. All things being considered, the La Paz was found to be the most desirable.

At the points selected the stream has an elevation of 1 100 feet above tide and pours
over a ledge of trap-rock between two high hills, forming an excellent site for a dam,
which will raise the water to an elevation of 115 feet.

The stream in the dry season will furnish a supply of pure, cold water, amply suffi-
cient for all the demands likely to be made upon it.

A careful survey of the site of the proposed harbor at San Juan Lagoon ha been
kept up daring the past year. This has been necessary to keep a record of the rapid
changes which have taken place, owing to the construction of the breakwater.

In order to make the proper studies of the work, it has been necessary to make new
maps of the coast line for some distance on each side of the breakwater each week
and also to show the depth of water ascertained by careful sounding, extending from
the lagoon across both the inner and outer bar to deep water. One party has been
constantly employed on the work.

A careful survey is now in progress, and nearly completed, of the country between
the mouth of the*Lajas and Brito for the location of a railroad, to accurately locate
all the property lines, to decide where diversions of streams are necessary and prac-
ticable, and to locate sites for disposing of waste material.

244 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

All the surreys have been carried ont in such a manner as to check the accnrsw j
of each other, and no errors have been allowed to go nncorrected.

The maps have been made with the tit most care to insure correctness. All wort
has been carefully checked by at least two men. I have no hesitation in saying thai
no important error can exist in the surveys or maps. I have never seen or known of
so exhaustive and accurate surveys and maps having been made for any public works.

These surveys have necessarily been slow and expensive, being prosecuted in a
tropical forest where nothing could be seen at a distance of 50 feet, and where every
step had to be preceded by a blow from a matchet to clear away the tangled mass of
vines which everywhere presented itself, where all supplies had to be transported in
canoes up streams filled with logs and then packed on men's backs for miles over hills
so steep that a man can only climb up and down by holding on the small trees and
brush, much of the time with the rain pouring in torrents, or through swamps where
for long distances men have bad to flounder through thick mud from their waists to
their armpits in depth. To one who has never conducted such a survey no descrip-
tion can give an accurate idea of the slowness, difficulty, and disagreeableness of the
work ; but yon, who have personally conducted so many surveys in this country, do
not need any further comments.

At first it was attempted to house the engineering party in tents, but experience
soon showed that they would not answer in this climate and they were abandoned,
the parties living in shacks, thatched by palm leaves. Many thousands of dollars
have been spent in building temporary camps for the accommodation of employed.

To ascertain beyond question what the character and cost of the work was to be,
borings have been made at the site of all important works, such as dams, embank-
ments, and locks as well as at the heavy cuts. Where there were no rocks this has been
done with earth angers. Wherever rock was found the diamond drill was used.
Specimens of all the different strata have been preserved for future reference. These
holes have been bored to the bottom of the canal, or to the bottom of the foundations
of all locks, etc. Many of these holes have been from 200 to 300 feet in depth. By
using the diamond drill, which takes out a solid core, we have been able to preserve
specimens, so that contractors and others interested may at any time see exactly
what the work will be. Owiug to the difficulties in transporting heavy machinery,
steam drills were impracticable, so all this work has been done by hand.

In May, 1889, a large force of engineers and foremen, with supplies and machinery,
left New York and landed here early in June, to begin the actual work of construction,
but owing to circumstances over which the company had no control, the work of
construction did not assume important proportions for several months. In the mean
time much necessary work was done.

As the company had no quarters to accommodate a large force of men, a temporary
camp and storehouse were constructed at Camp Francis, at an expense of several
thousand dollars. This was used until the new storehouse and quarters at La Paz
were completed.

Several other camps, Camp Folly, Camp B, No. 1, etc., were built at a large ex-
pense, as, also, was a temporary wharf, which had to be constructed before lumber
could be obtained, and which, while they answered their temporary purpose, were
soon abandoned and entirely disappeared.

A steam snag boat was pnt to work clearing the streams up which supplies must
be takenof logs and overhanging trees. These streams were filled with logs, the
accumulations of ages, many of which were burled in sand and as heavy as lead.
They could only be removed by the assistance of divers and a liberal use of dynamite.

The San Jnauillo and Deseado were cleared so as as to give steam navigation to
Camp Satisfaction, a distance of over 30 miles by river, and to Camp Virginia for
canoes in ordinary water. From Camp Virginia to the divide, a distance of 5 miles,
about, a good trail for packing was cnt and foot bridges built across all the streams,
BO that supplies could be transported with certainty, though slowly, to the divide.

As it was proposed to obtain a temporary supply of rock for the pier from Silico
Lake, the outlet of the lake, which was a very crooked stream, filled with grass and
snags, was cleared out, straightened, and widened so as to allow tugs and lighters to
pass from the Ban Jnanillo to the lake ; in many places points which were too sharp
to allow a boat to pass around were blown off with dynamite and cleared away.

The San Francisco was cleared above the junction of the Chancbos, and the Chan-
chos cleared to Camp Salinas. These streams were all in a very bad condition and
required much labor.

The necessity for a telegraph line to the interior soon became apparent. This was
one of the first works undertaken, and was pushed through to Castillo, a distance of
60 miles, as soon as possible. This was a difficult line to construct, as the first
10 miles was through the deep swamp back of San Juan, where the clearing was
difficult and the poles hard to obtain, where the wire and all other supplies had to
be carried on the backs of men, who were wading in water from 1 to 4 feet in
depth. Much of the way the water was so deep that poles could not be set in the

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

245

ground, and had to be fastened to stamps with wire as the only means of securing
them. From the Divide to the Castillo the line is over a very rough country, was
an expensive line to construct, and is a difficult line to maintain.

During the summer of 1889 some preparatory work was done at Silico Lake and
quite a sum of money expended in building a crib and sheet-pile wharf. No active
work on the excavation of rock was done until July, 1890, when a force of men was
put to work and all the rocks which have been used at the breakwater quarried.
The quarry was only a mass of large bowlders imbedded in clay. This supply has
been exhausted and the quarry abandoned. The rock was brought from the quarry
to the pier in lighters, and as it all had to be handled twice after being quarried, it
was very expensive.

During the summer of 1889 permanent buildings were begun and building con-
struction has been in progress ever since.

The following list gives the size and purpose for which the more important build-
ings were erected :

Buildings.

Dimen-
sions.

Buildings.

Dimen-
sions.

Chief engineer's, two stories

Office and officers' quarters, two stories

Dining room for officers

Kitchen for officers

Laundry at headquarters

Bath house for chief engineer

Bath house at headquarters

Outbuildings, etc

Doctors' residence, two stories

Officers' hospital, two stories

Laborers' hospital, two stories.

Mess hall of patients

Storeroom and quarters

Dead house

Bath house, two stories

Outbuildings, etc

Laundry for hospital

Storehouse at La Fe, three stories

Dry house

Quarters for employes

Feet.

24 by 40

25 100
20 40
20 20
30 16

8 10
8 22

Mess hall at La Fe

Carpenter shop

Paint and tin shop

Oil house

Storehouse

Office and officers' quarters at railroad.

Mess room and kitchen at railroad

Mechanics' quarters at railroad

Laborers' quarters at railroad

Laborers' quarters kitchen at railroad .

Tool house

Tool house and blacksmith shop

Water tank for locomotive

En <rine house

Officers' quarters at Camp Cheney

Laborers' quarters at Camp Cheney. ..

Storehouse at Camp Cheney

Blacksmith and machine shops at Camp
Cheney

Feet.
25 by 50
20 50
12

2T>
30
54

24 45
16 26
24 60
35 170
24 40
12 17
24 60

40
06

There is now in process of erection a machine shop, 108 by 54 feet, and a black-
smith shop and foundry, 28 by 52. Much of the machinery for a first-class machine
shop is nowhere; also materials fora building for offices aud quarters, 46 by 57,
two stories, foundations of which are completed. These are all good, substantial
buildings, roofed with iron and painted.

The storehouse of La Fe has a substantial wharf, 30 by 50 feet, with shears and
tackle for unloading heavy freight.

Work in the canal clearing was begun in January, 1890, and about 11 miles
chopped the full width of 486 feet ; a large part of this was burned during the dry
weather of April. The chopping through the swamp was done in January, when
there was a rainfall of 64 inches, and the water was very deep in the swamp. This
could have been done at a less cost at a later date, but it was felt that it must be
done then to allow the first dry season to be taken advantage of for burning. This
was the most difficult portion of the line to clear.

As all the water in the vicinity of San Juan del Norte is contaminated by decay-
ing vegetable matter, it was decided to seek a pure supply in the highest hills back
of the swamp.

After a careful examination of several sources, the Cafio LaPaz was finally selected.
At a point about 10 miles from here this stream flows over a bed of solid trap-rock
at an elevation of 100 feet above tide. At this point the valley is narrow, being
shut in by high hills, affording an excellent site for a dam. The dam will be 15 feet
in height, and will raise the water in the reservoir 115 feet above tide. With this
elevation the reservoir will contain a supply sufficient for several weeks for all the
demands likely to be made upon it.

The water will be brought to this point in a steel pipe 8 inches in diameter. All
of the materials are here, including gates, sluices, screens, valves, connections, etc.,
and 15 miles of pipe. The site of the reservoir is cleared, and the laying of the
pipe is only waiting for the railroad to reach that point, as the pipe for most of the
way will follow the railroad.

In 1889 a tramway was constructed from La Paz to the hospital, a distance of a
mile and a quarter.

246 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

In Jane, 1890, a railroad was begnn across what baa been considered the impassa-
ble swamp, between the San Joan Lagoon and the Benard Lagoon. Soon after be-
ginning, heavy rains set in, and the swamp was flooded to a depth of from 2 to 4
feet. The track had to be laid in advance, and the dirt for filling brought ont by
train. This was done by building up a corduroy of logs, and laying the temporary
stringers running lengthwise of the track, on which the ties were placed and the
track laid. Most of this work for a distance of 2 miles was done in water 3 feet
deep, and much of the work for 4 miles more in water 2 feet or more in depth, mak-
ing a total of 6 miles of swamp work. After the rails were laid the trains of dirt
were pushed out and unloaded along both sides with a ballast nnloader, and as the
bank was raised above the water the track was raised and put into shape on a solid
road lied of sand. In order to make the road safe at all times, the grade has been
put above the highest known water. As this could not be done at once there has
been a large force of men at work raising, lining, and stamping the track since con-
struction began. The materials for the road have been excavated from the entrance
of the canal by a steam shovel, capable of handling 1,300 yards of dirt in a day, and
hauled to the point needed by trains of flat-cars, carrying about 240 yards to a train.
There is now about 4 miles of main track laid, extending to the crossing of Benard
Creek, at B. J. This bridge is finished and ready for the track to be laid. The
bridge is 180 feet in length. Considerable difficulty was experienced in getting a
foundation, and some of the piles were driven to a depth of 90 feet below water.

Beyond B. J. the clearing is done and the grading well advanced to a point 10
miles from Greytown. The materials for all of this and 7 miles more are all on band,
except a portion of the ties. In addition there are 1| miles of side track laid and a
considerable amount of working track.

The road is well equipped for construction work, having two powerful locomotives,
one weighing 36 tons and one 44 tons, ad a heavier and still more powerful one is
now on the way here. We have in use fifty cars of various kinds, one steam shovel,
a ballast unloader, lifting jacks and all appliances necessary.

At the terminus of the railroad a fine wharf, 30 by 264 feet, has been built, all the
timber for which was creosoted in the best possible manner. This wharf is thor-
oughly protected by fender piles and wales, and is built to sustain any load which
may come npon it. It is provided with a derrick and steam-hoisting engine, and has
a railroad track laid on it so that, materials may be loaded directly from the lighters on
the cars by steam. Over 100 feet of this wharf is iu 12 to 14 feet of water.

A breakwater for the protection of the entrance to the harbor, now being con-
structed at the eastern terminus of the canal, was begnn in December, 1889, and has
already been built out a distance of 715 feet into the sea, and is now being continued
and will be carried out to a distance of 1,900 feet.

The breakwater is 42 feet in width, and is constructed by driving piles in bents 8
feet apart, each bent having twelve piles capped with a 14 by 14 inch timber drift-
bolted to top of four piles, on which it rests, and firmly secured to the remaining
eight piles in the bent with screw bolts. On top of the caps, and firmly bolted to
them, there are eight stringers of 12 by 12 inch timber, running lengthwise of the
pier. Each bent is thoroughly braced transversely by six diagonal pieces of 4 by 10
inch timber spiked to the opposite side of the piles. Along each side of the pier piles
are put in between the betitu as closely as they can be driven, thus forming a solid
wall of piles along each side of the pier. The spaces between the rows of piles run-
ning lengthwise of the pier are filled with brush mattresses, about 2 feet in thickness,
which are sunk into position by being loaded with rock. Alternate layers of brush
and rock are being put on until an elevation above high water is reached. As this
is being filled in, the waves bring sand and deposit it so that the whole space is thor-
oughly filled with a composite mass of brush, rock, and sand, through which it is im-
possible for worms to penetrate, and by its weight making a structure of great strength
and stability. To insure the greatest durability, none but creosote timber, contain-
ing 16 pounds of oil to the cubic foot of timber, is now being used.

For the purpose of bundling materials economically, a standard gauge railroad
track has been laid as fast as the work progressed, and a substantial railroad bnilt
from the pier to deep water in the lagoon, a distance of a quarter of a mile. This
road crosses two arms of the lagoon on substantial pile bridges, and at the terminus
has a wharf with a derrick for discharging materials whicn are brought from the
main land in lighters. There has also been built a wharf 20 by 30 feet, with storage
bins, for the reception of coals.

As the pier advanced the waves were deflected, so that they began to cut in behind
the breakwater and threatened to cut the buildings off from the pier. To prevent
this a wing wall of sheet piling has been driven along the channel from the pier to
the open lagoon, a distance of 700 feet, effectually preventing any further tendency
to cnt away the beach. The bottom o% he sea beach here is very hard sand, through
which it would have been almost impossible to drive piles by the ordinary method ;
thia became evident soon after starting the work, and the experiment of sinking them

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 247

with a water jet was tried; this proved eminently successful, affording a quick and
economical solution of the problem. As the pier advanced the sand was tilled in on
the east side, BO that there is now solid land out nearly the entire length of the break-
water, adding greatly to the strength and safety of the structure. On the west side
there was a bench 100 feet in width and 6 feet in height ; this the sea has cut through,
giving an opening of about 600 feet in width and a channel with 6 feet of water at
low tide, through which all the lightering to and from the vessels has for months
been doue. This opening and maintaining of a channel, without dredgiug, is the
best possible proof of the final success of the plan adopted for the formation of a
harbor.

The bar in front of the San Juan lagoon has long been known as one of the most
dangerous places on the coast in rough weather, and it is with no small satisfaction
that I say the breakwater has been carried forward through the heavy surf, which
prevails here during several months of the year, without even stopping on account
of weather, and without an accident of any kind, or the loss of a life. The dredging
plant, purchased of the American Dredging Company, consisting of several dredges,
steam tugs, lighters, contents of a machine shop, etc., have begun to arrive, there
being already five dredges, nine lighters, and several hundred tons of machinery and
supplies delivered here. The dredges are being put in order as fast as possible, one
being already at work cutting a channel across the bar to deep water outside.

A contract has been let to the North American Dredging and Improvement Com-
pany of New York for dredging 1,500,000 cubic yards in the proposed harbor at the
eastern terminus. This company has now one dredge and a large scow, and a large
plant of dredgers, scows, and tugs now on their way here.

A contract for clearing the right of way from Lake Nicaragua to the Pacific has
been let, and work will soon begin on this portion. A large amount of supplies,
tools, and machinery, consisting of steam boilers, rock drills, hoisting eugines, rail-
way appliances of all kinds, etc., are now on hand and ready for work.

In all the work done the aim has been to have everything first class, and no ex-
pense has been spared to secure this end. In many cases inferior material might
have been used at a great saving of first cost, but this has not been done.

All the timber of the breakwater, the railroad wharf, and permanent bridges, is
creosoted in the best possible manner. Creosoted railroad ties are being brought
from the United States at a cost of about four times what ties of native wood could
be bought for. The capacity of the creosoting works to its utmost.

All the employ6s, both officers and laborers, are housed and fed by the company.
It would undoubtedly seem to be cheaper not to do this, but laborers would not re-
ceive as good food nor as comfortable lodging, and sickness would be the result.

At an early date an excellent hospital was established, where all the company's
employ6s are treated free of cost. This, in connection with the care taken of the
employe's, has kept the sick list down to a point which would be considered excellent
in any climate. The death rate among laborers has been remarkably small, and there
has not been a death among the officers from sickness.

In conclusion, I would call attention to the great difficulty under which the work
has been done.

In times past it was no uncommon thing for vessels laden with only ordinary pack-
ages of merchandise to leave here without discharging their cargoes on account of
the unprotected anchorage. We have been compelled to unload locomotives, steam
shovels, pile-drivers, railroad cars, etc., in packages weighing as high as 15 tons, re-
ceiving them on board lighters in an entirely unprotected sea 2 miles from land,
and bringing them ashore, where they have been taken from the lighters and set up
without the aid of powerful derricks, such as are commonly used for such work.

The country along our line was entirely without highways, or any means of com-
munication. From the small settlement of San Juan del Norte to Ochoa the country
was an unknown and uninhabited wilderness.

The company has gone to work in an unostentatious, systematic manner to accom-
plish the great work before them, and may well take pride in what has been accom-
plished.

Very respectfully,

FRANK P. DAVIS,

Division Engineer.

A. G. MENOCAL, Esq.,

Chief Engineer, Nicaragua Canal

Construction Company f America, Nicaragua.

248 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

SUMMARY- OF HOSPITAL SERVICE.

NICARAGUA CA^AL CONSTRUCTION COMPANY,

San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua, Xoccmbt-r 1, 1890.

The work first undertaken by the above company was simple surveyiiig, carried on
by small parties of engineers, who were constantly changing the location of their
camps. Daring this period there was no regular organization of the medical depart-
ment, and no hospital service. The health of the limited number of officers and men
was cared for by three assistant surgeons, who traveled back and forth between (In-
different camps in their different sections.

In the summer of 1889, much of the preliminary work having been completed, the
number of employe's was considerably increased, and the work more concentrated at
several points, so tbat it became possible to inaugurate a hospital service.

At Greytown the hospitals of the company are located on tbe beach, about three
miles from the town, and two medical stations have been erected on tbe San Juanillo
and Deseado rivers. At the hospital two surgeons were employed, and also one in
each station.

It has been the policy of this company to increase the hospital accommodations and
number of the surgical staff as rapidly as was found necessary, either by the increase
of the number of employe's at work or from the possible increase of the percentage of
sickness. A style of buildings has been adopted, which being made with corrugated
iron sides and roofs, are practically exempt from danger by lire, and less liable than
wooden buildings to become infected.

At present the company has at work about 2,000 men, and through the medical
department furnishes the following accommodations :

(1) Headquarters hospital (on the beach at Greytown). This hospital consists of
three main buildings and nine smaller ones, as shown by the accompanying ground
plan. No. 1 is occupied by the chief surgeon's office, the hospital office, and living
quarters for tbe house surgeon and his assistant surgeons, the druggist, and chief sur-
geon's clerk. No. 2 has an operating room, arranged for antiseptic operations, and
used solely for such cases ; an examining room for the treatment of out patients, and
examination of those desiring admittance to the hospital, etc.; a pharmacy, well
stocked, and eight wards for the accommodation of officers and mechanics. Three of
these wards are set aside as private rooms for the higher officials, or for cases requir-
ing perfect quiet. No. 3 contains two large wards on each floor ; one floor being used
for surgical, and the other for medical cases among the laborers. No. 4 is divided
into two large dining halls for the convalescent officers and laborers, respectively.
No. 5 holds two closets and bath rooms for the use of officers; running water and
shower baths being provided. No. 6 is used on the lower floor as a druggist's store-
room, while the upper floor is occupied by sleeping apartments. No. 7 has three
rooms, viz., kitchen, steward's storeroom, and pantry. Nos. 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 are
respectively nsed as a drying house, laundry, barracks, deadhouse, and stables.

The wards throughout the hospital are furnished exactly as those in the best regu-
lated hospitals of New York, while, owing to the mild climate, we have been enabled
to provide more perfect ventilation than is possible in our large city hospitals.

A corps of well-trained nurses, under charge of a head nurse, <;are for the patients
night and day, while the kitchen and general work about the buildings are looked
after by a competent steward.

A house surgeon, two assistant surgeons, and an assistant druggist are employed
here constantly. The capacity of this hospital is 125 beds.

An efficient ambulance service is connected with this hospital.

(2) Temporary hospital No. 1 (6 miles up the line of railway now building). We
have erected a building, 20 by 50 feet, for use as a temporary or emergency hos-
pital, the object being to treat here mild cases from among the employes further op
the line, and to furnish more immediate relief in cases of accident before forwarding
patients to the headquarters hospital.

This building contains 30 beds, a pharmacy, and examining room. One assistant
surgeon, an assistant druggist, and two nurses are located here.

(3) Medical ttation. In addition to the hospital, we have established three medical
stations; one in the Deseado Valley, one in the San Francisco Valley, and a third on
the western division, in each of which is stationed an assistant surgeon. The duty
of these doctors is to visit periodically all camps in tbe station, and, after treating
such mild cases as they may find, to forward those requiring hospital treatment.

(4) Druggist's department. The druggist is stationed at the headquarters hospital,
and receives and fills requisitions from the different camps and stations. He also has
oversight of the pharmacies of both hospitals. Every camp, irrespective of its size
and importance, is kept constantly stocked with a good assortment of the more com-
mon household drugs, while each camp, at which a surgeon is stationed, has a good
pharmacy.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 249

(5) Sanitary work. It has been the policy of the company to prevent sickness as
far as possible, and every surgeon is invested with the authority of a sanitary in-
spector iu his station, and is expected to report every ten days to the chief surgeon
as fully upon the sanitary conditions of the different camps, as upon matters more
strictly medical.

At Greytown, during the summer months, every vessel arriving at the port is vis-
ited by the chief surgeon, or one of his staff, before communication with the shore is
allowed.

The health of the employe's has been very good. The care exercised by the com-
pany in looking after those actually ill has been followed by highly gratifying re-
sults. Only 1 per cent, of those actually in the hospital have died, and this per-
centage includes all cases, whether due to accidents involving sudden death, or
deaths from phthisis pulmonalis, contracted before entering the company's service.

Of those admitted to the hospital, suffering from diseases contracted in the country,
only two-thirda of one 1 cent, has died. Diseases met with are not, as generally
supposed, entirely of a malarial character,, for only 51 per cent, of the cases treated
during the three months past have been due to fever of any form.

Among the remaining, one finds about the same variety of troubles as in a more
temperate climate.

J. EDWARD STUBBERT,

Chief Surgeon.

250

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

APPENDIX D.

THE MARITIME SHIP CANAL OF NICARAGUA.

INTEROCEANIC COMMUNICATION.

The question of interocanic communication, acroHs the narrow neck of land which
connects the North and South American continents, is one that has commanded nt-
tention since the discovery of the Western World. Indeed, it was the first question
which that discovery suggested for solution ; for this narrow neck of land is the only,
buteffectual, barrier which interposed to prevent the realization of Columbus's theory
that the East Indies might be reached by sailing westward from Europe.

A history of the various attempts made to solve the problem, from the time of
Charles V. of Spain until the present, would fill volumes and would be of greatest
interest, bnt is foreign to the purpose of this pamphlet, which is to present as con-
cisely as possible the practical results which thereby have been attained.

On the 15th Ma cli, Ib72, a Commission, consisting of Brig. Gen. A. A. Humphreys,
Qhief of Engineers U. S. Army; Prof. C. P. Pattterson, Superintendent U. 8. Coast,
Survey, and Admiral Daniel Amruen, Chief of Bureau of Navigation, was ap-
pointed by the President of the United States, in compliance with a resolution of
the Senate, to consider the subject of communication by canal between the waters of
the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across, over, or near the isthmus connecting North
and South America.

After a long, careful, and minute study of the several surveys of the various routes,
and after additional surveys made in connection therewith, especially of the Panama
and the Atrato-Napipi routes, the Commission reported February 7, 1876, unanimously,
that the route from San Juan del Norte (Greytowu) by way of the San Juan River,
Lake Nicaragua, and the valleys of the Rio Del Medio and Rio Grande to the port of
Brito on the Pacific coast, possesses greater advantages and offers fewer difficulties
than any of the other routes shown to be practicable.

The different routes, surveys for which bad been conducted through a series of years
by naval officers under the instructions of the Navy Department, at this time con-
sidered and reported upon by the Commission, were as follows:

Named geographically from North toward the South the routes considered were :

1. The Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

2. The Nicaragua route via Lake Nica-

ragua.

3. The Isthmus of Panama.

4. The San Bias and Chepo route.

5. The Caledonia Bay and Morti routes.

6. The Caledonia Bay and Sncubti route.

7. The so-called "Du Pnydt" route.

8. The Cacarica and Tuyra route.

9. The Atrato and Fernando route.
10. The At.rato-Napipi route.

Of the numerous projects for interoceanic communication by canal many had been
proven impracticable and these only were deemed worthy of consideration. Exactly
how many different routes had been proposed in 1876 can not be stated, bnt Admiral
Davis in his work published in 1866 names nineteen as then suggested.

At the International Congress, convened in Paris in the year 1879 to determine the
location of an interoceanic canal across the American Isthmus, the merits of the Nica-
rngnan route were ably advocated by the delegates from the United States Govern-
ment, Admiral Daniel Ammen and Civil Engineer Monacal, and by other engineers of
hi j;li repute. The correctness of the arguments then made in favor of this route, as
well as of the report of the commission already mentioned has, since that time, been
practically demonstrated. The only reason for the adoption of the Panama route by
the congress was that it was believed that a sea-level canal could be there constructed.
The abandonment of the sea-level theory, and the adoption of locks in 1887 has
proven the fallacy of the theory.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 251

CONCESSIONS AND ORGANIZATION.

In April, 1887, the Nicaragua Canal Association secured from the Government of
Nicaragua a concession granting exclusive privilege to excavate and operate a mari-
time sltpp canal across its territory, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, for the
unobstructed and commodious passage of vessels of the same size as the large steam-
ers used for ocean navigation in Europe and America, with all privileges necessary
to the advantageous and efficient prosecution of the work.

In pursuance of the conditions of the concession, surveys were commenced in De-
cember, 1H87, and were continued by a numerous and competent corps of engineers
until the final location of the route was determined. These surveys have been care-
fully examined and approved by a board of consulting engineers, and by theNicara-
guan Government, and they are the basis of all work done since the organization
of the company of execution.

In February, 1889, the Congress of the United States granted to Frederick Billings
and his associates, as incorporators, a charter under the name of The Maritime Canal
Company of Nicaragua, with a capital of $100,000,000, and the right and authority to
increase the same to $200,000,000.

In May, 1889, the incorporators organized under the provisions of their charter, and
on the 25th of that month dispatched to San Juan del Norte, by the steamer Alvena,
the first expedition for construction.

Ou the 3d day of June, 1889, the company began the preliminary work of construc-
tion at San Juan del Norte (Greytown).

On the 8th day of October following it commenced the work of excavation, and
the Government of Nicaragua has officially recognized and declared by decree tbat
the construction of the canal was formally commenced, in accordance with the terms
of the concession, on the said 8th day of October, 1889.

WORK ACCOMPLISHED.

Since the 3d of June, 1889, the company has established permanent headquarters
at San Juan del Norte, erected large storehouses, hospitals, dwellings, and other
buildings. It has accumulated there several miles of piping and other material for
the construction of an aqueduct to supply the lower portion of the canal and the
harbor with pure fresh water. It has cleared of obstructions to navigation parts of
the San Juanillo, the Deseado, the San Francisco, and other navigable streams. It
has built over a mile of broad-gauge railroad, constructed over 70 miles of telegraph
and telepbone lines, and cleared several miles of the route of the canal between the
harbor and the first lock in readiness for dredging. It has landed at San Juan del
Norte large quantities of machinery, tools, lumber, piles, creosoted timber, boats,
steam launches, lighters, and other material and equipment necessary in the work of
restoring the harbor and for use in construction.

The important work of building the breakwater, to protect the harbor entrance
from the effects of shifting sand on the coast, was commenced about the middle of
December. The breakwater is now built out 600 feet, with a width of 40 feet, and
the depth of water reached is about 15 feet. The result thus far attained by this
work is most satisfactory, even exceeding the promises of the chief engineer in its
effect upon the deposit of sand and upon the action of the ocean on the protected
area.

DESCRIPTION OF COUNTRY.

The Republic of Nicaragua occupies a part of the American isthmus extending
from about 10 70' N. to 15 N. latitude and from 83 20' W. to 87 40' W. longitude.

Its shores were first seen by Europeans in 1503, when Columbus in his fourth voy-
age rounded the cape at its northeast angle, which he called Cape Gracias & Dios, the
name it bears to-day, and then coasted south along its entire eastern shore. In 1522
Gil Gonzales d'Avila discovered its Pacific coast, and penetrated to the lakes and tc
the cities of its Indian inhabitants. Previous to this the country was undoubtedly
occupied by a numerous population of Aztecs, or nearly allied people, as numerous
specimens of pottery, gold images, and implements found about the lakes and their
islands seem to demonstrate.

In 1529 the connection of the lakes with the Caribbean Sea via the River San Juan
was discovered, and during the last quarter .of that century considerable commerce
was carried on by this route between Granada and other ports of Lake Nicaragua and
the cities of Nombre de Dios, Carthagena, Havana, and Cadiz.

In 1823, Nicaragua with her sister colonies, threw off the rule of Spain and formed
a confederation ; this confederation was dissolved in 1839, and since then Nicaragua
has conducted her own affairs.

252 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

In shapa, Nicaragua is an irregular qnadrilatera.. Its longest side extends from
the Gulf of Fonseca northeasterly to (Jape Gracias & Dios., 290 miles. From Cape
Gracias & Dios south to the month ol the Rio San Joan, the Caribbean coast line is
250 miles long ; thence nearly due west across the Isthmus to Salinas Bay, on the
Pacific, is 1*20 miles. The Pacific coast line, extending northwest, is 160 miles long.
The area of the country is 51.600 square miles. In point of size it stands first among
the Central American Republics. It is larger than either the State of New York or
the State of Pennsylvania; it is about the size of Denmark, Belgium, the Nether-
lands, and Switzerland, combined ; and is one-fourth as large as France or Germany.
Its population is about 400,000.

The principal cities are

Inhabitant*.

Leon 30,000

Granada 12,000

Managua 10,000

Rivas 8,000

Massaya 14,000

The Gulf of Fonseca and Salinas Bay, at the northwest and the southeast points of
the Pacific coast of Nicaragua, are two of the finest and largest harbors on the entire
Pacific coast of Central America. Abont midway between them is another fine har-
bor, that of Corinto; and at various places along the coast, at Tamarindito, Brito,
and San Juan del Snr, are good anchorages, secure in all except heavy southwest
gales. On the Caribbean coast there are no natural harbors suitable for large vessels,
but there are numerous lagoons, bights, and river mouths, affording the best of shelter
for coasting vessels and steamers.

The central portion of Nicaragua, from north to south, is occupied by the main
Cordillera of the isthmus, which is here greatly reduced in altitude and consists of a
confused mass of peaks and ridges with an average elevation of scarcely more than
1,000 feet.

Between this mountainous region and the shore of the Caribbean Sea stretches a
low, level country covered with dense forests and drained by several large rivers.

West of the mountain zone is a broad valley extending from the Gulf of Fonseca,
southeasterly, to the boundary of Costa Rica in this valley are located the two lakes,
Managua and Nicaragua. The latter, over 100 miles long and from 30 to 60 miles
wide, is worthy of being called an inland sea ; Lake Managua, which flows into it
from the northwest, through the river Tipitapa, is 30 miles long and about 20 miles
wide.

Between these lakes and the Pacific is a narrow strip of land from 30 to 12 miles in
width, stretching from the magnificent plain which snrrounds the cathedral city of
Leon, in the north, to the rolling fields of indigo and maize and the cacao plantations
which environ the garden city of Rivas, in the south. The beauty, fertility, and salu-
brity of this re<ii.in is the theme of universal praise; its undulating surface becomes
hilly near the Pacific and within a few miles of the ocean breaks into the coast range,
from 500 to 1,200 feet in height. Looking from the summit, of one of the western
hills the garden of Central America, containing the city of Rivas and half a dozen
small towns and villages bowered in orange groves and palms and surrounded by plan-
tations of sugar, indigo, and cacao, lies spread below.

The drainage of the lakes and of all this region passes down the Rio San Jnan and
discharges into the Caribbean Sea at San Juan del None, the southeast limit of the
country. On the western shore of Lake Nicaragua nearly opposite the head of the
San Jnan is the lowest pass across the backbone of the New World, from the Arctic
Ocean to the Straits of Magellan.

CLIMATE.

In its climatic features Nicaragua ia exceptionally favored. Lying between the
elevated mountain mases of Costa Rica on the south and of Honduras on the north,
the average elevation of its own mountains is hardly 1,000 feet ; it is thus the natural
thoroughfare of the northeast " Trades," which rush in from the Caribbean Sea,
sweep across the eastern slopes, break the surface of its lake into sparkling waves and
then disappear over th western hills, aerating, cooling, and purifying the entire conn-
try, destroying all germs of disease, and making Nicaragua the healthiest region in
Central America.

On the Atlantic slope rains are frequent, but by the time the wind reaches the lake
basin its surplus moisture is gone, and as the drier land raises its temperature it ab-
sorbs instead of depositing moisture. Hence a difference in climate between the east
and west sides of the country, the latter being, in the dry season, from November to
May, almost without rain. Sqoier says of this season :

"The temperature is less, the nights positively cool and the winds occasionally

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 253

chilling. The sky is cloudless and trifling showers fall at rare intervals. * * * This
season is esteemed the healthiest of the year. Its effect is practically that of a north-
ern wintor."

The temperature of Nicaragua is equable. The extreme variation recorded by
Childs was 23 ; observed near the head of the San Juan in May, 1851. It may be
said in general terms, that the temperature rarely rises above 90 Fahr. or falls below
70 Fahr. The average temperature, as observed by the latest surveying party on
the San Juan River, was 73 at 6:30 a. m., and 82 at 2 p. m. The equatorial cloud
belt, following the sun north in apring, is late in reaching Nicaragua, and the wet
season is shorter than in regions farther south. The average rainfall west of the
hikes for nine years was about 64 inches. On the Caribbean coast it is greater.

The scenery of the eastern portion of Nicaragua is of the luxuriance peculiar to all
tropical countries. In the vicinity of the lakes and between them and the Pacific,
the isolated mountain peaks which bound the plain of Leon on the northeast, the
mountain island of Ometepe and Madera, in Lake Nicaragua, the towering masses
of the Casta Ricau volcanos and the distant blue mountains of Segovia and Matagalpa
seen across the sparkling waters of the lakes, charm the eye with scenic beauties
unsurpassed in grandeur, variety, and richness of coloring in any other country.

PRODUCTS.

The products of Nicaragua are numerous and valuable, although the resources of
the country are as yet almost entirely undeveloped. In the hilly region of the north-
west coffoe is grown in large quantities. Brazil wood grows in abundance in the forests,
and plantations of sugar, indigo, and cacao abound everywhere between the lakes
and the Pacific. Potatoes and maize thrive in the uplands of Segovia. The Chon-
tales region, east of the lake, is a grazing country supporting thousands of cattle.
Farther east are the gold and silver mining districts of La Libertad, Juigalpa, and
others not so well known. The dense forests which cover portions of the country are
rich in rubber, cedar, mahogany, and dye woods, and trees and plants, too numerous
to mention, of medical and commercial value.

All tropical fruits grow in abundance, and the rich banks of the rivers of the east-
ern slopes will yield almost incalculable harvests of plantains, bananas, oranges,
pineapples, and limes.

Game of numerous varieties deer, wild hog, manatee, tapir, wild turkey, ducks,
quail, etc. is plentiful in the forests, and fish abound in the rivers.

LOCATION OF ROUTE.

It is through this country, salubrious, fertile, beautiful, and rich in natural re-
sources that the Maritime Canal of Nicaragua is to be constructed. Its route, as de-
termined by surveys, accepted and approved by the Nicaragnan Government, traverses
the lowest depression of land in the Cordillera, between the Arctic Ocean and Cape
Horn. The depression is occupied by the large inland sea of fresh water, Lake
Nicaragua, and by its outlet, the San Juan River. The western border of the lake
is within 12 miles of the Pacific coast, fro.n which it is separated by a low divide of
42 feet. Its surface is 110 feet above sea level. Its drainage is toward the Atlantic,
through the San Juan River into the Caribbean Sea. These great natural features
are to be utilized in the proposed canal. The lake is 100 miles long, has an average
width of 45 miles and a variable depth,' reaching in some places 150 feet. The San
Juan River is already navigable for river and lake craft throughout most of its length.

WORK PROPOSED.

The details of work as proposed are briefly, a breakwater at San Juan del Norte
and the deepening of the harbor, dredging thence to the westward 9i miles through
alluvial ground ; then a lock of 30 feet lift. At 1J miles beyond there will be a
second lock of 31 feet lift, and a dam across the small stream Deseado, above
which will be two basins, separated by another dam and a third lock of 45
feet lift, affording 5 miles of free navigation ; then a rock cut about 2$ miles in
length, followed by 12 miles of free navigation in the valleys f two small rivers,
the San Francisco and the Machado. Here the water will be raised by dams and
embankments, forming basins which will connect directly with the San Juan above
a large dam across that river, which will raise the surface level in the river and lake
and secure additional free navigation of 64$ miles in the river and 56 miles across
the lake. On the western side of the lake the canal enters a out of slight depth, in
earth and rock, 9 miles long, issuing thence into the Tola basin, with 5| miles of
free navigation obtained by damming the small stream, the Bio Grande. At this
dam a series of looks lowers the level 85 feet, and the canal proceeds in ex-

254

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

cavation down the valley of the Rio Grande, a distance of 2 miles, to the last lock,
a tidal lock of 5JO to 30 feet lift, below which the canal enters the npper portion of
the Harbor of Brito, 1$ miles from the Pacific Ocean, where a breakwater will be
constructed, enlarging and making more commodious the present haibor.

GKNKRAL FEATURES OF WORK.

The general features of the work as determined by the surveys and studies pre-
viously referred to are as follows :

East
Bide.

West

side.

ToUL

Jfife*.
9 297

Milrt.
57

Milet.
9 867

2.833

6 41

9 243

2.146

2 4"

4 566

.354

2 00

2.354

14.630

11.40

26.030

.379

380

759

Natural surfaces, flooded to 30 feet depth or over, -requiring neither dredging

13.649

4 53

18.179

Flooded surfaces, requiring earth dredging only to make 30 feet depth of

2.70

.74

3.440

Channels in lake and river requiring excavation under water

35.00

2.28

37.280

Natural courses or artificial basins having 30 feet or over of water and re-
quiring neither dredging nor excavation.

43.67

40 09

83.760

169 44b

SUMMARIES.

Mile*.

Natural and artificial waterways, needing neither dredging nor excavation 101.939

Canal proper, thorough cuta 26.030

Excavation below surface of water to give 30 feet depth of water, chiefly earth 40. 720

Six lock* 75fl

Total route from ocean to ocean 160.448

East
Bide.

West
Bide.

Total.

Mile*.
15.009

miet,

11.780

Mile*.
26.789

21 619

64 54

56 50

Total p>nt* from wwui to ocwin

169. 448

The entire route has been carefully located and cross-sectioned and the computed
quantities of excavations, fills, and embankments as determined by these studies are
as given below. Borings by rock drills, to the depth of necessary cuttings, have
been made throughout the entire length or the divide cuts, and the material is every-
where found to be of rock that will hold well the slopes proposed.

Quantities.

Cubic yards.

Earth dredging for canal, all below sea level 29,823,161

Earth excavation, all above sea level 21,773,810

Rock excavation 13,452,938

Rock excavation, under water 575,445

Total excavation, earth and rock 65,625,354

Rock fills, for dams and breakwater taken from divide cuts 4.033,810

Earth fills, taken from excavations 6, 105, :!80

Concrete 615,651

Stone pitching 202,641

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY

255

It is estimated that construction can be- completed and the canal ready for opera-
tion by 1897.

The minimum depth of water throughout the canal will be 30 feet.

With the exception of the rock cuts in the eastern and western divides, excavation
will be at all points wide enough for two ships to travel in opposite directions.
Through the basins and in the lake and river San Juan vessels can pass each other
and navigate with entire freedom.

CAPACITY FOR TRAFFIC.

The capacity of the canal for traffic will be limited onty by the time required to
pass a lock. On the basis of 45 minutes as the time consumed in the operation and
that but one vessel will pass in each lockage, the number of vessels which may pass
through the canal in one day is calculated at 32, or, in one year, 11,680; which, based
on the average tonnag of vessels going through the Suez Canal, will give an annual
capacity for traffic of over 20,000,000 tons, but the locks are 650 feet long and 70 feet
wide in the chamber, and two vessels, each of 2,000 tons displacement, may be
passed through on each lockage, thus largely increasing, if not doubling, the esti-
mated capacity. The present traffic of the Suez Canal is about 7,000,000 tons per
annum, with a transit of about 3,500 vessels.

The lowest flow of the lake in the dry season is 11,390 cubic feet per second. Its
average discharge is 14,724 cubic feet per second, or in one day 1,272,530,600 cubic
feet. The water required for 32 lockages in one day is 127,400,000 cubic feet ; conse-
quently the lake supply alone is ten times the maximum needed for the operations
of the canal.

The time consumed in passing from ocean to ocean, by steamers, is estimated at
twenty-eight hours, which includes one hour and twenty minutes for possible deten-
tions in narrow cuts.

That the capacity of the canal, and the sufficiency of the supply of water for lock-
age, are fully adequate to any demands likely to be made by commerce for some time
to come is evident. In this connection some estimate of the probable business of the
canal is proper. The great increase of navigation by steam during the past twenty
years is an important factor in this problem. The substitution of steam for sail
since 1870 is indicated in the following tables :

Shipping tonnage of the world.

Year.

Sail.

Per cent.

Steam.

Per cent.

1870

13 868 000

1 918 000

1881

15, 002, 000

72i

5, 644, 000

27*

1888

9, 497, 000

11 552 COO

This, however, is not a proper indication of the comparative increase for, owing to
the greater speed of steamers as compared with sailing vessels, their capacity for
transportation is multiplied five fold, and the comparison by percentages then appears
as follows :

1870.

1881.

1888.

Sail transportation ......... .................. .......................

Per cent.
59

Per cent.
34 i

Per cent.
14

Steam transportation ..................................................

651

pas...

enormous change is illustrated, as well as anywhere, in the growth of tonnage
though the Suez Canal in the same years :

1871.

1881.

1888.

765

2,727

3,440

761, 467

4, 136, 779

6, 640 834

256 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

These njrnra* are indicative of the eagerness with which commerce avails itself of
every facility that expedites the movement of commodities and shortens the time of
transportation, whether it be by rapidity of locomotion or by lessening of distances,
thereby lessening its cost They also Indicate the wonderful growth of commerce
under favoring circumstances.

Under such circumstances the commerce of the world, as indicated in the first table,
has increased threefold in eighteen years. The effective tonnage, allowing fivefold
for steam, was

Tons.

1870 23,458,000

1881 43,222,000

1888 67,257,000

If it increases in the same ratio for the next seven years in which it advanced be-
tween 1881 and 1888, it will in 1895 amount to 105,000,000 tons.

TONNAGE TRIBUTAKY TO THK CANAL.

From statistical records it appears that the number of ships trading from our East-
ern ports and from Europe to the North and South Pacific was, in 1879, 2,647, with
an aggregate tonnage of 2,671,886 tons.

Eight years later, in 1887, statistics show the following facts:

TOM.

Trade across the Isthmus of Panama 1,217,685

Trade between Atlantic and Pacific ports of the United States 145, 713

Trade between Atlantic ports of the United States and foreign countries

west of Cape Horn 752,585

Trade between Pacific ports of the United States and foreign countries

east of Cape Horn 879,844

Trade around Cape Horn of European countries (Austria, Denmark, Nor-
way, Sweden, and Russia, not included, as statistics are not accessible). 1, 471, 399
Trade of British Columbia withEurope 39,818

4,507,044

Excepting the trade across the Isthmus, this is all trade around Cape Horn. No
estimate is made of the trade around Cape Good Hope, much of which would seek
the canal if it were open ; nor is any estimate made of the trade which, rather than
break bulk for transport by the transcontinental railways, would continue on ship-
board when the question of the long voyage around either cape had resolved itself
into that of a passage through the canal.

These statistics show that the traffic which would naturally seek the canal was, in
1879, 2,671,886 tons, and that it had increased in 1887 to 4,507,044 tons, the percent-
age of increase being nearly 69 per cent. A similar increase in the next eight years
would make it in 1895, 7,616,904 tons. And there is no reason why such an increase
should not be realized ; in fact, every reason exists to expect it ; the industrial devel-
opment of our Pacific States, the settlement of Alaska, the growing importance oi
Chili, and, not least of all, the evident disposition of the enterprising and wealthy
Empire of Japan to become a dealer in the markets of the world, assure it.

In the foregoing estimates no account whatever is taken of vast sources of traffic,
such as ores and timber, of which practically there is nothing carried now, but which
will furnish an enormous tonnage as soon as facilities for transportation are provided.

The natural growth and development of the Pacific States and Territories will fur-
nish thousands of tons of traffic to the canal for the hundreds that exist nnder present
conditions. The lumber trade of Oregon and Washington presents the most notable
development of any line of commerce that can be cited. In 1886 the total shipment
was 6,000,000 cubic feet; in 1887 it amounted to 48,000,000 feet; the amount cut in
1888 is estimated at 706,985,000 feet, and its value at $7,750,000. The shipments
abroad of lumber from Puget Sound were valued at over $5,000,000. It is estimated
that the forests of Washington contain not less than 175,000,000,000 feet of uncut
yellow and red fir. and the timber field of Oregon is 25,000 square miles, a quarter of
the superficial area of the State. William H. Seward said: "The entire region of
Oregon, Washington Territory, British Columbia, and Alaska seems destined to be-
come a shipyard for the supply of all nations." Lumbermen in Washington estimate
that the opening of the Nicaragua Canal will add $2 to the value of every thousand
feet of lumber standing around Puget Sound, and the same is true of the still larger
timber fields of the Alaskan Archipelago, the estimate being based on cheap trans-
portation, for the cost of ocean transportation as compared to railroad is as 1$ to 10.

The wheat, lumber, fish, wool, furs, and other commodities of the Pacific North-
west will be provided to commerce in increasing quantities and with greater profit
to producers when cheap water transportation is at hand to convey them promptly
to the world's markets.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 257

The trade between Australia and our Atlantic ports has quadrupled since 1885,
though it is still trifling in comparison with the total foreign commerce of those
colonies, but it has grown to what it is without encouragement and in spite of
obstacles and disadvantages, and favoring circumstances would open up for us large
possibilities with this young and vigorous English-speaking people, whose foreign
commerce already exceeds $600,000,000 per year.

The total tonnage entered and cleared at New Zealand ports in 1885, exclusive of
coasters, was 1,032,700 tons, mostly by sail to Europe.

The distance from Auckland, New Zealand, to Liverpool is 1,100 miles less by
Nicaragua than by any other route. From Melbourne it is 400 miles less, and from
Sydney 500 miles less, with more favorable weather and winds and currents.

From Yokohama the saving is 3,900 miles and over.*

A London journal says : " In estimating the future before a waterway connecting the
Pacific and Atlantic, it must be remembered that India has now 7,250,000 tons of ship-
ping annually clearing from her ports, Australasia, 16,000,000, Hong Kong, 7,000,000,
and the Straits Settlements, 7,000,000, most of which comes to Great Britain, and
a very large part of which would find its way through the Nicaragua Canal, but in-
calculable as the advantages would be to this country (Great Britain), it is prob-
able that the United States would benefit to a still greater extent. That this is so
is clear from the fact that the greater part of the huge commerce of that country
would be saved, through using the canal, sometimes between 5,000 to 12,000 miles of
travel.* But economy of time and distance is not the only thing deemed of conse-
quence by commerce.

Breaking bulk in transit is also a cost to be eliminated if possible. Manchester is
to-day building, at a cost of $35,000,000, a ship canal 35 miles long to the estuary of
the Mersey, when Liverpool, her natural port, is only 31^ miles distant by rail, in
order to avoid making and breaking bulk away from home and that she may save
to her merchants some part of the charges and commissions paid to Liverpool ship-
ping agents.

COASTING TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES.

One most important feature is yet to be mentioned. The opening of the canal
will practically make our coast line continuous from Maine to Alaska, and our coast-
ing trade will thereby receive an impetus that can hardly be overestimated. It
already amounts to over 500,000 tons per annum between our Atlantic and Gulf ports
and Central America and Colombia. Galveston, New Orleans, Mobile, Pearl River,
Pensacola, Savannah, Brunswick, Beaufort, Wilmington, Norfork, Baltimore, Phila-
delphia, New York, and Boston are all interested in the total.

Steamers built for the purpose trade along the shores of the Caribbean Sea, ex-
changing our articles of commerce for the products of the tropics ; but the best har-
bors and the richest districts and most valuable products of these neighbors of
ours are on the Pacific side, where our vessels can not reach them, so they fall to the
British and other steamers that ply on the west coast, and the trade goes to Europe.

When the opening of the canal shall have enabled the little steamers and coasting
schooners to push through to the Pacific side and compete for its rich trade, with
the advantage of home ports and markets thousands of miles nearer than those of
Europe, it will not be long before our coasting trade shall have grown to many times
its present volume. These are conditions which will tend to make San Francisco,
on the Pacific and New York on the Atlantic the markets of the world, and the
United States, situated as it is between the two oceans, with practically an endless
coast line, the mistress of its commerce.

To this possibility the geographical location and natural features of the Nicaragua
Canal are most advantageous, and Lake Nicaragua the summit level of the canal, a
mighty body of fresh water 100 miles in length by 45 in width, deepening to 150 feet,
swept continually by the trade winds, with a delightful and healthy climate gives
to the route a political and international importance unique and significant. The
nation that controls this canal under terms of amity with Nicaragua will here find
rest and refreshment for its fleets and a point d'appui from which either ocean may
readily be reached in case of need.

To this sheltered stronghold its squadrons, after service done on either ocean, at
the bidding of a telegraphic sign from the home Government may return to refit
and rest in absolute security until some renewed need of action calls again for their
services. There can not be imagined a more potent means of avoiding difficulty
than such efficient preparation in advance to quiet promptly any disturbances which
may arise.

Placed thus advantageously, one fleet would readily do the work of two, and with

" See Appendix A.
S. Doc. 231, pt 4 17

258

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

a naval depot thus conveniently located, the Pacific Coast and our Alaskan posses-
sions, as well as oar commerce on both oceans, would be as well guarded as our
Atlantic Coast.

This, however, is merely incidental to the canal an an American enterprise and a
reason outside of financial considerations why it should command American support.

THE GATEWAYS OF COMMERCE. ,

When the Nicaragua Canal is bnilt it will stand at the gateways of commerce on
the Western Continent, as Suez does in the East, to take toll of more than one- half
of the commerce of the world. It needs no argument to demonstrate what that means.
The annual reports of the Suez Canal, which possesses far leas than a moiety of the
natural advantages of the Nicaraguan enterprise, are its best illustration.

We subjoin that portion of the reports since 1879 which has direct bearing upon the
subject before us.

Traffic of the maritime canal of Sue*.

No. of

ships.

Net
tonnage.

Passengers.

Receipts
from tolls
and passen-
gers.

187f

1,477

2 263 332

84 512

$5 595 247

1880-

2,026

3 057 421

101, 551

7,501 627

jggl

2,727

4,136 779

('0 .V'l

9 619 826

1882

3,198

6,074 808

131 068

11 346 345

1883

8,307

5, 775, 861

119, 177

12, 350, 051!

1884

3,284

5,871,500

151,916

12, 029, 585

1885

3,624

6, 835, 752

205, 951

12,423 354

1886

3,100

5, 767, 655

171,411

11, 297, 038

1887

3,137

5,903,024

182 997

11 565 054

1888 ....

3,440

6,640.834

193, 895

12 975 316

Expenses of operation, etc., for 1888 :

307, 914

521, 137

378 007

1,207.068

The company has not yet published a report for 1889.

From this report is to be seen at a glance the tribute which commerce willingly
pays to facilities for its more commodious transaction and its steadv and continuous
growth under such conditions.

ESTIMATED INCOME.

In view of all the conditions it is not excessive ; indeed it is most moderate to ex-
pect for the Nicaragua Canal, when it shall be opened to the traffic of the world in
1897, a tonnage of not less than 7,000,000 tons ready for transit. Now, 7,000,000 tons,
at $2.50 per ton, a moderate tariff, means a revenue of $17,500,000 per annum.

The operating expenses would for many reasons be less than at Suez, but allowing
them to be tbe same, say, $1,200, 000, we may say that the net revenue would pay 5
per cent, on $325,000,000, with the probability of greatly increasing even the selarge
figure*.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.
APPENDIX A.

259

Table showing distances in miles between commercial ports of the world and distances saved

by the Nicaragua Canal.

From

Via Cape
Horn.

Via Cape
of < i ood
Hope.

Via Nic-
aragua
Canal.

Distance
saved.

New York to

Miles.
14,840

Miles.

Miles.
4 760

Miles.
10 080

16.100

7,882

8 218

15, 300

6 682

8 618

13, 071

3 122

9 949

13 631

3,682

9 949

18,180

15, 201

11,038

4 163

17, 679

16 100

9 363

6 827

13, 502

13, 290

10 000

3 290

12 5,50

14 125

8 680

5 445

14 230

6 388

7 842

CaMao

10, 689

3 713

6 976

11,471

3 053

8 418

9,750

4.700

5 050

New Orleans to

15 052

4 047

11 005

13, 283

2 409

10 874

13,843

2,969

10 874

11, 683

2 340

9 343

Ca'.lao .... ..........

10, 901

3 000

7 901

9,962

3,987

5 975

Liverpool to

14,690

7 508

7 182

11, 921

5 870

7 051

13,481

6.430

7,051

13 352

13 140

12 748

392

12,400

13 975

11 349

2 (V>6

18 030

15 051

13 786

1 265

17, 529

16,040

12, 111

3 929

11, 321

5,890

5 431

Callao ......

10, 539

6,461

4 078

Valparaiso .......................................... ....

9,600

7,448

2 152

14, 080

9 136

4 944

16 900

13, 951

13, 520

431

17,760

15 201

13,887

1,314

Hamburg to

13,931

6,880

7,051

13 371

6,320

7 051

11,430

5,530

5 900

Puiita Arenas, Costa Rica , ...... ........................

11,120

6,515

5,605

From

To eastern
entrance of
Nicaragua
Canal.

From

To western
entrance of

Nicaragua
Canal.

New York ............. ............

Miles.
2,021

Miles.
1,308

4,769

2,578

5,219

2 518

4 994

Callao

1,531

4,874

Portland.......................

3,219

Cadiz

4.220

Victoria

3, 428

NOTE. The distances have been meas tred by customary routes most convenient for Bailing slaps
and slow freight steamers.

260

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

APPENDIX E.

NICARAGUA CANAL.

THE NICARAGUA CANAL PROJECT.

[From Engineering News, September 14, 1680.1

It has been evident for some time to the careful observer that, although the day of
small canals is over, the day of great ship canals is just dawning. Heretofore, al-
thongh there has always been as great proportional need as now for ship canals to
shorten sailing distances, yet the means for construction, both mechanical and finan-
cial, were so much more limited, and the aggregate volume of traffic to be accommo-
dated so small, that there was not enough traffic " in sight " to pay interest on a cost
necessarily far greater than it is to-day.

Accordingly we find that, although ship canals at Suez, Panama, Nicaragua, Cor-
inth, Cape Cod, and elsewhere have been talked about for centuries, yet it is only
within tho last three decades that the first of them, that at Suez, has really been
completed and pnt to use. At the present moment there are a dozen or so of them
in various parts of .the world which either are or are likely soon to be under way, as
we may show more fully before we close.

This is bnt the natural effect of the great change of conditions alluded to, and it is
important to remember that the end is not yet in this change, great as it is. Capital
is so cheap that interest is less than half what it was twenty years ago ; engineering
appliances are so improved that the cost in labor and time of executing great public
works is certainly not more than half what it was twenty years ago ; commerce has
multiplied with even more marvelous rapidity. The railway mileage of the world
has doubled since 1875, or in fourteen years, and that of the United States has
doubled since 1877. The shipping has multiplied in the still more marvelous ratio
shown in the table below :

Shipping tonnage of the world.

1820.

1840.

I860.

1870.

1881.

1888.

Sail

3, 140, 000

4 560 000

0,586 000

13 826 000

15 002,000

9 407 000

gteun

6,000

116 000

820 000

1,918 000

5 644 000

11 552 000

Total

3, 146, 000

4, 676 000

10 406 000

15 576,000

20 646 000

21 049 000

Total effective

3, 170, 000

5, 140 000

13,686 000

20, 646, 000

43, 222, 000

07, 257, 000

Equivalent percent, perdecade.

27.3

63.2

50.9

95.8

88.1

[The "effective" tonnage is ascertained by multiplying the steam tonnage by 5, and adding the
prodnct to the sailing tonnage, steamers making abont five times as many voyages per year us sailing
vessels. The percentages in the hut line gives the correct decennial ratio regardless of the actual
period between the figures.]

It is bnt natural that great enterprises which lagged along hopelessly in the MO's,
'50's, and '60*8, should now be begun with confidence, and it is quite certain that
enterprises of any promise, which oven now are neglected, will not be likely to be
neglected long. For example, we can hardly expect the Nicaragua Canal to be
opened before 189. r >, or seven years from 1888. In view of the above accelerating ratio
np to 1888, what is the commerce of the world likely to have grown to when it is
opened T Obviously it will be vastly larger than it is now, and that is enough for
oar present purpose ; bat we should bear in mind also that the commerce tributary
to it is the most vigorously growing in the world. Perhaps, however, as giving a

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY,

261

more direct indication of how traffic tends to multiply, we may as well give here the
following table of the growth of traffic of the Suez and Sault Ste. Marie canals since
they were opened to commerce, the enormous jump in the "Soo" traffic in the last
year being especially notable :

Transit through Suez Canal.

Tear.

No. of

vessels.

Net
tonnage.

Receipts
from tolls.

Average
toll.

1870

486

436, 609

$869, 152

$1.99

1871

765

761 467

1 519 077

1 99

1872 .

1,082

1, 160 743

2,875 418

2 47

1873

1, 173

1, 367, 767

4, 170 145

3.04

1874

1,264

1, 631, 650

4, 533, 558

2.77

1875

1,494

2, 009, 984

5, 286, 158

2.64

1876

1,457

2, 096, 771

5, 526, 292

2.63

1877

1,663

2,351,44BT

6,036 186

2.57

1878

1,593

2, 269, 678

5, 669, 134

2.49

1879 .

1,477

2, 263, 332

5, 426, 223

2.39

1880

2,026

3, 057, 421

7, 298, 524

2.43

1881

2,727

4, 136, 779

, 438, 776

2.28

1882

3,198

5 074, 808

11,086 208

2.18

1883

3,307

5, 775, 861

12, 111, 698

2.09

1884

3,284

5, 871, 500

11, 725, 752

2.00

1885

3,624

6, 335, 752

12, Oil, 452

1.89

1886 .. .

3,100

5 767 655

10, 954, 215

1.69

1887

3,137

5, 903, 624

11,199,060

1.89

1888

3,440

6, 640, 834

12, 607, 524

1.89

[Receipts are computed at 5 francs per dollar. Net tonnage is about 70 per cent, of the gross tonnage. ]
Transit through Sault Ste. Marie Canal.

Year ending

Days open
for
navigation.

No. of

vessels.

Net
tonnage.

Operating
expenses.

1881

198

3,304

1, 802, 571

(*)

1882

229

4,676

2, 379, 210

$28, 854

1883

216

4,163

2, 130, 181

35, 510

1884

233

4,768

2, 540, 799

31, 213

1885

219

5,629

2, 981, 786

27,242

1886 .. ..... .. .

222

6 203

3, 701, 014

25 401

1887 . .

218

7 926

4,882,802

22,139

1888

210

8,823

5, 581, 169

29,899

1889

8,832

6, 932, 203

* Not at hand.

[The first Sault Canal was finished in 1855, at a cost of $999,802. The above statistics begin with the
opening of the new canal.]

On the other hand, from the accompanying little diagram which we reproducefrom
our issue of April 27, 1889, it will be seen that the greatest small canal in the world
by far, in every sense, has been steadily falling off in traffic since 1873, and is now
eveu smaller than it was in 1862, when it was larger than ever before.

We need not seek far for a reason. It lies in the simple fact that the railways have
distanced the small canals, not only in speed, but in actual cost of transportation,
while they still lag far behind large ships and steamers in economy of transport, and
to all appearance must ever do so. The most cursory examination of rates and cost
of transportation will reveal this fact. The following table of lake and canal rates
is perhaps alone sufficient, remembering that what may be called the standard all-
rail rate between Chicago and New York is 30 cents per 100, or a trifle over 0.60 cents
per ton per mile, which rate is often severely cut, sometimes by half or two-thirds.
As the average cost per ton per mile of the whole United States was just about 0.6
cents (for 10U miles average haul) we may be quite certain that the fair proportional
cost of hauling such freight by rail is little if any over 0.3 to 0.4 cents per ton per mile.
On the other hand, the ocean rates on grain to Liverpool last year ranged from 2
to 9 cents per bushel of 60 pounds, or a 3,000-mile haul, averaging about 5 cents, or
0.055 cents per ton per mile. At 0.1 cent per ton per mile the steamers feel that theiy
are doing very welL even on flour, which stands about 50 per cent, more per ton than
wheat.

262

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

Lakf and canal rates on. wheat.

I Per ton of 2,000 po indu. ]

188S.

1880.

1887.

Arer-

age.

Miles.

Per

mil*.

Chicago to Buffalo lake

10.67
1.28

$1.22
L67

1.37

1.46

$1.09

1.47

926
494

Cent*.
0.118
0.298

Buffalo to New York canal ........................

Chicago to New York

1.96

2.08

2.83

2.66

1,413

0.181

Chicago to OBwegp

1.05
1.16

1.06
1.52

2.64
1.30

1.86
1.31

1,660
367

0.174
0.357

Oswego to New York

Chicago to New York, ri Oewego

2.16

3.47

3.84

3.16

1,427

0.221

Chicago to Montreal .

L97

2.47

2.83

2.42

1,348

6.179

Contrast these figures (all for net tons of 2,000 pounds) with the figures given below
of lake and canal rates. We see at once that in a rude way we may classify the
lowest feasible rates of freight as follows, with at least relative correctness :

Long h*ul rates, bulk freights (in cents per ton mile).

Small canals (about) 0.4

Rail (about) 0.3+

Erie canal (about) 0.3

Lake, 14 to 16 feet draught (about) 0.12

Ocean, 25 feet (about) 0.05+

In evidence of why this difference should exist let us compare one or two items : It
has been aptly said, in relation to coal economy in marine steam-engines, that if we
assume paper to be as good fuel as coal per ton, we have only to " burn this letter "
of one-half ounce weight to propel a toq a mile by steamer in other words, a toil of
2,000 pounds will produce 64,000 ton-miles of ship and cargo on the ocean at freight
speeds. The same is frequently realized by the best lake vessels. To propel one mile
a freight-car weighing, with load, 25 tons takes, on an average, over 5 pounds of coal,
so that on land a ton of 2,000 pounds only produces 10,000 ton-miles of car and load, or
say one-seventh as much. Again, a ship costs only some $50 per ton, a steamer some
$100 per ton, and that steamer ton will be good for some 60,000 ton-miles per year, or 600
ton-miles yearly per dollar of capital invested. Were railways equally effective per
dollar of investment the 81,000,000,000 ton-miles and passenger-miles made last year
in the United States would represent a capital investment of only $135,000,000. They
actually .represent a capital of $9,607,000,000.

It is needless to go further. The demand of the age being for quick and cheap trans-
portation, we see at once why the day of great ship canals is so visibly dawning. It
is dawning, not only for canals, which save great sailing distances, like the Suez and
Nicaragua, but also for canals like the Manchester, which save no distance whatever,
but merely compete with railways, saving the disadvantage of breaking bulk. That
canal is to be 35 miles long, 26 feet deep, 120 feet wide, and to cost, if it uses up all
its authorized capital, some $49,000,000. Its actual cost will be at least $35,000,000.
Yet Manchester is a city of only 350,000 people, and the tonnage to be benefited by
the canal, although as yet largely problematical, is certainly small compared with
that which will be tributary to the Nicaragua canal, while the dues must be trifling
in comparison.

At least one other canal like the Manchester is likely to be soon started in England :
but of course the greatest stimulus to ship canal construction is when more or less
sailing distance is also saved, as in the Corinth, North Sea, and Baltic, Cape Cod, and
half a dozen others now under way or likely soon to be. And of all canals which ever
can be built, it needs only a glance at the map to see that the Nicaragua, or other canal
through the Central American Isthmus will save the greatest sailing distances. Even
. the saving by the Suez Canal is small in comparison.

Thus between London and Canton the Suez saves 3,300 miles (10, 000 against 13,300);
to Bombay it saves 4,325, and to Calcutta, 3,626 miles, the average saving being about
3,500 miles, while the Nicaragua canal saves from 5,000 to 8,000 miles on most of the
voyages likely to be required. Between London and San Francisco it saves nearly
7,200 miles out of a voyage of 14,700 ; between New York and San Francisco, 10,080

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

263

out of a voyage of 14,840 ; between New York and Canton it is about 500 miles shorter
than Suez, and over 5,000 shorter than " around the Horn." As compared with the
transcontinental railways it is only some 60 per cent, longer.

The following table will be convenient for reference in this connection. The dis-
tances have been measured by routes most convenient for sailing ships and slow freight
steamers. The distances for swift mail and passenger steamers have not been calcu-
lated :

Via Cape
Horn.

Via Cape
of Good
Hope.

Via Nic-
aragua
canaL

Distance
saved.

New York to
San Francisco.......... ..................................

Mile*.
14,840
16, 100
15,300
13 071

Mile*.

Mile*.
4,760
7,882
6,682
3,122
3,682
11, 038
9,363
10,000
8,680
6,388
3,713
3,053
4,700

4,047
2, 409
2,969
2,340
3,000
3,987

7,508
5,870
6,430
12, 748
11,349
13, 786
12, 111
5,890
6,461
7,448
9,136

Miles.
10, 080
8,218
8,618
9,949
9,949
4, Iti3
6,827
3,290
5,445
7,842
6,976
8,418
5,050

11, 005
10,874
10, 874
9,343
7,901
5,975

7,182
7,051
7,051
392
2,626
1,265
3,929
5,431
4,078
2,152
4,044

Acapulco ................................................

Mazatlau ... ............................................

13 631

18,180
17, 678
13,502
12,550
14 2:iO

15, 201
16, 190
13,290

14,125

Yokohama .................................

Melbourne ............................................

New Zealand

Callao

10, 689
11 471

Guayaquil

9,750

New Orleans to

15, 052

13,283

13, 843
11,683

Callao '.

10, 901
9,962

14,690

Liverpool to

12, 921

Mazatlan ................................................

13, 481
13,352
12,400
18, 030
17, 529
11, 321

13, 140
13, 975
15, 051
16,040

New Zealand ............................ .......'.....

Hong Kong

Yokohama...............................................

Guayaquil. ................... .. ...........

Callao

10 539

Valparaiso. ............................................

9,600

Sandwich Islands.................. ..................

14, 080

To eastern
d___ *nd of -!*_
1 m - Nicaragua
Canal.

To western
end of
Nicaragua
Canal.

Miles.
New York 2,021 San Francisco

Mile*.
2,578
2,518
1, 531
3,219
3,428

Hamburg . .... ........... 5,219 Callao

Amsterdam ....... ................. 4,994 Portland ........................

Havre 4,874 Victoria

Cadiz 4,220

New Orleans 1,308

These are enormous advantages, insuring that the Nicaragua canal can easily col-
lect 50 cents per ton or so more than the Suez, or say $2.50 per ton. At \ cent per ton
per mile this would only pay railway rates for 500 miles, thus in effect reducing the
competitive rail distance to 2,500 miles, or as nearly, may be, half that via the canal
free of tolls. What possible chance have the railways in a competition like this? A
moderately fast line of steamers will make the voyage in less than two weeks, and all
but express freights will be sure to go that way, and save time as well as money by
doing so, while, more important than all, vast sources of traffic, like ores and timber,
of which none is now shipped, will furnish a new and heavy traffic. The larger
part of the timber supply of the Atlantic coast, for example, is likely to come from
the Pacific coast via the canal.

We deem it therefore an entirely safe assumption that the traffic " in sight" is at
most not ovor half what will exist after the canal has been three or four years in

264 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

operation. But the traffic " in sight" has been growing rapidly of late years. Esti-
mates, presumably impartial, by the Bureau of Statistics showed as the traffic " in
sight:"

Year.

Ships.

Tons.

1879

2,647

2, 671, 886

1885

4, 139

4,252 434

At the present time the most moderate estimates show 6,000,000 to 7,000,000 tons as
the probable traffic by 1895. Lesseps claimed 10,000,000 as the minimum for the
Panama Canal in late years, but that was certainly extravagant. That it will be
attained within much less than ten years after the opening of the Nicaragua Canal,
however, we regard as almost a certainty.

Now, even 0,000,000 tons at $2.50 per ton means a revenue of $15,000,000 per year.
The operating expenses ought certainly to be much less than at Suez, where they are
about $1,000,000, so that we may say that the revenue will pay 6 per cent, on some
$250,000,000, and 3 per cent, on $500,000,000, with the probability of greatly increasing
even these large figures. It is, therefore, apparent that it really matters little what
the canal costs, as respects the expediency of constructing it, unless its cost is to
exceed $200,000,000 ; and let any one with any knowledge of construction look over
the profiles and quantities which we publish in this issue, and see where there is
reasonable probability of even half that sum being required for construction. The
actual cost has been usually estimated at some $60,000,000 to $65,000,000, and we
confess we see no reason why those figures may not be realized. But we can also see
reasons why they may possibly be doubled, and we therefore think the company is
eminently wise in not putting before the public at this time any estimate of their
own, but simply saying : " Here are the profiles and the quantities ; judge of the cost
for yourselves."

There will be an inevitable tendency to exaggerate the estimates thus challenged,
from remembrance that the $40,000,000 Suez Canal actually cost $100,000,000, and
the $120,000,000 Panama Canal cost over $200,000,000 actual and $350,000,000 nominal
to prove that it could not be built at all. But as we showed at some length in our
issue of July 14, 18-8, the conditions at Nicaragua are vastly different from those
Panama. We can not again go over in detail all the technical differences, but they
are of the first importance. There is no unsolvable Chagres River problem ; there
is much less canal in excavation ; there is much less deep cutting} there is no prob-
lem of water supply ; there is no rotten, sliding rock ; there are no endemic pesti-
lences ; three is a stiff trade breeze the year round to maintain health and comfort ;
there is a prior knowledge from detail surveys of just what is to be done which was
wholly lacking at Panama ; there is the advantage of all the experience gained at
Panama, and of an official "base " on this side of the ocean instead of on the other
Bide ; and there is the practical certainty of far better management.

These are enormous advantages, and it therefore seems to us that no reasonable
man can doubt, first, that the canal can be built for $100,000,000 to $150,000,000 at
the very most, and secondly, that it will be exceedingly profitable even at that rate.
If so it is qnite immaterial what may be the precise cost of the canal, and the only
error to be seriously feared is of promising to build the canal for less than really
proves necessary, a result which always casts an injurious cloud on an enterprise.
But it is not true that carefully made engineers' estimates are not generally safe
guides. If any one glances at the top (general) profile on our inset sheet, and sees by
the contrast of blue and orange colors how large a proportion of the length of the
canal is natural navigation, and how large a proportion of what is left is mere dredg-
ing work, involving no uncertainties, he can hardly help deriving a most favorable
augury for the success of the enterprise.

We have always felt a regret, and do now, that the Government did not take hold
of this enterprise when President Grant negotiated a treaty to that effect and recom-
mended it. Such a canal ought to be a great highway of nations, run not for pri-
vate profit, but for the profit of a whole nation at least, if not of the whole world.
But it was somewhat contrary to our national traditions, although cot more than our
river and harbor improvements were when they first began, and the opportunity has
passed. It is worthy of consideration, however, whether even now a true regard for
the public interest would not require that the same end should be attained measura-
bly by a Government guaranty of interest on bonds for construction, in return for
certain stipulations as to reduction of rates as traffic increases. If the whole con-
duct and cost of the enterprise be left to a private company, we do not doubt that
they will be able to raise the money, but it will cost them 6 to 8 per cent, instead of
the 3 per cent, which a Government guaranty would insure ; and the company will

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 265

reasonably claim that, having been left to push the enterprise through unaided, they
had a right to enjoyment of the profits of their monopoly, however great, although
in the beginning they might have been glad to accept the certainty of a moderate
profit rather than the chance of a greater one.

Suez proves, however, that such companies prefer to reduce tolls considerably as
traffic grows, merely to encourage its greater growth, and perhaps this alone will
serve as sufficient check. Whatever be done we are satisfied from all the information
we can gather that a few months more will see the main contracts let, the money
for construction insured, and the work which is already begun in active progress ;
and we confidently look forward to seeing its construction prove one of the most
honorable achievements of American enterprise, in broad contrast with the fiasco
at Panama, which possibly for the moment may be somewhat of an impediment to
the company's negotiations.

THE NICARAGUA SHIP CANAL.

[From Engineering News, September 11, 1889. |
(The maps and figures referred to are omitted.)

The work on this canal being now fairly begun, engineers in general will be greatly
interested in the large colored sectional profile which accompanies this issue and
which yives the first information as yet published of the precise nature of the material
on the line, without which, of course, it is quite impossible to form very definite
views as to the probable cost of the canal or the sufficiency of estimates.

We comment at some length on another page on the general status and promise of
the enterprise as shown by this profile and other accompanying information, and in
this article confine ourselves to a presentation of the facts which must form the basis
of any opinion in regard to it, so far as they are as yet determined.

We published on July 14, 1888, a general summary of the results of the 1888 sur-
veys, with maps and profiles. We reproduce in this issue three of these maps, with
some corrections, viz, a general map of the entire route from ocean to ocean (Fig. 1)
and detail maps of the western division (Fig. 2) and of the canal and basin part of
the eastern division (Fig. (3). All the rest of the route consists merely of lake and
slack- water river navigation.

Our large colored inset sheet shows, first, a general profile (A) of the entire route;
and secondly, detail profiles to large scale of (B) the eastern division, Grey town to
Deseado Basin; (C) middle division, Deseado Basin to San Juan Eiver; (D) crest
profile of the crest and embankments which together form the San Francisco and
Machado Basins; (E) center line of San Juan River, showing the character of bot-
tom and extent of dredging required; (F) western division, Lake Nicaragua to
Brito.

On all these detail profiles the material is accurately indicated in a manner which,
once comprehended by a brief study of the symbols, becomes very distinctive. Thus,
red indicates clay wherever it appears. Red clay is shown by plain red ; blue clay, by
red striped with blue; yellow clay, by red striped with yellow; white clay, by red
striped with white. Yellow indicates sand, gravel being indicated by black dots on a
yellow base, and clay and sand mixed by red and yellow stripes crossing diagonally.
Loams are indicated by black vertical stripes. If it be a clayey loam, these stripes
are on a red base; if a sandy loam, on a yellow base.

The distinction between rock and earthy materials of all kinds is so distinctive as
to be at once grasped by the eye, even without the aid of any special description.
Thus it is hardly necessary to refer to the key at all, although 12 different kinds of
material are indicated.

In reference to the character of the earths, we may say, from personal examination
of the samples of borings, and from the universal testimony, that all the clays seem
to be exceedingly retentive of water. Even the mixed clay and sand seem to be an
excellent natural puddle. The "loams" are all of them poor material to have about a
canal bottom or dam foundation, and where they exist must be got out of the way.
Fortunately, this material is not often encountered in objectionable positions, although
some considerable deposits of it will be found under the embankment dams shown in
Profile D.

The profile is reduced photographically from the very elaborate profiles which
have been constructed by the company to the usual railway profile scales of 400 feet
per inch horizontal and 30 feet per inch vertical. The reduced profile is to a scale of
3,000 feet per inch horizontal or only one seventy- fifth as large, and proportionately
for the vertical scale, but as the reduction was wholly photographic the profile
still remains minutely accurate, and may be enlarged to 7 times its present size by
a magnifying glass, or otherwise, and still afford as great accuracy as the original
profiles. We think it but due to Mr. Menocal and his able staff of assistants to say
that in a somewhat large experience with plans of this nature, we have never seen

266 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

any which showed such signs of careful preparation; nor do we recall any large en-
terprise in which there has been any approach to equal pains to determine precisely
what had to be done before attempting to do it.

The basis of fact on which the sectional part of the profile is constructed the
reader has before him in the profiles themselves, where the position and depth of
the borings taken is accurately indicated to scale by vertical black lines. A con-
siderable number of additional borings were taken too far off the line to be shown
on it, but with this exception all the borings taken appear, except along the bed of
the San Juan River (Profile E), where they were aot accurately located, nor were
they as carefully made as the others, being confined for the most part to a superficial
examination of the bottom by rods, all material which could not be thus penetrated
being called rock. It is not claimed, therefore, that this profile is as precise as the
others, but it ia believed to err chiefly by too much rock.

The other borings on all the profiles were taken with boring tools adapted for pene-
trating earthy materials only, the assumption being everywhere that the material
below the lowest point to which the boring could be pushed was rock. This tends
to safety in the estimates by exaggerating, if anything, the amount of rock ; and it
is altogether probable that, at a few points on the profile at least, the amount of
rock is less than is shown. On the other hand, in the foundations of the locks it
would be a disadvantage if the material should not prove to be rock ; but the only
doubt in this respect is deemed to be in regard to Lock No. 1, Locks No. "2, 3, 4, 5,
and 6 being quite certainly on rock, and the material under Lock No. 1 being at
least hard material in which boring tools will not penetrate.

Further borings by rock drills through the entire depth, rock and all, are now in
progress at the great eastern divide cut, and will afford details for the subdivision of
the "rock" into at least two classes, rock proper and talpetate or tepetate, two materials
which differ very much in hardness and cost of excavation. The rock proper is a
very hard, nnstratified volcanic rock, and of this the great rock cut in the eastern
division is mainly composed, with a coating between it and the clay of talpetate. The
last is a material we have often described, found only in volcanic count i Sen, and sup-
posed to consist of consolidated volcanic ash or mud. It holds a slope quite as well
as rock, and also requires powder fur its economical working, being sometime.-) hard
enough to serve as building material, hut being much more cheaply excavated than
ordinary rock, resembling in texture and hardness a very much under-baked brick
more than any other material with which we are familiar. Immense deposits of it
exist throughout Mexico and Central and South America. It will evidently tend to
reduce the cost of the work quite sensibly should there prove to be a considerable
percentage of this talpetate in the material shown as "rock" on the profile, but for
the present this contingency is neglected.

The extraordinary natural advantages of this route, as shown by the large propor-
tion of it on which there is a natural slack-water navigation, will be seen by a glance
at the upper (general) profile on our colored sheet, on which all this class of naviga-
tion is colored blue, and all that part requiring canal excavation colored orange.
In the aggregate there is :

Mile*.
Canal in excavation :

East side 16.048

West side 11.160

Sixlocks 0.759

27. 967 mile..

Basin of the Deseado 4.220

Basin of the San Francisco Il.:i68

Basin of Tola 5.504

21.092 miles.

River San Juan 64.540

Lake Nicaragua 56. 500

121.040 miles.

Total length of route 170. 099 aiiles.

Contrasting this with the two great previous canal enterprises we have :

Route.

Length.

Canal
exca-
vation.

MUet.
99.2

MUr*.
65

46.5

46.6

170.1

27.9

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

267

Thus, although the Nicaragua route is the longest of the three, owing to a long,
unbroken stretch of 121 miles of free navigation in the midst of it, the length of
canal proper is by far the shortest of the three. By percentages we have the follow-
ing comparison :

Miles.

Per cent.

Nicaragua Canal :

27 907

16 4

21. 092

12 4? 00 a

121. 040

71. 2( 83 ' 8

Total . ..... ....

170. 099

100

Suez Canal :

87.2

87.9

Free navigation lake ....... ..........

12.0

12.1

Total

99.2

100.0

The Panama Canal is wholly in excavation, 4.3 miles of it being below sea level,
and 42.2 miles above sea level, and mostly very much above it, as will be seen by re-
ferring to our profile of that canal published June 2, 1889. Up to that date the com-
pany's estimate showed 49,000,000 cubic meters (65,000,000 cubic yards) while there
was about as much more work required even to make the lock canal. How many
times more tban this would have been needed to make a sea-level canal we can only
guess. As this project is now hopelessly dead, however, we need not trouble our-
selves further with data regarding it. The total estimate of rock and earth excava-
tion for the Nicaragua Canal is only 55,513,638 cubic yards, as shown in more detail
below.

A previous more detailed summary, differing somewhat decimally with that just
given, but so slightly that it does not seem worth while to take the trouble to correct
the trifling differences, shows the canal to consist of the following elements :

West
side.

East
side.

Total.

Miles.
.57

Miles.
10.00

Miles.
10.57

6.40

2.836

9.236

Canal in earth, through cuts, DO rock

2.42

2.146

4.566

Caual chiefly in earth, but with a layer of rock in the bottom ..........

2.00

.354

2.354

Total canal apart from locks.

11.39

15. 336

26.726

Natural surface flooded by proposed -water levels so as to give 30 feet
of water or over, without any dredging or excavation

4.63

13.60

18.13

.74

2.70

3.44

Locks ...... ...............

'.369

S t.246{

.738

Natural water courses having 30 feet or over on proposed level. ........

37.04

} J.123J
43.67

80.71

Do., requiring earth dredging only....... ..............................

2.40

24.10

26.50

3 5

10 33

13 83

All rook.

Hlock.

J Earth.

SUMMARY.

Natural water courses or artificial basins requiring no work at all on them to give 30 feet of
water

Mile*.
98.84

Basin, river, and lake navigation requiring earth dredging below proposed water surface only
to give 30 feet of water 29.94

Do., having a layer of rock in the bottom to be excavated or dredged 13. 83

Miles.

Canal sections, dredged in at eea level 10.57

Earth through cuts, no rock 4.566

Rock through cuts, some earth 9.236

Earth through cuts, some rock 2.354

Total length of canal in through cut 28.762

Six locks 0.738

170.074

268 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

The company, somewhat to our regret, but we can not say unwisely, prefer not to
put forward at this time any estimate of total cost whatever. The quantities, at*
computed by their engineers, they are quite willing to give, and they are given
below. The transverse and longitudinal sections on which the quantities are based
are shown herewith, and if they do not suit any one's ideas of what such sections
should be, it is easy to recompute the quantities from the data given in this issue,
either precisely or approximately. As to the cost of the work per yard, there has
been so much discredit, just and unjust, thrown on such estimates in the past, that
the company as yet prefer to maintain an entirely noncommittal attitude, and they
decline to furnish us with any estimate on their part of what the work will cost per
yard or in the aggregate, at least until the work has been actually let. They say
simply : " Here are our quantities ; here are the profiles and cross sections on which
the quantities are based; the climatic and other conditions, so far as known, are
thns and so. Make your own estimates for the present of what the total cost will be."
This privilege we exercise elsewhere to some extent, but in the meantime will merely
note that Chief Engineer Menocal's prices for the more important items in his esti-
mate of 1885, which he states he has seen DO reason to regard as too low, are as fol-
lows:

Earth excavation per cubic yard.. $0.40

Earth dredging .....do.... .20

Rock excavation.... ...do.... 1.50

Rock under water , do.... 5.00

Stone pitching, rock furnished do 2.00

Concrete do.... 6.00

Stone in breakwater (from divide cuts) do.... 1. 50

Sheet piling in place per M. B. M.. 70. 00

Trestle for dumping rock perlin. ft.. 22.00

Clearing and grubbing. per acre.. 100.00

This includes the main items of cost. The total quantities for the larger items
are:

Cubic yard*.

Earth dredging for canal (all below sea level) 23,489,478

Earth excavation (all earth above sea level) 16,440,308

Rock excavation 15,008,347

Rock under water 575,445

Total apart from harbor work 55,513,638

Cubic yard*.

Greytown harbor, dredging 9,065,460

Brito harbor, dredging 5,658,898

14,714,358

Total earth and rock excavation 70,227,996

Rock fills for dams and breakwaters (from divide cuts) 4,845,787

Earth fills for dams and breakwaters (borrowed from canal excavation).. 5, 085, 171

Concrete (chiefly for locks)................. 518,675

Stone pitching 94,813

Among the miscellaneous items provided for in the estimates whose adequacy can
be most satisfactorily judged by their aggregate cost are the following :

Gates for the six locks $783,242

Two movable dams or guard gates 600, 000

Machinery for locks 550,000

Buildings for Jocks 165,000

Pumpin? (chiefly for Locks 1 and 6) 200,000

Plant for lighting and buoying canal 572,200

Crib pion at entrances to canal (apart from breakwaters included in rock

fills) 783,924

Three swing bridges across canal 60,000

128 miles telegraph 64,000

Total of miscellaneous items 3,578,366

By adding the total of the above list to the product of the above list of prices any
one can determine for himself what may be called the " visible cost," and he will find
it in the neighborhood of $55,000,000. To this there must beyond ali question !><
added a very considerable percentage for hospitals, shops, cost of labor supply, do

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 269

lays by possible epidemics. Even in this country -we should add as a matter of
course 10 per cent, to the above estimate for "engineering and contingencies." For
this work there ought to be beyond all question a considerably larger percentage
added, and there may be some question likewise as to whether there may not be slips
aud landslides, etc., which will require an enlargement of the proposed cross-sections.
As to that, however, we may say that there seems little chance of it in the two big
rock cuts where alone it could become an important consideration.

We ought to know absolutely as to this in a short time, when the borings through
I he rock are completed, as above noted, but in the meantime all the indications are
that the rock will hold a steep slope well. This we understand to be the general
opinion of all engineers and contractors who have examined the cut. Whatever
other difficulties may arise, there seems no reasonable chance of there being another
case of a mountain sliding in as fast as excavated, the formation being quite differ-
ent from that at Panama.

The general character of the alignment of the whole route is correctly indicated in
Figs. 2 and 3. About two-thirds of the route is tangent (omitting the lake, which is
all tangent) and the remainder easy curves of 4,000 to 6,000 feet radius for the most
part. The sharpest curve is in the divide cut, 2 16', or 2,528 feet radius. There are
two or three other curves of about the same radius in the river, but for the most part
the river channel is wide and straight. The precise alignment of the sailing line is
not yet regarded as absolutely fixed ; therefore, we do not give a complete table of
alignment. A new alignment has recently been shown to be possible for the great
divide cut, shown by the dotted line A in Fig. 3, which not only saves distance and
curvature but saves about 1,000,000 cubic yards of rock excavation included in the
above quantities.

After the completion of the chief engineer's report and estimate, an advisory board
to report on the practicability and cost of the canal, as proposed by the chief engineer,
was appointed as noted in our issue of Jan. 26, the board consisting of John Bogart,
E. D. T. Myers, C. T. Harvey, H. A. Hitchcock, and A. M. Wellington. This board
reported some time ago, but the company is not yet ready to give out the text of their
report for publication for the reason above noted, that they do not desire as yet to
commit themselves even by implication to any estimate of cost whatever, confining
themselves simply to presentation of quantities, and other controlling conditions.

As for the two important and in a measure controlling conditions of climate and
labor supply, we understand that the latter is not likely to be a very serious diffi-
culty. Owing to the nature of the work, as above and below outlined, the number
of employ6s required will not be at all in proportion to the magnitude of the work,
since a very large part of it will be executed by machinery. All the earth excava-
tion may be classed as dredging, since it will all be executed by dredging machinery,
and this accounts for nearly 55,000,000 out of the 70,000,000 cubic yards of excava-
tion. For this very few men will be required. The 500,000 yards of concrete will
also be mixed by machinery and require labor in any amount for ramming only. The
15,600,000 cubic yards of rock is, most of it (14,000,000 cubic yards), in the two great
divide cuts, and will be drilled and hauled by machinery, requiring labor in large
amount for loading only. Here, however, will be the greatest demand for labor, and
possibly 10,000 men may be required on these two cuts alone. The dams and embank-
ments are now to be all rock fills, and not built of concrete, as heretofore proposed,
the suggestions of this journal in favor of so constructing the dams, made in its issue
of July 28, 1888, having been adopted by the company, thus greatly simplifying that
important part of the work. All the skilled labor which will now be required for the
dams will be only for a little sheet piling and trestle work.

It appears to be generally admitted that Jamaica negroes will furnish the bulk of
the labor, and that 10,000 to 15,000 can be readily obtained from that island alone at
$1 per day, more or less. With the miscellaneous thousands who are quite sure to
flock to the work from all the other surrounding countries and islands, this ought to
make the question of labor supply a comparatively simple one ; provided no long-con-
tinued epidemics occur to drive away labor.

In respect to the question of health and climate, all accounts concur that the
entire route is now and always has been free from dangerous epidemic diseases, and
from frequent epidemics as well. Like New York and New Orleans, Greytown has
had epidemics of cholera and yellow fever, but the last was some twenty years or
more ago. In regard to the western coast, on which over a third of the work is sit-
uated, there does not seem to be the slightest ground for any anxiety as to health con-
ditions. The climate is warm throughout the year, and hence somewhat debilitating
for whites, but the rainfall is moderate, and there is rather less cause for anxiety than
there would be for summer work in Texas, a great ameliorating influence being the
brisk trade winds, which blow uniformly from the east over the entire length of the
canal, and make the nights cool and comfortable. The importance of this advantage
over Panama, where this trade wind is wholly absent, can hardly be exaggerated.

On the eastern division there is a great deal of rain; about as much as at Panama,
or a decided wetness throughout most of the year. There is also not a little oalentura
(the Spanish name for intermittent fever) which in tropical regions is at time* n

270

NICARAGUA CANAL, COMPANY.

serious and fatal disease. But with proper care and cantion, and avoidance of all use
of stimulants except a small dose at night after work, there does not seem to be any
difficulty in keeping in good health continuously in eastern Nicaragua. According
to a great variety of independent information which baa come to as from time to
time, the great and only essential for health along the coast in strict attention to
hygiene. Yellow fever has never existed continuously in Grey town, as it does in
Havana and Vera Crnz. It may possibly become endemic during construction unless
careful sanitary precautions are taken, because the town will be likely to have a
mushroom growth to a considerable size; but the company, with eminent foresight
and wisdom, are now laying pipes to supply abundant pure water, and purpose
sewering the town also, we are informed, as soon as its growth begins.

A most important consideration in respect to this question, moreover, is this : The
general character of the coast is a broud, low coast flat, through which the dredging
occurs, ending in an abrupt escarpment, in the lowest point of which the " great
divide cnt " occurs, the main crest in the vicinity being upwards of 500 feet high,
and directly exposed to the trade winds. It is at this cut that the bulk of the labor-
ing force is required. As the work will last four or five years at least, the camp may
be permanent, and the conditions of insuring health in a great permanent camp
exposed to the direct blast of the trade wind and with an abundant supply of pure,
cold water, would seem to be unusually favorable. That they are so, and that health
might be maintained in such a camp by strict policing, even if epidemics were
raging in Greytown, seems to be the general opinion of those who ought to know.
There is no use disguising the fact, however, that there will be danger of sickness at
Greytown when the inevitable host of camp followers occupies it, unless, as ought
to be done, the whole town can be put and kept nnder martial law..

It is proposed to construct 35 miles of railway on the eastern division, from Grey-
town to the Ochoa dam, and 18 miles on the western division, from the Pacific to the
Lake. It is now under consideration, however, whether the 10 miles of railway
between Greytown and Lock No. 1 can not be saved, starting the railway from the
latter point, and using east of it the natural chain of water communication shown
on Fig. 3, improved a little at points, until a channel can be excavated through to
the same point by the first cnt of the dredges. In that case, the breakwaters at
Greytown would be built by deposit of stone from scows instead of from railway
cars. We can not see why the suggestion is not a good one.

The dimensions proposed for the locks are 650 feet long by 70 feet wide (increased
this year from 65 feet) by 28 feet deep. The chamber width of the locks will be 80
feet. The Sault Ste. Marie lock, the largest yet built in the world, is 515 feet by 80
feet by 17 feet on miter sills, or 16 feet draught. The new lock now building will be
MOO feet by 100 feet by 21 feet, on miter sills, bnt this great size is only for the pur-
pose of letting through several vessels at once. The main dimensions of the largest
ocean steamers are as follows :

Etrnria
and
Umbria.

City of New
York and
City
of Pari.

Teutonic
and
Majeatio.

501.6

565

5S2

Breadth

57.2

03.2

67.5

Depth bold . .................. ..................................

38.2

39.2

27-1-

27+

Tho above draughts is about all these vessels can draw to enter New York ; the
" Plimpsol mark " is somewhat higher.

The above seems all the data which it is necessary to give, in addition to that
given in our issue of July 14, 1888, and in the following article. This is certainly
the most important engineering project now before the world, and we can not doubt
will be triumphantly carried through to completion. Had the project in its present
shape b_een before the Lesseps congress of 1879, it can no reasonably be doubted that
even that most prejudiced body would have adopted it nem. con., as it is from every
point of view so vastly superior to that at Panama, and the Nicaragua Canal would
now be open to the world ; but, unfortunately, there was only the old survey of 1872-*73,
wifh its 20 locks, 4 dams of the San Juan, 6i miles of extra distance, and 49 instead
oi27 miles of canal excavation to lay before that body.

Preliminary work has been now for some weeks in progress on the canal, mainly
in the way of getting the camps established; water pipes to supply Greytown laid ;
railway located and right of way cleared; deep drillings made through the rock
cut; harbor works at Greytown started, etc. No contracts have as yet been let, but
negotiations are in progress with several parties. When the contracts are let they
will probably be very large ones, to three or four parties only. We understand that
the question of raising the money is now regarded as merely one of detail, not of dif-
ficulty.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

APPENDIX F.

THE NICARAGUA CANAL.
[From the California Banker's Magazine, October, 1890.]

The active and successful prosecutions of work on the interoceanic waterway
through Nicaragua is a matter of such vital importance to the Pacific coast that it
should receive the cordial support of all our people. Like all great works of this
character ; however, the far-reaching results are little considered by those whose in-
terests will be the most affected.

When the subject was first introduced to the people of this coast in 1880 the grow-
ing interest of agriculturists was met by the assertion that the railways would furnish
all the necessary transportation for wheat to Atlantic ports, whence it could be
cheaply carried to Europe by sea. The promise was not fulfilled, and the Cape Horn
route still controls the Pacific coast wheat trade, which is as much a gamble as any
hazardous game of chance can be. Ships are now generally chartered and loaded by
one party ; the cargo is purchased, loaded, insured, and sails on its voyage of four to
four and a half months of free storage, during which time it must be disposed of, fre-
quently at a loss, unless, as a last resort, consigned to an European firm, in which
case commissions and the usual multiplicity of charges generally make a heavy loss
to the shipper. The market here, under normal conditions, follows the English
market so closely that it is seldom that a cargo just loaded shows any profit with
charges added ; often on the day of sailing it shows a loss, and becomes a gamble,
with chances against the shipper. It is a noticeable fact that fortunes have been lost
here in the export wheat trade, while none have been made. It is not in the pre-
science of humanity to foresee the future ; to correctly forecast the rainfall and
weather months in advance, and to correctly gauge crops at the four quarters of the

flobe not yet planted; it becomes a gamble against the forces of nature. Such has
een the Pacific coast export wheat trade ; such it will cease to be the day the canal
is open !

The time for transportation will be reduced to twenty-five days' easy steaming, and
the distance decreased by 10,000 miles. Wheat will be shipped as other merchandise,
in any quantity, from 5 tons to 5,000, already sold by wire, or consigned with a mar-
gin already ascertained, with a delivery practically assured within a day or two. It
will become a mercantile transaction on comparatively assured profit, however small,
the gambling element almost entirely eliminated. The producer of small or large
quantity can ship his own product, if he wishes, as ocean steamers will be always
ready to receive it, or any other freight, in any quantity. Ocean transportation is the
cheapest known to commerce, comparing with average railway transportation as one to
five in cost, and the ocean is free to all; admitting of no pools or combinations. It
is God's great highway nature's anti-monopoly route, a road that never wears out I

" Not so thou ;

"Unchangeable save to tby wild waves play
Time writes no wrinkle on thine azure brow :
Such, as creation's dawn beheld, thou rolleat now ! "

One large ship can carry a cargo equal to twenty railway trains of ten cars each.
The completion of the canal will open the markets of northern Europe to California
fruits and garden products, by the use o'f steamship refrigerators. A temperature of
38 to 40 Fahr. will prevent decay in fruit indefinitely, if the cold atmosphere be
devoid of moisture. Fresh meats have been, for a few years, successfully transported
in this manner from Australia and New Zealand to Europe. The transportations of
meats in refrigerators on sea voyages requires a temperature about 26 Fahr., which
is a much more severe test than will be required in transporting fruit. The past
season has opened the Eastern market to our horticulturists, and they can fully ap-

272 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

predate the still greater advantages of a market in northern Europe for their grape*,
pears, peaches, plums, oranges; all the varied products of the orchard and the farm ;
arriving there daring a portion of the year at a time when local products of this
character are not to be purchased at any price. With such a demand added to our
domestic market, overproduction will be impossible.

The export lumber trade of the northwest coast will be vastly increased by the water-
way through Nicaragua. Already occasional cargoes are sent via Cape Horn to Eu-
rope, and via cars to the eastern seaboard. But when lumber can be freighted at
materially decreased cost, and in one-fifth the time, the trade will rapidly grow in
importance. Europe and our Eastern seaboard is mostly denuded of timber, and tiio
demand will steadily augment at improving prices. The States of Washington and
Oregon, as well as the Territory of Alaska, will in this trade promptly realize the
benefit of the new commercial route.

The trade of India, China, and Japan can not fail to be greatly affected. The Suez
route will no longer be able to supply our Atlantic ports with tea, silks, etc., the
route across the Pacific and via Nicaragua being three days' shorter steaming dis-
tance, under much more favorable conditions as regards navigation, with Honolulu
as a port of call and coaling station. The mistaken policy of making our Pacific coast
ports way stations and. New York the main distributing point must then be discarded,
and distribution /row the Pacific coast eastward will be the aim of railway companies
with terminals at Pacific ports. The diversion of this trade need not be feared at
San Francisco, and the conditions connected therewith, now imposed upon us by the
present railway policy, can not well be made worse, as under them we have been
gradually losing the trade of China and Japan, which properly belongs to as by ge-
ographical position.

The territory in northwestern America tributary to the canal will extend to the
Arctic Ocean and eastward to the 100 meridian. For five months in the year water
communication eastward from the interior of the great northwest is cut off by frozen
lakes, rivers, and canals. During this period, instead of yearly awaiting the open-
ing of navigation, transportation to the Pacific coast will solve the question of time
and interest, with the assistance of the open waterway through Nicaragua to Atlan-
tic ports. This alone will more than compensate our Western railway systems for any
diversion of trade caused by the canal, and, with the adoption of the policy of dis-
tribution eastward from Pacific coast posts, will materially improve their earning
capacity, independent of the rapid development of the Pacific coast after the open-
ing of the new waterway.

The fisheries of the Pacific coast, now in their infancy, will add to the revenues
of the canal, and greatly increase our shipping interests. Already the attention of
parties engaged in this industry on the Atlantic coast has been attracted to this
new field, and when they can place their vessels on the fishing ground in a compara-
tively short voyage, and return cargoes unbroken in bulk, there will be inducement
for a large and remunerative business. We have considered thus far only the commer-
cial advantages of the Nicaragua Canal ; much more might be written on this branch
of the subject, but the limits of this paper forbidding, we must pass on to the consid-
eration of political conditions.

The construction of the Nicaragua Canal under present auspices will secure the
domination of the United States over the American Continent, politically as well as
commercially. The position of Lake Nicaragua is unique ; Gibraltar is not a circum-
stance to it in importance. A naval station on this inland sea, with fortified termini
and an efficient fleet, will control the Atlantic eastward to the JTimitrard Islands of
the West Indies and westward to the Hawaiian Islands and Samoa. On its fresh
waters iron-clads can lay without diminished speed caused by foul bottoms, with
fresh water for boilers, in a delightful climate, splendid harbors, surrounded by a
territory producing maintenance for the personnel of fleets and armies. The nation
that, with the Nicaraguan Government on a joint agreement, controls Lake Nicaragua will
then control the destiny of the Western Hemisphere; it will be, in fact, a constant
assertion of the Monroe doctrine, securing respect for its requirements by the peacea-
ble possession of power to assert them. The foreign policy of our country will be-
come of greater importance every year. A nation of 65,000,000 can not ignore, at
this age, its national responsibilities and maintain its self-respect. The protection
of its citizens and their property abroad is as much a duty as government at home.
In vain may we send ont commissions to seek outlets for our products and manufac-
tures if we do not propose to follow them with our national protection. The public
demand for a modern navy indicates the will of our countrymen on this momentous
question.

One great advantage possessed by the Nicaraguan Canal over any other project
of the kind is the fertility and resources of the territory through which it passes.
The Suez Canal has a sandy desert on each side ; the Panama 1st hums is a region of
floods without local resources, but Nicaragua is one of the garden spots of the world.
With a climate tempered by the northeast trades, which, in this favored region, blow

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 273

perennially across the Republic, with a fertile soil, assured rainfall, and internal wa-
ter communication, we shall there see a development of resources shortly after the
canal is opened which will alone pay the cost of its maintenance, and aid in its in-
creasing dividends. Coffee, sugar, cochineal, indigo, the finest cocoa in the world,
India rubber, cotton, and all the tropical fruits are among its productions, while a
large part of the Republic is covered with valuable forests of mahogany, cedar,
grenadilla, black walnut, ebony, and various dyewoods. In the eastern department,
bordering the lakes, are found rich mines of gold and silver, some of which have
been worked for years, mostly by European capital. When Lake Managua has been
connected with Lake Nicaragua by the short canal provided for, and all this fertile
region is connected by water communication, supplemented by railroads, it needs no
prophet to predict the development which will ensue on this highway of the world's
commerce. It would demand a canal on its local conditions, aside from its character
as an interoceanic highway.

What can be expected from, the canal financially t This fundamental question is
worthy of critical investigation.

The character of the work, with its twenty-eight miles of canal in excavation on
the surface, with its easily-solved engineering problems, the most difficult of which
(the restoration of the harbor at San Juan del Norte) is already partially solved,
permit us to predict that its limit of cost can be assured with reasonable certainty.
The several surveys have been exhaustive and satisfactory, and the borings have
furnished the necessary information as to material to be excavated. With this
abundant data, the engineer's estimate is $64,043,697, exclusive of interest during
construction and banker's commissions. The careful report of the canal committee
of the board of trade of San Francisco (of which the writer had the honor to be
chairman) in 1880, places the estimate of possible cost at $100,000,000, and we now
see no reason for increasing this except for the substitution of larger locks, which it is
now proposed to increase to the following dimensions : 1,000 feet long, 100 feet wide,
and 30 feet deep, which will enable two to four vessels to pass through at one lock-
age. The estimated tonnage by the report of 1860, alluded to, was .5,000,000 tons
per annum. Subsequent developments assure us of 6,000,000 tons before the canal
can be completed in Ib97. At $^.50 per ton toll (about the same as now charged at
Suez), this will make an annual revenue of $15,000,000, from which, deducting the
liberal estimate of $1,000,000 per annum for operating expenses and repairs, leaves
a net revenue of 14 per cent, per annum. Even if the cost bo increased to
$150,000,000, wo have a net revenue per annum of 9J per cent. The Suez Canal, cost-
ing $94,000,000, has returned larger dividends than these, and is still increasing.
These estimates do not include the local traffic, which would rapidly develop into
larger proportions, or the passenger traffic, which would be large, for a trip through
the Nicaragua Canal will become a favorite recreation, owing to the beauty of the
scenery and the climate of the lake region. There is not a doubt that the property
would start out on a paying basis, and rapidly develop into one of the best-paying
investments in the world; ultimately better than the Suez Canal, which served to
divert a commerce already developed, while the American Canal has all the possibil-
ities of an equal traffic, with illimitable development in the future.

The lockage question is one of interest to students of this subject, and I may be per-
mitted in this connection to quote from the recent report of Charles T. Harvey, C. E.,
regarding the operation of the lock canal at Sault San Marie, between Lake Superior
and Ontario. This work shows the following comparison with the Suez Canal (water
level) in the year 1889 :

Number.

Tons
freight.

4,684

7 516 022

3,425

6, 800, 854

Total

1,259

709, 168

The American lake canal with lock has thus exceeded the Suez Canal, in 1889, 33
per cent in voyages and 10 per cent in freight, and, therefore, ranks first as to commerce
among the world's artificial water ways. And this was done in seven months' day and
night work, against the twelve months at Suez, the American work having been
blocked by ice during five months of the year, approximately.

Why this enormous development of tonnage, except that it is unapproachably
cheaper than land carriage can ever be? Eleven minutes fills the lock and eight
minutes discharges it ; 87 vessels have been passed through daily. On this showing
the capacity of the Nicaragua Canal with one set of locks maybe placed at 14,000,000

S. Doc. 231, pt 4: 18

274 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

tons per annum, which can be doubled by duplicating locks, aa the water used for
lockage with one aet of locks is only 10 per cent of that now being discharged by the
Rio San Juan at ordinary lake level, without regard to rainfall and without lower-
ing the lake level. The expense of operating locks is well attested by the Lake Su-
perior Canal, where nearly 9,000,000 tons were lock-lifted in 1H89 at an expense
of $36,000, making a rate of four-tenths of a mill per ton. The liability to accident is
illustrated by the experience of athird of a century at the same water way'. The look
gates are operated by hydraulic power and guard gates are placed at a proper dis-
tance, to be used when necessary. Occasionally minor accidents have occurred at the
entrance of the lock, but nothing that materially interfered with traffic. Alluding
to the work of the Lake Superior Canal Mr. Harvey writes: "I have seen fifteen steam-
ers, some of 3,000 tons, as passed, passing, or wailing to pass the locks, and within one
hour all had disappeared on their respective voyages." I may conclude these observ-
ations on locks by quoting from the report of the board of trade of San Francisco,
published in 1880, before alluded to : " We see no reason why the philosophy that
nature teaches should not be made use of to conquer the obstacles that nature places
before us; and we claim that it is better and more reasonable to carry a ship over a
summit by means of lift locks than to build a sea level canal at an incalculably in-
creased cost."

The Nicaragua Canal, supplemented by increased facilities for distribution by rail,
is the great need of San Francisco and other Pacific coast ports. It will certainly
change the highways of commercial transportation ; but, where a temporary injury
is intlicted,a three-fold compensation comes with the adjustment of the new conditions.
Our coast, our country, and the world are ready for this great and beneficent enter-
prise. It will be a prosperous day for San Francisco when its wharves are crowded
with ocean steamers which have passed " the Gate of the Pacific," and through the
Golden Gate to our commercial metropolis. The ocean God's great highway will be
open to us, with a reduction in distance of 10,000 miles to European and Atlantic
seaports two-thirds of the navigable distance discarded forever nearly one-half of
the earth's circumference. The American flag restored to theocoau; American sea-
men ready to defend their country abroad; increased markets for our producers ; in-
creased business for our merchants; increased values for our land owners; all these,
with increased prestige and political influence to the great Republic will follow the
opening of this ocean highway. Before the dawn of the twentieth century this will
have been accomplished, marking another epoch in the commercial history of the
world ; a monument to American energy and a benison to mankind.

WIIXIAM L. MERRY.

MICAKAUUA CAHAL, COMPANY. 275

APPENDIX G-.

NICARAGUA CANAL CONSTRUCTION COMPANY.

REPORT ON FINAL LOCATION OP THE CANAL.

fBy A. G. MBNOCAL, Chief Engineer!

NEW YORK, January 31, 1889.
To flie President and Board of Directors of the Nicaragua Canal Construction Company:

GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to submit the following report of the results of the
final surveys for the location of the canal through the territory of the Republic of
Nicaragua and in that of Costa Rica, by the Nicaragua Canal Construction Company
under contract with, and on account of, the Nicaragua Canal Association.

These surveys were commenced in the early part of the month of December, 1887,
and were conducted with marked ability and uniform devotion to duty by eight well
equipped parties, supplemented by a well-organized and efficient medical department
and the necessary force of draughtsmen, artists, clerks, stenographers, and other
subordinate assistants.

The eight parties comprising the regular field working force were divided as fol-
lows:

Six land surveying parties, each composed of one engineer in charge, four assistants,
and from fifteen to twenty laborers.

One hydrographic party with one engineer in charge, three assistants and ten men.

One boring party in charge of an engineer, with ten laborers.

In addition to this permanent force, two or three smaller parties, each composed of
one or two engineers and a sufficient number of assistants and laborers, were con-
stantly employed in carrying out local surveys and reconnaissances, either in advance
of the locating force or supplementing the location by local detailed surveys at
places where additional information was regarded as necessary for a more perfect
knowledge of the complicated topography.

This large and efficient force was kept constantly employed from the 15th of Decem-
ber until the latter part of June, when the advanced state of the work made neces-
sary a reduction in the number of employe's. In fact, at this time the canal had
been located from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and but little information, and this not
essential to the solution of the problem, but desirable only in order to arrive at the
degree of accuracy prescribed by the company, remained to be obtained. Some of
the engineers were then ordered to the company's office in New York, to be engaged
in plotting and developing, in a comprehensive and concise form, the results of the
field operations. The field working force was reduced to three surveying parties and
the boring party, which force has been actively at work and is still engaged in mak-
ing local surveys, cross-sectioning in the vicinity of the canal work, locating the
flowage line in the San Francisco Basin and in the valley of the river San Carlos,
and surveying for a canal between Lakes Managua and Nicaragua.

The work accomplished to the present time may be summed up as follows :

First. Location of the canal from the Pacific to Lake Nicaragua, with numerous
cross-sections and the survey of the flowage line in the proposed basin in the valleys
of the rivers Grande and Tola. Through these valleys two locations have been made,
one for a canal in excavation throughout and the other for a canal partly through a
deep basin. Both have been located with the same care and attention to detail.
The estimate submitted with this report is based on the latter plan.

The proposed flooded area contains over 4,000 acres of grazing land, and the rela-
tive cost of the two methods of caualization can only be ascertained after this land
has been legally condemned. Borings have been made at numerous points along the
route, including the basin, the curves having been actually located OH the ground

276 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

and detailed snrvBys for artificial drain*, embankments, and weirs, and of tbe sites of
the locks, etc., having been elaborated for both plans, there need be no delay in the
progress of the work when a final decision is reached.

Second. The hydrographic party has completed the survey of the harbor of Brito,
of tbe west coast of Lake Nicaragua, in the vicinity of tbe mouth of the river Lajas,
of the east coast of the lake at Fort San Carlos, several local surveys in the river
San Jnan, and the survey of Qreytown and adjacent coast and lagoons. These sur-
veys have been carried ont with remarkable skill and accuracy and very much in
detail. In the lake the soundings have been carried oat beyond the 40-foot contour,
and offshore at Brito and Greytown to the 9-fathom line. In the inner harbors
and in the riven in the vicinity thereof the exact contour of the bottom can be de-
termined by the numerous soundings taken. Observations for determining the car-
rents, both inside and outside the harbors, for the direction of the winds, and for the
rise and fall of the tide, have also been taken. All this comprises a mass of most
valuable data, which has been used to great advantage in designing the necessary
work for the improvement of the harbors and in estimating the amount and cost of
the dredging required therein. .

Third. Local surveys have been made in the river San Juan at all places where the
data on hand were deemed insufficient for a close estimate of the amount and cost of
excavation needed, or to determine with reasonable precision the difficulties likely to
be encountered in the construction of dams, embankments, or other works entering
as important factors in the general scheme.

Fourth. The river San Carlos has been surveyed from its confluence with the San
Juan to a point about 3 miles above its tributary "Tres Amigos," where the con-
tour 106 feet above sea level was reached. From that point this 106 feet contour has
been instrumentality located, east of the main river, and up both banks of all its trib-
utaries coming from that side, following all the sinuosities in the expansions and con-
tractions of the valley until Ochoa was reached, at the south abutment of the pro-
posed dam across the river San Juan, thus establishing, beyond a doubt, the practi-
cability, at a comparatively small cost, of impounding the waters of the San Carlos
at the elevation of 106 feet above sea level, as raised by the proposed dam at Ochoa.

Fifth. The survey of that region from the valley of the Machado above the site of
the dam at Ochoa to Greytown has been tbe subject of much labor and .serious con-
sideration, and has consumed much time, and not less than four-fifths of the labor of
the expedition. The primeval condition of the country, covered as it is with dense
vegetation and high forest growth, through which no extended view can be obtained
from any point, of itself renders an accurate knowledge of its topographical features
both laborious and difficult to obtain ; but if I add to this the absolute want of means
of communication except by canoe through capricious water courses, of which but
little information has been acquired by previous explorations, and an unusually com-
plicated topography, in which extensive swamps and more or less connected ranges
of bills are constantly met with in such an irregular and unexpected manner as to
baffle completely all calculation as to its actual condition without an instrumental
examination of every inch of the ground, some idea may be gathered of the difficul-
ties with which we have been confronted.

Two routes through the last mentioned region had been proposed by previous sur-
veys; and it was the object of the association to make a thorough examination of the
entire area so as to eliminate all doubtful questions, and, with a perfect knowledge
of all the conditions involved, to select that route presenting the greatest facilities
for the construction of the canal, both in regard to the economy and permanency of
the work.

One of the routes extends on a nearly direct line from Ochoa to Greytown, and has
been designated the " Upper route " by reason of its being located in the upper part
of the valley and its most striking feature of retaining and extending the summit
level to within a short distance of Greytown itself.

The other is known as the " Lower route," since it descends to the valley level of
the San Juan a short distance below Ochoa, stretches along and at several points
runs in close proximity to the bank of the river, until it reaches Punta Petaca, above
the San Jnanillo, where it turns to the north, and by a straight line reaches Greytown
at about the same point as the "Upper route." This route was located by the
United States surveying expedition of 1872-'73, and the former was the result of my
surveys of 1*85, conducted by order of the same Government. The work of reloca-
tion was undertaken for both routes from end to end with the whole force of the ex-
pedition, previous explorations and surveys being ignored except for the information
to be derived therefrom and for purposes of comparison, the object being to improve,
if possible, on what had already been done. It required the constant labors of six
surveying parties, and the boring party six months, before the location of the two
routes had been elaborated and advanced to the point where a fair comparison of
their relative merits could be made ; and, since the selection of the " Upper route,"
two parties hare been engaged for five months in perfecting the location and gath-

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 277

ering such a mass of valuable information as to leave no doubt whatever regarding
its superiority, and the amount and character of all the work involved in the con-
struction of the canal. No problem has been left unsolved, and what is now pre-
sented as the result of these arduous labors is an actual representation of the natural
conditions.

THE PROPOSED ROUTE.

The proposed route from the Atlantic to the Pacific is in general direction and, with
but slight modifications, identically the same as that proposed by me in 1885. The
changes introduced consist principally in the addition of two new basins, and the
extension of free navigation in the San Francisco Basin, by which the length of canal
in excavation has been considerably reduced, with proportionally increased facilities
to navigation, and the problem of draining the country traversed by the canal satis-
factorily solved.

San Juan del Norte" (Greytown) on the Atlantic, and Brito on the Pacific, are the
termini of the canal, the total distance from port to port being 169.448 miles, of which
26.783 miles will be excavated canal, and 142.659 miles free navigation by Lake Nica-
ragua, the river San Juan, and through basins in the valleys of the streams Deseado,
San Francisco, and Tola. Lake Nicaragua is necessarily the summit level of the
canal, aud its elevation above mean sea level is taken at its mean as 110 feet. It will
be connected with the Pacific by two sections of canal in excavation and the Tola
Basin, and with the Atlantic by slack-water navigation through the valley of the
river San Juan, and a series of basins in the valleys of the San Francisco and De-
seado, connected by short sections of canal, the sea level on each side being reached
by three locks which have been located as near as possible to the extremities of
the canal, viz, 3 miles from Brito and 12J miles from Greytown, thereby giving
a clean summit level of 153^ miles in extent out of a total distance of 169^ miles, as
stated above. For the purposes of this report the whole route has been divided into
four divisions, viz, eastern, San Francisco, Lake and River, and western.

Eastern division.
[From the inner harbor of San Juan del Norte (Greytown) to the San Francisco Basin, 18.864 miles.]

The line selected and located starts from the inner harbor of San Juan del Norte",
and extends in a southwesterly direction for a distance of 9.297 miles to Lock No. 1, in
the valley of the small stream Deseado, which descends from the high ridge separa-
ting the valley of the San Juanillo from that of the Cafio San Francisco. Where the
stream Deseado interferes with the course of the canal it is to be diverted by artificial
channels. The first 9.297 miles of canal will be at the level of the sea, forming, prac-
tically, a prolongation of the harbor of Greytown, the width proposed allowing ample
room for the passage of vessels going in both directions. The excavation will be en-
tirely through flat alluvial deposits, as shown by the numerous borings taken along
the whole line.

The first lock from this reach will have a lift of 30 feet, and the uniform dimensions
of chamber adopted for all the locks, viz, 650 feet long and 70 feet wide. A suitable
bit of high ground for the site of the lock is met with in the lower valley of the De-
seado. From the head gate of Lock No. 1 to Lock No. 2 the canal follows the val-
ley of the Deseado, which is here partially flooded by the construction of four low
embankments connecting the site of Lock No. 1 with the sides of the valley. In this
manner the canal excavation, which here consists chiefly of a stiff, red clay, under-
lying a thin strata of loam, is much reduced, and the drainage economically and
efficiently controlled by suitable weirs of maximum flood capacity.

Lock No. 2, located 1.258 miles above the head gate of Lock No. 1, has a lift of 31
feet and will rest on solid ground, a hill on the south side of the valley affording an
excellent site for it.

Lock No. 3, with a lift of 45 feet, is located 12f miles from Greytown and 1.927
miles from the head gate of Lock No. 2. This section of the canal occupies the lower
basin, made in the valley of the Deseado by the erection of a dam 38 feet high and
1,300 feet long across the stream, and two embankments of an aggregate length of
1,400 feet and about 20 feet high on the top of the confining ridges. The only exca-
vation needed through this basin is in cutting across three low hills of red clay.

At this point the valley of the Deseado is spanned by an embankment 70 feet high
and 1,050 feet long, resting on two high hills, and the gaps on the ridge connecting
this embankment with the sides of the valley are closed with smaller embankments,
aggregating 5,800 feet on the crest, with an average height of 20 feet to the level 112
teet above sea level. By this means a basin 3.086 miles long is created in the valley
of the stream, in which a depth of from 30 feet to 70 feet ia obtained, without exca-

278 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY,

ration, for a distance of 2.594 miles. It is proponed to retain the water in this basin
at an elevation of 10G feet above sea level ; in otber words, the summit level of the
canal in carried across the "divide" and extended to Lock No. 3, or to within 12{
miles of the Atlantic, and bnt '.*$ miles from the sea level, which, as stated above,
reaches 9J miles up from Greytown. The advantage of these two large reservoirs in
close proximity to the locks need not be commented npon, and the facilities afforded
as a "turn out" for ships in waiting and traveling in opposite directions can not be
overestimated. The dam is proposed to be built of stone, or what is termed "rock
fill" with earth backing, and will have a weir 600 feet long on the crest, and a fall of
45 feet, for the discharge of the surplus water into the lower basin. This will be
supplemented by another weir 800 feet long located on the south side of the valley in
a gap between the hills inclosing the upper basin, giving a total length of weir of
1,400 feet.

At the western end of this basin begins the " eastern divide cut" connecting the
valley of the Deseado with that of the Calio San Francisco. This cut is 2.917 miles
long, has a maximum cnt of 298 and an average depth of 111.2 feet above the level of
the water, the depth in the canal being 30 feet, and contains about 21 per cent, of the
total excavation estimated for the whole canal.

The magnitude of this work grows less striking as we proceed to examine its im-
portance as a factor in the solution of the problem, the local advantages for its exe-
cntion, its permanency when finished, and the advantageous and economical disposi-
tion of the ni.-iterial to be excavated.

First. It will be observed that this cnt is almost in a direct line between Ochoa and
Greytown, which are the two objective points of the canal ; the former being the
point at which it must of necessity leave the San Juan River, and the latter equally
necessary at its terminus on the Atlantic.

Second. It is the lowest point along the whole ridge which intervenes between those
two points, and nearly equidistant from each.

Third. It is also the narrowest pass, by several miles, of any other on the ridge, the
valleys of the Deseado on one side and the San Francisco on the other here penetrat-
ing it further than elsewhere, thns allowing the greatest possible extension of their
basins with the least excavation.

Besides the above there are several other important advantages connected with
this particular pass entitled to much consideration.

First. The material to be removed is in the main solid rock, therefore the volume of
excavation is reduced to a minimum, and the cnt when made will remain so for-
ever without further expense.

Second. The material is needed for the construction of the dam at Ochoa, for the em-
bankments between Ochoa and Greytown, for the construction of the locks, for the
breakwater at Greytown, and for pitching the sides of the canal, ahd whatever is left
over can be dumped in the immediate vicinity.

Third. The center of distribution is most conveniently located, and were not this
material available, at the sole expense of transportation down grade, it would have
to be obtained at considerable coat from quarries in the vicinity, as there is no rock
easy of access between Ochoa and Greytown, except in this ridge.

Fourth. The locality is one of the healthiest in Nicaragua, the drainage is perfect,
and water abundant and excellent for domestic uses.

Fifth. There is close at hand on both sid<-s of the ridge an inexhaustible water power
for the economical and convenient operation of all the machinery required to do the
work.

Poscssing, therefore, as it does, this truly marvelous coincidence of favorable cir-
cnmstances, it would seem as though the very hand of Nature had made this particu-
lar spot with the view of facilitating the execution of the greatest undertaking of
this or any other age. With proper appliances and good management, so much of
the work in the adjacent sections being dependent npon the material to begot from
this cnt, an even rate of progress can easily be maintained and the whole work be
pnshed to completion well within the six years estimated as the time for completing
the canal.

San Francisco division 12.500 miles.
[From the western end of the Divide Cat to the river San Juan at Ocho*.]

On the western slope of the Divide the canal follows the valley of the Limpio for
1,477 miles to the end of the Cnt. Before falling into the San Francisco basin it passes
for .738 miles through a rolling country into the lower valley of the Limpio, the
average depth of the cutting for this distance being 16 feet above the bottom of the
canal.

Passing into the basin of the CaQo San Francisco it follows the valleys of the Limpio
and Chanchos to near the confluence of the latter with the San Francisco, aud then

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 279.

np the valley of the stream, skirting the hills on the west to a favorahle pass in the
range separating this valley from the swarnpy region, called Florida Luke, extending
towards Ochoa. The line of location follows this swamp to its western extremity,
where it strikes the high rolling country intervening between this low region and
he valley of the Machado; and following a tributary of the latter, it strikes the
river San Juan 1,600 feet above the mouth of the Machado. The distance from the
western end of the Divide Cut to the bank of the river San Juan is 12.500 miles, of
which 7.481 miles are tangents and 5.019 miles comprised in eleven curves of from
4,000 to 11,459 feet radius. The hills surrounding the basin on the south do not form
an unbroken range rising at all points above the level of the water, which in this
section also is maintained at 106 feet above sea level. Eight gaps will have to be
closed by embankments aggregating in length to 2,440 feet measured on the valley
floor, and 12,260 feet on the crest, the maximum depth being 60 feet below the level
of the water in the basins.

In addition to the above, 59 smaller embankments, aggregating in length 18,280 feet
on their crest, rising 6 feet above water level and varying in height from 1 to 50
feet, will be required from Ochoa to the main ridge of the Divide. All the embank-
ments resting on the valley or swamp level are designed of rock fill and earth back-
ing, with three parallel rows of sheet piling between abutments.

The total length of basin secured by this plan is 11.267 miles from flowage line to
flowage line, of which 8.697 miles is in water varying from 30 to 60 feet in depth.
That is, of the 12.500 miles in the division, but 1.233 miles will be wholly and 2.570
miles partly in excavation. This is not, however, the only advantage gained by the
creation of this basin. Without it the cut across the "Divide" would be of such
proportions as to make the route commercially impracticable, and the basin of the
Deseado an impossibility. Not less important are the additional considerations of
free navigation through a wide and deep basin, instead of a restricted excavated
channel. In the former vessels can travel at full speed, lie at anchor or pass each
other at all points, while in the latter the position and speed of all ships must con-
form to rigid regulations.

Attention is also invited to another striking feature of this work, as compared with
that close to the bank of the San Juan.

In a country subject to observed rainfalls of more than six inches in 24 hours, the
problem of drainage involves dealing with forces of Nature whose enormous destruc-
tive powers are a constant menace to engineering works, however careful and skillful
their design and execution. And it is of the utmost importance, therefore, to reduce
these forces to a minimum before the construction of works to withstand them. The
large territory embraced between the ridge confining the basin to the south and the
" Lower Route " is, by the adoption of the " Upper Route," entirely eliminated from
the problem of drainage, leaving only that portion of the watershed north of the
ridge from the Divide to the valley of the Machado to be provided for. The area of
this catchment basin is abont 65 square miles.

It is proposed to build all embankments across the valleys in the disconnected por-
tions of the ridge of "rock fills" and earth backing, the crest to be 107 feet above
sea level, and with the top and outer slope so shaped and paved with large stones as
to admit the free flow of water over the surface without danger of injury, all other
embankments to be 112 feet above sea level. All these embankments will be, in fact,
so many waste weirs for the discharge of the surplus water at several points in the
basin, with an aggregate length of 4,720 feet of spillway and assuming that the em-
bankments are perfectly tight, which will not be the case until several years after
construction, and therefore that all the surplus water passes over the weirs the maxi-
mum thickness on the crest will not exceed 15 inches.

An extraordinary freshet in the San Juan above the dam would probably cause
some of the river water to flow towards the basin, but it will be observed that the
weirs in the basin alone are capable of discharging 90,200 cubic feet per second be-
fore the water reaches the top of the higher embankments, and that, in such extreme
cases, the basin would also be discharging through the divide cut, over the Deseado
Dam and weirs, and, if need be, through the culverts of Lock No. 3. As an addi-
tional precaution, a guard gate is provided in the first cut east of the Machado, by
which the waters of the river San Juan may be shut off from the basin. With these
ample provisions the destruction of the smaller earth embankments by an overflow
of the basin seems to be well guarded against.

Lake and river division, 121.04 miles.
[From Ochoa to the western coast of Lake Nicaragua.)

This division extends from the western extremity of the San Francisco division in
the valley of the Machado to the entrance of the canal on the west shore of Lake
Nicaragua. The total distance is 121.04 miles, divided as follows : Navigation by the

280 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

river San Jnan, 64.54 miles ; Lake navigation, 56.5 miles. The section of the river
from Ochoa to the lake is to be made navigable by the construction of a dam at
Ochoa, just below the Machado, maintaining the water at the summit level of 106
feet above sea level. It may here be explained that this elevation, hitherto
'reated as the summit level, is 4 feet below the lake, a fall of three-quarters of an
iuch to the mile being allowed for the slope necessary to discharge its waters, al-
though, for all the purposes of navigation, that portion of the river is converted into
an extension of the lake.

The dam is located between two steep hills, and its length of weir on the crest will
be 1,250 feet, and abutments 650 feet. The average depth of the water in the river
was at the time of the survey 8 feet, and the maximum depth, close to the southern
abutment, 14 feet, the width between banks being 950 feet. With a mean flow in the
river of 20,000 cubic feet per second, the thickness of water on top of the weir will
be about 3} feet.

The dam is proposed to be built of rook till and earth backing, in all respects
similar to all the other large embankments and weirs already described. Its average
height above the river bottom is 61 feet, its thickness at the top 25 feet, and at the
bottom 500 feet. The core of the rock portion will be made of smaller stones,
gravel, and refuse from the rock cuts, with three rows of sheet piling from abutment
to abutment, and substantial concrete core walls from the ends of the sheet piling
carried well into the abutment hills and up along the slope beyond the maximum
flood level. The upper portion and long flat apron will be composed of stones of the
largest dimensions that can be properly handled and arranged, the interstices being
filled from behind with small stones, gravel, and earth dumped from suitable trestles.

By this dam, slack-water navigation in the river San Juan will be obtained in the
whole distance from the lake, in which, with the exception of the 28 miles above
Toro Rapids, the navigable channel will be at no point less than 1,000 feet wide, with
depths varying from 28 to 130 feet. Between the Lake and Toro Rapids, rock blast-
ing under water and dredging to an average depth of 4 feet will be required at
several places, amounting in all to 24 miles, most of the rock blasting occurring at
Toro. The average depth of water as raised by the dam over the shallow places,
where deepening has been estimated for, is 2:5 feet, and the excavated channel is 125
feet at the bottom, the slopes varying with the character of the material.

A further important effect of the dam will be to raise the water of the river San
Carlos to the level attained by the San Juan at their confluence above Ochoa, con-
verting the valley of that stream into a spacious lake or port, and an integral part
of the summit level and of the canal itself. Thousands of square miles of the ter-
ritory of Costa Rica now inaccessible by land or water will thus become the richest
portion of that Republic ; and the sediment now being brought down by the rapid
current of the river will then be deposited, for want of transporting power, at the
months of the ravines and mountain torrents emptying into the basin. In fact, the
area now scoured will be BO much reduced that comparatively little material will
be transported.

The confining ridge to the east of the valley of the San Carlos is a generally high
range extending in a nearly straight line from the south abutment of the Ochoa Dam
about S. 15 W. 7J miles to the foot of the high mountains of the interior. The length
of the ridge following its crooked crest line is about 10 miles. The hills forming the
ridge do not form an unbroken range at all points higher than the level of the water
which is here also maintained on 106 feet above sea level. A number of short de-
pressions will have to be closed by embankments, the tops of which will be at an
elevation of 112 feet.

The total number of embankments necessary is twenty-one. Of these eight will
be very small, the ridge being now above the water line but below 112 feet. Only
two will reach the floor of the valley, having a depth of 48 feet. The remaining
eleven have an average depth of 19 feet. The aggregate length of embankments on
crest is 5,540 feet; on floor of valley, 130 feet.

The embankments proposed will be entirely of clay, 15 feet wide on top, with slope
of 3 to I on both sides.

It is proposed to build a large waste weir in the ridge about 2f miles from the Oehoa
Dam. This weir having its crest of 106 feet elevation will discharge the flood waters
of the San Carlos into the San Juan independently of and below the dam.

The valley of Cureno Creek runs directly from the site of the proposed weir to the
San Juan, 5 miles below Ochoa, hence no channel for the discharged waters need be
provided.

In the east side of Lake Nicaragua dredging in soft mud will be needed for a dis-
tance of about 14 miles to reach the depth of 30 feet, the average depth of the cut
being 9.8 feet, and the proposed channel 150 feet wide at the bottom, with side slopes
of 3 to 1 to the present bottom of the lake.

From the end of this cut to within 1,400 feet of the west coast, at the entrance of
the canal, the depth in the lake varies from 30 to 150 feet. The excavation on the

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 281

west, side is estimated as rock. No borings were taken on this side of tho lake, but
the indications on the shore and the result of the borings in the vicinity point to
rock as predominating in the submarine excavation.

In view of the nature of the bottom and the prevailing winds on that coast of the
lake, it has been deemed advisable, if not essential, to estimate for two crib piers or
breakwaters at the entrance of the canal and extending to deep water, a distance of
1,800 feet and 2,400 feet, respectively. These piers will have the effect of arresting
d6bris traveling along the coast by the action of the waves, insure smooth water at
the entrance of the canal, and serve as guides to approaching vessels.

Western division.
[From the lake to Brito, 17.04 miles.]

This section of canal connects the lake with the Pacific Ocean. It is 17.04 miles
long from the shore of the lake when at 102.5 feet above sea level, the elevation at
the time the surveys were made, to the port at Brito.

As the canal is now estimated for, 11.44 miles of that distance will be wholly in
excavation and 5.60 miles through a basin in the valleys of the rivers Grande and
Tola.

In this basin from 30 to 70 feet of water can be had for a distance of 4,568 miles.
The basin has an area of 4,000 acres, an extreme width of 12,500 feet, and an average
of 5,500 feet. An alternative route has been located through the valleys proposed to
be flooded, for a canal in excavation, should it be found more economical on account
of the value of the land through which it passes. The only new feature of this divis-
ion is the basin now introduced.

The first section begins at the mouth of the river Lajas, on the west shore of Lake
Nicaragua, and follows the valley of that stream for a distance of 8,2GO feet, jn which
the width of the canal is 120 feet at the bottom and the side slopes 1 to 1, both in
rock and earth. The river Lajas here turns to the south, and it is proposed to divert
it and make it discharge into the lake a short distance south of its present mouth.
The canal continues on the same straight line, crosses a plain about three-quarters of
a mile wide, and enters the valley of the Guiscoyal, a small tributary of the Lajas,
and at 4.70 miles from the lake it crosses the highest elevation on the line between
the lake and the Pacific. This point is 42 feet above high lake, or 152 feet above
mean tide in the Pacific, and is situated in a valley about 2 miles wide, deserving
special mention by reason of the fact that it is the lowest depression of the main
ridge between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans on the American continent.

After crossing this divide the line gradually descends at the rate of about 9 feet
per mile and in If miles further it meets the Rio Grande, a mountain stream which
drains an extensive area of the western slope of the Cordillera. The line of the canal
follows the tortuous channel of the Grande, cutting across some of its sharp bends or
occupying the channel in short reaches. In 1 miles it frees itself from this con-
tracted valley and cuts across a broad plain as it turns to the westward, and enters
the basin of Tola 9 miles from the lake. The distance across the basin by the sailing
line is 5.504 miles. This basin is formed by the construction of an embankment 1,800
feet long and 70 feet high, resting on two high hills at a place called La Flor. The
method of construction of this embankment is in all respects similar to that adopted
for the construction of the Ochoa Dam and embankments in the San Francisco Val-
ley. The rock for the fill will be obtained from the excavations for Locks Nos. 4 and
5 in the north abutment, and the earth from the canal excavation east of the basin.
The level of the lake will be extended through the divide cut and the basin to this
dam, the top of which is established at 112 feet above sea level. Therefore the lake
will have to rise more than 2 feet above the proposed snmmit level before any water
runs over the weir. With a length of weir of 1,300 feet and the lock culverts capable
of discharging not less than 4,500 cubic feet per second, the level of the lake can be
kept under control, even in extraordinary floods. Yet a guard gate is proposed in
the section of canal between the lake and the divide to shut off the water from
the lake in case of necessity. No special provision has been made for the control of
the rivers Grande and Tola, and none is deemed necessary. These streams will flow
into the summit level, one between the lake and the Tola Basin, and the other at the
northern extremity of the basin. The waters will be distributed between the basin
and the lake or partly used for feeding the locks, and should both rivers be in flood
while the water in the basin is below the crest of the weir, and therefore most of the
combined flow discharging into the lake, the current in the canal through its nar-
rowest portion in the divide will not exceed 2 miles an hour, which can do no
harm in the rock cut, while in the larger portions of the canal the velocity would, of
course be proportionally less.

From the western end of the valley of Tola to Brito, the canal, after leaving Locks
Nos. 4 and 5, cuts across a broad, flat country, with an inclination of about 9 feet per

282 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

mile, to the port, distance of 2.28 miles, in which the excavation does not exceed
that required fur the canal prism.

These locks are proposed to overcome the difference of level between the summit
and the Pacific. Locks Nos. 4 and 5 are located in the hill north of La Flor dam ;
their chambers are 65J feet long and 70 feet wide and the lifts 42) feet in each.
Lock No. 6, of the same dimensions of chamber, is situated 1.58 miles below, its lifts
being 21 feet and 29 feet, respectively, at high and low tide. Between this lock and
the port of Brito, a distance of 0.57 mile, the canal will be at the level of the sea, with
an enlarged section, and may be regarded as an extension of the harbor similar to
that at the Grey town end of the route.

HARBORS.

Greytown. The observations and surveys conducted by the hydrographic party
and subsequent investigations by other engineers of the company have fully con-
firmed the theory based on previous surveys as to the nature and magnitude of the
forces which caused the destruction of this harbor and consequently the plan hereto-
fore recommended for resisting these forces and restoring the harbor is now adhered
to with but slight modifications in the details.

The plan of restoration involves the construction of a jetty or breakwater 1,700 feet
long, nearly normal to the shore of the outer bar and extending to the 6-fathom
curve, and dredging from this latter depth offshore across the sand bank now clos-
ing the harbor and in the inner bay. The jetty is located to the windward of the
excavated channel which it is intended to shelter from the sea and protect from the
wash of the waves and the traveling sands of the coast.

The first section of the jetty, extending from the shore to 15 feet of water, is pro-
posed to be built of creosoted timber, fascinage, and stone, and that portion in deep
water to be of "pierre perdue " or rubble, the stone to be obtained from the divide
cut. The. entrance channel is estimated to have a depth of 30 feet and a width of
500 feet at the bottom, and the inner basin is designed of sufficient dimensions to af-
ford easy access to the canal and to accommodate a large number of vessels, its ex-
cavated area on the bottom being 206 acres, which, with the area of the enlarged sec-
tion of the canal at sea level to Lock No. 1, gives a total area of 341 acres of water 28
feet deep, exclusive of slopes of 3 to 1 and the remaining portions of the inner bay not
deepened, yet having in many places a depth of 20 feet, in which a large number of
vessels of ordinary size can lie.

Brito. The recent surveys have greatly added to previous information as to the
natural conditions of this locality, which by reason of its being of necessity the ter-
minus of the canal on the Pacific coast, has been spoken of as "the harbor," when,
as remarked by Professor Mitchell, it is not even a roadstead. Yet the practicability
of constructing a harbor at this point has not been disputed, the only difference of
opinion being confined to details. The plan now proposed combines as nearly as
possible the most economical form of construction with that best adapted to the phys-
ical conditions, and meets, it is believed, most effectually the objections raised against
former designs.

The broad valley of the Rio Grande stretches to the coast at this point through a
wide gap in the main range of hills extending along the Pacific coast. This valley,
it is believed, formed once a considerable bay, but is now filled up for a distance of
about 6,000 feet from the beach to about the level of high water. The proposed plan
for the construction of the harbor consists, first, in a breakwater 900 feet long, ex-
tending from a rocky promontory projecting from the beach at the western extremity
of the range of hills, and second, another jetty 830 feet long, normal to the beach
nearly opposite the extremity of the one before mentioned. The proposed harbor
will be partly in deep water confined by the jetties, but its main portion is proposed
to be excavated in the alluvial valley, the whole forming a deep and broad basin
penetrating 3,000 feet from the present shore line at high water and 3,900 feet from
the entrance between jetties. As an extension of the harbor, the canal itself is ex-
cavated at sea level with an enlarged prism for a distance of 3,000 feet further in-
land, where the tide lock has been located. It is believed that with the basin as
designed and the prolongation of the sea level through the canal sufficient tran-
quillity will be secured at the look and in the harbor, but should this prove not to be
the case an enlargement of the main basin by dredging in soft material would be a
question of but comparatively small expense.

The breakwaters as estimated for are of " pierre perdue," the material to be ob-
tained from the rocky promontory or from the western divide cut, the price allowed
being on the latter basin. The harbor has an area of 95J acres on the bottom or ex-
cavated portion, and with the sea-level section of the canal the total area is 103} acres
of water, 30 feet deep, exclusive of the slopes of 3 to 1.

MATERIALS FOR CON8TRUCTIOK.

As has been stated in previous reports the whole line of the canal is well supplied
with timber, generally of excellent quality, though in gome section* of the astern

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

283

division it has been deemed advisable to estimate for its use only on temporary works
during construction, such as trestles, laborers' dwellings, etc., the sheet piling and
most of the bearing piles being imported from the Southern States and creosoted
where necessary. Ou the western division, however, the wood growing on ground
less moist is ot a very superior quality and it is proposed to use it for all purposes,
its durability having been amply proved in every class of construction throughout
the country.

The rock proposed to be used for the dams, weirs, and breakwaters will be got from
the divide cuts, which consist chiefly of basalt and various descriptions of trap of
excellent quality for the purpose.

Lime of the best quality is obtainable in the western division at many places and
the numerous specimens of work on which it has been used hav stood the test of
many generations and are to-day in a state of preservation, but it is calculated to
supplement this supply with imported cement, which will be used largely in the form
of concrete in the construction of locks, etc., clean sharp sand being found in great
abundance in the beds of most of the streams in the vicinity of the canal.

DIMENSIONS AND CAPACITY OP THB CANAL.

In establishing the dimensions of the canal it has been my purpose to profit by the
experience of the Suez Canal, where a yearly traffic of 6,000,000 tons could not be
carried through without serious delays to navigation. The reduction in the length
of excavated canal accomplished by the last location in Nicaragua through the sub-
stitution of free navigation in deep and broad basins for a restricted channel, gives
additional facilities for the construction of a water way capable of accommodating
not less than 12,000 vessels with a net tonnage of 20,000,000 a year at but a small in-
erease cost as compared with the advantages secured, both for the commerce of the
world and the economical administration of the enterprise. In fact, the immediate
and prospective benefits obtained by the enlargement, in the increased facilities for
passing vessels and a considerable decrease in the cost of maintenance and preserva-
tion of the work, fully justify, it is believed, the additional expense in the original
cost. It will be seen on examination of the subjoined table that, of the 169.448 miles,
the total length of the canal from the Atlantic to the Pacific, 121.04 miles is unim-
peded navigation in the River San Juan, and in Lake Nicaragua, and 21.619 miles
through basins, making a total distance of 142.659 miles in which ships can travel
with little or no restriction as to speed. Of the remaining 26.789 miles, .759 is taken
up by the six locks leaving but 26.030 miles of canal actually in excavation. Of this
latter distance 18.189 miles are of canal large enough for vessels traveling in opposite
directions to pass each other, the sectional area being in excess of the largest area of
the Suez Canal. The two sections of canal with contracted prisms are in the eastern
and western divide cuts; the first is 2.917 miles and the other 4.924 miles in length
and located as they are almost at the extreme ends of the summit level, and in close
proximity to the upper locks it is believed that the slight additional facilities to navi-
gation secured by enlarging the dimensions of the canal in these heavy rock cuts,
aud the inconsiderable gain in the time of trausit would not compensate for the larger
outlay necessary.

Table showing the dimensions of the several sections of the proposed canal.

Section of canaL

Length.

Width,
top.

Width,
bottom.

Depth.

Area of
prism.

Grey town to Lock No. 1 .................................

Milet.
9.297

Feet.

288

Feet.
120

Feet.
28

Sq.feet.
5 712

Lock No. 1 to Lock No. 2 (canal). .................. ..;...

1.258

210

120

4,950

1.65

210

120

4,950

Lock No. 2 to Lock No. 3 (basin) ....

1.762

*30

Lock No. 3 to western end of eastern divide out (canal) . .
Lock No. 3 to western end of eastern diride cut (Dese-
ado basin)

2.917
3.086

30
*45

2,400
(t)

Western end of divide cut to Ochoa (canal)

1.233

184

3,673

Western end of divide cut to Ochoa (San Francisco
basin)

11. 267

ft)

37.040

*52

RJYer San Juan where dredging is needed... ......
Lake Nicaragua).......... ...............................

27.500
56. 500

125
150

*28
*50

(t)
(1)

Lake to western divide cut (canal) .....................

1.565

210

120

4,950

Western divide cut (canal). .' .. ............

4.924

2,400

Divide cut to east end of Tola basin (canal)

2.519

184

3,673

East end of Tola basin to Lock No. 4 (basin) ....

6.504

*50

(t)

Lock No. 5 to Lock No. 6 (canal)

1.582

184

3,673

Lock No. 6 to harbor of Brito, (canal) ............

.570

288

120

5,712

'Mean.

t Undetermined.

284 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

RECAPITULATION.

Milts.

Canal in execration, etst ide 14.878

Canal iu excavation, west aide 11. 160

Sixlock*. both sides 759

Total canal in excavation 28.781

Basins of the Deseado 4.848

Baain of the San Francisco 11.267

Basin of the Tola 5.504

Total length of basins 21.619

Hirer San Juan 84.540

Lake Nicaragua 56.500

Total uainral waterways 121.040

Total length of canal (from the Atlantic to the Pacific) 1CU. 448

In the lake and in the greater part of the River San Juan vessels can travel with
unrestricted speed, and iu some sectiona of the river and in the basins, although the
channel is at almost all points deep and of considerable width, yet the speed will be
somewhat checked by reason of the curves.

Official reports show that, in the Suez Caual, steamers of 4,400 tons can travel at an
average speed of 6 statute miles per hour, and that smaller vessels travel through
the caual at the rate of from 6 to 8 miles an hour. On this basis the following esti-
mate of the time of transit has been prepared :

Estimated time oj through transit by steamer,

H. M.

26.030 miles of canal, at 5 miles an hour 5 1-

22.619 miles in three basins, at 7 miles an hour 3 0^

64.540 miles in the River San Juan, at 8 miles an hour 8 04

56. 500 miles in Lake Nicaragua, at 10 miles an hour 5 39

Six lockages at forty-five minutes each 4 30

Allow for detentions in narrow cuts 1 30

Total time of transit 28 00

The traffic of the canal will be limited by the time required for avessel to pass a lock,
and on the basis of forty-five minntes,and that but one vessel will pass in each lockage,
the number of vessels that can pass through the caual iu one day will be 32 or in one
year 11,680, which at the average tounage of vessels going through the Suez Canal,
will give an annual traffic of 20,440,000 tons. This estimate is on the assumption
that the traffic will not be stopped during the night, for with abundant water power
at the locks and at the basins tbo whole canal can be economically illuminated by elec-
tricity, and with beacons and range lights in the lake and river there seems to be no
good reason why vessels should not travel day and night with perfect safety, and the
outlay necessary for the illumination has consequently been included in the estimates.

Water supply.

Lake Nicaragua has a surface area of about 2,600 square miles, and a watershed of
not less than 8,000 square miles. Ganges of its outlet, the River San Juan, at its
lowest 'stage between the lake and Tom Rapids showed a minimum flow of 11,390
cubio feet per second. Colonel Childs estimated the discharge with full lake in the
wet season at 18,059 cubic feet per second, which gives a mean flow of 14,724 cnbio
feet per secoud, or 1,272,530,600 cubic feet per day.

Water required for lockage,

Cubic feel
Water required for one lockage :

On the east side 2,047,500

On the westside 1,933,750

On both sides 3.981,250

Water required for 32 lockages per day 127,400,000

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 285

Thin gives a daily excess for the lake supply only of 1,144,753,600 cubic feet.

To the latter amount mast be added the flow of the several tributaries of the San
Juan River between the lake and the Oohoa dam, and also the tributaries of the basins
forming part of the summit level, which would fully compensate for leakage and
evaporation.

It is expected that considerable leakage will take place at the rock-fill dams and
embankments before they consolidate and become tight, but this may well be ac-
cepted as a desirable condition to aid in gradually disposing of the surplus water
without a large discharge over the weirs.

The above statement shows that the lake discharge is abount ten times larger than
the maximum amount needed for the canal, and it may be safely estimated that for
many years after the canal is opened for traffic, the surplus from that source alone will
be double that amount, while at the confluence of the rivers San Juan and San Car-
los, above the Ochoa dam, the excess may even reach forty times the quantity needed
for the canal. It is evident, therefore, that as long as the summit level can be main-
tained at the required elevation, the leakage through the rock fills, acting as safety
valves, may be regarded as an element of security rather than one of danger, espe-
cially as the tightening of the dam can be regulated by depositing suitable material
on the upstream side or by dumping more stone on the lower slopes or on the crest,
so as to preserve the desired elevation of the surface of the water.

ESTIMATES.

The estimate of the cost of the canal, submitted with this report, is the result of
careful computations of all the works required for the completion of the canal and its
accessories, based upon the data obtained by the last location with numerous borings
along the whole route. Where no rock was met with the borings were carried to the
bottom of the canal, and all material which the auger or hand drills could not pene-
trate has been assumed to be, and estimated for, as rock. The result is a much larger
amount of rock in proportion to the cube to be removed than had been estimated be-
fore ; and although the length of canal in excavation has been reduced by 13.5 miles
and the total amount of excavation by 3,567,565 cubic yards, in that portion covered
by the report of 1885, yet the cost of that item of expense is now put down at $31,-
936, 136.05 as compared with $33,447,338.80, in 18H5. It is believed that when a more
effective system of drilling is applied in certain portions of the line a much smaller
amount of actual work will be found than now appears on the estimate. In the
meantime the error, if any, is made on the safe side. The eastern " divide cut," of
but less than 3 miles in length, is represented in the estimate with 7,000,230 cubic
yards of rock in place and 22 per cent of the cost of the whole work, and reference
has been made, in describing the eastern division, to the existing facilities for doing
this work and to the several purposes to which the material to be removed can be
advantageously applied in the construction of the canal for the expense of transpor-
tation alone.

In the western division the excavation in rock through the divide cut is estimated
at 5,696,507 cubic yards in a distance of 9 miles, but that work presents no serious
difficulties, the maximum depth of excavation being only 42 feet above the surface
of the water in the canal, and the mean only 20 feet, with ample facilities for dispos-
ing of waste material not needed for the construction of the breakwaters, the locks,
the embankments, and pitching the slopes of the canal.

A comparison of the figures given in the estimate with those of the 1885 report dis-
closes what at first sight appears to be an inconsistency, viz, an increase in the total
estimated cost of the canal of $1,047,978.25, and a decrease in the length of actual
canal to be excavated of 13.5 miles, and in the cube to be removed of 3,567,565 cubic
yards, as stated before. It will, however, be observed that the surveys made by the
expedition of 1885 were confined exclusively to the land portions of the canal, the
estimates for the other portions being based on previous incomplete hydrographic
surveys, while the recent location, covering, as it does, the whole line from ocean to
ocean, has produced the following results :

First. A reduction of the quantities in all the sections actually located by the 1885
expedition, by the introduction of basins, etc., and certain modifications in detail in
the location, thus : 54,015,602 cubic yards excavation in canal proper in 1885 report,
and 50,448,037 cubic yards by present estimate, a difference of 3,567,565 cubic yards in
favor of the new location ; though, with regard to cost, this has been more than bal-
anced by the increase in the proportion of rock now estimated, as already explained.

Second. In all the work connected with the lake and harbor of Greytown the in-
crease in consequence of the more accurate data now obtained is, for excavation in the
lake 4,902,908 cubic yards, against 877,675 cubic yards in 1885, and in the harbor of
Greytown 9,550,000 cubic yards, against 4,080,100 cubic yards. Besides the addition
of certain other improvements, which have been spoken of in the body of this report,
fully explaining the apparent contradiction between tha claims and the results of the

286 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

recent expedition, and giving further evidence of its extensive scope aa well as its
minute attention to detail, making it, as claimed, an improved location, the estimated
cost only increased by more accurate knowledge of the country and conditions.

Of the 26,789 miles of canal in excavation, more than 12 miles will be done by
dredging, the material to be deposited directly on both sides of the cut, and the short
cute in the San Francisco division, amounting in the aggregate to 1} miles, are sub-
divided in small sections across narrow ridges separating deep valleys, where the
excavated material not needed for embankments, can be dumped in the immediate
vicinity.

A railroad has been estimated for from Lock No. 1 to the dam at Ochoa, and between
Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific, which, together with the lake and river and the
smaller streams penetrating into the valleys of the Deseado and San Francisco, will
afford easy and economical communication along the whole route. These small
streams will be of special value at the start, as they proved to be in the prosecution
of the surveys. It is admitted that the prices adopted in estimating the cost of this
work should be greater than would be required for similar work located in any well-
developed section of this country. A large percentage of the increased cost is charge-
able to the transportation of tools and machinery, and to the difficulty in obtaining
and providing for the workmen, the country from Greytown to the lake being unin-
habited, and that between the lake and Brito but sparsely populated. The erection
of houses for the protection of the property and accommodation of employe's will be
a necessary item of expense; but the country is exceptionally healthy, and these
structures need not be either substantial in character or expensive. The majority
need be but temporary sheds built with material gathered along the line of the canal,
at but little more cost than the labor in handling it ; yet, some delay and expense
may be fonnd unavoidable in the preliminary preparations for commencing the
work.

Another contingency which may cause a marked increase in the cost of the work
is the physical inability of the imported workmen to perform the ordinary labor, as
compared with that accomplished in a more temperate climate. The laboring classes
of Nicaragua, when under proper control, are capable of an activity and endurance
under great fatigue and exposure to the elements scarcely equaled in any other
country, and with no apparent injury to health ; yet the same capabilities can not
be expected in unaccliniated foreigners, accustomed to different conditions of life.
It is believed that not less than 6,000 excellent laborers can be obtained from the Cen-
tral American States, and that with a judicious management all the help needed
can be had from the Gulf States in this country, where the climatic conditions are in
many respects similar to those prevailing over a large portion of the canal route.
The number of skilled laborers employed will be comparatively small. On the west
side of the lake, where the greater number of laborers will be employed, the climate
is not excelled for salubrity by any other portion of Central America, and in that
portion of the eastern section from Ochoa to Greytown, which is the only locality
where trouble from climatic causes might be expected, the unexceptional good health
enjoyed by the employe's of the company during more than six months of constant
exposure to the influence of the climate, while undergoing all kinds of hardships
and privations, seems to be an evident demonstration that no apprehensions need
be entertained as to the climate. It will be observed that in this section the work
is divided into two large classes, viz, the divide cut and dredging. The first is lo-
cated in the most elevated and healthy portion of the line, and in the second the
number of employ 6s is reduced to a minimum, as manual labor is almost entirely ex-
cluded. The small force necessary to handle and care for the machinery will be
either housed on the dredges or in quarters in the " divide " where, with the purest
of waters from the mountain streams and the cool "trades'' constantly sweeping
in from the sea, the slightest sanitary regulations will insure perfect health at all
times.

The prices adopted are believed to be ample to cover all possible contingencies,
provided the work is conducted by an intelligent and business-like management.

It is estimated that the canal can be completed in six years, of which time one year
will be expended in marking out the line, and clearing the ground, and in making the
necessary preparations to commence active operation*.

CONCLUSION.

In closing this report I beg to express my firm convictions, the result of several
years of constant labor and careful investigations, that the route here described and
recommended is perfectly practicable, free from complicated engineering problems,
and the most economical as well as the safest for interoceanic ship communication
between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, across the American Isthmus.

In making this location the information obtained by previous surveys and explor-
ations has been utilized with much saving of time and labor, and has greatly con-

NICAKAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

287

tributed to the thorough knowledge of the country traversed by the canal now in
possession of the company; and it maybe safely stated that the present location can
not be materially improved upon.

I take pleasure in expressing niy high appreciation of the valuable services ren-
dered by the officers of the expedition, to whose untiring energy and devotio.n to
duty, under many adverse conditions, is due the success of the surveys. With such
a large and efficient staff in which the prevailing sentiment of each seems to have
been to excel in the discharge of his duties, it is not in my power to make individual
references to merit, but my sincere thanks are extended to all; yet I feel confident
I can make two exceptions with the unanimous approval of all concerned.

Subchief R. E. Peary, on whom devolved the onerous duty of taking the surveying
expedition to Nicaragua, displayed from the moment of his arrival in the country
the most untiring energy, perseverance, and ability in the proper management and
distribution of the force under his charge, and in pushing the work forward, deserv-
ing the highest commendation. After I took charge of the work his cooperation was
equally valuable.

The other is Mr. J. Francis Le Baron, who has been for the last six months in charge
of the surveying parties left in Nicaragua, and has rendered very valuable services
in completing and perfecting the location of certain portions of the route, where
additional information was deemed necessary.

The medical corps rendered most important services both in attending to the sick
and in giving preventive advice, which proved both valuable and effective. It shared
also in the field work and in the draughting at headquarters.

Respectfully submitted.

A. G. MKNOCAL,

Chief Engineer.

ESTIMATES OP COST ON LOCATION OF 1887-1890.

EASTERN DIVISION, 18.864 MILES.

[From Grey town to the eastern limit of the San Francisco Basin.]
Section I From Greytown to the Divide, 15.947 miles.

1,819,820 cubic yards excavation in earth above water, at 40 cents.. $727,928. 00

13,547,597 cubic yards dredging, at 20 cents 2,709, 519. 40

172,288 cubic yards stone pitching sides of canal, at $2 344, 576. 00

925 acres grubbing and clearing, at $100 92,500.00

Lighting canal (at one-half mile intervals), 24 incandescent electric

beacons and plant 67,000.00

Lighting locks, 30 electric arc lights, with separate dynamos for each

lock 9,000.00

$3, 950, 523. 40
Section 2 The Divide, 2.917 miles.

7,000,230 cubic yards excavation in rock, at $1.50 10,500,345.00

3,034,904 cubic yards excavation in earth, at 40 cents 1,213,961.60

169 acres grubbing and clearing, at $100 16,900.00

Lighting canal (at one-half mile intervals), 6 incandescent electric

beacons and plant 8,500.00

11,600 lineal feet of narrow section of canal, to receive double fen-
der wales each side, at $4 46,400.00

11,786,106.60
Railroad and telegraphs.

12 miles railroad from Lock No. 1 to San Francisco Basin, at $60,000. 720, 000. 00

22 miles telegraphs, Greytown to San Francisco Basin, at $500 11, 000. 00

731,000.00

288

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

Lock No. 1.

463,603 cubic yards excavation in earth, at 40 cents $185,441.20

120,044 cnbio yards concrete (rock obtained from the Divide Cnt),

afr$6 720,264.00

2,400 cubic yards stone pitching in batin, at $2..... 4,800.00

3,699 cubic feet fender wales, at 50 cents I,ti49. 50

1,0-20 fender piles 45 feet long, at $13.50 1:3,770. 00

Gates .' 114,9:54. 10

Machinery 100,000.00

Buildings 30,000.00

Pumping 100,000.00

1.271,059.10
Lock No. 2.

308,918 cubic yards excavation in earth, at 40 cents 123,567.20

120,4:?0 cubic yards concrete (rock obtained from the Divide Cat),

at $6 7^2,580.00

2,400 cubic yards stone pitching in basin, at $2 4,800.00

3,699 cubic feet of fender wales, at 50 cents 1,849.50

1,020 fender piles 45 feet long, at $13.50 13,770. 00

Gates 114,934.40

Machinery 100,000.00

Buildings 30,000.00

1,111,501.10
Lock No. 3.

528,673 cubic yards excavation in earth, at 40 cents 211, 469. 20

147,627 cnbio yards concrete (rock obtained from the excavation, )

at$6 885,76-2.00

32 fender cribs, at $500 16,000.00

Gates 188,440.00

Machinery 100,000.00

Buildings 30,000.00

1,631,671.20
Harbor of Greytoicn.

Brush and pile pier, 900 feet long 190,214.50

225,907 cubic yards stone in breakwater (from Divide Cut), at $1.50. 338, 860. 50

9,550,000 cubic yards dredging in sand, at 20 cents 1,910,000.00

Piers at entrance to canal 100,000.00

Lighting and buoying:

One first-order lighthouse complete 100,000.00

Three range beacon lights 1,000.00

One breakwater beacon light and signal tower 7,000.00

Two pier-head lights 2,000.00

One first class (middle channel) Nnn buoy 200.00

Two second class (side channel) Nun buoys 200.90

Two third class (side channel) Nun buoys 100.00

2, 649, 575. 00
Auxiliary Works.

105,500 cubic yards dredging in earth and sand in diversion of

Deseado, at 20 cents 21,100.00

Embankment and weirs in valley of the Deseado :

210,62T> cubic yards rock fill (from the Divide Cnt), at 40 cents.. 84, 250. t/0
83(>,329 cubic yards earth in embankments and backing of weirs,

at 30 cents 250,898.70

79,658 cubic yards excavation of surface soil for embankments,

at 40 cents 31,863.20

5,100 lineal feet of sheet piling, 30 feet long 8 inches thick, say

1,350,000 feet B. M., at $70 94,500.00

250,000 feet B. M. timber for cross-ties and guides for sheet pil-
ing, etc., at $60 15,000.00

200 bearing piles for trestles and guides to sheet piling, at $10.. 2, 000. 00

2,500 lineal feet of trestles, for dumping stone, etc., at $22 ....... 55, 000. 00

554,611.90

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 289

RECAPITULATION, EASTERN DIVISION.

Section 1, from Grey town to the Divide $3,950,523.40

Section 2, the Divide 11,786, 106.60

Railroad and telegraphs 731,000.00

Lock No. 1 1,271,059.10

Lock No. 2 1,111,501.10

Lock No. 3 1, (531, 671. 20

Harbor of Greytown 2,649,575.00

Anxiliary Works 554,611.90

23, 686, 048. 30
SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION, 12.500 MILES.

[From the western end of the eastern divide out" to the River San Juan.}

725 acres clearing trees from line of canal, at $100..... 72,500,00

30,30'J cubic yards excavation in rock, at $1. 50 - 45,463.50

2,098.195 cubic yards excavation in earth, at 40 cents 1,079,278.00

Light! ug c^in a I at one-half mile intervals, 24 incandescent electric

beacons and plant 65,000.00

Guard gate or movable dam to control waters of the San Joan ...... 300, 000. 00

1,562,241.50
Railroad and telegraphs.

1 5 miles railroad at $60,000 900,000.00

40 miles telegraphs, from Divide to Castillo, at $500 20, 000. 00

920, 000. 00
Embaukments and weirs in the valley of the San Francisco:

3,239,705 cubic yards earth in embankments from canal excava-
tion, at 30 cents 971,911.50

1,575,459 cubic yards rock fill from the "divide cut," at 40 cents 630, 183. 60

192, 415 cubic yards excavation of surface soil for embankments,

at 50 cents 96,207.50

12,600 lineal feet of sheet piling 40 feet long 8 inches thick, say

4,500,000 feet B. M.,at$70 315,000.00

1,458 guide piles lor sheet piling and forbearing trestles, average

30 feet Jong, at $8 11,664.00

524,000 feet B. M., of timber in guides and cross-ties for sheet pil-
ing, etc., at $60 31,440.00

27,585 lineal feet of trestles for dumping rock and carrying rail-
road, at$22 606,870.00

178 acres grubbing and clearing for embankments at $100 17, 800. 00

2,681,076.60
RECAPITULATION, SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION.

Excavation, lighting, clearing, etc 1,562,241.50

Railroad and telegraphs 920,000.00

Embankments and weirs in valley of the San Francisco 2,681,076.60

5, 163, 318. 10
LAKE AND RIVER DIVISION, 121 MILES.

[From Oohoa to the western shore of Lake Nicaragua at the month of the Rio Lajas. ]
Section 1 Bio San Juan, 64.5 miles.

398,613 cubic yards excavation in rock underwater, at $5 1,993,065.00

422,540 cubic yards excavation in earth above water, at 40 cents .... 169,416.00

2,150,900 cubic yards dredging in earth at 30 cents 645,270. 00

377 acres grubbing and clearing across bends at $100...... 37,700. 00

Lighting and buoying :

10 middle channel spar buoys (Fort San Carlos to Toro),afc $25.. 250. 00

80 western river light beacons, at $50 4, 000. 00

One electric arc lamp in signal tower at Dam 3, 000. 00

Three incandescent electric light beacons, at Dam basin 1, 000. 00

70 miles telegraphs, at $500 35,000.00

2, 888, 701. 00
S. Doc. 231, pt 4 19

290

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

Section 2 Lake Nicaragua, 56.5 mil ft.

176,832 cubic yards tmbmarine rook excavation (west shore of lake),

at$5 $884,160.03

4, 726,076 cubic yards dredging (east side of lake), at 20 cents 945, 215. 20

Lighting and buoying :

One fourth-order lens in signal tower at month of Bio Lajas .... 7, 000. 00

One 2-mile range beacon 100.00

One fourth-order lens in keeper's dwelling at end of Solentirame

Island 9,000.00

One second-order lens on hill, old Fort San Carlos 80, 000. 00

One fourth-order range light in signal tower, old Fort Kan

Carlos 7,000.00

One second-class (middle channel) nan bnoy at mouth of

Lajas 100.00

Two third-class (side channel) nun buoys at month of Lajas.. . 100.00
Five third-class (middle channel) nun buoys at eutrauce liio San

Jnan 150.00

1,857,825.20
Dam across Bio San Juan at Ochoa,

18,500 cubic yards excavation in earth, at 40 cents 7, 400. 00

1,550 cubic yards concrete in core walls of abutments, at $10 15,500.00

830 bearing piles for trestles and sheet piling 45 feet long, at $13.50.. 11,205. 00
3,330 lineal feet of sheet piling, 30 feet deep by 8 inches thick, 800,000

feetB. M.,at$75 60,000.00

1,180,000 feet B. M. of timber in trestles, guides for sheet piling, cross

ties, etc., at |60 70,800.00

807,920 cubic yards rock fill (from divide cut), at 50 cents 403,1160.00

629,090 cubic yards earth filling from excavation at 25 cents 157,272.50

726, 137. 50
Embankments on San Carlo* Ridge line.

293,240 cubic yards earth, in embankments (borrowed), at 70 cents .. 205, 408. 00

23,370 cnbio yards excavation of surface soil, at 50 cents 11, 185.00

450 lineal feet sheet piling 40 feet long, 8 inches thick, 144,000 feet

B. M., at $70 1,510.00

45 guide piles for sheet piling, averaging 30 feet long, at $8 360. 00

18,000 feet B. M. of timber in guides and cross-ties for sheet piling,

etc., at $60 1,080.00

3i acres grubbing and clearing for embankments, at $100 350. 00

219, 893. 00
RECAPITULATION, LAKE AND RIVER DIVISION.

Section 1, River San Juan 2,888,701.00

Section 2, Lake Nicaragua 1,857,825.20

Embankments in San Carlos Ridge Line 219,893.00

Dam across Rio San Jnan at Ochoa 726, l"7. 50

5, 692, 556. 70
WESTERN DIVISION, 17.04 MILES.

Section I. From Lake Nicaragua to Briton 17.04 miles.

5,696,507 cubic yards excavation in rock above water, at $1.25 7, 120, 633. 75

5,399,316 cubic yards excavation in earth above water, at 40 cents.. 2, 159, 726. 40

1,066,666 cubic yards dredging in sand, at 20 cents 21:>.:J33.20

20,753 cubic yards stone pitching sides of canal, at $2 41,500.00

1,033 acres grubbing and clearing, at $50 51,650.00

Lighting 20 incandescent electric beacons and plant 54,000.00

30 electric arc lights and two separate dynamos at locks 9,000.00

26,000 lineal feet of narrow section of canal to have double fender

wales each aide, ai *4 104,000.00

9,753,849.35

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.
Diversion of the Bio Lajas into the lake.

291

249,508 cubic yards excavation in earth, at 40 cents $99, 803. 20

164,786 cubic yards excavation in rock, at $1 .25 205, 982. 50

305,785.70
Railroad and telegraphs.

18 miles narrow-gauge railroad, at $25,000 450, 000. 00

ISmiles telegraphs, at $500 9,000.00

459,000.00
La Flor dam.

17 acres grubbing and clearing, at $50 850.00

320,000 cubic yards excavation of surface soil, at 40 cents 128,000. (.0

3,320 lineal feet of sheet piling in two rows, 30 feet long, 8 inches

thick, 796,800 feet B. M., at$75 59,760.00

322 bearing piles for trestles and guiding sheet piling 20 feet long,

at $5 1,610.00

50,000 feet B. M. of lumber for guides and cioss-ties for sheet piling,

at $50 2,500.00

1,600 lineal feet of trestles for dumping material, at $22 35, 200. 00

918,000 cubic yards earth from canal excavation, at 20 cents 183,600.00

830,000 cubic yards rock fill from excavation for locks, at 20 cents.. 166,000.00

577,520.00
Looks Nos. 4 and 5.

664,194 cubic yards excavation in rock, at$1.25 830,242.50

127,646 cubic yards excavation inearth, at 40 cents 51,058.40

100,000 cubic yards concrete (rock from the excavations), at $6 600, 000. 00

1,020 fender piles, at $13.50 13,770.00

3,699 cubic feet fender wales, at 50 cents 1,849.50

2,400 cubic yards stone pitching in busiu, at $2 4,800.00

Gates 250,000.00

Machinery. 150,000.00

Buildings 45,000.00

1,946,720.40
Tidal Lock No. 6.

61,698 cubic yards excavation in rock, at $1.25..' $77,122.50

124,800 cubic yards excavation in earth, at 40 cents 49,920.00

126,000 cubic yards concrete (rock obtained from the Divide Cut),

at $6 756,000.00

1,020 fender piles, at $13. 50 .. 13,770.00

3,698 cubic feet of fender wales, at 50 cents 1,849.00

2,400 cubic yards stone pitching in basin, at $2 4,800.00

Gates 114,934.40

Machinery 100,000.00

Buildings 30,000.00

Pumping 100,000.00

1,248,395.90
Other Auxiliary Work.

Guard gate or movable dam in the Divide 300,000.00

Crib piers at lake entrance to canal 493,710.00

Three swinging bridges over canal 60,000.00

I89,016cnbic yards embankment near site of locks, at 50 cents 94,508. 00

19,080 cubic yards masonry walls at head of Look No. 4, at $10 190, 800. 00

1,139,018.00

292 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

Harbor of Brito.

5,658,898 cubic yards dredging, at 20 cents $1,131,779.60

383,899 cubic yards stone in breakwaters (stone from Divide Cut),

ft* 91.60..... 575,848.50

Lighting and buoying 1 second order lens in signal tower on pro-
montory 10,000.00

One range light beacon, inner base of promontory 100.00

Two pier- head lights 2,000.00

One tirst class (middle channel) Nun buoy 200.00

Four third class (side channel) Nun buoys 200.00

1, 720, 128. 10

Bightof way indemnity 100,000.00

RECAPITULATION, WESTERN DIVISION.

Section 1, canal 9,753,849.35

Diversion of the Rio Lajas into the lake 305,785.70

Railroads and telegraphs 459,000.00

LaFlordam 577,520.00

Locks Nos. 4 and 5 1,946,720.40

Tidal Lock No. 6 1,248,395.90

Other auxiliary works 1, 139,018. 00

Harbor of Brito 1,720,128.10

Right of way indemnity 100,000.00

Tipitapa Canal 275,000.00

17,625,417.4:.
GRAND RECAPITULATION.

Eastern division $23,686,048.30

San Francisco division 5,163,318.10

Lake and river division 5,692,556.70

Western division 17,525,417.45

52,067,340.55

Surveys, hospitals, shops, management, and contingencies, -J5 pei

cent 13,016,835.45

Grand total 65,084,176.00

Respectfully submitted.

A. G. MKNOCAL,

Chief Engineer.

[NOTE. Jan. 31 k 1890 These estimates have been rerised to conform to inform*
tion obtained to date.]

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY, 293

APPENDIX H.

NICARAGUA CANAL CONSTRUCTION COMPANY.
REPORT OP THE BOARD OP CONSULTING ENGINEERS MAY 9, 1889,

To the Nicaragua Canal Construction Company :

GENTLEMEN: The undersigned were requested by your letter of January 10, 1889,
to examine the plans and estimates prepared by your chief engineer, Mr. A. G. Men-
ocal, for a ship canal between the two oceans at Nicaragua, and to indicate the cost,
in their judgment, of constructing a canal along the line proposed and following, ia
general, the plans of yonr chief engineer. You also requested an opinion upon the
practicabijity of the canal as now proposed, with due reference to the end in view,
namely, the safe and convenient passage of sea-going ships from ocean to ocean. We
beg to present the following report :

We have carefully examined the unusually full maps, profiles, borings, samples of
materials, etc., which have been prepared and collected under the directions of your
chief engineer, and the completeness and excellent form of which reflect credit upon
your engineering staff.

We find certain elements of the designs submitted which may probably be advan-
tageously modified. This would in some cases reduce and in others increase the
quantities. ' It is also altogether likely that some parts of the work may be let at
lower and other parts at higher prices than are estimated. We, however, are dis-
posed to base our conclusions on quantities and prices which should prove sufficient
to accomplish it upon the assumption of good and honest management, backed by an
ample treasury. We have necessarily borne in mind the fact that the cost of the
notable precursors of this canal project, both at Suez and Panama, has greatly ex-
ceeded the amount of the original estimates, and that this has been true of many
other important works. While this might be, perhaps, in a large measure traced to
unfortunate management, as well as the lack of such careful preliminary studies as
have beeiu laid before us in this case, we have nevertheless endeavored to guard
against a similar result by a liberal allowance for every apparent contingency.

Acting on this principle, we have not yet deemed it wise to reduce the quantities
or prices of your chief engineer's estimates in any instance, even when it appeared
possible that this might prudently be done. His figures are, of course, founded upon
a better knowledge of the local conditions than we can now possess. But to the ex-
tent to which it has appeared at all doubtful we have liberally increased one or both.
Our conclusions are as follows:

The project, as a whole, appears to have comparatively few elements of doubt
about it, as contrasted with other works of at all similar magnitude, and we coasider
it to be unquestionably feasible. The great area of Lake Nicaragua offers immunity
from serious floods by regulating flow. Much of the earth excavation and dredging,
the rock drilling, and the concrete mixing can be done by mechanical means, to that
extent reducing the need for manual labor. The dams and embankments are pro-
posed to be made largely from the immense mass of otherwise useless rock spoil.
Under the climatic conditions, as we understand them, an adequate supply of labor
should be obtainable. The project in detail consists of the following elements :

First. Of 10 miles on the east end and 0.57 miles on the west end of sea-level canal
dredged in from the coast. The borings submitted seem to warrant the opinion that
this will be entirely through alluvial deposits, as is also the case in certain parallel
river diversions. The samples of material taken from these borings all appear favor-
able for dredging and the cost of such dredging can be foreseen with the greater pre-
cision, because less influenced by climate, weather, and rates of wages than most
other engineering work.

Second. Of a flight of three locks on each end, all within a distance of about one

294 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

and one-half miles at one end and two miles at the other, by which the ascent is
made from the sea-level to the summit-level of 110 feet (this elevation being some
four feet leas on the eastern end to allow for a necessary fall of three-fourths of an
inch per mile in the San Juan River). These locks are shown by the borings sub-
mitted to be all founded on rock. The proposed size for locks, 650 feet by 70 feet by
30 feet deep, seems sufficient for all demands.

Third. Of a very long summit level of 155.98 miles, consisting of four main parts :
(a) The great divide cuts of 3 and 8 miles in length, respectively, which are shown
by the evidence submitted, to consist chiefly of rock, overlaid with a few feet of
earth.

(6) The Deseado, San Francisco, Michado, and Tola basins formed by dams, fur-
nish 21.57 miles of slack-water navigation, 18.13 miles of which require no excava-
tion and the remaining 3.44 miles earth dredging only.

(c) The river San Juan, raised in level by a dam at Ochoa, so as to furnish slack-
water navigation, and Lake Nicaragua furnish together 121 miles of free navigation
of which 36.5 miles require some earth dredging and 3.83 miles some rock dredging.

(d) An inconsiderable amount (1.63 miles) of canal section in earth, chiefly to con-
nect the San Francisco and Machado basins.

The two great rock cuts are by far the heaviest features of the work. In consid-
ering the plans for them and determining the proper amount and cost of work we
have felt that every provision should be made to secure permanent slopes and to pro-
vide a section suitable for any vessels which can pass the locks. We thiuk that the
estimates, as modified by us, will secure these results.

The four great basins present a most admirable feature of the plans. As compared
with a restricted canal channel, they facilitate navigation as well as reduce the cost.
They are made, as is also the slack-water navigation of the Sun Juan River, by dams
and embankments of considerable extent, none, however, of very great height The
plans submitted provide for forming these dams and embankments chiefly, of heavy
rock filling, the proximity of the great rock cuts (from which material must other-
wise be wasted) to the sites of these dams and embankments facilitating their per-
manent construction at moderate cost. While we are not ready to say that the details
of the plans submitted may not be, in some respects, modified, we regard the esti-
mates adopted as sufficient to attain the results desired, subject to the following
contingency :

There is the possible hazard in respect to the San Francisco and other basins, that
they may not prove sufficiently retentive, owing either to leakage around the ends or
under the bases of the dam and embankments, > r to conceal permeable ,-t if i beneath
the natural surface. We deem this a remote dnuger since both the surface and sub-
terranean formations, so far as revealed by borings and by the reports of the obser-
vations of reliable men, familiar with the locality, are favorable.

For a work of ordinary magnitude we would accept such evidence as ample, but in
view of the great area and volume of the basins, we agree that the possibility ought
to be covered by the estimate. The probability is great that there are no permeable
strata beueatb the surface ; if they exist they might not necessarily cause leakage,
and even if leakage resulted, it would not necessarily do serious harm*. Concentrated
leakage if it occurred might possibly be remedied, and if it should develop at all
would be likely to occur at an early stage of the work of construction. The worst
result to be feared is that it might impel a modification of the original features of the
project, enforcing a lowering of the water level at certain points, and at an additional
cost of about $7,000,000. Under the circumstances, we, out of abundant caution,
have deemed it wise and right to make the general contingency of allowance
($14,633,262) large enough, in our opinion, to cover thin amount.

The requisite depth in the San Juan River and in Lake Nicaragua is obtained by a
considerable amount of dredging, largely of earth but also with an amount of rock
blasting under water, the precise extent and cost of which it is exceptionally difficult
to foresee. We have therefore made an allowance for this work.

We have included in the estimates the sum of $1,035,000, for the diversion of the
Rio Grande, as it seems proper to provide for the possible necessity of the diversion
of this important stream from the canal. We have also inclnded in the estimate the
amount named by the chief engineer for the work that may be necessary in the
valley of the San Carlos and in the construction of the canal between Lake Managua
and Lake Nicaragua, this construction being a requirement of the concession.

The estimates for the harbor improvements at 15rito and Greytown we leave un-
changed. It appears probable that the amounts estimated may prove ample for all
requirements other than gradual enlargement of basin areas, but whether so or not
(and it is always extren ely difficult to anticipate with certainty what may be the
ultimate requirements for work of this class), we do not see the necessity in this work
as we do in the canal proper for the endeavor to provide at the outset for all future
demands of commerce. Sufficient expenditure prior to the opening of the canal to
meet reasonable requirements for the first year or two after opening is all that we

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 295

have taken into con-iuei-iition iu our estimates. The cauai once opened adequate
harbors cau cenaiuly be provided at a moderate percentage on the total cost of the
ennui, even should the snm herein estimated for harbors and contingencies prove
insufficient. We must not be understood as implying by this statement, however,
that we now see reason to fear that the present estimate for harbor work will probably
prove inadequate. Such is not the fact.

It may not be regarded as improper to mention also that while the cuts, locks, dams,
etc., should be completed for the full depths at the outset, something like one-fifth of
the total amount of the estimate is for dredging and earth excavation under water,
which is not required to afford 20 feet draught, aud which can be completed with
little or no disadvantage after the canal has been so far constructed as to pass vessels
of that draught, making it possible if found advisable to open the canal for 20 feet
draught for about four-fifths of the final cost.

Our estimate, which is intended to represent the maximum sum which the canal
ought to cost, assuming, as aforesaid, integrity, good management, and no interrup-
tion of work from financial or other causes, is as follows :

Auxiliary railways, double track, standard gauge, from divide cut east to
Greytown, and from divide cut west to Ochoa Dam, 20 miles, and tele-
graph, temporary and permanent systems $1, 110, 000

Sarneon Pacific slope, Rio Lajas toBrito, 18 miles 459,000

1,569,000

Harbor works, Greytown .......* $2,550,667

Harbor works, Brito ............'...... 1,720,128

4,270,795

Eastern division :

Section 1, from Greytown to the divide 5,295,527

Section 2, the eastern divide 18,333,639

LocksNos. 1,2, aud 3 4,195,828

Diversion of the Dcseado and San Juanillo 982,016

San Francisco division 5,411,551

Lake aud river division :

Rio San Juan 3,685,701

Lake Nicaragua 2,211,825

Dam at Ochoa 726,137

Western division :

From Lake Nicaragua to the Pacific 12,133,849

Diversion of Rio Lajas ,.... 346,786

LaFlordam 577,520

Locks 4, 5, and 6, and guard gates '3,899,116

Right of way indemnity 100,000

Auxiliary work guard gates in divide, piers at lake, bridges, etc ... 1, 139, 018
Embankments and weirs in the valley of the San Carlos and canal

between Lake Managua and Nicaragua 1,000,000

Diversion of the Rio Grande 1,035,000

For engineering, management, labor agencies, shops, police, sanitary

service, and incidentals 6,250, 000

73, 166, 308

Add to cover specified and unspecified contingencies of construction, 20 per
cent 14,633,262

Grand total of estimate 87,799,570

In conclusion, we think it proper to express our opinion that the exploration and
studies of the region have been sufficient to warrant the conclusion that, unless hin-
dered by obstacles or sinister influences such as would, if permitted to weigh, forbid
the success of all ventures, this enterprise i full of promise.
Respectfully,

JOHN BOGART.
E. T. D. MYERS.
A. M. WELLINGTON.
H. A. HITCHCOCK.

I concur in the foregoing estimates as being in the aggregate ample for the pur-
poses stated.

CHAS. T. HARVEY.
MAY 9, 1889.

296 .NICARAGUA. CANAL. COMPANY.

APPENDIX I

CONCESSION AND DECREES OF THE REPUBLIC OF NICARAGUA TO THE
NICARAGUA CANAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK.

The President of the Republic to the inhabitants thereof:

Know ye that Congress has ordered as follows :

The senate and chamber of deputies of the Republic of Nicaragua do nereby de-
cree

ONLY ARTICLE. The contract for a maritime interoceanic canal entered into the
23d of March, alt., between Dr. Adan Cdrdenas, commissioi.ed especially by the
supreme government, and Mr. A. G. Menocal, member and representative of the Nic-
aragua Canal Association organized in New York, is bereby rat i lie..!. This contract
shall be a law of the Republic if Mr. Menocal accepts it as soon as In: be notified, with
the following modifications and upon the following terms:

The undersigned, Adau Cardenas, commissioner of the Go vein men t of the Re-
public, party of the first part, and Aniceto G. Menocal, representative of the Nica-
ragua Canal Association, party of the second part, both having sufficient powers,
have entered into the following contract for the excavation of an iuteroceamc canal
through the territory of Nicaragua :

ARTICLE I.

The Republic of Nicaragua grants the aforesaid Nicaragua Canal Association, and
Mr. A. G. Menocal, representative of the said association, accepts on its behalf, for
the purposes set forth in article 7, the exclusive privilege to excavate and operate a
maritime canal across its territory, between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

ARTICLE IL

The canal shall be of sufficient dimensions for the free and commodious passage of
vessels of the same size as the large steamers used for ocean navigation in Europe
and America, provided that no locks used iu said work shall be less than five hun-
dred and fifty (550) feet in length aud thirty feet iu depth.

ARTICLE in.

The State declares this work to he one of public utility.

ARTICLE IV.

The duration of the present privilege shall be for ninety-nine (99) years, to be
counted from the day the. canal shall be opened to universal (raffle. During the
aforesaid period the compauy sball have the right to construct, andoperatea railway
along the whole extent of the canal, or those parts of the same that may be consid-
ered convenient for the better service aud operation of the said work.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 297

ARTICLE V.

The State binds itself not to make any subsequent concession for the opening of a
canal between the two oceans during the term of the present concession, and also to
abstain from granting a concession for a railroad, such as might compete with the
canal for the transportation of merchandise, during the same period ; but nothing
in this article shall prevent the Government of Nicaragua from constructing or per-
mitting the construction of such railways as it may deem advisable for commerce
and internal traffic. Said Government also to have the right to construct or permit
the construct ion of an interoceanic railway if in course of time it be demonstrated
that the canal is not sufficient to satisfy the demands of the traffic of all nations.

The grantee company shall have the right to establish such telegraph lines as it
may deem necessary for the construction, management, and operation of the canal.
The Government shall have the right to occupy these lines for the public service
without any remuneration to the company.

ARTICLE VL

The Government of the Republic declares, during the term of this concession, the
ports at each extremity of the en mil, and the canal itself, from sea to sea to be neutral,
and that consequently the transit through the canal incase of war between two pow-
ers or between one or more and Nicaragua shall not be interrupted for such cause ;
and that merchant vessels and individuals of all nations of the world may freely enter
the ports and pass through the canal without molestation or detention.

In general, all vessels may pass through the canal freely, without distinction, ex-
clusion, or preference of persons or nationality, provided they pay the dues and ob-
serve the regulations established by the grantee company for the use of the said
canal and its dependencies. The transit of foreign troops and vessels of war will be
subjected to the prescriptions relating to the same established by treaties between
Nicaragua and other powers or by international law. But entrance to the canal will
be rigorously prohibited to vessels of war of such powers as may be at war with Nic-
aragua or with any other of the Central American Republics.

Nicaragua will endeavor to obtain from the powers that are to guarantee the neu-
trality that in the treaties that shall be made for that purpose they shall aree also
to guarantee a zone of land parallel to the canal and also a maritime zone in both
oceans, the dimensions of which will be determined in such treaties.

ARTICLE VII.

This present agreement, with all its charges and advantages, shall be the object of a
company of execution in agreement with Articles I, X, and those following there-
after.

Said company shall be the grantee, and whenever said name is used in this present
contract, reference is made to it.

ARTICLE VIII.

The present concession is transferable only to such company of execution as shall
be organized by the Nicaragua Canal Association, and in no case to Governments orto
foreign public powers. Nor shall the company cede to any foreign Government any
part of the lands granted to it by this contract ; but it may make transfers to private
parties under the same restriction.

The Republic of Nicaragua cannot transfer its rights or shares by gelling them to
any Government.

ARTICLE IX.

The people of all nations shall be invited to contribute the necessary capital to the
enterprise, and it shall be sufficient for the fulfillment of this requirement to publish
an advertisement for thirty (30) consecutive days in one of the principal daily papers
of each of the cities New York, London, and Paris.

The capital stock of the final company shall be composed of shares, bonds, or obliga-
tions of any other kind, in such proportion as it may deem convenient. The issue
and transfer of these obligations shall be exempt from stamp dues and from any other
imposts or taxes established or that may be hereafter established in the Republic.

Of the capital with which the company shall organize, and which it proposes to
distribute among the different countries interested in the enterprise, there shall be
reserved at least five (5) per cent for the Central American Government and citizen*
that may desire to subscribe.

298

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

As soon as the company is ready to opon subscription books it shall advise the GOT-
ernment of Nicaragua, wh cli will invite the other Governments and through tbem
private parties tu uuliscribe. All such shares not taken within six months following
the date on which the Government shall have been advised of that circumstance
shall remain subject to the free disposition of the company.

ARTICLE X.

The company shall be organized in the manner and under the conditions generally
adopted for such companies. Its principal office shall be in New York, or where it
may be deemed most convenient, and it may have branch offices in the riillereut
countries of Europe and America, where it may consider it expedient.

Its name shall be the " Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua," and its board of
directors shall be composed of persons, one-half at least, of them shall be chosen from
the promoters who may yet preserve their quality as such.

ARTICLE XI.

The Government of Nicaragua in its character of shareholder in the company of
execution, as hereinafter provided, shall have the perpetual right of naming one di-
rector, who shall be an integral part of the board of directors of the company, with
all the rights, privileges, and advantages conferred upon them by the statutes of the
company and the laws of the country under which it shall organize.

The Government shall also have the right in its aforesaid capacity of shareholder
to take part in such elections as the company may hold.

ARTICLE XII.

The company is bonnd to keep a representative in Nicaragua vested with all pow-
ers necessary for the proper conduct of the service and for the transaction of its busi-
ness with the Government.

ARTICLE XIII.

The canal will follow the valley of the River San Jnan to Lake Nicaragua, through
which will be designated the most convenient route for communication with the Pa-
cific Ocean. In any event the company shall have the most ample freedom to select
the route which it considers most, convenient between the two oceans for the excava-
tion of the canal and its dependencies and its port-, particularly those serving for
entrance and exit on both oceans. The company shall have the same liberty to adopt
the route which may be d omed most advantageous and economical for the construc-
tion of the canal, after the final survey by a commission of competent engineers.

However, fhonld the company, after the survey of the river San Juan, rind it nec-
essary to abandon, in any place, the bed of the river, and ont a lateral canal, the
Government of Nicaragua reserves the right of requiring from the company theduty
of establishing a communication between the part of the San Juan not used for canal
purposes and the dividing level of the canal, by means of a lock, or a series of locks,
suitable for the navigation of ships of six feet draft. As soon as the final plans are
adopted and laid before the Government, it shall notify the company within one
month after their receipt whether or not they meet with its approval, in order that
the company may proceed in accordance therewith. It is understood that this duty
does not in any manner compel the company to place or maintain in navigable con-
dition for small craft the lower part of the river which these locks may be intended
to place in communication with the canal.

ARTICLE XIV.

Within three years, to be counted from the commencement of the work upon the
Interoceanic Canal, the company shall, at its own expense, construct u navigable
canal between Lake Managua and the navigable part of the Tipiiapa River, near
Pasquier, of stiflicient dimensions to admit of the free passage of vessels drawing six
feet and of 150 feet iu length. When completed this canal shall be taken possession
by the Government of Nicaragua, and will be, after that date, the property of the
Republic, which, by virtue of its ownership, shall be bound to bear all expenses re-
quired in the- future for the service, maintenance, repair, and operation of the canal.
But the company shall have tho right to make use of it for nil purposes useful for the
maritime canal enterprise, and to pnss through it freely with its vessels and those
belonging to contractors employed in the service of the interoceanio Canal daring the

NICARAGUA CANAI COMPANY.

299

term of this concession without being subject ix* any charge whatever, or to pay tolls
or contributions of any kind to the Government of Nicaragua or to any person or com-
pany that may, through any cause, be in charge of the administration and operation
of the work and its dependencies.

The Government of Nicaragua will place at the disposal of the company, free of all
expenses and charges, all the lands that may be required, as well as the materials
found thereon, or on those belonging to the Government and that may be utilized by
the company in the execution ot this work.

ARTICLE XV.

All expenditures for surveys, construction, maintenance, and operation of the In-
teroceanic Maritime Canal shall be borne by the concessionary company, without
any subvention in money nor guaranty of interest on the part of the Republic, nor
other concessions than those specified in the present agreement.

ARTICLE XVI.

The Company shall construct, at its expense, aud maintain, in good condition, two-
large ports, one in the Atlantic and one in the Pacific, to serve as termini of the
canal, each of thorn to have a lighthouse of the first order. It shall also construct at
the two points on the borders of the lake, where the canal disembogues, two ports of
lesser size, with the respective lighthouses.

The company is also obliged to maintain and improve said ports by means of
dredges, dikes, piers, embankments, or any other works it may deem advisable, hav-
ing always in view the good service of the traffic through the canal.

It may, for this purpose, select on the coasts of the two oceans, within the territory
of Nicaragua, the localities which the surveys made indicate as preferable.

ARTICLE XVII.

All the space necessary, whether on the main land, in the lake, and its islands, at
the ports, roadsteads, or rivers of the two oceans, for the establishment of the canal,
its paths, and embankments, for depositing the materials from the excavations, and
cuttings for the necessary spaces to be occupied by water after raising the dams
which are to be constructed in the bed of the river, for all necessary deviations of
streams, as well as for reservoirs, dikes, spaces about the locks, stations, lights and
beacons, storehouses, buildings and workshops, deposits for materials, and also all
those spaces necessary for the routes, i ervice railways, and canals ot the same nature
for the transportation of the materials to the line of the work and for feeders for
the canal; in short, all lands and places necessary to the construction and operation
of the canal, as laid down in the drawings and plans made by the engineers of the
company, shall be placed at the disposal of the company by the State, under the con-
ditions set forth in the following articles.

ARTICLE XVIII.

Said lands belonging to the State will be given to the company without any com-
pensation whatever; and, with regard to those belonging to private parties, the
State charges itself with their expropriation if the company so requests. The com-
pensation which may be required in this case shall be paid by the company.

ARTICLE XIX.

In all relating to the appropriation that may be made in conformity with the pre-
ceding article, the company shall enjoy all the immunities and privileges which the
laws of the country accords to the State; so that in no case shall the company be
obliged to pay more than the State would under similar circumstances.

ARTICLE XX.

The Government obliges itself to place the company, within six months after its
request, in possession of up to one thousand (1,000) manzanas of land between the
lake and the Pacific, at such places as the company shall designate, but they are to
serve exclusively for cutting the canal, its havens, ports, and other accessory works.
The Government shall on its own account cause the necessary expropriation to be
made, and the company shall pay to it for all indemnity the sum of fifty thousand
dollars (i$50,000.00) American gold. Tliis payment to be made by the company ia
Managua within four months after the date of its request.

300 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

ARTICLE XX I.

The company shall have the right to take, free of charge, from the public lands,
for the purpose of construction, operation, and maintenance of the canal, whatever
materials may be found on them, especially timber for construction and for fuel, the
lime, stone, clay for bricks, and earth for fillings as may be necessary. As regards
materials found on private lands, the company shall pay for what it may need thereof,
enjoying in this respect the same rights and privileges which the State enjoys accord-
ing to law.

ARTICLK XXII.

Should the company require to occupy, temporarily and during the construction of
the canal, lands in the territory of Nicaragua which are not included in those desig-
nated in articles 17, 18. and 21, it shall not be obliged to pay any indemnity for them
if they are public lands ; and the state shall not have the right to sell or dispose of
them in any other manner after the company has determined to occupy them, unless
under the reservation of this right, whose limit shall be the completion of the works
on the interoceanic canal. Should the lands belong to private parties the company
shall enjoy, in regard to their temporary occupation, all the rights and privileges
which the law accords to the state, with the special privilege of occupying them im-
mediately after the declaration of necessity and utility, and after paying the com-
pensation, which shall not exceed that which the state should be compelled to pay
in a similar case.

ARTICLE XXIII.

The Republic of Nicaragua, desiring to assist the company efficaciously in the con-
struction of the interoceanic canal, a work in which it takes the deepest interest,
cedes in fee simple to the said company the public lands hereinafter mentioned in
alternate lots with other sinuilar ones which it reserves to itself, and of the dimensions
and in the places as specified hereinafter :

1st. On the left bank of the river San Juan, from the Atlantic to Castillo Viejo,
lots of three miles frontage on the canal and six miles in depth from the banks of the
river. Where the canal diverges more than six miles from the banks of the river th
lots are to be measured on both sides of it, and shall be three miles wide and six miles
deep. And where this distance is less than six miles the lots shall be three miles
front and three miles deep, and they shall be measured from the bank of the canal
to the river, taking what may be lacking from the opposite bank of the canal.

2d. Three miles distance trom Castillo up stream, on the right bank and up to the
lake, lots of two miles in depth and two of frontage on the canal. From the lake
along its south shore to the river Sapoa" and thence to the river Lajas, lots of one
mile frontage and one mile depth. On the left bank of the river from a point in
front of Castillo and up to the lake, lots of three miles of frontage on the canal and
four miles in depth.

3d. On the north shore of the lake, as far as the River Tnle, lots of two miles front-
age on the lake and two miles deep.

4th. In the places which the company selects in accordance with the government
of the existing public lands, forty (40) lots, each four miles frontage by five miles
deep, reserving always the acquired rights.

It is understood that the government reserves around each of the forts Castillo and
San Carlos the lands included in a circle of one and one-half (1$) miles radius, whose
center shall be the respective fortresses.

Asa general rule, at the extremities of the interoceanic canal and at its points of
contact with the lake, the opposite lots will be allotted one to the government and
one to the company, but if this be not possible the first will belong to the govern-
ment.

From the Atlantic to the lake that part of the river bed occupied by the canal
shall be considered as part of the latter for all purposes of this article.

The measurement and setting out of all lands ceded by this contract shall be made
at the expense of the grantees under the supervision of the Government.

The state shall vest in the company the possession of said lands so soon as the said
company shall begin operations on the canal. Operations shall be regarded as begun
when the provisions set forth in article 47 shall have been complied with. Tlie final
title deeds shall not be granted except as the work of the canal progresses and in due
proportion.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.
ARTICLE XXIV.

301

In the unforeseen case that a new survey should show the necessity of adopting an-
other line for the construction of the canal, which varies wholly or in part from the
line set forth in article 13, the company shall have the ripht to the lands and other
elements necessary for the construction of the canal, accordingto articles 16, 17, 18, 19,
21, and 22.

The company shall, in that event, also have the right to the lands mentioned in the
preceding article, in the same proportions, conditions, and dimensions therein estab-
lished, with the single proviso that if it alter the line the localities whence these lauds
shall he taken shall be altered accordingly.

ARTICLE XXV.

The state reserves the right to occupy, in the several lots of land granted the com-
pany, such places as it may need for such roads and public buildings as it may deem
convenient. In the same manner it may use timber and other building materials
found on such lands whenever they may be necessary for any work upon which it
may determine. However, these lands with all their products, vegetable and min-
eral, shall be subject to the laws of the country so soon as they become the property
of individual citizens by transfer from the company, and then, should the State need
them for the ends net forth in this article, or for asy others, it shall make compensa-
tion to their owners according to law, without any right on the part of the expro-
priated owners to reclaim against the company.

Should the company have improved the lands so taken for purposes of use, orna-
ment, or pleasure the state shall be bound to reimburse it for such damages as it may
have suffered, according to the assessment of experts.

ARTICLE XXVL

Mines of coal, stone, gold, silver, iron, or other metals situated in the lands granted
to the company shall belong to it by right, without need of previous " denounciation,"
it having the right to work them when considered expedient, subject to the laws of
the country.

ARTICLE XXVII.

The company shall also have the right to utilize for its account, for sale or exporta-
tion, the lumber in the forests situated in the lands ceded to it by the state from the
time they enter into possession of them in accordance with this contract ; that is,
from the time of commencement of the works, always saving the acquired rights.

ARTICLE XXVIII.

From the day on which the present concession is ratified by Congress the public
lands included in those necessary for the construction of the canal can not be Bold, nor
can any of those ceded to the company on the banks of the canal by article 23. Nor
can they be leased to the prejudice of the company.

ARTICLE XXIX.

The company shall hare the right, throughout the extent of the canal as well as at
its muuths on both oceans, and in the lake and throughout the extent of the lands
ceded by virtue of Articles 16, 17, 22, and 23, to enter upon the work of locating, leveling,
excavating, dredging, and in general any other work of whatsoever nature that
may be judged useful for the establishment and feeding of the canal, or for its opera-
tion, preservation, and maintenance. The company is specially authorized to execute
along the canal line and on the banks of the River San Juan audits affluents, within
the territory of Nicaragua, and also on the tributaries of Lake Nicaragua, the lakes
or water courses which can be utilized in their flow to the Pacific, the system of
dikes, rectifications, dredgings, embankments, dams, cuts, location of buoys, and in
general all the works that in the opinions of the engineers of the company are
deemed indispensable for the construction, feeding, navigation, and operation of the
canal. The company may also do all works of like character deemed necessary at
the entrances of the canal into Lake Nicaragua, as well as in the lake itself, in ac-
cordance with the route that may be determined upon in order to secure in it easy
navigation, and as may be found necessary in the other lakes or lagoons that are
to be traversed.

302 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

The embankments, fillings, and dikes formed in the months of the canal in the
lake and in the ports on the oceans, by deposits of materials' resulting from the ex-
cavations of the canal, shall belong in fee simple to the company ; the Government
having the right to use them if necessary, after compensation made. Bat it may
never obstruct said ports nor widen the beaches in front of them, unless there is
absolute necessity to do so, and in this case the embankments and fillings that it
may be necessary to construct in front of the ports shall belong to the Republic.

In general the company shall have the right to use all the lakes and rivers of
Nicaragua, the waters of which may be necessary, in the judgment of the engineers
of the company, for the construction and supply of the canal and for maintaining its
operations. It being understood that the damages caused to private parties by the
deviation of the water courses shall be compensated for by the company according
to a just assessment by experts in agreement with the laws of the Republic.

ARTICI.K XXX.

The company shall not import merchandise into the territory of the Republic for
the purpose of trafficking without paying the import duties established by law. But
it may import free of custom duties, and of any tax whatsoever, the articles needed
for the works of the enterprise, such as surveys, examination of localities, construc-
tion, use, operation, maintenance, repairs, and improvements of the canal ; for the
telegraphic service and for that of the railways; for running the workshops the com-
pany may keep in operation; and such articles may consist of tools, machinery, ap-
paratus, coal, limestone of all classes, lime, iron, and other metals, raw or manufac-
tured, mining powder, dynamite, or any other analogous substance. These articles
may be transported between whatever points they may be required during the works
of opening of the canal, and be discharged and stored free of all local taxes.

The company may import free of duties and taxes, during the work on the canal,
provisions and medicines absolutely necessary for its own consumption. Goods, the
commerce of which is not free, are excepted from the privileges contained in this
article, which goods, excepting powder, dynamite, and other explosives, remain sub-
ject to the requisites and duties prescribed by the laws.

ARTICLE XXXI.

The vessels employed by the company as tugboats or for the service of the canal
shall be free from all duties and also the materials for their repair and the fuel
they use. The vessels and appurtenances from whatever place they may be coming
for the nse of the company shall also be exempt from all duties.

ARTICLE XXXII.

The Government will establish such regulations as it may judge necessary to
prevent smuggling and to maintain public order in the region of the canal.

The company is bound to lend its assistance for the enforcement of such regula-
tions. Bnt in the free zone along the margin of the canal, as hereinafter provided,
measures for the prevention of smuggling shall be limited to vigilance on the part
of the employe" or employe's whom it may concern without any further measures
being taken against passengers, vessels, or their cargoes, excepting when an attempt
at smuggling is discovered ; it being the intention of the State that there should be
the most ample liberty of transit by the canal for persons and property, with the sole
limitations established by this contract. Consequently the company shall have the
right to discharge and reload ships in transit at such points as may be necessary in
order to make repairs, lighten the vessel, shift cargo, or on account of any accident
that renders it absolutely necessary, without being subject to search, exactions, or
contri bntions of any kind, provided that in each case, and before beginning opera-
tions, the nearest customhouse authority shall be notified.

ARTICLE mcXTTT.

The Government shall lend, its protection, in conformity with the laws of the conn-
try, to the engineers, contractors, employees, and laborers engaged in the preliminary
surveys or in the works of construction and operation of the canal.

ABTICLK XXXIV.

The company shall be exempt from all forced loans and military exactions in time
of peace and of war. The foreign agents and employees shall likewise be exempt

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 303

from direct contributions, forced loans, and military exactions during the time they
are in the service of the canal, but they shall pay the taxes established by the laws
if they acquire real property.

ARTICLE XXXV.

The company may freely introduce immigrants into the lands ceded to it, and the
employe's and workmen needed in its works and workshops. Asiatics, however, are
oxcepted. Both the immigrants and the employe's and workmen will be subject to
the laws of the Republic and the regulations of the company. The Government as-
sures them aid and protection and the enjoyment of their rights and guarantees in
conformity with the constitution and the national laws during the time they remain
on Nicaraguan territory.

ARTICLE XXXVI.

The Government of Nicaragua assures to the company and its agents nnder the
laws of the country, as it does to the other inhabitants, the full enjoyment of the
guarantees and rights which the constitution and the same laws grant to them. And
reciprocally the company and its agents bind themselves strictly to respect the laws
and regulations that are in force in Nicaragua, and especially to comply with the
executory judgments of the tribunals without considering themselves vested with
other rights than those which the laws concede in favor of the Nicafaguans.

ARTICLE XXXVII.

The Government shall establish all along the line of the canal included between
the two terminal ports such police stations and revenue offices as in its judgment are
necessary to preserve order in the region of the canal and for the observance of the
fiscal laws of the Republic. All expenses incident to this service, including those of
Iniildings, endowments, salaries and allowances of employees, and transportation of
the forces, shall be paid to the Government by the company on such terms and con-
ditions as may be established, taking into consideration the requirements and neces-
sities of such service. The company, however, shall have the power to establish
guards and watchmen for the service of the canal and the enforcement of its regula-
tions.

ARTICLE XXXVIEL

Contracts for labor on the canal shall enjoy the privileges which the laws of the
country accord to agricultural contracts, provided they be clothed with the formali-
ties that the laws require in such contracts. And the contracts in regard to canal
labor that the company execute in foreign countries shall be valid and lawful in
Nicaragua during the term stipulated in them, provided they do not violate the Jaws
of the Republic ; provided also the documents containing them be presented to the
proper authorities, with due authentication, that they may be registered.

ARTICLE XXXIX.

The company shall be exempt during the period of this concession, in peace and in
war, from all manner of taxes upon the real property it may acquire by virtue of this
contract, and from every kind of direct contributions, local taxes, or any other tax
relating to the property and use of the canal, its buildings, and constructions apper-
taining thereto, in its entire length, including those that are situated in the ports
and maritime establishments on the two oceans, as also the lauds conceded to the
company for the whole term of the privilege. This franchise is not assignable to those
who bny the real estate which the company may dispose of by virtue of this conces-
sion.

ARTICLE XL.

The Republic of Nicaragua shall not establish any tonnage, anchorage, pilot, light-
house dues or charges of any kind whatsoever upon vessels of whatever class, or npon
the merchandise, baggage, and passengers which may pass thrpugh the canal from
one ocean to the other, all such dues being reserved for the benefit of the company,
as hereinafter set forth in article 43.

But all such merchandise as shall be loaded or discharged at any point of the canal
intended for sale shall pay the import and export duties fixed by the revenue laws of
the state.

304 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

ARTICLE XLI.

With the view of securing the most ample freedom in the transit of persons and
property, and in order to remove as far as possible occasions for disagreeable ques-
tions, there shall be on each side of the canal a free zone, the extent of which shall
i > one hundred yards measured from the water's edgo in the canal, it being under-
stood that the borders of the lake shall not be considered as margin of the canal for
the purposes of this stipulation.

It is expressly agreed that every vessel that passes through the canal shall carry
on board an officer named by the Government when the authorities think it necessary,
and this employ 6 shall act in conformity with the law in case he discovers its infringe-
ment.

The two ports to be constructed for the entrance and exit of the canal on the two
oceans shall be declared free ports, and they shall be recognized as such from the
beginning of the work to the termination of thin concession.

The Government in agreement with the company shall establish, by special degree,
the limits of the freedom of these ports, which limits shall not extend beyond the
waters of the port, which are those included between the mouth of the canal and the
entrance to the said ports.

ARTICLE XLII.

For the proper administration of the canal and its appurtenances, and in order to
facilitate its construction and operation, the company shall establish the necessary
regulations, which shall be binding on all persons found in its waters or its appur-
tenances, the sole reservation being that the rights and sovereignty of the State be
respected.

It being understood that the company in the exercise of the powers conferred by
this article may not make other regulations than those necessary for the administra-
tion and particular management of the canal, and that before executing and enforc-
ing these regulations they shall be submitted to the Government for approval. The
state will lend the aid of its authority for the enforcement of these regulations.

ARTICLE XLJTI.

By way of compensation for the expenses of surveys, construction, maintenance,
and operation of the canal, which under the present concession shall be at the cost
of the company during the period of said privilege, it shall have the right to estab-
lish and collect for the passage of all kinds of vessels, travelers, and merchandise
through the canal, and in the waters and ports pertain ing to it, taxes on navigation,
tonnage, and pilotage, towage, storage, lay days, anchorage, light, roadstead dues,
wharfage, hospital dues, and any other similar charges in conformity with the tariff
to be established by it in accordance with Article LII of this contract.

These tariffs may be modified by the company at any time on condition that all
modifications that may be introduced shall previously be communicated to the Gov-
ernment, which, in case of finding them within the limits established by the said
Article LII, shall cause them to be complied with as if they were regulations enacted
by itself.

The payment of all the tariff dues shall be exacted without any exception or pref-
erence, and under identical conditions, from all vessels, whatever be the place they
come from or their nationality, with the exception stipulated in the following article.

ARTICLE XLIV.

As compensation for the privileges and concessions that Nicaragua grants by this
contract, it is hereby stipulated that the Republic shall enjoy the special privilege
that Nicaraguan vessels sailing under the Nicaragnan flag may navigate the canal
at a reduction of fifty (50 per cent.) per centum from the general tariff while en-
gaged in the coasting trade or in the reciprocal trade with the other Republics of
Central America. It is declared that the vessels referred to in the preceding para-
graph must be exclusively of the register of the Republic, and they must not be
owned, either in whole or in part, by citizens of other countries.

A reduction of fifty (50 per cent.) per cent, from the general tariff is also granted
to vessels that begin their voyage for a foreign country in auy of tbe ports belonging
to the Republic, with a cargo wholly composed of products of tbe country. All the

NICAEAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 305

privileges to wliich this article refers shall be extended to the other Republics ot
Central America whenever Nicaragua shall find itself free from international obli-
gations which may prevent it, or whenever one or more of the said Republics shall
form a single nation with Nicaragua. The company can not collect any navigation
dues whatever upon vessels and craft navigating the lake of Nicaragua and its pro-
longations without passing out of the locks. The Kicaraguan vessels of war, and in
the case above provided those of the Republic of Central America, shall not pay any
dues on passing through the canal.

ARTICLE XLV.

In case it may be possible to utilize the waters of the canal and its dependencies
for the irrigation of plantations, gardens, and streets, or for the supply of towns that
may be without it, or as motive power for private enterprises, the company shall
have power to supply it, collecting dues in proportion to the amount furnished, ac-
cording to the tariff that it may be establish in agreement with the Government.

ARTICLE XL VI.

In view of the existence of an exclusive privilege granted by the Republic in favor
to Mr. F. Alf. Pellas, by a contract ratified on the 16th of March, 1877, for the navi-
gation by steam on the lake and river for the purposes of the internal commerce of
the Republic, the canal company shall have the right of expropriation against Mr.
Pellas, as regards his rights and properties, on just assessments by experts, after
making a corresponding compensation according to the laws of the Republic.

It is also stipulated that the company binds itself to pay to the Government of the
Republic all it may from now on expend in any way for the improvement of the navi-
gation of the river and the port of San Juan del Norte. This payment shall be made
within six months of the date of the beginning of the works of the espial, and ac-
cording to the original accounts of the corresponding office.

ARTICLE XL VII.

The company shall undertake at its expense the final surveys of the ground and the
location of the line of the canal by a commission of competent engineers, two of whom
shall be appointed by the Government of the Republic, which shall protect as far as
it may the said commission.

There is granted to the concessionary company a term, not exceeding one year, in
which to commence the final surveys for the canal, and one year and one-half addi-
tional for completing them ; to organize the executing company, and commence the
work of construction. Said terms snail begin to be counted from the date of the rati-
fication of the present contract by the Nicaraguan Congress, published in the official
paper, which shall be construed as notification. Furthermore, said terms are not to
be extended, and it is understood that operations are not considered to have been
begun if during the first year of the work two million dollars ($2,000,000) are not ex-
pended on it.

ARTICLE XLVIIL

A term often years is also granted to the company for the construction, completion,
and opening of the canal for maritime navigation. However, should events of main
force arise, duly justified and sufficient to impede the regular progress of the works
during the period of the said ten years, an extension shall be granted equal in dura-
tion to the time that may have been lost by such delays.

If, at the expiration of the ten years aforesaid, the works should not be completed
so as to have the maritime communication between the two oceans opened, in con-
sideration of the great capital the company may have invested in the enterprise, and
of the good will and ability it may have shown, and the difficulties encountered, the
Republic binds itself to concede a new extension.

ARTICLE XL1X.

As a guaranty of the fulfillment of the obligations which the company incurs in ac-
cordance with Article 47, it shall deposit to the order of the Government of Nicar-
agua in a bank or in a mercantile house in the city of New York, which the
Government may designate and within sixty (60) days from the date of the ratification

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 20

306 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

of tbia contract, tbe anm of one hundred thousand ($100,000) dollars, American gold,
which the company shall forfeit to the Republic if it do not fulfill tbe said obligations ;
and which sum otherwise shall be considered an advance to tbe Government on ac-
count of the necessary expenses of payment of the police of the canal according to the
stipulations set forth in Article 37. This deposit, an soon as made, shall be at tbe dis-
posal of the Government.

ARTICLE L.

In consideration of the valuable privileges, franchises, and concessions granted to
tbe company by this contract, the Republic shall receive in shares, bonds, certificates
or other securities which i he company may issue to raise the corporate capital, six
per centum of the total amount of the issue.

Such shares, bonds, cerinicates or other securities shall be free of all payment on
the part of the Republic, being considered as paid in full. The six per centum shall
in no event be less than four million dollars ($4,000,000), that is to say, forty thou-
sand shares or obligations of whatsoever kind of one hundred ($100) dollars each.

Of said shares, bonds, certificates, or securities of whatsoever class, two-thirds shall
not lie transferable ; but all shall participate in the benefits, interests, partitions,
dividends, sinking fnnds, rights, privileges, and in all tbe advantages given to paid
up shares without any distinction. The Government in its capacity of shareholder
shall besides have the right to appoint one director who shall represent its interest
in the board of directors of the canal company from the time of its definite establish-
ment. The shares referred to in this article shall be delivered to t lie agent the Gov-
ernment may appoint to receive them and as soon as the company shall be ready to
issue the certificates for its capital.

ARTICLE LI.

In order that the canal association may indemnify itself for the expenses it may
have had to incur for the verifications, preparations, explorations, and surveys here-
inbefore mentioned, and for all other expenditures that it will have to make until the
definite organization of the company, it shall have the right from the time of the
organization of said company to six per cent, in shares, bonds, certificates, or other
securities which the company may issue for the purpose of raising tbe corporate capi-
tal, and which are to be issued in excess of the capital to be subscribed.

These bonds, shares, or securities shall be identically like the subscription shares,
and issued from the same register or stock book. As a consequence they shall parti-
cipate in all benefits, interests, partitions, dividends, sinking fund, rights, privileges,
and of all the advantages given to the paid up shares, bonds, or securities without
any distinction whatever.

ARTICLE LII.

From the receipts of the enterprise the company shall take in the first place the
necessary amount to cover all the expenses for maintenance, operation, and aduiinis
tration ; all the sums necessary to secure the interest which shall not exceed six per
centum, and the amortization of the obligations and of the shares, and what remains
shall form the net profits, of which at least eighty per centum (80 per cent. ) shall be
divided among the shareholders, it being agreed that after the lapse of ten years after
the completion of the canal the company shall not divide among the shareholders in
payment of dividends, directly or indirectly, by issue of shares or otherwise, more
than fifteen per centum (15 per cent.) annually or in this proportion, from dues col-
lected from the aforesaid canal and where it shall appear that t hese dues yield a greater
profit, they shall be reduced to the fixed limit of fifteen per cent, per annum.

ARTICLE LIU.

The present concession shall be forfeited :

1st. Through the failure on the part of the company to comply with any of tho
conditions contained in Articles 8, 46, 47, 48, and 49.

2d. If the service of the canal, after its completion, be interrupted for six months,
except in cases of main force.

When the concession shall have been declared forfeited, from whichever of these
causes the public lands granted by this convention will revert to the Republic, in
whatsoever state they maybe, and without compensation even in the case that build-
ings may have been erected thereon.

Such lands shall be excepted aa may have been alienated to private parties by the
company, with the formalities prescribed by law, provided that such alienations shall
not have taken place within the six months preceding the date on which the com-
pany may have become legally liable to the penalty herein established.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 307

ARTICLE LIV.

On the expiration of the ninety-nine years stipulated in this concession, or in the
event of the forfeiture contained in the preceding article, the Republic shall enter
upon possession in perpetuity, of the canal, of works of art, lighthouses, storehouses,
stations, deposits, stores, and all the establishments used in the administration of the
canal, without being obliged to pay any indemnity to the company.

There shall be excepted from this condition, the vessels belonging to the company,
its stores of coal and other materials, its mechanical work shops, its floating capital
and reserve fund, as also the lands ceded to it by the State, excepting those in which
are established the works indicated in the first part of this article, and which will
revert to the State together with tfaeir immediate appurtenances, as necessary for
the service of the canal, and as an integral part of tb<> same.

But the company shall have the right, at the expiration of the aforesaid term of
ninety nine years, to the full enjoyment of the free use aiid control of the caual in
the capacity of lessee, with all the privileges and advantages granted by the said
concession, and for another term of ninety-nine years, on the condition of paying
twenty-five per cent of the annual net profits of the enterprise to the Government of
the Republic, besides the dividends due to it for its shares in the capital stock.

The company furthermore shall have the right to fix, at its discretion, the dues re-
ferred to in article 43 of this concession, so that the shareholders still receive divi-
dends not to exceed ten per centum per annum on the whole capital after deducting
the payment of twenty-five per cent of the net gains to the Government.

At the expiration of this second term of ninety-nine years the Government shall
enter into perpetual possession of the canal and other properties referred to in the
first part of this article, including also in this possession all that which is excluded
in the said first part with the exception of the reserve and amortization funds. The
failure to comply with any of the terms of the lease shall terminate it, and the State
shall enter into possession of the canal and other works belonging to it in accordance
with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

ARTICLE LV.

Any misunderstanding that may arise between the State of Nicaragua and the com-
pany in regard to the interpretation of the present stipulations shall be submitted to
a court of arbitrators composed of four members, two of which shall be appointed by
the State and two by the company.

These arbitrators shall be designated by each of the parties within the period of
four months from the day on which one of the contracting parties shall have informed
the other in writing of the want of agreement on the point at issue. Should one of
the parties allow the aforesaid term to pass, it shall be considered as assenting to the
opinion or claim of the other.

The majority of the votes of the arbitrators shall decide finally and without re-
course. In case of a tie vote the arbitrators shall select, by mutual consent, a fifth
person, who shall decide. If unable to agree to such nomination, they shall draw by
lot the names of the diplomatic representatives accredited to Nicaragua, and the first
one drawn out shall exercise the functions of the fifth arbitrator; he shall either
adopt the opinion of one or the other of the parties to the controversy, or render his
opinion between these extremes, and his decision shall be final and without any ap-
peal whatever; the fifth arbitrator failing, the second person drawn shall exercise
these functions, and so on successively until a decision is reached.

Prior to the initiation of the works of opening the canal the Government shall
formulate, with the concurrence of the company, rules to be observed by the arbitra-
tors in all matters relating to procedure.

Questions between the company and individuals residing in Nicaragua shall be
under the jurisdiction of the ordinary tribunals of Nicaragua, in conformity with the
legislation of the country. In matters pertaining to nonresidents of Nicaragua the
rules of international private law will be observed.

In witness of the foregoing stipulations, we have signed two instruments of the
same tenor in Managua, on the 23d day of March, one thousand eight hundred and
eighty- seven.

AD. CARDKNAS.
A. G. MENOCAL.

The Government, finding the foregoing contract in conformity with the instructions
transmitted, determines to approve it in all its parts and to submit it to Congress for
its ratification.
Managua, April twelfth, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-seven.

E. CABAZO.
The acting subsecretary of the interior.

CANTON.

308 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

Done in the hall of sessions of the chamber of deputies, Managua, April 20, 1887.

TOMAS AKMIJO.

LEOPOJLDO M. MONTENKGRO.
Luis . SAENZ.

To the 8. E. P., hall of the senate, Managua, April 23, 1837.

JOAQUIN ZAVALA.
8. MORALES.

ELIODORO RIVAS.

Therefore be it executed. Managua, April 24, 1887.

E. CAKAZO.

The snbsecretary of the interior in charge of the office:

ALEJANDRO CANTON.

Accepted on the same date.

CANTON.

A. G. MENOCAL.

I do hereby certify the preceding signature of the snbsecretary of the interior,
which reads Alejandro Canton, to be genuine.
Managua, April 25, 1887.

JOAQUIN ELIZONDO.

2JICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 309

APPENDIX K.

CONCESSIONS AND DECREES OF THE REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA TO
THE NICARAGUA CANAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK.

The Constitutional Congress of the Republic of Costa Rica, in the exercise of the
powers granted to it by section 4, article 73, of the constitution, decrees
ARTICLE FIRST. The contract entered into on the 21st of July last between the
honorable minister of public works, authorized for this purpose by the honorable
President of the Republic, on behalf of the Government of the Name, and Mr. Aniceto
G. Menocal, on behalf of the Nicaragua Canal Association, for excavating and operat-
ing an interoceanic canal crossing, either in whole or in part, through the territory
of the Republic, or running along the whole or part of its boundary with Nicaragua,
is hereby approved.

The aforesaid contract with the modifications agreed to by Congress reads literally
as follows:

The undersigned, Pedro Pdrez Zeled6n, secretary of the state bureau of public
works, especially authorized by the honorable general, President of the Republic, to
celebrate ad referendum the present contract, party of the first part, and Aniceto G.
Menocal, representing the Nicaragua Canal Association, with full powers from it, and
also authorized for this purpose by the executive committee of the said association,
party of the second part, have revised the contract for the canal made in Washington
on the 17th of last May, by the party hereto of the first part, in his capacity as envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the Republic of Costa Rica to the
Government of the United States of America, and Mr. Hiram Hitchcock, president
of the aforesaid association ; the said contract, with the modifications now agreed to
by the undersigned, reads as follows :

ARTICLE I.

The Republic of Costa Rica grants to the Nicaragua Canal Association, its succes-
sors and assigns, the exclusive privilege to excavate and operate a maritime canal be-
tween the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans, running either wholly or in part through
the territory.of the said Republic or along the whole or a part of her border line
with the Republic of Nicaragua.

To render this contract fully efficient between the contracting parties hereto, it
will be sufficient if the association aforesaid should use or occupy for the works of
the said canal, or for any of its ports in one or the other oceans, any Costa Rican
waters or at least waters in which Costa Rica has joint ownership or has rights of
use and navigation.

Whenever the word "association" is used in this present document reference is
made to the "Nicaragua Canal Association," its successors and assigns.

ARTICLE II.

The canal must be of sufficient dimensions for the free and commodious passage of
vessels of the same size as the large steamers used for ocean navigation between
Europe and America.

ARTICLE m.
The State leclares this work to be one of public utility.

310 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

ARTICLE IV.

The duration of the present privilege shall be for ninety-nine years, to be counted
from the day on which the canal shall be opened to universal traffic.

During the aforesaid period the association shall have the right to construct and
operate within the territory of Costa Rica a railroad along the whole extent of the
said canal, or those parts of the same which it may consider convenient for the better
service and operation of the said work.

The Republic binds itself not to make any subsequent concession for the opening of
a canal between the two oceans as long as the present privilege lasts.

The Republic will also abstain during the same period from granting, within a zone
of twenty-five miles along the canal, concessions for railroads from sea to sea that
might compete with the canal in the traffic between foreign nations. This restriction
shall not prevent the construction of new railroads that may be convenient for Costa
Rica to bnild to the canal, or to any point on the northern frontier of the Republic,
either connecting or not with any other railroads.

ARTICLE V.

The grantee association shall have the right to establish such telegraph lines aa
may be considered necessary for the construction, management, and operation of the
canal.

The Government shall have the right to use the telegraph lines of the company from
any station to any station that may be included within the line from sea to sea,
without being obliged to pay the company for such service.

ARTICLE VI.

The Government of the Republic declares and accepts that the ports at each extrem-
ity of the canal and the canal itself from sea to sea during the time of this concession
shall be neutral ; and consequently in case of war between other nations, or between
one or more nations and Costa Rica, the transit through the canal shall not be inter-
rupted for such cause, and the merchant vessels and individuals of all nations of the
world may freely enter the aforesaid ports, or pass through the canal without moles-
tation or detention.

In general, all vessels shall freely pass through the canal without distinction, exclu-
sion, or preference, whether of persons or nationalities, provided that they pay the
dues and comply with the rules established by the association for the use of the said
canal an d its dependencies.

The transit of foreign troops and vessels of war shall be regulated by such provisions
in regard thereto as are now or may be hereafter established in the treaties between
Costa Rica and other powers, or by international law. But the entrance of the canal
shall be strictly forbidden to vessels of war of any nation which may be at war with
Costa Rica or with any other of the Repnb lies of Central America.

Costa Rica shall endeavor to obtain from the powers that are to guarantee the neu-
trality that in the treaties to be made for that purpose they shall also bind them-
selves to guarantee the same conditions to a zone of land parallel to the canal and
also to a maritime zone in both oceans, the dimensions of which shall be fixed by such
treaties.

ARTICLE VII.

The present concession shall be transferable only to such company or companies aa
may be organized for the purpose of constructing or operating the canal, and in no
case to foreign Governments or to foreign public powers.

Nor shall the association have the right to transfer to any foreign Government or
public power any part of the lands granted to it by this contract. But it shall have
the right to make such transfers to private parties ni Vr the same restrictions.

The Republic of Costa Rica shall not transfer its rights and privileges in respect to
the canal to any foreign Government, or public power.

The people of all nations shall be invited to contribute the necessary capital to the
enterprise, and it shall be sufficient for the fulfillment of this requirement to publish
an advertisement for twenty consecutive days in one of the principal daily papers of
each of the cities New York, London, and Paris.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 311

ARTICLE VIII.

The capital stock (capital social) of the final company which is to operate the cana
shall consist of shares of the face value of one hundred dollars each, which shall
be issued in such amounts as may he deemed necessary. The issue and transfer
both of these shares and of all the bonds and obligations that the company may issue
shall be exempt from stamp dues and from all other taxes or imposts now established
or to be hereafter established in the Republic.

A five per centum, at least, of the capital stock with which the said company may be
organized shall be reserved for such Central American Governments and citizens as
may wish to subscribe. .

As soon the said company is ready to open subscription books notice shall be given
by it to the Governments of Costa Rica and Nicaragua, which shall invite the other
Governments of Central America and through them private parties to subscribe.

The shares which, within six months, to he counted from the date of the notice
given to the Government, of the opening of the subscription books, are not paid for
hall remain at the free disposition of the company.

ARTICLE IX.

The company shall be organized in the manner and under the conditions generally
adopted for such companies. Its principal office shall be either in the city of New
York or in such place as may be deemed convenient.

Its first board of directors shall be composed of persons, one-half, at least, of whom
shall be chosen from those members of the Nicaragua Canal Association who were
promoters of the enterprise.

ARTICLE X.

The Government of Costa Rica, in its capacity of stockholder in the final company
as hereinafter provided, shall have the perpetual right of appointing one director, who
shall be an integral part of the board of directors of the said company, with all the
rights, privileges and advantages conferred upon the other directors of said com-
pany, by the charter, by-laws, and statutes of the company and the laws of the country
under which it shall organize.

The Government, in the said capacity of stockholder, shall also have the right to
take part in the elections that the company may hold.

ARTICLE XL

The said final company is bound to keep a representative in Costa Rica, vested
with ample powers for everything that may be of interest to the company, either ac-
tively or passively.

ARTICLE XII.

The association shall have the most ample liberty to select and adopt the route
which it may deem most convenient, advantageous and economical between the two
oceans for the excavation, construction, and operation of the canal and its depend-
encies and ports, whether the same passes wholly or in part through the territory
of Costa Rica or only along its border line.

Should the canal deviate from theriyerSan Juan, in that section of thesame in which
Costa Rica has the right of navigation, the association binds itself to establish at
such points as the engineers may deem proper, a communication between such parts
of the San Juan River as may not be canalized and the dividing level of the canal,
to the end of facilitating, without payment of any dues whatever, the navigatiou of
Costa Rica vessels between the non-canalized part of the San Juan River and the
canal, by means of a lock or series of looks suitable for the navigation of vessels of
six. feet draught.

It is understood that this obligation does not in any manner bind the association to
place or to keep in navigable condition the lower part of the river which these locks
may be intended to place in communication with the canal.

ARTICLE XIII.

All expenditures for surveys, construction, maintenance, and operation of the canal
shall be borne by the association without any subvention in money or guaranty of
interest on the part the Republic.

312 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

ARTICLE XIV.

The association shall construct, at its expense, and shall keep in good condition,
two large ports, one on the Atlantic and one on the Pacific, at such points or locali-
ties as it may select within or without the territory of Costa Rica, to serve aa
termini of the canal; and each of them shall have a light-house of the iirst order.

ACTICLK XV.

All the area within the territory of Costa Rica, whether at the ports, roadsteads,
or rivers of the two oceans, which may be necessary for the establishment of the
canal, its paths, and embankments, or which may be occupied and covered by water
after raising the dams which are to be constructed in the beds of the rivers, or for
all necessary deviations to be made, as well as for reservoirs, dikes, spaces about the
locks, stations, light-houses, and canals, store-houses, buildings, and workshops, de-
posits for materials, and also all those required for the routes, service railways, and
canals of the same nature, for the transportation of materials to the line of the work,
and for feeders of the canal; in short, all lands and places within the territory of
Costa Rica necessary to the construction and operation of the canal, as may be laid
down in the final drawings and plans made by the engineers of the association, shall
be placed by the State at the disposal of the said association under the conditions
set forth in the following articles.

ARTICLE XVL

Such unappropriated lands as belong to the State shall be given to the association
without any compensation whatever, and with regard to those lands belonging to
private parties the state undertakes to condemn them should the association de-
mand it.

The compensation which, in agreement with the laws of Costa Rica, may have to
be paid in such cases, shall be paid by the association, and to it shall be added the
amount of the expenses and costs of the respective actuations, in such a way that the
national treasury shall suffer no loss.

ARTICLE XVTL

In all relating to the condemnation to be made under the provisions of the preced-
ing articles the association shall enjoy all the immunities and privileges that the
laws of the country grant to the state, so that the association may not be obliged to
pay more than the state wdTild under similar circumstances.

ARTICLE XVIII.

For the construction, maintenance, and operation of the canal the association
shall have the right to take free of charge from the lands belonging to the State
whatever material of a spontaneous production of the laud that may be found on
them, especially timber for construction and fuel, and limestone, clay for bricks, and
earth for fillings that are to be made. As regards materials of the said class found
on lauds belonging to private parties, the association shall have the same righto and
privileges granted by the laws to the State.

ARTICLE XIX.

If it should be necessary for the association to occupy temporarily and during the
construction of the canal lands in the territory of Costa Rica which are not included
in those designated in the Articles XV, XVI, and XVIII, it shall not be obliged to pay
any compensation for them if they are unappropriated lands. And the state shall
not have the right to sell or dispose of them in any other manner after the associa-
tion has once determined to occupy them, unless under the reservation of this right, the
limit of which shall be the execution of the works of the Inter-oceanic Canal. Should
the said lands belong to private parties, then the association shall enjoy, so far as the
temporary occupation thereof is concerned, all the rights and franchises which the
laws grant to the State, with the special privilege of occupying them immediately
after the declaration of utility and necessity and after payment of the proper com-
pensation, which shall never exceed that which the slate would be obliged to pay
in a similar case.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 313

ARTICLE XX.

The Republio of Costa Rica desiring to aid efficiently the association in this enter-
prise cedes in fee simple to the said association the public lands hereinafter men-
tioned, in alternate lots, with other similar ones which it reserves for itself, to wit :

1st. On the right or southern bank of the San Juan River, from a point three Eng-
lish miles below Castillo Viejo to the confluence of the San Carlos, should the canal
follow the valley of the San Juan, lots fronting on the canal three English miles front
by six deep.

2d. Between the San Carlos River and the Atlantic, should the canal pass wholly
or in part through the territory of Costa Rica, or along the boundary of Costa Rica,
lots of three English miles frontage on the canal and four deep.

3d. Should the route of the Selinas Bay be adopted, lots of two English miles front-
age on the canal by two deep in the Costa Rican territory crossed by the canal or
along which it may ran, from the Pacific Ocean to a point two English miles distant
from the mouth of the Sapoa River in the Lake of Nicaragua.

4th. Should the canal deviate from the San Juan River more than four miles towards
the interior of Costa Rica, lots to be measured ou both sides of the canal of two miles
front and two deep. Should the deviation be less than four miles, then the lots of
the northern bank of the canal shall have a front of two miles and extend in depth
until they touch the San Juan River.

5th. From the Rio Frio to the Sapoa on the south coast of the Lake of Nicaragua,
at two miles distant from the same and following the curve of its bank, lota of two
English miles front by two deep.

6th. In the places where the company in accordance with the Government may
select from the existing unappropriated public lands twenty-five lots, each two Eng-
lish miles in frontage by four deep. As a general rule, at the extremities of the Inter-
oceanic Canal, should the same be within the territory of Costa Rica, the opposite
lots will be allotted, one to the Government and one to the company ; but, if this be
not possible, the first will belong to the Government.

The state shall vest in the association the posession of said lands as soon as the
location of the canal is finally determined and its construction begun by the associa-
tion.

The rights required by private parties in the lands set forth in the preceding clauses
are hereby reserved.

The measurement and setting put of all lands ceded by this contract shall be made
at the expense of the grantee, with the intervention of the government.

The final title deeds shall be issued in due proportion as the work advances and
not before.

Between the Atlantic and the point three miles below Castillo Viejo all parts of
the San Juan and Colorado rivers occupied by the caual shall be considered, for the
purposes of the present article, as a part of the said canal.

It is hereby understood that the whole of the lands transferred to the association
by Costa Rica, in the different places and in the form as set forth in the foregoing
article, shall not exceed in amount one-fourth of the total amount of lands granted to
the company by the Government of Nicaragua, according to the contract made by it.
Should they exceed such amount, the difference shall be deducted by reducing the
number of lots mentioned in subdivision 5th of this article.

ARTICLE XXI.

The state reserves the right to occupy, in the several lots of land ceded to the Asso-
ciation, such space as may be needed for such roads and public buildings as it may
deem convenient. In the same manner it shall have the right to use timber and
other building materials which may be found on said land whenever they may be
necessary for any work upon which it may determine. Should these lands be-
come the property of private persons by virtue of a transfer made by the company,
and the State should need them for the purpose set forth in this article, or for some
other purposes, it shall pay their owners for them in conformity with the laws, and
the expropriated parties shall have no right or claim against the association.

Should the association have made improvements on the lauds referred to whether
for the purposes of utility, ornament, or pleasure, the State shall be bound to com-
pensate it for such damages as it may suffer according to appraisals of experts.

ARTICLE XXII.

Mines of coal, gold, silver, iron, or other metals, and stone quarries situated in the
lands ceded to the association shall belong to it Ijy right without the necessity of
previous denunciation, and it shall have the right to work them whenever it may

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

deem it convenient, subject to tho laws of the Republic, but such lands as may be
transferred by the association to private parties shall not enjoy this privilege.

ARTICLE XXIII.

The association shall also have the right to utilize for the works of the canal and
its appurtenances the timber in the forests situated in the lands granted t<> it i>\ the
state from the very moment from which it enters into possession of the same uuder
the present contract, the acquired rights always being reserved.

ARTICLE XXIV.

From the day hi which the present concession shall be ratified by Congress, no
alienation shall be made of any unappropriated lands necessary for the ronmruetion
of the canal nor of those ceded to the association on the hanks nt the same. Nor shall
the said lands be leased to the prejudice of the company. However, should the loca-
tion of the canal not be definitely settled when thi contract is ratified, the line of
the canal shall for the purposes of this article be presumed to follow the northern
boundary line of Costa Bio*.

ARTICLE XXV.

The association shall have the right of doing throughout the whole extent of the
canal within the territory of Costa Kiea, at the mouths of the canal on the two oceans,
and in the whole extent of the lands which under the present contract have been
granted to it according to articles 15, 16, and 20, all such works as may be necessary
for locating, leveling, excavating and dredging the canal, and all other works that
may be required for the establishment, feeding, operation, preservation, and main-
tenance of the canal.

The association is especially authorized to make along the line of the canal and on
the Costa Rican bank of the San Juan River and its Costa Rican affluents and conflu-
ents, as well as on the Costa Rican rivers tributary to the Lake of Nicaragua, the
lakes or water courses which may be utilized in their flow to the Pacific or to the
Atlantic; to construct dikes and dams; make rectifications, dredgiugs, embankments,
and deviations ; to locate buoys, and in general to do all the works that in the opinion
of the engineers of the association may be deemed iudispensible for the construction,
feeding, navigation, and operation of the canal. The embankments, fillings, and
dikes which may be made within the territory of Costa Rica at the months of the
canal on the ports on the two oceans, by using materials resulting from the excava-
tion of the canal, shall belong In fee simple to the association ; but the Government
shall have the right to occupy them in whole or in part after compensation made.
Should any port of the canal be within the territory of Costa Rica, the association
shall not obstruct such port nor widen its beaches unless there is absolute necessity
to do so, and in this case the embankments and fillings that it may be necessary to
construct in front of said port shall belong to the Republic.

In general the association shall have the right to use all the lakes and rivers of
Costa Rica the waters of which may be necessary in the judgment of the engineers of
the association to construct and feed the canal and to maintain its operations, but
this right shall have the following restrictions, to wit :

1st. The navigation of the Costa Rican rivers, which the association may dam or
otherwise use for the benefit of the canal, shall remain at the termination of the re-
spective works in as good condition as it was before they were made.

2d. In the places where the waters of said rivers may overflow in consequence of
the erection of dams or other artificial obstructions made by the association, the said
association shall be obliged to do whatever may be practicable to prevent the forma-
tion of swamps and marshes.

3d. Such damages as may be caused to private parties in consequence of the devia-
tion or elevation of the streams shall be compensated for by the association accord-
ing to appraisals made by experts in conformity with the laws of the Republic, but
the association shall not be obliged to pay more than the state would under similar
circumstances.

ARTICLE XXVL

The association can not inport merchandise into the territory of the Republic for
the purposes of trafficking with it without paying the custom duties established by law,
bnt it shall have the right to import free from custom duties and of any other imposts
whatsoever the article* needed for the works of the enterprise, its surveys, exulora-

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 315

tions, examination of localities, constructions, use, operation, maintenance, repairs,
and improvements of the canal, and also for the telegraphic and railroad service of
the same, and for the works and workshops of the company, and the said articles
may consist of implements, machinery, apparatus, coal, limestone of all classes, lime,
iron, and other metals, whether raw or manufactured, mining powder, dynamite, or
any other analogous substance. These articles may be transported between what-
ever points they may be needed during the work of the construction of the canal, and
shall be landed and stored free from all local taxes.

The association shall also have the right to import free from duties or imposts, dur-
ing the work of constructing the canal, such provisions, clothing for the 'workmen,
and medicines as may be absolutely necessary for its own consumption.

Those articles the commerce of which is not free are excepted from the privileges
granted in this article and shall remain subject, with the exception of gunpowder,
dynamite, and other explosives, to such requisites and duties as are established by
law.

ARTICLE XXVII.

The vessels that the association may employ as tug boats or for the service of the
canal shall be free from all imposts or taxes of any kind whatevei, and also the
material to be used for their repair and the fuel that they may consume.

The vessels and their appurtenances, from whatever place they may come, for the
service of the association shall be exempt from all duties and imposts.

ARTICLE XXIII.

The Government shall enact such regulations as it may deem necessary to prevent
smuggling and for the preservation of public order in the region of the canal lying
within the territory of Costa Rica or bordering on it and in the waters where it may
exert joint jurisdiction. The company shall be bound to lend its assistance for the
enforcement of such regulations. But in the free zone along the margin of the canal
as hereinafter provided, measures for the prevention of smuggling shall be limited to
vigilance on the part of the employ6 or employ6s whom it may concern, without right
to any further measures, either against passengers, vessels, or their cargoes excepting
when an attempt at smuggling may be discovered ; it being the intention of the State
that there shall be most ample freedom of transit through the canal for persons and
property, with the sole limitations established by this contract. Consequently the
association shall have the right to unload and reload ships in transit at such point as
may be necessary in order to make repairs or lighten the vessels or shift their cargoes,
or on account of any accident that unavoidably may render it necessary, without
being subject thereby to search, exactions, or contributions of any kind, provided in
each case, and before beginning operations, notice is given to the nearest custom
house authority.

ARTICLE XXIX.

The Government shall afford its protection, in conformity with the laws of the
Republic, to the engineers, contractors, employe's, and laborers that may be engaged in
the preliminary surveys or in the works of construction and operation of the canal.

ARTICLE XXX.

The association shall be exempt from all forced loans and military exactions
whether in time of peace or of war. The foreign agents or employe's shall also be
exempt from direct taxes, forced loans, and military exactions during the time in
which they are in the service of the canal, but they shall pay the direct taxes estab-
lished by law in case they may become owners of real property or commercial or
industrial establishments.

ARTICLE XXXI.

The association may freely introduce into the lands granted to it employe's and
laborers of every race who may be needed in its works and workshops ; and it may
also introduce immigrants of all nationalities, excepting Asiatics and negroes. . Both
the immigrants and the employe's and laborers shall be subject to the laws of the
Republic and to the regulations of the company. The Government assures them aid
and protection and the enjoyment of their rights and guarantees in conformity with
the constitution and the national laws during the time that they may remain within
Costa Eicon territory.

316 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

ARTICLE XXXII.

The Government of Costa Rica shall assure the association and its agent*, under
the laws of the Republic, as it does to the other inhabitants, the ffill enjoyment of the
guarantees and rights which the constitution and laws grant to them. Reciprocally
the association and its agents bind themselves strictly to respect the laws and regu-
lations in force in Costa Rica, and especially to comply with the final decisions of the
courts, without considering themselves vested with other rights than those granted
by law to Costa Rican citizens.

ARTICLE XXXIII.

The Government shall establish all along the line of the canal which may be within
the territory of Costa Rica or along its frontier or in the waters appertaining to it
in ownership or joint jurisdiction, such police stations and revenue offices as in its
judgment may be necessary for the preservation of order in the region of the canal
and for the observance of the fiscal laws of tho Republic.

The expenses incident to said services, including those of buildings, salaries, wages,
and allowances of tho employe's and transportation of the forces, and which may be
in excess of such as are now borne by the Government for the custom house actually
established at the month of the San Carlos, or on any other point that may be crossed
by the canal, shall be paid to the public treasury by the company on such terms and
conditions as may be established hereafter, taking into consideration the require-
ments and necessities of such services.

The association shall also have the right to establish guards and watchmen for the
service of the canal and the enforcement of its regulations.

ARTICLE XXXIV.

All contracts in regard to the works of the canal that the association may enter
into in foreign countries shall be valid and effective, and shall have full force and
effect in Costa Rica, provided they do not violate the laws of the Republic.

ARTICLE XXXV.

The association shall be exempt during the period of this concession both in time of
peace and in time of war from all kinds of taxes upon the real estate that it may ac-
quire by virtue of this contract and from all kinds of direct taxes, local charges, or any
other imposts relatingto the property and use of the canal, or of its buildings and the
construction and dependencies t hereof, all along its extent, including those situated in
the ports and maritime establishments on tho two oceans.

This franchise ia not transferable to the purchasers of the real estate which the asso-
ciation may alienate under this grant.

ARTICLE XXXVI.

The Republic of Costa Rica shall not establish any tonnage, anchorage, pilot, or
lighthouse dues or any other charges of any kind whatsoever, upon vessels of any class
whatever or upon the merchandise, baggage, and passengers which may pass through
the canal from one ocean to the other ; all such dues are reserved for the benefit of the
association as provided for in article 39.

ARTICLE XXXVII.

For the purpose of securing the most ample liberty of transit of persons and property
a free zone shall be established on each side of the canal, and the width thereof shall
be 90 meters and 288 millimeters, measured from the water's edge in the canal.

All traffic declared illegal by the laws of the Republic shall, however, be prohibited
within the said zone and the revenue authorities whose duty it is to watch for and pre-
vent smuggling shall act in conformity with the stipulations of Article XXVIII.

It is expressly agreed that every vessel that may pass through the part of the canal
which way be within the territory of Costa Rica or along its borders or in waters over
which it exerts co-jurisdiction shall carry on board an officer appointed by the Govern-
ment whenever the authorities may deem it convenient, and that officer shall act in
conformity with the law should he discover that it is being violated.

The two ports to be constructed for the entrance and exit of the canal on both
oceans, which may be wholly or in part within the territory or in waters of Costa Rica,
shall bo declared free ports and shall be recognized as such from the opening ol' the
canal to the end of this concession.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

317

The Government, in agreement with the company, shall establish, by means of a
special decree, the limits of this franchise, which shall never extend beyond tho waters
of the ports comprised between the mouth of the canal and the entrance of said
ports.

All merchandise that shall be loaded or discharged at any point of the canal within
the territory of Costa Rica, and intended for internal commerce, shall pay the import
and export duties fixed by the revenue laws of the State.

AKTICLK XXXVIII.

For the proper administration of the canal and its dependencies, and in order to fa-
cilitate its construction and operation, the association shall establish the proper reg-
ulations, which shall be binding upon every person who may be found in its waters or in
its dependencies ; the sole reservation being that the rights and sovereignty of the
State be respected.

It is understood that the association, in the exercise of the powers conferred by this
article, shall not make other regulations than those necessary for the administration
and particular management of the canal ; and that, before carrying them into effect,
they shall be submitted for the approval of tho Government. The State shall lend the
aid of its authority to enforce these regulations.

ARTICLE XXXIX.

By way of compensation for the expenses incurred in the surveys, construction,
maintenance, and operation of the canal, or any part thereof, during the period of said
privilege, the said association shall have the right to establish and collect, for the pas-
sage of all kinds of ships, vessels, travelers, and merchandise through the canal and in
the waters and ports pertaining to it, such dues of navigation, tonnage, pilotage, tow-
age, storage, lay days, anchorage, light, roadsteads, wharfage, hospital dues, and any
other similar charges, in conformity with the tariffs to be established by it in accord-
ance with article 45 of this contract.

These tariffs may be modified by the association at any time, on condition that all
modifications that maj be introduced in it shall be previously communicated to the
Government, which, in case of finding them within the limits established by said
article 45, shall cause them to be complied with as if they were regulations enacted
by itself.

The payment of all the tariff dues shall be exacted without any exception or prefer-
ence, and under identical conditions, from all vessels, whatever be the place they
come from or their nationality, with the exception stipulated in the following ar-
ticle.

ARTICLE XL.

In compensation for the privileges and concessions that Costa Rica grants by this
contract, it is hereby stipulated that the Republic shall enjoy the special privilege
that Costa Rican vessels, navigating under the flag ot Costa Rica, shall be entitled
to navigate the canal at a reduction of fifty per centum of the general tariff while
engaged in the coasting trade, or in the reciprocal trade with the other Republics of
Central America.

To enjoy this privilege, the said vessels shall be necessarily of the register of the
Republic, and belong to citizens of the same.

A reduction of fifty per centum of the general tariff is also granted to all vessels
that begin their voyage for a foreign country at any of the ports belonging to the
"Republic with a cargo wholly consisting of products of the country.

Costa Rican vessels of war and revenue cutters shall pay no dues in passing
through the canal. No dues shall be paid by the vessels of the National Register
navigating either Costa Rican waters connected with the canal or the canal itself,
without passing out of the locks, but said vessels are not in any way to obstruct the
free navigation of the canal.

Costa Rica, on its part, shall not object to the enjoyment by Nicaragnan ships of
the advantage granted in this article to those of Costa Rica, provided that Nicara-
gua, on its part, consents that the ships of Costa Rica shall enjoy in Nicaragnan
waters the said privilege.

All the concessions to which this article refers shall be extended to the other Repub-
lics of Central America, or any of them, whenever Costa Rica and Nicaragua shall
find themselves free from international obligations which may prevent it, or when-
ever one or more of said Republics shall form a single nation -with Costa Rica.

318 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

ARTICLE XLI.

In case it may be possible to ut ili/c the waters of the canal and its depender.cies
for the irrigation of plantations, gardens, and streets, or for the supply of towns that
may be without it, or as motivt- J>O\VT lor private euterpi ih-s, itic company Khali
have the power to supply it, collecting dues in propoition to the amount furnished,
according to the tariff that it may establish in agreement with the Government.

ARTICLE "xr,TT.

The association shall undertake at its expense the final surveys of the ground and
the location of the line of the canal by a commission of competent engineers. Th
Government of Costa Rica shall have the right of visiting and inspecting the final
surveys which are in progress, and those already completed by an engineer appointed
by said Government, and whose salary shall be paid by the association, the amount
thereof to be fixed hereafter by special agreement between the Government and the
company.

A period of two years and a half, to be counted from the date of the ratification of
this contract, is granted the association for the final surveys of the canal, ami within
the said time the association shall have to make the said final surveys, organize the
company which is to carry on the work, and begin the work of construction.

The work of construction shall bo understood to have commenced if within three
years after its inception two millions of dollars have been expended on it.

The period herein provided for shall admit of extension by the Republic at the re-
quest of the association and upon grounds of justice, in the judgment of the Govern-
ment.

ARTICLE XLIII.

A term of ten years is also granted to the association for the construction comple-
tion, and opening to traffic the canal for maritime navigation. However, should
events of main force arise, duly justified and sufficient to impede the regular progress
of the works during the period of the said ten years, an extension shall be granted
equal in duration to the time that may have been lost by such delays.

If at the expiration of the ten years aforesaid the works should not be completed
so as to have the maritime communication between the two oceans opened, in consid-
eration of the great capital the company may have invested in the enterprise and
the good will and ability it may have shown and the difficulties encountered, the
Republic binds itself to grant a new extension.

ARTICLE XLIV.

Aa a guaranty of the fulfillment of the obligations which the final company which
is to construct the canal incurs in accordance with article 42, it shall deposit to the
order of the Government of Costa Rica, in a bank or in a mercantile house in this
city, or with an agent which the Government may designate, immediately after the
certificates are issued, one thousand shares of its capital stock of the nominal value
of $100 each. The said one thousand shares of capital stock shall be considered an
advance to the Government of the payment of the police and revenue expenses to
be made under article 33, and the association shall be credited with the actual value
of said shares at the time such payments are made.

ARTICLE XLV.

In consideration of the valuable privileges, franchises, and concessions granted by
virtue of this contract to the association, the Republic shall receive in shares, cer-
tificates, or other values representing the capital stock of the final company, an
amount equal to one and one-half per centum of the total amount of the issue of said
capital stock, in shares or certificates of $100 each. This sum shall in no event be
less than $l,. r >00,000. Said shares shall be considered as fully paid up, and two-thirds
thereof shall not be transferable. All these shares shall participate in the benefits,
interests, distributions, dividends, amortizations, rights, privileges, and all other ad-
vantages granted to paid-up shares, without any difference whatever. These shares,
together with the other privileges herein granted by the association to the Govern-
ment, shall be in full compensation to the Republic for all public unappropriated lands
that may be flooded and for all the privileges and concessions conferred by this con-
tract, and shall cover completely all claims of this description on the part of the
state against the association or the final company. The shares to which this article
refers shall b delivered to the agent appointed by the Government for this purpose
as soon as the company may be ready to issue certificates of its capital.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 319

ARTICLE XL VI.

From the earnings of the enterprise the company shall take, in the first place, the
necessary amount to cover all the expenses for maintenance, operation, and admin-
istration ; all the suras necessary to secure the interest, which shall not exceed six
per centum, and the amortization of the obligations and of the shares, and what re-
mains shall form the net profits, of which at least eighty per centum (80 per cent.)
shall be divided among the shareholders, it being understood that after the lapse of
ten years after the completion of the canal, the company shall in no case divide
among its shareholders in payment of dividends, directly or indirectly, by issue of
shares or otherwise, more than fifteen per centum (15 per cent.) annually or in this
proportion, from dues collected from the aforesaid canal; and where it shall appear
that these dues yield a greater profit, they shall be reduced to the fixed limit of fif-
teen per cent, per annum.

ARTICLE XL VII.

The present concession shall be forfeited :

1st. Through the failure ou the part of the Company to comply with, any one of
the conditions contained in Articles VII, XLII, and XLIII.

2d. If the service of the canal, after it is completed, is interrupted for six months,
unless iu case of unforeseen accidents or main force.

When the concession shall have been declared forfeited from whichever of these
causes, the public lands granted by virtue of the present contract shall revert to the
Republic in whatever condition they may be, and without compensation, such lands
as may have been alienated by the Company with the formalities prescribed by law,
shall he excepted, provided that such alienations shall not have taken place within
the six months preceding the date on which the company may have become legally
liable to the penalty herein established.

ARTICLE XLVIII.

At the expiration of the ninety-nine years stipulated in this concession, or in the
event of the forfeiture expressed in the preceding article, the Republic shall enter
into the possession in perpetuity of that part of the canal, its warehouses, stations
and other establishments used for the management thereof that may be found within
the national territory. Such works as may be found in waters in which the Republic
h;is join: sitvt irignty shsill belong to her in joint ownership. And in regard to such
parts of the canal or of the waters thereof in which Costa Rica has not the eminent
domain, but simply the right of use and free navigation, the Republic, at the expira-
tion of the ninety-nine years, or in the cases of forfeiture above named, shall retain
in perpetuity the said rights of use and free navigation. The Republic shall not be
obliged to pay to the company any compensation for the same.

There shall be excepted from this condition the vessels belonging to the company,
its stores of coal and other materials, its mechanical workshops, its floating capital
and reserve fund, and at the expiration of the said ninety-nine years also the lands
ceded to it by the state under the present contract, excepting those in which the
works indicated in the first part of this article may be found established, which will
become the property of the state, with their immediate dependencies as necessary
for the service of the canal and an integral part of the same.

But the company shall have the right, at. the expiration of the aforesaid term of
ninety-nine years, to the full enjoyment and a free use and control of the canal and
such parts thereof as may be within the territory of Costa Rica, with all the priv-
ileges and advantages granted by this concession in the capacity of lessee forasecond
period of ninety-nine years, upon payment to the Government of Costa Rica of six
and one-quarter per centum of tlie annual net profits of the enterprise, besides the
dividends due to it for its share in the capital stock.

The company shall have the right to fix at its discretion the dues referred to in
anichs 39 cf this concession, so that the shareholders, after the payment of 31J per
cent is deducted, shall still receive dividends of ten per cent per annum on the whole
capital.

At the expiration of this second period of ninety-nine years the Government shall
enter into perpetual possession of the canal and the other property referred to in the
first part of this article; and this delivery shall also embrace everything excluded in
the said first part, except the lands ceded to the association by this contract and the
reserve and sinking fund.

The failure to comply with any of the conditions of the lease shall terminate it,
and the state shall enter into the possession of the part of the canal which corre-
sponds to it, owing to it being situated in Costa Rican territory or in the places in
which Costa Rica is joint owner, and also of the other works which hclcug to the
canal, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

320 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

ARTICLE XLIX.

Any misunderstanding that may arise between the Republic end the company in
regard to the interpretation of the present stipulations shall be submitted to a conrt
of arbitrators, composed of four members, two of whom shall be appointed by the
state and two by the company.

These arbitrators shall be designated by each part; within the period of four
months from the day on which one of them shall give notice to the other in writing
of the want of agreement on the point at issue. Should ono of the parties allow
this period to lapse it shall be considered as assenting to the opinion or claim of the
other.

The majority of the votes of the arbitrators shall finally decide without recourse.
In case of a tie vote the arbitrators shall appoint, by mutual consent, a fifth person,
who shall decide, and in case of their default the respective parties will appoint him.
If they cannot agree to such appointment they shall draw by lot the names of the
diplomatic representatives accredited to Costa Rica, and the first one drawn out shall
exercise the functions of the fifth arbitrator. He shall concur on one of the two
opinions, and what may be so decided shall be final and without recourse of any kind.
It the fifth arbitrator should fail, the second person drawn shall exercise these func-
tions, and so on successively until the decision is reached.

Prior t'. the initiation of the works of opening the canal the Government, in con-
currence with the company, shall formulate a set of rules to be observed by the arbi-
trators in all matters relating to procedure.

All questions between the association and private parties residing in Costa Rica
shall be determined by the ordinary courts of Costa Rica in conformity with the leg-
islation of the Republic. lu matters pertaining to parties not residing in Costa Rica
the rules of private international law shall be observed.

ARTICLE L.

This contract, after being approved by the Hon. General President of the Republic,
shall be submitted to the supreme legislative power for tlio purpose that if they deem
it convenient they should impart to it the necessary ratification, and in case such ap-
proval is not obtained, the Nicaragua Canal Association will be released from all the
obligations to which it is bound by it. Such ratification or non-ratification shall be
made within one hundred and twenty days from this date.

In witness whereof the undersigned have set their hands to four copies of the pres-
ent contract, two for each party, in San Jose" de Costa Rica, 31st July, 1888.

PEDRO PEREZ ZELED6N.
A. G. MENOCAL.

PALACE OK THE PRESIDENT,

-Son Josi, July 31, 1888.

In consideration that the foregoing contract agrees with the instructions given for
its celebration to the honorable secretary of state, who authorizes it, it is hereby ap-
proved in all its parts for the purpose that it may be submitted to the deliberation of
the Constitutional Congress.
Countersigned by his honor the President of the Republic.

PEREZ ZELEi>6N.

ARTICLE 2. The contract to which the foregoing article refers is hereby exempted
from the payment of stamp duties.

To the executive power:

Giveu in the hall of sessiona of the national palace in San Jos6, on the 9th day of
August, 1688.

A. E8QUIVEL,

President.

MANUEL J. JIMENEZ,

Secretary.
FELIX GONZALEZ,

Vice Secretary.

PRESIDENTIAL PALACE,

San Jot6 August 9, 1888.
Therefore be it executed.

BERNARDO SOTO.

The secretary of state of the department of public wo As :

MAXIMO FERNANDEZ.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 321

APPENDIX L.

REPORT ON THE TONNAGE OF TRAFFIC WITHIN THE ZONE OF ATTRAC-
TION OF THE MARITIME CANAL OF NICARAGUA, IN 1890. AND AS
ESTIMATED FOR 1897.

[By THOS. B. ATKINS, Secretary and Treasurer of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua. 1

THE MARITIME CANAL OF NICARAGUA.

REPORT ON THE TONNAGE OP TRAFFIC.

The question of the amount of traffic which will be attracted to any interoceanic
canal across the American Isthmus is one concerning which there has been, and
probably will continue to be, a wide difterence of opinion.

The problem is unquestionably an intricate one." It is difficult to determine the
relative value of the factors of which it is composed; and it is made more complex
by the elements of futurity which enters into it.

The most serious attempt at its solution was made for the information of the Inter-
national Congress, which assembled at Paris in 1879 to consider the various projects
at that time before the public for an interoceanic canal across the Isthmus and the
questions pertinent thereto. The question was then made the subject of careful in-
vestigation and study by a statistical commission composed of eminent scientists,
statisticians and officials, of which M. Levasseur, member of the " Institute National "
of France, was chairman.

In the report at the time presented by M. Levasseur it was estimated upon

"Lev." premises set forth at some length, and which further on shall have more
particular consideration, that the tonnage of traffic existing in 1876, within
the zone of attraction of such a canal, upon the basis of an estimated average value
per ton, was 5,268,000 tons.

Upon a statistical basis, partly furnished by Rear- Admiral Ammen, U. S. Navy,
and Mr. EliLazard, of San Francisco, it was also estimated at 4,833,000 tons.

Both estimates being duly considered, 5,250,000 tons was finally accepted by the
commission as a "very moderate " estimate of the tonnage existing in 1878 within
the zone of attraction.

In arriving at this conclusion the commission justly remarked : " Whatever

" Lev." may be the latitude at which the American Isthmus may be pierced between
Lake Nicaragua and the Atrato, under whatever technical conditions the
canal may be constructed, the commerce of the two oceans, considered as a whole
will profit equally by it."

From these results thus arrived at it was argued in the report that the natural
growth of commerce would, in ten years' time, say by 1888, increase the total of
tributary tonnage from the 5,250,000 tons, recognized as existing in 1878, to 7,250,000
tons, from which the canal, at the time of its expected completion, would be able to
draw for its revenue.

At the time when the report was prepared and submitted the statistics of inter-
national commerce were neither as abundant nor as accessible as they are at the
present time ; even now they are not by any means as complete as is desirable for
an exact examination of the question. South American returns of tonnage are par-
ticularly misleading ; oftentimes the same vessel is registered in more than one port
of the same country, and thus is made to count twice or more times in the tonnage
reports of registered entries and clearances. The only traffic data of those countries
of reliability, are the values of exports and imports, which, from the channel through
which they are collected customs returns are not apt, at all events, to be exag-
gerated.

In making a new estimate it is, therefore, not only expedient but almost imper-
ative to follow the method adopted by M. Levasseur and his eminent associates in
their work, and in doing so it is somewhat remarkable how fully the growth of
commerce has verified their anticipations. This estimate of a time so long passed
is chiefly valuable for comparison as indicating what growth of commerce may be
anticipated in the lapse of time required for construction of the Nicaragua Canal,
and it is of some importance in that respect to ascertain as nearly as possible the
correctness of the premises with which comparison is to be made.

Accepting the report of the commission as a fair estimate of tributary commerce
existing in 1878, we have 5,250,000 tons as a basis for comparison.

In an estimate furnished the United States Treasury Department in 1880 it is
elaimed that the meridian of 110 east from Greenwich will be the dividing line be-
yond which the attraction of the canal will cease to be influential. We are not pre-

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 21

322

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

pared to admit this, for the reason that ocean currents and prevailing winds and
more favorable climate will at least influence much of the trade of Europe to cir-
cumnavigate the globe by way of the Nicaragua Canal, when it is opened, as a return
route rather than to use the Suez Canal both going and returning ; and thus the
attraction of the canal will be felt to a greater or less extent even by the enormous
trade of Europe, or, more exactly speaking, of England with India. This principle
Heems to have been accepted by the statistical commission. Adopting for the pur-

Soseofan estimate the dividing line suggested, the meridian of 110 east from
reenwich, the commerce of the world which would have been directly subject to the
attraction of the canal in 1888, had it then existed, is largely shown in the following
table, carefully compiled from official returns.

It is proper to premise (1) That, as previously stated, the most reliable statis-
tics of commerce are given in values and not in bulk or weight ; where it is other-
wise, the fact is noted. (2) Tliat wherever local statistics are accessible they
are accepted as the more reliable ; in other cases the figures of the British Board of
Trade are accepted. (3) That as returns are made in different currencies they
are roundly converted into dollars at $5 for the pound sterling, 20 cents for francs, 40
cents for guilders, 75 cents for pesos, $1 .15 for Haikwan taels, 25 cents for marks,
$1 for the yen of account, 20 cents for pesetas. These figures do not vary materially
from actual values, and are very much more convenient for computation. (4)
In the instance where returns are made in bulk they are reduced to tons at the
round allowance of 1,000 grams to the ton.

TABLE OP COMMERCE SUBJECT TO THE ATTRACTION OF THE CANAL.

(To be divided into three classes : Class 1, entirely tributary ; class 2, largely tributary ; class 8,

partially tributary.]

Commerce of the places named, exports and imports.

Reference.

Class.

Countries.

Amount.

8.Y. B., 111...

With Great Britain:
Hon r -Kon< r 114 east from Greenwich................

(20 508 004

8.Y.B., 235

New South Wales ............ .........................

83 03'' 800

8.Y. B., 261

03 g-,5 4gQ

S. Y. B., 268

South Australia

21 Ii98 480

8.Y.B., 286

Victoria ..

73 60fi 350

8.Y. B., 292

3 380 850

&Y.B., 253

44 564 000

8.Y. B., 275

3 608,010

8.Y. B., 776

22 358 760

S.Y.B.,944

14 394 690

8.Y. B., 416

China

54 157 657

8.Y.B., 716

37 403 580

8.Y.B., 452

2 489 910

8.Y. B., 809

Peru

15 245 870

8.Y. B., 387

1 267 830

S.Y.B., 406

Chili .

62 437 161

8.Y.B., 78

10 412 250

8.Y. B., 515

With Franco :
New Caledonia............................... ...........

1 565 812

8.Y. B., 715

Tapan . _ _

17 761 441

S.Y. B., 406

Chili

7 857 430

8.Y.B., 546 ..

With Germany :

8,129 000

aY. B.. 715

6,878 462

8.Y.B., 406

Chili

14 0<)S 930

8.Y.B., 577

Hamburg with Australia ..............................

(*)

8.Y.B., 418

China with Germany France eto .............. ...

18 283 315

S.Y.B.,944

4 121! 000

S.Y.B.,379

6 44f 995

8.Y. B., 762

Netherlands with Dutch East Indies

66 O8.i 000

C.&N., 40 .

With United States (Atlantic ports, chiefly New York;
Pacific ports, chiefly San Francisco):
British East Indies, Atlantic ports...................

22 765 825

C.&N..49

British East Indies, Pacific ports

1, 432, 041

C.& tf., 39.

French East Indies Atlantic ports .... .......

319 427

C.fcN.,40

Dutch East Indies Atlantic ports ... . ..........

7 04 412

C.&N..40

2, 113 021

C.&X., 41

Hong Kong, Pacific ports.............................

3 050 556

C. &N., 39

12, 484 834

C.&N., 39

6,93'' 940

C.&N., 42

10 038 673

atN., 43

9,380 339

C.fcN. 40

British Australia, Atlantic ports

13 279 826

a*N.. 41

British Australia, Pacific ports

5,040 316

a*N..4i

.TO Ml

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.
Commerce of places named, exports and imports Continued.

323

Reference.

Class.

Countries.

Amount.

C. & N. 43

"With United States (Atlantic ports, chiefly New York;
Pacific ports, chiefly San Francisco) Continued.
Philippine Islands, Pacific ports .........................

$2 053,660

C.&N., 42

Hawaii, Atlantic ports

197, 619

C & N 43

16 025 780

C & N 32

Chili

4 814 625

C. & N. 34

Ecuador

1 331,370

C. & N. 36

Pern

1,024,497

C.&N., 22 and 24
C.&N. 5

2
1

Central America (Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Salvador)..
Pacific ports of the United States with
Belgium

5, 170, 980
837, 840

C & N 7

5 632 359

C & N. 7

1 136 506

C & \ 6-10

Great Britain .. ...... .

33 944 476

C.& N., 30

Cuba

535, 111

C &N 33

Brazil .

166 012

Total

825 110 167

* Value, not reported; weight, 65,300,000 kilos, say about 65,300 tons.

In the table the trade of Asia, etc., with interior ports of entry of the United
_, States, which is chiefly transshipped at San Francisco, is omitted because

'' ' it is almost entirely in high-priced commodities which yields only a low
tonnage. It amounts to $2,305,138.

To this large aggregate there should be added the commerce of the Atlantic and
Pacific coasts of the American continent, each with the other, and any other trade of
the Pacific coast not already included. Some portion of the trade referred to now
finds its way around Cape Horn, a part goes by the way of the Panama Railroad
across the Isthmus, and a considerable portion of it helps to make tip the tonnage
of the Pacific railroads. A large part of the Pacific railroad portion is included in
the items of commerce between China, Japan and Australia, and the United States,
particularly that part of such commerce as is entered via San Francisco.

In addition to this there is a large traffic between our Atlantic and Pacific sea-
board already established and likely to increase with such strides as is known to
trade and commerce in the Western hemisphere only as soon as an advantageous
waterway is offered for its transportation. It is now limited by the high cost of
railroad transportation or the length of the ocean voyage. The rate for transporta-
tion between New York and San Francisco by rail in carload lots is not less than
$20 per ton on low class freight and much higher on general merchandise. By sail-
ing vessels freights are rarely over $10, and more often $8 or $9. The difference in
time of transit by existing routes is that between one hundred and twenty days for a
voyage around Cape Horn and fifteen to eighteen days for fast freight by rail across
the continent.

From Hong-Kong to New York, around the Cape, is about one hundred and sixty-
five to one hundred and seventy days by sailing vessel ; by steamer across the Pacific
and rail across the continent it is thirty-eight to forty days ; by the canal route
it would be one hundred days by sail and thirty-eight to forty days by steamer.
Under certain conditions commerce pays the difference in cost to save the difference
in time between the quicker and the slower route, for by so doing capital is turned
over and made to. yield its profit more frequently, the risks of unforeseen contingen-
cies are reduced to a minimum, and the accidents which bring disaster to the mer-
chant are, to an equal extent, avoided. High-priced commodities, such as come
to us from Asia and the islands of the Pacific, will bear the additional charge in
consideration of the saving of time, but lumber and other low-priced material can
not. Recently the bark W. W. Crapo brought from Port Townsend, Wash., a cargo of
shingles and spars to Boston, Mass. The Crapo is a 1,650-ton bark, and could be run
at a cost of, say, $75* per day, not including port charges. She occupied one hun-
dred and twenty-eight days in her voyage and sailed 16,200 miles. By the Nicaragua
route the distance from Port Townsend to Boston is about 5,600 miles and the saving
about 10,600 miles, nearly 76 per cent., or, say, more than eighty-three days of her
passage, which would amount to a saving in actual expense of $6,225, without regard
to the advantage to both shipowner and lumber merchant in their economies of time,
insurance, and use of capital, which upon her cargo could not have been less than
$40 per day, or an aggregate of $3,300 more.

*76 per day for costs includes interest upon cost of vessel, insurance, depreciation of value, repairs,
wages, and provisioning.

324 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

Under snoh advantages an the canal wonld offer an enormous coastwise commerce
in coal, provisions, lumber, and the various commodities of commerce, the traffic in
which is largely dependent upon advantageous transportation, would of necessity be
developed, the magnitude of which it is impossible to estimate. The same reasons
wiH operate to divert to the canal a very considerable portion of the trans-continental
traffic from China, Japan, Australia, and the Sandwich islands, which has been
diverted originally from the Cape Horn route, and now constitutes a large part of the
tonnage of the Panama or Pacific railroads. It is in this view of the matter that we
have included in the table of commerce the traffic between these countries and the
port of San Francisco as tributary in a degree to the canal.

There should also be added to the table a proper estimate of the proportion of the
commerce between Great Britain and her East Indian colonies which will seek the
Nicaragua Canal as a return route in perference to the Suez Canal, because of favor-
ing winds and currents, more favorable temperature, and other reasons which the
merchant will be quick to discover.

The first item mentioned, existing traffic between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts
of the continent not otherwise included, has been estimated at figures varying from
265,531 tons in 1887 to 275,000 tons in 1888, distributed as follows :

Tons.
Between Atlantic and Pacific ports of United States, around Cape Horn.. . 145,713

British Columbia with Europe, around Cape Horn 69, 818

To which add similar tonnage by the Isthmus of Panama, estimated at 50,000

Estimate of 1887 265,531

For 1888 the following estimate has been made:

E.p.,8-24-88. By Panama 75,000

Between Atlantic and Pacific ports of United States, around Cape Horn.. . 18o, 000

British Columbia with Canada, around Cape Horn 15, 000

275,000

In this last estimate the trade of British Columbia with Europe is entirely omitted
as apparently of no value ; we may, however, assume that it was nut less in 1888
and 1889 than in 1887, say 70,000 tons, and we may safely accept less than the mean
of the two years, this included, as a just estimate of 'the annual amount, say, in
round numbers, 275,000 tons.

As we have already included in the table of tributary traffic the commerce of Asia
and the Pacific Islands with San Francisco, we make no separate estimate of the pro-
portion of it which ought to be attracted to the canal, but in the distribution of the
total consider it as among the probably tributary business. It is admitted without
question that a considerable portion of this trade is directly with the inhabitants of
the Pacific coast and for local consumption, but a certain proportion of it is trans-
shipped by rail across the continent for consumption or distribution at points not
ports of entry and where it can not be shipped " in bond. ' This portion of the trade
wonld, because of the comparative cheapness of water transportation, be attracted
by the canal, for the difference in time of transit by the canal and that of entry at
the Pacific port, reshipment, and of freight transportation by rail across the conti-
nent would not be sufficient to warrant the additional cost of overland transportation ;
indeed, it would probably consume quite as much if not more time than the
route by the canal. The time from Hong- Kong to New Orleans by steamer through
the canal wonld be less than via San Francisco by steamer and rail from thence to
New Orleans.

The value of the return commerce between Great Britain and her East Indian col-
onies remains to be considered. It is possible that the export trade from Great Brit-
ain to the East Indies will always seek the route by the Suez Canal, but there are
reasons in the favoring winds and currents and more temperate climate to traverse,
which make it exceedingly probable that the return voyage may be made more
speedily and therefore less expensively, and at the same time more comfortably, by
the Nicaragua Canal than by the route used for out-bound trade. It is not impossi-
ble, however, that the northeast trades which carried Columbus so successfully to
Porte Rico may sufficiently favor the out-bound voyage to attract even some por-
tion of that trade, but there is no room to doubt that the canal will exert an attrac-
tion on that which is homeward bound. Moreover, not an inconsiderable part of
the material of this traffic, such as plumbago from Ceylon and straw braid from
China is immediately transshipped from London to New York for consumption in this
country. What part of the export trade will seek the Nicaragua route may be dis-
puted, but of that which now moves to Great Britain from that portion of the world
the canal may with reason expect a lair share. The total of these imports into Great
Britain from her East Indian possessions amounts to nearly $200,000,000 per annum.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

325

To recapitulate. The amount of traffic, thus indicated, which would be attracted
to a greater or less degree, by the Nicaragua Canal to-day, if it were open to busi-
ness, is briefly :

The aggregage of the table $825,110,167

The return trade from India and the Straits Settlements to Great

Britain 195,683,679

Total value 1,020,793,846

Add to this value the trade of Hamburg with Australia, reported in

quantity tons.. 65,300

The Atlantic and Pacific coastwise trade of the United States and British

Columbia and other trade (not included in table) tons.. 275,000

Amount in bulk, not valued do... 340,300

It remains to reduce tho statistics of value to a tonnage basis and to distribute the
whole in snch a manner as shall clearly show the relative importance of the canal to
the parts thus distributed.

, In the estimate of the Statistical Commission of 1879 it was calculated
that 1,000,000 tons of the aggregate of commerce to be regarded as tributary
to the canal consisted of flour, guano, -and other low-priced commodities, which
should be valued at 200 francs, or, say, $40 per ton. The remainder was valued at
375 francs, or $75 per ton, and the result was the estimate, after liberal allowance
made, of 5,250,000 tons already cited.

When the low values of the commodities which constitute the great bulk of
material transported are considered, it may well be questioned whether this valuation
was not too high, and the allowance for low-priced commodities too small. As cor-
roborating this opinion the following approximate values are submitted:

Per ton

Coal is worth, say $3.00

Crude oil is worth, say ..,. ...... 16.00

Refined oil is worth, say 25.00

Sugar is worth, say 44.00

Flour is worth, say 50.00

Wheat is worth, say 35.00

Corn is worth, say 15.00

Guano is worth, say 30.00

Nitrates are worth, say 3.20

Reforen

36.

Tons.

S.F.J.C.,
S. Y. B.,
S. Y. B.,

90
406
405

The wheat and flour fleet from San Francisco carried in 1889, 692,500
tons (over 90 per cent, wheat), mostly to Europe.
Chili exported in 1888 of nitrates (680,000 of which which went to Eu-
rope, 80,000 to the Uuited States).

692,500
760,000
40, 000

S. Y. B.,

405

150, 000

S. Y. B.,

309

Peru exported in the same year :
Of guano

14,000

8. Y. B.,

809

Of nitrates

1, 773, 135

S.Y.B.,

387

And Bolivia exported :
Of nitrates, by way of Arica ; Peru (estimated from report of value) .

124, 000
3, 553, 635

The statistics of Chili, Peru, and Bolivia for 1889 are not yet accessible, but the
business was larger than for 1888.

Of this total over 2,650,000 tons was of nitrates, 1,897,000 tons of which was cubic
nitre, worth only about $3 per ton at place of shipment and valuation. Coal and coal
oils, crude and refined, enter largely into outbound freights, and, being also articles
of low valuation, must materially affect the general average of values. That this
tonnage, as well as its return freight, or rather the outbound freight of which it is the
return, would be almost entirely tributary to the canal, is evident from the fact that

the canal will cut out from the voyage, as between San Francisco, Callao,
Appendix A. Valparaiso, and Liverpool, in the first case, 6,996 miles; in the second,

4,090 miles, and in the third case, 2,144 miles, including the stormy, dan-
gerous, and destructive* passage around Cape Horn. The difference from Valparaiso,
the principal port of Chili, may not be sufficient to counterbalance the charges of the
canal, but from Callao and ports north of it there can be no question as to the advan-
tage to be gained by its use.

* Destructive in its wear and tear upon vessel and rigging.

326

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY

Following the method of the statistical commission, which, so far, is the heat thai
has been suggested, and modifying it only to pay regard to ascertained facts, we may
deduct from the aggregate of the table the following items as not open to estimate,
their value and quantity both being already determined :

Reference.

Tons.

Value.

W^eat and flour from South American ports (page 10)

150,000

$3, 411, 632

Guano (p*^ 10) ................................... . .'

54,000

1, 762, 389

Nitrates (page 10)

2, 657, 135

30, 013, 199

S.F.J.C.,90...

2, 861, 135
692,500

35, 187, 120
21,527,725

Total

8, 653, 635

56, 714, 845

We have remaining a valuation of $768,395,32:2 as the balance of the table on page
6 for which to determine a tonnage equivalent.

For this purpose we have much information that is of importance in relation to
averages of value. The total foreign commerce of the United States for year ending
June 30, 1889, is reported as follows (merchandise only) :

References

Entered and cleared.

Tons.

Imports and exports.

Value.

C. &N., 810

Entered, cargo only...... ..

12, 913, 400

Imports .......... ......

$745, 131, 652

C. <k N.,812

Cleared, cargo only...... ..

14, 263, 430

Exports

742, 401, 375

Total

27, 176, 830

1 487 533 027

Average value, $54.74 per ton.

Complete statistics for Great Britain, France, and Germany are as yet accessible
only for the year 1888. In that year the commerce of Great Britain with other coun-
tries is reported as follows:

References.

Entered and cleared.

Ttf&B.

S.Y. B., 85...

27, 077 000

S.T. B.,85

Cleared

31, 664, 000

Total

58, 741, 000

References.

Imports and exports.

Value.

S.Y.B.,79

Imports......................................................

$386, 582, 026

8.T. B., 79

Exports .....................................................

298, 047, 374

Total

684, 629, 400

Average value, 11 13. 2d. =$58.28.

Of France the commerce is reported as follows (foreign trade by sea):

References.

Entered and cleared.

Tons.

S.T. B.,488

13, 637, 734

8.T. B.,488

, 854, 225

Total

22, 891, 959

References.

Imports and exports.

Value.

8.T. B. 486

Imports.......................................... ............

Franct.
9, 629, 000, 000

8.Y.B. 486

Exports...... ............_..................... ............

2, 955. 000. 000

Total

6, 584, 000, 00

Average value, 288 fraacs =$67.08.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

327

8. . B., 549. Of Germany the only statistics which are in a form available for use
are those of the port of Hamburg, which is the principal port of entry
of the German Empire. Out of a total tonnage of 17,489,235 tons entered and cleared
at the seven principal ports of Germany in the year 1888. Hamburg is credited with
8,846,117 tons, being over 50 per cent, of the whole. For some reason not stated no
return is made of the value of exports, but the value of imports at that port is given
as follows :

S.Y. B., 677. Imports by sea, weight kilos.. 3,884,422,400

Exact equivalent tons.. 3,823,786

Value marks.. 1,114,908,000

Average value, 291 marks =$72.75.

We have, then

Countries.

Tons.

Per ton.

Great Britain .............. . ........................................

58, 741, 000

$58.28

22, 891, 959

57.60

Germany, Hamburg (imports only) .........................................

3, 823, 786

72.75

United States.

27, 176, 830

54.74

Total

112 633,575

Average ....................................................................

5f.77

Statistics of the commerce of the British Colonies in Australia and New Zealand
may be regarded as free from exaggeration of the repeated entries and clearances,
before mentioned, as vitiating returns of tonnage on the Pacific coast. From them we
gather the following data :

Commerce of New Zealand in 1888.

References.

Entered and cleared.

Tons.

S.T.B.,254

456,237

S.Y. B., 254

524,874

Total

981,111

Reference*.

Imports and exports.

Value.

S.Y. B.,252

Imports, exclusive of specie ........ ......................

5, 430, 050

8. Y. B.,252

Exports, exclusive of specie and gold ........................

6,487,897

Total

11, 917, 947

Average value, 12 3*. =$60. 75.

The commerce of Queensland, Australia, in 1888 was :

References.

Entered and cleared.

Tons.

8. T. B., 262...

Entered..................................... .. . .. ...............

478, 517

S. Y. B., 262*.

617, 712

Total

996,229

References.

Imports and exports.

Value,

S. T. B., 261...

Imports................... ..... ......... . ...........

6, 646, 738

S. Y. B., 261

Exports ............................... ..... ........................

6, 126, 362

Total

12, 773, 108

Average value, *12 16. 5d. =$64.10.

328 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

The commerce of Victoria in 1888 was:

References.

Entered and cleared.

Tons.

8 Y. B. 286

Entered ............. ........ ....................................

2, 182, 071

8 Y. B. 286

Cleared

1, 125, 812

Total

3, 807, 883

References.

Imports and exports.

Value.

S. T. B.,284...

23, 972, 134

S. Y. B. 284

Exports .............. ........ ....................................

13, 853, 763

Total

37, 825, 897

Average value, J1 8. 6d. =$57.10.

The commerce of New South Wales in 1888 was:

References.

Entered and cleared.

Tons.

S Y B 237

Entered. ............................. . ....... .......

2, 414, 760

S. Y. B., 237

Cleared

2, 350, 669

Total

4,765 419

References.

Imports and exports.

Value.

8. Y. B., 235

20, 885, 557

8. Y. B., 235

20, 859, 715

Total

41, 745, 272

Average value, 8 15*. 5d. =$43.85.

In the returns of the Australian colonies the tonnage of vessels arriving and clear-
ing in ballast and of specie and bullion exported and imported are not separated
from the general aggregates, and make the average of tonnage valuation obtained
from them less useful than those obtained from the commerce of the four great na-
tions; but the including of specie and bullion in export values overbalances the in-
cluding of vessels entered and cleared in ballast, and the tendency is to make an
increased average value. This is demonstrated by the returns of New Zealand as
compared with those of Victoria and New South Wales. They serve, then, notwith-
standing their defects, to corroborate the other estimates in a general way, although
they are not of specific value in themselves.

The commerce of New Zealand, of which the statistics are properly divided, show-
ing the tonnage of cargoes entered and cleared and the values of imports and exports,
exclusive of specie, bullion, and gold and silver, shows an average value of $60.75
per ton. It embraces in its aggregate all the commodities, in similar proportions,
which go to make up the commerce of other Australian countries, and its average,
therefore, is of direct value.

Deducting from the total tonnage and the total value of the commerce of Europe,
which amounts to 85,456,745 tons, at a valuation of $5,018,674,000, the total tonnage
and value of the nitrates, wheat, etc. say 3,553,635 tons, valued at $56,714,845 which
goes almost entirely to Europe, and which has been deducted similarly from the
table of values, the average value per ton of the remainder is $60.59.

From these data, which approximate each other so closely, we may safely assume
$61 to be a full valuation for determining the equivalent tonnage of the $768,395,322,
remainder of the table of tributary commerce. We have then the following results :

Tons.

Equivalent of $768,395,322, $61 per ton, average value 12, 596, 644

Tonnage of Hamburg with Australia, not appraised in table 65,300

Tonnage of nitrates, etc., South America 2,861,135

Tonnage of wheat and flour, San Francisco 692,500

Tonnage between Atlantic and Pacific coasts, United States of America

and British Columbia, etc 275,000

Total 16,490,579

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

329

To this must be added an estimate of the export tonnage from Asia to Great Britain.
As many commodities of high value, such as teas, silks, and spices, enter more largely
into this trade, in order to convert its value, we may properly advance the tonnage
equivalent. One hundred dollars per ton will be sufficient valuation.

The exports to Great Britain for the year 1888 from the following countries were
as below :

References.

From

Value.

Equivalent
in United
States money.

8. T. B., 139

30, 763, 677

$153,818 335

S Y B 104

2,532 999

12 604 995

STB 158

29 200 349

Total

195 683 679

Equal, at $100 per ton, to ............................................................. tone.. 1,956,837

To which add tonnage already estimated .............................................. do... 16,490,579

Add for increase of coal-oil exports to Japan, China, etc ............... ... ............ do... 237,934

Aggregate tonnage ........... . ........................... ... .......... . ..... . ........ 18,785,350

We have thus 18,785,350 tons as the aggregate of the enormous traffic which exists
to-day, to a greater or less degree, within the zone of attraction of the proposed canal.
We have now to consider in what varying measure and to what extent this traffic will
be attracted.

It will not be questioned that the trade of the Pacific coast, at least from Callao
north, with the United States and with Europe will seek the canal as its most ad-
vantageous route, provided charges for its use are not prohibitory. The difference
in distance between Callao and Liverpool or Plymouth by ordinary sailing route and
A endix A **y *^ e ^ ne ^ * no Nicaragua Canal is 4,090 nautical miles. Allowing 110
miles per day as the average capacity of a sailing vessel of 2,OOU tons reg-
ister, and double that, or 220 miles per day, for a freight steamer of like capacity, this
saving of distance is equivalent to a saving of thirty-seven days' time for a sailing
vessel, or eighteen and a half days for a steamer.

As the increased capacity and speed of the steamship is proportionately counter-
balanced by increased original cost and increased expense of operation, perhaps a
full illustration of one class of vessel will be sufficient to warrant an arbitrary state-
ment of premises concerning both.

A sailing vessel of 2,000 tons register will cost for construction, equipment, etc.,
about $60 per ton, say $1*0,000.

Twenty-four per cent, per annum is the usual allowance of cost for the following
items :

Pr cent.
For interest on cost ....... . ................ . ..... .. ..... . ............. .. ___ . 6

Insurance ...................... . ..... . .............. .. ..................... 8

Annual depreciation, etc ............. . ...................................... 10

Charge for these items, instead of 24 per cent., say 20 per cent = $24,000 per annum,
or $66.40 per day.

For wages and subsistence the cost will be about $1,000 per month, or, say $33.33
per day. Total, say $100 per day.

But such a vessel on a long voyage will lie from thirty to sixty days in port load-
ing and discharging cargo, and this time is equally chargeable to the voyage. Allow-
ing, then, one hundred and twenty days as sailing time between New York or Liver-
pool and San Francisco by way of Cape Horn, and forty days in port (less than the
average) we have one hundred and sixty days for the voyage at a cost of $100 per
day ............................................................ * .......... $16,000

Add part charges, say ..................................................... 4,000

Total cost, say ...................................................... 20,000

Freights pay from $7 to $10 per ton, according to market ; assuming $8 as a low
rate, a 2,000 ton vessel will earn on her cargo of about 3,000 tons,

,000

Say

$24,

Deduct expenses .......................................................... 20,000

Profit, at low estimate, per voyage ............ ............ .......... 4,000

330 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

The following is an estimate of the saving which would be made by the use of the
canal between the ports of San Francisco and Liverpool :

Milee.

Distance from Liverpool to San Fr.inci.sco, by Capo Horn 14, 690

Appendix A. Distance from Liverpool to San Francisco, by Nicaragua route.. 7,694

Distance saved 6,996

Equal to, at 110 miles per day, more than sixty-three days; that is to say, sixty-
three one-hundred- aud-sixtieths of the expenses of the voyage may be saved, or
abont $6, 300, to which must be added an equal proportion of the profits of the voyage
because of the increased voyaging capacity through lessened distance, say $1,580,
showing $7,880 as the immediate advantage to the shipowner alone of the use of the
canal between San Francisco and Liverpool ; at higher freight rates the advantage
wonld be proportionately increased but there are other advantages which can not
be so easily computed, yet which will be of great weight in turning the current of
trade into this new channel. The increased safety of the voyage and reduced rates
of insurance to botli shipowner and merchant, and with the merchant, the ability to
turn his capital so much more frequently, are arguments of the weightiest import-
ance, which can not be measured by dollars and cents in anticipation, except theo-
retically, yet added to the facts before stated which are ascertain able, they serve to
multiply the evident advantages of the canal route.

There can "be no question as to the advantage of the canal to Northern ports ; there
may be some as to how far south it may be considered preferable to the route around
Cape Horn. We do not doubt but that its influence will be felt much farther than
is demonstrable, but it is better not to claim too much, for that which can clearly be
claimed is abundantly sufficient to satisfy the most exacting inquirer.
We ask attention to the following facts concerning the nitrate trade :

Cubic nitre is worth at place of production, say from $>:J to $3.23 per ton,
a v u ana a low-priced commodity, and fi eights by sailing vessels are about 32.
* 6d. to 40s. , say $8 to $10. In 1888, Peru shipped to Great Britain 1,773,135
tons from the different ports along the coast from Callao to Iquique.

Miloa.

The distance from Callao to Liverpool, by Cape Horn, is 10,539

Appendix A, By Nicaragua Canal route it is 6,449

Distance saved.... 4,099

Days.

Time eared at 110 miles per day, thirty-seven days out of a voyage of, sail-
ing days 96

In port 40

136

Estimating expenses as before, at $100 per day

They amount to .. $13,600

Port charges, say '.. , 4,000

Total 17,600

Freight, three thousand tons, at$d 24,000

Profits of voyage 6,400

We have the following aa the advantage by use of the canal route :

37-136 of expenses saved $3,700

37-136 of profits to be added 1,800

Gain 5,500

Allowing a charge of $2.50 per registered ton as the canal toll, it would pay the
shipowner at least $500 to use the canal coming from a port as far south as Callao.
To vessels from ports within that limit, and to vessels of less tonnage, the ratio of
advantage would be proportionately greater. The advantage to the shipper may be
computed as follows: Allowing such a ship's cargo (2,000 tons register) to be worth
$150,000, that is to say, at the rate of $50 per ton for the cargo carried, which is
much below the average, the saving in interest, at 6 per cent per annum, and
insurance at 4 per cent per annum, for the thirty-seven days, would be over
$1,500, to be added to the $500 advantage to the shipowner. On a cargo valued only
at $50,000, which would necessarily be made up very largely of nirate at a low val-
uation, the saving would be $500 to the shipper, the advantage to the shipowner
being the same in either case.

In view of these facts, we may regard the trade of Peru and of e the Pacific coast
of the American continent north from Callao as entirely tributary to the canal.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 331

South of Callao it will become gradually less so until canal tariffs overbalance its
benefits, but exactly at what point the division will take place only experience can
determine.

It does not seem that further illustrations are necessary; the same methods may
be applied to any and every case in which it may be desired to test the advantages
of the canal; but investigation shows that where the saving in distance approaches
2,800 miles for a 2,000-tou vessel with a cargo worth $150,000 or over, there will be
an advantage to the shipowner and the shipper conjointly, in the use of the canal at
a toll of $2.50 per registered ton. To decrease the rate would extend its influence
still farther and increase the tributary tonnage in more than a proportionate rate,
for the added zone of attraction would be on the outside of an already widely ex-
tended circle, stretching out into rich and densely populated territory in Asia,
Even at $2.50 per ton it is not impossible that the difficulties of the passage around
Cape Horn and advantages of insurance, etc., may bring the trade of Valparaiso
as well as of Callao within the zone of strong attraction ; we have, however, preferred
to treat it, so far as Europe is concerned, as belonging to a class likely to contribute
to the canal not more than one-fourth of its volume.

If it be asked : How shall the shipper and the merchant avail himself, each of his
representative share, of the advantage to accrue f The answer is : As they have
done in the past.

A quarter of a century ago the merchant bought his teas in Hong-Kong or else-
where, insured and shipped them home; each transaction was the subject of a sepa-
rate negotiation. To-day he buys them at what is known in New York as a C. F. and
I. price, that is to say, Cost, Freight, and Insurance included. The shipper profits
by any reduction in insurance or freight which he may be able to obtain, and adjusts
his price with reference to it and to promptness of delivery. On the other hand, the
buyer suffers no risk of change in freight rates nor any of the embarrasments and
costs of rehandling at any intermediate point. This new method of purchase and
sale has grown up entirely in connection with the requirements of transcontinental
traffic. In like manner trade will provide a satisfactory method to profit by any
advantage properly belonging to herself in connection with the canal, probably by
a C. T. and I. price, that is to say, Cost, Tolls, and Insurance included; or, if not in
that way, then by some more suitable method.

It will aid in arriving at a proper distribution of the traffic if we divide it into
three classes, considering the facts just illustrated.
First class : That which will be entirely tributary to the canal ;
Second class: That which will be largely tributary; and,

Third class : That which will be so partially and perhaps only in a small degree.
In making the distribution we make use of data already given.
In the first class, that of entirely tributary commerce, we place the following:

Tons.
Trade between Atlantic and Pacific ports, United States, etc., not included

in table of values; estimated at 275,000

Trade of Pacific ports with Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium,
Cuba, and Brazil, tabulated at $42,252,304. (In this total is included
the value of the wheat export from San Francisco.) It should there-
fore be divided as follows :

$21,527,725 wheat and flour, reported at 692, 500

$20,724,579, estimated at $61 per ton 339,747

Trade of Atlantic ports of the United States with Hong-Kong, China,
Japan, British Australasia, Philippine Islands, Hawaii, Peru, Ecuador,
and Chili, amounting to $54,003,533. This also may be divided as fol-
lows:

$6,456,448 for coal oil (C&N..292) 322,626

$47,547,085, estimated at $61 per ton 779,460

(The division is made for the purpose of adding the increase of coal-oil
shipments for the years 1889-'90, which were over 50 per cent greater
than those of 1888-'89, as shown by British consular reports of receipts
in China, Japan, and British East Indies.)

Add, therefore, for' existing coal oil traffic, 1889-'90, 50 per cent of

322,626 tons 161,313

Coal oil to British, French, and Dutch East Indies from Atlantic

ports for 18S8-M9 (see Second Class C. & N., 292) 343,242

Add 50 per cent increase 1889-^90 176,621

519,863

(United States Government reports give the export of coal oil, crude
and refined, to the countries named for 1888-'89 at 665,868 tons. Messrs.
Frazar & Co., of Yokohama, show an increase of shipments received
in China, Japan, and British East ladies during 1889-'90 of 294,937 tons,
r Tr 61 per oeiit increase.)

332 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

Tone.

Trade of Great Britain with Ecuador, Pern, and Bolivia, amounting to
$19,003,610. This must also be divided aa follows :

$5,225,170 foi nitrates and guano . 1,911,433

$13,778,390, estimated at $61 per ton 225,884

Trade of Belgium with Peru, $6,440,905, at $61 per ton 105,589

Total first class, entirely tributary, tons 5,333,415

SKCOND CLASS largely tributary.

General business between British, French, and Dutch East Indies and New
York, $30,127,664.

Of i li is total a part has already been considered as belonging to Class 1,
viz, the exports of coal oil from Atlantic ports ot the United States;
there is, therefore, to be deducted $6,27;">,800 for its value, leaving
$23,841,864 which, at $61 per ton, is equal to 390,850 tons, of which we
may assume one-half as tributary 195,425

The trade of Central America with the United States will also take place
in this class. In 1889 it amounted to $5,170,980, at $61, equal to 84,770
tous, but as much of it is coastwise with San Francisco, and considerable
of it fruit from the Caribbean coast to New Orleans and New York,
we may take one-quarter only as tributary say 21,192

The trade of Great Britain with Houg-Kong, China, Japan, the Australian
colonies, New Zealand, Tasmania, Philippine Islands, Chili, and Central
America will be attracted in proportion to distances. It amounts to
$457,059,30a This should be divided as follows :

Ton*.
Exports of nitrates, guano and wheat,

value $29,962,470 = 950,000

Remainder 427, 096, 838, at $61 = 7, 00 1,588

7,951,588

Take one-quarter 1,987,899

Trade of France with New Caledonia, Japan, and Chili, amounts to

$27,184,683, at $61 equal to 445,650 tons; take one-quarter 111,412

Tom.
Trade of Germany with Australia, Japan, and Chili, amounts to

$29,106,392, at $61 equal to 477, 154

Add Hamburg with Australia 65,300

542,454

Take one-quarter 135,614

China with Germany, France, and Europe, $10,233,315, at $61 equal to
300,000 tons; take one-quarter 75,000

Total second claw 2,526,542

THIRD CLASS partially tributary.

In this class we may include

Trade of Spain with Philippine Islands $4,123,000

Trade of Netherlands with Dutch East Indies 66,080,000

Trade of Great Britain with Java 22,358,760

Trade of San Francisco with China, Japan, etc 43, 915, 593

Total 136,477,853

Tons.

At $61 equal to 2,237,333

To which add for British imports from India, Ceylon, and Straits settle-
ments, as estimated 1,956,837

Total 4,194,170

Of which take one-sixteenth j total third class. ...... 262, 136

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 333

SUMMARY.

Tons.

First class, entirely tributary 5,332,415

Second class, from tonnage largely tributary 2,526,542

Third class, frdm tonnage partially tributary 262, 136

Total 8,122,093

This is an approximate estimate of the tonnage existing in 1889 and to-day, which
the canal might expect to control if it were open to traffic.

M. Levasseur and his associates in 1879 estimated that the tributary tonnage which
might be anticipated for 1889 was 7,250,000. Facts more than confirm their expec-
tations, and demonstrate the propriety of their method.

A study of the Table of Distances appended,* and a consideration of the in-
fluences operating, will show the principle upon which the division into classes has
been made. In taking the fraction of the respective aggregates which the second
and third classes may be expected to contribute, we have claimed less, rather than
more, than a, reasonable expectation wonld allow. It is with regard, to the third
class only that any explanation seems necessary as to the reasons which have sug-
gested the claiming a portion of it as tributary. A majority of the trade in this
class originates beyond the recognized dividing line of 110 degrees east from Green-
wich, especially the trade of India, and can not be expected to pay any large tribute to
the canal, except, perhaps, of at a rate as low as that of the Suez Canal, whereas we
have assumed $2.50 as the probable toll. The tolls of the Suez Canal, all charges in-
cluded, amount at present to about $1.96 (9.80 francs) per registered ton. The trade of
the Philippine Islands with Spain is not open to the same objection, but, on the other
hand, her Mediterranean ports are nearer than the Atlantic ports of that country or of
Europe. We have referred to the prevailing winds and ocean currents, and the more
favorable temperature of a passage by the Nicaragua Canal rather than by the Red
Sea and Suez. These are reasons of some importance in controlling direction. In
addition to these reasons much of the business considered is carried in sailing
vessels which do not go by the Red Sea route at all; they have to double one or the
other of the capes. To them the Nicaragua Canal and prevalent winds and currents
will afford advantages which to a steamer might not be of so great importance.
Moreover, there is a large traffic which now goes from this region, first to England or
other parts of Europe and comes to us from thence, which, when the canal is open,
must and willcome direct. Large quantities of plumbago used in the foundries through-
out our country is carried from Ceylon, where it is mined, to England, and then sent
here to supply our needs; thousands of tons of straw braids from China, and other
commodities from other parts follow the same route. These are the sufficient reasons
tor assuming to claim a portion, and we have claimed only a very small portion, of
the enormous trade of these remote points.

Thus far we have considered the question with reference only to what exists to-day,
and our conclusions are based upon statistics for the years 18r!8 and 1889. Allowing
that the canal will be ready for traffic in the year 1897, and admitting our estimates
to include all increase realized in 1B89 by the countries whose statistics are'given
oniy for 1888, we have eight years growth of commerce to make allowance for in
estimating the amount of business which at the opening of the canal will be ready
for transit.

For the ten years, of which 1888 was the last, the commerce of the four great com-
mercial nations shows the following increase:

Countries.

1879.

1888.

Great Britain ...................... ........

$2 977 204 200

$3 336 087 84i

1,917 180 874

1 830 682 200

1,841 726 925

2 306 258 318

United States

1,278 762 621

1 417 172 421

Total

8,014 880 620

8 890 200 783

Increase, $875,320,163, or about 10.9 per cent. ; prices of staple commodities have
changed but little during the time, except that wheat is about 10 cents per bushel
lower, but they have radier declined than advanced. The tonnage equivalent
wonld therefore not be materially changed. We may then estimate the advance for
the years 1888 to 1897, both years included, say nine years, at 10 per cent. But this

334 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPAJTf.

is onlv normal growth, and for reasons worthy of consideration, we have the right to
expect more than a normal growth of the commerce to which the Nicaragua Canal
will afford a means of transit.

With the opening of the canal not only will a new route be provided, bat new
fields will be opened for commerce as well as mote advantageously provided for.

The products of our Alaskan possessions, as well as of Washington and Oregon,
mostly low-priced commodities furnishing a large bulk of tonnage, will be brought at
less cost to eastern markets, the markets of the western coast of South America will
be opened to the low-priced coals of oar Southwestern States, and the coasting trade
now carried on with the West Indies to the extent of over 500,000 tons per annum
will be multiplied beyond calculation. If a traffic of 500,000 tons has been developed
within the limits of the Caribbean Sea. what may be expected when the markets of
the Pacific coast of Colombia, Mexico and Central America, of the States of Ecuador,
Pern, Bolivia, Chili, and of Southern California are opened to easy access for our
coasting vessels f

In our existing lake and coastwise trade, steel barges carrying from 1,500 to 3,000
tons freight, transported by powerful tugs, are taken at low cost to market points,
and there left to discharge and reload for a return voyage, while their motive power
returns withont delay with freights, iu similar barges, made ready for departure
before its arrival. Thus movement of freight is accelerated, invested capital is made
to yield its largest returns, shippers profit, by the possibility of lower rates, and con-
sumers by the possibility of lower prices. Under such methods the traffic of the
Sanlt Ste. Marie Canal has developed from I,*n2.fi7l tons in 1881 to the enormous
aggregate of 7, '.21.935 tons in 1889, and is exceeding the ratio of that year for 1890.
And this traffic has grown up in connection with the internal trade only of a portion
of our Northwestern States with the East. Like results will follow similar methods,
which are equally possible in the waters opened by the Nicaragua Canal, and Ameri-
can enterprise will not be slow to avail itself of the unprecedented opportunity.
What people ever have had such an opportunity put before them f To-day England is
practically as near the markets of western South America as we; to-morrow we shall
be 7,000 miles nearer than she is to-day in a distance of 10,600 miles by existing routes.
We shall still have the advantage over her of the Atlantic's width whon the canal is
opened, nearer by so many miles to a market for our cotton goods and manufactures
of every kino, with machinery, agric.ulnir.il implements, furniture, woolen goods,
carpets, and coal to sell, and the needs of 75,000,000 of people at home to furnish a
reciprocal mat iet for the products which they have to offer us. But this is not all,
perhaps only tne smaller portion of the whole. We have only briefly mentioned the
products of our own possessions north of California, the forests ami fisheries ot Ore-
gon, Washington, and Alaska, and the products of British Columbia.

The salmon pack of British Columbia, Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and California
amounted in 1888 to 1,083,800 cases, about 34,200 tons, valued at $9,064,000, exceed-
ing in quantity the pack of 1888 by 5*47,000 cases; 680,000 cases of the product was
from Alaska, and 422,000 from British Columbia. This is a growing industry. The
pack amounted in 1880 to only 679,490 cases; in ten years it has increased nearly 250
per cent. ; by 1897 at the same ratio of increase it will amount to nearly 3,500,000
cases: Hop growing as an industry was commenced in Oregon and Washington in
1865. Last year the product was 70,000 bales, regularly quoted and competing with
other goods in the New York market. The fur-seal and whale fisheries are also
growing and important industries.

The cultivation of India rubber in Central America and on the western coast of
California is already attracting attention. The increasing demand for the gum and
the destruction of trees in their natural state by the reckless huleros or native gum
gatherers, makes attention to an artificial supply for future demands of manufacture
imperative. Already large manufacturing corporations in this country are making
plantations to meet it. The huleros are so careless that not only are they destructive
of the tree* but much of the gum brought by them to market is in bad condition and
commands only 26 cents per pound, whereas when properly collected it is worth as
much as 80 cents for the best quality. The tree grows naturally in Central America
and Mexico. The western coast of the last-named country, between the oceau and
1,800 to 2,000 fet of elevation above the level of the sea, seems particularly favorable
to its best development. A plantation is made with shoots gathered in the forests,
and with proper care will be in condition to yield a crop in six or seven years; a tree
in good condition yields 10 to 12 pounds per annum, and, if not maltreated, continues
to yield year after year, apparently withont limit. Its yield is worth, according to
quality which depends chiefly upon its treatment from 50 cents to 80 cents per
pound. This, too, is an industry which will pay tribute to the canal.

But in the forests of the northwestern Pacific coast there is material which needs
only the facilities of the canal for its transportation to a favorable market to yield a
tonnage which alone will probably exceed that of all other industries combined.
Th* wonderful growth of the lumber trade of that section under present limitations

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 335

of transportation Is an indication of the magnitude to which it will grow with the
opening of new and more extended markets by the shortening of distances to them
on lines within the still waters of the temperate and torrid zones, instead of by the
routes now existing through the tempestuous seas of the storm zone.

In 1886 the shipment of lumber from Oregon amounted to 6,000,000
E. P., 3, 24, 88. feet> equa i to 12,500 tons; in 1887, to 48,0<iO,000 feet, equal to 100,000
tons. In 1888 the amount cut amounted to 706,985,000 feet, and the shipments abroad
to 471,325,000 feet, equal to 981,925 tons, or nearly 1,000,000 tons.

Concerningthe lumbertrade with eastern markets, the Post-Intelligencer, of Seattle,
Tf ash., publishes the following under the dates indicated:

July 11. The Sound sawmills (Puget Sound) have lately been filling special eastern
and southern orders for extra length stuff. Quite a large number of huge spars have
been lately shipped from Sound ports to the east, where there is ever an active market
sale for that material.

July 14. The Pnget Sound cedar shingles were first endered in the eastern
markets five years ago. The demand for them has ever since steadily increased, and
now shingle mills all over the Sound are shipping their product east as far as Ohio
(t. <?., at railroad rates).

The forests of Maine no longer yield the timber needed for masts and spars of
large vessels. In the forests of Oregon trees grow to 12 feet in diameter and 300 feet
in height. The average length of sticks to Boston from Puget Sound by the bark
Crapo, in the cargo, the arrival of which has been already mentioned, was 126 feet,
and their average diameter 39 inches. Sixty of the sticks were bought by a ship-
builder of Bath, Me., and were made into a raft and towed around to his yard. This
fact shows how depleted the Maine forests are of spar timber. Cuba has attempted
the importation of lumber for building purposes around Cape Horn, but found the
experiment too costly 10 be continued. In our Southern States their own hard pine,
though less desirable, is taking the place of soft pine because of advancing prices.
All these demands will he met and supplied from the Oregon and Washington lumber
fields with the opening of the canal. Any estimate of what the demand and supply
would aggregate is mere conjecture, but considering as a whole the coastwise trade,
including mahogany, rosewood, ironwood, and teak of Southern Pacific coasts, the
growing trade of Central America in coffee, cocoa, India rubber, mahogany, and
other hard woods, the furs of Alaska, and the seal fisheries, whale oil, wheat, canned
salmon, and other products of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon, spar
timber and other lumber from the forests, and our outbound trade in coal, textile
fabrics, agricultural implements, machinery, iron goods, etc., 1,000,000 tons per
annum will seem a very small estimate to put upon it.

Aggregating the various items thus estimated we have the following:

SUMMARY

Of trade which will be subsidiary to the canal at its opening:

Tons.

Traffic existing in 1889, as estimated 8, 122, 093

Natural growth of same by 1897 (10 per cent.) 812,209

New business developed by opening of the canal..... 1,000,000

Aggregate 9,934,302

Which may be considered as traffic properly belonging to the canal, and to be drawn
by it from the total of the commerce within the zone of its attraction in 1897.

Tons.
The aggregate of tonnage within this zone of attraction in 1889 amounted

to 18,785,350

Deduct subsidiary traffic existing in 1889 8,122,093

And there remains 10,663,257

To which must be added 10 per cent for growth in 1897 1,066,326

And we have as a remainder 11,729,583

From which the canal, after its opening, may further add to its traffic in such
degree as its tolls and the practical development of other controlling iutlaencos may
determine.

336

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

APPENDIX A.

Table *hfring distances in miles between commercial ports of the world and distances saved

by the Nicaragua Canal.

From

Via Cape
Horn.

Via Cape
of Good
Hope.

Via Ntc-

ar.i^iiii
Canal.

Distance
saved.

New York to

Mile*.
14.840
17 921

Milet.

MiU

4,
8,
6,
3,
3,
11,
9,
10,
8,
6

t.
Ml

20
MM
123
189
88
68
(i

198

H7
108

M.'.l

148

m
m

r48

.19

90
MS
188
18

5-7

-80

3:10

,15

MUei.
9,894
9,895
9,896
9,949
9,949
4,163
6,827
3,290
3,870
7, ML'
6, 9.-8
8,418
5.062

11,005
10, 874
10.874
9,343
7,913
5,075

6,998
7,051
7,051
392
1,051
1,265
3, 929
5,431
4,090
2,144
4,944
431
1,314

7,051
7,051
6,900
5,605

Sitka

16, 105

13,631
18,180
17,679
13. 502
12,550
14,230
10 I'R'J

15,201

16, 190
13,290
14,125

Callao

3,
4,

4,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,

7,
5,
6,'
12,
11,
13,
12,
5,
6,
7,
9,
13,
13.

6
6,
5,
5,

11,471
9,750

15 052

New Orleans to

13,283

13,843
11 683

10,901

9,962

Liverpool to

14,690
12,921
13, 481
13, 352
12, 400
18,030
17,529
11,321

13,140
13, 975
15, 051
16,040

Gn a vaquil ...............................................

Callao

10,539

9 600

14, 080
16,900
17, 750

13, 931
13, 371
11,430

13, 951
15, 201

Hamburg to
Mazatlan

Acapulco ........................ ........................

Punta Areu;is, Costa Rica ...............................

11,120

To eastern
TV entrance of >-,
Nicaragua From
Canal.

To western
entrance of
Nicaragua
Canal.

Mile*.
New York 2 021 New Orleans ......................

Milet.
1,308
2,770
2,518
1,531
3,219
3,428

Havre .... 4J874 I Portland . .. ................

Cadi* 4220 I Victoria

NOTE. The distances have been measured by customary routes most convenient for sailing ships
and slow freight steamers.

APPENDIX B.

AUTHORITIES AND ABBREVIATIONS.

c. &

N. Annual Report on Foreign Commerce and Navigation for year ending
June 30, 1889. Treasury Department. U. 8. A., Government Printing
Office, 1890.
8. T. B. The Statesman's Year Book of Facts for 1890, MacMillan & Co., London

and New York, 1890.

Lev. Rapport de M. Leyassenr sur le Commerce et le Tonnage relatifs an.
Canal Interoce'aniqne, hi en Stance Gen6rale dn Congres Internation-
ale, 1879.

E. P. Evening Post, March 24, 1888, Article on the Nicaragua Canal; figures
3, 24, '88. from U. 8. Bureau of Statistics, year ending June 30.
8. F. J. C. San Francisco Journal of Commerce. Annual Review, February 6,
>90. 1890.

NICARAGUA CAWAL COMPANY. 337

HEARING BEFORE A SUBCOMMITTEE OP THE COMMITTEE ON
FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE, THURS-
DAY, MAY 22, 1890, IN RELATION TO THE NICARAGUA CANAL
COMPANY.

The subcommittee met at 1 o'clock p. m. Present: Senator Ed-
munds (chairman). Senator Dolph, and Senator Payne.
Senator Edmunds read the following resolution:

IN EXECUTIVE SESSION, SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES,

April 11, 1890.

Resolved, That the Committee on Foreign Relations be, and it hereby is, directed
to inquire into what steps have been taken under the act of Congress entitled "An act
to incorporate the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua," approved 20th February,
1889, and what are the present condition and prospects of the enterprise ; and to con-
sider and report what, in its opinion, the interests of the United States may require
in respect of that interoceanic communication.
Attest: ANSON O. McCooK,

Secretary.

STATEMENT OF EON. WARNER MILLER.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. What, Mr. Miller, is your present relation to the company that
I assume was organized under the act of Congress to incorporate the
Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua, approved February 20, 1889 ?
A. I am the president of what is known as the Nicaragua Canal Con-
struction Company.

Q. What sort of company is that, and under what law organized I
A. That company is organized under the laws of Colorado a general
law of the State.

Q. Have you a copy of the articles of your association here present t
A. I have not.

Q. Who is the president of the Maritime Canal Company of Nica-
ragua ? A. Mr. Hiram Hitchcock.

Q. What are the relations between your construction company and
the canal company organized under this act of Congress? A. The
canal construction company, of which I am president, has contracted
with the Maritime Canal Company to build the canal.

Q. Well, was a company organized under, this act of Congress? I
thought until this moment you were president of that company. A.
The Maritime Canal Company was regularly organized under that act
and exists to-day, having its offices and board of managers, and has
fully complied with the law.

Q. And Mr. Hitchcock is the president of that company t A. He is
the president of that company.

Q. Do you know who make up the whole body of directors of the
company organized under the act of Congress? A. Mr. Hiram Hitch-

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 22

338 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

cock, Mr. Hotchkiss, Mr. Stont, Admiral Ammen, Mr. Goodwin, Mr.
Fairbanks, the Nicaragua!) minister and others.

Seuator PAYNE. Suppose you furnish a list with fall names and resi-
dences.

Mr. MILLER. I will do so with pleasure.

By Senator EDMUNDS:

Q. You, then, Mr. Miller, as the president of the Construction Com-
pany, have undertaken to do the work, so far as it is yet provided for,
of the company organized under this act of Congress ? A. Yes.

Q. Now, will you please tell us how much money, so far as yon know,
has been actually raised that can be drawn upon, and how far you
have expended it, and what has been done on the Isthmus down there,
in detail not minute detail, of course but so that we can see just how
far you have got on and what yon are doing. State it in your own
way. A. Before the granting of this charter by Congress an associa-
tion of gentlemen existed, the Nicaragua Canal Association, who sub-
scribed money which was used for making the preliminary surveys, and
for all the work pending the securing the concession from the Govern-
ment of Nicaragua. That association raised and expended between
a quarter and half a million dollars I have not the exact figures, but
prooably in round numbers not far from $300,000 in makiug surveys
in order to settle to their own satisfaction as to whether a canal could
be built and the work that was necessary to secure a concession. Af-
ter that was completed, the Construction Company was organized, and
they raised the money which has been expended upon the canal dur-
ing the first year. That stock was all properly subscribed for and had
been paid in by installments, until now there remains two installments
of 10 per cent, to be paid in upon that. Out of that money the work
has been carried on during the past year.

(Memorandum. Mr. Miller here produced a pamphlet entitled " Mari-
time Ship Canal, Nicaragua, 1890," with inclosed maps and delineations,
and referred to map marked A, representing, on a small scale, both
oceans and Lake Nicaragua, Greytown, Brito, and the river.)

^tr. MILLER. I will make a general description of what we have done
and ask Mr. Menocal to give yon a more detailed account of the engi-
neering work that has been done and is in progress. A year ago the
first expedition of the new company was sent out to Greytown, and
that expedition established our headquarters at a point where the Nica-
ragnan Government decided the entrance of the canal should be, pro-
ceeded to erect warehouses, barracks, headquarters for the officers and
the engineering corps, and also a hospital. From this site we sent out
six engineering parties, consisting of six engineers and twenty men each,
who have been constantly engaged in the location of the canal and
making the surveys, so much in detail as to enable the company to lay
before contractors completed details of the work.

Q. That, then, is the actual work of location ? A. Yes. Aside from
the engineering work the first work undertaken with the canal proper
has been that of opening the harbor at Greytown. The harbor at Grey-
town has been closed for twenty-five years by a bar being formed across
the mouth of it. All communication had to be had by ships lying out-
side and going in in small boats and lighters.

Q. Is that harbor within the area of the mouth of the river T A. The
harbor that we are to occupy

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 339

Q. No, I mean the old harbor. Where is Grey town with reference to
the mouth of the river that flows out of Lake Nicaragua ?

Mr. MENOCAL. It is at the mouth of one of the outlets of the San
Juan Eiver.

Mr. MILLEB. The harbor which the company has taken as its harbor
and which it has undertaken to improve is the old harbor as it existed
twenty-five or thirty years ago, which consists now of an inclosed
basin, being entirely shut off from the sea by a bar which has formed
across the mouth of it. That harbor is of sufficient capacity for all the
vessels that can ever go through the canal for a large fleet. It has
from 14 to 20 feet of water now.

Q. Is that harbor at or near what was formerly one of the northern
outlets or at present of the river ? A. Yes ; it was the northern outlet
and the most important outlet thirty years ago, but that was closed by
a bar and the river has broken through to the southeast. The first
work done in connection with that was to build a pier or breakwater
from the harbor out to a line of 30 feet of water at sea.

Q. Crossing that bar ? A. Crossing that bar, and for the purpose of
dredging out a channel alongside the pier when it was constructed.

Q. How far out is that pier?

Mr. MENOCAL. The breakwater will have to be about 2,500 feet long.

Q. Well, how far out from the main-land is this bar ? A. This bar
extends 2,000 feet from the main-land.

By Senator DOLPH:

Q. Do you expect to get any greater depth of water in the harbor
after opening a channel through the bar? A. The harbor is to be
dredged out to 30 feet, the same as the bar. The first work was to
build a pier or breakwater.

By Mr. EDMUNDS :

Q. Wait a minute ; I want to find out the hydrography and topogra-
phy of it inside of this bar, which I will assume to be 2,000 or 3,000 feet
out on the shore line. How deep is the water ? A. As I just stated, it
varies from 14 to 20 feet.

Q. And on the bar there is only 6 or 8 feet, I suppose ?

Mr. MENOCAL. Yes, and even less than that, because this river had
broken out at another place and what used to be the outlet is now
entirely cut off from the sea.

Q. And the great volume of the water goes to the southeast?
A. Yes.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. What is the rise and fall of the tide? A. Only 18 inches.

Q. Is there any considerable swell ? A. Yes.

Q. How does it compare with the coast of California ? A. Very much
less. The swell there on the bar is very seldom 4 or 5 feet, and gener
ally very much less.

By Senator EDMUNDS:

Q. Proceed, Mr. Miller, with your general statement of the substance
of things you have done and are doing. A. The company began build-
ing this pier or breakwater, which is to extend to the bar and out to
deep water, or 30 feet of water at sea. That pier has been extended
out about 700 feet. It is constructed first of creosoted piles, which will
resist the attacks of the terredo, 40 feet wide, and the piles are driven
into the sand at great depth, so as to make it very secure. Then it is

340 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY

filled in with loose rock in order to make it absolutelj secure, and thus
far the work has gone on most satisfactorily.

Q. Are there any cross-timbers between the piles'? A. It is all
heavily trained together.

Q. Makes a crib in fact, though it is not sunk and piled with pile on
the outside 1 A. Piled with piles and then to be filled with large rocks
eventually. An immense breakwater will eventually cover this entire
piling and make it perfectly secure.

Q. So that this crib- work, we might call it, will be protected finally
with a riprap t A. A riprap covering the whole of it. This break-
water is constructed at such an angle as to anticipate the shifting of
the sands along the beach, and the channel is to be dredged on what
we call the lee side of the breakwater. The first work alter the build-
ing of this breakwater has now got out to a depth of 12 feet at sea; so
we propose to commence now the dredging of the channel through the
bar in order that vessels of light draught, like schooners and sailing ves-
sels which we want there with material, may be able to come in and
save lighterage. Once inside the bar they are in a perfectly inclosed
basin or harbor, with 18 feet of water, entirely sufficient for ordinary
vessels.

The contract for dredging this bar and harbor to a depth of 20 feet
has already been let, and the first dredges are now on the way to Grey-
town, having sailed from this country a few days ago. Two other dredges
are being built, and will go forward in the course of a few weeks. The
first cut across the bar is at a depth of 12 feet of water. That, under
contract, is to be completed in one hundred and twenty-five days. Then
the second cut is to be 20 feet, and that is to be completed in one hun-
dred and twenty-five days more. When the first cut is made we can
get in with schooners and vessels such as we are sending down, and
when the second cut is made we shall be able to go in in good sized
steamers. The company thought it wise to do this work first, because
one of the important engineering questions was whether a safe harbor
could be made at this point. Without trespassing upon Mr. MenocaPs
statement of engineering work, I will say that this harbor when open
will be substantially an inclosed harbor in which the river San Juan
will be shut off, having its mouth where it is now, further south and
east, so that whatever debris will come down will never be deposited in
this harbor, so that when it is once dredged out there is no reason why
it will not remain perpetually, because it is entirely an artificial harbor
and entirely inclosed.

Q. If I understand you, once the breakwater being built and the cut
through the bar into the deeper water inside being made, this very bar
itself forms against storms a shelter for vessels, as breaking the seas
down! A. Yes.

Q. So that nature has built this harbor for you, providing you once
cut your way into it f A. Yes, it is a breakwater now.

Q. Now, about what is the size of that inclosed area, that being thus
formed will allow vessels to come in where without any dredging you
could get, say, 20 feet of water how broad a space t

Mr. MENOOAI,. It is about 2 miles wide by 1 mile as to the size of the
the lagoon or basin we are going to convert into a harbor.

Mr. MILLER. It will be a perfect basin 1 by 2 miles.

Q. Now go on, Mr. Miller, and tell us what else you have done. A.
The final line of the canal, the engineering work, has been done down
to Ochoa, the dam from which point we use the lake. The distance
from Grey town to Ochoa by the line of the canal is., 30 miles, and that

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 341

engineering work has been substantially completed. The d?finite line
of the canal has been located and the engineers have taken borings of
all the cuts that have to be made. Where the rock cut is located we
have bored down toward the bottom of the canal at distances of 1,000
feet apart, and we have samples of all the kinds of rock and material,
so that we can show the contractors and engineers precisely the kind
of material they are to meet with.

Q. This distance of 30 miles brings you to the river below the rapids
or to the lake, does it I A. It brings us to the river, at which point we
dam the river where it is on the level of the lake.

Q. From that point where you dam the river below the rapids how
far is it to Lake Nicaragua?

Mr. MENOOAL. Sixty four and one-half miles.

Q. What have you done on that line? Have you got water enough ?

Mr. MILLER. We have advanced to Greytown, and have been clear-
ing the line of canal of the dense tropical growth and have cleared
probably one half of the distance from Greytown to the first lock, or
more than that across the lagoon. This material has all been cut down,
a dense growth, and during the late dry weather it has been burned
over, so that it is ready for the dredgers. In addition to that we have
commenced the construction of a fresh- water aqueduct 13 miles long
to bring fresh water from the mountains down to Greytown in order to
preserve the health of the men and to give us pure and fresh water.

Q. What sort of an aqueduct is that ? A. This aqueduct is com-
posed of a steel pipe, covered inside and out with asphalt to preserve it
from rusting, and it is estimated it will furnish Greytown and all of our
ships and barracks and hospitals with pure drinking water.

Q. What about is the length of that? A. It is about 13 miles in
length.

Q. What is the head? A. One hundred and fifty feet.

Q. That will give you a good head ? A. Yes.

Q. Have you told us about the hospital work, if any, and the state of
health, and how many men you have got there altogether, and how the
thing has appeared in respect of the possibility of white men living
there and carrying on this work? A. Among the first things that the
company did was to organize a medical department and erect hospitals.
They had sent the buildings down complete, having been built in New
York, and appointed a chief surgeon and four assistants. The result
has been that we have a perfect record of the health of all the men who
have been in the employ of the company during this year from the hos-
pitals, which have been kept very carefully. There has been no epidemic
and no serious sickness on the force at all. The hospital records show
that the two principal diseases have been chills and fever and diarrhea,
diarrhea caused by the drinking of the bad water in the lagoons, as the
men would do of course when they were in camp and surveying parties.
The chills and fever seem to have been very light in their attacks, as the
records show that the majority of the men going into the hospital have
stayed not more than three days or a week, perhaps an average of four
to five days in the hospital from chills and fever.

Q. Can you tell us what has been the percentage of mortality since
you have been there among all the persons who have been in the em-
ploy of the company ? A. I believe that there has not a single person
died in the employment of the company from any disease contracted
there. One or two men have been killed by the natives and in drunken
quarrels.

Q. I mean mortality from diseases of the country ? A. The only case

342 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

that can be charged of that, and perhaps not even that, was one me-
chanic who was sent down from New York and became dissipated and
was discharged for drunkenness and sent home, and after being home
some weeks he died, it is perhaps not to be charged even to the cli-
mate, but all the engineers, all the machinists of all kinds, who are all
Americans from the United States, not a single one of them has died
there, and sickness has been, as I stated, chiefly due to the two causes
and it has been very slight as to them.

Q. Then, if I understand you, you mean to say that, so far as your
experience has now gone, with Northerners going down there, the state
of the climate is not such as to give any serious apprehension at all f
A. That is the experience of the first year.

Q. Yes, as far as you have gone? A. And the hospital records very
fully show it, and from this time on the conditions ought to be very
much better than they have been, because now we have houses and
barracks and everything that belongs to a civilized man, and we shall
very soon have pure water for all to drink, and we have not any doubt
that that will remove almost entirely the cause of diarrhea and dys-
entery, as to the engineers and machinists who are now there, and
have been there for a year and become acclimated; and the late returns
from the hospital show that the number of men in hospital is very
much less than it was six months ago. There have been on the average
during the past year five hundred men in the employ of the company
during the whole year.

Q. If you know, tell us what is the highest temperature that is expe-
rienced there? A. Well, I get my information from Mr. Menocal on
that, but I understand the highest is not over 95.

Mr. MENOCAL. Eighty-four or 85 is the average at noon and about
75 in the evening ; generally about 75 in the night.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. That is at Grey town? A. Yes.

Q. I suppose it is higher as you go into the interior? A. As you go
into the interior it is cooler in some places, and in some places warmer;
but 1 never saw it above 90 or below 70. The lake region is never
above 80.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. Well, that is the presentcondition of the thing as it appears on
the surface of the earth.

Mr. MILLER. We have not got through with detailing our work yet.
We built a short line of railroad from the beach up into the town in
order to move the materials from the landing-place, about 2 miles of
road, and we have made completed surveys for a line of railroad from
Greytown to what we call the divide or the rock cut where the locks
are to be laid, and the rise is made which brings the canal up to the
level of the lake. Seventeen miles of surveys of that road are entirely
completed and it is now in process of construction.

Q. I thought Mr. Menocal said the distance was 30 miles? A. No,
the distance is 17 to the divide, and then we rise up and run through a
cut or basin like to the Ochoa dam, which is tnirty miles.

Q. There yon have reached the level of the lake which the dam will
produce ? A. We reach the level of the lake then. We reach it at the
third lock. You understand we come out of the lake a distance of 65
miles down the San Juan River and at that point we leave the river
entirely and cut straight across to the ocean, saving a distance of 30 or
40 miles by reason of the river becoming very sinuous and crooked

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 343

through the swampy ground. We leave the river entirely at Ochoa dam
and go straight across to the sea. This railroad is now in process of
construction. The construction was begun about six weeks ago, the first
work, and there are now at work upon it at least five hundred men. We
have shipped down steel rails, two locomotives, a large number of flat
cars for completing the road, together with steam shovels and pile-
drivers and all the necessary machinery for the completion of this road,
which is to be finished early in the fall. The necessity of this road will
be seen from the condition of the country. It is impossible to move any
machinery or any supplies of any quantity over this low marshy ground
or lagoons in any other way. It is an absolute necessity that we should
build the railroad and we build this first piece of railroad 17 miles until
we strike what is called the great rock cut, or divide, which is the
heaviest single piece of work on the entire line of the canal, and we build
the railroad to attack that first. It will take one or two years to do that.
Then the rest of the work we cut at as soon as possible, when every-
thing that is necessary for this great cut can be easily moved from the
sea into the interior.

Q. What sort of a country does that cross ? A. The first 10 miles
entirely level, largely swamps, and the rest only a very few feet above
the level of the sea.

Q. Where do you get your material for making your embankment or
whatever you call it ? A. We get it on the sides ol the road itself.
The swamps are quite dry now at the end of the season and dirt is
thrown up and what is not got that way is to be taken from the sea-
shore by trains, for which purpose we send down cars.

Q That is sea-sand ? A. Sea-sand taken right from the mouth of
of the canal. We get a large part of it right out of the mouth of the
canal, so that while we are building the railroad we are excavating the
canal at the same time. When we reach this rock cut at the end of 17
miles we shall begin to take rock out and take it down to Greytown to
complete this breakwater, or pier as we call it. A very large amount of
the rock from the cut will be used. (The rock cut is marked a on the map
with red pencil.) In addition to the work on this railroad the company
began early to build a telegraph line from Greytown up to Castillo to
meet the Government telegraph.

Q. Where is Castillo? A. It is 24 miles below the lake on the river
San Juan. The company constructed about 75 miles of telegraph line
and has it in operation, connecting Greytown with the Nicaragua Gov-
ernment telegraph, which comes down to Castillo 5 so that we are in
telegraphic communication with our headquarters at Greytown all the
time by this line, which it is of course very important that we should
have.

Q. Is there anything else that you have not already stated in regard
to the actual operations that you have already carried on there? A.
Nothing perhaps of very much importance in the way of work that has
been done.

By Senator PAYNE:

Q. Have you stated how many men there are in your employ ? A.
We have now nearly if not quite a thousand men employed on the pier
j-nd upon the clearing and upon the line of the canal and upon the rail-
road, and are constantly sending more in from Jamaica. We are ship-
ping down large quantities ofrailroad material and machinery.

By Senator EDMUNDS:
Q. Supposing you have a thousand men now employed, how many of

344 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

those are Americans, lor instance t A. Probably not more than two
hundred one hundred to two hundred and fifty of those are Americans.
The entire engineering officers and all the skilled laborers, foremen,
stationery engineers, locomotive engineers, and men that work on the
pier and the pile driving all the skilled work is in the hands of Ameri-
can citizens whom we have sent from New York.

Q. Out of all these during the time you have now been operating, as
1 understand you, there has been no serious climatic disease to make it
extra dangerous for a person from the United States to go there? A.
That is correct; there has been no serious sickness of any kind and no
deaths among any of that force.

Q. Where do you get the rest of your labor, the men who merely
pull and dig? A. We get some native Nicaraguans, but we get the
bulk of them from Jamaica Jamaica negroes and some come from the
West India Islands, etc.

Q. Now take the native Nicaraguan, what sort of people are they as
laborers in respect of intelligence, capacity, and so on ?

Mr. MENOCAL. They are a very good class of men, very industrious,
and preferable to any other class of laborers that I have been able to
obtain.

Q. They are real hardy, effective laborers, are they t A. Yes, excel-
lent men.

Q. Are they willing to work t A. Yes.

Q. What do you pay for labor down there ? A. We are now paying
about $15 a month, American money, or 20 soles, and feed and board
the laborers. Of course we give them their board and quarters.

Q. Now, Mr. Miller, if you have finished the general statement about
the present situation

Mr. MILLER. I might just add one more thing in regard to that. We
found on the San Juan River a steam navigation company which had
chartered rights from Nicaragua, and as they had the exclusive right
of navigating the river with steam and the lake also, we found it neces-
sary to become the owners of that line in order that we might prose-
cute our work and use it; and under the concession we had a right to do
that, and we took in this entire steam-ship line, with its vessels and
everything connected with it, and are now carrying it on. We use it,
of course, as a means for delivering our goods and carrying our supplies
up the river and up the lake.

Q. What was the name of that line before you took itt

A. The Nicaragua Mail Steam Navigation Company.

Q. Who were the people ? Were they people living there t

Mr. MENOOAL. Mr. Pellas.

Q. When was this concession made to the steam ship line ? A. The
concession was made I know it was renewed in 1877 or 1878. It had
been made before to an American by the name of Hollenback and he
afterwards sold it to Mr. Pellas, an Italian, who became interested in
this navigation company and bought it, then the concession that Mr.
Hollenback held lapsed in 1877 or 1878 and a new concession was
granted to Mr. Pellas.

Q. Direct? A. Direct.

Q. Was that an exclusive concession t

Mr. MILLER. The exclusive privilege of navigation by steam on the
lake and river.

Q. Have you within reach that you could give us a copy of that
Nicaraguau concession ? A. I have not any copy here. I have one
in New York.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 345

Q. Is it in print, so that you could send us a copy without serious in-
convenience ? A. Of the navigation company ?

Q. No ; I mean this navigation company that you bought out. A.
It may be in print, but if it is in print it is in Spanish.

Q. I do not care about that. I wish you would send us a copy. A.
Yes, I will.

Q. Now, you had to take this company in order to execute the mis
siou you had in hand ? A. Yes.

Q. Now, are you willing to tell us, in the confidence of this committee
and running the risk of its getting out, how much you had to give for
that ? A. Three hundred thousand dollars.

Q. Was that the maritime canal company chartered by Congress or
your construction company? A. Our construction company. We
had to buy it before we could do anything.

Q. So that has become a part of your plant? A. A part of our
plant.

Q. And when your contract with the Congressional canal company
is executed you get back your $300,000? A. The company will un-
doubtedly have to go out of existence then, as the railroad will be com-
pleted and the canal will be completed and there will be no use for it.

Q. Yes, but if it is an exclusive privilege, and your construction com-
pany now owns it, suppose the canal were finished to-day, then the
question is, you, a different company from the Congressional company,
are the proprietors of the exclusive privilege of navigating Lake
Nicaragua by steam ? A. Yes.

Q. Now what is going to happen?

Mr. MENOCAL. This exclusive privilege is only for the internal com-
merce of Nicaragua.

Q. Purely internal commerce? A. Yes, the rights of the interoceanic
carial are reserved by Nicaragua.

Q. So that, notwithstanding this exclusive grant for local traffic, the
right of the Congressional company to transfer vessels from the At-
lantic to the Pacific, and vice versa, would not infringe upon that grant ?
A. Not at all.

Q. Very well, now I understand.

Mr. MILLEK. As to our present work, we are sending forward to
Nicaragua a large amount of railroad material, and also a complete ma-
chine shop capable of building machinery or of repairing it ; also a
furnace for making cast-iron, as there is no foundry in the republic at
all. There is no way of getting a piece of iron without sending up to
New York for it, and we need a large amount for the completion of the
pier and material for the completion of the railroad. In fact we have
three vessels now on the way loaded with material and two more under
chater loaded with coal and railroad iron, everything that is necessary to
carry on this work to complete what I have said, the dredging of the
harbor and building the railroad, the dredging of the harbor being of
the first importance, as we want to get in, and the building of the rail-
road in order to get into the interior.

Q. And cut off the forest, as I understand you? A. The two impor-
tant things which the company found were first, to open the harbor, and
second, to build a line of railroad 17 miles in until we struck hard
ground or rock. That work is being pushed with great vigor. That is
to be finished by early fall. That is substantially the condition of the
work.

Q. How much money has been spent altogether there now in round

346 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

numbers! A. In round numbers from the beginning [ suppose about
$3,000,000.

Q. That includes the $300,000 paid to this local transportation com-
pany! A. No, not including that; outside of that.

Q. Well, is there money in baud in one company or the other to com-
plete the things that you have already described as in progress? A.
There is money enough in hand or in sight that is subscribed that will
come in iu the regular order.

Q. That is, available assets! A. Yes, sir, available assets that will
complete all the work we have contracted for. I started out with the
proposition that we would make no contracts for work beyond what we
could see our way clear to pay for. The construction company, I will
say, has already taken means to bring into its treasury a million and a
half more of money, which will come in unquestionably within the next
few months, so that when these two works are completed that we are now
at we will go on to the western end of the canal and lay out the work
the same way there. All the work that has been done so far in the
way of establishing headquarters, houses, shops, and hospitals has been
laid out on a scale calculated to be sufficient for the prosecution of the
whole work whenever we shall have the money in hand to do it. We
think we have not wasted any money at all, and have not done any-
thing in a little or petty way. We have started to lay out the work so
that when we are in a condition to push it along the whole line our organ-
ization will be as complete as that of any army and we can carry it on
systematically and thoroughly, protecting all the rights of the company
and protecting ourselves against frauds of all kinds. We have a com-
plete police system which I have not mentioned, which we have a right
to under the concession. We have to maintain a police force with these
various nationalities in order to preserve the peace and take care of our
property. In short, the work, I think, has been laid out in the begin-
ning in such a way as to make every dollar count and to put the work
in such a condition to push it to a completion at the earliest possible
moment whenever the financial arrangement has been made or money
sufficient to do the work.

Q. So that, so far as you have gone, every step that has been taken
and all the money that has been expended has been a direct and economi-
cal means to the end of actually constructing that canal! A. That is
my judgment about it. It has been done economically, and, so far as
we have gone, it has been done below our own estimates for the same
work.

Q. Are you willing to furnish the committee with a copy of the con-
tract between your construction company and the Maritime Canal Com-
pany, so that the committee may know what are the relations and re-
ciprocal duties and obligations of the two companies! A. I should
prefer to consult the board of directors in regard to that. I can say,
generally, this in regard to it. We have undertaken to construct a
canal for the securities of the company which may be issued against it.
Some points of that contract are still left open because it has been im-
possible to determine exactly how much money would be required until
we knew more of our own financial schemes, so that we could determine
more fully what the securities would bring in the public market; in
short, that the Maritime Company should undertake to issue securities
enough, which, when sold in the market, would bring money enough to
complete the canal. And, whilst the question of financing the whole
thing has been going on, the amount that should be issued or the inter-

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 347

est that the bonds should bear has been left open for further negotia-
tion.

Q. Are you a director in the Maritime Canal Company? A. I am
nor.

Q. You have no connection with that? A. Eo connection with it at
all.

Q. How much is the capital stock of your construction company, the
Colorado corporation ? A. Twelve million dollars.

Q. How much has been actually paid in ; what percentage of that
$12,000,000 stock has been subscribed ? A. Well, some of that stock was
issued to the original association for the work they did in procuring the
concession and the moneys which they paid out for the preliminary
surveys, which extended over two years of time. Just how much there
was of that I am not able to say without going back to the books. The
stock of late, $4,000,000 of it, was issued at 50 cents on the dollar, money
actually paid in on it, and more of it, one and a half millions, we expect
to issue substantially at par.

Q. How much is now actually outstanding; how many shares of the
$12,000,000? A. I think about ten and a half millions is out.

Q. Eepreseutiug paid-up stock? A. Yes.

Q. The Maritime Canal Company you know, by the act of Congress,
is required to report once a year to the Secretary of the Interior a full
account of all its transactions, so that if it made a full report this con-
tract between itself and your railroad company would appear, and there-
fore I should suppose it would be proper for us to ask you, and for you
to respond, although you do not happen to be a member of that very
company, to let us have a copy of the contracts which shows the rela-
tions between the Congressional corporation and the Colorado one.
A. Well, 1 do not think there will be any objection to that, although,
as I say, that contract has not been fully completed. It was not at the
time of that report.

Q. The sixth section of the act incorporating the Maritime Canal
Company of the 28th of February, 1890, provides :

SMC. 6. Said company shall make a report on the first Monday of December in each
year to the Secretary of the Interior, which shall be duly verified on oath by the
president and secretary thereof, giving such detailed statement of its affairs, and of
its assets and liabilities, as may be required by the Secretary of the Interior, and any
willfully false statement so made shall be deemed perjury and punishable as such.
And it shall be the duty of the Secre;ary of the Interior to require such annual state-
ment and to prescribe the form thereof and the particulars to be given thereby.

A. That report was made, but the contract was not fully completed
at that time, and in fact it is not fully completed yet, because, as I say,
it was left open substantially because on certain conditions we should
have to have more securities to build the canal than we should on othei
conditions.

Q. Now, Mr. Miller, I wish you would tell us about the prospects and
plans for raising money and the methods that you yourself can con-
sider as being feasible and how much and all about the future of the
finances, how you are to get the money and on how much discount and
how much the real cost of the thing is to be and how much in any way
you can negotiate securities for, and what will be the outstanding obli-
gations as distinguished from actual money to be paid out for all ex-
penses. A. The estimate of our chief engineer, Mr. Menocal, is that the
actual cost of building the canal, outside of any interest or commissions
or anything of that kind, will be in round numbers $65,000,000. His
report and estimates are here presented. When Mr. Menocal's surveys

->48 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

were completed they were submitted to a board of consulting engineers
consisting of five engineers of distinguished ability and character.
They went carefully over the estimates of Mr. Menocal, aud their report,
which is herewith presented, makes an estimate of the total cost in
round numbers of $73,000,000, aud then they say that, to cover all pos-
sible contingencies of construction, they add 1.0 per cent., which amounts
in round numbers to $14.000,000. That makes their grand total esti-
mate in round numbers $87,000,000. As to the correctness of Mr.
MeuocaPs estimate I can say this: Several very skillful contractors,
men who have had large experience in building public works, especially
railroads in the West, liuve been over the line of the canal and given a
great deal of time to the consideration of the plan and details upon the
ground itself, seeing what obstacles they had to overcome and what
difficulties there were in the way. One of those contractors, after hav-
ing made three several visits to Nicaragua, said to me that he would
put in a bid for the entire western division of the canal, that is from
Lake Nicaragua to the Pacific Ocean, including the harbor at Brito
and the three locks on the western side, which bid would be less than
our own estimates. I only mention that to give vou an idea as to
whether the estimates are correct or not. Of course unforeseen diffi-
culties may arise and the cost may be increased, but the company, after
these two years of examination and consideration, believe that the cost
of the canal can never under any circumstances exceed $100,000,000.

By Mr. PAYNE :

Q. That embraces his estimate for the extras f A. Yes. Now as to
the method of raising this amount of money, of course it can only be
done by selling the securities of the company. They consist, or will
consist, of stock and bonds. Since I have been president of the Con-
struction Company I have consulted with many leading financial men
in the country, and of course it is impossible to say at this time at
what price bonds of the company could be negotiated, but I am frank
to say that I do not believe that they can be negotiated at par or very
near it. This is a peculiar enterprise, which presents many obstacles,
and of course it will be looked upon by the investing world as some-
what problematical. The first bonds of the Suez Canal, I believe,
netted the company only about 00 cents on the dollar. How much
more than that we shall be able to obtain for our bonds I am unable to
say, but I have no doubt but what the bonds can be negotiated in the
markets of the world at a price much above that of the first Suez
bonds.

The present intention of the company is to make arrangements with
what would be called a syndicate of bankers, getting one large and
reputable banking house to take the lead in the matter, and that house
to associate with itself a large number of banking houses in this coun-
try and in London and in Amsterdam and in Frankfort and in Berlin
houses which are now in the habit of associating themselves together
for the placing of large loans or the placing of a large amount of securi-
ties and expect to make a contract with the leading house, the head
of the syndicate, to take these securities and market them as best they
can, so as to give us somewheres in the neighborhood, we will say, of
ten to fifteen millions of money per annum as the work shall go on.

Banking houses are ready to undertake this work, and the only ques-
tion about it is a question of commissions and the question as to what
price the bonds shall go to the public at in order to induce them to take

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 349

them. We can not expect the public will come in and take these bonds
unless they are offered to them at such a price as to give them a large
profitin case the work succeeds. This project is entirely different from
the project of buildiug a railroad and issuing bonds upon it as it is con-
structed.

The interest on money used upon the construction is a proper charge
of the cost of construction as much as the money that goes into iron or
into labor or anything else. People who put their money into an enter-
prise expect the interest will be charged against construction until the
work is completed, so that we have to provide not only for the cost of
the work as it goes on, but we must provide for the interest on the bonds
until such time as the canal is finished and begins to earn.

We assume that it will take six years to build this canal from the
time we have money enough to push it with vigor: that is to say, if we
were to have our negotiations completed for the placing of our bonds
at the end of this year and could begin to get our money at the next
year we should count it would take six years from next January to com-
plete it. If a bond is issued I presume it can not be floated at less than
5 per cent, interest. If, we were six years in building the canal there
would be three years' interest to pay upon the entire issue of bonds,
whatever that might be, and how large that issue will have to be is, of
course, dependent upon the price we may obtain for the bonds. The
company has hoped that it would get such a price for the bonds as
would enable us to pay this interest and pay the cost of construction
and give a fair profit to those connected with the enterprise by the
issuing of not more than $150,000,000. Whether that can be done or
not I can not say at this time, but I feel very confident that bonds of
the company can be marketed, and at such a price as will enable us to
complete the canal.

Q. What allowance do you make for the stock? A. We have not as
yet made any calculation upon the stock, holding it in reserve and not
issuing it at all unless it should be found necessary. Of course the
bonds will go on the markets of the world and they will go wherever the
money comes from. This, in short and substantially, is the plan of the
company if it is left to itself.

By Senator EDMUNDS:

Q. Is that the plan of the Construction Company or of the canal com-
pany ? A. That is the plan of the Construction Company. The Con-
struction Company takes these bonds and agrees to negotiate them.

Q. They are to be the bonds of the canal company? A. They are to
be the bonds of the canal company entirely.

Q. And you are to float them the best way you can ? A. Yes.

Q. I understand you to say that Mr. Menocal's estimate is $65,000,000?
A. In round numbers, yes ; and the board of consulting engineers went
over his figures, taking the same points, and made it $73,000,000, and
then they said, "to cover all possible contingencies we think it wise to
add 20 per cent, to that."

Q. That would make $87,000,000 in round numbers. A. Yes.

Q. Now, I understand you to say that on the credit system of putting
off bonds or stock, or whatever way of doing it, the thing would stand
in as a capital or loan on which interest or dividends have to be paid
out of the income of the concern when done, would be up toward
$150,000,000 ? A. My judgment is that to get that amount of money

350 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

we should have to issue at least $150,000,000 of bonds at 5 per sent
interest.

Q. But a positive obligation then, when the thing is done on the credit
system by raising a loan, would be in round numbers $150,000,0007
A. Yes.

Q. On which interest and finally principal would have to be paid, for
an actual expenditure with the 20 per cent, for unforeseen contingencies,
of $87,000,000? A. Yes, but in addition to that you must add interest
on the bonds during the process of construction. The interest accruing
during the process of construction is as legitimate a charge upon the
construction as the building of a lock.

Q. Yes, but it is only interest upon the money that is used that year.
So it is not an interest on the $87,000,000. It takes six years to build
it. It is an interest on $14,000,000 or $15,000,000 annually? A. No, it
would be the interest upon the entire sum. We will suppose it takes
six years to build the canal, and during the six years we issue $150,-
000,000 bonds, in equal proportions each year, distributed over the six
years. Then it would be three years' interest upon the whole amount.
It would be an average of three years.

Q. At 5 per cent. that is 15 per cent, on $150,000,000 ? A. That
would be $7,500,000 interest for a year on $150,000,000 at 5 per cent.,
and three years is $22,500,000 interest. That is a proper charge, as
much as engineering work is a charge. That is the way all financial
operations are carried on.

Q. But then, after all, if your stock in the Maritime Canal Company
for this practical purpose it does not make any difference which we
call it is taken up to the extent of $87,000,000, the utmost estimate,
and allowing 20 per cent, for anything the experts can think of on this
$87,000,000, you are going to pay interest for the three years on
$150,000,000, and in the end you have got the $150,000,000 to pay.
That is the difference between the cash system of positive money and
borrowing, is it not ? A. That is -it exactly.

Q. Very well ; that is just what I want to find out. Now tell us, in a
general and condensed way, what the outlook is for business, and what
you know in respect of the business of the Suez Canal, which is the
only thing which can be compared with itf A. If $150,000,000 of
bonds are issued for the building of this canal the fixed charge upon
the revenues of the canal for interest will be $7,500,000 per annum. It
is assumed that the canal can be maintained and operated for $1,000,000
a year. The cost would be $8,500,000 per annum for the fixed charges
of the canal when completed.

Q. Then you would have to add to that, of course, the salaries and
other things, unless they are included ? A. No, they are included in
the $1,000,000 ; that includes the maintenance ; that would be officers
and every repair that might be made.

Q. And all the incidental and all expenses are included in $1,000,-
000 ? A. Are included in $ 1 ,000,000. As to the earning capacity of the
canal the only precedent we have is that of the Suez Canal, which began
operations in 1879, and the receipts of the Suez Canal for 1888 were
$12,975,000.

Q. What year did that canal begin its operations. A. It began in
1879.

Q. Have you got a table that will show it wholly from year to year f
A. I have got it each year.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 351

Q. I wish you would state it. It will be very interesting to come in
there. A. I do not know whether the first year is a full year or not.
In 1879 the receipts were $5,595,000; in 1880, $7,501,000, which of
course was a full year ; in 1881, $9,019,000 ; in 1882, $11,346,000 ; in
1883, $12,350,000; in 1884, $12,029,000 ; in 1885. $12,422,000; in 1886,
$11,297,000 ; in 1887, $11,565,000 ; in 1888, $12,975,000. For the year
1889 we have not the report as yet.

By Senator PAYNE :

Q. Now what was the cost of that? Have you got it there? A. Be-
tween $98,000,000 and $100,000,000 in round numbers.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. Have you got anything to show the charges, the rates of toll, and
the actual tonnage of the canal for instance in 1838?

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. The tonnage, the expense account, and all that, so as to show the
net there ? A. 1 do not know whether it is all printed here or not. I
have got it at home. It will be noticed here that the income fell off a
little between and to 1886, and at that time there was a reduction made
in the rate of tolls. The rate of tolls was reduced. Then in 1888 they
recovered to its highest point. The toll now is $1.80 per ton.

Q. Is that per ton of measurement or per ton of cargo ; probably the
registered ton ? A. Yes. The tolls at Suez at the beginning were $2.50
per ton, and then reduced to $1.80.

- Q. Have you got a table there which shows an increase of tonnage,
if there was any, following the reduction of tolls? A. I have the num-
ber of ships and the net tonnage. The first year, 1879, it was 2,263,000
tons; the next year it was 3,057,000 ; the next year it was 4,136,000;
the next year, 1882, it was 5,074,000; in 1883 it was 5,775,000 ; in 1884
it was 5,871,000 ; in 1885 it was 6,335,OUO ; in 1886 it was 5,767,000.

Q. That was the year of the Egyptian war? A. Yes. In 1887 it was
5,903,000 ; in 1888 it was 6,640,000.

Q. Have you the expenses of operation t

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. Have you the number of vessels ? A. I have the number of ves-
sels. In 1879 the number of vessels was 1,477 ; in 1880, 2,226 ; in 1881,
2,727; in 1882, 3,198; in 1883, 3,307; in 1884, 3,284; in 1885, 3,634; in
1886, 3,100 ; in 1887, 3,137 ; in 1838, 3,440. The vessels have increased
in size and are fewer there, you see.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. Now how does the expense account run ? A. The expense account
I have here only for one year; that is for 1888. For administration
that means for the officers, $207,914; for operation, $521,137 ; for main-
tenance and renewals, $378,007; making a total of $1,207,058 as against
a gross income of $12,975,315.

Q. Leaving a balance of apparent net of how much ? A. The net re-
ceipts, $11,678,257, for the year 1888.

By Senator PAYNE :

Q. Now according to your judgment, Mr. Miller, how would the busi-
ness of this canal compare with that of your canal f

352 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

Senator DOLPH. If yon will excuse me for a moment, does that item
for operation inclnde the expense of towage; are they sail vessels that
navigate the canal f

Senator EDMUNDS. There are very few, but there are some. I sup-
pose there is an additional charge for towing f

Mr. MILLER. Certainly. A sail vessel going through there would
have to pay for its towage just as it does in a harbor elsewhere.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. Now give us your calculation as to what the Nicaragua Canal
would have to do and the business it would accomplish ? A. The first
estimate made of what the probable business of the canal would be was
made at the Paris conference in 1879, which De Lesseps called for the
consideration of this question. At that conference I believe the ton-
nage then estimated that would pass through that canal was 5,000,000
tons.

Q. That is the Panama Canal ? A. I think their estimate, taking
the commerce of the world, that would be tributary to the canal that
was estimated at the beginning would be about 5,000,000 tons per annum.
The exact figures I have not here, but I can get them and send them to
yon.

Q. I wish you would. Do yon know what the comparative distance
is between London and Paris and Havre, all that region of Great
Britain, Liverpool, London, Bristol, Havre, Gibraltar, and all the Brit-
ish Channel ports to Japan and China going by Suez compared to the
distance going by the Nicaragua Caual when it is done and perfectly
complete to carry ships that wish to go? A. Well, I have got all of
that. I referred to it generally. I have right here the estimate of what
the business of the Panama Canal would be in 1879. It amounted to
4,570,000 tons, and it is made up of the trade that was then known to
exist, the trade that was then going around the Horn and would natu-
rally go by this route if open, and in this document, which I will leave,
is given the nationality of the trade where it would go. In 1879 it was
estimated at 4,570,000 tons, and taking this percentage of increase pre-
vious to that time and giving the percentage now, it is estimated at the
present time the trade that would seek this line is, in round numbers,
7,000,000 tons per annum.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. A large proportion of that mnst be sailing vessels. A. That is
very largely sailing vessels now, undoubtedly, but undoubtedly it would
very rapidly change into steam vessels when the canal was completed.

Q. Have you a statement of our commerce upon the Pacific coast
estimated from the number of ships or tonnage f A. Not since 1879,
but I can get it and send it to yon.

Q. Oh, it is not material. I do not care about it. A. It is believed
that the business will largely increase between the west coast of the
United States and the Atlantic coast; that a very large growth of busi-
ness will take place from Puget Sound, which is to-day the greatest
lumber region of the world, and that the lumber from Puget Sound
which does not go into the Atlantic Ocean at all will find an immense
trade the moment it is open. Now it goes to the west instead, to China
and Japan, and it is said they have the largest forests in the world
from which the world mnst draw its supplies. What that growth of
commerce will be it is impossible to accurately estimate. The people

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 353

npon the Pacific coast and in California and in Puget Sound believe
that in five years the trade will more than double.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. What rate of tonnage do you think that kind of commerce, of the
cheapest and most bulky materials like lumber, etc., could bear for the
advantage of going through the Nicaragua Canal ? By tonnage I mean
tolls, of course. A. Well, the concession from Nicaragua allows the
canal company a maximum of charge of $2.50 per ton, the same as the
Suez Canal in the start had. Between New York and the Pacific coast
the saving by this route between New York and San Francisco is, in
round numbers, 10,000 miles.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. Two dollars and fifty cents per ton on a thousand-ton ship would
be $2,500 toll ! A. Yes.

Q. What would be the probable cost of towage of a sailing vessel ?
A. Well, it is estimated a vessel will pass through the canal in twenty-
four to thirty hours. A sailing vessel will be towed by a good vessel
one tug would take two in probably about thirty hours.

Q. Could they navigate at night ? A. Oh, yes ; of course. The larger
part of the distance is in the open water, in the lake and in the river,
and of course that will all be lighted perfectly so that it can be navi-
gated in the night as well as in the day. The ordinary cost of charter-
ing a tugboat of that kind in New York Harbor, one large enough to
do that, would be not to exceed $40 a day.

By Senator PAYNE :

Q. What is the length of the Suez Canal! A. Ninety-eight miles.

Q. And yours is how much f A. The en tire distance across Nicaragua
is 170 miles, but there are only 27 miles of it canal ; the rest of it is
river and lake navigation that is, open navigation through which you
can go at fair speed, and vessels can pass each other.

By Senator EDMUNDS:

Q. Well, $2,500 for 1,000 tons, carrying lumber for instance from Pu-
get Sound to New York, how many thousand feet, board measure, of
lumber would a thousand-ton vessel carry f A. I could not give you the
figures without going to the books to see what the weightis, but we are
chartering vessels all the while to carry lumber, building our shops and
our pier, and they carry from 350,000 to 500,000 feet, board measure,
and we are paying about $5,000 freight from New York to Greytowu, a
distance of 2,000 miles, for sailing vessels.

Q. You pay $5,000 for carrying 350,000 feet of lumber ? A. Yes.

Q. What is the tonnage of vessels carrying 350,000? A. About 600
tons. And that is not an excessive freight at all. That freight is very
close. That is the cost of the freight. Now, if you were to send that
vessel around the Horn the distance from New York to Greytown is
only 2,000 miles

Q. Yes, but the thing I want to get at is this : Take Puget Sound lum-
ber, which I will assume laid on board a vessel of 1,000 tons at Seattle
and contains 500,000 feet is at a cost of $10,000. Now, then, the question
is, how much that 500,000 feet of lumber has got to pay to get through
that canal per thousand feet ; how much the cost to whoever owns it
would be enhanced to the people who could buy and sell it, so as to see

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 23

354 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPAN'Y.

whether the lumber trade of Pnget Sound could stand a tax of that
amount of money $1^,500 on 500,000 feet of lumber to go through that
canal T That is what I want to get at, because you say you expect this
to be a part of your expected traffic. A. Well, you misunderstood me
there. That is no part of our estimated traffic. The traffic we have
estimated on is a traffic we know to exist. That is simply prospective.
It is no part of the estimate that was made in 1879 of the traffic that
would go through the Panama Canal, and it is no part of the 7,000,000
tons we have estimated to now exist, because that traffic does not exist.
We simply speak of that as a prospective growth of trade.

Q. And the traffic you have already calculated on is the traffic with
China, Siam, etc., composed of silks and spices and coffee and tea and
so on ? A. No; that does not go around Cape Horn, and therefore we
have not estimated it.

Q. Exactly what I want to get at is whether the lumber trade of
Puget Sound could stand a tonnage of $2.50 a ton for 500,000 feet of
lumber ; whether it could go through and still find a market f A. I
understand your question, and I think I had better not endeavor to
make any arithmetic answer to it here, but I will take that problem
home and have it worked out.

Q. Well, just take hold of it and have it worked out. A. Yes, I un-
derstand just exactly what it is. As a partial answer I simply referred
you to what it cost to send a vessel of 600 tons from New York to Grey-
town carrying 350,000, board measure, at a freight of $5,000. I simply
threw that out as a statement. I will have the computation made
showing exactly the difference between sailing around the Horn or
coming across as to the amount that would be spent in freight, and I
will also take up the question of moving wheat from California to Liv-
erpool that now goes around the Horn. I will have those figured out
accurately and send them over to you, so that it can go with this state-
ment.

Q. Is there anything else yon think of to state f A. I do not know as
there is. I am willing to answer any questions.

Q. One other question Mr. Evarts has suggested. In your looking
forward to raising the means to carry on this enterprise, where do you
and your friends expect that this money is to come from ; from citizens of
the United States or from citizens of other countries ? A. We expect
it will come from the whole world if we put out our bonds, and my judg-
ment is that the bulk of the money will come from abroad, where all of
our great enterprises go. Our people are very much interested in this
whole question. I can say that, being at the head, the president of the
company, we are getting a great many inquiries from all over the
United States in regard to the undertaking, and the whole newspaper
press of the country has taken it up and shown great interest in it; but
we are getting to hear a great many inquiries from financial people in
Europe. They are coming direct and sometimes coming through their
agents in New York, who are constantly coming to us for information
as to this enterprise, as to what it proposes to do and what its financial
plan is.

By Senator PAYNE:

Q. Practically you will have to negotiate with a large house in New
York or London and they will cooperate in forming a grand syndicate.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 355

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. Yes, but suppose that at the end of ten years from to-day the
canal is done and $150,000,000 are out to have accomplished it, where
do you think, from your knowledge of all these transactions and the
ways of human affairs, these bonds when the thing is done at the end
of this ten years will be? AYill they be held chiefly by the people of
the United States or chiefly by the people of some other countries I
A. I think at least two-thirds of them will be in Europe.

Q. Have you described on what length of time you expect these
bonds to be put out ? A. i have said nothing about that, and that is
one of the questions between the two companies that is still open that
has not been decided what the length of the bonds should be.

Q. Well, what do you think yourself? A. I think it will not be less
than fifty years and it may be even longer than that. I do not know
whether the proposition has been much discussed of making them
ninety nine years or not.

356 fflCABAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

STATEMENT OF CHIEF EHGINEE2 A. G. MENOCAL.

By Senator EDMUNDS:

Q. What is your present relation to the maritime canal across the
Isthmus of Panama? A. I am chief engineer of the Nicaragua Canal
Construction Company.

Q. Have you been connected with the previous surveys of the Isth-
mus? A. I have been connected with all the surveys that have been
made in Nicaragua since 1872.

Q. Will you explain to us, in a brief and condensed way in view of
what Mr. Miller has already said, what the present state of your opera-
tions there is, what you have actually done in respect of final location
and work upon that final location, and the prospective work that is to be
done, so that we can see at a glance, in view of these maps that have
been presented, just how far you have got on? A. The proposed Nica-
ragua Canal is the result of many years of explorations and surveys con-
ducted under the auspices of the United States Government and of pri-
vate parties, and of exhaustive surveys made by a numerous and well
organized corps of competent engineers of the Nicaragua Canal Con-
struction Company, from December, 1887, to the present date, for the
final location of the route and careful examinations and studies of all
the work required for the completion of the canal from the Atlantic to
the Pacific. No problem has been left unsolved, and all doubtful de-
ments may be regarded as eliminated.

The canal as finally located lies in the lowest depression of land in
the Cordilleras, between the Arctic Ocean and Cape Horn, and trav-
erses a salubrious and fertile country, rich in natural resources and
capable of great development. Lake Nicaragua, a large inland sea of
fresh water, and its outlet, the river San Juan, occupy a large area of
this depression. The surface of the lake is 110 feet above the sea-level
and its western border is less than 12 miles from the Pacific coast, from
which it is separated by a low divide of 42 feet above the lake-level.
The lake is 100 miles in length, has an average width of about 45 miles,
and a variable depth, reaching in some places 105 feet.

The proposed canal extends from the harbor of San Juan del Norte
(Greytown) on the Caribbean Sea to Brito on the Pacific. The total
distance from ocean to ocean by sailing line through canal and lake is
16!).45 miles, of which but 26.78 miles will be wholly in excavation, the
other 142.67 miles being through Lake Nicaragua, the San Juan River,
and artificial basins. Of the latter distance, 102 miles will have a depth
of 30 feet or more, requiring neither dredging nor excavation.

The lake is the main feeder and the summit level of the canal. It is
connected with the Pacific Ocean by 11.40 miles of canal in excavation

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 357

and 5.27 miles of artificial basin created in the valley of Tola by i Im
construction of a dam across a narrow gorge of the valley, 3 miles dis-
tant from the Pacific coast.

From the lake eastwards the canal follows the river San Jnan for a
distance of G4i miles to Ochoa, where by the construction of a dam
across the river the surface of the water is raised 55 feet and slack-
water navigation secured along that distance, converting that portion
of the river into an extension of the lake. Just above the dam the
canal leaves the bed of the river and enters into a chain of artificial
basins formed by the construction of a series of dams and embank-
ments and short cuts, confining and connecting adjacent valleys for a
distance of about 12 miles to the western end of the great divide cut.
The heaviest work in the whole line is now encountered in crossing the
divide separating the valleys of the San Francisco and Deseado Creeks,
where nearly 11,000,000 of cubic yards of rock and earth excavation
are concentrated in a distance of 2f miles. However, the rock is
hard and homogeneous, there are ample natural facilities for doing the
work; the rock is needed for the construction of breakwaters, locks,
dams, embankments, etc., aud if not found in that favorable center
of distribution it would have to be quarried at other places.

Easterly of the divide cut there is another artificial basin about 5
miles long formed by the construction of a dam across the valley of the
Deseado, aud thence 12 miles of canal in excavation extending to the
harbor of Greytown, of which nearly 10 miles will be at the level of
the sea.

The summit level of the canal extends from the western end of the
basin of Tola to the eastern end of the Deseado basin, a distance of
154 miles. It has been stated that this upper level is 110 feet above
the sea-level. This elevation is proposed to be overcome by six locks,
three on the Atlantic and three on the Pacific slopes the lifts of these
locks varying from a maximum of 45 feet to a minimum of 25 feet,
their uniform length being 650 feet and the width 80 feet.

The harbors of Greytown and Brito need to be enlarged and improved
by the construction of breakwaters and by dredging, but the works
required present no serious engineering difficulties.

With the exception of the rock cuts in the eastern and western divides,
the canal prism will be at all points wide enough for two ships to travel
in opposite directions, and its least depth will be 30 feet. In the lake,
the river San Juan, and the artificial basins vessels can travel with
entire freedom.

The computed quantities of excavations, embankments, and fills, as
determined by a careful location of the entire route, study of all acces-
sory works, and borings to the depth of necessary cuttings, are as
follows :

Cubic yards.

Dredging below sea-level 29,823, 161

Earth excavation above sea-level 21,773,810

Rock excavation 13,452,938

Rock excavation under water 575,445

Total excavation, earth and rock 65,625,354

Rock fills for dams and breakwaters 4,033,810

Earth fills 6,105,380

Stone pitching 202,641

Concrete in locks and retaining-walls 615,651

It is estimated that the canal can be completed in seven years, of
which one year will be consumed in preliminary work.
The estimated cost of construction of the whole canal and the two

358 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

harbors is $65,000,000. This estimate lias been revised by a board of
eoiisulting engineers, who, after allowing a large percentage for possi-
ble and remote contingencies, have fixed the total cost of the work at
$87,000,000, exclusive of commissions, banking, and interest during the
time of construction.

The capacity of the canal for traffic is estimated at 32 vessels per day,
or 11,680 in one yearj which, based on the average tonnage of ' s>. Is
passing through the Suez Canal, will give an annual capacity for traffic
of over 20,000,000 tons. By passing more than one vessel in each lock-
age, the above estimated capacity may be largely increased. The pres-
ent traffic of the Suez Canal is about 3,500 vessels, with a tonnage of
about 7,000,000 tons annually.

The water required for thirty two lockages in one day is 127,4(10,000
cubic feet, while the lowest flow of the lake in the dry season is 11,930
cubic feet per second, or in one day 1,272,530,000 cubic feet; conse-
quently the lake supply alone is ten times the maximum needed for the
operations of the canal.

The time consumed in passing from ocean to ocean by steamer is
estimated at twenty-eight hours, which includes one hour and twenty
minutes for possible detention in narrow, rocky cuts.

The business of the canal at the time of its proposed completion in
1897, based on reliable statistic information, is estimated at 7,000,000, of
which more than half will be between ports of the United States, or the
United States and other countries ; but the natural growth and devel-
opment of the Pacific States and Territories, greatly promoted and ma-
terially increased by the opening of the canal, will add millions of tons
of traffic to the canal which present information fails to show.

WOBK ACCOMPLISHED.

From December 1887 to June 1890, the Nicarauga Canal Construe
tion Company had a numerous corps of engineers constantly employed
exploring all possible routes, and making a careful survey of the one
finally selected as possessing the greatest facilities, with the least
doubtful problems, for the construction of the canal. More than
$300,000 were expended in these surveys.

The first expedition for construction left New York on the 25th of
May, 1889, and on the 3d of June lauded at the proposed entrance to
the canal from the Caribbean Sea, near Greytown, on a sandy unin-
habited coast, without harbor or shelter from the elements, with no
means of communication along the line of the canal except through
tortuous and much obstructed streams, some of which could not float a
loaded canoe, and depending altogether on a base of supplies for mate-
rials for construction and subsistence 2,000 miles distant, with only one
line of steamers touching on that coast, and two weeks distant from the
nearest telegraph station.

The first work of the pioneers of the great enterprise was necessarily
one of self preservation. Eude temporary shelters had to be im pro vised
for the protection of men and stores while more permanent buildings
could be erected ; means of transportation along the route of the canal
through deep and extensive swamps and virgin forests had to be pro-
vided for, and telegraph communication to the nearest station, more
than one huudred miles from the coast, and connecting the various
camps about to be established with the base of operations, was felt fiom
the start to be an indispensable adjunct in prosecuting the work.
Under these conditions, aggravated by an insufficient supply of an in-

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 359

ferior class of labor, the first operations were difficult, tedious, and
expensive, and it was not until the month of October following that
the most indispensable elements for the organization of the various
departments and distribution of the working forces had been created
and the preliminary work of construction could, be said to have com-
menced.

The opening of an entrance into what used to be the Bay of Grey-
town, now converted into a fresh-water lagoon, was recognized from
the start to bean indispensable requisite in the prosecution of the work
of excavating the canal. Ships now anchor about 2 miles off shore, and
machinery and other supplies are brought ashore in lighters, through a
shifting entrance and dangerous bar with a variable depth, never ex-
ceeding 6 feet. This method of landing supplies involves considerable
risk and expense, and is altogether inadequate for the discharge of the
heavy machinery required.

The company, therefore, has spared no effort in obtaining an entrance
from the sea into the bay, and the construction of the breakwater re-
quired to arrest the shifting sand and protect the dredged channel was
one of the first works undertaken by the company, and pushed ahead
with all possible dispatch. This pier is now about 700 feet long, its
outer end being in 12 feet of water, and so far has fulfilled, even be-
yond expectations, all that was expected to be accomplished by its
construction. It affords now sufficient protection to the dredges ex-
cavating the channel, and the company has already made a contract
for the excavation of the entrance and inner bay to a depth of 20 feet.
Some of the dredges are on the way to Nicaragua and others are in
process of construction and will soon leave for Grey to wn. It is expected,
therefore, that within the next five months vessels drawing 15 or 20 feet
may be able to enter the bay and discharge their freight directly on
the wharves of the company.

Heavy machinery suitable for the work can then be safely landed,
the work of preparation may be said to have been completed, and ac-
tive operations can be undertaken along the whole route.

The company has built about 2 miles of broad-gauge railroad and
about 70 miles of telegraph and telephone lines, and has landed at Grey-
town large quantities of machinery, tools, lumber, piles, creosoted tim-
ber, boats, steam-tugs, and launches, lighters, pile-drivers, and other
materials and equipmeutuecessaryfortheharboraudcanal work. Large
quantities of railroad supplies, locomotives, and steam excavators are
now at Greytown, and a contract has been let for the construction of 17
miles of railroad from Greytown to the eastern divide cut, work on
which has already been commenced The company has also spent large
sums of money for engineering work in locating railroads and in making
final plans and detailed surveys of the canal, the harbors, locks, and

360 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

other accessory works, ami, in short, it may be safely said that the
whole work is being pushed forward as rapidly as the circumstances and
condition of the country permit.

There are now six engineering parties in the field, in addition to
those engaged in the harbor and railroad construction, making detailed
surveys and geological examinations of the sites of the dams and em-
bankments and of the locks ; so that the company may be able at any
time to let the contract for those works simultaneously with that of ex-
cavating the canal.

The administration and medical departments as now organized and
equipped are capable of rapid enlargement and efficient work, and there
is every reason to believe that if the work on construction is prosecuted
without interruption the canal will be opened to traffic within the six
years intimated for its construction.

Q. How many years ago were you first there t A. My first trip to
Nicaragua was in March, 1872.

Q. How many times have you been there since ; in how many differ-
ent years 1 A. 1872, '73, '74, '76, '77, '80, '85, '87, '89, and '90. That is
the number of trips I have made.

Q. In all that time how many months altogether, in round numbers,
have you spent there f A. It may be estimated that I have been there
no less than four and a half years' time continuously.

Q. Have you been there, taking it all things together, in all seasons
of the year? A. In all seasons of the year.

Q. How was your health affected by it ! A. It was always better.
I have never been injuriously affected by the climate.

Q. What has been your observation, then, as to the Northern people
and others you have employed, as to the salubrity of that climate f
A. In these expeditions in which I have been engaged, in the surveys
both of the east and the west side, I have always had a large number
of employe's, most all Americans, with perhaps a dozen natives in each
party, engaged in cutting brush and clearing the way for the engineers,
and we have never lost a man, or I never had a man more than two
days in camp on account of diseases contracted in the country.

Q. What do you think, then, in respect of any extraordinary danger
to Northern white men in carrying on the operations of that canal ?
A. I anticipate no danger whatever. So strong is this feeling that I
have two of my sons there now engaged in the construction of the work.

Q. How much is the rise and fall of Lake Nicaragua in its present
natural condition from extreme high water to extreme low water f
A. From 2 to 5 feet. We propose to retain the level of the lake at
110 feet

Q. How much will that swell it above its lowest natural condition T
A. Six and a half feet.

Q. So that that will carry it up to a height of 2 or 3 feet above its
ordinary tide- water! A. Yes, but 110 feet is not above the highest
water-mark by any means.

Q. Will it carry it up where it will kill trees, make the shores as an
overflowed land that is never now covered ! A. No, sir. I would not
Bay never, for sometimes the water reaches an elevation above 112 feet.

Q. So that your highest point of elevation artificially made will not
exceed what sometimes the highest natural water is! A. No, sir.

Mr. MILLER,. I have an idea that it has been over 112 feet.

Mr. MENOOAL. Yes.

By Senator EDMUNDS:
Q. What is the nature of the country there as to dry land or swamp 1

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 361

A. On the south side it is sw<impy. The west coast is solid land.
The extreme northern end is swampy for a very short distance and on
the east side is solid elevated laud.

Q. So that really the only swampy shores are near the outlet at the
very head? A. Yes, that is just it, and where Lake Managua enters
and empties into Lake Nicaragua. There is a kind of a low-land there.

Q. How many square miles of that low-land is there where the outlet
of Lake Managua is? A. I would not like to state.

Q. Oh, state in round numbers what you think. A. Well, I think 16
or 20 miles.

Q. Fifteen or 20 square miles? A. Yes.

Q. How much of the low end or south end of the lake how far on
either side is it swamp? A. Well, the south end I never visited. On
the north side there would be no inundation ; on the east side near the
outlet it may be a half a mile to 2 miles. It is flooded, however, in the
rainy season.

Q. So that your permanent elevation, 110 feet, raising the water 3 or
4 feet above its present point, would not materially affect the surround-
ing country ? A. On the contrary, I think it would be healthy, for the
reason that these low lands would be permanently covered, instead of
being alternately covered wet and dry as now.

Q. What, in your opinion, is the most difficult engineering, practical
problem as to an effective canal there ? A. I do not know that there
is anything very difficult. I do not see any serious difficulty on the
whole route.

Q. Yes, but you have spoken of the engineering difficulties being
now practically solved, but referring to them as some being greater
than others. A. Well, there are some difficulties that have to be over-
come.

Q. Where is the greatest difficulty! A. The greatest difficulties I
should say are in the constrction of the dam across the river San Juan
and the construction of certain dams and embankments upon the San
Francisco Valley.

Q. Is that San Francisco, containing a part of the water that comes
out of the lake, a separate and independent river? A. No, sir; it is a
valley intended to be closed by dams and embankments and converted
into a lake, and there is another valley here empty ing through a narrow
gorge into the broad valley of the San Juan, and that is also closed.
Now these two valleys are separated by a ridge through which is cut a
canal. Consequently you have so many miles of canal navigation
through this deep basin without any excavation, except what is re-
quired to combine or connect these two valleys. Now, in raising the
waters by the construction of the dam across the San Juan 55 feet
the upper part of the river is converted into an extension of the lake,
. and that same level is continued through these different valleys and
through the deep cut and beyond through a basin 5 miles long towards
the Atlantic and east of the deep cut, made in the same way by the
construction of another dam. Consequently the summit level extends
from the easterly end of this latter basin to the westerly end of the Tola
basin, west of the lake.

Q. That is, it extends how many miles from the Atlantic? A. From
within 12 miles of the Atlantic to 3 miles of the Pacific.

Q. You get the lake-level that whole distance? A. Yes. It is not
quite the lake-level. We call it level for all practical purposes of navi-
gation, but of course the river San Juan must have a fall, and that fall

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

is estimated ;it tli roe fourths of an iucb to the mile, or about 4 feet for
the 64 miles of slack- water navigation.

Q. But between those two points there are no locks at allt A. No
locks; no, sir.

Q. Now you have spoken of the San Francisco Kiver and of these
basins that you make towards the Atlantic from this big dam f A.
Yes.

Q. Now, where does the water come from, from which you make these
lakes! A. It comes from tributaries of the San Juan.

Q. How are those dams here towards the Atlantic to affect, by mak-
ing permanent water in those valleys, the health of that region, and
how much of the flow that is not necessary for the purposes of canal
navigation ? A. It will make the region healthy because it will flood
all the lowlands and the water will come to the slope of these steep hills
on the sides of the valley.

Q. Take the valley of the San Francisco, which you have spoken of
as a tributary of the San Juan you are building your dams there
how far up the valley of the San Francisco will that water level go?
A. It will go for about 6 or 7 miles beyond the axis of the canal, and
in a valley, almost a level plain.

Q. How wide is that plain f A. About 6 miles in width and about 5
miles in breadth.

Q. What is this plain now that is to be flooded ; are farms and peo-
ple there f A. No, sir ; not at all. It is most all swampy.

Q. Heavy swamp forests? A. Yes, enormous forests.

Q. What kind of timber? A. Well, the timber resembles very much
the white oak of this country.

Q. Very large trees ? A. Very large trees, and generally heavy tim-
ber, but not very good for construction purposes.

Q. Well, that flow going there permanently will destroy all that ?
A. Yes.

Q. And in the end it will be a sheet of open water? A. Yes.

Q. Which will be in the San Francisco 5 or 6 miles long and 6 or 8
wide ? A. Yes, I have estimated about 3,000 feet of grubbing and
clearing as sufficient for the free navigation and anchorage of ships.

Q. Now, as to these artificial lakes that we are speaking of of the San
Francisco Valley, are they supplied solely by the waters of the San Fran-
cisco Eiver ? A. They are supplied solely by it ; yes.

Q. Suppose the San Francisco Eiver does not furnish sufficient
water? A. The basins will be supplied from the San Juan River.

Q. Then they would be supplied besides what the San Francisco
furnished from the lake above and the river ? A. Yes.

Q. Now, with that area of surface in this San Francisco Valley is your
canal, after evaporation, etc., going to be large enough to keep the level
up there without having a tremendous current through it? A. Yes,
sir.

Q. Have you calculated all that? A. Yes; the current in the canal
will never exceed half a mile an hour. The size of the canal will be so
proportioned that the current will be small.

Q. What is the dry season of the year there ? A. On the west side
it is from November to May.

Q. On the east side, of which we are now speaking ? A. Well, there
is no dry season except, perhaps, January to May, but it is not a dry
season as it is on the west side, because it rains more or less on the east
side at all times of the year.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 363

Q. What is the average rain-fall during the year on the east side ?
A.. I should say that it is not less than 150 inches.

Q. And falling more or less every month of the year ! A. Yes, dis-
tributed through the whole year.

Q. Now take the San Francisco of which we have spoken, and does
it not happen that sometimes there is a tremendous flood there ? A.
Not a tremendous flood, because the water-shed of the San Francisco
Valley is only 85 square miles, and sufficient waste-weirs have been
provided for the discharge of the surplus waters.

Q. So you think that in the most tremendous storms that this arti-
ficial lake that you are to construct, taking in the San Francisco valley
would not get so high as to disturb the canal operations? A. No, sir
not at all. The water is always kept about the same level. As soon as
the water rises it flows over these spillways [indicating] and is discharged
over here.

Q. Since you have been there, in all these years have you had or
known of auy accurate observations made of the state of the water in
the San Juan as regards its rise and fall from day to day? A. No, sir;
not continuous observations. We had observations from 1887 to 1888,
showing the rise and fall of the river, but it has not been kept since.

Q. How much did it show that time? A. We have had rises there
of 12 feet.

Q. How would a rise of 12 feet affect your canal operations? A.
Well, it may raise the water in this portion of the canal extending
from above the dam to lock number three, on the east side, probably
l feet to 3 feet, no more, because we have waste-weirs to provide for
these sudden rises of the San Juan River.

Q. But where the river at the utmost has risen according to the ob-
servations taken you say the lake itself has only risen 5 or 6 feet? A.
Yes; because there is at present a fall of about 45 or 50 feet in that
portion of the river.

Q. How far inland from your harbor at Greytown is this first dam to
be built? A. It is 32 miles.

Q. Now that is your lowest dam on the San Juan ? A. Yes, sir ;
that is the only dam in that river.

Q. What is the nature of each shore at that place where you propose
to build that dam, I mean its geological and topographical forma-
tion ? A. The top is red clay, below is rock, and the bottom of the
river is either rock or very compact gravel.

Q. What is the width of the river therefrom shore to shore? A. At
the present time, 900 feet.

Q. What is its depth where you propose to have the dam? A. The
maximum depth is 14 feet near the right bank, gradually deereasing to
about a foot and a half at the other bank.

Q. No rock there ? A. There is rock projecting out on both banks
from the abutments of the dam.

Q. That appear above the surface now? A. Yes.

Q. So that you have a secure termination at either end of the darn ?
A. Yes.

Q. What kind of a dam do you propose to build there ? A. I have
proposed to build a rock-fill dam ; that is, a dam made of rock dumped
in the river and allow it to take its natural slope. The work of distrib-
uting the material will be done by the force of the water and its scour-
ing action on the bottom until the proper equilibrium is established.
In this way I expect that the company would have a very cheap and
safe dam.

364 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

Q. Well, having got your rocks in in that way, how can yon make a
dam tight! A. We have so much surplus water that I do not think
we will make any efforts to make the dam tight, but if it was required
to make it tight, all we have to do is to make a deposit of sand, clay,
and other material on the upper slope of the dam.

Q. Do I understand you to mean by a rock-fill darn that way that you
merely dump rocks right across ; tumble them right in ? A. Yes, rocks
weighing a ton or more.

Q. Precisely ; but in respect to a structure, ashler or joints, or any-
thing of that kind, you do not do it? A. No, sir; that I would not
regard safe. I regard this as entirely safe.

Q. And you expect to put the rocks in close enough together to pro-
duce the elevation you require ? A. We can do that by means of the
wire-rope system.

Q. You then there really make a little cataract of bowlders that you
put in ? A.' That is so.

Q. Is that so of all your other dams ? A. All are expected to be
made the same way.

Q. So that, as regards the construction of what in New England we
would call a dam of the component and jointed work thereof timber or
stone there is nothing of the kind required. A. Nothing at all. I had
originally proposed to have these dams built of concrete and ashler,
but afterwards I came to the conclusion that this was the safest dam,
one that can not be carried away by floods nor affected by earthquakes,
which, if anything, would make it more compact. Suppose we had a
tremendous storm and extraordinary flood, it might carry a few rocks
from the top away, but the rocks won't float; they must lay somewhere
on the lower slope. The top of the dam might be lowered a few feet,
but the main body of the dam will remain intact and we could repair
the damage done by dumping more rock on the crest.

Mr. MILLER. It is simply an immense weight.

Mr. MENOCAL. It is an artificial mountain across the river.

By Senator EDMUNDS .

Q. The dam he proposes is what nature has done in a good many
other places. You have spoken of earthquakes, which is an interesting
subject to a good many people as regards the stability of such work.
You have been down there a good many years, how many earthquakes
have you experienced? A. I never experienced but one or two, and
they were so slight as to be of no consequence.

Q. How recent in history has there been any earthquake In that re-
gion of country that has overthrown houses, etc.? A. Not any that
I know of, except that the tower of a church and some houses have
been slightly cracked.

Q. How long ago were these t A. In 1845, in the town of Rivas, the
church steeple fell.

Q. Where is that ? A. llivas is about 3 or 4 miles from the line of
the canal west of the lake.

Q. How long do you estimate the time that will be necessarily occu-
pied in completing, with adequate funds, the canal ? A. I think one
year for preliminary operations and six years, hard work will be suffi-
cient to complete the work.

Q. So that, adequate funds and management being provided, you
think it would be safe to say that the canal would be completely done
and ready for occupation in eight years, making due allowance foi con-
tingencies? A. Yes.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. . 365

Q. So that yju feel confident that within this century, which is ten
years, with adequate funds and management, it would be a moral cer-
tainty that the canal would be in operation. Now, tell me about the
nature of the country between the northwest side of the lake down to
Brito ; it is within only about 12 miles from the Pacific, and a descent
in round numbers of 110 feet? A. The country is comparatively a level
country, what you might call a slightly rolling country, and it is most
all open to cultivation. It is very fertile.

Q. Inhabited ? A. Inhabited, with fair roads for carts.

Q. And ranches, haciendas, and what we call farms, and all that sort
of thing? A. Very beautiful, yes.

Q. Well, does the canal open on some valleys, or is it a direct cut f
A. It goes from valley to valley. It goes from the valley of the river
Lajas, which empties into the lake, into another valley of smaller size,
and then after crossing the divide into the valley of the Eio Grande
where an artificial basin is to be made, and from there to the Pacific it
might be said it follows the valley of the Rio Grande.

Q. Now beginning at the lake, how far, following the canal line, is it
to the absolutely highest point of the crest of the divide as nature now
is ? A. It is 7 miles.

Q. There, then, on that side would be your deepest cut? A. Yes.

Q. What would be the depth of that cut ? A. Seventy-two feet to
the bottom of the canal.

Q. And how long! A. That depth would be only at one point.

Q. Well say take it for 2 miles ? A. That deep cut is altogether 9
miles long.

Q. W T hat would be the average depth of that ? A. I should say the
average depth is about 18 feet above water level.

Q. What sort of material ! A. The material is mostly of rock, cov-
ered by 10 or 15 feet of clay or gravel.

Q. Then you would have on an average of about how much depth of
rock cutting for that 9 miles I A. The rock cutting would be about 35
to 40, average.

Q. What is the nature of that rock ? A. It is trap-rock. It is a
volcanic rock, easily blasted, and at the same time very good for con-
struction purposes.

Q. Capable of resisting water so it can be used for construction t
A. Yes. It is very well adapted for concrete work.

Q. Does it come out in forms capable of using for masonry? A. It
is strong enough, but very difficult to cut. It is very hard to be cut and
dressed. We use it in concrete.

Q. Then you expect to feed your western canal from the lake itself 1
A. Yes.

Q. But you have three locks ? A. Three locks j yes, sir.

Q. And they are to cover altogether 110 feet rise f A. Yes. There
will be two locks with 85 feet, 42 feet to the lock.

Q. That is a tremendous pressure. Those locks you would have to
build of good masonry ? A. No ; I propose to build them of concrete.

Q. By concrete you mean to take this stone that comes out of your
rock cutting for your stone, and then you break that up into pieces of
what average size? A. Not more than 3 inches.

Q. And then you put that in with cement? A. Cement and sand
mixed into mortar, and then ram it in layers.

Q. Have you got any drawings or anything now that would show
your proposed method of the construction of those locks ? A. My re-
port is complete so far as a report of that kind can be. It does not

366 . NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

contain the specifications of every piece of work, as that would make
it too voluminous, but contains a general description of the works.

Q. Tell me in a general way, now, as to the strength of these locks.
You have one that has a head of 42 feet, and you are .going to make
that dam, as I will call it, at the foot of the lake? A. Gates.

Q. Not only gates, but you have got to have t>ide walls and one thing
or another. Now, then, to make this part of the work that has got to
stand the pressure of 42 feet head of water, what would be the size of
a cross-section of your concrete! A. That depends a good deal on
what is back of the concrete. We always try to get a hill for the ex-
cavation of a lock. If the excavation is rock you will understand it
does not require very much masonry wall, because the rock itself back
of the concrete will hold it. On the other hand, if we have softer mate-
rial then you will have to proportion the concrete to the material back-
ing the wall.

Q. That is to say, you undertake to fortify all the lower side with
concrete? A. Yes.

Q. Do you mean you are going to make your lock, like Sault Ste. Marie,
for instance, all concrete? A. All concrete lined with timber.

Q. So that the whole stone structure will be concrete t A. Yes.

Q. Just a simple mass of homogeneous concrete ? A. Yes.

Q. Without any joints or anything else? A. Yes.

Q. What is the nature of the bottom there where you have the fonn
dation? A. Rock. Most all excavation for locks will be in rock^
so much so that we expect to save a good deal by cutting the lock into
the solid rock and then line the excavation with large timber.

Q. So that you think the mechanical problem of resisting the press-
ure of the weight of water by this concrete work instead of the enor-
mous masonry we have in locks north can be entirely overcome T A.
Yes.

Q. Well, when you have got down then to the sea-level at Brito,
what sort of a harbor, or what is the contour of land there; what have
you to do on the Brito side to make shelter for vessels? A. On the
Brito side we have practically to build a harbor. I would not say we
have to improve what we have, but practically we have to build one,
but the physical conditions are favorable for the construction of this
harbor.

Q. Have you a plan of the harbor ? A. I have not with me, but will
send it to you with pleasure.

Q. I wish you would do so. A. Now, I will explain this [indicating
on map]. This is the Brito side. The coast comes just on the edge
of that dark spot. What we propose to excavate is either side of the
high-water mark. This is the high water mark. We propose to dredge
all this out in order to make a harbor. Now the coast goes this way,
and then there is a promontory or projection that extends to deep
water. We propose to build a breakwater where you see it indicated
here, and another one here, and then dredge from a point outside of the
harbor, which will be here.

Q. Now, taking the coast line of Brito as it is now where you intend
to make your harbor, what is the rise and fall of the tide there ?

Q. Now, at low water, how far out from the present contour of the
shore where you are to go into the land with your canal must you go
in order to get 30 feet of water? A. How much out at seat

Q. Out at sea? A. I should say about 1,500 feet.

Q. Is that a coast of rather a straigh t line ? A. Yes j rather a straight
line.

NICARAGUA. CANAL COMPANY. 367

Q. How are you to protect it then from storms? A. By the construc-
tion of these two breakwaters, which will be built from the rocks com-
ing out from the divide cut.

Q. What kind of a breakwater do you propose to build there? A.
Riprap, out of large stones, just the same as the Holyhead breakwater.

Q. Not like the breakwater out from Amsterdam to the North Sea,
which, I believe, is built of great rocks in tubes and laid up ? A. No.

Q. Do you know how that North Sea breakwater has stood the ele-
ments ? I saw it, when it was just about being completed, in 1879.
A. It has stood very well, but it is a very expensive work. The Holy-
head breakwater is built of riprap and is doing its work just as well.
In this case we have a certain amount of rock we have to dispose of,
and we have no other use for it except the construction of such break-
water and of locks and dams, and the balance must be disposed of by
dumping on the poil banks.

Q. What is the length of thesecontemplated breakwaters? A. One is*
900 feet long, extending to 40 feet depth of water, and the other is be-
tween 500 and 600 feet. The object of the latter is merely to narrow
the entrance so that the swell will produce no disturbance in the harbor.

Q. How far apart will the head of the two breakwaters be? A. Six
hundred feet.

Q. And in a right line from the end of each one of those breakwaters-
to the land part of the canal as it comes in would be how far? A.
That would be some 3,000 feet.

Q. Would that make a harbor long enough in heavy weather for a
vessel to run in and round to and come to anchor? A. Well, some ves-
sels have to be careful in doing so, and it will always be safer in bad
weather to tow in sailing vessels.

Q. In what direction do these storms come on that coast of Brito ?
A. They generally come from the southwest. I have submitted this
plan of the harbor to the Navy Department, and they approve it and
think it very good. The storms come from the southwest and the har-
bor will be protected, and the breakwaters are so placed that a heavy
sea, after passing the outer end of one breakwater, will not go into the
harbor, but pass beyond the end of the other breakwater.

Q. What are the natural resources of that country within 100 miles
on either side of this canal and lake ? A. Principally cattle raising,
coffee, indigo, sugar-cane, beans, rice, plantains, bananas, and all trop-
ical fruits.

Q. How much do you suppose, as a mere round estimate, population
there is within two parallel lines, each drawn 100 miles away on either
side of the line of your canal from sea to sea, making a cross-section of
200 miles in a straight course of 125 miles, or whatever it maybe across
there? A. I should say 250,000.

Q. A sparse population, then ? A. Very much so.

Q. Well, the parts of that section that I have now assumed to give a
description of that are not occupied by cultivation and clearage. What
sort of forests are there ; any valuable timber of any kind ? A. Very
valuable. It depends upon what side of the lake you are on. On the
west side there is very valuable timber. Mahogany, rose- wood, ebony,
and all kinds of timber for construction, very valuable ; while on the
east side the timber is generally soft, heavy, and not suitable for
permanent construction.

Q. Of no particular value, then, for purposes of utility or commerce
for exportation ? A. No, sir.

Q. The only resources of the country, then, would be those that come

368 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

from the cultivation of the soil ! A. The cultivation of the soil and
mines.

Q. Are there mines there? A. Yes, silver and gold mines.

Q. Any coal T A. Coal has been found recently and excavations are
now being made to see to what amount it can be obtained.

Q. Is what they think they Lave found anthracite or bituminous T A.
Bituminous.

Q. Any iron ! A. No, sir.

Q. Any copper t A. No, sir.

Q. So that, as far as known, the only value in ore is gold and silver t
A. Gold and silver.

Q. No cinnabar t A. No, sir.

Q. Are there any fine qualities of stone there marbles or granite t
A. No, sir.

Q. All the rock is volcanic of one form or another t A. All vol-
canic.

The committee adjourned.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 369

SENATE OP THE UNITED STATES,
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN DELATIONS,

Thursday } June 5, 1890.

The subcommittee met at 10.30 a. m. Present, Senators Edmunds
(chairman), Dolpb, and Payne.

STATEMENT OF HIRAM HITCHCOCK.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. Please state your full name and residence ? A. Hiram Hitchcock,
Fifth Avenue Hotel, New York.

Q. You are president of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua,
chartered by Congress? A. Yes, sir.

Q. How long have you been president ? A. Since its organization,
May 4, 1889.

Q. Who were the people who participated in the organization of the
company, if you have any papers to show I A. The incorporators named
in the charter took part in the organization.

Q. All of them? A. Not all of them, but about two-thirds of them, and
the following committee was appointed at the meeting of the incorpo-
rators to act as a committee of five under said charter to open books
of subscription to the capital stock: Hiram Hitchcock, Horace L.
Hotchkiss, Francis A. Stout, E. A. Lancaster, and A. 0. Cheney.

Q. What is that paper you have in your hand ? A. This is the first
annual report which the company has to make to the Government of
the United States under the terms of the charter, and which was
made last December.

Q. That is a copy of it I A. Yes, sir.

Q. Have you one to spare? A. I brought it for the committee.

The report is as follows :

REPORT OP THE MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA..

To the honorable Secretary of the Interior :

Pursuant to section six of the act of Congress entitled "An act to incorporate The
Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua," approved February 20th, 1889, which pro-
vides that said company shall make a report on the first Monday of December in
each year to the Secretary of the Interior, and in accordance with the instructions
received from you prescribing the form of such report and the particulars to be given
thereby, and by the express authority of the said company, we, the undersigned,
Hiram Hitchcock, president, and Thomas B. Atkins, secretary of th said The Mari-
time Canal Company of Nicaragua, do hereby make the following report on behalf
of the said company, and do certify and declare as follows:

First. That a meeting of the incorporation named in the said act of Congress was
held on the seventh day of March, 1889, pursuant to call, at No. 36 Wall street, in the
city of New York, when the charter granted by Congress was unanimously accepted,
and a communication to that effect forwarded to the Secretary of State. That at the
same meeting Messrs. Hiram Hitchcock, Horace L. Hotchkiss, Francis A. Stout, R.
A. Lancaster, and A. C. Cheney were chosen by a majority of the number from those
named in the aforesaid act as the five incorporators empowered by said charter to
open books of subscription to the capital stock of the company and to receive sub-
scriptions for the same.

Second. That the said committee of incorporators gave thirty days' notice of the
time and place of the opening of the books of subscription to the capital stock of the
said company by publication in one daily newspaper in New York City and one news-
paper in Managua, Nicaragua, and one in San Jose", Costa Rica, and that, pursuant
to such notice, the said books of subscription were duly opened, on the 22nd day of
April, 1889, at No. 44 Broadway, in the city of New York.

Tuird. That a meeting of the subscribers to the said capital stock was held on the
second day of May, 1889, pursuant to not ice, at number 44 Wall street, in the city of

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 24

370 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

New York, and at such meeting the following board of fifteen directors was dnly
elected by the stockholders of said company in the manner provided for in the said
act of incorporation, to serve for the periods set opposite their respective names, to
wit:

Charles P. Daly, Frederick Billings, Daniel Ammen, Horace L. Hotchkiss, Joseph
E. MacDonald. to serve for three years.

Francis A. Stoat, Alfred B. Darling, Franklin Fairbanks, 0. Ridgeley Goodwin,
Alexander T. Mason, to serve for two years.

Joseph Bryan, James Roosevelt, Hiram Hitchcock, Horatio Guzman, Pedro Perez
Zeledon, to serve for one year.

That a majority of the above-named directors are citizens and residents of the
United States, and that all of them are stockholders in the Maritime Canal Company
of Nicaragua.

Fourth. That on the fourth day of May, 1889, a meeting of the directors, elected as
aforesaid, was held pursuant to notice, at number 44 Wall street, in the city of New
York, and at such meeting by-laws were adopted, and the following officers were
elected for the ensuing year, to wit :

President, Hiram Hitchcock.

Vice-President, Charles P. Daly.

Secretary and treasurer, Thomas B. Atkins.

That all of the officers so elected are citizens and residents of the United States.

Fifth. That in accordance with the provisions of said act of incorporation, the
principal office of The Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua has been established
in the city of Now York, at No. 44 Wall street.

Sixth. That The Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua has completed the axial
surveys and final plans of the proposed interoceanic canal, and the same have been
officially approved by the Government of Nicaragua. That on the third day of June,
1889, the company began the preliminary work of construction at Greytown, and on
the 8th day of October following commenced the work of excavation. That the
Government of the Republic of Nicaragua has officially recognized and declared by
decree that the construction of the canal was formally commenced, in accordance
with the terms of the concession, on the said 8th day of October, 1889.

That since the said 3d day of Jnne, 1889, the company has established perma-
nent headquarters at Greytown, erected store-houses, hospitals, dwellings, and
other buildings, constructed several miles of aqueduct, cleared parts of the San
Juan and Deseado Rivers, laid several miles of broad-gauge railroad, constructed
about thirty-five miles of telegraph line, and cleared the first part of the route of
the canal. That it has shipped to Greytown and landed at that port large quantities
of machinery, tools, lumber, piles, boats, and other materials necessary for the
establishment of the plant to be used in the construction of the said canal. That,
in addition to the above, the company has organized in Nicaragua a complete hos-
pital service and ambulance corps, and has perfected the sanitary arrangements in
and about its camps and headquarters.

Seventh. That during the coming winter the work of railroad and telegraphic
construction will be continued and prosecuted with energy, the building of a
breakwater for the Atlantic port of the canal will be commenced, and the dredging
work will be pushed forward with all possible dispatch. That several large dredges
have recently been contracted for, and other contracts relating to the construction of
the canal are now in course of negotiation with responsible contractors, and it is ex-
pected they will be closed at an early date.

Eighth. That ten thousand one hundred and forty-five shares of the capital stock of
The Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua have already been subscribed at par,
amounting in the aggregate to the sum of one million fourteen thousand five hundred
dollars ($1,014,500), of which amount six hundred and one thousand four hundred
and fifty ($601,450) dollars have been paid into the treasury of the company in cash.
That the other assets of the company consist at present of the property, rights, privi-
leges, and franchises now owned by it in Nicaragua and New York.

Ninth. That since the third day of Jnne, 1889. the company has expended upon
the work carried on in Nicaragua more than five hundred thousand ($500,000) dol-
lars, and that its liabilities, which consist chiefly of expenditures incurred during
the month of November, do not exceed the sum of fifty thousand ($50,000) dollars.

Tenth. That the details of the work to be done on the canal are briefly as follows :
The construction of a breakwater at or near Greytown on the Caribbean Sea, and
dredging thence to the westward ten miles through alluvial ground to the place
where a lock of thirty -one feet lift will be built. At two miles beyond will be con-
structed a second lock or double lock of the combined lift of seventy- five feet, and a
dam across the small stream Deseado, above which will be a basin affording four and
one-quarter miles of free navigation; then a rock cut about two and three-quarter
miles in length, followed by twelve miles of free navigation in the valleys of two
small rivers, the San Francisco and the Machado. Here the waters will be raised by
dams and embankments so as to form basins, which will connect directly with the

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 311

Sail Juan River above a large flam to be bnilt across that river. Said dam will raise
the waters in the river and lake and secure additional free navigation of sixty-four
miles in the river and fifty-six and one-half miles across the lake. On the western
side of the lake the canal will enter a cut of slight depth iu the earth and rock of nine
miles in length, issuing thence into the Tola basin, with five and one-half miles of
free navigation, which will be obtained by damming the Rio Grande. At this dam
a series of locks will lower the level eighty-five feet, and the canal will proceed in
excavation down the valley of the Rio Grande a distance of two miles to the last lock,
a tidal lock of twenty to thirty feet lift, below which the canal will enter the upper
portion of the harbor of Brito, one and one-half miles from the Pacific.

In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands this second day of December,
in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty -nine, and affixed
hereto the corporate seal of said company.

HIRAM HITCHCOCK,

President.
[Seal of Maritime Canal Com- THOS. B. ATKINS,

pany of Nicaragua.] Secretary.

STATE OF NEW YORK,

City and County of New YorTc, $ :

Hiram Hitchcock, being duly sworn, says : That he is the president of said The
Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua ; that he has read the foregoing annual report
and knows the contents thereof, and that the same is in all respects correct and true.

HIRAM HITCHCOCK,

Prexidftnt.

Sworn to before me this 2nd day of December, 1889.

[Notarial seal.] NESTOR PONCE DE LEON,

Notary Public, N. T. C., 25.

STATK OP NEW YORK,

City and County of New York, :

Thomas B. Atkins, being duly sworn, says : That he is the secretary of said the
Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua ; that he has read the foregoing annual re-
port and knows the contents thereof, and that the same is in all respects correct and
trne.

THOS. B. ATKINS.

Sworn to before me this 2nd day of December, 1889.
[Notarial seal.] NESTOR PONCE DE LEON,

Notary Public, N. Y. C., 22.

STATE OP NEW YORK,

City and County of New York, ss :

On the second day of December, in the year 1889, before me personally came
Thomas B. Atkins, known to me to be the secretary of the Maritime Canal Company
of Nicaragua, and with whom I am personally acquainted, who, being by me duly
sworn, did depose and say: That he resided in the city of New York; that he was
the secretary of The Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua ; that he knew the cor-
porate seal of said company ; that the seal affixed to the foregoing report was snch
. corporate seal ; that it was so affixed by order of the board of directors of the said
company, and that he signed his name thereto by the like order as secretary of the
aaid company.

And the said Thomas B. Atkins further said that he was acquainted with Hiram
Hitchcock and knew him to be the president of said company ; that the signature
of the said Hiram Hitchcock subscribed to the said instrument was in the genuine
handwriting of the said Hiram Hitchcock, and was thereto subscribed by the like
order of the said board of directors, and in the presence of him the said Thomas B.
Atkins.

In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and official seal this second day of
December, A. D. 1889.

[Notarial seal.] NESTOR PONCE DE LEON,

Notary Public, N. Y. C., 25.

Q. This report shows the proceedings down to. the time it was
made ? A. Yes. If you will allow me to say further, that committee
opened the books and proceeded in accordance with the charter and a
board of directors was elected, which organized and elected its officers
May 4, 1889.

372

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. How much stock was subscribed? A. There was subscribed at
that time 145 shares, mainly by the different incorporators, for the pur-
pose of organization ; no other subscriptions were offered.

By Senator EDMUNDS :
Q. What was the par value of the shares ? A. One hundred dollars.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. Does this report show the stockholders and the amount sub-
scribed by each ? A. Not the individual names. I could have brought
the detailed statement of the list of names, but the different incorpo-
rators subscribed for a few shares each for the purpose of effecting the
organization of the company.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. How much was subscribed down to the 2d of December ? A. In all
10,145 shares, and I have brought the certificate of the secretary of
the company, showing the subscription down to the present time.

Q. Just read the certificate. A. It is as follows :

I, Thomas B. Atkins, secretary of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua,
hereby certify that the entire issue of the capital stock of the Maritime Canal Com-
pany of Nicaragua is 10,14r> shares, all of which is now outstanding; and that of said
issue 10,000 shares have been paid for in full in cash, and 145 shares have been paid
for, 10 per centum thereof in cash, and 90 per centum thereof is payable at the option
and upon the call of the company.
In certification of which, witness ray hand this 3d day of June, 1890.

THOMAS B. ATKINS,

Secretary.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. You say you have nothing to show who are the present stock-
holders? A. No, sir, I have not. I could have brought you that list
It includes the incorporators under the charter. I think they are all
down for one or more shares. I can give you that list of names from a
copy of the charter here if it is important.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. No ; we know who those are. We would like to have you send
us a list of the names of all the present stockholders, and the number
of shares standing to the credit of each. A. I will do that. It is as
follows :

List of shareholders / The Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua, chartered by the

United States of America :

Share*.

J. E. McDonald 5

C. R. Goodwin 5

Frederick Billings 5

A. G. Menocal 5

R. A. Lancaster 5

Henry A. Parr 5

J. F. O'Shaughnessy 5

H. Guzman 1

Thomas B. Atkins 1

C. H. Stebbing 5

J. Aldig6 5

C. Devries 5

E. F. Beale 5

JosephBryan 5

The Nicaragua Canal and Con-
struction Company 10, 000

Total . . .10, 145

Shares.

Charles P. Daly

Henry R Hoyt

Robert Starges

Alexander J. Mason

F. A. Stout

H. L. Hotchkiss

Henry C. Taylor

A. C. Cheney

H. Hitchcock

F. Fairbanks....

A. B. Darling

James Roosevelt

Daniel Ammen

A. S. Crowninshield

J. W. Miller

F. F. Thompson

G. H. Robinson

O. E. Kissel

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 373

I, Thomas B. Atkins, secretary of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua,
hereby certify that the foregoing is a correct list of the shareholders of the company
and of their respective holdings as set opposite their respective names.
Witness my hand this 7th of June, 18 ( JO.

THOMAS B. ATKINS,

Secretary.

Q. Who is the secretary of your company 1 A. Thomas B. Atkins.

Q. What is his address T A. 44 Wall street.

Q. Who is the treasurer? Ee is also the treasurer of the company.
Here is a complete list of the directors and officers of the company.
We had an animal meeting in May, 1890.

Directors for three years. Joseph Bryan, James Roosevelt, Hiram Hitchcock, Horacio
Guzman, Thomas B. Atkins.

Directors for two years. Charles P. Daly, Frederick Billings, Daniel Am men, Horace
L. Hotchkiss, Joseph E. McDonald.

Directors for one year. Francis A. Stout, Alfred B. Darling, Franklin Fairbanks, C.
Ridgely Goodwin, Alexander T. Mason.

President, Hiram Hitchcock; vice-president, Charles P. Daly; secretary and
treasurer, Thomas B. Atkins.

Executive committee: Frederick Billings (chairman), Charles P. Daly, Horace L.
Hotchkiss, Alexander T. Mason, Hiram Hitchcock.

That is the list as it now stands. The only change from last year
was the retirement of Mr. Zeledon, of Costa Eica, and the election of
Mr. Atkins in his place.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. Does your report to the Government show the financial condition
of the treasury ; does it contain a statement of the assets of the com-
pany at the time it was made 1 ? A. The report to the Government, of
which this is a copy, was made in December. It states the facts with
reference to the organization <ftnd the subscription of stock and ex-
penses and disbursements to that time. In February, before the year
from the passage of the charter had expired, I also made a report to
the Government, as required by the charter, that we had received more
than $1,000,000 as payments on account of the stock of the company.
I have here a statement for you of the financial status of the company
at the present time, the treasurer's statement.

Q. Yes ; that is what I was inquiring about. A. I will read it.

I, Thomas B. Atkins, treasurer of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua, here-
by certify that I have received as treasurer of said company, during the year end-
ing May 1, 1890, $1,001,450, all of which has been paid in on subscriptions to capi-
tal stock ; of which amount I have disbursed for construction and other purposes
during the year, $830,161.87, and have remaining, May 1, 1890, a balance in the
treasury of $171,283.13.
In certification of which, witness my hand this 3d day of June, 1890.

THOMAS B. ATKINS,

Treasurer.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. Now state in that connection what are the outstanding obligations
of your company ? A. We have no outstanding obligations that are
due. Our bills due are all paid. There may be, however, some small
bills not yet audited. At the time this report was made, in December I
think, bhere were about $50,000 of expenses that might be presented for
payment.

By Senator DOLPH:

Q. And the $800,000 paid over to the construction company ! A.
Yes.
Q. So that it was not disbursed by your company 1 A. No, sir ; but

374 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

it has been disbursed, on vouchers by the construction company, for
work done under their contract with us.

By Senator EDMUNDS:

Q. Well, when you paid over that $800,000, in round numbers, was
that in advance or for work actually performed ? A. For work actually
performed.

Q. Well, what funds are they working on now t I understand from
Mr. Miller that the work is progressing in a diligent and satisfactory
way. A. They are going on with their own money, and as fast as they
present us with proper vouchers for work, we must, in order to pay
them, obtain money on stock subscription or on bonds.

Q. Now, what is the arrangement between your company and the
construction company T A. The arrangement is as follows, and I have
brought a copy of the papers to leave with you. This is the provisional
contract under which we were acting.

Q. The temporary contract. A. Yes.

Mr. Hitchcock read the contract as follows:

I, Thomas B. Atkins, secretary of The Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua)
hereby certify, that on the 24th day of May, 1889, there was held at the office of the
company, 44 Wall street, in the city of New York, a meeting of the executive com-
mittee of the board of directors of The Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua, duly
convened ; that at said meeting there was presented a letter from The Nicaragua Canal
Construction Company, of which a certified copy, marked Exhibit A, is hereto attached.
That a reply thereto, of which a certified copy, marked Exhibit B, is hereto attached,
was duly authorized, and that a second letter from The Nicaragua Canal Construction
Company, of which a certified copy, marked Exhibit C, is hereto attached, was re-
received by said executive committee, was considered, and was ordered on file. In
certification of all of which,

Witness my hand this 3d day of June, 1890.

THOMAS B. ATKINS,

Secretary.

EXHIBIT A.

OFFICE OP THE NICARAGUA CANAL CONSTRUCTION COMPANY,

44 Wall Street, New York, May '24, 1889.
THB MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA :

GENTLEMEN : The Nicaragua Canal Construction Company hereby offers to do the
entire work of every kind aud nature of constructing the iuteroceanic caual to be
built by your company, and in accordance with the plans of A. 6. Menocal, as
approved on the 9th day of March, 1889, by the board of civil engineers to whom the
same was submitted for examination, and also according to any modifications or
changes that may hereafter be made in said plans which do not substantially vary
from the generaf route as now laid down in Mr. Menocal's plans or increase the ex-
penses of constructing the same, and to begin the work at once and to complete the
same in all respects as required by the stipulations and conditions in the concessions
held by your company, for the sum of $200,000,000 in the first mortgage bonds of your
company and $75,000,000 of the capital stock, payments to be made in equal propor-
tions of stock and bonds every thirty day# for such portions of the work as the en-
gineers of your company shall certify have been completed, the work to be begun at
once.

As a guaranty of good faith this company hereby agrees to subscribe for $100,000,-
000 of the stock of your company, and to pay for the same in cash.
Tours very truly,

A. C. CHENEY,
President of the Nicaragua Canal Conttruciion Company.

I, Thomas B. Atkins, secretary of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua,
hereby certify that the foregoing is a true and correct copy of a letter received May
24, 1889, by the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua from the Nicaragua Canal
Construction Company.
Witness my hand this 3d day of June, 1890.

THOMAS B. ATKINS,

Secretary.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 375

To that I made the following reply :

EXHIBIT B.

THE MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA,

44 Wall Street, Neio York, May 24, 1889.

To the NICARAGUA CANAL CONSTRUCTION COMPANY :

GKNTLEMEN : Your offer to begin at once the construction of the Nicaragua Canal
Is at Land.

You are hereby authorized and directed to begin such construction work at the
earliest possible moment, with this understanding and agreement : That, if within
three months this company does not accept your proposition or execute a contract,
with your company that shall be mutually satisfactory, then, in such an event, this
company will re-imburse your company for all the expenditures incurred in connec-
tion with the construction work and 10 per cent, in addition thereto.
Yours, very respectfully,

HIRAM HITCHCOCK,
Pretidcnt of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua.

I, Thomas B. Atkins, secretary of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua,
hereby certify that the foregoing is a true and correct copy of a letter delivered by
me May '<?4, IS-ft), to the president of the Nicaragua Canal Construction Company.

Witness my hand this 3d day of Juno, 1890.

THOMAS B. ATKINS,

That, of course, was because we could not make a large contract with
any company at that point of time, and therefore we reserved the right
to simply pay them for what they did and 10 per cent, additional.

Q. Well, that is within three months ? A. If we did not make a con-
tract within three mouths. Well, we did not make a contract within
three months.

Q. So that as the thing stood they were going on under this au
thority and you were either bound to make a contract that was mu-
tually satisfactory or else you were bound to re-imburse them with 10
per cent., profit ? A. That is it exactly. To that they responded as
follows :

EXHIBIT C.

OFFICE OF THE NICARAGUA CANAL CONSTRUCTION COMPANY,

44 Wall Street, New York, May 24, 1889.
HIRAM HITCHCOCK, Esq., President of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua:

DEAR SIR: I beg to acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 24th instant, author-
izing and directing this company to begin the construction of the Nicaragua Canal
at the earliest possible moment, upon terms and conditions therein stated.

In reply, I beg to advise you that this company will, in compliance with your di-
rections, commence the work of constructing the Nicaragua Canal at once ; and to
that end will dispatch an expedition to Nicaragua on the 25th instant.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

A. C. CHENEY,
President of the Nicaragua Canal Construction Company.

I, Tkomas B. Atkins, secretary of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua,
hereby certify that the foregoing is a true and correct copy of a letter received May
24, 1889, by the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua, from the Nicaragua Canal
Construction Company.
Witness my hand this 3d day of Jane, 1890.

THOMAS B. ATKINS,

Secretary.

That was the 25th of May a year ago. We regarded this as entirely
sufficient for us because it left us perfectly free (without any obligation

376 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

as to stock or bonds to any one) to pay them for what they had done
and 10 per cent, and stop at any time.

Q. And take it off their hands t A. Yes.

Q. Now, then, what further steps were taken t A. They immediately
sent out an expedition and work commenced there on the 3d of June.
The progress of that work is fully stated in this report to the Govern-
ment of the 1st of December and in this further report which includes
everything down to the present time, and which is as follows :

Since the commencement of operations in Nicaragua the company, with fnnfe al-
ready obtained, has established a complete and perfect organization at Greytown,
from which point active operations are being conducted, and has accomplished besides
many other important works of installation and construction. The final plans and
detailed surreys of the canal, its harbors, locks, and other accessory works, nave been
completed and verified, and large sums of money have been expended for engineering
works in locating railroads, making rock borings at the divide and other places along
the line of the canal, and in perfecting the location of the route from ocean to ocean.
Permanent headquarters have been established at Greytown, large barracks, store-
houses, hospitals, dwellings, and other buildings have been erected, and wharves and
warehouses bnilt for the receipt and storage of supplies. Parts of the San Juanillo,
Deseado, San Francisco, and other navigable streams through which the canal will
pass, have been cleared of obstructions to navigation, and several miles of the route
of the canal between the harbor and lock number one have been grubbed and cleared
and made ready for dredging. The company has built over a mile of broad-gauge
railroad, constructed over 70 miles of telegraph and telephone lines, and has also
landed at Greytown large quantities of machinery, tools, lumber, piles, creosoted
timber, boats, steam launches, lighters, pile-drivers, and other materials and equip-
ment necessary for work in restoring the harbor, and for use in the construction of the
canal. It has built over 700 feet of the breakwater intended to protect the harbor
entrance from the effects of shifting sand on the coast, and has also under construc-
tion an aqueduct 13 miles long, which is to supply Greytown and the company's head-
quarters with pure and fresh water from the mountains. Contracts have been let
for dredging the bar and harbor, and for the building of 17 miles of railroad from
Greytown to the divide, and work under the same will be commenced on May 15, 1890.
Some of the dredges contracted for are now on their way to Nicaragua, while others
are in course of construction. Large quantities of railroad supplies, locomotives,
steam excavators, water piping, and other materials of construction necessary for
the railroad, breakwater, aqueduct, and other works, are to be forwarded to Grey-
town every month, and, in short, the whole work i* being pushed forward as rapidly
as possible.

That is the report of the work. The work, of course, has been done
by the Construction Company.

Q. How much has been expended in all, so far, in round numbers!
A. In all, I should say (I am not entirely familiar with the later details
of expenditure, but 1 am tolerably well up in it), from first to last, about
a million and a half has been expended. That of course includes the
expenses from the beginning.

Q. Who is the secretary of that company t A. Mr. Jacob W. Miller,
who is the president of the Boston and New York (New London) Bail
way Company.

Q. Who is the treasurer ? A. Henry E. Hoyt.

By Senator DOLPH:

Q. How is it that the difference between the $800,000 paid out by
your company and the million and a half has not been presented! A.
I stated this was from the beginning. Now in the first place the Nic-
aragua Canal Association was formed, and the Construction Company
was its successor as to work of construction. The association expended
a quarter of a million dollars before the Construction Company took
hold, so that including that, and what the Construction Company has

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 377

done, and done in advance of payment, I understand it is about a mil-
lion and a half dollars.

Q. Do you pay interest on advances as the money is expended by the
Construction Company? A. No, sir; the contract does not call for it.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. Are any of the officers of the Maritime Canal Company members
of the Construction Company? A. Not as officers; they are stockhold-
ers. The officers are entirely different.

Q. The management is entirely separate? A. Entirely separate.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. Can yon state how nearly identical the stockholders of each com-
pany are? A. Well, 1 should say all the stockholders of the Maritime
Company are also stock holders of the Construction Company

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. Are any of the stockholders of the Construction Company, aside
from the ones you have named, stockholders in the Maritime Com-
pany ? A. No, sir.

Q. But the Construction Company itself is a stockholder to the ex-
tent of $1,000,000? A. Yes 5 and the Construction Company has a
large list of stockholders all over the country.

Q. Have you had any further transactions with the Construction
Company looking to the future as to what sort of a permanent contract
shall be made? A. We have arranged and agreed upon the leading
points of a permanent contract. The original draft of that contract I
did not bring with me. The contract has never been signed because it
is not quite complete. It can not be completed until we know a little
more as to what our securities will bring in order to know how many
securities to issue, and in order to fix a compensation in securities. Ail
those questions will have to be settled before the contract can be fully
completed. I have the synopsis of the contract here.

Q. Is there any point of difference between your company and the
Nicaraguan Government now outstanding? A. No, sir, there is no
point of difference whatever. I may as well perhaps say, as you ask
me the question, with reference to that, that there is no point of differ-
ence remaining unsettled between the company and Nicaragua at the
present time. That leads me to say (without assuming to be able to
give you gentlemen the least information on that point) that it is proper
that you should know from us officially the relations which exist be-
tween us and Nicaragua, and in fact Central America generally. It is,
as I said before, perhaps unnecessary to state these facts, but there are
complicated questions. The rights to the San Ju'an Eiver, the bound-
ary questions between Nicaragua and Costa Rica, always come up
when any question of transit across that isthmus arises. You will find
that under Tyler's administration, in 1842, this matter was somewhat
considered by Mr. Webster, and it has been before every Secretary of
State in some aspect from that time to this. It involves the canal
question. Now the question of the respective rights in this particular
route was supposed to have been settled under the treaty of limits be-
tween those two powers of 1858. Under that treaty, while Nicaragua
owns the entire route, yet Costa Rica has the right to navigation and
has the right to be consulted.

Now I come down to the point where it concerns this particular con-

J78 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

cession. The Nicaragua. Canal Association, which was formed iu 1886,
sent out early in 1887 to obtain a concession to buili! this canal. Nica-
ragua had the right to give this coucefcsion, and in it gave us the full-
est freedom to locate the route, but for the reason that the treaty of 1858
gives to Costa Rica the right of navigation and that in the construction
of the canal waters would be made to overflow Costa Bican territory,
Costa Rica took the ground that Nicaragua should have recognized
that treaty to the extent at least of obtaining the consent of Costa
Rica to this concession. Nicaragua did not do that. We accepted the
concession in good faith, believing Nicaragua had the absolute right to
grant it. The first thing we encountered was a protest, thirty or forty
days thereafter, from Costa Rica, announcing that the concession was
ot no value because she had not been consulted. The Government of
Nicarauga could have consulted her before, and have gone on and sat-
isfied her for any damages which the overflow might do to her terri-
tory, but we were left to make terms with Costa Rica. We then for six
mouths negotiated to obtain a concession from Costa Rica, when this
was accomplished. Nicaragua immediately protested against our con-
cession from Costa Rica. We assured Nicaragua that we had accepted
the concession from Costa Rica simply in the nature of a quitclaim of
any rights she might have; and when we formed our company and
accepted the Costa Rica concession we accepted it only in so far as it
did not conflict with the territorial rights and proprietary interests of
the Republic of Nicaragua. Thus we were entirely open and frank in
the whole transaction.

Now you will readily see that up to that point it was useless to talk
about the sale of bonds with the protest of either government pending
Then when the first expedition, sent out after the Maritime Company
was organized, commenced work on the 3d of June, 1889, Nicaragua
officially notified us that, while she would protest against our eonres-
sion from Costa Rica, yet she would not go beyond protesting and
would not interfere with the construction of the canal. But iu July
Nicaragua ordered the stopping of our work at Greytown. We did not
pay attention to that order, because she immediately modified it by say-
ing that she would not regard the work as an official commencement of
permanent work. The troubles continued and were fostered by parties
from England, whose names I know, who wanted to have the 24th day
ot October arrive and the Government of Nicaragua not recognize thnt
we had begun our work, so that our concession would lapse. On the
16th of September, 188'), the Government of Nicaragua notified us
officially that if we did not confine ourselves within her limits, thereby
ignoring any rights or claims of Costa Rica, she would not approve our
surveys nor recognize the commencement of the work of construction,
and that on the 24th of October she should consider our concession as
having lapsed.

This course of Nicaragua was so unjust, that I went immediately to
tne Government here, through the State Department. I stated the
case fully. Mr. Blaine met the question with great fairness and prompt
ness, and immediately wired to the American minister at Central Amer
ica to go to Nicaragua and say to the Nicaragnan Government that he
was surprised at the report of the attitude of the Nicaragua^ Govern
ment towards this company, and wished him to examine into the facts
and report to the State Department here, and at the same time to assuie
the Government of Nicaragua that the Govern ment of the United States
would not remain passive and see the rights of its citizens threatened.
That dispatch of Mr. Blaine had the desired effect. Mr. Mi/ner and

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY 379

Mr. Hall, our permanent agent there, arranged a plan by which Nica
ragua could recede from her position with dignity, which was in the
form of a joint declaration. On our part we agreed to go on and build
the canal in good faith under the concession, and the Nicaraguan Gov-
ernment agreed to approve the surveys and work, so that the work of
construction was recognized officially as commenced on the 8th of last
October. I will submit copies. of the telegrams between the President
of Nicaragua and myself.

[Copy of telegram sent October 9, 1889.]

His excellency PRESIDENT OF NICARAGUA,

Managua :

Please accept my sincere congratulations upon the happy termination of all differ-
ences, and the company's assurance that it will vigorously prosecute the work of the
canal in the interest of Nicaragua aud the whole commercial world.

HIRAM HITCHCOCK,
President Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua.

[ Translation of telegram received from the President of Nicaragua in reply to ours of October 9.]

MANAGUA, October 11, 1889.
President of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua :

I congratulate myself jointly with you upon the happy settlement of the canal ques-
tion, and with the greatest satisfaction I offer the cordial assistance of my Govern-
ment to the efforts of the company for the realization of this grand enterprise.

ROBERTO SACASA,
President of the- Eftpublio.

Q. So that all this work was begun before? A. Surveys were begun
in November, 1887, and $250,000 had been spent on the work prior to
June, 1889, and everything had been entirely harmonious except in the
matter of protests, as stated, down to the point when this attempt was
made through various influences to cause the Government to dispossess
us of our concessionary rights.

Now you can readily see that with protests from Costa Eica at the
very start, with protests from Nicaragua, with all these troubles, this
company was not in a position to say one word about the sale of stock
or bonds until the 8th of last October. Very soon after that we were
confronted with one of the tightest money markets New York and the
financial world has seen of late, which has only in the last sixty days
been relaxed, so there are strong reasons why we have never attempted
to place the securities of the company.

We have had a great many questions asked about our securities, and
we have always been willing to listen to them.

Q. You mean questions asked you by people who represent capital!
A. Yes ; people come we do not always know how much capital they
represent and say " We can place your bonds, so and so." Our reply
has been, "We can not offer our bonds under present circumstances."
Of course the time is soon coming when we can take up the subject.
The Government of Nicaragua is very friendly now, and most thoroughly
in earnest and ready to help us in reference to this canal all in its power.
But by October next we are pledged to put into that work $2,000,000.
Now we shall get that $2,000,000 into the work. Senator Miller, presi-
dent of the Construction Company, assures me that there is no question
about it ; so that there will be no reason for the Nicaraguan Govern-
ment raising any objection that we have not complied with all the terms

380 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

of the concession; but of course it will depend somewhat upon plots
and schemes, and upon the eyes of her engineers. They may see live
or six millions and may not see one. Between Nicaragua and Costa
Rica there is always danger of difficulty coining up in reference to this
canal and the question of their respective rights there. I had a tele-
gram the other day that the Costa Hican Government had appointed
another commission to confer with Nicaragua a^ain as to that. Nicara-
gua at this stage of the proceedings might simply propose to pay for
the 400.000 or 500,000 or 600,000 acres of land (which may be overflowed
by our dams) of Costa Kican territory, and arrange as to navigation,
etc., then there could be no further claim upon Nicaragua or upon as.
But until the respective rights of those two powers are settled there
will always be more or less difficulty.

There is another point I would like to mention. I have always felt
entirely secure as to the position of this company as chartered by Con-
gress, not only because it was chartered by Congress, but on account of
ihe treaty of 1807 between the United States and Nicaragua. The
terms of the treaty are particularly strong and conclusive. The United
States has the same right over the Nicaragua route under the treaty of
1867 as it has over the Panama route. If there is any difficulty that
obstructs our transit through that territory the United States has the
right to go in and preserve order just as she has done on the Panama
route under the treaty with Colombia. So that I have felt entirely
confident that in the end the company, if it went on in good faith,
which it surely will, will receive the protection of the United States.
Dot only because it was incorporated by the United States, but because
of these treaty relations, and because of the importance of that route
to the United States.

Q. Now give us the synopsis of your permanent contract. A. As I
said before, these amounts can not be correctly defined until these
various questions are settled. (Mr. Hitchcock here read the synopsis,
and the committee directed that it be not printed but placed on the
files of the committee.)

By Senator EDMUNDS:

Q. What is the actual top- working estimate of the engineers on their
final revision; what amount of actual cash, it being ready in hand,
will that canal cost? A. I will state that as definitely as I am able.
Our own engineer, Mr. Menocal, makes a full and final estimate, as in
his judgment absolutely sufficient to build the canal, $65,000,000. The
advisory board of engineers, which we called in to review those plans,
and whom we told " we have not call* d you to approve these plans, but
we call upon you to find all the fault you possibly can; that is your busi-
ness, and we want you particularly to review these figures" they car-
ried that estimate up from $65,000,000 to $80,000,000. They also added
$7,000,000 for the following reason : They said, "You have a peculiar
country there. It is a volcanic country. It is not actively so now, but
it has been in years past, and when you build these dams you do not
know how many*crevices, as the water rises, it may find to go through;
and therefore you do not know how many leaks you will have to stop ;
and, while we do not really believe it will cost you that, it may possibly
files of the committee directed that it be not printed but placed on the
cost you a few million dollars ; so we will add $7,000,000 for that item."
That carried it up to $87,000,000.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 381

Q. They allowed a certain amount for contingencies in the ordinary
way, and then, as a special contingent fund in view of unforeseen pos-
sibilities, they added $7,000,000 ? A. Yes. So that the actual con-
struction of the canal, according to the advisory board, would cost
$87,000,000. Then of course there would be some expenses of admin-
istration. I have always said that the lowest amount that should be
fixed as the probable actual economic cost of that canal would be
$100,000,000. I have never had any other opinion.

Q. Who were the gentlemen who composed the advisory board of
engineers? A. The advisory board was, first, Mr. John Bogart, as
chairman, who was the chief engineer of the Erie Canal system. The
others were Mr. Wellington, who is an expert engineer and has had a
great deal to do in advising about the construction of large aqueduct
and other works in this country; Mr. Myers, who is a very prominent
railway engineer, and who lives, I believe, at Richmond, and has con-
structed a great many railway lines; Mr. Charles T. Harvey, who was
the constructing engineer of the Saulte Ste. Marie Canal, and Prof.
H. A. Hitchcock, the professor of civil engineering in the Thayer
school of engineering at Dartmouth College. That was the advisory
board.

Q. Would it be possible for your company, in making this permanent
contract, to insert in it a clause that if the United States should at any
time before the completion of the work, wish to take the things off the
hands of the Construction Company, advance money itself, and thus
save the enormous difference between actual cost and outstanding obli-
gations and stock, that then the contract should terminate right where
it was and be settled up, and its further execution, so far as getting
such a great amount of bonds in excess of the actual cash to be used,
should stop t By that I do not mean that the Construction Company
should stop doing the work and being paid for it in cash, or any adjust-
ment that should be made, but whether you could manage with them to
have the door left open for the United States to step in and help you all
out in some suitable way, so as to save this enormous amount of out-
standing obligations at the end. A. I have no doubt but what such an
arrangement could be made, and I will say very frankly that I think I
represent a dominant interest a dominant body of men in this canal,
who, while they expect to realize something from it, yet their desire is
so strong for the canal that there will be no personal consideration in
the way of the arrangement that you suggest, and I should very decid-
edly favor it. They are not a selfish body of men. Tou take men like
Frederick Billings, Judge Daly. Mr. Fairbanks, Mr. Darling, and all
those gentlemen, and first of all they want the canal built.

Q. I hope, Mr. Hitchcock, and I have no doubt that both my col-
leagues and doubtless the whole committee will agree with me in that
hope earnestly, that your company which Congress has chartered, if
you are compelled to make definite and final arrangements before any
judgment of Congress, in view of the present situation, can be taken
definitely one way or the other, that you will have a clause inserted which
shall enable you, justly and legally to the Construction Company, to stop
this enormous waste of obligations in such a way that the United States
may come to your assistance. A. I should favor that very decidedly.

By Senator PAYNE:

Q. Is it a part of your obligation under your charter to report annu-
ally? A. Yes; and I have submitted already a copy of our annual
report.

382 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

By Senator EDUMUNDS:

Q. Have you any copies of the concession of Nicaragua and Costa
Ricaf A. 1 have brought over for you everything I thought you
might possibly want. The concessions are out of print, but I have
brought over a copy of each of them ; also a report of the consulting
engineers and a report of the final location by Chief Engineer Menoca).

[The copies of the concessions, etc., were placed on file.]

Committee adjourned.

SICAKAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 383

SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES,

COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN KELATIONS,

Saturday, June 28, 1890.

The committee met at 10.30 a. m. Present, Senators Sherman (chair
man), Edmunds, Frye, Evarts, Dolph, and Payne.

There were also present, at the request of the committee, Hiram
Hitchcock, president of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaraugua,
and Warner Miller, president, and Alexander T. Mason, attorney of the
Nicaragua Canal Construction Company.

STATEMENT OF HIRAM HITCHCOCK Continued.

By the CHAIRMAN :

Q. Mr. Hitchcock, it is presumed you know the situation of the
matter before us. We want to get from you the precise financial status
of the Maritime Canal Company and also of the Construction Company,
and we would like to have you make your statement in your own way.
We want to know the precise amount of the obligations you are under
either for improvements made or for expenses already incurred, includ-
ing obligations now existing or that are accruing, so as to get at the
exact present condition of the two companies. We have your former
statement here before us, and you need not go over that unless it is
necessary to repeat some portion of it. A. Allow me to say that in my
previous statement I answered such questions as were asked, and made
some further remarks with reference to this matter. I did not go into
all of the details of the transactions relating to the concessions, as ]
took it for granted that you gentlemen were fully conversant with
nearly all those particulars. lu order to answer your question clearly,
I will go back to the Nicaragua Canal Association which obtained the
two concessions from the Governments of Nicaragua and Costa Bica,
respectively. Under those concessions the Canal Association was
obliged to form a construction company and also to take measures for
the formation of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua. It im-
mediately formed the Construction Company, which was incorporated
three years ago this month.

Q. That is the Construction Company ? A. The present Construc-
tion Company, to which company the concessions were transferred by
the association. Under the terms of the Nicaragua concession the
Nicaraguan Government is to receive 6 per cent, of the stock, as we
believe, of the company, but as they believe 6 per cent, of all the secu-

384 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

rities issued by the company. That question remains unsettled, a con-
struction of the clause referring to that matter not having been agreed
upon. The Costa Kican concession calls for a million and a half, or
1 per cent, of the stock of the Maritime Company. The Maritime
Company has not as yet issued any of its stock to those Governments.
The association itself, under the terms of the concession from Nicara-
gua, is entitled to the same compensation which the Government of
Nicaragua receives; that is, 6 per cent, of the securities of the Mari-
time Company.

Q. Repeat that sentence. A. I say that under the concession the
association itself, that is, the Nicaragua Canal Association

Q. The old association t A. The old association under the fifty-first
article was to receive from the Maritime Company 6 per cent, of the
stock and bonds of the company to be formed.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. The fifty first article, do you sayt A. The fifty-first article.
Now, those two concessions, as I stated, were disposed of to the Con-
struction Company in order that the work might go on, and we were
obliged under the concessions to form a construction company, and we
had to wait a long time before we could form, as we believed properly,
the Maritime Company. We waited for this Congressional charter and
organized under it. Now the Maritime Company was formed

Q. The old association was merged in the Maritime Company t A.
The old association was dissolved ; the Maritime Company was formed
and purchased of the Construction Company all its right, title, and in-
terest in and to the two concessions for which it agreed to pay
$12,000,000 stock of the Maritime Company. The stock has not been
issued ; and the stock has not been issued to those two Governments.
We have not issued the $12,000,000 to the Construction Company,
although we have agreed so to do. We left it to be delivered at their
demand, and the obligation still remains to deliver on call to the presi-
dent of the Construction Company this $12,000,000 Maritime Company
stock that is agreed to be paid for these concessions.

By the CHAIRMAN :

Q. One-half of which goes to the Nicaraguau Government and the
other half to the Construction Company ? A. No, that is entirely dif-
ferent. Six per cent, is to go to Nicaragua, and 1 per cent, to Costa
Ixica, but the Maritime Company pays to the Construction Company for
those two concessions, with all the rights, privileges, and franchises
thereunder, $12,000,000 stock.

Q. Does that $12,000,000 cover the amount that goes to Nicaragua
and Costa Rica f A. No, sir ; that is entirely independent.

Q. Then you are under obligations to issue $12,000,000 to the Con-
struction Company, $6,000,000 to Nicaragua, and $1,500,000 to Costa
Ricaf A. Yes.

Q. Nineteen million five hundred thousand dollars t A. Yes.

Q. Now, what are you to receive for that f A. That was regarded as
the just value of the concessions which the Construction Company had
purchased of the association. That of course includes the $6,000,000
stock which the association is entitled to under the terms of the con-
cession, and any right they might have to 6 per cent, of bonds and 6
per cent, of any future increase of capital stock. So the Construction
Company, for taking hold of this enterprise and practically carrying it
on, receive an additional $6,000,000 of stock ; but you gentlemen wil)

NICAEAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 385

remember that the Costa Eican concession was subsequent to that from
Nicaragua, and has of course very great value. Without it the canal
could not be built as at present located.

Q. Then, if I understand you, the answer to my question is, that you
are under obligations to issue in the aggregate $12,000,000 stock to the
Construction Company, $6,000,000 to Nicaragua, and $1,500,000 to Costa
Rica? A. Yes.

By Senator EDMUNDS:

Q. There would be no additional claim by the construction com-
pany? A. No, sir. Whatever the association was entitled to receive
under the 51st article of the concession, which was 6 per cent, of the stocks
and bonds, was conveyed by it to the construction company, and sub-
sequently by the construction company to the Maritime Canal Com-
pany of Nicaragua.

Q. But you have not issued that stock yet? A. No, sir.

Q. Who compose the association that got this concession of Mr.
Menocal? A. The association was originally formed of Frederick
Billings, Chief Justice Daly, Admiral Ammen, Commander Taylor,
Horace L. Hotchkiss, Francis A. Stout, Commander Crowninshield,
Engineer Menocal, and myself. That was the original meeting, but
the number was afterwards increased and included perhaps one hun-
dred and twenty-five, possibly one hundred and fifty gentlemen.

Q. Did that association have a corporate existence? A. No, sir; it
was simply a business association for the purpose of obtaining con-
cessions.

Q. Did it keep books, minutes of its meetings, etc. ? A. It kept min-
utes of its meetings.

Q. Where are they, are they in your possession? A. They are not
in my possession. The association some time ago went out of existence.

Q. That association turned itself into the Construction Company ?
A. No, sir ; it held its organization intact. Its members aided in form-
ing the Construction Company.

Q. When was the Construction Company formed? A. It was formed
nearly three years ago this month.

Q. Before the passage of the act to incorporate the Maritime Canal
Company ? A. Yes. The Construction Company commenced work in
December, 1887.

Q. Who composed the Construction Company ? A. It was composed
mainly of the gentlemen of the association.

Q. Give the names of everybody you can remember. A. There was
Mr. Billings, Governor Fairbanks, of Vermont, who was succeeded by
his brother, Col. Franklin Fairbanks, Judge Daly, Mr. Stout, Mr. Hotch-
kiss, Mr. Thompson, of the First National Bank of New York, Mr. Dar-
ling, Mr. James Roosevelt, Mr. Robert Garrett and T. Harrison Garrett,
of Baltimore, Robert A. Lancaster, of Richmond, Joseph Bryan, of
Richmond, Mr. Cohen, of Savannah, Mr. Aldige, of New Orleans, Mr.
Anderson, of Cincinnati, and I presume I could think of a good many
more of them.

By the CHAIRMAN :

Q. Which one of the Andersons ? A. I think, William P.Anderson.
By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. When was this transfer from the original association to the Con-
stmction Company made ? I understood you to say that the conces-

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 25

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

sions were first transferred to the Construction Company by the associa-
tion. A. Yes.

Q. Now, when was that t A. It was in September, 1887.

Q. Was that in writing ? A. That is my impression, yes.

Q. Have you got the books here which show the entries and engage-
ments, etc., on which the transfer from Menocal and his associates to
the Construction Company was made t A. Not to my knowledge.

Q. Are you a member of the Construction Company ? A. I am a
member of the Construction Company, yes.

Q. You are not an officer t A. No, sir. I left New Hampshire yes-
terday morning and do not know what papers have been brought here.
As I said, all the books and papers of the association are in the custody
of the late secretary.

Q. Yes, the books and papers of the Maritime Company and the
Constructiou Company are in the possession of the officers of the com-
pany ? A. 5Tes, sir.

Q. You being president of one company and Mr. Miller of the other t
A. Yes.

Q. Mr. Miller, have you the books and papers showing the transfer
of Mr. Menocal's rights!

Hon. WARNER MILLER. We have the papers all here.

Q. Are you willing to produce them so that we can see exactly what
the transaction was? A. Mr. Mason will produce all the papers.

Q. I suppose the papers will show exactly what this transfer was f
A. Yes.

Q. That, you say, Mr. Hitckcock, was in 1887 f

Mr. HITCHCOCK. September, 1887.

Q. Now, when was the first engagement made between the Maritime
Company and the Construction Company ? A. The first engagement
between the Maritime and Construction Company was made very near,
in fact, immediately after the organization of the Maritime Company,
which was in May of last year, 1889.

Q. Were those engagements in writing, by contract, or by corre-
spondence ? A. They were in writing by correspondence.

Q. Are all the undertakings between the two companies in writing t
A. Yes.

Q. There are no private contracts or correspondence, then, that do not
appear in your books and papers ? A. Not at all.

Q. I suppose the Construction Company has its separate books ; these
entries will appear in two sets of books ! A. Yes.

Q. What was the nature of the engagement you made with the Con-
struction Company ? A. The same that I mentioned the other day.

Q. Was there any other engagement between the two companies ex-
cept what you stated the other dav? A. As I stated to the commit-
tee then, the two companies had practically made an agreement, but it
was not signed and it could not be signed for the reason I gave; and
that is, we could not tell how many bonds to put into that contract,
and the matter had been held under advisement for that reason.

Q. Where is the engagement to which you referred, in answer to Mr.
Sherman, as an obligation on the part of the Maritime Company to
issue nineteen millions of stock. We can see as far as the concessions
go how much goes to the Governments of Nicaragua and Costa Rica,
but in respect of what you say you give the Construction Company of
your stock? A. That was a purchase by the Maritime Company from
the Construction Company of the two concessions which the Con

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 387

struction Company then owned under its purchase irom the associa-
tion.

Q. Yes, it was a purchase of a paper transaction! A. Yes.

Q. Did it precede or follow this temporary working contract that you
showed us the other day ? A. It was the same day, if I remember
right.

Q. Did you say anything about that to us the other day when you
were here? A. No, sir; not at all.

Q. Did you say it was in writing? A. Yes, sir; it was in writing.

Q. And was put in writing at that time, I suppose! A. Yes, That
was a purchase by the Maritime Company from the Construction Com-
pany.

Q. Does that appear by the books of your corporation ? A. It does.

Q. And I suppose in the books of the Construction Company ! A.
Yes.

Q. Well, it is rather unfortunate that so important an item was left
out the other day. A. It is unfortunate. It did not occur to me, and
I was not asked a question about it. It was a purchase of those con-
cessions by the Maritime Company of the Construction Company.

Q. Yes, but it was purchased, as you say, in round numbers, for
$12,000,000? A. Yes.

Q. And you had engaged to pay it in stock ! A. Yes, sir.

Q. And I asked you how much stock you had out and you said 10,145
shares? A. Yes.

Q. And here was an obligation of the company you did not disclose,
amounting to an engagement to deliver $12,000,000 stock paid up to
the construction company ! A. That is true, but the stock had not
been issued, and I was asked how much was issued, and confined iny-
pelf to that question. I had no desire to conceal anything.

Q. You were coming on here so rapidly to-day I suppose you were
not able to bring the books of your company?

Mr. ALEX T. MASON. I brought them with me, and have them here
(producing them).

Q. Then let us see the entries as to the purchase of these concessions.
This book you now produce is the record of the meetings of the execu-
tive committee of the Maritime Canal Company I A. Yes, sir.

Q. That is the company chartered by Congress ! A. Yes, sir.

Q. Now this begins on the 24th of May. That is the same date you
refer to. Now come to that part of it. I will just read this. It shows
a meeting on the 24th of May. Present, Messrs. Hitchcock, Mason,
Hotchkiss, and Daly, of the executive committee. In the absence of Mr.
Billings, Mr. Hitchcock was appointed chairman.

The Secretary then read a communication received from the Nicaragua Canal Con-
struction Company offering to assign to the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua for
valuable considerations the concessions of the Governments of Nicaragua and Costa
Rica, which were assigned to said Construction Company by the NicaraguaCanal Agso-
ciation. Mr. A. C. Cheney and Mr. H. C. Taylor attended the meeting of the commit-
tee to present the views of the Construction Company as to the consideration which
should be paid by the Maritime Canal Company for the proposed assignment of the
concessions. After some discussion the representatives of the Construction Company
withdrew for consultation, and subsequently presented the proposition of their com-
pany as finally agreed upon and embodied in the following resolution:

Resolved, That the President be and he hereby is authorized and directed to notify
the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua that this company will transfer and
assign to the said Maritime Canal Company the two contracts or concessions granted
by the Republics of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, respectively, together with all the
rights, powers, privileges, property, benefits, advantages, and franchises of every
nature and kind whatsoever which this company as assignee of the Nicaragua Canal
Association has in, to, by or under said concessions, and also all the data in its pos-

388 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

session relating to surveys, explorations, reconnaissances, and estimates, which an
now in its possession, for the sum of 12,000,000 dollars in full paid up shares of the
capital stock of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua.

On motion of Mr. Daly, seconded by Mr. Hitchcock, the following resolutions were
unanimously adopted :

Resolved, That the proposition of the Nicaragua Canal Construction Company for
the transfer and assignment of the Nicaragua aud Costa Rica concessions to this com-
pany be and the same is hereby accepted upon the terms aud conditions therein set
forth: Provided, however, That it is understood and agreed that the concession granted
by the Republic of Costa Rica is accepted by this company upon the condition that
nothing therein contained shall be construed to affect the sovereignty or proprietary
interests of the Republic of Nicaragua so far as the same may have been established
by the treaty of April 15, 1858, between the Governments of Nicaragua aud Costa
Rica; And be it further

Resolved, That the president and secretary are hereby authorized to execute, under
the corporate seal of this company, such agreements as may be necessary to complete
the transfer and assignment of said concession upon the terms aud conditions afore-
said, and also to deliver over to said the Nicaragua Canal Construction Company,
upon receiving the proper deeds of transfer, ($12,000,000) twelve millions dollars in
fall paid shares of the capital stock of this company.

That goes to the temporary contract or offer to do the work of which
we had copies before. Now, Mr. Hitchcock, did you execute the deeds
that were mentioned to be executed papers of transfer f

Mr. HITCHCOCK. Yes.

Q. As separate documents t A. Yes.

Q. This being merely a minute of the meeting, of what was proposed
and what was accepted ? A. Yes.

Q. Now then, where are those documents ? A. They are here.

Q. Just let us see the one by which you have engaged to pay. I want
to see when you are to issue the stock absolutely. Were you to issue
this stock when they delivered the deed containing the concessions?
A. Yes, the agreement so states, but in view of the questions with ref-
erence to issuing stock, as I said before, the understanding was that
the stock should not be issued to the company except on the demand
of the president of the Construction Company.

Q. Was that understanding in writing ? A. No, sir ; it was a verbal
understanding.

Q. But they actually delivered to you the deed transferring the con-
cessions? A. Yes.

Q. And left you under an obligation not performed ? A. Yes.

Q. On the face of it, you have delivered the stock then and there, I
suppose ; that is what the resolution says t A. That might be the con-
struction, I suppose ; they have never asked for it.

Q. You were one of the association, you say ; how much did the
association pay for these same concessions ? A. I can not give you the
exact figures.

Q. Well, in round numbers ? A. Several hundred thousand dollars.

Q. Well, one, two, or three ? A. I should think, for both concessions,
something like half a million dollars, including all the expenses con-
nected with them

Q. What is the character of those expenses, name them ? A. They
were cash advances. For instance there was $100,000 advanced to the
Government of Nicaragua.

Q. That was the deposit required ? A. Yes.

Q. Well that is $100,000 ? A. Various expenses of organization,
some expenses of preliminary surveys and things of that sort.

Q. Then you transferred them, as you said before, to the Canal Con-
struction Company? A. To the Construction Company, yes.

Q. How much did they pay you for those concessions ?

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 389

By the CHAIRMAN.

Q. Let me ask before you answer that this Construction Company
was formed before the Maritime Company, was it ? A. Yes, two years
before.

Q. Is that the same Construction Company that is now in existence!
A. The same now in existence.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. Under a Colorado charter ? A. Yes. I can not tell you all the
Construction Company paid, but it paid more than the association paid.

Q. In what form did it pay it ? A. They paid it in stock, I think.

Q. Stock in the Construction Company? A. In the Construction
Company ; yes sir.

Q. Did they pay any cash ?

Mr. MASON. There was no cash payment

Q. When did that transaction take place ? A. I think in August,
1887.

Q. Immediately after the Colorado charter ?

Mr. HITCHCOCK. The Colorado charter was in June, and this was
August following.

Q. Well, the Construction Company books, I suppose, show just
how much was paid ? A. Yes, sir.

Q. And what in ? A. And what in.

Q. You understand it to be something more; were you one of the
sellers? A. Yes, and the payment was in stock. Certain advances
were made, but the payment was in stock.

Q. How much stock ? A. Eleven million nine hundred and ninety-
eight thousand dollars. It was paid by the issue of the Construction
Company stock.

Q. Issued to the owners of the concession ? A. Yes.

Q. Being the gentlemen who you have named and others of the
same sort that you have not named ? A. Yes, sir. What I meant
by money advances is that the Construction Company had made ad-
vances from time to time. When it was finally settled

Q. I think you stated before that the Construction Company was
composed of substantially the same gentlemen ? A. Yes.

Q. The Maritime Company, as far as the people composing it are con-
cerned, is substantially the same company ? A. Yes.

Q. And the concessions having been obtained for half a million dol-
lars the holders turned them over to the company formed under the
Colorado charter for an issue to them of $11,998,000 in stock ; how
was that precise sum computed? It is an odd sum, being so near to
$12,000,000?

Mr. MASON. It was computed in this way : The capitalization of the
Construction Company was $12,000,000, of which enough was subscribed
for to effect the organization of the corporation, and the balance was
issued in payment of this charge.

Q. So that what was issued in the form of a corporation and what
was turned over for these concessions made the charter amount of the
capital? A. Yes.

Mr. MILLER. I would like to have Mr. Mason, who has been the at-
torney all the way through, make a concise and plain statement from
beginning to end so that it will appear just what the transactions were.

Senator EDMUNDS. Yes. I wanted to be sure that at this time I had
not forgotten anything Mr. Hitchcock had said, so as not to send for
him again. I understand this transaction, makes the association tKt,

390 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

owner of the whole stock of the Construction Company, being the same
persons.
Mr. HITCHCOCK. I join with Senator Miller in the request he makes.

By the CHAIRMAN :

Q. And the $12,000,000 issued by the Maritime Company to the Con-
struction Company is practically the same amount, is it not?

Mr. HITCHCOCK. Yes.

Q. The stock of the Maritime Company was issned to the holders of
the concessions t A. The holders of the concessions are entitled to six
millions or 6 per cent.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. They sold out all that for $12,000,000 in round numbers. The
Construction Company, therefore, have stock of the Maritime Canal
Company, chartered by Congress, for $12,000,000, you all, in substance,
being the same body of gentlemen T A. Practically the parties own-
ing the concessions form these two companies.

Senator EVARTS. It never became, as I understand, a matter of
transaction and substance until it came to 'the issue of a certain num-
ber of shares in the Maritime Company ; is not that so I

Senator EDMUNDS. Yes.

The CHAIRMAN. The Maritime Company paid $12,000,000 of their
stock for concessions and expenses incurred before that time.

Senator EDMUNDS. Agreed to pay it, and the Construction Company
paid $12,000,000 stock in round numbers to the gentlemen who formed
the association, and all the same parties all the way through. Is there
anything else, Mr. Hitchcock of any kind as to the obligations of the
Maritime Canal Company in respect to these concessions and the work
that you have not stated on the other occasion and now t

Mr. HITCHCOCK. No, sir ; I do not recall any now.

Q. Then this, in round numbers, now represents the whole and every
kind of engagement and liability that the Maritime Canal Company is
under? A. Yes.

Q. And you have described all^sort of liabilities? A. Yes, and I
want simply to assure you that there was no intent of reserving any-
thing on my part the other day, but the question did not happen to
come up in that form and this was a purchase and sale between the
two companies.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 391

STATEMENT OF ALEXANDER T. MASON.

The Nicaragua Canal Association was formally organized on the 3d
of December, 1886, by Messrs. Daly, Stout, Hotcnkiss, Taylor, Billings,
Crowninshield, Hitchcock, Miller, and Menocal, for the purpose of se-
curing from the Government of Nicaragua a concession or grant with
all the rights and privileges required for the construction and opera-
tion of a ship canal within the limits of that country connecting the
Caribbean Sea with the Pacific Ocean, together with all works accessory
to or beneficial in the construction or operation of said canal. Articles
of agreement were signed by the various members, and Mr. Francis A.
Stout was elected president, and Mr. J. W. Miller, secretary. Negotiar
tious were conducted in Nicaragua on behalf of the Nicaragua Canal
Association by Mr. A. G. Menocal, and resulted in his obtaining the
canal concession now in force. This concession was duly ratified by
the Nicaraguan Congress, and was subsequently, on the 24th of April,
1887, approved by the president of the Republic, and on the same day
accepted by Mr. Menocal on behalf of the association. The objects for
which the association was formed having been virtually accomplished
when the concession was obtained, it became necessary for the purpose
of complying with the terms and conditions therein contained, and in
order to carry on the work of completing the final axial surveys for the
location of the canal, to organize a new corporation. Accordingly, on
the 10th day of June, 1887, the Nicaragua Canal Construction Com-
pany was duly incorporated under the general laws of the State of
Colorado with a capital fixed at $12,000,000.

By the CHAIRMAN :

Q. Can you leave with us a copy of that document (referring to a
printed copy of the certificate of incorporation of the Nicaragua Canal
Construction Company)? A. Yes; but I think you. have one already
in your possession.

On the 12th day of August, 1887, the Nicaragua Canal Association
sold, assigned, transferred, and delivered to the Nicaragua Canal Con-
struction Company, in consideration of the sum of $11,998,000, in the
capital stock of the said construction company, all the rights, powers,
privileges, property, benefits, advantages, and franchises of every na-
ture and kind whatsoever which the said association had in, to, by or
under the said concession granted by the Eepublic of Nicaragua, ex-
cepting, however, the right to organize the Maritime Canal Company
of Nicaragua and the right of representation in the first board of direct-
ors thereof. This assignment and transfer included and covered the
6 per cent, of shares, bonds, certificates, and other securities of the said
Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua, to which the association was
entitled under the fifty-first article of the concession.

By Senator FRYB :

Q. One moment, please. Did that transfer include the Costa Rican
concession as well as that from Nicaragua? A. No, sir; for at that
time the concession from Costa Rica had not been obtained.

392 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

After the above transfer had been completed, and the consideration
therefor duly paid, the Nicaragua Canal Association turned back into
the treasury of the Construction Company six millions of the stock
which it had received as a gift for the purpose of enabling the Construc-
tion Company to raise, by the s<ale thereof, the funds that were needed
to carry on the preliminary work under the concession, and to complete
the final surveys and the location of the canal.

By Senator PAYNE :

Q. This was a donation T A. It was a voluntary donation on the part
of the association, and the proceeds of this stock, which has been sold
by the Construction Company from time to time, have been devoted to
carrying on the work connected with the enterprise.

At the time the sale and transfer above referred to was made, none
of the members of the association were members of the Construction
Company, but of course they became stockholders in the new corpora-
tion as soon as the stock delivered in payment for the concession was
distributed. The Construction Company having become the owner of
the Nicaraguan concession at once commenced operations on the line
of the canal and undertook the work required to be done under arti-
cle 47 of the concession within the period therein named. Up to
this time the association had supposed that the concession granted by
the Republic of Nicaragua conveyed an absolute title to the entire route
of the canal, but no sooner had the engineering expedition, sent out by
the Construction Company, landed at Grey town than the Republic of
Costa Rica filed its protest against the construction of a canal over the
proposed route without its consent. This protest alleged that, under
the treaty of limits of April, 1858, entered into between the respective
Governments of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, the latter Republic was the
owner of certain rights in and to the port of Grey town and the river
San Juan of which it could not be divested by the Republic of N icaragua
without its consent. The questions arising as to the proper construction
to be given to the said treaty were referred by both Governments to
President Cleveland as arbitrator, and his award, which was rendered
on the 22d day of March, 1888, virtually decided in favor of Costa
Rica. It then became necessary for the association, in order to remove
all difficulties which had arisen or might thereafter arise in regard to
damage or injury which might be caused to the natural rights of Costa
Rica in the construction of the canal, to obtain from that Republic a
contract of some kind. Negotiations were accordingly started, and re-
sulted in what is known as the Zeledon-Menocal Concession, which was
duly ratified and approved by the President of Costa Rica on the 9th
day of August, 1888.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. That being the concession we have a print of and which is dated
July 31, 1888 1 A. Yes, sir ; it was approved August 9, 1888.

Q. Yes ; that was the final approval by the President. A. Yes ; this
concession, as I have already stated, was obtained by the Nicaragua
Canal Association in order to perfect its original title to the route of the
canal. As the Nicaraguan concession had already been transferred to
the Construction Company, the Nicaragua Canal Association, on the
24th day of May, 1889, also transferred the Costa Rican concession to
the said Construction Company for the good and valuable consideration
already received by it under the contract of August 12, 1887, and for
an additional cash consideration to cover the expenses actually incurred
by the association in obtaining the new concession. The Construction

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 393

Company thu* became the absolute owner of both concessions, subject
to the terms and conditions therein contained. This was the condition
of affairs at the time the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua was
duly organized under the charter granted by the United States Gov-
ernment.

On the 24th day of May, 1889, the Nicaragua Canal Construction
Company assigned, transferred, and delivered to the Maritime Canal
Company of Nicaragua the said two concessions granted by the He-
publics of Nicaragua and Costa Bica, respectively, together with all and
singular the rights, powers, privileges, property, benefits, advantages,
and franchises of every nature and kind whatsoever which the said
Construction Company as assignee of the Nicaragua Canal Association
had in, to, by, or under the said concessions. This transfer was made
in consideration of the sum of $12,000,000 in full paid-up shares of the
capital stock of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua of the par
value of $100 each. The Construction Company, prior to this time,
had completed the final surveys, and was ready to commence in Nica-
ragua the preliminary work of installation. Owing to the existence of
certain difficulties between the Republic of Nicaragua and the company,
which had been caused by the granting of the Costa Eican concession,
it was deemed of vital importance that work on the canal should be
commenced at the earliest possible date, so as to satisfy the Nicaraguan
Government of absolute good faith on the part of the company. It
was decided, therefore, that work should be commenced at Greytown,
if possible, during the first week of June, 1889, and, as the time was
too short within which to prepare and execute a permanent contract
between the two companies, the preliminary contract which Mr. Hitch-
cock has already submitted to you on a former occasion, was entered
into on May 24, 1889. On the strength of this contract the Construc-
tion Company organized an expedition which was immediately dis-
patched to San Juan del Norte.

By Senator PAYNE :

Q. That was in June? A. Yes, sir; the expedition commenced work
on June 3.

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. Sailed from here on that date? A. No, sir; arrived down there
on June 3. Immediately after the expedition had sailed the board of
directors of both companies met and appointed a joint committee, con-
sisting of three members from each board, to consider the question of a
permanent contract between the two companies and to report to the
respective boards such a proposed document as they might be able to
agree upon. This joint committee met two or three times a week for
three or four months until a contract was unanimously agreed upon.
It was reported by the committee to both boards and was adopted and
approved by both companies, and their respective officers were duly
authorized to execute the same.

By Senator EDMUNDS:

Q. Can you turn to the entries of that ratification and the votes of
the boards of directors on that point? A. Yes, sir [examining book].
Shall I read it?

Q. If you please; antl give the date. A. The date is January 2, 1890.

Q. Which company's books are you reading from ? A. The minutes
of the board of directors of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua.

Q. Now read it. A. (Reading:) "At the request of the Chairman of

394 NICARAGUA CA.NAL COMPANY.

the joint committee upon the contract Mr. Mason presented the draft
of a contract which had been agreed upon in committee and directed to
be presented to the respective companies as the committee's report.
The contract submitted was read to the board and ordered on file. Mr.
Fairbanks moved that the report of the committee be accepted and the
contract, as read, be approved, and that the president and secretary of
the company be and hereby are authorized and directed to properly
execute the same when the Construction Company shall be prepared to
do the same on its own behalf. The motion was seconded by Admiral
Ammen and on vote unanimously adopted.**
Q. Now turn to the Construction Company and give us their vote 1

By Senator PAYNE :

Q. Was that in January? A. January 2, 1890. [Reading from book
containing the minutes of the board of directors of the Nicaragua Canal
Construction Company.] "Resolved, That the contract between the
Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua and the Nicaragua Canal Con-
struction Company as presented and read to the board, be and the same
is hereby approved and that the officers of this company are hereby
authorized and directed to execute the same and affix the seal of the
company thereto." The resolution was passed unanimously.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. That is the 3d of January, 1890. A. The day after the action
taken by the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua.

By the CHAIRMAN :

Q. Is not that contract embodied in the minutest A. No, sir; it was
filed with the secretary of each company.

Q. Have the contracts ever been recorded anywhere or simply placed
on your files f A. Each company has a copy on file.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. At the meeting on the 2nd of January of the Maritime Canal Com-
pany I read here [reading from record book] : " Present, Messrs. Hitch-
cock, Daly, Hotchkiss, Mason, Ammen, Stout, Darling, and Fair-
banks." That was the meeting, was it not! A. Yes, sir.

Q. Now at the meeting on the same day of the Construction Com-
pany were present Messrs. A. C. Cheney (in the chair), J. L. Macauley,
E. Sturgis, H. K. Hoyt, J. W. Miller, and A. F. Hedges. They were
the directors of the Construction Company, and these other gentlemen
were the directors of the Maritime Canal Company t A. Yes, sir. The
board of directors of the Construction Company met on the 2d to re-
ceive the report of the committee, but did not take definite action on
the same until the meeting on January 3, 1890.

By Senator DOLPH .

Q. Have both of these companies by-laws t A. Yes, sir.

Q. Are they there before you f A. They are in the minutes.

Q. Will you refer to the provision in the by-laws of each company
with regard to meetings, showing when the regular meetings are and
how special meetings are called t

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. Which contract is referred to in those two votes ? A. The per-
manent contract. As I stated, the joint committee which drew it was
appointed shortly after the preliminary contract was signed.

Q. And that permanent contract is the same one, then, of which Mr.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 395

Hitchcock the other day gave us a synopsis ? A. I presume that it is
the same one.

By Senator FBYE :

Q. Are they at work under the preliminary contract now ?
Mr. MASON. The final contract is practically in effect. It has vir-
tually been agreed upon by both boards.

By the CHAIEMAN :

Q. Has it been written put and signed ? A. It has never been signed
by the officers, but the minutes of the Maritime Canal Company show
that the officers of that company were authorized and directed to exe-
cute it as soon as the construction company was prepared to do the
same. The Construction Company has not executed it up to the present
time.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. Now, Mr. Mason, will you read the conditions of your by-laws
about meetings? A. Yes, sir. Article 5 of the by-laws of the Mari-
time Canal Company of Nicaragua provides:

Regular meetings of the board of directors shall be held on the first Thursday of
each month. Special meetings of the directors may be called at any time by the
president, or, in his absence, by the vice-president, by causing a notice of the same
to be sent by mail or telegraph to each director at least one day in advance of such
meeting, and a special meeting of the board shall be called by the president at any
time, upon the written request of three directors.

Q. Is there anything providing that a quorum shall be necessary or
what shall constitute a quorum ? A. Yes, sir. The same article pro-
vides that at any meeting of the board of directors the presence of a
majority of the members of the board shall constitute a quorum

Q. At all meetings ? A. Yes, sir.

Q. Now read the provisions of the other company. Which company
is that? A. I have just read from the by-laws of the Maritime Com-
pany.

Q. Now state the same as to the Construction Company. A. Article
6 of the by-laws reads as follows:

ARTICLE VI. Regular meetings of the board, of directors shall be held on the third
Thursday of each month.

Special meetings of the directors may be called at any time by the president, or in
his absence by the vice-president, by causing a notice of the same to be sent by mail
or telegraph to each director at least one day in advance of said meeting, "and a spe-
cial meeting of the board shall be called by the president at any time upon the writ-
ten request of three directors.

The meetings of the board of directors shall be held at the principal office of the
company in the City of New York, or at such other place as the board of directors
may from time to time direct.

Any meeting of the board of directors at which a quorum is not present may be ad-
journed from time to time by those present as they may direct, and such adjournment
shall be deemed to continue in session the meeting so adjourned.

The presence of a majority of the members of the board of directors shall constitute
a quorum.

Q. Was either of the meetings at which this contract was agreed to
a regular meeting ? A. I think so. I know the Maritime Canal Com-
pany's was.

Q. That was a regular meeting ? A. Yes, sir.

Q. And the other must have been a special meeting t A. Yes, sir.

Q. Was there a majority of the directors present at both meetings T
A. Yes, sic.

396 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

Q. Was notice given as tbe by-laws require of a special meeting of
the Construction Company ! A. Yes, sir.
Q. Is there any record there or statement of that.
The CHAIRMAN. I suppose it gives the names of the persons present !
Mr. MASON. It gives the names of the persons present.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. The entry does not show that due service was given ! A. No, sir,
it simply says at a regular meeting. We are not called upon really,
under the by-laws, to give notice of a regular meeting.

Q. Do you know why the Construction Company has not executed
this contract! A. I do not know whether they have finally fixed
upon

Q. Are there any blanks left in the contract as to the amount of
compensation or stock! A. Not as reported by the committee, no sir.

Q. Nor as agreed to by the company. A. Nor as agreed to by the
company.

By Senator EDMUNDS:

Q. Well, as I understand from these minutes the draught was pre-
sented to these boards of directors ! A. Yes, sir.

Q. Now, did that draught, which the directors at the meeting directed
their president to execute, contain any imperfection or blank or other
thing to be filled or determined upon! A. There may have been some-
thing in regard to the denomination of the bonds or the rate of interest.
There were seven draughts made of the contract before the final report
was submitted, and I should have to refer to the final draught.

Q. Have you got the final draught here! A. Yes, sir. My recollec-
tion is that the amounts were all filled in. I have my draught of it.

Q. Is that the final draught! A. Yes, sir, the final draught.

Q. It was drawn up in duplicate I suppose ! A. Yes, sir.

Q. And you have one of the duplicates ! A. Yes; that is to say, this
draught I have here is the original draught from which the two copies
which are on file with the two companies were made and is identical.

Q. Is this the paper which was submitted to the board of directors!
A. This is an exact copy of the paper.

Q. Yes, but is that made from the paper submitted to the board or is

the paper you have here A. The two papers which the boards

approved were really made from this, this being the draught copy.

Q. I merely wanted to get at the precedence of the order. This, then,
is the draught from which the duplicate contracts, ready to be signed, as
you understand at any rate, then presented were made! A. Yes, sir.

Q. So that this paper now in your hands is identical with those
duplicates! A. Yes, sir.

Q. Now, see if there is any blank there! A. (Examining paper.)
Here is a blank in the date

By Senator PAYNE :

Q. Those papers were prepared by you, I suppose ! A. Yes, sir. It
is the work of the committee, but I acted as the attorney. (Continuing
examination of paper.) I do not see any blanks in this copy.

By the CHAIRMAN :
Q. Is that signed by any one at ail 1 A, This is not signed ; no, sir.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 397

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. Had you finished making your consecutive statement? A. I
think I have given you all the facts up to the time of the contract.

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. If there is anything else, now, that bears upon your liabilities or
your jwesent condition we would like to have it up to this time. Since
that time, under the provisional contract, as I understand, the Construc-
tion Company has gone on and done a good deal of work? A. The
Construction Company has been engaged at work since June last. It is
practically operating under the permanent contract.

By Senator EVARTS:

Q. That is a very important point. You had agreed by resolutions
to a definite contract to be executed by your officers. Now if that rests
in abeyance unexecuted, either in form or in substance, it is one thing;
but as you now stand, upon that condition of obligations between the
companies, your company has allowed the transaction to goon as under
the permanent contract, which is different from what it would be if it
had been going on merely under the provisional contracts; which is
it? A. Well, I shall have to refer that question to the presidents of
the two companies.

By the CHAIRMAN :

Q. Is there any difference in the mode or manner of work or mode of
payment between the provisional contract and the permanent con-
tract ? A. Yes ; the permanent contract provides for payment in stock
and bonds.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. I see here, Mr. Mason, in the fourth head of this contract, which
is exactly like the papers laid before the two boards, " that it" that is
the Construction Company " that it will begin work on this contract
on the Nicaragua Canal within thirty days next after the execution of
this agreement, and will complete the construction of said canal with
its appurtenances and other works and deliver the same to the party
of the second part ready for operation on or before October, 1897;"
and then goes for other things ? A. Yes, sir.

Q. Now then, if, as you say, this work is now going on under this
unsigned duplicate contract that you have described, when does the
period of the obligation of the company to begin within thirty days
and to end it by 1897 begin to operate ? A. I can only answer that by
saying that I understood at the time, and have understood ever since,
that when the contract is executed it will be executed nunc pro tune,
as of the date it was approved.

Q. But the language is " after the execution of this agreement,"
which, I take it, means the sign manual of the persons authorized to
sign. A. Well, I suppose, strictly speaking, that is so; but the board
of directors were unanimous in regard to this contract, and although the
act of signing it was delayed for one reason or another, it was virtually
understood that when it was executed it would be executed nunopro
tune as of the date it was authorized.

Q. You say it was delayed for one reason or another. Can you give
any reason ? A. Personally I know of none.

Q. You are a member of the board ? A. I am a member of the board
of directors of the Maritime Canal Company. .

398 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

Q. Hu ve yon any relations with the Construction Company ? A. The
firm of which I am a member are the attorneys.

Q. Yes, but you are not an officer of it ? A. No, sir ; I am not an
officer.

Q. You are not a director? A. I am not in the board of directors.
By Senator PAYNE:

Q. I would like to ask one question about that $6,000,000 stocks of
the association that is retained by them as their personal property ;
they donated $6,000,000 to the Construction Company, and it remains
with them ? A. Yes ; it was distributed to the shareholders of the as-
sociation. The association has since been dissolved.

Q. How much of the $6,000,000 stock donated have they disposed of?
A. I shall have to refer you to Senator Miller.

By Senator EVARTS :

Q. Have any transfers taken place of the $6,000,000 retained by the
original association ? A. Whether there have been any transfers of
that stock I do not know, but I presume there have. It was originally
transferred to the shareholders of the association, but whether they
have parted with any portion of it I can not say. The transfer books
will show that.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. Are you willing we should have a copy of this paper [the contract]
for our use and examination?

Mr. MILLER. We would not like to have it published, but have no
objection to leaving it with the committee.

Mr. HITCHCOCK. Mr. Chairman, I would like to say in this connec-
tion what I said before, that while -the officers of the company are au-
thorized to sign this contract, yet they and the committees of the two
companies decided that it was a contract which it might be desirable to
submit to the counsel of bankers who propose to take hold of these
bonds to see if any change is necessary. In the next place, the ques-
tions of duration of the bonds and the fixing of a rate of interest has
to be considered, and until those matters are settled it is impossible to
fix definitely the sum of bonds and stock to be put into this contract
to pay for that work, and that is the reason why the officers have held
back from signing this contract, and while, as I stated, it was a con-
tract practically agreed upon, it is an unsigned contract.
By Senator FRYE :

Q. Then the present operations are going on under this contract?
A. I understand that they are.

Mr. MILLER. I understand they are. Since I became president of
course this all took place before I came in the outgoing president told
me this, and the conditions we were in, and that we were proceeding
under the imperfect contract; but by a mutual understanding, which
had no record or anything, the actual signing of the contract had been
left in abeyance, thinking something might come up in the negotiation
of bonds, thinking something might have to be changed and it could be
changed better before it was actually signed than it could otherwise ;
but we were proceeding under the contract as there drawn up.

Senator EVARTS. That would come to this, that if the contract was
executed what had been done between the two companies would be
treated as if it were executed.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 399

Senator FRYE. That is, if $1 was expended $2 would be expected.

Senator DOLPH. As I understand you, Mr. Hitchcock, the considera-
tion to be paid by the Canal Company, which is, in fact, the conditions
on your part, is still left open and uudertermined ; that is, the amount
of stock and bonds to be paid under this con tract is still undetermined !

Mr. MILLER. Not left open so far as our company is concerned at all,
unless we see fit to re-open it.

Mr. HITCHCOCK. What I mean is this, that the Maritime Company
must realize sufficient from its stock and bonds to build this canal, and
until it can see a little clearer what it is going to get for its stock and
bonds, we can not tell how much to put into this contract.

Q. Tinder that contract what would the Maritime Company have to
do with the stock and bonds? If the construction work is to be so much
stock and so much bonds, the contract being executed, that would be
their lookout ? A. Yes, perfectly true. They have consulted our com-
mittee, and we have to be consulted as to the duration of the bonds,
and they have asked us to consider the market with them.

Q. So that, to come back to my question, the amount, as you under-
stand it, of stock and bonds, that is the consideration to be paid by
your company, is still an open matter? A. It is a matter which we
may see fit to reopen.

Q. Do I understand you to say that the amount, as well as the in-
terest and duration, is open ? A. In the way that I have stated. Un-
til we can see more clearly than we can now about what is to be real-
ized for stock and bonds we can not tell how much to pay.

Q. In other words, the Construction Company is not willing to take
a specified amount of the stock and bonds of your company for the
work, but that is to be left open until they ascertain what the stock
and bonds are to be sold for, so that they can get sufficient considera-
tion ? A. That question can be better answered by the Construction
Company.

Q. I merely asked what you thought.

The CHAIRMAN. This is absolutely certain, that Congress will prob-
ably not intervene and subscribe for this stock until the amount of the
stock and the cost of the improvements are fixed, and probably until
modifications are made by the consent of these two contracting parties.

Mr. DOLPH. T can not see how.

Mr. MILLER. The considerations are all set out in that contract.
We have gone on directly under that contract since I have been presi-
dent.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. When did you begin to be president? A. I canoe in in Febru-
ary.

Q. That was a month after the meeting of the two boards of direct-
ors? A. About that. There is nothing now that prevents my signing
that document to-morrow and calling upon the Maritime Company to
sign it.

Q. But I understand you to say now that that contract, to which we
refer, is a positive obligation and you are executing it on the part of
your company? A. I am ; yes, sir.

Q. Well, if it is a positive obligation why is not that obligation just

400 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

as difficult to deal with as if it was signed * A. It is. As I said, it
ought to have been signed. I found it in that condition and so I went
on with it.

Q. Then, if we correctly understand you now, speaking as the presi-
dent of the Construction Company, the contract of which we have been
speaking is in force and is in process of execution ? A.. Yes, sir.

Q. Just as it reads T A. Just as it reads ; that is my understanding.

Q. Then I think it right to say right here to Mr. Hitchcock and you,
only speaking for myself alone, that the situation is totally different
from what I understood it to be when we had the pleasure of hearing
your statements two or three weeks ago, and if your contract is bind-
ing there is nothing, as a member of Congress, I wish to do on the sub-
ject. It is totally out of any disposition of mine to undertake to go into
a scheme that is already committed for $150,000,000 bonds and $70,000.-
000 stock, but, as I say, 1 only speak for myself.

The CHAIRMAN. To that I will subscribe. So far as any aid is to
be rendered by Congress is concerned, the difficulty with me is the
$19,500,000 outstanding. As a matter of course, what Costa Kica and
Nicaragua are to get is right under the concessions, but it seems to me,
as to your $12,000,000, there will have to be a re-adjustment of that
matter.

By Senator EDMUNDS (to Mr. Miller) : Let me see if I understand
in point of fact as to actual outgoes, leaving out of view for the moment
the labor, time, and trouble, and the value of influence and all that,
but in actual money. I understand, from Mr. Hitchcock's statement,
and perhaps from yours also the other day, and now again from Mr.
Hitchcock, that somewhat towards half a million dollars were spent by
the gentlemen composing the original association in one way and another
to get the concessions. Now, then, since the concessions have been
turned over to the Colorado association no cash was paid, but $12,000,-
000 in stock. Now, then, the Construction Company, being organized,
has proceeded to issue stock of its own and raised money upon it.
How much money has it raised ?

Mr. MILLER. Well, it has issued no stock except the original .

Q. Yes, how much money has the Construction Company raised t
A. It issued $4,000,000 stock at 50 cents on the dollar, and is now
issuing the balance of it. It is not all issued yet and not all paid in,
but it will have received for its stock about $3,500,000 turned back into
the treasury, and that money is put into the construction of the canal
expecting to be recompensed by the Maritime Company by the issue of
its stock.

Q. Well that constitutes, then, the whole receipts for this stock of
the company which it has issued at 50 cents t

Mr. DOLPH. And about $800,000 paid over from the Maritime Com-
pany besides t

Mr. MILLER. Yes, that has been paid for work that has been done.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. That was paid for work, but under the permanent contract or
how t You say the permanent contract is in force. That did not call
for the payment of any cash ? A. That was paid before I had anything
to do with it.

Q. Then the total amount of money your company has had up to
now has been about $2,000,000 ? A. Just at the present time. Of
course there are obligations.

Q. Well, you subscribed for a million dollars stock of the Maritime
Company j did you pay that in cash t A. Yea.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 401

Q. Where did you get the cash, on the issue of your own stock ? A,
Yes.

Q. So that that is a part of the $2,000,000. So that the actual outgo
all around down to this time, saying nothing about outstanding obliga-
tions, for execution of work is in round numbers $500,000 for obtaining
concessions, etc., by the association and $2,000,000 besides ? A. That
is about it. This other money is coming which

Q. Yes, and other expenses of construction, I suppose, from day to
day. Is that the substance of the statement? A. Yes.

Q. How much stock of the Construction Company is now actually
outstanding in round numbers ; you do not know exactly ? A. Well,
about $10,500,000, I should think, in round numbers.

Q. And on that there has been paid up 20 per cent., making $2,000,-

000

Senator FRYB. No, but that includes the $6,000,000 in the Mari-
time Company.

By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. About the whole of the capital stock of the Construction Company
is outstanding ; how much is the balance unpaid ? A. About $1,000,000,
perhaps a little more.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. That is a part of the $6,000,000 returned t A. Yes.
By Senator EDMUNDS :

Q. Yes, but it comes out of the whole $12,000.000 of your capital
stock, if I am right. Now, then, how much of this outstanding stock of
your company which is in the hands of stockholders or anybody else is
subject to assessment t A. It is not subject to assessment at all except
as it is sold. When it was sold, the stock sold at fifty cents on the
dollar, was paid in installments.

Q. Yes, but a man having paid $50 would get a full paid share T
A. Yes.

Q. So that none of the stock is subject to further assessment f A.
.No.

Mr. MILLER. In reference to Judge Edmunds's statement that he
thought my statement varied from that of the other day, I have not
gone over it carefully, but I do not think so. I stated in regard to the
contract that the permanent contract had been completed as substantially
made, that there were only some minor points left open. By left open I
meantthere was a general understanding between the two companies that
if it became necessary to change it we could change it ; that is, it was not
one of those contracts that if Congress stepped in and wanted to do
something we could not change the contract and make it satisfactory,
or if a set of bankers came in and said we want this or that rate of
interest, the change could not be made. That was my meaning at the
time, but I stated distinctly that the main contract was substantially
made as I understood it. So far as the Construction Company was con-
cerned, if the Government wanted to come in and take stock or guar-
anty the bonds, I had not any doubt that satisfactory arrangements
could be made that this contract could be changed by the consent of
the two boards.

Senator EDMUNDS. The only remark I intended to make was that the
situation as it now appears to me is entirely different from what I
understood it.

Adjourned.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 26

402 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

FIFTY-FIRST CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.

[See pp. 105, 107, 135, 139, 141, 187, 410, 415, 457.]
February 12, 1891.
[Senate Report No. 2234.]

Mr. Edmunds, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

Your committee beg leave to report back the accompanying resolu-
tion of the Senate with the information therein required, as furnished
by the officers of said Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua and
Nicaragua Canal Construction Company, except so far as appears in
the evidence already reported, the most material part of which is
appended hereto.

IN THE SENATE OP THE UNITED STATES,

February 6, 1891.

Resolved, That the Committee on Foreign Relations be directed to request of
the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua a list of the stockholders of the com-
pany from its organization until now; and that said committee be also directed
to ascertain, if practicable, whether the work already done in and about the
Nicaragua Canal has been done by a construction company, and if it has so been
done, the name of such company; and if said work has been done by a construc-
tion company, that said committee be directed to procure, if practicable, copies of
all contracts between such canal company and such construction company, together
with a list of the officers and stockholders of said construction company from its
organization until now.
Attest:

ANSON GK McCooK, Secretary.

THE MARITIME CANAL, COMPANY OF NICARAGUA,

New York, February 11, 1891.

DEAR SIR: I have your favor inclosing copy of the resolution adopted by the
Senate of the United States as follows:

" Resolved, That the Committee on Foreign Relations be directed to request of
the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua a list of the stockholders of the com-
pany from its organization until now; and that said committee be also directed
to ascertain, if practicable, whether the work already done in and about the
Nicaragua Canal has been done by a construction company, and if it has so been
done, the name of such company; and if said work has been done by a construc-
tion company, that said committee be directed to procure, if practicable, copies of
all contracts between such canal company and such construction company, together
with a list of the officers and stockholders of said construction company from its
organization until now."

In response permit me to say that herewith is a list of the stockholders of this
company from its organization until now; that the work already done in and about
the Maritime Canal has been done by the Nicaragua Canal Construction Company;
that the terms of all contracts between the Maritime Canal Company of Nica-
ragua and the Nicaragua Canal Construction Company were fully stated by the
presidents of those companies to the Committee on Foreign Relations, and it was
understood from the committee that the statements were entirely satisfactory,
and I understand they are incorporated in the report made by the committee to
the Senate.

I will be pleased to furnish copies of these statements if you deem it necessary,
and if there is any other information I can furnish I will be glad to do so.

That part of the resolution requesting the list of officers and stockholders of the
Nicaragua Canal Construction Company I have referred to the Hon. Warner Mil-
ler, the president of that company, who will send the list to you.
Very respectfully,

HJBAM HITCHCOCK, President.

Hon. JOHN SHERMAN,

Chairman of Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

403

I/ist of shareholders of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua, February 11,

1891.

Shares.

Henry R. Hoyt, treas-
urer Nicaragua Canal
Construction C o m -

pany 100

James G. Dagron 2

Smith M. Weed 8

H. G. Burleigh 15

Charles P. Treat 250

Nicaragua Canal Con-
struction Company.. 7,859

Stock issued, but not yet
delivered.

Nicaragua Canal Con-
struction Company:
For concessions 120, 000
For construction,
under contract
January 3, 1890. . . 20, 000
Republic of Nicaragua
under article 50 of
concession...... 60,000

210,145

Sha
Charles P Daly

res.
5
5
2
1
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

81
Joseph Bryan .

lares.
5
1
5
5
5
1
10
10
10
10

5
3

30
50
10
1
10

1,500
3
3
100

Henry R. Hoyt

Horacio Guzman

Robert Sturgis .....

Charles H. Stebbins
Julius Aldige

Alexander T. Mason
Francis A. Stout .....

Christian Devries .....

Horace L. Hotchkiss
Henry C. Taylor ........

Thomas B. Atkins .

George O. Glavis
George E. Knowlton ...
Frederick B. MacGuire.
Joseph L. Sweet
William (.'. Seddon
A. R. Tichenor

Albert C Cheney

Hiram Hitchcock
Franklin Fairbanks
Alfred B. Darling

James Roosevelt .......

Daniel Ammen

Virginia N. Taylor
Thomas C. Williams, jr.
Thomas C. Williams, jr.,
executor

A. S. Crowninshield .
Jacob W. Miller . ...

Frederick F. Thompson.
George H. Robinson
Gustav E. Kissel
Joseph E. McDonald
C. Ridgely Goodwin
Edward F. Beale .... ..

Isabella K. Brownson ..
Walter W. Queen

Francis C. Harder......

A. Q. Keasby

American Contracting
and Dredging Com-
pany .. . . .....

Frederick Billings ....

Aniceto G. Menocal
Robert A. Lancaster
Henry A. Parr .....

T. W. Bennett

H. O. Moss

J. F. O'Shaughnessy

William O'B. McDonald

OFFICE OF THE NICARAGUA CANAL CONSTRUCTION COMPANY,

New York, February 11, 1891.

DEAR SIR: In answer to your favor, and at the direction of Hon. Warner Mil-
ler, I inclose herewith a list of the stockholders of the Nicaragua Canal Construc-
tion Company. The list is, I believe, accurate, and a list of the stockholders up
to the present date.

The officers of the Nicaragua Canal Construction Company from the date of its
organization down to the present time are as follows:

In June, 1887: Allen F. Hedges, president; Philip Tabb, vice-president; Daniel
G. Jeffers. secretary and treasurer.

In October, 1887, the following officers were elected: Francis A. Stout, presi-
dent; Henry C. Taylor, second vice-president; Horace L. Hotchkiss, treasurer;
Jacob W. Miller, secretary.

In June, 1888, the following officers were elected: A. C. Cheney, president; F. A.
Stout, first vice-president; H. C. Taylor, second vice-president'; H. L. Hotchkiss,
treasurer; J. W. Miller, secretary.

In June, 1889, the following officers were elected: A. C. Cheney, president; H. C.
Taylor, first vice-president; J. W. Miller, secretary: Edward Holbrook, treasurer.

In March, 1890, the following officers were elected at a special meeting: Warner
Miller, president; H. R. Hoyt, treasurer; A. C. Cheney, first vice-president.

In July, 1890, the following officers were elected, and they are still officers of
the company: President, Warner Miller; vice-president, A. C. Cheney; secretary,
J. W. Miller; treasurer, H. R. Hoyt.

I think that this, with the accompanying list of stockholders, complies with your
request.

Yours, very truly,

HENRY R. HOYT.

Hon. JOHN SHERMAN,

Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.

D. G. Jeffers,
Carrington Williams,
James Pleasants,
S. G. Wallace,
Philip Tabb,
Bela M. Hughes,

List of stockholders.

Marshall M. Gilliam,

Preston Cocke,

Miss Nannie C. Gordon,

J. H. Archer,

Basil B. Gordon,

Benjamin P. Alsop,

Francis A. Stout,

F. F. Thompson,

W. R. Trigg,

J. T. & B. Haxall,

John L. Williams & Son,

H. C. Taylor,

404

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

List of stockholders Continued.

E. B. Meade,
Chas. K. Harrison,
Thos. Atkinson.
Minnie I. Guilbert,
Daniel Ammen,
Emily Hanewinckel,
Allison & Addison,
Robt. F. Williams & Co.,
J. Aldige,
J. Aldige, jr.,
Win. P. Anderson,
Frederick Billings.
E. F. Beale,

Wyndham B. Meredith,
Jos. Bryan,
Wm. S. Dashiele,
Richard L. Brown,
J. Willcox Brown,
W. H. Brownson,
Mrs. W. H. Brownson,
Thos. M. Gale,
John F. Bransford,
Mrs. Ellen R. Palmer,
A. C. Cheney,
Octavius Cohen & Co.,
Philip E. Sacken,
A. B. Cornell,
A. S. Crowninshield,
J. B. Duckworth,
Lucien B. Tatem,
A. B. Darling,
Christian Devins,
Lincoln Kinnicutt,
J. H. Ellerson,
Marcel I us Smith,
Chas. D. Fisher,
John W. Gordon,
Chas. D. Fisher and H. A.

Parr.

Chas. C. Glover,
Jarlinah R. Carson,
James H. McMullan,
Edmund H. Smith,
R. L. Edwards,
Jauies Greig,
Philip E. Arcularius,
C. H. Capen,
Samuel M. Hopkins,
William Rowland,
H. C. & J. H. Calkin,
Mary L. Hotchkiss,
John C. Soley.
Edward Q. Keasbey,
Gamaliel Bradford,
Wellington Downing,
Sarah R. Dexter,
Hoffman Miller,
R. C. Blackwell,
Thos. Read,
Frederick D. Grant,
Edmund Guilbert.
M yi a R. Hotchkiss,
Cornelia B. Hotchkiss,
William Greason,
Mrs. Mary E. Smith,
Gardner Weatherbee,

Robert Garrett,
T. H:.rrison
C. Bidgeley Goodwin,
R. Powell Dunn,
George O. Glavis.
John L. Hammond,
Woolsey R. Hopkins,
J. G. Harvey,
Mary H. Haldane,
H. C. Hi-het,
R. A. Lancaster,
E. R. Lancaster,
William H. Lucke,
B. Alsop,

Charles P. Daly,
J. W. Miller, trustee,
Alexander T. Mason,
J. M. Macias.
Frederick B. McGuire,
Henry R. Hoyt.
Thos. S. Sandford,
R. D. Evans,
Mrs. Clara T. Hotchkiss,
Robert E. Taylor,
Mary V. Taylor,
Minnie V. Stebbins,
Emily M. R. Stout,
Franklin Fairbanks,

Grosvenor P. Lowrey and F. A. Pellas,

Charles F. Stone,
Henry Flinch,
Godfrey Kissel,
McDonald & Bright,
J. J. Montague,
Charlotte A. Kissel.
J. W. Miller,
Alfred E. Mills,
Norman Henderson,
A. G. Menocal,
M. J. O Shaughnessy,

A. Obrig,

Thomas H. Nuckles,
R. E. Peary,

J. Hanier Blair,
T. William Pemberton,
Hal lie W. Daniel,
Henry A. Parr,
William L. Scott,
James Roosevelt,
Alfred M. Hoyt,
John W. Riely,

F. M. Boykin*

G. H. Robinson,
Aqnila Rich,

C. H. Stebbins,
Warner Miller,

B. L. Harrison,
Percy L. Klock,
T. R. Chaney,
Marquand & Parmly,
William D. Goodwin,
Elizabeth T. Goodwin,
M. Frank,

J. Clark McGuire,
Margaret M. Hotclikiss,
J. F. O'Shaugnessy,
James S. Thurston,
Simon Fatman,
J. F. Minis.
Gerald B. Owen,

C. B. Tedcastle,
E. Urqnhart,
Mailler & Querean,
James W. Allison,
L. Laflin Kellogg.
Hiram Hitchcock,
William H. Seward.

E. R. Lancaster, agent,
Henry Hentz,

Jose Pasos,

J. C. Hueston.

J. F. Medina,

Wickham Hoffman,

Thos. F. Jeffries,

John Pope.

Henry F. Picking,

Frank A. Davenport,

Robt. E. Taylor, attorney,

R. E. Taylor,

Douglas Tay'or.

Oliver H. Broth,

John P. Ambler,

O. D. M. Baker,

Henry Titlamer,

D. M. Taylor.

R. A. Roberts,

Homer E. Briggs,

John R. McLean,

H. P. Churchill,

W. F. HerLert.

Loyall Farragut,

Alex. Pollock,

Joshua Wilbour.

A. It. Tichenor,

Thos. Russell,

Farmers' Loan and Trust

Co., custodian,
Am. Contracting and

Dredg ng Co.
W. A. Miles.

Mrs. M. Grace Richardson,
Miss C. Augusta Stevens,

C. H. Haskins.

Molly R. Haskins,

F. W. Bennett,

Wm. OB. McDonough,
Thos. S. Wheelwright,

H. O. Moss,

Joseph D. McGuire,

Estate T. C. Williams,

John R. West,

Henry R. Hoyt, treas ,

George Williams,

Henry G. Bnrleigh,

Clarke Dunham.

James G. Dagron,

J. B. M. Grosvenor,

W. A. Price,

Michael Howe.

Latham, Alexander & Co. , Thos. J. Treadway,

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

405

List of stockholders Continued.

Edward L. Molineux,
W. H. Star buck,
Chas. W. Cox,
W. H. Rockwood,
Lucius Pitkin,
E. W. Lancaster,

D. J. Garth,
Jaines H. Young,
Herbert Valentine,
Horace Moody,
Ellen F. Pitkin.
William C. Sedd >n,
Janies N. Dunlop,
Lancaster & Lucke,
N. D. Lancaster,
Gustave E, Kissel,
Eva Ammen,
Mathilde Ammen,
Frederick Van Zant,
Joseph L. Sweet,
Fred G. Sacken, jr.
P. H. Gibson,

A. B. Andrews,
Daniel K. Stewart,
H. L. Hotchkiss & Co. ,
Hiram Hitchcock et al.

trustees,
Eben Wight,
J. L. Macaulay,
Sherrard R. Tabb,

E. K. Victor,

L. W. McVeigh,
James W. Gordon,
Viola M. Devins,
Chas. Watkms,
James Lyons,
Janies M. Ball,
R. Young,
Julian F. Skelton,
Mrs. C. R. McVeigh,
Marianne E. Skelton,
Annie A. Skelton,
George W. Anderson,
J. E. Cox,
R. F. Knoedler,
Win. H. Allison,
Thos. B. Atkins,
Chas. C. Allen,
R. S. Archer,
Geo. W. Bunce,
Jennie B. Baker,
N. W. Bowe,
C. W. Branch & Co.,
Walter Blair,
Chas. E. Boiling,
Edwd. R. Bell,
H. K. Bush. Brown,
Samuel N. Brown,
R. S. Bosher,
Mrs. Mary C. Beatz,
Helen P. Barstow,
John E. Bugbee,
P. H. Bevier.
Emily Blackwell,
E. J. Burevind,

H. L. Hotchkiss, jr.,
Henry E. Howland,
Alfred T. Harris, sr.,
R. L. Cutting,

C. P. Kirkland,
Robt. Sturges,
Smith M. Weed,
Edward Holbrook,
Alfred H. Smith & Co.,
Chas. H. Davis & Co.,
H. L. Hotchkiss,

N. K. Fairbanks,
J. R. Beal,
Wallace Mason,
J. A. Bostwick.
Otto J. Boessneck,
James H. Rodgers,
Samuel W. Very,
Thomas Potts.
J. Triplett Haxall,
Barton Haxall,
A. J. Macaulay,
Jeannie T. Kingsley,
William G. Inglis,
Alfred Hey wood,
, as Frank Heywood,
William 6. Allison,
Maria W. Hopkins,
Edward S. Wheeler,
John C. F. Gardner,
Irving W. Pope,
Virginia N. Taylor,
Pearce Barnes,
T. C. Williams, jr..
T. C. Williams, jr.. extr.
Geo. E. Knowlton.
Isabella K. Brownson,
Walter W. Queen.
J. Herbert Carpenter,
Joseph Sears.
Henry H. Bates,

D. B. Dearborn,
Geo. S. Dearborn,
Francis C. Harder,

A. Q. Keasbey,
Mary E. Greene.
Wendell Goodwin,
Geo. W. Gallie,
Henry C. Hall,
John W. Handner,
Jacob J. Hunker,
Chas. B. Hoffman,
W. M. Habliston,
Marietta S. Hough,
Geo. E. Hamilton,
M. H. Hartwell.
Allen F. Hedges,
C. W. Hackett,
Harriot & Groesbeck,
Elvira L. Johnson,

B. A. Jackson,
Benj. Kimball,
John A. Kasson,
James S. Kenyon,
Thos. T. Knox,

James S. Hall,

Has kins & Co.,

J. S. Pierson,

C. M. Bergsturcer,

N. S. Finney,

C. P. Treat,

Jay O. Moss,

Mary C. Leary,

Henry D. Nicoll,

Titus Sheard,

Corson & Macartney,

Benj. F. Gulan,

R. J. Bright,

Louis Chable.

Theo. M. Storm,

Thos. O. Hills.

Hugh R. Gardner,

Jose de la Pueute,

Clavius Phillii s,

Robt. F. Williams,

Louisa A. Crosby,

Peirce Crosby,

Thos. C. Williams,

W. B. Williams,

M. L. Carrington,

A. B. Crane,

W. C. Lancaster,

Geo. Uppington,

J. G. Eick,

Arthur Servall,

Geo. Blandy

J. H. Breslin & Co.,

Edgar Archer,

J. E. Grannis,

J. Loncheim,

S. C. Blodget. jr.,

Mrs. Sophie G. Casey,

H. F. Merritt.

John L. Williams,

John C. Calhoun,

Wm. H. Christian,

E. C. Minor,

John A. Lancaster,

Isaac Read,

James Christie,

W. C. Preston,

John M. Patton,

James J. Phelan,

Thos. A. Rich, trustee,

J. N. Robbins,

M. V. Randolph,

Helen C. Stevens,

Ella T. Smith,

Joseph H. Sterling,

A. H. Speake,

W. C. Spencer,

C. S. Sutherland,

C. H. Sheldon, jr.,

J. U. Starkweather,

Mrs. L. E. Stuart,

Gilbert M. Spier, ,]r.,

Augustus D. Shepard,

John B. Simpson,

Robt. W. Thrupp,

Sum. Thonu et al., trustees,

406

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY.

List of stockholders Continued.

F. Billings, estate of,
Frances S. Bridge.
Edwin G. Booth.
Louis P. di Cesnola,
Helen Culver,
Dan. Crawford & Sons,
John N. Crawford, trustee.

E. D. Christian,
B. T. Cable,

L. C. Castleman,
Parker C. Chandler,
H. L. Cabell,
John J. Cain,
Michael J. Cpffey,
A. H. Christian, jr.,
Albert O. Cheney,
John A. Coke,
Joseph Dorr,

F. N. DuBois,
Louisa Q. Davis,
E. S. Davis,

E. A. Darling,
Joseph Davol,
James Edmiston,
James R. Ellerson,
Max Finley,
Chas. E. Furlong,
H. W. Fenner,
W. H. Gilshenen,

Geo. Lamb,

L. Z. Leiter,

H. W. Ladd.

Lancaster & Luoke. agts.,

B. A. Lancaster & Co.,
R. A. Lancaster, jr.,
Jose M. .Munoz,

C. H. Morse,
F. A. McGuire,
Julia E. S. Moth y.
John B. McPhai 1 , jr.,
Max Moser,

Emily N. McGuire,
Elvira G. Menocal,
T. N. Motley,
Wilhelmus Mynduse,
Richard H. Meade,
Eugene C. Massie.
Richard S. Newcombe,
Alice E. Nutt-Wise,
Chas. D. Owen.
Frederic D. Philips,
J. F. Perez,
A. D. Provand,
W. H. Pope,
W. A. Peck,
Richard Pail Ion,
Josephine D. Peary,
Edwd. H. Peaslee,

E. D. Taussig,
T. H. Tingley,
T. M. R. Tallcott,
Chas. N. Vilas,
Chas. N. Vilas, trustee,
Anna C. White,
Hunter Wykes,
T. Woolverton,
H. A. Willard,
J. I. C. Walker,
G. A. Walker,
John G. Walker,
Annie R. Walker.
Florence M. Wa. wick,
James Woodrow.
Nathaniel Wilson,
T, S. Young, jr.,
Leander Deal,
M artha E. French,
Rufus S. Frost.
S. R. Franklin,
Geo. Hutchinson,
John J. Hopewell,
L. C. Ledyard,
W. H. Mailler,
Wm. S. Nelson,
Geo. P. Scriyen, .
Jeremiah Williams.

PROVISIONAL CONTRACT.

OFFICE OF THE NICARAGUA CANAL CONSTRUCTION COMPANY,

44 Wall Street, New York, Mat/ .'4, 1889.
The MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

GENTLEMEN: The Nicaragua Canal and Construction Company hereby offers to
do the entire work of every kind and nature of constructing the interoceanic canal
to be built by your company, and in accordance with the plans of A. G. Menocal.
as approved on the 9th day of March, 1889, by the board of civil engineers to whom
the same was submitted for examination, and also according to any modifications
or changes that may hereafter be made in said plans which do not substantially
vary from the general route as now laid down in Mr. Menocal 's plans or increase
the expenses of constructing the same, and to begin the work at once and to com-
plete the same in all respects as required by the stipulations and conditions in the
concessions held by your company, for the sum of $200.000,000 in the first-mortgage
bonds of your company and $75,000,000 of the capital stock, payments to be made
in equal proportions of stock and bonds every thirty days for such portions of the
work as the engineers of your company shall certify have been completed, the
work to be begun at once.

As a guaranty of good faith this company hereby agrees to subscribe for
$100,000,001) of the stock of your company, and to pay for the same in cash.
Yours, very truly,

A. C. CHENEY,
President of the Nicaragua Canal Construction Company.

I, Thomas B. Atkins, secretary of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua,
hereby certify that the foregoing is a true and correct copy of a letter received
May 24, 1889, by the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua from the Nicaragua
Canal Construction Company.
Witness my hand this 3d day of June, 1890.

THOMAS B. ATKINS,

Secretary.

INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION AT CHICAGO. 407

THE MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA,

44 Wall Street, New York, May 24, 1889.

To the NICARAGUA CANAL CONSTRUCTION COMPANY:

GENTLEMEN: Your offer to begin at once the construction of the Nicaragua Canal
is at hand.

You are hereby authorized and directed to begin such construction work at the
earliest possible moment, with this understanding and agreement: That if within
three months this company does not accept your proposition or execute a contract
with your company that shall be mutually satisfactory, then, in such an event,
this company will reimburse your company for ail the expenditures incurred in
connection with the construction work and 10 per cent in addition thereto.
Yours, very respectfully,

HIRAM HITCHCOCK,
President of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua.

I, Thomas B. Atkins, secretary of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua
hereby certify that the foregoing is a true and correct copy of a letter delivered by
me May 24, 1889, to the president of the Nicaragua Canal Construction Company.
Witness my hand this 3d day of June, 1890.

THOMAS B. ATKINS,

Secretary.

OFFICE OF THE NICARAGUA CANAL CONSTRUCTION COMPANY,

44 Wall street, New York, May 24, 1889.
HIRAM HITCHCOCK, Esq.,

President of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua.

In reply, I beg to advise you that this company will, in compliance with your
directions, commence the work of constructing the Nicaragua Canal at once; and
to that end will dispatch an expedition to Nicaragua on the 25th instant.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

A. C. CHENEY,
President of the Nicaragua Canal Construction Company.

I, Thomas B. Atkins, secretary of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua,
hereby certify that the foregoing is a true and correct copy of a letter received
May 24, 1889, by the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua from the Nicaragua
Canal Construction Company.
Witness my hand this 3d day of June, 1890.

THOMAS B. ATKINS,

Secretary.

FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
February 24, 1892.
[Senate Report No. STL]

Mr. Sherman, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

The Committee on Foreign Relations report the accompanying origi-
nal bill with a recommendation that it pass.

At the International Exposition at Chicago, in view of the legal
provisions in force in the United States, there will in general be no
ground for apprehension on the part of foreign manufacturers as
regards the protection of their inventions against dishonest appropria-
tion during the continuance of the exposition.

408 INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION AT CHICAGO.

Another side of the question is, however, now to be considered,
. upon which considerable stress has ivrontly been laid by prominent
foreign manufacturers, and which does not appear to be fully provided
for by the laws bearing on this subject. No guaranty is furnished
that no claims will be raised at the exposition by third parties, on the
ground of patents issued to them in the United States, as regards
articles exhibited there for which patents have not been issued in the
United States to the exhibitors. In justification of the apprehension
felt in connection with this, reference is made to the fact that, outside
of America, no adequate knowledge exists concerning eacli particular
patent issued in the United States, and, on the other hand, in Europe,
to the fact that American patents are not sufficient to determine who
is the real owner of an invention. It is thought to be not impossible
for the same invention to be protected, for the benefit of different
owners, both in Germany and the United States, without either of the
two patentees having necessarily been guilty of illegally appropria-
ting the invention. In like manner it may happen that an article
which is patented in the United States is freely sold in Germany, not
being patented there. This may happen in other manufacturing coun-
tries as well as in Germany, and it is of the utmost importance to all
foreign exhibitors to be guaranteed against being held responsible for
violating the American patent laws by exhibiting productions that are
protected by a patent in the United States, without regard to whether
such productions are thus protected in the country of their origin or
not.

The apprehensions felt with regard to the protection afforded by
American patents may also be felt with regard to that afforded by
trade-marks.

There is much cause for questioning the scope and success of an
international exposition by reason of the reservation that foreign pro-
ductions sent there for exhibition only, and not for sale in the country
where such exposition is held, may, on the ground of the national
laws relative to patents and trade-marks, subject their exhibitors to
suits and claims for damages. As far as these laws are concerned,
the soil on which an international exposition is held must be con-
sidered as extraterritorial, just as it is in respect to exemption from
the application of the national tariff laws.

These considerations have had due weight in former international
expositions. In some of them care has been taken, by the enactment
of special legal provisions, to prevent the presentation of any claims
against foreign exhibitors during the continuance of the exposition
and within its limits on the ground of patents existing in the country
that has organized the exposition.

It consequently seems very desirable that a law should be enacted
providing that no criminal or civil suit shall be brought in connection
with the exhibition of articles in Chicago, and that no such articles
shall be seized on account of violation of the laws relative to patents
and trade-marks, unless the party who claims to be aggrieved is pro-
tected by a patent or trade-mark in the country from which the arti-
cles exhibited are sent, and it can not be doubted that the failure to
enact such a law will seriously interfere with the exhibition by foreign
manufacturers of their goods at the Chicago Exposition, or that it will
almost wholly prevent the exhibition of the productions of prominent
industries, such as electrical goods.

PAN-AMEEICAN MEDICAL CONGEESS. 409

FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
May 1O, 1892.

[Senate Report No. 610.]

Mr. Sherman, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to whom was referred joint
resolution (S. R. 76) to authorize the President to invite certain gov-
ernments to send delegates to the Pan-American Medical Congress,
have had the same under consideration and report :

It appears that during the recent International American Confer-
ence a proposition was made to secure by diplomatic negotiations the
recognition of the diplomas of American colleges by the boards of
health and other sanitary authorities in the Latin- American republics
and colonies. In many of these American republics and colonies no
physician or dentist from the United States can pursue his profession
without securing a diploma from some medical institution in that
country, or at least passing an examination as to his qualifications,
and, although there is an exchange of courtesies between the med-
ical organizations in the United States and those of Europe, no rela-
tions have ever existed between such associations in the American
republics. As the International American Conference was without
sufficient data to discuss this subject intelligently, no action was
taken, but it is now proposed by leading physicians in the diiferent
countries of America to assemble a congress of American physicians
at Washington in September, 1893, and a permanent organization has
been effected for that purpose, the general objects being to promote
the advancement of medical science in the different countries of
America, and especially to deal with maladies and diseases which
may be communicated by infection or contagion from one country to
another. The resolution proposes to authorize the President of the
United States to invite the several governments named to send official
delegates to the congress, and your committee recommend its adop-
tion. Whether any appropriation should be made to aid toward pay-
ing the expenses of the congress can be best determined at the next
session of Congress.

410 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.

[See pp. 105, 107, 135, 139. 141, 402, 415, 457.]

December 22, 1802.

[Senate Report No. 1142.]

Mr. Sherman, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

On farther consideration of the subject presented in their report of
the Fifty-first Congress, the Committee on Foreign Relations recommend
some changes in the details of the measure thus submitted to the Senate
as a bill of the committee, but they adhere to and recommend the pur-
poses and the general plan of legislation thus presented, and adopt the
report then made in support and explanation of the Senate bill, No. 1218,
now reported to the Senate with amendments.

"With the progress of events relating to a ship canal through the
Isthmus of Darien and, especially, with reference to the recent demon-
stration that the Panama Canal can no longer be looked to as furnish-
ing the waterway that our communication between the Pacific States
and the Atlantic States require as a commercial necessity and national
protection, it is manifest that the people of the United States, without
division on political lines, or on lines of latitude or longitude, are
earnestly demanding that Government aid be extended to the Nicara-
gua Canal.

It is entirely clear that a work of such magnitude can not be con-
structed on the credit of any chartered company, at a reasonable cost,
nor can this canal be so constructed as to guarantee its impartial use
to all maritime nations without the assistance and support of the
United States.

The concessions made by Nicaragua and Costa Rica under which thia
work is progressing distinctly provided that the canal should be con-
structed by a company of execution, to be called " The Maritime Canal
Company of Nicaragua," with its principal office in New York. The
concessionaires were all citizens of the United States, and, in conformity
with their concession, they asked the United States for a charter, by act
of Congress, to enable them to execute the work described in the
concessions of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, which was granted by act of
Congress, approved February 20, 1889.

This act of Congress, construed in connection with our treaties with
Nicaragua and Great Britain, made this canal, in a practical and
important sense, a facility of government in connection with our coast-
wise trade and our foreign commerce, and as to our postal establish-
ment and the transmission of our troops and munitions of war and
warships from ocean to ocean.

So that it was a clear and specific purpose of the act of Congress
that the political control over the Maritime Canal Company of Nicar-

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 411

agua should be retained by the United States wh:.le that company
should continue to act under that charter.
In this view, the act of Congress provides, in section 6, that

Said company shall make a report on the first Monday of December in each year,
to the Secretary of the Interior, which shall be duly verified on oath by the president
and secretary thereof, giving such detailed statement of its affairs, and of its assets
and liabilities, as maybe required by the Secretary of the Interior, and any willfully
false statement so made shall be deemed perjury and punishable as such. And it
shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Interior to require such annu.il statement
and to prescribe the form thereof and the particulars to be given thereby.

No corporation, other than one created to promote public purposes,
could be reasonably subjected to such requirements, and it is not pos-
sible, under a sound construction of the concessions granted by Costa
Rica and Nicaragua, either as to their language or proposals, that those
Republics could retain to themselves, respectively, in the body of their
concessions, as Governments, the right to appoint directors in a mere
private corporation.

Three Governments concurring in creating a corporation, in which
each may have a special governmental interest or concern ; in which
each is or may be a stockholder, and entitled to appoint directors, and
over whose conduct and destiny each Government exercises, to certain
extent, a sovereign control, must by their joint or concurrent act create
a public corporation.

The United States can, in the exercise of its sovereign power, ex-
pressly reserved in the charter, alter, amend, or repeal the act of Con-
gress creating a corporation, in which Nicaragua has $6,000,000 of
stock and a director, and Costa Rica has $1,500,000 of stock and a
director, and can limit the entire stock of the company to $100,000,000,
Neither of these Governments can, with due regard to its sovereignty,
afford to consider this as a mere private corporation.

It is quite clear that these Governments admit the right of the
United States, under the powers conferred in their concessions, to ex-
ercise this governmental control over the conduct and destiny of the
Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua, by participating in the organ-
ization of the company and in its control through directors appointed
by them, and also by their respective decrees that the work done upon
the canal, under the charter granted by the United States, is a full
compliance with the conditions precedent upon which those concessions
were to become permanent grants.

The committee have, therefore, considered the bill (S. 1218) as a meas-
ure relating to a public corporation, and that its provisions are in strict
conformity with the concessions of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, owned
by the Maritime Canal Company, and also with our treaties with all
countries having an interest in the subject of this interoceanic canal.

The controlling facts relating to this work, in its engineering aspects,
are stated in the former report of this committee, which is adopted as
part of this report. They are not materially altered except in the di-
rection of giving greater certainty that all the apparent doubts and
difficulties then existing as to engineering problems are being removed,
or minimized by the actual results of work done on the ground.

The work done on the canal in the clearing of timber from the line,
in the building and ballasting the railroad through the marsh lands
adjacent to the eastern coast, now 11 miles long, and in deepening
the entrance to the harbor at Greytown, has all fallen within the esti-
mates submitted by Mr. Menocal as to its cost, and it does not, as yet,
appear that his estimate of the total cost of the canal, viz : $65,000,000,
is likely to be exceeded, when it is completed for traffic, if tlie money

412 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY

to build it is provided with certainty, so as not to increase the cost by
unnecessary delays and expenditures.

The most recent report of the president and secretary of the Mari-
time Canal Company, made to the Secretary of the Interior, and the
other documents and statements submitted on the hearings before this
committee, authorized by the Senate, in the opinion of the committee
justify the conclusions herein stated.

Under this bill, as amended by the committee, the liability of the
United States upon the indorsement of the bonds of the Maritime Com-
pany is the same in amount as that contained in the former bill, viz,
not to exceed $100,000,000, at the rate of 3 percent interest per annum.
The time of the maturity of the bonds is changed in the present bill.
They are to bear date on the 1st day of January, 1893, and to bear in-
terest from the date of actual issue and mature in 1953, and are re-
deemable at the pleasure of the Government after 1913.

The stock of the Maritime Company is limited to $100,000,000. Of
this stock $6,000,000 is reserved to Nicaragua, as paid-up stock in its
concession, $1,500,000 is reserved to Costa Kica in its concession, and
$12,000,000 remains in the ownership of the purchasers thereof from
the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua, it having been issued by
that company in payment for the concessions and for all work done and
expenditures made and engagements entered into prior to the date ot
the sale and transfer of the concessions to said company. All the re-
mainder of the stock thus limited, viz, $80,500,000, is vested in the
United States in absolute ownership and without liability to further
payment or assessment, in consideration of its indorsement of such an
amount of the bonds of the Maritime Company, not to exceed $100,-
000,000, as shall be necessary to complete the canal.

Under this arrangement, and according to the estimates of skilled
and impartial engineers, the United States will own at least one dollar
of stock in the Canal Company for each dollar of bonds that shall been
expended in its construction, with a sinking fund, for which the bill pro-
vides, of $1,000,000 per annum, invested in the bonds of the company
or in other good securities at 3 per cent interest. The entire author-
ized sum of the bonds, if they were all issued, would be paid off by the
sinking fund in a period a little less than fifty years.

It is confidently assumed by the committee that during a period of
twenty years after the canal is completed the tonnage of vessels pass-
ing through it annually will average 9,000,000 tons, in addition to a
very heavy passenger traffic.

The history of the Suez Canal and the St. Marys Canal, on the lakes,
give an almost certain basis for this assumption as to the tonnage that
will pass through the canal, which falls far below the estimates of a
great number of well-informed commercial men.

This calculation of the committee would yield, in revenues annually,
not less than $9,000,000, at the rate of $1 per ton, which is less than
one-half the toll that is paid on vessels passing through the Suez
Canal.

This revenue of $9,000,000 would pay the interest on $100,000,000
bonds ($3,000,000), the cost of the maintenance of the canal, say
$3,000,000, and would leave $3,000,000 for the stockholders. But it is
not probable that the cost of maintenance would exceed $1,800,000
per annum.

The revenue of the United States from the canal, on this basis ? would
more than pay the entire cost of the canal in twenty years if it is all

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 413

placed in a sinking fund and invested annually in the bonds of the
company.

Before any bonds of the Maritime Company can be issued under this
act, all debts of that company must be canceled, and all contracts for
work to be done and all agreements inconsistent with the act are to be
rescinded.

To provide an active fund for continuing work now in progress, and
increasing it, and for necessary purchases of supplies and material,
$1,000,000 of the indorsed bonds are to be issued to the Maritime Com-
pany, to be applied only to such purposes and to be credited on the
first audit and settlement of the monthly installments for work done on
the canal. The Maritime Company, having surrendered its interest in
its entire stock, and being prohibited from issuing bonds or the creation
of a debt to raise money, and having put all its property under mort-
gage to the United States, could not obtain the money necessary to pro-
ceed with the work on the canal otherwise than by a provision of this
sort.

Some additional guards have been provided in this bill to regulate
the expenditures of the company in constructing the canal and to sub-
ject them to the constant scrutiny and approval of a board of engineers
appointed by the United States. But the United States is to have ten
directors, in a board of fifteen, in this company, to be appointed by the
President and confirmed by the Senate, and of the other five directors
the President, voting the stock of the United States, by his proxy,
may choose two.

As the persons selected for this important trust must be men of
experience, ability, and high character, the security for the proper use
of the subvention of the Government, the honest administration of the
affairs of the Canal Company, and the proper adjustment of tolls for the
mutual interests of the people and the company, is quite as great as
the country would have if the ownership of the canal and the sovereign
right to control it and to provide for its direction was in the United
States.

It is believed that the peculiar constitution of the board of directors
gives safeguards and checks against unfaithful or unwise administra-
tion of the canal company and its property that are better than we
would have if the United States should own, construct, and operate
the canal without the intervention of Nicaragua and Costa Eica and
the other holders of the stock of the company.

The legislation proposed in this bill does not, in the least degree,
trench upon the sovereignty, or the property rights, or the political au-
tonomy of Nicaragua or Costa Eica. Neither does it violate any pro-
vision of the Clayton-Bui wer treaty with Great Britain or any rights
we may have acquired in Costa Eica, or any treaty of the United States
with Nicaragua.

The concessions of Nicaragua and Costa Eica, made to Mr. Menocal
and his associates, and all now owned by the Maritime Canal Company
of Nicaragua, admit the United States, or any other government, to
the full opportunity of acquiring and exercising every right and power
of control fover this canal that is proposed to be exercised in this
amended bill. When we have acquired this power of control over the
canal the United States will have no more sovereign power in Nicara-
gua than now exists under the treaty of 1867 with that Government.

It seems to be justly conceded by the judgment of enlightened men and
nations throughout the world that the United States have the natural
right to a dominant influence in the control and protection of the canal

414 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

through Nicaragua, and that the duty rests upon our Government to
see that unjust discriminations shall not be made against any nation
in the peaceful use of this great waterway. We are the only power on
this hemisphere that can secure such guaranties to the lawful commerce
of all nations, and the concessions to which this bill relates, and our
treaty with Nicaragua of 1867 provides for our active endeavors to make
good that pledge to the world.

This bill neither enlarges nor diminishes our rights or powers, as they
exist, nor those of Nicaragua or Costa Eica beyond the express stipu-
lations of their respective concessions, but is in harmony with them and
with our treaty relations with all governments.

The mortgage and statutory lien provided in the bill for the security
of the United States, while of little importance because of the control
over the operations of the maritime company secured by the owner-
ship of more than 80 per cent of the stock by the United States, is
carefully adjusted in the bill in order to make our security, if that is
possible, more complete and to remove all grounds for misunderstand-
ings in the future.

The possible difficulties that might attend a strict foreclosure of the
mortgage, upon property in a sister Republic, are of little weight
when we consider that the concessions on which this bill is based pro-
vide for such a mortgage and carry with this provision the equitable
right to such a foreclosure.

It would be in the nature of an impeachment of the honor and in-
tegrity of Nicaragua and Costa Rica to anticipate, in our legislation,
that either of those States would interpose a national obstacle to the full
realization of all that can be justly implied when they permit the con-
cessionaires and their successors to give a mortgage on all the property
and all the privileges granted to them, to raise the money to construct
a canal of such vast benefit to those States and their people.

The committee refers to this topic only because it has been mooted
by some inquiring persons, as a possible objection to the bill, and not
because any such question has been intimated by either of those gov-
ernments. In all dealings between independent nations in matters of
this kind something is necessarily left to find its proper adjustment at
the time when its solution becomes a practical question for discussion
and settlement.

In this instance, the most painstaking care seems to have been taken
by Nicaragua and Costa Eica in their respective concessions, and sub-
sequent legislation, to remove every difficulty that could be anticipated
that could stand in the way of this great work, and, in this, as in nil
their dealings with this subject, they have approved themselves to the
judgment of mankind as being just, sincere, and liberal.

[See Senate Report No. lull, Fifty-first Congress, second session, p. 187.]

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 415

FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.

[See pp. 105, 107, 135, 139, 141, 187, 402, 410, 457.]
February 4, 1893.

[Senate Report No. 1262.]

Mr. Sherman, from the Committee on Foreign Belations, submitted
the following report:

The Committee on Foreign Belations, in obedience to the resolution of
the Senate, as follows :

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES,

January 16, 189S.

Resolved, That the Committee on Foreign Relations be directed to inquire what
sums, if any, have been expended by the Maritime Canal Company, the Nicaragua
Canal Construction Company, or any company allied to either of said companies, in
and about the construction of said canal or otherwise, with the items of expenditure,
since the accounts of expenditure heretofore rendered to the said committee.

respectfully report:

That under the resolution of the Senate of the 7th of January, 1892,
it has continued from time to time to ascertain the amount of money
expended for the purpose of the construction of the Nicaragua Canal
from the date of said resolution to and including the 1st of February,
1893, all of which is respectfully submitted herewith, and is believed to
be as full and accurate a statement of the present condition of the Nica-
ragua Canal Company, and other companies allied to it, as, from the
nature of the work, can be rendered.

41fi MARITIME r.\X.U- COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

HEARINGS BEFORE A SUBCOMMITTEE OP THE COMMITTEE ON
FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE, IN RE-
LATION TO THE NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY, UNDER THE
FOLLOWING RESOLUTION OF THE SENATE:

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES,

January 7, 1892.

Reolvd, That the Committee on Foreign Relations be, and is hereby, directed to
inquire into the progress that has been made in the work upon the Maritime Canal of
Nicaragua, and what are the present conditions and prospects of that enterprise, in-
cluding in their inquiry any additional explorations or surveys of the canal that have
been made since the last report of that committee; and what stocks, if any, have
been disposed of, or bonds issued by the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua,
chartered and organized under the act of Congress approved February 20, 1889, ami
what amount of money has been actually expended for any purpose, and what con-
tracts for construction or other objects have been made by said company ; and for
these purposes said committee shall have authority to send for persons and papers,
and to administer oaths to persons examined. Said committee is directed to con-
sider and report what, in their opinion, the interests of the United States may
require in respect of that interoceanio communication.
Attest:

ANSON Q. McCooK,

Secretary.

UNITED STATES SENATE,
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS,

April 2, 1892.

The subcommittee met at 11 o'clock a. m.

Present: Senator Dolph, Senator Morgan, and Senator Gray, of the
committee, and also Senator Higgins.

STATEMENT OF CHIEF ENGINEER A. G. MENOCAL.

By Senator MORGAN:

Q. Mr. Menocal, we want to ask yon some qnestions about the Nica-
ragua Canal, and first I will ask you, at the suggestion of Senator Dolph,
if you can say anything about the financial condition of the company?
A. I do not know anything about the financial matters of the company.
You know I have been away a good deal, in the first place, and in the
second place they are in the hands of Mr. Miller, so that I do not know
much about them.

Q. You have recently returned from Europe? A. Yes, sir.

Q. Was your mission to Europe in connection with this Nicaragua
Canal? A. Yes; to some extent. After being in Nicaragua for about
ten mouths I desired to go to Europe to have a rest, and at the same time
to visit the most prominent engineering works of Europe. 1 did so, and
visited the Holland Canal, the German Canal, the Manchester Canal in
England, and other smaller canals of very little consequence, in connec-
tion with our project. On my return to England I expected to go di-

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 417

rectly to America, but was taken ill was ill with influenza for two
months and when I got well enough I had to be engaged with a com-
mission of engineers who had been appointed to examine the plans for
the Nicaragua Canal, with a view of reporting as to the practicability
and the cost of the project.

Q. Will you name the members of that Board? A. Sir John Coode
was the principal member. He is the head of the firm of Copde, Son
& Mathews. They have already made a report as to the feasibility pi
the scheme, and have approved the plans presented without any modi-
fication whatever.

Q. Is that report in print? A. No, sir; the report is not yet in print.

Q. To whom was it made? A. The report was made to Mr. Miller.

Q. It is in the possession of the Construction Company? A. Yes; but
the report is not complete because the investigation was to be divided
into three parts. One was the feasibility of the scheme as proposed,
another was as to its probable cost, and the other was the probable
maximum cost. They have made a favorable report on the feasibility
without recommending any material changes, although they were author-
ized to propose any changes they thought best ? and they have also re-
ported that the canal would cost about the estimate made by the engi-
neers of the company.

Q. What is that? A. That is $65,000,000. They believe that it can
be built inside of that sum; yet that it is but an opinion based on a
careful examination of the plans, the quantities and prices in the esti-
mates and the conditions under which the work has to be done. Now
they are going through a more careful investigation, checking all the
quantities in the estimate in order to prepare a full report on the feasi-
bility and cost of the whole canal.

Q. This seems to be a firm of engineers, as I understand it? A. Tesj
there are no better engineers in England; no men of higher reputation.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. How came they to make the examination; who employed them?
A. They have been employed by Mr. Miller in connection with other
gentlemen. I could not tell you about that. Mr. Miller will be here on
Tuesday or Wednesday. I only received instructions from Mr. Miller
to meet with these gentlemen and give them all the information I had
to assist them in arriving at conclusions.

By Senator HIGGINS :

Q. Off of what data or information, as to qualities of earth to be re-
moved as to excavation, and your troubles with the rocks did this English
firm make up their opinion ? A. The first report as to cost was only an
approximate one. They said : " If these quantities contained in the esti-
mates of the company are correct " that is to say, excavation, out of
water and under water, dredging in the harbors and in the canal, rock
excavation and different kinds of work in locks, dams, etc. " if these
quantities are correct, we believe that the canal can be built for this
sum." They have now commenced a thorough investigation of all the
works proposed, checking all the quantities, applying in each case the
prices which they believe ample for the completion of the works so as
to arrive at the whole cost of the canal.

By Senator MORGAN:

Q. And they are doing that according to your measurements? A.
According to pur plans and measurements. They have examined our
plans and satisfied themselves that the surveys are correct.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 27

418 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

Q. Has any engineer been sent by this firm to Nicaragua? A. No
engineer has been sent by them to Nicaragua, but they found an En-
glish engineer who had been over the ground and they have employed
him to give them all the information in his possession.

Q. Is he going to make a resurvey over the whole ground of this sub-
ject-matter t A. No. That could not be, because it would take several
years to do. They are going to take our plans and calculate from them
the amount of work required to complete the canal. They are satisfied of
the correctness of the plans and that they have been made sufficiently in
detail for the purpose of the investigation.

Q. Were either of these gentlemen of the firm that you mention with
you and Mr. Miller when you made a personal examination of this canal
line? A. One of the English engineers who went over the line of the
canal with Mr. Miller has been engaged by them to assist in their in-
vestigation.

Q. Now, in order to get that before the committee, I will ask you to
go back and detail in your own way fully who composed the party that
went over the line of the canal last year, and what months you went
over it, and what time you spent upon it! A. Mr. Miller arrived with
his party in Nicaragua, I think, on the 1st of April. His party was
composed of two Army engineers, or, rather, two Army officers, gradu-
ates of West Point.

Q. Who were they? A. One was Maj. Button, and the other was
Lieut. Howard; also the editor of the Engineering News

Q. Who was he? A. Mr. Stauflfer, of New York; also two English
engineers, Mr. Donaldson and Mr. Gooch. I suppose you want only
those who went over the line?

Q. Yes; I want all the engineers who made any examination. A.
Those I have mentioned were the engineers. It was nearly a year ago
and some may have escaped my memory, but those were the most im-
portant men who went over the line. In addition to that there were
seven newspaper men; we called them newspaper men, but some of
them were men who had had a good deal of experience in engineering
works. Besides Mr. Miller, two of our own engineers and myself were
in the party.

Q. Who of your engineers, in Nicaragua, went over the line? A.
Mr. F. P. Davis, Mr. H. C. Miller, and Mr. Perez went part of the way.
I think that is about all that went over the whole line, because the
others only went along the sections in which they were employed ; so
that they were not really of the inspection party.

Q. This was an inspection party? A. Yes, sir.

Q. I notice that Maj. Dutton has made a report of his inspection?
A. I just saw a copy of it.

Q. It has been printed by order of the Senate without the maps. He
seems to have maps in the Department which have not yet been sent to
us. I have not examined that report, have you? A. No, sir; I have
not. I only just saw it.

Q. NoWj what inspection did this party make? A. This party spent
four days in making a very careful inspection of all the buildings and
shops, and all the works in the vicinity from Greytown to the end of the
railroad as far as it had then been built, about 9 miles. Also, they ex-
amined the dredging plant and saw three of the dredges in operation.
They also examined the pier, or breakwater, and, after making these
careful examinations in the vicinity of Greytown, took the railroad on the
morning of the sixth day and went to the end of the railroad. From
there they took the line of the canal and walked over it until they
struck the river San Juan.

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 419

Q. They struck the river San Juan at what place? A. Some dis-
tance below Ochoa. They wanted to see that portion of the river es-
pecially, a little below Ochoa as well as from Ochoa to the lake. There
was a steamer waiting for them at that point which they took and
steamed up the river to the lake; examined carefully the river at differ-
ent places.

Q. Did they go on the San Carlos Biver? A. No, sir; they did not
go up the San Carlos Eiver. They went across the lake and spent
three or four days examining the line on the west side. The weather
was very pleasant, and as the line was opened almost the whole distance
there was no part that could not be inspected on horseback.

Q. You mean the line had been cleared? A. It had been cleared by
the company most half the distance, and the other half is an open
country. A line of the surveyors' pickets were cut through by the sur-
veying parties, and were just as good as any roads you could find in
that country.

Q. Now, I will begin at this pier. What is the length of the pier at
Greytown? A. One thousand and fifteen feet.

Q. Is that pier intended to gain deep water on the south side of it or
on the north side of it? A. On the west side.

Q. It runs, then, north and south? A. It runs north and south
nearly.

Q. Now, you know the depth of water there before that pier was put
in? A. Yes, sir.

Q. What was it then ; the depth of the water where the channel is
now? A. There was no water there before the pier was built.

Q. No water at all? A. No, sir.

Q. How deep is the water across that inlet now? A. Dredges are
working there. I could not tell you exactly at this moment, but I think
14 or 15 feet is the present depth.

By Senator HIGGINS:

Q. At low water ? A. Yes ; there is hardly any tide there, not more
than 1 foot; some days no tide at all can be observed.

By Senator MORGAN:

Q. Well, that pier and the dredge, as I understand, has secured a
channel of 14 or 15 feet? A. Yes. Before we commenced to dredge,
this sand bank to the west of the pier had been washed away by the
waves, so that we had nearly 7 feet of water before we commenced to
use any dredge.

Q. Now, did the pier effect that removal ? A. Yes; a channel 7 feet
deep was washed out without any assistance at all.

By Senator HIGGINS:

Q. Why was that? A. Well, this bank was formed by the drift of
the sand due to wave action from east to west. The waves invariably
run from the northeast and the constant drift of the sand formed a
hook on the east side of the harbor entrance, which hook gradually ex-
tended to the westward and finally inclosed the inner bay, converting
it into a lagoon separated from the sea by a sand bank about 300 feet
wide. The pier has been built nearly normal to this sand spit, its
main object being to arrest the drifting sand and thus protect a chan-
nel excavated to the west of it. As soon as the pier was started the
drifting sands commenced to gather to the east of it, but as the waves
passing in front of the pier under construction continued to act on the
beach to the west, that portion of the sand bank was gradually earned

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

away by the wave action to a depth of about 7 feet, the pier in th
meantime preventing the traveling of the sand into the new channel.
By this process a channel about 7 feet deep and several hundred feet
wide was secured from the sea to the inner i>ay of the old harbor, and
lately a lagoon before the pier had reached a length of 500 feet.

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. So that the breakwater arrested the sands coming from the east-
ward and the waves washed away the beach to the west? A. To the
extent that wave action could have any effect on the bottom. The sea
could not scour any more than 7 feet because the waves are not more than
4 feet high.

Q. What was the depth of water in the harbor or basins formerly
Greytown? A. It varies very much, from 5 to 20 or even 22 feet at
places.

Q. Is there a large area of water there? A. Yes, very large. Most
of the area we propose to dredge for the harbor is inside this basin and
has an average depth of about 10 feet.

By Senator HIGGINS :

Q. What depth do you propose to dredge the harbor to? A. Thirty
feet

By Senator DOLPH:

Q. Thirty feet on the bar? A. We propose to have 30 feet on the
bar, but 34 on the entrance outside.

Q. How far will you have to extend the jetty to get that? A. About
2,700 altogether, or 1,700 feet beyond the present end of the pier. That
will carry down to a depth where there is no wave action on the bot-
tom.

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. I will not detain you now to give a description of that jetty, be-
cause you have heretofore done so in a very full manner in your reports,
but I will ask you whether you can commence the jetties before you
commence riving the rock at the foothills of the divide? A. No, sir;
we might mold concrete blocks, but it would be more expensive, and it
has always been estimated to build the breakwater from rock from the
excavation.

Q. That is, you will put in the rock filling from that supply? A. Yes,
sir.

Q. That is a line of rock that crosses the canal at the foothills of the
mountains? A. Yes; that is, the foothills we have to cut across in
going to the valley of the San Juan.

Q. Now, do you express a confident opinion that 30 feet of water in
that harbor and in the bays, and 34 feet outside of it, or the entrance
of it, can be obtained? A. Yes, sir.

Q. Is it going to be a very expensive work? A. No, sir; I am sure
the pier itself will not cost a million dollars.

Q. Now, before we leave that, without going into the details about
the houses, which you have already reported upon I suppose fully, how
many dredges have you taken there fitfor service? A. We have six large
dredges fit for work. Some of them have been laid up for some time
and may need slight repairs before starting again. Otherwise they are
in excellent condition. The machinery is in excellent order.

Q. Now, what machinery or shops have you there for the purpose of
repairing these dredges? A. We have got a large machine-shop just
erected and fitted with the best tools to be obtained, and also some

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 421

tools purchased at Panama with the dredges, and we have a small
blacksmith shop. We had intended to put up a foundry, but it has not
been done yet.

Q. Do you have duplicate machinery? A. We have a great many
extra pieces.

Q. That is to repair any break that might occur ? A. Yes, sir.

Q. Are these dredges of large capacity? A. Very large. We have
excavated as much as 10,000 cubic yards in twenty-four hours with one
of them. They are generally not kept at work day and night, but we
have sometimes, and work twenty-four hours is done more economically,
and we have been able to extract 10,000 cubic yards and deposit it on
the bank.

Q. How do you deliver it on the bank? A. With iron pipes and
powerful water-jets from the dredge.

Q. So that there is no extra haul in getting material and depositing
it on the banks? A. No, sir.

Q. Now, how far has the canal been dredged in by these dredges?
A. Not more than half a mile.

Q. What width and what depth? A. A depth of 17 feet and width
about 220 feet.

Q. What will be the width of that section of the canal when com-
pleted? A. It will be about 300 feet.

Q. What will be the depth? A. Thirty feet.

Q. So that you have got about, or had then, half a mile? A. Exca-
vated to a depth of 17 feet, what we call the first cut. The dredges can
not make the whole prism of the canal in one cut. The canal will have
to go by steps, and we are now on the first step.

Q. Now, to what distance has the canal been cleared, commencing at
the seacoast? A. On the east side about 10 miles, to Lock No. 1.

Q. Entirely cleared out? A. Yes, sir.

Q. Is there any clearing on the whole line of the canal that is as
heavy as that? A. Well, I should say not on that side, because we
had "ot only very high timber to contend with and very thick, but also
we had the swamp.

Q. That is the swamp of the Deseado? A. The swamp of the
Deseado; all that drain back of Greytown. The swamp commences
only a few hundred feet from the beach.

Q. Well, when you went into that work at the Deseado you expected
to find it very difficult? A. Yes, we did.

Q. Did you find it less difficult than you expected? A. Oh, yes; the
work has been done for one-half, or less, of the estimated cost.

Q. And that runs out, practically, to the foothills'? A. To the foot-
hills at Lock No. 1.

Q. When you get to the foothills where Lock No. 1 comes that line
runs north and south, does it not? A. East and west nearly.

Q. How far is it then westward until you strike the rock? A. Six
miles.

Q. Six miles farther on before you strike this mass of rock that lies
across the line of the canal? A. Yes.

Q. JSow, passing over the ridge you get to the other side in the direc-
tion of Ochoa; what is the general character of the country through
which the line of the canal passes after it leaves that pool or lake? A.
There are three valleys separated and surrounded by narrow ridges
with narrow openings where those streams that drain the valleys run
through and drain the valleys into the San Juan.

Q. In these ridges do you find any bodies of rock? A. No; almost
all stiff red clay.

422 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OP NICARAGUA,

Q. Have you bored? A. We have taken borings to the bottom of
the canal.

Q. That is entirely satisfactory to you as to geological formation?
A. Yes, sir.

Q. Then the only ridge of rock that lies on the line of your canal is
that beyond Lock No. 3? A. Yes, sir.

Q. What do you call that? A. We call it the eastern divide.

Q. Then, when you have passed the eastern divide going in the
direction of Ochoa, as I understand you, you cross several valleys? A.
Three valleys; yes, sir.

Q. All of which are composed of clay? A. Yes, sir; red clay pre-
vailing; we cut across from valley to valley.

Q. Yes ; the canal construction, then, in that case, consists only in
removing these ridges? A. Yes; the closing the streams and the small
cuts from valley to valley, forming a chain, you might say, of small
lakes, until you come to the San Juan.

Q. But at Ochoa you fix the dam which raises the water to the level
of the lake? A. Practically so; but I have estimated three-quarters of
an inch fall from the lake to the dam, so that practically is the same
level as the lake.

Q. And it is necessary to have some current in it? A. There must
be some inclination of the river to discharge the surplus water from
the lake and river.

Q. Some question has been made as to whether the silt that comes
up from Costja Eica in the San Carlos River is going to be any obstruc-
tion to the dam at Ochoa? A. Well, the Valley of the San Carlos is to
be converted into a large lake. By raising the level in the San Juan
the Valley of the San Carlos is also flooded a long distance, and the
scouring and sediment-carrying capacity of that river is thus greatly
reduced.

Q. How far, do you suppose? A. About 30 miles.

Q. And that forms a lake? A. It forms a very large lake; conse-
quently, the sediment which now comes down the river into the San
Juan will be deposited in this valley at or near the mouth of its tribu-
taries.

Q. Distribute itself over the bottom of that lake? A. Well, the most
of it will form bars at the point where the different streams from the
mountain enter this lake, and these bars may grow gradually, and from
time to time extend into this deep lake, but it will be many years before
the accumulated silt can affect navigation in the San Juan.

Q. Now, I return to the divide. The material that you take out of
the divide on the eastern side. I understand from your report, you in-
tend to carry out to the pier ? A. Yes, sir.

Q. And also build the locks. The material that you take out from
the west side, if I understand right, you will carry to Ochoa and de-
posit in the San Juan River. From the same divide you will carry by
rail to Ochoa, and deposit in the dam and construct your dam of that-
material ! A. Yes, sir; the dam at Ochoa, as well as the locks and piers,
will be built with rock from the eastern divide.

Q. And you propose to extend that railway across the divide to
Ochoa? A. Yes, sir.

Q. Is that line surveyed and located ? A. Yes, sir.

Q. In convenient access to the canal all along ? A. Yes ; it follows
the line of the canal where excavations are required. It will tollow the
line of the ridge where embankments will be needed, so as to carry
material to the embankments, and remove it from the excavations, as
required.

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 423

Q. So that the dam at Ochoa will be built of this stone material that
you take out of the Eastern Divide? A. Yes, sir.

Q. Hauled by rail to the dam? A, Yes, sir.

Q. Have you satisfied yourself and have the engineers satisfied them-
selves that the dam at Ochoa on the plan you propose to build it is a safe
construction for this canal ? A. I have not yet found that engineer who,
after careful consideration of the subject, has not approved the plan
entirely as the best that can be adopted under the circumstances. I
have not found one in this country or in Europe. The English engineers
said, of course, first, " Oh, well, we have not anything of the kind in this
country." I said, "Very well; never mind what you have in this
country." But upon full consideration they have approved the scheme
without any modification whatever.

Q. Can you state that the engineers, all who have examined it, are
satisfied that the dam at Ochoa is a safe experiment? A. Yes; that
is the way we have been looking at it, and we regard it as more safe
an experiment than any other system.

Q. How much slack water do you get by your dam? A. Sixty-four
miles.

Q. On the river? A. On the San Juan.

Q. How much on the lakes that you form west of the Divide? A.
Well, those lakes have a different length. There is 12 miles saved in
excavation by the formation of these lakes between Ochoa and the
Eastern Divide.

Q. That is to say, you have slack-water navigation at the level of
the lake? A. Yes; extending to 3 miles east of the rock excavation.

Q. What will be the effect of so much silt that may come out of the
San Carlos upon the dam at Ochoa; will it be to tighten and make it
firmer? A. Yes, of course. It is not our intention to have a tight
dam in the beginning. I think a leakage through the dam would be a
benefit more than a harm; but, nevertheless, the sediment brought
down by the waters in times of flood will contribute to some extent to
tighten the dam, and I have no doubt in the course of time it will be
perfectly tight, no water going through it.

Q. Now you have a great flood of water, if I understand your reports
heretofore, coming out of Lake Nicaragua, sufficient to waste more than,
perhaps, one-half or two-thirds of it? A. Yes; we have about twenty
times the maximum even in the dry season the amount of water that
may be required to work the canal.

Q. So that in the dry season you will waste nineteen A. We can

afford to lose nineteen parts of the surplus and yet have enough for the
canal.

Q. Is there any time when the waters of the river become very much
flooded? A. Yes; in the rainy season sometimes.

Q. How high does the flood rise on the San Juan? A. The maximum
flooding that I have observed there the waters rose I am speaking from
memory, but I should say between 11 and 12 feet. The flood of the
river increased to about 42,000 cubic feet in a second.

Q. How does that compare with the ordinary flood tide in rivers that
are supplied, not from lakes but from mountain sources in that country ?
A. The Chagres Eiver, which is a very small stream compared with the
San Juan in Nicaragua, I have seen at a time when there was not 500
cubic feet of water running through it, and in the rainy season I have
gauged it and found 145,000 cubic feet per second.

Q. Is that by a sudden flood? A. It varies from ten to fifteen hours,
generally inside of twenty-four hours.

424 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

Q. Inside the sweep? A. Yes. The valley of the river is small and
the watershed is very precipitous and rocky.

Q. I suppose that the reason the San Juan Eiver does not rise so
rapidly or so high is that the lakes cover a very large proportion of the
watershed? A. Yes ; the lake is the equalizer. Lake Nicaragua covers
one-half the watershed.

Q. How many years have you been in that country; when did you
first go into that country? A. I commenced to go to Nicaragua in
March, 1872, a little over twenty years now.

Q. Have you been there much of the time since that? A. I have
been there a great many times, most every year, practically.

Q. You commenced your investigations there on your own personal
account? A. No, sir; I was sent by the Government. I was the chief
engineer of the Government surveying expedition sent in 1872. Then
I occupied the same position in 1873. Then I was retained to com-
plete the plans and estimates of the first two years' work, and then
went over the line again in 1874. Then I went to Panama and sur-
veyed the Panama route, in the same capacity of chief engineer in
1875-'76. At the end of 1876 I went to Nicaragua again in order to
make a more detailed survey of the harbor of San Juan.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. Sent by the Government then? A. No, sir. I was sent by re-
quest. The Government of Nicaragua was then very anxious to im-
prove the harbor of Greytown and the navigation in the river San Juan,
and requested the United States to send me there; the Government of
Nicaragua paid my expenses.

By Senator MORGAN:

Q. That was in 1876, you say? A. That was in 1876.

Q. How long did you remain there then? A. I remained there eight
months and then I went in 1877 to complete that work.

Q. Under the same request ? A. Still at the same request. It took
me some time to make a detailed survey of the valley of the San Juan
and the harbor of Greytown and to prepare the plans the Government
of Nicaragua wanted to have for the proposed works of improvement.

Q. And after that ? A. In 1880 I was sent at my suggestion to make
some additional surveys on the west side of the lake with a view of
improving the location we had made before on that side.

Q. When you say "we" you mean the United States, do you ? A.
Yes; that is to say, our party or the expedition, of which I formed
part.

Q. Well, it had no connection with this company ? A. No, sir; the
company had not yet been organized at all. I made all these surveys
for the United States Government, except in 1876, as I say, I made it
for the Nicaraguan Government.

Q. Then, when did you next go back to that country ? A. Then I
was sent again by the Navy Department in 1885. During the time
that I was making these surveys for the Government of Nicaragua in
1876-?77 I had in view the possibility of a change in the first location
made by the Government expedition along the bank of the river. I
was not satisfied with that location. I wanted to get, if possible, an-
other line more direct from Ochoa to Greytown. I had made several
preliminary examinations there, and I came to the conclusion that it
was possible to cut a line through, an economical line, and free from
the dangerous proximity to the river and the complicated problem of
disposing of the drainage of the country to the north.

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 425.

Q. Now, if you will allow me just a moment; you surveyed the line,
then, that was reported to the Government down the line of the river
until you got below the foothills, until you got to Greytown? A. Yes;
according to that survey the line of excavation was about 61 miles.

By Senator DOLPH:

Q. What expedition was that? A. The first location was made by
the Government expedition of 1872-'73, of which I was chief engineer,
but we had no time to make that examination which would enable us
to find out the best location, as it was found afterwards.

Q. Well, what was this section that you speak of that was 61 miles!
A. The total length of the canal in excavation and exclusive of lake
and river from one sea to the other was 61 miles, or from the point of
the river where we leave now to Greytown was to be 42 miles in exca-
vation.

By Senator MORGAN:

Q. That is to say, the survey that went down the bank of the San
Juan Eiver -just look and see if it is here. (Exhibiting report.) A.
The line followed the bank of the river very closely until we got to the
junction of the San Juanillo with the San Juan. Then we cut across to
Greytown. All the way we followed the valley of the San Juan close to
the river from Ochoa. I was not satisfied with this line on account
ot its great length, the great difficulties in cutting acoss the spurs ex-
tending to the river, and the great difficulty of disposing of the drain-
age, as all the watershed to the north of the line had to drain into the
river San Juan and across the canal, the level of which was but little
above that of the river.

Q. Then you conceived the plan of leaving the river at Ochoa and
going out on the seaboard here ? A. We had to leave the river at the
same place.

Q. Then you conceived that leaving the river at Ochoa, the same
place, and going straight across, you could get a line that would shorten
this curved line to Greytown ? A. Yes, sir.

By Senator GRAY :

Q. What is the elevation of Ochoa? A. About 60 feet above sea
level.

Q. Then what intervenes ? A. Well, there is a very high range of
hills which started here which we thought at first we could not get
through, and looking from the river we could see that the range had
an average of about 2,500 feet, so that when I was making the surveys
of the lower valley in 1876 and 1877 I made excursions through here
to see if I could get through the mountains with a comparatively small
excavation. I found some places comparatively low, but they were
very wide, and the excavations in other places were very high, until I
found this place the line now occupies, which is the narrowest distance
between the two valleys on the two sides and is the lowest point in the
ridges and on the line extending between Ochoa and Greytown. By
this location many miles of canal in excavation have been saved and a
more direct line from Ochoa to Greytown has been secured; but the
greatest ad vantage gained is in the perfect control of the drainage : first,
by eliminating a large area of country lying between the new location
and the river San Juan and, secondly, by the facility and absolute
safety with which the surplus waters can now be discharged from the
elevated surface of the canal and basins into the lower tributaries
and through the latter into the San Juan. The area to be drained is
comparatively small, and with the artificial basins of the San Francisco

426 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

and Deseado acting as equalizers and ample river crest for the rapid
discharge of surplus waters, the canal may be regarded as entirely free
from sudden changes of level by reason of floods.

Q. Is it proposed to supply all the operations of this canal with water
from the lake? A. Yes, sir.

Q. Any pumping?

Senator MORGAN. They have got twenty times as much water as
they want to use. That is all arranged for by the dam across the river
at Ochoa.

Q. How high is that to be? A. Fifty-six feet.

Q. How long? A. Twelve hundred feet.

Q. And high banks on both sides? A. Yes, sir.

Q. Now that dam makes the lake level, except a few inches, clear
into the lake and from there down to that divide? A. And through the
divide to 4 miles beyond, when you strike the first lock.

Q. So that, when you come here, with your ship you rise one level at
the lock and you go how many miles? A. About 1 miles.

Q. You arrive there and 2 miles beyond you reach another; that
takes you to the summit level, which is 150 miles long, and across to
the Pacific coast? A. It is 154 miles long.

Q. Then the lake level navigation you have in consequence of the
building of that dam is 154 miles? A. Yes, sir.

By Senator GREY:

Q. That dam must commence after a lock? A. We have three locks
on each side.

Q. What would be the fall at that? A. There is no lock at the dam.
We cut a canal, independently of the river, from this basin above the
dam.

Q. Will there be a current through the canal? A. No, sir; not any
more than is required for such water as may be drawn to work the
locks. The surplus water will be run off from the dam in the valley of
San Carlos by waste weirs about 1,500 feet in length.

By Senator HIGGINS :

Q. What is the lift of those locks? A. One is 31 feet, one 30 feet, and
one 45 feet. That is on the east side. On the west side there are two
of 42 feet and one of 25 feet.

By Senator GREY:

Q. Is not 45 feet a very great lift? A. Yes. It is not essential or
necessary, however. We can have two of 22 feet, or three of 15 feet,
if you choose. The ground adapts itself to any lift you choose. But the
idea of a 45-feet lock has been sustained by all the engineers that have
been called upon to report upon this scheme. I had a conversation
with Gen. Casey on yesterday, and he thinks I should not change it.

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. Let me ask you if it would not be harder to manage a lock 45 feet
than one of 20 feet? A. O, no, sir. The gates of the Saulte Ste. Marie
Canal are worked in a minute and a half, and it would not take much
more time to operate this one.

Q. What is the lift? A. From 18 to 24 feet

Q. Now, I have been going into these details, and I will get you, if
you please, to state to the committee and that is the particular point I
want to get at what this body of engineers and newspaper men, as you
call them, some of whom, I believe you say, are themselves competent
engineers A. Yes, they are very competent engineers.

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 427

Q. What examination they made and what their opinions were.
First begin with the eastern divide. You have already stated it to that
point. A. Yes; we had plans with us, showing the location of the
canal and railroad, and the position of the borings taken to the bottom
of the canal. On reaching one of these places where borings had been
made specimens of the material were carefully examined, some of them
being rock 2 or 3 feet long, taken out with diamond drills. The loca-
tion of the canal was. folio wed as far as Ochoa, and the topography of
the country closely examined and compared with the plans.

Q. You went on foot all the way? A. Yes; to San Juan, and then at
Ochoa they examined the site of the dam; followed the San Juan, tak-
ing soundings at certain places; some across the lake. On the other
side the party followed in the line of the canal all the way from the lake
to Brito.

Q. You have heretofore made, as I understand it, frequent soundings
of the river, so that you understand the profile of the entire river from
Ochoa to the lake? A. O, yes.

Q. Then you crossed the lake in a steamer, I believe you said ? A.
We crossed the lake in a steamer to San Jorge, and took horses and
went to the mouth of the canal, and from there we started with our
examination.

Q. Now, when you leave the lake, going west with this line of canal,
you first pass up the river San. Francisco spme distance? A. When
we leave the lake?

Q. When you leave the lake going west? A. We strike the valley of
the Lajas.

Q. You follow that how far? A. About 7,000 feet.

Q. You take possession of the bed of the stream? A. Part of it;
occupy part of it and divert the stream into the lake.

Q. Then you encounter a ridge ? A. No, sir ; it can hardly be called
a ridge. The ground has a very slight inclination towards the summit,
which is called the western divide; the rise is about 10 feet to the
mile; no more than that.

Q. Now, when you cross that summit you pass into another valley?
A. Pass into the valley of the Eio Grande.

Q. Then you keep along the valley of the Eio Grande? A. Keep
along the valley of the Eio Grande more or less to Brito.

Q. Now, you divert the Eio Grande from its basin, do you? A. No,
sir; I have proposed that, but do not think it will be necessary. The
Eio Grande is no river at all, just a little brook. It is dry nine months
in the year. Sometimes it is impossible to get water there, so much so
that we could not get water enough to work our diamond drills. So I
propose to let that stream discharge into the basin of the Tola. Before
the idea of the Tola Basin was adopted I had proposed to divert the
Eio Grande into the Lajas.

Q. Now what is the Tola Basin? A. The Tola Basin is a valley con-
taining about 5,000 acres of ground which will be converted into a lake.

Q. Is there any stream emptying into it? A. The Eio Grande and
another little stream that is about 3 or 4 miles long called the Tola,
from which the valley gets its name.

Q. You pass this into a basin, that is, about 5,000 acres of ground
you will convert into a basin; what will be the depth of that? A.
Seventy feet is the maximum. It decreases as you come up toward
the divide.

Q. Now, you get the water to supply that basin from the lake? A.
Yes, the lake extended across the divide into the Tola Basin.

428 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

Q At what place dp you put your dam between that and Brito to
get your proper elevation to make the lake? A. At a place called La
Flor. It is tliivc and a half miles from tin- 1'acitic ocean.

Q. What is the length and height of that dam? A. The length is
1,800 feet; the maximum height is 70 feet.

Q. Is that made of stone, rubble? A. It need not be. It can be
made a water-tight embankment of clay. It can be made of stone be-
cause we have abundance of stone in that vicinity.

By Senator HIGGINS:

Q. Have you the wet season to contend with there? A. Six months
of the year without a drop of rain.

Q. What about the season when you do have the rain? A. Well, the
maximum rainfall on that side, as observed, has been 81 inches. I
have seen it about 55 inches, but on the average I should say it is about
50 inches.

Q. Haw does that compare with the Atlantic coast? A. It is very
much more on the Atlantic coast. We have observed about 300 inches
in one year on the Atlantic coast. The rainfall on the Pacific is very
small.

By Senator MORGAN:

Q. Now, from the dam at La Flor you back the water up that comes
down from the lake in this Tola Basin; then you continue the canal
fiom that basin, as I understand you, by locks? A. There we have
two locks.

Q. Forty-two feet each to the valley of Brito? A. Yes.

Q. Then you have a third lock? A. Then 3 miles below we have
the third and last lock.

Q. Now, from the last lock at Brito what will be the depth and width
of your canal ? A. The harbor comes to the lock.

Q. The harbor? A. Yes; the lock will be placed at the inner end of
the harbor.

By Senator DOLPH:

Q. That harbor has to be entirely constructed? A. Yes; practically
so. There is a little indentation of the coast that does not amount to
much.

Q. A promontory on the north side? A. Yes; there is a promontory
there.

By Senator MORGAN:

Q. What will be the length of what you call the harbor there? A.
Well, 4,500 feet in length to the present line of the beach.

Q. To the present line of the beach ? A. Yes.

Q. From the beach into the dam how far is it; or is the last lock right
at the beach? A. That is what I say.

By Senator DOLPH:

Q. It is an abrupt coast? A. This valley of Brito comes right to the
sea. The valley close to the coast is below high water, so that, at
high water, this coast is flooded by the sea. There is a break in the
coast range at this point, and it is supposed that at some remote time
there was a harbor there.

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. Now, a ship coming in from the Pacific, entering the canal at the
first lock I do not know what number it is? A. Six.

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 429

Q. No. 6 would then go on and come to lock No. 5, there to be lifted
up and proceed to lock No. 4 ! A. Four and 5 are together.

Q. Then it would sail into the Tola Basin, which covers an area of
5,000 acres, with a depth at places of 70 feet. What would be* the
average depth? A. Forty-five feet.

Q. Deep enough for any ship? A. O, yes.

Q. Is that under cultivation? A. Part of it, and part of it has beau-
tiful timber.

Q. Does the Government of Nicaragua contribute that basin? A.
No, sir; the company will have to buy it.

By Senator GREY:

Q. Will that be expensive? A. No, sir; I do not think it will cost
more than $25,000, especially if it is purchased now.

Q. What will those locks cost approximately, that let down from the
basin to the Tola Valley? A. If I remember right, about $3,000,000 for
the two. I know it is less than $4,000,000, because we have there rock
foundations and rock sides; so that very little wall will be needed on
the sides of the locks.

Q. How large a ship are they calculated to take? A. The locks are
all 650 feet long.

Q. How wide? A. Eighty feet.

By Senator HIGGINS:

Q. What is the depth of water in the Brito Harbor? A. Thirty feet
will be the least.

Q. Is there any bar to contend with? A. No, sir.

Q. Do you have to dredge to get that, or is that the present depth?
A. That is the present depth at the ends of the piers proposed.

By Senator DOLPH:

Q. You simply build piers there into the deep water; it is an open
roadstead now? A. Yes; and it is proposed to build two piers, one to
fifty feet and the other to forty-five feet of water.

Q. It will require a breakwater to protect the shipping, will it not?
A. Yes, sir.

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. As I understand you, the real anchorage there is in Tola Bay?
A. That very likely will be the case, though we have provided for a
harbor for a large number of ships in case of delays for any reason
whatever or to meet local business at Brito.

Q. And the building of the breakwaters is to protect those ships
while lying at anchor? A. Yes; and to protect the entrance to the
harbor. In bad weather there is a very heavy swell there.

By Senator DOLPH:

Q. And you propose to extend this harbor by excavation? A. Yes,
sir.

Q. And that will be thirty feet? A. It will be more than thirty feet,
because the valley is now below high- water. It is flooded in high-water,
part of it, so that we will have to excavate about forty feet in the valley
in order to obtain a depth of thirty feet in low water.

By Senator MORGAN:

Q. I understand your entire estimates of this work from Greytown
to Brito cover every item of work and all the material and all the cost of
labor and everything included in acompleted canal? A. Yes, sirj there

430 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OP NICARAGUA.

are a good many small items that have not been mentioned in the esti-
mates, but they are so small that it would be inter tamable. But they
have been included in contingencies. Everything has been estimated
to have the canal complete.

Q. So that the grand total will cover every item of expense in the
construction of that canal and the harbors on either side? A. Yes, sir.

Q. Now you had these estimates and measurements and details with
you in this examination across the line of the canal? A. Yes, sir.

Q. And were they examined by these engineers who accompanied
you? A. Yes, sir; the engineer, Mr. Donaldson, is an engineer of a
section of the Manchester Canal.

Q. And in addition you had along with you the engineers of the differ-
ent sections who were stationed at their places on the sections? A.
Yes, sir.

Q. Now, before this examination, the Maritime Canal Company had
submitted these estimates to a board of engineers? A. Yes, sir.

Q. How was that board selected? A. Well, I could not tell you. I
was not here at the time. I merely suggested the appointment of the
board and was asked to give some names to the company. I declined
to do so. Then I was notified a few days later that these gentlemen,
whose names you see in the report, had been appointed.

Q. Their report is in this report of the committee to the last session
of Congress? A. Yes, sir.

Q. But no report has been made by the other engineers except Maj.
Dutton ? A. No, sir ; except these English engineers, I understand, made
a report in England.

Q. You have not seen that? A. No, sir.

Q. You do not know what its contents are? A. No; but was told it
was very favorable.

Q. Now, after this body of engineers went with you across this line
of canal and examined it, as you have stated, were your conclusions,
in the report which you had submitted to the company, sustained by
them? A. I think in every case, so far as I know. I have not heard
any adverse criticism from any one.

Q. So that this line had been really under, first, your examination
with the corps of engineers you had when you made your final survey,
and that report was made to the maritime company, was it ? A. Which
one? because I have made so many.

Q. Well, the report upon which was predicated the location. A.
That was made to the United States. Government. It is printed in a
separate book called " The Nicaragua Canal Surveys, 1885." It was
made to the Navy Department, and it was on the strength of this pre-
liminary location there was nothing but a preliminary location that
this company was organized.

Q. That was preliminary, but it contained estimates of cost? A. Yes;
it contained estimates and has been confirmed in every particular.

Q. Now, after you made that report to the United States, you then
made a subsequent report to the maritime company? A. That was
when I made a more detailed survey. Then the company was organ-
ized, and we started the surveys in 1887 and we surveyed from the lat-
ter part of 1887 to 1890, when I made this report you see now, after
three years of continuous work. Sometimes we had ten and twelve
parties in the field, never less than six.

Q. Then it was that report that these engineers had with them? A.
The last one made to the construction company.

Q. They had that report when you went in company with them and
Mr. Miller went with them to examine it? A. Yes, sir.

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 431

Q. And that was the same report submitted to these other engineers
wiien the company asked you to select the engineers, and you declined
to do it? A. Yes, sir.

Q. You did not select any one of them, I understand? A. No,, sir.

Q. And declined to have anything to do with the board of engineers
who were to pass upon your work? A. Yes, sir.

Q. Who were they? A. Mr. Wellington, who is editor of the Engi-
neering News ; Mr. Myers, vice-president or president of the Kichmond
Terminal, I think, or some important railroad in Virginia; Mr. Charles
T. Harvey, who was the engineer of the Sault Ste. Marie locks ; Mr.
John Bogart, engineer of the State of New York ; and Prof. H. A. Hitch-
cock, professor of civil engineering at Dartmouth College.

Q. These gentlemen then took your surveys and estimates in detail,
and went over the whole of them ? A. Yes, sir.

Q. After the examination they added something to your estimates?
A. They added to the estimates; yes, sir.

Q. How much? A. I think their estimate was $7,000,000.

Q. On what account? A. Well, they did not say on what account.
It was a larger margin they said.

Q. How much margin had you put in for incidents? A. I had put
in 25 per cent, and they thought perhaps it was better to increase it to
50 per cent on the cost.

By Senator HIGGINS :

Q. Had they gone over the ground, also? A. No, sir; they had not.
They had our plans and sent for the principal assistants I had in Nica-
ragua and examined them made a very careful examination. It took
about sixty days to complete it.

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. Well, they had your engineers before them? A. Yes; the engi-
neer of every section was sent for and they had them before them and
took the testimony.

Q. What was your estimate? A. $65,000,000.

Q. Does that include the margin? A. Yes; the estimate was only
$52,000,000.

By Senator HIGGINS :

Q. What was theirs? A. I do not remember exactly what it is. They
added about $22,OOO r OOO. They did not give any particular reason,
but thought it better to be prepared for any contingency.

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. Up to what figu re did they make the canal cost ? A. Eighty- seven
million dollars they regarded to be the maximum. I ought to say that
I said to one of them a few days afterwards, when I knew the result of
the examination, "You are very liberal;" to which he replied, "Some of
us thought you had better be on the safe side, but my impression is you
can build that canal for $40,000,000."

Q. Now your original estimate of the actual cost was $52,000,000?
A. Yes, sir.

Q. And then you put on 25 per cent for contingencies ? A. Yes, sir.

Q. And then, when they made the examination in the way you have
detailed here, they added about $22,000,000 ? A. I think they added
3.5 per cent to my estimates ; one-third.

Q. Now, have this last body of engineers that went across this work,
in any estimate they have made, increased the estimate of that board ?

432 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

A. 1 do not know, except this English engineer, who has reported as to
the probable cost.

Q. Did he increase the cost? A. No, sir; he comes below my esti-
mates.

Q. He comes below your estimates? A. Yes.

Q. The English engineer? A. Yes.

Q. Has anyone increased the cost above $87,000,000? A. I do not
know of any ; no, sir.

Q. Has any one increased the actual cost above $65,000,000 ? A. No,
sir; not that I know of. I just saw this report of Maj. Button. I had
not seen it before. I see in the last page of it he thinks it now can be
built inside the estimate.

Q. In your recent examination of canals in Holland and in England,
have you found any reason, in the facts that you have ascertained from
such examination, to doubt or change the estimates that you have made
as to the cost of this work? A. No, sir; on the contrary, I do believe
now that the canal can be built for less than I have estimated.

By Senator HIGGINS :

Q. I would like to ask if the surveys and reports tha,t have been
made have not been made either to the Government of the United
States or to the Government of Nicaragua? A. To the Government of
the United States up to the time this company was organized.

Q. Well, since this company was organized, has it spent any money
for surveys and reports? A. Oh, yes.

Q. Wen, how many surveys have they made and how much have
they spent? A. I am sure not less than $600,000 or $700,000. This
company has made surveys that had not been made so extensively for
any similar work.

By Senator DOLPH:

Q. I would like to ask you a question. Would the raising of Lake
Nicaragua 5 feet, as contemplated, by a dam on the San Juan Eiver,
render it necessary to make a dam anywhere else on the lake to pro-
vent the escape of water; is there any other outlet? A. No, sir; no
other outlet, and that is the ordinary level of the lake, and Nicaragua
has approved the plan of keeping the lake at that elevation, 110 feet.
The lake is surrounded on all sides by high land, except at its only out-
let, the river San Juan.

By Senator MORGAN:

Q. Under the concession under which this company has been operat-
ing, is there any grant of land by the Government of Nicaragua? A.
Yes; there is about a million acres.

Q. Is that to be selected anywhere the company choose? A. Part of
it is along the line of the canal and there are 40 lots of 20 square miles
each to be selected by the company.

Q. Anywhere in the public domain of Nicaragua? A. Any where in
the public land; yes, sir.

Q. That is a part of the concession? A. To the company; yes. sir.

Q. Now, to get that concession the concessionaires had to deposit
$100,000, hadn't they? A. Yes, sir.

Q. In the treasury of Nicaragua? A. Yes, sir.

Q. Is that money still there? A. Yes. It was understood the Gov-
ernment of Nicaragua could use it, and when the company had spent
the $2,000,000 required to be spent in the first year after the commence-
ment of the work, then this money will be taken, or rather supposed to

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 433

have been paid by the company for the police expenses to be incurred
by the Govern ineiit of Nicaragua on account of the construction of the
canal.

Q. What have you found to be the temper of the people of Nicaragua
in respect to this canal? A. Very friendly, as a rule.

Q. You speak their language and know all about them? A. Yes, sir.

Q. And have you been there a great deal? A. Yes; I know every
man in the country.

By Senator GRAY:

Q. Is that friendly feeling universal? A. Yes, I should say so.
There are a few old politicians who I do not believe care for the canal
because they are afraid to lose the power they have on the people, but
there are very few of them, and they have no influence whatever in the
country.

By Senator MORGAN:

Q. Can you state from your recent observations whether the com-
merce of the Suez Canal is increasing? A. It is increasing; I could
not say exactly how much, but I know it is increasing very rapidly.

Q. Do you know anything about how far the project has been ad-
vanced of duplicating the line of canal through Egypt? A. No, sir; I
could not state. I brought with me the drawings of the proposed
enlargement, but I could not say now how far the improvement has ad-
vanced.

Q. Do you know whether they are at work on the improvement? A.
I think so, between the turn-outs. They are gradually enlarging the
canal to the last design. The canal was only 72 feet wide when it was
opened to traffic. A portion of it is only 72 feet now.

Q. How does that compare in width with the proposed canal at
Nicaragua? A. Well, excepting the deep rock cuts, we propose to have
120 feet.

Q. Now, in the deep rock cuts, what will it be? A. One hundred
feet.

Q. And you find one on the eastern side and one on the western?
A. Yes, sir.

Q. What will be the length of these cuts? A. On the eastern, about
2f , and on the western about 4 miles.

Q. In the other parts of the canal, if I comprehend this matter prop-
erly, not included in these two rock cuts, any two ships can pass each
other without difficulty? A. Yes, sir.

Q. That is not possible in the Suez Canal? N. No, sir; except in the
turnouts. They have to wait now.

Q. Yes, but when a ship has gone into this canal it can keep on its
continuous journey, except in the locks and in those rock cuts? A.
Yes, but I might remark now, that if, at any time, the traffic will jus-
tify, you might have a double set of locks and you might have another
cut, either enlarge the present one or make a new one.

Q. By which you mean to say there is no obstruction to the enlarge-
ment of the canal at any point ? A. Not in the least.

By Senator HiaaiNS :

Q. Now, what is the time that you calculate or allow for a ship to go
from ocean to ocean? A. It would take about twenty-eight hours.

Q. What length of time would it take for a ship to use the locks?
A. It would take about forty-five minutes. It has been done in the
Sault Ste. Marie Canal in nineteen or twenty minutes.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 28

434 MAEITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

Q. How many ships, then, would the canal accommodate through in
one day, counting both ways t A. I think it is thirty I have estimated
for one day ; with an average of tonnage the same as the average of
ships going through the Suez Canal; this canal is designed to be capa-
ble of accommodating a traffic of 20,000,000 tons a year.

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. The Suez Canal now accommodates about 9,000,000, I believe?
A. I do not think it has come to that yet. I think it is about 8,000,000.

By Senator HIGGINS:

Q. Do I understand your calculation of $52,000,000 or less, as you
think it would be, would be what the canal would cost if it were com-
pleted, say, by the officials of the United States Government, according
to the plans and modes of construction under which the river and har-
bor work is now conducted by this Government, say the Sault Ste.
Marie, for instance T A. Well, the organization in this country will
answer very well for river and harbor improvements, but will not an-
swer there. We have to adapt it to the condition s of the country. Now,
for example, we are hiring our labor there by the month and take care
of our laborers, feed them, and have entire control of them. They have
attempted to strike several times, but strikes never last more than a
few hours. We stop the rations and take them out of their sheds or
their houses, and they have to come to time, come back; but I should
say yes.

Q. Do you think that the Maritime Company, or the construction
company as its representative or agent, can construct this canal cheaper
than the Government could do it by its regular engineers? A. I think
the company can do it better. I think so.

Q. On what do you base that conclusion? A. My experience with
the United States Government is that we have to contend with a good
deal of red tape and preparation, and sometimes important matters
that should be decided at once by the engineer in chief maybe delayed
for weeks, waiting for an answer from the Department, and yet you
would not dare to act without authority, whereas in a private company
the employe" can assume the responsibility. They see things that must
be done and they do them, but with the Government you can not, al-
though you think it is the proper thing to do and you expect the reply
from the Department will be favorable and you feel sure of it, yet you
would have no right to do it. I have been consulting engineer fourteen
years in the Navy Department and have had to contend with it here in
Washington. In fact I was in telephone communication with the Navy
Department, and many times work has been put back and delayed for
want of authority to act. I knew there was only one solution, but yet
you have no right to assume the Department will take the same view.
That is the reason I say that.

Q. Do I understand you to mean to say by the previous answer you
have given that the officers of the Maritime or Construction Company
could better handle the labor than the officers of the Government
could T A. No, sir; not on account of discipline, because I suppose the
officers of the Government would have a better discipline, being military
officers. The discipline of the Nicaragua Canal has been established
there by myself and I acquired this experience in the Government em-
ployment, but it is not that. I was referring more to the want of au-
thority than to the faculty for handling men. Of course I know the
officers of the United States can enforce discipline better than civilians
in some cases.

MAEITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 435

By Senator MORGAN:

Q. Well, I suppose there would be some trouble also in military offi-
cers sometimes, cases of proper jurisdiction in Nicaragua and over its
citizens'? A. Yes.

Q. Where has the labor been principally obtained? A. In Jamaica
mostly. Here is the capacity of the canal as 1 have figured it. The
number of vessels passing through the canal in one day will be thirty-
two or in a year 11,680, which, at the average tonnage of vessels going
through the Suez Canal, will give an annual traffic of 20,440,000 tons.

Q. Do you know any reason why, if the company should have a
proper supply of money, the rest of the work on the canal could not
be completed by the time that you would remove the rock obstructions
on this eastern cut? A. JS"o, sir; none whatever. It can be done.

Q. The dam at Ochoa could not be completed on the plan that you
have suggested exceptwiththe material taken from the eastern divide?
A. Yes.

Q. So that the completion of that dam and the removal of that ma-
terial would be simultaneous ? A. Yes ; simultaneous with the construc-
tion of the locks and the construction of the breakwater at Greytown.

Q. If it were not for this material you find in this cut at the eastern
divide, where would you have to go to get the stone for the dam at
Ochoa ? A. It would be very. difficult for me to say, because I have
made no examination that would permit me to answer that question
correctly ; but I believe they would have to get the rock from different
points. I do not know of any large supply of rock at any other point
except at this divide. I know of some beds of rock here and there that
might be utilized, but they are small deposits.

Q. I suppose you would have to get it from the lake shore and boat
it down the river? A. Yes, or perhaps the rapids; we have a few hun-
nlred yards at some of the spurs going down the river, but after taking
borings there we found these beds of rock were not very extensive.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. Can you get it in large enough pieces to answer your purposes oi
a dam? A. O, yes; it is a very homogeneous rock. It is a volcanic
rock and very homogeneous.

Q. Do you think you can get a water-tight dam by the plan you pro-
pose, throwing in the rock loose ? A. O, yes.

Q. How would you fill up the interstices ? A. Throwing in small
material on the upper side.

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. But at the outset you do not want a tight dam? A. No, sir.

Q. Then where would you get your stone to complete your pier at
Greytown, if it were not for this cut? A. O, we could not get the stone
anywhere for that. We would have been compelled to build it of con-
crete.

Q. You could not get it at any cost? A. No, sir.

Q. So that you would have to resort to making concrete if it were not
for this eastern divide boulder or body of stone? A. Yes.

Q. So that I suppose that you consider the presence of that body of
stone there as a blessing ? A. I suppose it is one of the most fortunate
circumstances found in connection with this matter.

Q. That and the great length of slackwater navigation? A. Yes,
and finding those small valleys that can be connected with very small
excavation, some not more than 300 or 400 feet in length and perhaps
20 or 30 feet in depth.

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

Q. How would the cost of the construction of the Nicaragua Cannl
compare witli that of the Manchester Canal in England? A. It is go-
iiitf to cost about the same. V^ hen the Manchester Canal is completed
it is going to cost about 13,000,000.

Q. What is the length of the Manchester Canal? A. Thirty- fiv<>,
miles. It is all excavation, while we have only 27 miles canal excava-
tion. They have a very difficult work to do, and also several railroad
crossings, which annoy them very much. The restrictions placed up< >n
the company by the act of Parliament resulted in great cost beyond
the original estimates.

Q. What points does it connect? A. Liverpool and Manchester.
The object is to make Manchester a seaport.

Q. Is there any other statement you wish to make to the committee
about the Nicaragua Canal? A. No, sir. It seems to me you are
thoroughly familiar with the subject.

The committee adjourned.

UNITED STATES SENATE,
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN EELATIONS,

July 20, 1892.

The committee met at 11 o'clock a. m. Present, Senators Sherman
(chairman), Frye, Hiscock, Morgan, Butler, Kenua, and Gray.

STATEMENT OF HON. WARNER MILLER.

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. Mr. Miller, I would like to ask you whether any stock has been
issued since you were before the committee? A. Do you refer to the
Construction Company or to the Maritime Company?

Q. I refer to the Maritime Company. We have not anything to do
with the Construction Company except through the Maritime Com-
pany. A. There has been no further issue of stock by the Maritime
Company since that time; at all events, only a few shares, perhaps, to
qualify somebody to become a director. Of course whatever sale of Mari-
time Company stock is made, is made through the Construction Com-
pany of stock turned over to it in payment for work done.

Q. Has the Maritime Company turned over to the Construction Com-
pany any stock since the last time you were before the committee?
A. No; I should say not; my recollection is not. I would not be en-
tirely positive about that. The Construction Company is entitled to
receive both stock and bonds from the parent company now for work
done, but it has not received them. The bonds have not been issued
nor the stock.

Q. About what amount are you entitled to receive? A. We are en-
titled to receive I suppose about six or seven millions of bonds, and
perhaps two or three millions of stock. I could not give you the exact
figures without having a computation made.

Q. Is that in addition to what you have received heretofore? A.
No; that is what we are entitled to receive from the beginning, for the
whole work performed.

Q. You have not received any stock or bonds for the work done?
A. Not for the work done. The Construction Company has received
$12,000,000 for the concessions, but no payment has been made for

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 437

work. The Construction Company has not received either the bonds
or Ihc stock, simply because it had not made any market for them and
did not care to receive them until it was in condition to dispose of
them and get money.

Q. Then, if I understand you, the situation is this, that the Construc-
tion Company, in consideration of the concessions and property turned
over to the Maritime Company, has received $12,000,000 stock? A. Yes.

By Senator HISCOCK:

Q. That is, without bonds ? A. That is without bonds, of course.
By Senator GRAY :

Q. Were these concessions made to the Construction Company? A.
They were not made direct to the Construction Company. They were
made to a voluntary association of gentlemen who had no corporate au-
thority ; what might be called a syndicate. They called themselves the
Nicaragua Canal Association. They subscribed money to secure the con-
cessions and sent men down there, and the concessions were granted in
the name of Mr. Menocal, chief engineer, but the concessions provided
that they might be turned over to a company that might be organized.
These gentlemen organized the Construction Company, and these con-
cessions became its property. The Construction Company was organ-
ized under the laws of Colorado, and the concessions these gentlemen
had obtained, using Mr. Menocal's name, became the property of the
Construction Company. Then Congress chartered a company called
the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua. The Construction Com-
pany turned over everything it had to the Maritime Company and re-
ceived back in payment $12,000,000 stock. Then the Construction
Company entered into a contract with the Maritime Canal Company to
build this canal and receive a certain amount of its stock and bonds.
The amount of bonds was fixed at $150,000,000. These bonds and
stock were to be issued to the Construction Company as the work ad-
vanced. As the work advanced so much bonds were to be issued and
so much stock, the Construction Company taking the bonds and mak-
ing its own market for them.

Q. Has this stock been placed upon any market? A. No, not at all;
it has never been listed on any exchange.

Q. Have the Construction Company ever sold any stock? A. They
have parted with some of it; not in any large amount. I could not
give you the exact amount, but, to make that plain, I will say that the
Construction Company was organized under the laws of Colorado, with
a capital of $12,000,000. That stock has been sold and the proceeds ot
it, $5,000,000, pat into the work. Out of the sale of that stock we got
money to carry on the work. It is to be reimbursed by its receipts
from the Maritime Company eventually. We have expended in round
numbers $5,000,000. That has been received from the sale of that
$12,000,000 stock. That stock has all been sold with the exception of
about half a million dollars. It has netted the company about 50 cents on
the dollar. When I became president of the Construction Company
the stock of the company had all been issued except $1,500,000, which
was in the treasury, and that stock I have been selling, putting the
money into the work from that time to this. In the sale of this last
$1,500,000 of stock I have given, as you may say, as a bonus with the
Construction stock an equal amount of the Maritime stock, or, as you
may say, I have sold the two. I have sold the stock at par, and the
purchaser has received an equal amount of Maritime stock. A man

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

taking $10,000 Construction Company stock has received $10,000 stock
of the Maritime Company as well as of the Construction Company.

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. That stock of the Maritime Company is out of the $12,000,000
which you were paid for the concessions? A. Out of the $12,000,000
which we were paid for the concessions, and not out of the stock which
we have earned. When our stock all goes out there will be $1,500,000
Maritime stock that has gone out with it. I have sold about $1,000,000
and there remains $500,000 to be sold.

By Senator GRAY:

Q. Is that stock pretty well distributed! A. Yes; it is largely dis-
tributed. There are a great many small stockholders five, ten, fifteen,
one hundred shares. Of course there are a few large stockholders, but
only a very few.

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. The last time you were here I got a list of the stockholders, whk-h
was put in the report. They amounted, I think, to about .">()() persons,
extended from New York to Richmond. A. Yes. Since that we have
sold stock considerably in California and Chicago, some in Philadelphia,
St. Louis, and in other cities.

By Senator BUTLER :

Q. How much did you say had already been expended on the work?
A. About $6,000,000.

By Senator MORGAN:

Q. Now, I will go back to a point that I think Mr. Gray wants to un-
derstand; that is, about this Canal Association whose concessions stood
in the name of Mr. Menocal; he was the representative of that associ-
ation? A. Yes.

Q. These gentlemen formed a voluntary association for the purpose
of getting this concession from the Government of Nicaragua. Now,
they had to pay $100,000 in gold to get it? A. Yes; they paid $100,000
in the beginning.

Q. That was paid into the treasury of Nicaragua? A. Yes, nomi-
nally. In order to avoid its going directly to the treasury Nicaragua
proposed to expend that money in the police force around the canal.

Q. That, then, with the engagement to build the canal according to
the terms of the concession, was the consideration upon which Nica-
ragua made these grants? A. Yes; those were the considerations.

Q. Then afterwards it was ascertained that there would be some
overflow of Costa Rican territory, and the boundaries were originally
in dispute between Costa Rica and Nicaragua. President Cleveland,
as the umpire, settled the question of boundaries and settled it against
Nicaragua and, as I understand, Costa Rica set up her rights and her
interest in your canal, which she had always insisted upon, but she set
it up then as a practical question and demanded of the concessionaires
certain payments to be made to her. As I understand that is
$1,500,000 stock of the Maritime Company. That is all correct, is it?
A. As to the reasons that you give I could not undertake to say. That
was before I had anything to do with the canal ; but Costa Rica is to
receive that amount of stock. The canal touches her territory, which
comes down to the San Juan River, and when the canal is built a very
large amount of her territory will be flooded, and we had to have an
arrangement with her.

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 439

Q. Yes ; but she always insisted upon her rights, because the San
Carlos Kiver flowed into her territory and out to the sea. A. Yes;
she always insisted upon it.

Q. The membership of the Maritime Company, then, and the Con.
struction Company is composed of largely different persons? A. Yes-
Of course there were but a few stockholders comparatively of the Mari-
time Company until we began to put out this $1,000,000 of stock. Of
course putting that construction stock out and giving an equal amount
of maritime stock with it increased the number of stockholders in that
company.

Q. Yes; but the original distribution of the stock was in the hands
of a very few persons of the Maritime Association? A. There was
very little stock issued outside of that for concessionary rights ; there
was simply enough to make a board of directors. Every time an in-
ventory was made we were entitled to receive a certain amount.

Q. When you were last before this committee I think you mentioned
the fact that the contract between the Maritime Company and the
Construction Company was a provisional one. It was a contract that
was to be made in form after you were here, if I remember? A. No; I
think not. It was originally provisional, but if I remember the last
time I was here the contract had been absolutely consummated. I
found when I became president that the contract had been agreed upon
by both boards. Both boards had ordered their officers to sign the
contract, but it had not been signed; but soon after that it was exe-
cuted. Before that there had been a provisional contract by which the
Construction Company was to go on with the work on the canal and
receive pay for it up to the ume that the final contract might be con-
cluded. That was completed, and that is the condition now.

Q. That contract was that you should construct the canal for
$150,000,000 bonds and all the remaining stock of the Maritime Com-
pany was it? A. Yes; those are substantially the terms of the con-
tract.

Q. The stock of the Maritime Company being $100,000,000, and
$7,500,000 being taken out to pay Nicaragua and CostaEicaaud $12,000,
000 for the concessions, the residue of this stock and $150,000,000 of
the bonds of the company were to be turned over by the Maritime
Company to the Construction Company to pay for the building of that
canal from end to end? A. Yes; in amounts proportionate to its prog-
ress.

Q. Yes; that payment was to be made in installments as the work
progressed on engineer's estimates; that is what I understand. A.
Yes.

Q. What was the rate of interest fixed for those bonds to bear? A.
The rate originally agreed to, I think, was 5 per cent, but that has
been left somewhat in. abeyance, because the bonds have never yet
been issued, and the rate would have to be somewhat controlled
by the bankers who might take up the loan.

Q. Is it thought that the rate will be higher than originally agreed
to, or lower ? A. My judgment is that the rate of interest on the bonds,
if it proceeds as a private corporation without Government aid, will
have to be 6 per cent to float the bonds. That is the judgment of all
financial men and bankers whom I have consulted regarding it.

Q. Now, in making your estimate for the work done there, about
what sum of money did you ascertain would be required? A. The
estimate made by Mr. Menocal, our engineer, of the bare cost of doing
the work was $65,000,000. That was raised to $87,000,000 by a board

440 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

of five consulting engineers. That estimate by the board of consulting
engineers was furnished by the Construction Company to the Maritime.
Company before the contract was entered into.

Q. Was that made the basis of the contract! A. That was done be-
fore I caine into the company, but I suppose that was the fact.

By the CHAIRMAN :

Q. The contract was made upon the basis that it would cost
$87,000,000? A. Of course; that was the estimate.

By Senator MORGAN:

Q. Then when you came to make your contract to take your payment
in bonds and stock of the company you estimated, as I understand you,
that they would probably yield you 50 per cent of their face value! A.
The company calculated to receive more than that. Suppose it cost
$87,000,000 cash to complete it, and say it was completed in five or six
years, we would have to pay interest on the bonds during the process
of construction, whatever the rate of interest might be. The average
time for payment of interest, of course, if it took six years to build it,
would be three years, so that the actual cost of construction and interest
would be over $100,000,000, and the company believed, out of the stock
and bonds, it could realize enough to do that. The bonds selling, say,
at70 cents, would produce alittleover $100,000,000, and it was believed
that out of the two, the bonds and the stock as bonus, the money could
be obtained to build the canal. At all events, that is what they agreed
to do, and, of course, the assets of the Construction Company, whatever
they received out of the sale of the stock, was the guaranty that they
would do it.

By Senator BUTLER:

Q. If you could get par for your bonds you would be required to pay
a commission ? A. If the bonds could be sold at par, $100,000,000
would be ample, and probably more than enough.

Q. Well, then, you would not issue the $150,000,000 ! A. No, of
course not.

Q. Then if you could get this assistance asked for from the Govern-
ment do not you think you could place your bonds at par! A. I will
have to make a little correction there. The company never asked any
aid of the Government. The original movement was made in this com-
mittee, as Senators Sherman and Morgan very well know.

Q. Well, I stand corrected as to that, but if that aid should come,
from whatever source originated, do not you think you could sell the
bonds at par ! A. Of course, 3 per cents would sell. If you should
offer $100,000,000 such bonds in New York to-morrow they would be
taken.

By the CHAIRMAN :

Q. Then the Government would only issue the bonds necessary to
furnish the money ! A. Of course.

By Senator MORGAN:

Q. The bill reported provided for the issue of not more than
$100,000,000 3 per cent bonds, running twenty years, and then the
money realized by the sale of these bonds was to be paid out upon esti-
mates of Government engineers as the work progressed, and the whole
amount to be paid out of the proceeds of these bonds was not to exceed
the general estimate made by the engineers of the Government! A. It

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 441

was limited to $100,000,000. The company was to issue bonds guaran-
tied by the Government to the amount not exceeding $100,000,000.

Q. And then the payments every sixty days were to be graduated so
as that the ultimate sum that the Government would pay out would
not exceed $100,000,000, and if the engineers' estimates fell below
$100,000,000 it would not exceed the pro rata of that sum? A. Yes;
that is, as I understand it. I think I can give you my recollection of
that matter without going into details. The proposition of this com-
mittee, and the bill as reported, was that the Government would guar-
anty the bonds of the Nicaragua Canal Company for an amount suffi-
, cient to complete it, not exceeding $100,000,000; that it was to take
into the Treasury of the United States $70,000,000 of the $100.000,000
stock as collateral security for that guaranty, and that at any time
before the maturity of the bonds the Government held the option to
take that stock at par, $70,000,000, not paying the company anything at
all for it. The $70,000,000 were to be put into a sinking fund to pay
those bonds. Then the Government would become the absolute owner
of $70,000,000 stock, and was to have a majority of the directors, and
the Secretary of the Treasury was authorized to vote the $70,000,000
stock.

By Senator GRAY:

Q. Then the form of the bond was to be this : That the bond was the
bond of the Maratime Company with the guaranty of the United
States upon it? A. Yes.

By the CHAIRMAN:

If the United States paid those bonds it became the owner of the
bonds and owner of the stock; practically controls the whole concern.

By Senator MORGAN :

It had a right to convert the money paid out upon the bonds and in-
terest upon the stock at par.

By Senator GRAY :

Suppose the company was the principal debtor, would it not in the
ordinary course of things pay the bonds, if able, and relieve the United
States from its guaranty!

By the CHAIRMAN :

They can not pay the bonds until the expiration of twenty years, and
any time before that the Government might step in and pay and take
the $70,000,000 stock.

By Mr. MILLER :

I made a partial suggestion at that time to some of the Senators, and
since I have made it more fully to Senator Morgan, in which I made a
criticism upon this bill, and suggested what I thought was a better
form if the Government wanted to do it at all, and what I thought was
also just both to the company and to the Government. I said to Sena-
tor Morgan that I saw no reason why the Government should pay for
this stock at all. I believe the canal could be built by the simple guar-
anty of the Government, and that it would earn sufficient to pay off
its own obligations, and that the Government of the United States if it
loaned its credit to the concern would be entitled for that guaranty to
receive a majority of the stock of that company, just as a man in busi-
ness may charge for indorsing somebody else's note. Briefly, my plan
was this : We say, let the G overnmeut guaranty bonds sufficient to build

442 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

tin's canal, the bond to be made to run sixty years, the Government to
receive as compensation for that guaranty at the beginning $70,000,000
stock of the company and become the absolute owner of it the day it
was turned over. The result would be that this canal would be built
upon a basis of not to exceed 3 per cent interest upon the bonds, and
if it took the whole $100,000,000 of bonds the revenues of the canal
would go as follows : First, to pay the interest, $3,000,000. It is calcu-
lated that it would cost something less than $1,000,000 a year to keep
it in repair maintain it.

The cost of the Suez Canal is a little over $1,000,000 a year. Our
engineers estimate that this can be maintained at less, but call it
$1,000,000. That is $4,000,000 out of the receipts. Now, provide a
sinking fund that shall be sufficient to pay off the whole $100,000,000
bonds at the end of sixty years. I have had a computation made : By
setting aside $1,000,000 a year with the interest at 3 per cent, the en-
tire $100,000,000 would be paid off in forty-nine years. In fifty years
it amounts to $114,000,000. Now, the canal is completed. You have
$3,000,000 interest, $1,000,000 sinking fund, and $1,000,000 mainte-
nance $5,000.000. There can be no reasonable doubt as to the canal
earning that amount the moment it is opened upon the basis of freight
that is in sight. The freight from the west coast of the CTnited States
to the west coast of South America, taken as it stands to-day, that
would go through the canal can not under any showing be made less
than 2,000,000 tons per annum. Over 1,000,000 tons of wheat went
out from the Pacific coast last year, not to say anything of the in-
crease. Now, the tonnage back would be, say, 1,000,000 tons; that
would be 3,000,000 tons. The rate charged by the Suez Canal is $2 a
ton. At the same rate that is $6,000,000. You have, then, your
$3,000,000 interest, $1,000,000 sinking fund, and $1,000,000 mainte-
nance, and $1,000,000 left. Now, at the end of fifty years the bonds
will all have been paid and the Government will own seven-tenths of
the stock of the canal, and there will be some twelve or fifteen mil-
lions of the stock of the Maritime Canal Company still lying unused,
Nicaragua having received $0,000,000, Costa Eica $1,500,000, and the
Construction Company $12,000,000. The Government will never pay a
dollar, but the whole thing will be paid by the commerce of the world,
which should pay for it.

Q. Is there any doubt about the Maritime Company accepting this
proposition? A. There is no doubt about that.

By Senator GEAY:

Q. How would the passage of this bill affect contracts already made
by the Construction Company? A. The bill provides that all contracts
that are not in accordance with this amendment of the charter shall be
annulled or amended.

By Senator BUTLER :

Q. To conform to it? A. To conform to it; and the Construction Com-
pany consented to that. Of course the old contract would have to go
by the board and the Construction Company would have to do the work.

By Senator GRAY :

Q. Would have to do itinside of $100,000,000 instead of $150,000,000 1
A Of course.

By Senator MORGAN :
Q. Now, I want to ask you whether or not, since you were here before,

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 443

any arrangement has been made for raising money on the credit of the
Maritime Company? A. Of course; we are raising money continu-
ously. We have to do that or else the company would have had to stop
long ago.

Q. Is that on the credit of the Maritime Company? A. Partially on
the credit of the Maritime Company. For instance, the Construction
Company is now putting out collateral trust bonds to the amount of
$5,000,000, but those bonds are redeemable at any time within five
years at the option of the company. If not redeemed within five years
they are then to be converted into the long bonds of the Maritime
Company.

By Senator BUTLER :

Q. What rate of interest? A. Six per cent.

Q. Now, if you could make this arrangement and Congress should
pass this bill would not there be an immense saving in the matter of
interest that the company has to pay? A. Well, suppose it took
$100,000,000 to build the canal, the interest would be $3,000,000 accord-
ing to this bill. If it took $150,000,000 at 6 per cent the interest
would be $9,000,000 a year after the work was done. Then of course
the bonds would have to be sold for much less than par.

Q. Well, could not the contracts for labor be much more eligibly
arranged if the Government should step in? A. If the Government
would take it up we could divide the canal into sections and sublet it
to responsible people at low rates if they were absolutely certain of _
their money. Now we have to go slowly. I would not let a large con-
tract for $1,000,000 if we have not the money in sight. It would not
be the right thing to do, and nobody would take it.

By Senator MORGAN:

Q. Now, I understand that no obligations have been taken upon the
Maritime Company, or the Construction Company for that matter, since
you were last here, except the collateral trust bonds! A. No; no new
obligations.

Q. How much of those have been issued ? A. We are just beginning
to issue them. The first shipment was made the other day to San
Francisco. We only put them out the 1st of July.

Q. At what rate did you sell them? A. The bonds are sold at par,
but 20 per cent of the amount of the bonds is given of the stock of the
Maritime Canal Company as bonus.

Q. And you get par for the bonds? A. Yes, less the bankers' com-
mission, which is a small matter.

Q. It is that money upon which you are proceeding with the
work? A. Yes; we have of course some stock of the Construction
Company in the treasury yet, which we sell if anybody wants it.

Q. But you can take these bonds up at any time within five
years? A. Yes.

Q. Has any foreign syndicate any option upon the bonds of the Mar-
itime or Construction Company? A. There is an option pending with
some parties in London for the first $15,000,000 bonds of the Maritime
Company.

Q. Let me ask you whether you discovered that a sentiment pre-
vailed among the proposed investors that the Government of the United
States was to have the control of the canal, or was not to have control?
A. Do you mean investors in this country?

Q. Noj the foreign investors. A. They have an idea over there that

444 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

the Government is determined to take it; that it is eventually to take
it under any circumstances, and it' they were to come in that the bonds
would be recalled inside of five years.

By Senator BUTLER:

Q. In other words, the United States would dominate that canal?
A. T<

Q. Have you discovered any disposition of foreign governments to
interfere with the Nicaragua Canal I mean with the Nicaragnan Gov-
ernment or Costa Kican Government to obstruct or delay or interfere in
any way with your work? A. There have been rumors of parties in-
clined to step in between our company and those governments; but we
have investigated, and I think the parties are entirely irresponsible. I
do not think they have any backing whatever.

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. Now, to change this to another point. Since you were here before
you have taken a party across the canal ? A. Yes.

Q. We have had a detailed account of those proceedings since. Mr.
Menocal was here, and it is therefore unnecessary to repeat what he
said.

By Senator BUTLER:

Q. From your observation and what you learned otherwise, what is
your opinion of the earnings of the canal? You made some reference
to it; what is your opinion upon it, founded upon business principles, in
case you build the canal according to the plans and specifications?
A. I believe the canal will earn $10,000,000 a year within the first three
years after it is opened. I do not think it possible to earn less than
that.

By Senator MORGAN :
Q. That is, at $2 a ton? A. Two dollars a ton,

By Senator BUTLER :

Q. But you are not restricted to $2 a ton? A. No; but we probably
would not charge any more than the Suez Canal is charging.

By Senator MORGAN:

Q. If the Government should build that canal for $80,000,000 I do
not see why it should not be $1 a ton? A. There is no reason. It is
not possible to figure less than 4,000,000 tons, and $1.50 a ton would
pay $6,000,000.

By Senator FRYE :

Q. The freight must necessarily be so low that you can compete with
going around the Horn? A. If the Government were the principal
stockholder it goes without saying that the tolls would be at the lowest
possible point.

By Senator KENNA :

Q. What are the present rates, do you know, around the Horn?
A. Well, they vary wonderfully. When a great number of ships come
in, they sometimes take freight as low as $7 a ton around the Horn,
and it runs from that to $10 or $12. It all depends upon the number
of ships that happen to be in. The suggestion made by Senator Frye
that the rate should be kept so low as to prevent the freight going
around the Horn is correct; but as the rate of $2 is low enough, it is
not necessary to theorize about it. You have only got to go to the.

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 445

Suez Canal. The Suez Canal carries all the wheat from India, in com-
petition with the Cape of Good Hope, and we save more than twice
the distance, comparing Calcutta and Liverpool with San Francisco
and Liverpool 5 yet they pay $2 a ton to go through the Suez Canal.

COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN BELATIONS,

UNITED STATES SENATE,
Saturday, December 10, 1892.

The committee met at 11 o'clock, a. m., pursuant to call. Present:
Senators Sherman (chairman), Frye, Dolph, Morgan, and Butler. Hon.
Warner Miller was also present.

Senator MORGAN. Mr. Miller, you have the statement made by you be-
fore the committee on July 20, 1892. Is there any further statement you
think proper to make to qualify that in any respect?

Mr. MILLEB. Well, I do not know as there is any necessity of qualify-
ing it at all. Of course time has elapsed since that, and the company has
gone on expending money on the enterprise and endeavoring in every
way possible to bring it to the attention of the people of this country
and the whole world. I have traveled substantially all over the United
States, have spoken in all the principal cities to chambers of commerce
and other bodies, and in that way have attempted to create public in-
terest in the enterprise.

Q. I think that in your statement you spoke of some debentures that
were issued by the Maritime Company? A. By the Construction Com-
pany.

Q. TheMaritime Companyis not responsible in any way for those deben-
tures ? A. The debentures are issued by the Construction Company
upon, you might say, the credit of the Maritime Company; that is to
say, the debenture bond runs for five years with the right of the com-
pany to redeem it at any time within five years. If not redeemed within
five years it is then to be replaced by the bond of the Maritime Com-
pany, which bonds of the Maritime Company are now due to the Con-
struction Company for work already performed.

Q. If not redeemed within five years they may be substituted by the
bonds of the Maritime Company? A. Eeplaced by the bonds of the
Maritime Company.

By Senator BUTLER :

Q. Do I understand you to say that the Construction Company retains
the right to redeem these bonds within five years? A. At any time
within five years.

Q. That is, the Construction Company? A. The Construction Com-
pany.

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. Who has the option to take up or redeem these bonds? Is that
with the Construction Company or the Maritime Company? A. The
Construction Company. They are to pay them or to replace them with
the maritime bonds.

By Senator FRYE :

Q. But the Maritime Company is obliged to issue bonds to redeem
the construction bonds provided the Construction Company so de-
termine? A. Yes. The matter is just this : The Construction Company

446 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

has expended a certain amount upon the work, for which it is entitled
to receive the bonds of the Maritime Company in payment. It did not
think it wise to issue the maritime bonds to the public at this time, be-
cause the work was not far enough along to enable them to have a
proper price. So the Construction Company issued its own bond with a
guaranty or contract behind it from the Maritime Company. If this
bond is not redeemed within five years then the bond of the Maritime
Company, which is due to the Construction Company at the present time
for work done, comes in and supplants it takes its place. The option
lies entirely with the Construction Company whether it will, at the end
of five years, call in the bonds or replace them with the bonds of the
Maritime Company.

By Senator MORGAN:

Q. What amount of debentures have been issued by the Construc-
tion Company to date? A. Well, not a large amount, for we are con-
stantly selling them through our agents. We only began, I think, in
July. The first bonds were printed and delivered in August.

Q. 1892 T A. Yes; this last summer.

By Senator BUTLER :

Q. What interest do they bear? A. Six per cent.
By Senator MORGAN:

Q. Have you the means of giving an accurate statement of the amount
that has been issued? A. Of course we know. I do not know now
whether it would be desirable for the company to state just what it is
or not; that is to say, if this hearing was to be made public. The
company has nothing at all to keep back from this committee, but
there might be many things which it would not be desirable to make
public so long as the question of the Government coming in and pass-
ing the bill was undecided. It seems to me it would not be of benefit
to the company, or any benefit to anyone perhaps, if the statement
should be made, but I have no objection to stating to the committee in
confidence just what we are doing, work and everything.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. It seems to me that there are only two propositions that we may
need at all to consider, one being whether it is worth while now to un-
dertake to secure any legislation at the present session of Congress,
and the other being whether the affairs of the company are in such con-
dition as they were at the time we reported that bill; whether that bill
or something similar could still be complied with by the company ;
whether you have issued so many securities and disposed of so many
and placed the company in such condition that it is not now practical
to comply with that bill? A. Well, I think the bill might be changed,
and I might make some suggestions that would be advantageous to the
Government as well as to the company.

Q. If there is not any prospect of passing a bill at the present ses-
sion of Congress it seems to me the more agitation here in regard to
legislation is the worse for the company ? A. No; not if the appear-
ance here is that the Government eventually proposes to come in and
take charge of the canal and control it.

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 447

COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN BELATIONS,

UNITED STATES SENATE,

Wednesday, December 21, 1892.

The committee met at 10 o'clock a. m. pursuant to call. Present,
Senators Sherman (chairman), Frye, Dolph, Davis, Hiscock, Morgan,
and Gray.

Mr. Hiram Hitchcock, president of the Maritime Canal Company of
Nicaragua, and Mr. Alexander T. Mason, attorney of said company,
were also present.

STATEMENT OF MR. HIRAM HITCHCOCK.

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. Mr. Hitchcock, I believe you have a copy of the last draft of this
bill? A. Yes, sir.

Q. If you or Mr. Mason have anything to say about.it, pro or con,
the committee will be glad to hear you. A. I notice there are two
.omissions, one with reference to stock and the other with reference to
bonds.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. One. you mean, of the limit to be expended for expenditures up
to a certain date? A. Yes.

Q. That would depend a great deal on the expenditures of the last
two years, I suppose. It was $4,000,000 originally? A. Yes.

Q. That is not a very material question if it is large enough to pay ?
A. Of course, in one sense, it makes no special difference.

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. Still there ought to be a maximum fixed. Persons who are
doubtful about it always want a limit like an appropriation, and there-
fore a rough statement of the lowest amount you think will cover it
ought to be put in. A. I would suggest 6 millions as the maximum
amount.

By Senator DOLPH:

Q. Well, the smaller the better, as the figures scare people, whether
they expect the amount to be paid or not.

By the CHAIRMAN :

Q. It is better not to put it too high. Have you expended 2
millions since this bill was first reported? A. I understand from
Senator Miller, president of the Construction Company, who un-
fortunately is confined to his room and not able to be here, that the
expenditures amount to 4 millions in cash, and that they are
obligated for about 2 millions more; that is to say, 1 million of the
bonds of the Maritime Company, or scrip for these bonds, and a
million of the Maritime stock which they have to make good. I under-
stand from him that that is about the statement of the expenditures
of the Construction Company.

Q. Well, we consider the 12 millions that is provided for here of
stock covers all you paid for concessions, and therefore we struck out
this amount paid for concessions. You propose 6 millions as cover-
ing it! A. Yes, as a maximum.

448 MARIII.Mi: CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

By Senator DOLPH :
Q. It don't affect the amount to be paid at all? A. No, sir.

By the CHAIRMAN :

Q. What is the other point? A. The other, I think, was left blank on
the eleventh page, sixteenth line; the twelve millions was not inserted.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. I will say to Mr. Hitchcock I think that was left blank on my
suggestion. In the first place, I had a letter from ex-Senator Miller, in
which he said some of the stockholders thought there ought to be some
provision restraining the Government from reducing the tolls so as t<
prevent their receiving a dividend. My own impression is that there
ought to be no limit on the Government reducing tolls. And in the sec-
ond place, if we are going to have such a provision guarantying tliat
tolls shall not be reduced so that you shall receive dividends, it would
be utterly idle to put twelve millions in, giving you twelve millions
stock and the Government to be obligated to maintain a rte of tolls.

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. I understand about this twelve millions stock, that it has already
been paid out by the Maritime Company for the concessions ? A. Yes.'

Q. And for whatever was done before the date of that trade? A.
Yes.

By Senator DOLPH :
Q. Well, it was agreed to be

By Senator MORGAN:
Q. Mr. Miller said it had been actually issued.

By Mr. DOLPH :
Q. But the Construction Company still controls a large majority.

By the CHAIRMAN :

Q. This company referred to is the Maritime Company and not the
Construction Company.

By Senator DOLPH:

Q. I know; but the Construction Company and Maritime Company
are substantially the same.

Senator MORGAN. It was this way: Mr. Menocal and his associates
obtained the concession. They sold it to the Colorado company, the
Construction Company, for twelve millions of its stock. That was before
we had enacted any law about it. Then under the act of Congress
chartering this Maritime Company, authorizing them to build the canal
under that concession, they bought the franchise, the concession, and
everything that had been done and all the property they had from the
Construction Company, simply by substituting $12,000,000 of their
stock for twelve millions of the other.

Senator DOLPH. The Construction Company was not organized until
after the Canal Company, was it?

Mr. HITCHCOCK. The Construction Company was organized long
previous to the Canal Company. The simple transaction was this: The
Maritime Canal Company paid the Construction Company, which was
then in operation and going on with the work, $12,000,000 of its stock
for the concessions from Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Of the $100,000,-
000 Maritime Company stock, $12,000,000 thus went to the Construe-

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 449,

tion Company, six millions goes to the Government of Nicaragua, under
the terms of the concession, and one and one-half millions to Costa
Eica.

By Senator GEAY:

Q. If I understand you, twelve millions was paid by the Maritime
Company to the Construction Company for work done? A. For con-
cessions and work up to that time.

Q. And in addition to that seven and one-half millions to the govern-
ments of Nicaragua and Costa Eica? A. Six millions under the con-
cession must be paid to Nicaragua, and one and one-half millions paid
to Costa Eica, which makes nineteen and one-half millions, leaving
eighty and one-half millions, which under this bill goes to the United
States.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. Now, what did the Construction Company do with the twelve
millions? A. It has it in its treasury, except what it has parted with.

Q. Did not it part with its stock to the original association for the
concessions? A. The Construction Company parted with its stock to
the original association for the concessions.

By the CHAIRMAN :

Q. The stock of the Construction Company? A. Yes.

Senator MORGAN. As I understand they have expended eleven mill-
ions, and have about one million stock in the treasury ; that is Mr. Miller's
statement.

By Senator GRAY:

Q. Mr. Hitchcock, what was that stock taken by the Construction
company for ? I suppose it was for the purpose of carrying on the work
that they parted with it? A. They have parted, as I understand, with
something over $1,000,000 of it:

Q. Do you know at what price? A. I do not.

Q. Has there been any market for it? A. I do not think there has
at all.

Senator MORGAN. I will read from Mr. Miller's statement.

Q. Have the Construction Company ever sold any stock! A. They have parted
with some of it; not in any large amount. I could not give you the exact amount,
but to make that plain, I will say that the Construction Company was organized
under the laws of Colorado with a capital of $12,000,000. That stock has been sold
and the proceeds of it, $5,000,000, put into the work. Out of the sale of that stock
we got money to carry on the work. It is to be reimbursed by its receipts from the
Maritime Company eventually. We have expended in round numbers $5,000,000.
That has been received from the sale of that $12,000,000 stock. The stock has all
been sold with the exception of about half a million dollars. It has netted the com-
pany about 50 cents on the dollar. When I became president of the Construction
Company the stock of the company had all been issued except $1,500,000, which was
in the treasury, and that stock I have been selling, putting the money into the work
from that time to this. In the sale of this last $1,500,000 of stock I have given, as
you may say, as a bonus with the Construction stock an equal amount of the Mari-
time stock, or, as you may say, I have sold the two. I have sold the stock at par,
and the purchaser has received an equal amount of Maritime stock. A man taking
$10,000 Construction Company stock has received $10,000 stock of the Maritime
Company as well as of the Construction Company.

By Senator MOKGAN:

Q. That stock of the Maritime Company is out of the $12,000,000 which you were
paid for the concessions ? A. Out of the $12,000,000 which we were paid for the con-
cessions, and not out of the stock which we have earned. When our stock all goes
out there will be $1,500,000 Maritime stock that has gone out with it. I have sold
about $1,000,000 and there remains $500,000 to be Bold.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 29

450 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

By Senator GRAY :

Q. Is that stock pretty well distributed? A. Yes ; it is largely distributed. There
are a great ni;my small stockholders five, ten, fifteen, one hundred shares. Of course
there are a few large stockholders, but only a very few.

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. The last time yon were here I got a list of the stockholders, which was pnt in
the report. They amounted, I think, to abont 500 persons, extended from New York
to Richmond t A. Yes. Since that we have sold stock considerably in California
and Chicago, some in Philadelphia, St. Louis, and in other cities.

By Senator BUTLER:

Q. How much did you say had already been expended on the work? A. About
$6,000,000.

By Senator MORGAN:

Q. Now, I will go back to a point that I think Mr. Gray wants to understand-,
that is, about this Canal Association whose concessions stood in the name of Mr.
Menocal; he was the representative of that association? A. Yes.

Q. These gentlemen formed a voluntary association for the purpose of getting this
concession from the Government of Nicaragua. Now, they had to pay $100,000 in
gold to get it? A. Yes; they paid $100,000 in the beginning.

Q. That was paid into the treasury of Nicaragua? A. Yes, nominally. In or-
der to avoid its going directly to the treasury Nicaragua proposed to expend that
money in the police force around the canal.

Q. That, then, with the engagement to build the canal according to the terms of
the concession, was the consideration upon which Nicaraugua made these grants?
A. Yes; those were the considerations.

Q. Then afterwards it was ascertained that there would be some overflow of Costa
Rican territory, and the boundaries were originally in dispute between Costa Rica
and Nicaragua. President Cleveland, as the umpire, settled the question of bound-
aries and settled it against Nicaragua, and, as 1 understand, Costa Rica set up her
rights and her interests in your canal, which she had always insisted upon, but she
set it up then as a practical question and demanded of the concessionaires certain
payments to be made to her, as I understand; that is, $1,500,000 stock of the Mari-
time Company. That is all correct, is it? A. As to the reasons that you give I
could not undertake to say. That was before I had anything to do with the canal;
but Costa Rica is to receive that amount of stock. The canal touches her territory,
which comes down to the San Juan River, and .when the canal is built a very large
amount of her territory will be flooded, and we had to have an arrangement with
her.

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. Now, as to that $12,000,000 stock that was paid by the Maritime
Company, that you say had been issued, I understand? A. It has
been issued to the Construction Company by the Maritime Company.

Q. That has passed into the hands largely of other people? A. That
is, in the Construction Company's hands, except about $1,000,000,
which, Mr. Miller states, has been disposed of.

By Senator DAVIS:

Q. How did they raise the $5,000,000 which they say they have ex.
pended in construction ? A. In the sale of Construction Company stock-
By Senator DOLPH :

Q. Now, if this bill should pass and the Government pay expendi-
tures, they would pay $1,000,000 on account of Construction Company
stock and $1,000,000 Maritime Canal stock, would they not? A. If
they should pay how much ?

Q. If they should pay all the expenditures made by your company,
they would pay the company back the money received for Maritime
stock. A. As I before stated, I undeYstand that they have expended
in cash about $4,500,000 and about $1,000,000 each of Maritime bonds
and stock, making about $6,500,000.

Q. But one million was obtained by the sale of one million of Con-

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 451

struction Company stock, and they threw in $1,000,000 of Maritime
Canal stock as a bonus.

The CHAIRMAN. I would, like to have Mr. Hitchcock state just what
he desires to say, and then you can cross-examine him.

Senator DOLPH. I know, but I want to go further

MR. HITCHCOCK. You are on the point, now, of the expenditures oi
the company. Now, in a conference with Senator Miller yesterday, I
said I may be asked with reference to the expenditures of the Con-
struction Company. He said he would be very glad to come over and
give the committee further details with reference to those expenditures
as soon as he was able, but he said that they expended $4,500,000 in
cash, and then that they used one million Maritime bonds and a million
Maritime stock besides, which makes an expenditure all told, if they are
to be redeemed, of six and a half millions. That is the way he put it to
me, and not being officially connected with the Construction Company,
and not being thoroughly familiar with its accounts, that is all 1 know of
it. You understand that the million dollars stock is out of the twelve
millions we are talking about, which belongs to the Construction Com-
pany. Now, as to what we are obligated to give that company, in my
annual report to the United States Government, on the 1st of Decem-
ber, I state that up to the 31st of October last we were obligated to give
to the Construction Company $6,855,000 bonds, and had paid that com-
pany $3,199,000 stock for work done up to that date. The Maritime
Company is obligated to give that to the Construction Company for
work done up to October 31.

Q. When you speak of bonds, do you mean that any bonds have been
issued up to the present time? A. No; but we are obligated to issue
them.

By Senator HiSGOCK :

Q. Why, there has been $1,000,000 issued? A. No; not bonds, but
certificates for bonds.

Q. You may uot have absolutely issued or disposed of the Maritime
bonds, but in some way evidence has been given so that the holders
are entitled to them? A. Yes.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. Now, 1 will ask my question. The million dollars of the stock o'
the Maritime Canal Company out of the twelve million which was paid to
the Construction Company for its concession, which has been disposed
of, was sold, together with a like amount of Construction Company
stock, each at 50 cents on the dollar, or both for $1,000,000? A. Yes.

Q. Now that million dollars went into the construction of the
canal? A. Yes.

Q. And is a part of the expenditures of four and a half million
cash ? A. That I can not say, whether it is part of the four and a half
million or additional to that.

Q. Well, if it is additional, that would be an additional $1,000,000
expenditure? A. Yes.

Q. Now, if the Government pays $1,000,000 on account of construc-
tion it pays the Construction Company for that $1,000,000 Maritime
stock? A. It pays for all the Construction Company obtained for it.

Q. Well, yes. What they will have to do to redeem it is another
question. It pays all the Construction Company obtained for it? A.
Yes.

Q. Then the eleven millions remaining now held and controlled by the
Construction Company of the Maritime Canal Company's stock would

452 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

be what the Const ruction Company actually would receive if it is
allowed to retain t \\elvc million stock lor its concessions and surveys
done prior to that time? A. That is right.

Q. If, therefore, .* 1 L'.uno.ooo Maritime Company stock, agreed to be
paid to the Construction Company, is the consideration to be received
by the Construction Company, then the Consti action Company ought
not, under the theory of this bill, to have the money refunded which it
received as the proceeds of the $1,000,000 of Maritime stock disposed
of, ought it? You ought not to receive that $1,000,000 and at the same
time have refunded to you by the United States what was received
from the sale of that $1,000,000 and put into the work. That would be
double payment, would it not? A. The point is, if the Construction
Company has expended in cash four or five million dollars, whatever
it may be, if it has only that returned, and has to redeem the $1,000,000
of bonds of the Maritime Company at par, of course it would be that
much out of pocket.

Q. No more out of pocket than what it had expended as receipt of
its own stock, because, you may say, it received the stock of the Mari-
time Canal Company and threw it in its own stock as a bonus. A.
Well, the fact remains, as I stated before, if it paid out four and one-
half million in cash and is obligated in addition to take up two million
bonds and stock of the Maritime Company, which has to be canceled
under this arrangement, and if they receive only four and one-half mil-
lions they may lose two millions.

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. You are president of the Maritime. Company? A. Yes.

Q. Have you any stock in the Construction Company? A. Yes.

Q. How much? A. I have quite a large holding of it.

Q. Of Construction stock? A. Yes.

Q. Have any of the other directors of the Maritime Company stock
in the Construction Company? A. I think they have. I do not think
they all have stock in the Construction Company, but they have taken
stock to help on the enterprise. The old association was obliged, under
these concessions, to form a construction company, to get to work at
once, and expend a certain amount of money at a certain date. They
formed a construction company, went to work and put in their money,
and everybody interested in the enterprise took this Construction Com-
pany stock and paid for it, and helped on the enterprise in that way.
That is why persons interested in this canal took stock.

Q. As I understand you have a large number of stockholders in the
Construction Company who are not interested or stockholders in the
Maritime Company ? A. Yes.

By Senator HISCOOK :

Q. But the fact about it was that there was no way to launch the
Construction Company unless the Maritime Company did it I mean
in the way of furnishing it with money and things of that kind? A.
The Construction Company was formed in 1887. The Maritime Com
pany was not chartered until 1889. The Construction Company, there
fore, had already gone on ; persons had already subscribed for stock,
regardless of any future charter to be obtained from the United States,
and the gentlemen interested went on with this work. When this
charter was obtained, of course a new arrangement had to be made.

Q. But, substantially, the members of the Construction Company
are the members of the Maritime Company? A. Yes.

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 453

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. Now, you obtained a charter from Vermont before you did from
Congress? A. Yes.

Q. Did you organize under it? A. Yes.

Q. Are the terms of that charter the same as this? A. The same as
this. It is identically the phraseology of the act of Congress.

By the CHAIRMAN :

Q. What was the object of that? A. The object was, we wanted a
charter. We were obliged to act under our concession, and not know-
ing whether we were ever going to get one from the United States we
took a charter from the State of Vermont.

Q. That was granted before the Government charter? A. Yes; it
was granted in the year 1888, and the Government charter was ap-
proved February, 1889.

By Senator MORGAN:

Q. Now, has the Maritime Company within your knowledge ever
made an application to the Government of the United States or to any
committee of the Senate to have its bonds indorsed? A. Never, sir.

Q. The movement that has taken place here has been a movement on
the part of this committee, and of the Senate to which your concur-
rence has been invited? A. Entirely so.

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. To whom will you distribute the Maritime stock that you have on
hand; the eleven millions; who will be the beneficiaries? A. You are
referring now to the Construction Company, of which I say I am not an
officer, but will be very glad to give any information I have. That
belongs to the stockholders of the Construction Company.

By Senator MORGAN :

Q. Six hundred people? A. Yes; some five or six hundred stock-
holders scattered throughout the country.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. Well, you say the stock belongs to the company, the proceeds of
which in the dissolution of the company would be distributed to the
stockholders ? A. Either the stock or proceeds.

Q. Now to go back to this $1,000,000 stock? A. What stock are
you referring to?

Q. The $1,000,000 stock of the Maritime Company which has been
disposed of by the Construction Company. That was the property
of the Construction Company; was disposed of for money, and the
money put in the construction of this canal? A. With their own stock.

Q. Now, if your company was reimbursed for expenditures it would
not make any difference if it was obtained on stock or on a promissory
note ? A. I do not know that it would.

Q. They would be paid for that stock with interest, under the con-
struction of this bill? A. Well.

Q. Now, you could not say that they would be reimbursed for the
amount expended and at the same time have the face of that stock in
addition. There is something there that needs straightening out. The
stock has been parted with and they have put the money in the canal
and we pay that back with interest.

Senator MORGAN. We must not do that, of course. We are not going
to pay them any money twice.

454 MAEITIME CANAL COMPANY OP NICARAGUA.

Senator DOLPH. That is the proposition. Four and a half millions
in cash and one million bonds and one million stock. Now, if (lie con-
sideration received for this million dollars stock is a part of the four and
a half millions there is no claim for that stock.

Senator MORGAN. When we come to pay them for work done under
this bill would we not deduct from the amount of bonds issued to them
the amount realized from the sale of stock t Of course we would re-
duce the amount of bonds.

The CHAIRMAN. The way I understand this is, that this Construction
Company became the owner of twelve millions Maritime stock for con-
cessions and work done prior to a certain date.

Mr. HITCHCOCK. Allow me to add right there, it also subscribed for
$1,000,000 and paid par for it.

By the CHAIRMAN:

Q. Well let us stop at this $12,000,000. That is the sticking point.
That, you claim, is the property of the Construction Company ? A. Yes.

Q. They have, in order to induce parties to take debentures or bonds,
given an equal amount of this stock as an inducement; they got no
money for this except as an inducement to take their bonds. Is that
the way I understand it ? A. Yes.

Q. And the Construction Company has furnished this money and the
Maritime Company is now under obligations to pay them this amount,
whatever it is. A. There are two distinct points about that. The
Maritime Company pays the Construction Company $12,000,000 stock
for concessions and work done up to that time. That is one point.
Another point is that under the present contract they have gone on and
done work and we are obligated to give them for the work they have
done since $6,855,000 bonds, and have paid them $3,109,000 stock,
according to my report of the 1st of December. Those are the naked
facts in the case. Now, it seems to me that I covered in what I said,
quoting from a conversation with Senator Miller, the point made. The
Senator says the Construction Company has put in $4,500,000 cash, and
have got a million Maritime Company bonds and a million Maritime
Company stock to take care of. 1 suggested that if you put in $0,500,-
000 as a maximum it made no difference, because this bill provides that
these accounts are to be audited, and you simply want a maximum sum
put in, and then your own accountants will decide according to the
terms of this bill if you pass it. You have it entirely in your hands to
pay exactly what you please.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. The United States isnot concerned whether you sold that$l ,000,000
or not. A. How is that?

Q. It does not make any difference how you obtained the money to
carry on the construction of the canal. A. If I understand this bill, it
is to reimburse for actual expenditures.

By Senator GRAY :

Q. Let me ask, disembarrassed from all these conflicting negotiations
and relations between the two companies, the object to be aimed at and
to get at in some way is this, as I understand. The United States is deal-
ing with the Maritime Company and not the Construction Company!
A. Not the Construction Company.

Q. And it proposes to pay to the Maritime Company the actual money
cost of the canal up to the time of the transaction.

The CHAIRMAN. Since the time of the concession.

MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 455

By Senator GRAY :

Q. Since the time of the concession, and to ratify the contracts shorn
of whatever stock has been transferred by the Maritime Company to
pay any other company or any other government for work and conces-
sions ? A. That is right.

Q. And that therefore the situation would be, if that object is ob-
tained, that the company would have had repaid by the United States
all its actual expenditures of money and retain this issue of stock what-
ever was left as their consideration for the transaction? A. Yes.

By Senator DOLPH :

Q. Yes, and for the other million they would retain whatever they got
for it? A. Allow me to say in explanation of that point, which
changes the view of it somewhat. The Construction Company was not
permitted to sell its last $2,000,000 of stock at less than par. Of
course it never having sold for over 50 cents on the dollar it could not
get par. Then when the Construction Company wanted to sell its
stock at par and could not do it, it offered a like amount of Maritime
stock.

Q. So that they got the same amount for the Construction stock as
for the ten millions previously sold? A. They got par with Maritime
stock.

Q. They could not get par for it, could they? How much could they
have sold the Constrution Company stock for? J take it that they
would not have been paid under any circumstances over 50 cents. A.
Probably not.

Q. So that they virtually got 50 cents for the Maritime stock! A.
Yes, in that sense, perhaps.

By the CHAIRMAN :

Q. Now, I understand you get for the actual cost in money what has
been done since the granting of these concessions and since they have
been paid for; so that you get twelve millions stock and the actual re-
fund of the money cost of the work and no more. Do you receive any-
thing else? A. I receive no other impression from this bill.

Q. Do you expect to get anything at all from the Government of the
United States or this company except the twelve millions stock and the
actual cost to be repaid to you? A. No, sir.

THE MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA,

44 Wall Street, New York, February 1, 1893.

DEAR SIR: I have received your communication of January 18, transmitting the
following resolution:

"Resolved, That the Committee on Foreign Relations be directed to inquire what
sums, if any, have been expended by the Maritime Canal Company, the Nicaragua
Canal Construction Company, or any company allied to either of said companies, in
and about the construction of said canal or otherwise, with the items of said ex-
penditures, since the accounts of expenditures heretofore rendered to said com-
mittee."

In reply I submit the following statement of expenditures of the company and its
agents to January 1, 1893 :

For concessions, surveys, preliminary work, etc., and interest thereon. $550, 029. 03
For organization, furniture, administration, and general expenses.... 470, 260. 16
For construction and equipment :

Lands in Nicaragua $52, 141.13

Detailed surveys 156, 105. 85

Nicaragua Mail Steam Navigation and Transporta-
tion Company, purchase and betterments 465, 552. 47

Dredging plant 826,481.95

Working plant, labor, materials, etc 1. 970, 199. 10

3,470,480.60

456 MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

For printing and publications $87,032.19

Interest account 509, 417. 31

For commissions 15,543.61

Redeemable obligations for bonds 863, 105.00

Capital stock redeemable 693,105.00

Sundry outstanding obligations 26,257.53

6, 885, 230. 33
Statementof December 15, 1890 4,236,886.52

Expenditures December 15, 1890, to January 1, 1893 2, 648, 343, 81

I am, yours, most obediently,

HIRAM HITCHCOCK.
Hon. JOHN SHERMAN,

Chairman Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate,

Washington, D. 0.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 457

FIFTY-THIRD CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.

[See pp. 105, 107, 135, 139, 141, 402, 415.]
April 14, 1894.

[Senate Report No. 331.]

Mr. Morgan, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

The action of the Committee of the Senate on Foreign Eelations
apon bills heretofore reported for aiding in the construction of an inter-
oceanic canal through Nicaragua is set forth in reports No. 1944, Fifty-
first Congress, second session, and No. 1142, second session of the Fifty-
second Congress, made by Mr. Sherman as chairman of the committee.

Those reports are adopted in this report and are made a part thereof.

Since December 22, 1892, the date of the last report of the committee,
the president of the canal company has made an annual report to the
Secretary of the Interior, as required by law, which, with his report
made December 3, 1892, is appended to this report. These reports are
made under oath by the president, and they set forth the actual condi-
tion of the work on the canal and of the canal property up to Decem-
ber, 1893. Before the date of the last of said reports work on the canal
was suspended in consequence of the disturbed state of the money
market, and has not been resumed.

In consequence of such suspension there has been some loss, but not
of a serious character, in the depreciation of the plant connected with
the construction of the canal, but all the dredges and machinery requi-
site for dredging, and the houses, structures, and wharves necessary for
the work on the eastern division, have been supplied, and, with slight
repairs, are in condition for the immediate resumption of the work on
the canal.

These facilities for the work have been carefully prepared, and at a
very low cost. The work on the canal and railroad alongside and the
deepening of the channel leading into the harbor at Greytown has
been done at a cost that is within the estimates of the engineers.

Some expected difficulties have been solved in respect of clearing
the canal line, and as to the nature of the soil in the low grounds
between the seashore and the divide formed by a ridge of low hills to the
west of the mouth of the canal. These apprehended difficulties have
been developed and overcome and leave the entire line of the canal,
from ocean to ocean, free from all practical embarrassment arising from
any uncertainty as to the nature of the soil through which it is to be
constructed.

ENGINEERING AND COST.

The engineering work on the canal, upon which depends its success
as a waterway, has been done so thoroughly as to escape even a sag-

458 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

gestion that it is faulty, or that it needs correction, after a critical
examination by many of the best engineers in the United States and in
Europe.

The details of the engineering and the estimates of cost of the canal
are given in the previous reports of the committee and need not be
here repeated as no occasion has arisen for any alteration in them.

The grand total of the estimates of the actual cost of the canal, com-
pleted for full service and extending to deep water in the Caribbean
Sea and Pacific Ocean, through completed harbors, is stated in the
report of Chief Engineer A. G. Menocal "revised to conform to infor-
mation obtained up to January 1, 1890," at $52,067,340.55. To this
sum Mr. Menocal added "surveys, hospitals, shops, management, and
contingencies, 25 per cent," amounting to $13,016,835.45, making the
grand total of $65,084,176.

At the request of the chief engineer, the Maritime Canal Company
submitted the full data of his estimates to a board of five engineers,
who were selected without any suggestion from Mr. Meuocal, for crit-
ical examination and revision.

This board was composed of the following named engineers: John
Bogart, E. T. D. Myers, A. M. Wellington, H. A. Hitchcock, and Charles
T. Harvey, all of them men of distinguished ability and established
reputation.

They united in a report dated May 9, 1892, in which they increased
the estimates of Mr. Menocal to the sum of $73,166,308 for actual cost
of the canal and $14,633,262 " to cover specified and unspecified con-
tingencies, labor agencies, shops, police, sanitary service, and incident-
als." The grand total of their estimate was $87,799,570.

The reasons for the increase of the estimates are stated fully in their
report.

They were cautionary in their character and largely conjectural, as
is shown by the following extract from their report:

We have carefully examined the unusually full maps, profiles, borings, samples of
materials, etc., which have been prepared and collected under the directions of your
ahief engineer, and the completeness and excellent form of which reflect credit upon
your engineering staff.

We find certain elements of the designs submitted which may probably be advan-
tageously modified. This would in some cases reduce and in others increase the
quantities. It is also altogether likely that some parts of the work may be let at
lower and other parts at higher prices than are estimated. We, however, are dis-
posed to base our conclusions on quantities and prices which should prove sufficient
to accomplish it upon the assumption of good and honest management, backed by an
ample treasury. We have necessarily borne in mind the fact that the cost of the
notable precursors of this canal project, both at Suez and Panama, has greatly ex-
ceeded the amount of the original estimates, and that this has been true of many
other important works. While this might be, perhaps, in a large measure traced to
unfortunate management, as well as the lack of such careful preliminary studies as
have been laid before us in this case, we have nevertheless endeavored to guard
against a similar result by a liberal allowance for every apparent contingency.

Acting on this principle, we have not yet deemed it wise to reduce the quantities
or prices of your chief engineer's estimates in any instance, even when it appeared
possible that this might prudently be done. His figures are, of course, founded upon
a better knowedge of the local conditions than we can now possess. But to the ex-
tent to which it nas appeared at all doubtful we have liberally increased one or both.

The Maritime Canal Company and the Canal Construction Company,
composed of men of great business capacity and experience, proceeded
to raise the money to inaugurate this work and to prosecute it until it
would command the confidence of capitalists and the stock exchange,
upon the basis of this increased estimate, and they have expended,
wisely and with careful economy, more than $4,000,000 upon it. The
work, so far, has fallen within the estimates of Mr. Meuocal*

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 459

The Government of Nicaragua caused a careful examination of the
work to be made, in order to ascertain and determine whether it had
been prosecuted in compliance with the conditions of the concession.
The President of Nicaragua, in a message to the Congress of that
Kepublic, made the following statement as to the operations of the
Maritime Canal Company up to December 25, 1890:

The questions with the Interoceanic Canal Company, which were pending at the
death of President Carazo, have been satisfactorily settled by an agreement made
the 8th of October last year, and from that date the works of construction have
been prosecuted, if not with the rapidity which we are bound to desire, with patri-
otic impatience, yet with the firmness, formality, and good judgment required to
raise the credit of the enterprise in the money markets and attract the capital
wanted for its realization.

The company has fully complied with the condition imposed upon it by article
47 of the Carderias-Menocal contract that is, to spend $2,000,000 within the first
year after beginning the work of construction; and all the preliminary works
already finished and the works which are being carried on give us right to believe
that the opening of your Isthmus will become within a relatively short time a beau-
tiful reality. Only yesterday and a vessel of great draft entered the harbor exca-
vated by the canal company, in the same place where for so many years nothing
could be seen but lagoons and banks of shifting sand.

The report of the commissioners appointed to inspect the work on
the canal was made to that Government on November 6, 1890, and
stated that after investigation they found that the Maritime Canal
Company had expended between October 5, 1889, and October 7, 1890,
the sum of $3,099,971.02 upon the canal.

This report was received and published in the Official Gazette of
November 22, 1890, and thereupon it was officially stated by President
Sacaza that all the requirements of article 47 of the concession had
been fully complied with by the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua.

THE ACTION OF CONGRESS.

While this work was being thus successfully prosecuted by private
citizens, with their own money, and after a contract had been made
with a construction company for the entire work to be done on the canal,
the Senate, on April 11, 1890, adopted the following resolution, in an
executive session :

Resolved, That the Committee on Foreign Relations be, and it hereby is, directed
to inquire into what steps have been taken under the act of Congress entitled "An
act to incorporate the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua," approved 20th Feb-
ruary, 188!>, and what are the present conditions and prospects of the enterprise ; and
to consider and report what, in its opinion, the interests of the United States may
require in respect of that interoceanic communication.

In obedience to that resolution, the committee proceeded to make
inquiry and summoned before it all the persons who had accurate
knowledge of the subject committed to them. The statements of the
persons examined and the papers laid before the committee are printed
in the report of the committee made, unanimously, on the 10th Jan-
uary, 1891.

A free and full discussion was had between the committee and the
officers of the Maritime Canal Company and the construction company,
which resulted in the bill first reported by the committee to the Senate.
Tli at bill embodied the terms upon which it was ascertained that all
persons concerned in said canal as owners or contractors were willing
and consenting to place the concessions of Nicaragua and Costa Eica,
and all that had been done under them within reach of the power of Con-
gress in granting aid to the canal, so that the Government of the United

460 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

States would be fully secured against loss upon its guarantee of the
bunds of the company to the amount of $100,000,000.

The reduction of the stock of the company to $100,000,000, the
limitation of the issue of bonds to a like sum, the retirement and can-
cellation of all the existing contracts and obligations of the company,
and the appointment of Government directors in the company, were
the leading conditions imposed upon the Maritime Canal Company in
the bill that was reported to the Senate. It is not necessary here to
point out more fully the provisions of that bill.

This action of the Senate and its acceptance by the people created
the belief and excited the desire of the country that the canal would
be speedily constructed under the immediate auspices of the Govern-
ment of the United States, and with the use of its credit.

This sentiment and conviction has increased from that time to the
present, and it has been encouraged by the fact that the great leading
political parties of the country have declared in favor of its construc-
tion by the United States, as far as that may be done under the con-
cessions of Nicaragua and Costa Rica. In the annual messages of our
Presidents this subject has uniformly received a strong indorsement.
The policy of the measure then reported, and of the bill herewith re-
ported, is largely based upon the duty of Congress to make the rates of
tolls on the canal as cheap as is consistent with duty to the stockholders
for the benefit of our coastwise commerce.

Under such circumstances it was natural that the owners of these
concessions should confidently expect that they would be virtually
required to yield their property and their rights as concessionaires to
the disposal of Congress.

The action of the Senate was taken up, eagerly, by the people in all
parts of the country, who, in State and commercial conventions, in
boards of trade, and in earnest individual effort, discussed the subject
and sent many memorials to Congress asking that the United States
Government would proceed with the work, so that this should be "an
American canal under American control." When the people had thus
taken up the subject and were pressing its consideration it seemed to
be impossible, as it would be unpatriotic, that the canal should be
placed under the control of a European Government, or should be
constructed by and placed in the power of European capitalists.

Under such conditions the property of the company and its. credit
were virtually placed in the power of Congress, and the company was
so far deprived of its freedom of action that no effort was made to
secure foreign aid, either from capitalists or governments.

Then the disturbance in the financial affairs of the world, which
began in the Argentine Republic, extended to Australia and then to
Europe, and finally to the United States, cut off all hope, apparently,
of the construction of the canal for years to come by the unaided
efforts of the company, and forced the suspension of work upon it.

When the canal company was thus rendered powerless, as it appeared,
to go on with the work, capitalists from Europe made propositions to
the company, which are yet pending, to enter into an agreement for
the completion of the canal on terms far more liberal to its present
owners than any that have been offered by the United States.

If action by Congress is delayed unreasonably the company will be
compelled either to abandon the concessions and lose the money they
have already invested in the canal or to accept the offers made to them
by the foreign capitalists.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 461

If either of these results should follow the inaction of Congress, the
people could not censure the canal company for yielding to a fate that
they could have avoided if Congress had not taken up the subject of
constructing the canal through the aid of the United States.

The work done on the canal is permanent, as far as it has progressed,
is important as a demonstration of the final success of the location
and plan of the canal, and it will not be abandoned by the commercial
world. The canal will be built.

THE CONCESSIONS.

The value of the concessions made by Nicaragua and Costa Eica to
the "company of construction," which have been made permanent and
irrevocable by the decrees of those Governments, could scarcely b<
overstated; and the Government of the United States, in its legisla
tion, granting a charter to the company which is accepted by those
governments, and is being acted upon and conformed to by them, is
closely connected with all that is granted in those concessions.

The concessions are very liberal in grants to the canal company of
every right and privilege that can be necessary for the construction,
control, protection, neutrality, maintenance, and management of the
canal. They are framed with extreme care in every particular, so as to
define clearly the rights and privileges embraced in the grants and
reservations. The concessions cover the period of two centuries. They
cover a fee-simple grant of more than a million acres of land of very
valuable quality, in a country that is elevated considerably above the
water level, with an equable and healthy climate, with cheap and con
venient transportation, after the canal is completed, covered with valu-
able forests; especially adapted to the culture of coft'ee, cocoa, sugar,
sisal, and other valuable textiles, and all the tropical fruits.

Mr. Menocal, the chief engineer of the maritime canal of Nicaragua,
in a recent letter addressed to the chairman of this committee, thus
describes the lands granted to that company in the concessions of
Nicaragua and Costa Eica:

U. S. NAVY-YARD, Norfolk, April 9, 1894.
Hon. JOHN T. MORGAN,

U. S. Senator:

DEAR SIR: Referring to your inquiries in connection with the lauds granted
by Nicaragua and Costa Rica in their respective concessions to the Maritime
Canal Company of Nicaragua, I beg to say that, as a large proportion of this- land is
comprised in alternate irregularly shaped lots on both banks of the river San Juan,
from the lake to Ochoa, and on the flowage line of the basins in the valleys of the
Sau Francisco and Deseado, their aggregate acreage can only be accurately deter-
mined after a careful location of all the lots fronting on the sinuous banks of the
river and basins. However, it may be safely estimated that the fee .simple grants
by Nicaragua aggregate not less than 800,000 acres and those by Costa Rica 200,000
acres.

Both Nicaragua and Costa Rica have placed at the disposal of the company, free
of charge and without reservation, all the spaces belonging to the States, whether
on the mainland or in the lake and its islands, or at the ports, roadsteads, or rivers,
necessary for the construction of the canal and its accessory works, and for the devi-
ations of streams as well as for reservoir, the areas flooded by waters raised by the
construction of dams, and the spaces occupied by the ports, railroads, light-houses,
buildings, etc. The acreage of the lands included in these easements may be esti-
mated at not less than 150,000 acres, and 50,000 in Nicaragua and Costa Rica,
respectively.

All the lands occupied by the canal from the Atlantic to the lake belong to the
states of Nicaragua and Costa Rica. West of the lake the canal is located through
private lands, and the canal company has already paid to the Government of Nicar-
agua $50,000 for 2,000 acres of land required for the construction of the canal on that
side, as provided in Article xx of the concession.

462 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

Of the 1,000,000 acres of lands included in the fee-simple grants >f Nicaragua and
Costa Rica 360,000 acres are located in alternate lots on both sides of the canal and
along the bunks of the river San Juan from the Atlantic to the lake, and 640,000
acres are comprised in 40 lots of 20 square miles each granted by Nicaragua, and 25
lots of 8 square miles each ceded by Costa Rica. These lots are to be selected by
the company in accordance with these governments from the existing public lands.

As to the value of these lands, it is difficult to arrive at a fair estimate at present.
Between the lake and the Atlantic the country is covered with a virgin forest, con-
taining an unlimited supply of timber, well adapted for constructions of all kinds,
and of great value in connection with the building of the canal and for exportation
when adequate means of transportation to the ports have been established. At
present the unimproved navigation on the river San Juan is the only route connect-
ing the Atlantic with the interior of the country. There are several large streams,
tributaries of the San Juan, which, by the building of the canal, would be made
navigable several miles into sections of the country now inaccessible by land or
water, but these streams, like the mother river, are now in the same condition the
Spanish conquerors found them.

The soil is uniformly fertile and offers many advantages for the cultivation of
sugar, rice, beans, corn, fiber plants, cocoanuts, bananas, oranges, pineapples, and
other tropical and semitropical plants, and in the highlands specially adapted for
the cultivation of coffee. This statement is sustained by the dense growth and high
forests covering that section of the country and by the small settlements found on
the banks of rivers, where the native huts are surrounded by exuberant orchards
and vegetable gardens, from which the settler gathers two or more crops annually
by only dropping the seeds and letting nature take its course.

On the coast the land is low, but well drained by numerous small streams and
small lakes, and is specially adapted for the cultivation of bananas and other tropi-
cal fruits. A few miles to the interior the foothills are met with, and from there to
the lake the country is rolling, with intervening fertile valleys, the hills rising
60 to 300 feet ; the whole being well watered and covered with a luxurious growth
and giant trees.

Under the modifying influence of the northeast trades constantly cooling and
purifying the air, the temperature varies from about 74 at night to 85 in the shade
at noon, rarely reaching 90 ; and aa to the healthfulness of the country I can add to
the official records of the Government surveying expeditions and of the anal com-
pany my own personal experience in the last twenty years. During that time I have
made eleven trips to Nicaragua, with an average residence in the country of about
six months on each trip, or five and one-half years altogether. While there, myself
and assistants were constantly engaged in the arduous work of exploring this unin-
habited section, cutting our way through the dense undergrowth, wading rivers and
swamps, and running instrumental lines in all directions where the topography sug-
gested any favorable features for the location of the canal.

We lived on the plainest food and slept at night under the scanty protection of a
piece of canvas, a rubber blanket, or a few palm leaves. These hardships and pri-
vations were of several months duration, and on some of my trips without medical
advice. Fortunately none was ever needed. No member of the party ever suffered
serious inconvenience from illness dne to the climate, and our health, far from being
impaired, was generally improved, and we all returned to our homes in better condi-
tion than when we left it. The country, therefore, offers advantages for agricul-
tural pursuits as well as for residence, and it is reasonable to expect that, with
the building of the canal and the introduction of railroads, improved water trans-
portation, and the increase of population, the land grants referred to will become
very valuable.

Hoping that this information may be of some value to yon in connection with the
subject we both have so much at heart, I remain, with best wishes and kindest re-
gards, yours sincerely.

A. G. MEXOCAL.

All minerals in these lands are granted to the company, and they are
regarded by careful observers as being valuable.

When the canal is completed these lands will be worth not less than
$10,000,000, and if they are sold during the progress of the construction
will yield a large sum to the treasury of the company.

Among the valuable grants made to the canal company are the bed
of the river San Juan from the location of the great dam into aud
through Lake Nicaragua, for all the uses and purposes of constructiJig
the canal and of unrestricted navigation.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 463

COMMERCIAL, AND POLITICAL VIEW.

A more general view of the value of the grants in these concessions
to the commerce of the United States, to our coast-line traffic, and with
reference to their importance in a military sense, necessarily raises the
estimate of their value into a sum which, if counted in money, is really
incalculable. The former reports of this committee, which are em-
bodied in this report, contain exact data throwing the full light of truth
upon this subject, and render a more extended comment unnecessary.

Several valuable papers that treat of these subjects have been recently
printed by order of Congress, included in which are the reports of Capt.
Scriven and Maj. Button of the TJ. S. Army, and others, besides
reports upon Hawaii and our rights in Bering Sea, which bear with
great force upon the commercial and military importance of the canal
to the United States. Concessions of such value and importance that
have already commanded an expenditure of more than $5,000,000, wisely
and economically employed in permanent work on the canal, under the
careful direction of private enterprise, must be worth more to the own-
ers than the money they have expended, and will command a greater
sum in the market if they are offered for sale to all bidders.

To the United States, in a political and strategic view, and as a sea
route to our Pacific coasts, shortened by more than half the length of
the present ocean route, this waterway is of greater importance than
the Suez Canal is to Europe and Great Britain, or than the freedom of
the Bosphorus would bo to Russia.

As a competitor with Great Britain and other transatlantic nations
for the commerce of the Pacific Ocean, this canal is indispensable to
the United States.

On these points, also, the previous reports of this committee were
quite full, and they supply the data for almost exact estimates that any
one can easily make, and need not now be repeated.

A general view of the geography of the coasts of the Atlantic and
Pacific oceans and the lands that lie between them leave no room for
doubt that the amount of tonnage that must pass through this canal
will, almost in the beginning, equal that which now passes through the
Suez Canal, and will be, in the near future, very much greater.

The exchange of commodities between the eastern coasts of America
and the eastern coasts of Asia, and of Japan and the islands of the
Pacific Ocean, which will seek the transit through Nicaragua as the
shortest and most open route of navigation, will, of itself, supply more
tonnage to pass through this canal than all that now passes through
the Suez Canal.

The trade between these countries will be more direct than it is now,
with London as the common point of distribution, and will therefore
be cheaper than the present system. The Mcaraguan Canal will thus
be given the preference over the Suez Canal by merchants and navi-
gators. When we add to this the traffic that will pass in ships between
the Eastern and Western coasts of the American hemisphere, the amount
of tonnage that will pass through the Nicaraguan Canal must be largely
in excess of that which will find its way through the Suez Canal. A care-
fully prepared statement is appended to this report, marked Exhibit No.
3, which shows the value of the commerce that is tributary to this canal.

The Cordillera range of mountains, extending the entire length of
South America, forbid the hope that the eastern and western coasts
of that continent can ever interchange their commerce by means of
railways so as to make it advantageous.

464 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

Although the United States and Canada have, in a measure, ever-
come the like, but loss difficult, obstructions of their mountain ranges,
by driving railroads across them, the expenses of transportation are
so heavy that they practically forbid commerce between the Eastern
and Western coasts of North America.

On this account, the commerce between the eastern and western
coasts of Mexico by rail is not considerable, and as to Canada, it is
trilling; while as to the United States it is greatly below its proper
value, and our Pacific-coast commerce is seeking ship communication
with Europe around Cape Horn and through the Suez Canal at a
destructive loss of time and interest, and an increase of freights and of
damage by long journeys on the ocean through all seasons and climes.

" The ship's journey around the Horn" is a distress to commerce that
the civilization of the age requires to be removed, and the route through
Nicaragua is the only possible remedy for this universal evil.

It is not too much to say that this condition, so easy to be remedied,
will be a reproach to the men of this age if some active and decided
movement is not made to relieve against it.

To point out the dangers, hardships, loss of time, and the destruction
of life and property incident to this only waterway connecting the At-
lantic and Pacific oceans, which must be navigated in the roughest
seas and the most inhospitable climate in all the world, is only to
repeat the experience of seafaring men for ages past, and to evoke a
prayer from them that the United States will do its obvious duty towards
them.

THE STRATEGIC VIEW OF THE CANAL.

The importance of the Nicaragua Canal to the United States in a
military and strategic view would demand of us an expenditure of ten
times the sum that it will cost to build and protect it. Germany and
Great Britain have already occupied every island and harbor in the
Pacific Ocean south of the Alaskan peninsula that is a fit place for a
naval station or for dock yards, except in Hawaiia and the harbor of
Pango Pan go, in Samoa.

On these we seem to have a feeble hold. On the southern and east-
ern seas that wash our coasts, these powers and Spain have occupied
and have strongly fortified every available harbor from Honduras to
Halifax. The greater number of these naval strongholds are estab-
lished for no purpose of protecting or defending any European power.

Those in the Atlantic waters and Carribean Sea are intended to con-
trol the United States in her military operations, while those in the
Pacific Ocean are intended to hold military control over the Western
shores of both the American continents. The United States is com-
pletely circumvallated, on the north by British Possessions and the
frozen ocean, and on the east, south and west by these military posts.

The embarrassment of this situation, not to say its danger, ought to
excite our earnest attention, at least to the finding of some way to avoid
it, if we can not get our consent to overcome it. In our efforts so far
to provide some safeguards against a strong and inflexible aggression
that moves with a settled purpose to gain every point where advantage
is to be found, and to hold it, we have expended, possibly, more money,
but with less effect, than European powers have expended to encom-
pass us with fortified naval stations near our coasts as bases of supplies
for their fleets.

From these the most powerful ships of war can assail our harbors, and
retire to coyer in case of necessity, while the United States must double
Cape Horn in sending assistance from our eastern to our western coasts.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 465

With the canal at our command we need not have two fleets to pro-
tect our coasts, as we are now compelled to do, at a cost already exces-
sive and is greatly to be increased. Without the canal we are, rela-
tively, in a situation of deplorable weakness.

COMPARED WITH THE SUEZ CANAL.

When private enterprise in Southern Europe first addressed itself to
the task of opening a sea-level canal through the Isthmus of Suez, there
was no lesson of experience to guide the movement or to assure its
success. After a time the Khedive of Egypt, without the firman of his
suzerain, the Sultan of Turkey, supported the undertaking and put
heavy burdens on his people to sustain it.

This wise and heroic decree of the ruler of a government nearly
relapsed into barbarism secured the Suez Canal and should have secured
the inviolable independence of his country. But the value of the canal
to commercial and political aspirations for dominion attracted the cupid-
ity of Great Britain and has drawn that great and costly work and the
independence of Egypt into the grasp of that Empire.

If it shall result, from our indifference or dread of expansion in the
direction of national duty and of self-preservation, that Great Britain
or any other great European power shall get the control of the conces-
sions that we have, so far, refused, the result is even now plainly man-
ifest, that the Central American States will repeat the experience of
Egypt.

Then we shall have our country broken in its coast line of trade and
defenses, by a European power, not in violation of the Monroe doc-
trine, but this will be done in the name of these Eepublics on and
near the line of the canal. The precedent for this line of action is
already established in the moral forces that keep Great Britain in con-
trol of the Mosquito Eeservation in Nicaragua, and in the actual
sovereign assertion of right and power over The Belize and the Bay
Islands, against which we have "protested overmuch."

This is said to be impossible without our defeat in war. But why
should we answer with a threat of war an aggression that can be
avoided, or repelled, by the guarantee of the bonds of a company
seven-tenths of whose stock is owned by the United States?

An examination of the financial value of the canal will show that it
is to be the best great property in the world. The Suez Canal is an
unquestionable proof of this statement, and we add to the former state-
ments of the committee, on this point, the following facts:

SUEZ CANAL.

The Suez canal is 87 miles long, 66 of which are actual canal, the
other 21 miles being lake navigation. The canal and its appurtenances
were completed on or about the 1st of January, 1870, and cost about
$91,000,000. Since that time there have been expended for betterments
and improvements, including the deepening of the channel, about
$24,000,000 more; bringing the total cost of the canal up to about
$115,000,000. The canal was originally 26 feet deep. Its present depth
is 28 feet. The canal to-day is capitalized at about $90,500,000 in stock
and obligations. The difference between the cost and its present capi-
talization in stock and bonds was made up by receipts from various
sources applied to construction and improvement account.

It is commonly reported that the actual cost of construction did not
exceed $50,000,000.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 30

46G

FICARAGUA CANAL COMPACT.

The following statement shows the number of ships and net tonnage
which passed through the Suez Canal, and the gross receipts there-
from, from 1870 to 1892, inclusive:

Year.

Number
of ships.

Net
tonnage.

Gross

receipts.

488

430,600

Franet.
4 345 758

1875 .........................--------......----.-------------------

1,494

2, 009. 984

26, 430. 750

2,028

3, 057, 421

36, 492, 620

1885

3,624

6, 335. 752

80, 057, 259

1880

3,389

6, 853, 637

68, 983, 500

1891

4,206

8, 699, 020

83, 421, 504

1892

8,559

7,712,028

74,888,561

The cost of administration, operation, and maintenance of the canal
for the years 1888 to 1892, inclusive, was as follows :

1888 (about) .' $1,200,000

1889 (about) 1,350,000

1890 (about) 1,375,000

1891 (about) 1,475,000

1892 (about) 1,435,000

A large proportion of these expenses were incurred by the dredging
made necessary to relieve the canal from the drifting sands of the
desert which accumulate.

The actual net revenues of the company for a series of years past
have been upwards of $12,000,000 annually. The net profits in 1892
were 41,728,543 francs, or about $8,345,000, and the dividends declared
for said year were 19-8 per cent, including the taxes retained for the
sinking fund.

The shares of the company, originally issued at 500 francs each, are
quoted on the Paris Bourse at 2,692.50 francs.

The shares of the Suez Canal held by the English Government and
purchased for 4,000,000 are worth to-day over 19,000,000 in the
open market.

The business of 1892 and 1893 suffered from the general commercial
depression throughout the world, and was lighter than that done in
1891. In the said last-mentioned year the net profits were 49,091,892
francs, or about $9,800,000, and the dividends declared on the stock
that year amounted to 22-4 per cent.

The effect of the Suez Canal upon the commerce of the world is
apparent from the fact that whereas in 1870, the first full year of its
operation, there passed through the canal 486 vessels, registering
436,600 tons, the number of vessels passing in 1891 was 4,207, register-
ing 8,700,000 tons.

The most significant fact in this enormous increase is that the
average size of the vessels using the canal in 1870 was but little over
1,300 tons register, while in 1891 it had increased to over 2,090 tons,
and in 1892 to 2,200 tons.

The outside limit of the cost of the Nicaraguan Canal is $100,000,000,
but the committee assume, in correspondence with the estimates that
have been so carefully made and revised, that the cost will not exceed
$70,000,000, and that, if it should, there will be a fund in the treasury
of the company from the sales of stock remaining undisposed of equal
to $16,000,000, in all $86,000,000. This stock will go to par as soon as
the construction of the canal is resumed, if not as soon as Congress
has provided for the guaranty of the bonds of the company.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 467

THE ADVANTAGES AND RISK.

The advantages to be derived from the ownership by the United
States of $70,000,000 of the stock of this company wiL be a boon to
the people that is not equaled by the benefits of any work of a public
character in which the United States has ever engaged. It is a free
gift to the country, which the enterprise, courage, and skill of a few
earnest men has placed in reach of the Government that it could
never have acquired through diplomatic effort. Under the treaty made
with Nicaragua by Secretary Frelinghuysen, the profits to be derived
by the United States from the canal tolls were not nearly so great as
they would be under the bill now reported, while that concession was
to be at a cost of $5,000,000; and in the arrangement proposed by this
bill, the United States gets $70,000,000 in stock that is worth more
than the stock in the Suez Canal, without cost and without danger of
liability.

It is entirely improbable that the Treasury of the United States will
ever be required to advance any money either for the construction of
the canal or for the payment of interest on the bonds, even while the
canal is in process of construction. The interest on the bonds, even
after $70,000.000 has been expended, is $2,100,000 per annum. If it
requires seven years to complete the canal, the issue of bonds required
will be about $10,000,000 each year: that is, $300,000 the first year,
$600,000 the second year, $900,000 the third year, and so on, until the
seventh year, when the sum needed to meet the interest would be
$2,100,000. At that time the canal will be opened and in full operation,
and its income even for the first year will reach $5,000,000, at the rate
of tolls now received by the Suez Canal.

At the beginning of each quarter the bonds required to be guaranteed
and sold will cover the interest to accrue during that period, and there
can be no doubt that the accruing interest will thus be provided for in
every case. Under the plan of this bill it is scarcely possible that the
Treasury of the United States will ever be called upon to supply a
dollar of money to the canal beyond the small sums that are required
to meet the expenses of the Government inspections required by the
act, and these will be made by naval and military officers, in almost
every instance, who are already in the pay of the United States.

When Great Britain, after the Suez Canal was completed, saw her
advantage in the investment of 4,000,000 in its stock, there was only
a vague impression that it would result in a profit, in money, yet in
about fifteen years that has increased nearly 400 per cent, and is pay-
ing an annual dividend of over 22 per cent.

It is impossible to avoid, or to discredit, the weight of this fact of
actual experience, in a matter that is so nearly a case in point. The
only difference in the two canals, as earners of profit, is that the Nica-
raguan Canal has a vastly wider and more lucrative field of commerce
from which to draw its revenues than can be relied upon by the Suez
Canal.

Can it be expected that Great Britain will cease its efforts to gain
control of the Nicaraguan Canal, and to hold the keys to the equatorial
belt of commercial dominion that reaches around the world, when her
experience in controlling the Suez Canal has brought to her, in less
than a quarter of a century, such increase of profit in money, and such
extension of commercial and political power?

One of these new gateways of the commerce of the world must belong
to Americans and be under American control. Private enterprise and

468 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

capital can build them, but they must be under national care, and be
kept open by a powerful arm for equal international use.

The Government of the United States and our responsible men of
this day will have a severe reckoning with posterity and with their
political opponents, if the example of Great Britain goes unheeded
and her manifest policy to dominate the commerce of the world is
quietly permitted to prevail, to the dishonor of our country and the
disappointment of the hopes and desires of the people of the Western
Hemisphere.

DIPLOMATIC AND OTHER OBJECTIONS.

In the former reports of the committee the right of Congress to en-
gage in this work has been sufficiently discussed.

There seems to be no objection urged at this time, except that it is
not a wise policy of our Government to do anything for our Navy, or
for our national defense or protection, or for our commerce except
within our own borders. What will we do to protect the fur seals
under the restrictions of such a policy?

Objection has been made that the Maritime Canal Company of Nica-
ragua is a private corporation, whose bonds the United States is asked
to guarantee. In law and in fact this is a wholly untenable statement.
Private individuals can not own more than 7 per cent of the stock of
this company under the provisions of this bill. The United States,
under the bill now reported, will own 70 per cent of the stock, Nica-
ragua will own 6 per cent, and Costa Eica will own 1 per cent of the
stock.

So far from this being a private corporation, or one for the benefit
of private persons, three independent governments will own 77 per
cent, the Maritime Company 1G per cent, and private persons may
own 7 per cent of the stock.

These facts completely answer these objections; but, if more was
needed, the concessions and charter of the company declare this to be
a public act throughout, and the representatives of the stock owned
by three sovereign republics sit as directors at the council board of
this company.

No corporation connected with a business subject could be more
completely a public corporation than this is. Not only is it a corpora-
tion to promote public ends, but it is also international in its scope and
purposes, and nearly municipal in its authority over a neutral zone in
Nicaragua and Costa Eica, fixed by the concessions, and supported by
grants of authority that affect all maritime nations.

No diplomatic relation of the United States is in the least degree
affected by its participation in the promotion, assistance, and control
of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragau, under the provisions of
the bill as it is now reported to the Senate.

Our powers in Panama for the protection of the isthmian transit
are not greater than those guaranteed to the United States in our
treaty with Nicaragua for the protection of a canal through the terri-
tory of that Eepublic.

Under such authority, the United States has, on several occasions,
landed troops at Panama to protect the railway across the isthmus,
built by citizens of the United States under a charter granted by New
York. This incursion of military forces into Panama has created no
friction and has not excited any feeling of uneasiness there or in any
other quarter.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 469

The attitude in which the United States is placed, in respect of this
canal, and as it is defined in the bill now reported to the Senate, is in
accordance with all of our treaty rights and obligations with all
countries, and it can not be a just cause of uneasiness to any power
in the world.

All commercial nations are deeply interested in this canal, and none
of them have intimated a doubt as to the faithful observance on the
part of the United States of the limitations contained in the conces-
sions of Nicaragua and Costa Rica for this waterway of nations.

It would be idle for us to hunt for objections where none exist on
the part of other nations to our close relations with this canal com-
pany. It has been more than five years since Congress, through one
of the committees of the Senate, began to deal with this canal in a
serious way, and during all of that period the work on the canal has
been steadily progressing under the charter which is proposed to be
amended by this act.

Ample time and opportunity has been given to other nations to make
objections to any action of the Government of the United States in rela-
tion to the canal, if any objection has ever been contemplated by them.
All this business has been transacted without the least effort at con-
cealment. The committee have not found any embarrassment to this
work in our relations with foreign countries. On the contrary, every
treaty we have, that relates to the canal, provides for and supports the
attitude in which the bill now reported places the United States in
reference to this great international work.

STOCKS AND BONDS OUTSTANDING.

The bill herewith reported to the Senate deals exclusively with the
Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua, an organization that is ex-
pressly provided for in the concessions of Nicaragua and Costa Eica,
and is therein distinctly forecast as the protege" of the United States.

The bill requires that all outstanding stocks issued and obligations
for the issue of stocks or bonds shall be canceled, and all existing debts
and demands against the company shall be extinguished, and all con-
tracts for work to be done, or materials to be furnished, shall be taken
up before this act shall take effect, so as to have the company free of
all debts and demands at the time of its reorganization under this act.

The Secretary of the Treasury is empowered to render a final de-
cision as to all sums to be paid to the Maritime Company for its prop-
erty and to enable it to pay its outstanding debts and obligations.
The stock liabilities and the concessions, with all their incidents and
all outstanding obligations for the delivery of bonds of the company,
are to be paid for in the stock of the company, not to exceed $7,000,000,
or such smaller amount as the Secretary of the Treasury shall deter-
mine to be just and equitable.

On the faith of these obligations and stocks, the construction com-
pany, which was employed to complete the canal at a total cost of
$220,000,000, in the stock and bonds of the Maritime Company, ad-
vanced and expended in surveys, plant, machinery, materials, labor,
and salaries, with interest, a sum of money alleged to be equal to
$4,500,000.

This bill requires the Secretary of the Treasury to state an account
with the Maritime Canal Company, as to all the items of these cash
expenditures and to deter mine, finally, the amount thereof, and to deliver
the bonds of the company guaranteed by the United States, to an
amount equal to the sum so ascertained and determined, not to exceed
$4,500,000, and to have the same applied to the liquidation and extin-

470 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

guishment of all demands upon the company for such cash expendi-
tures. In explanation of the actual situation of the Maritime Company,
with reference to these matters, the attorney of that company submit-
ted to the committee the following:

STATEMENT.

"The bill provides that the Maritime Canal Company shall have not
exceeding $4,500,000 in guarantied bonds, and not more than $7,000,000
in stock, with which to call in and cancel the following securities issued
by it from time to time, to wit :

Stock issued to subscribers for cash, $1,014,500.

Stock paid for concessions, $12,000,000.

Stock paid for work, $3,504,900.

Scrip issued for bonds paid for work, $6,855,000.

In all, $23,374,400.

"In addition to the redemption of these stocks and outstanding obli-
gations for stock and bonds the Maritime Company is required to
procure the construction company to the cancellation of the contract
of January 3, 1890, its most valuable asset.

" To carry out the above requirements the consent of the construction
company and of its stockholders, as well as that of the other persons
holding securities of the Maritime Canal Company, must be obtained
before the provisions of the bill can be carried into effect.

"The bulk of the securities to be redeemed are now held by the con-
struction company, but about $1.300,000 of the stock of the Maritime
Company and $1,300,000 of obligations for Maritime Company bonds
are held by persons not connected with the companies, who are not
likely to part with the same for less than par, no matter how much less
they paid for them.

" The stockholders of the construction company will doubtless consent
to any fair and equitable provision which will give them a fair return
upon their investment. The construction company has raised and
expended, under its contract with the Maritime Canal Company, about
$4,451,568, which represents about $4,404,900 of Maritime Company
stock and about $6,855,000 of Maritime Company bonds to be issued to
them. One million dollars of the stock of the Maritime Company was
sold to the construction company for cash, at par, and the balance of
said securities were issued, or agreed to be issued, under the contract
with the construction company for building the canal, of date January
3, 1890.

" In addition to these amounts the construction company acquired
$12.000,000 of maritime company stock in payment for the concessions.
This amount included the $6,000,000 of stock to which the promoters
are entitled under the concession from Nicaragua.

" It' this bill becomes a law, and if the Secretary of the Treasury, under
its provisions, so decides, the Maritime Company would, have $4,500,000
in bonds with which to pay its cash obligations, resulting from the reci-
siou of the contract with the construction company, for completing
the canal, and $7,000,000, in stocks, to redeem $6,855,000 of its obli-
gations for bonds.

"Of this sum, $1,300,000, or thereabouts, are in the hands of the
public and can only be redeemed at par.

"The stockholders of the construction company, in consenting to sur-
render for cancellation the securities held in their treasury, would,
therefore, probably receive no more than $3,200,000 in cash flfr $4,451,-
568 expended on the canal work, and $5,700,000 in stock for their

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 471

concession sold to the Maritime Canal Company. The construction
company, in order to raise money to work on the cans.l, had to sell the
securities paid to them by the Maritime Company at much less than
par, so that the sum realized from their sale is much less than they
will have to pay for their redemption, and they must, therefore, sustain
a heavy loss on the whole transaction. It is equally obvious that the
Maritime Company must be in a position to do equal justice to all the
holders of its securities without distinction, in order to call them in
and cancel them, as is required in the bill to be reported to the Senate."

The difficulties to be met in this reorganization of the Maritime
Canal Company under this proposed amendment to its original charter
have been very great, and involve very considerable sacrifices on the
part of the company as it is at present organized, but the committee
are assured that all that is required in this bill will be speedily accom-
plished.

A company that is willing to accept this pittance of stock and bonds
for the valuable rights and concessions thus placed within the power of
Congress, involving a large loss to individuals, is entitled to credit for
something more worthy of their enterprising and patriotic spirit than
to be regarded as a body of adventurers anxious to get rid of a bank-
rupt concern.

The concession of 70 per cent of paid up stock to the United States,
when the present owners get not exceeding 7 per cent, is not a very
slight matter, at least to them.

Under their concession from Nicaragua they are entitled to $6,000,000
paid up stock, all of which they surrender in order to get $7,000,000
of stock with which to free the Company of all stock already issued
and all outstanding obligations for bonds and stock, amounting to over
$16,000,000.

CONCLUSIONS.

In view of these facts, and of the certainty that the property of the
Maritime Canal Company is of immense value and can be sold to foreign
syndicates at a sum far greater than is provided in this bill, the com-
mittee feel constrained to declare that, in their opinion, the conduct of
all who are financially interested in the canal and concerned in the
eifort to place this subject under the control of Congress is free from
selfish purposes, and is honorable to them, and is entitled to be
regarded as a patriotic sacrifice on their part.

This bill provides for the guaranty of $70,000,000 of bonds of the
Maritime Company, bearing 3 per cent interest, payable quarterly, the
principal to fall due in not less than ten, nor more than thirty years.
This reduction of the amount of bonds to be guaranteed, below the
$100,000,000 provided in the previous reports of the committee, is in
nearer accord with the estimated cost of the canal, and it leaves 70 per
cent of the entire capital stock of the company in the ownership of the
United States, and 16 per cent in the treasury of the company; to all
Df which resort may be had, in case of necessity to raise any additional
sum, if any is required, to complete the canal.

The safeguards provided in this bill to prevent any possible injury
to the United States that is within reach of the most cautious fore-
cast, are chiefly as follows :

1. The United States, at all times and in all conditions of the com-
pany, is to appoint ten of the fifteen members of the board of directors,

472 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

and all the expenditures and operations of the company are to be under
the general supervision of the Secretary of the Treasury.

2. The President may, at any time prior to July 1, 1897, suspend the
issue of guaranteed bonds until Congress shall otherwise direct.
After that time the condition of the work will, it is believed, be so far
advanced, and its practicability will be so well established, that this
authority will no longer be useful.

3. The power of foreclosing the mortgage of the company, by sale,
upon the order of the President and without judicial proceedings, is a
reservation of the means of summary disposal of the mortgaged estate,
that may be found useful.

4. The President may, in his discretion, appoint a board of three
engineers, to inspect the canal and everything connected with it, before
any bonds are issued under this act.

5. All work on the canal as it progresses is to be examined by
inspectors appointed by the President of the United States, who shall
certify quarterly to its actual cost, before any guaranteed bonds are
delivered to the company in payment for it.

6. No money raised by the sale of bonds or stock of the company
shall be applied otherwise than to the cost of the construction and
equipment of the canal.

These general safeguards, provided to insure careful progress, faith-
ful administration, and honest conduct on the part of all persons who
may be connected with the work of building the canal, are supple-
mented by other provisions of like character relating to the details of
the plan and purposes of this act.

The present moment seems propitious for opening this waterway
that is indispensable to our physical and political geography, and to
the proper care of the Government for the protection and prosperity of
our Pacific coasts.

The plan and certain effect of this bill, if it becomes a law, will be to
put into active business employment $100,000,000 of money borrowed
from our own people, without risk to the Government. Such a move-
ment at this time would stir all industries into activity and release
other hundreds of millions of dollars that are now being hoarded or
employed in gambling in stocks. It would furnish good and whole-
some employment to 50,000 Americans that are marching on the high-
ways, begging for work and often for food.

It would yield to the United States, at the rate of one dollar per ton
for canal charges, not less than $4,000,000 per annum of dividends on
its $70,000,000 of stock in the canal.

With this fund, if so applied, we could grant, or pay, to our coast-
wise navigators the full amount of tolls they would have to pay to the
canal. Or, if we chose, we could, with these earnings, build a ship
canal for military and commercial purposes to connect the Great Lakes
with the Gulf of Mexico, through the Mississippi Eiver.

If we can afford to pay interest on $100,000,000, locked up in the
Treasury to protect our national credit, we could even better afford, if that
was a necessary result, to pay interest on $70,000,000 to save to our
commerce between the Atlantic and Pacific States the average distance
of 10,000 miles, in every voyage, and the crossing of the torrid zone
twice in the journey, going out, and twice on the return trip, and the
passage through the dreadful seas of the Antarctic Ocean.

The committee adheres to the estimate of the annual earnings of the
Nicaraguan Canal, made in their former reports, as the minimum sum
that will probably be realized from tonnage tolls and passengers, although

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 473

the facts now in view indicate a much larger sum than $9,000,000, at
the rate of $1 per ton, while the Suez rate is more than $2 per ton.
This would pay 3 per cent interest on $70,000,000, amounting to $2,-
100,000, and cost of maintenance and current expenses $3,000,000, and
would leave for dividends $3,900,000, of which seven-tenths would
belong to the United States.

EXHIBIT 1.

[Senate Ex. Doc. No. 1, Fifty-second Congress, second session.]
LETTER FROM THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, TRANSMITTING THE ORIGINAL

REPORT OF THE MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,

Washington, December 5, 1892.

SIR : I have the honor to transmit herewith for the information of the Senate
the original report of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua, submitted to this
Department this day, in accordance with section 6 of the act of Congress approved
February 20, 1889, entitled "An act to incorporate the Maritime Canal Company of
Nicaragua."

Very respectfully,

JOHN W. NOBLE,

Secretary.
The PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE.

THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

The SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR:

SIR: Pursuant to section 6 of the act entitled "An act to incorporate The Mari-
time Canal Company of Nicaragua," approved February 20, 1889, which provides
that said company shall make a report on the first Monday of December in each
year to the Secretary of the Interior, and in accordance with the instructions
received from you prescribing the form of such report and the particulars to be
given thereby, the said Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua hereby reports as
follows :

First. That the regular annual meeting of the company was held at No, 44 Wall
street, in the city of New York, on the 3d day of May, 1892, pursuant to the pro-
visions of the by-laws, and that at such meeting Messrs. Charles P. Daly, Daniel
Amiuen, Horace L. Hotchkiss, Henry E. Howland, and James B. Eustis were duly
elected directors of said company to fill the places made vacant by the class whose
term of office expired on the said 3d day of May, 1892, and to serve for the period of
three years, as provided for in the said act of incorporation.

Second. That the board of directors of said company, as now constituted, is com-
posed of the following stockholders :

Class of 189S. Joseph Bryan, James Roosevelt, Hiram Hitchcock, Thomas B. At-
kins, and Horatio Guzman (Nicaraguan director).

Class of 1894. Alfred B. Darling, Franklin Fairbanks, C. Eidgley Goodwin and
Alexander T. Mason.

Class of 1895. Charles P. Daly, Daniel Ammen, Horace L. Hotchkiss, Henry E.
Howland, and James B. Eustis.

A majority of the above-named directors are citizens and residents of the United
States. The vacancy existing in the class of 1894 has not yet been filled,

Third. That at the first meeting of the board of directors held after the said
annual election, the following officers were duly elected to serve for the ensuing
year, to wit: President, Hiram Hitchcock ; vice-president, Charles P. Daly ; secre-
tary and treasurer, Thomas B. Atkins. All of the officers so elected are citizens and
residents of the United States. That at feaid meeting the following directors were
elected members of the executive committee, as provided for in the by-laws of said
company, to wit: James Roosevelt, chairman; Hiram Hitchcock, Horace L. Hotch-
kiss, C. Ridgley Goodwin, and Alexander T. Mason.

Fourth. That the interests of this company are at present represented in the
Republic of Nicaragua by Mr. Gonzalez Espinosa, as resident agent at Managua;
while Mr. Louis Chable represents the corporation in a similar capacity at Sail Jose,
in the Republic of Costa Rica.

474 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

Fifth. That on the llth day of December, 1889, in accordance with the provisions

of section 1 of the said act of incorporation, a of the appointment of

m. 1'aly, Ho\t A. Ma>on, COIHIM-'..I> at '. 14 Wall street, in the city of

Vork, as the attorneys of the Maritime C'anal Company ot Ni aramia, was only

made by the president of the company and tiled in the office ot the Secretary of

State of the United States, and said linn are still the legal representatives of said

corporation.

th. That since the organization of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua
1U. 14') shares of the capital stock of said company have been subscribed for at par,
amounting in the aggregate to the sum of $1,014,500, of which amount $1,001,450
have been paid into the treasury in cash ; that there has been paid into the treasury
from other sources $39,299.70, making the total amount of cash received $1,040, 749.70;
that the other assets of the company consist of its capital stock, of the concessions,
rights, privileges, and franchises which it now owns, and of the plant, equip-
ments, materials, lands, buildings, structures, railways, steamboats, telephone and
telegraph lines, dredges, locomotives, cars, machinery, stores, machine shops, sup-
plies, and other property in Central America, including the lands situated between
the lake and the Pacific, which we purchased from the Government of Nicaragua
for the route of the canal, at a cost of $50,000, in accordance with the provisions of
the Nicaragnan concession.

Seventh. That since the organization of the company it has paid for property.
work and labor done, and materials furnished in the execution of the work of con-
structing the canal and in administration expenses, the sum of $815,649.63 in cash
and 31,990 shares of the fall-paid capital stock of the company of the par valne of
$3,199,000, and is obligated for $6,855,000 of its first-mortgage bonds. It has also
issued 180,000 shares of its capital stock of the par valne of $18,000,000 in payment
for concessionary rights, privileges, franchises, and other property.

Eighth. That the liabilities of the company consist of the amounts still due nnder
the concessions granted to the company ; of the $6,855,000 of bonds before mentioned.
the said bonds being due to the Nicaragua Canal Construction Company lor work
and labor done and materials furnished in the execution of the work of constructing
the Iiiteroceanic Canal, and of -cash liabilities outstanding and unpaid to an amount
not exceeding $50,000.

Ninth. That while the work of actual construction was not formally inaugurated
until the 8th day of October, 1889, preliminary work on the canal was commenced
on the 3d day of June of that year, since which time operations have been prose-
cuted with diligence and energy. The following statement covers the period that
has elapsed since the last-mentioned date and shows what has been accomplished by
the company in Nicaragua since the inception of the canal work up to the time of
this report.

The axial and detailed surveys of the proposed interoceanic canal, its harbors,
locks, and other accessory work, were completed early in the spring of 1889, and
the final location of the route from ocean to ocean practically determined. Several
months elapsed after the completion of this work before the voluminous plans and
drawings prepared by the company were approved by the Government of Nicaragua
and the formal commencement of construction authorized, during which time a corps
of engineers was kept constantly employed and much valuable preparatory work
was done, such as the commencement of the erection of permanent quarters, wharves,
storehouses, clearing the ground, and accumulating supplies, tools, machinery, etc.

The necessity of securing a safe entrance from the Atlantic to the old port (which,
until 1860, was easily accessible to vessels of upward of 20- foot draft) was realized
as indispensible to economical and rapid progress, and therefore the first work of
actual construction was in execution of the engineers' plans for restoring the har-
bor. One of the means to accomplish this end was the erection of a breakwater to
protect the entrance. This massive work, which will ultimately absorb much of
the rock excavated from the divide cut, has been pushed out about 1,000 feet and has
been filled in with brush mattresses, rock, and hydraulic-cement concrete. Quar-
ters for accommodation of the workmen and storage for supplies were erected near
this work, and a railroad track has been laid upon the breakwater and extended
landward to facilitate the handling of building material and other supplies. In the
framework of this breakwater creosoted piling only was used, as the marine worm
soon destroys unprotected wood. The filling placed within and beneath the heavy
creosoted timber framework forms a solid mass of what would otherwise be insuf-
ficiently protected from injury by the elements and by the teredo. The bar in front
of the old San Juan harbor has, since 1860, been one of the most difficult on the
coast.

The breakwater was constructed from the beach to and across this bar, and al-
though it encountered the full force of the waves, it was carried forward through
the heavy surf without interruption on account of the weather and without acci-
dent of any kind. A* it advanced it afforded a partial shelter to the beach to lee-

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 475

ward and also served as a barrier to the moving sand, which, impelled by the cur-
rents and prevailing winds and driven constantly to the westward, built up and
maintained the sand spit that thirty years ago closed the old port of San Juan.
This artificial interruption to the operation of the winds and current permitted
countervailing forces of nature to come into play, so that by the time the pier had
been pushed out 600 feet the sand beach under its lee was swept away and a channel
formed communicating from the open ocean to the old harbor and restoring it to the
extent of permitting the entrance of light-draft seagoing vessels at a point where,
six months before, there was a sandbank 3 or 4 feet above the sea level. The at-
tainment of this result was without the assistance of any dredge or any artificial
aid other than that afforded by the breakwater.

It is evident from this experience that the plan of the engineers for the restoration
of the port of San Juan is not only theoretically sound,"but practicable. The build-
ing of the pier has steadily progressed as materials were available, and its total
length, as already stated, is now over 1,000 feet. The depth of the channel under
the lee of the pier reached 10 feet when the structure had been extended 800 feet.
In the winter of 1890-'91 a dredge increased this depth to about 15 feet, which haa
since been maintained, except in restricted areas, which are easily deepened by
dredging. The first deep-sea vessel to enter the restored harbor was the steamer
Sverdrup, with a cargo of machinery, etc., on the 7th of January, 1891, and since then
many other vessels have frequented the port.

The construction of permanent buildings was begun in the summer of 1889 and has
been in progress ever since. The completed structures are all of wood (pine from
the United States) and are roofed with corrugated galvanized iron. The offices,
quarters, and hospitals are neat and comfortable, being ceiled and painted and pro-
vided with wide verandas outside. The permanent buildings thus far erected are
in the immediate vicinity of San Juan, where the general headquarters are located
and where the most important operations have been concentrated. They consist of
five groups, covering an area of about If acres, and have a floor space as stated
below :

Square feet.

Headquarters 13, 986

Hospital 14,174

La F6 depot 21, 864

Railroad headquarters 18, 778

Camp Cheney 7,100

Total 75,902

Besides the above, numerous and extensive wharves equipped for unloading
freight, sheds, small outhouses, water tanks, etc., have been constructed. The
machine and smith's shops are equipped with a varied and extensive assortment of
modern tools. A tramway connects the more important of these establishments.

Work in clearing the canal line of forest growth was begun near Greytowu in
January, 1890, and for a distance of about 10 miles back from the coast a clearing
has beeu made of 486 feet in width. Similar work was commenced on the west side
of Lake Nicaragua in the month of November, 1890, and for 9 miles the ground there
is ready for construction work.

A telegraph line to the interior, connecting with the telegraph systems of the coun-
try and the ocean cables, was one of the first works commenced, and it was soon
pushed through to Castillo, covering with its loops a distance of 60 miles. For the
first 10 miles the line ran across a very difficult swamp, where the work was most
arduous ; the poles of native timber were difficult of procurement ; and, together with
all other supplies, had to be carried to where they were needed by men wading in
water from 2 to 4 feet in depth. In some places the water was so deep that the poles
could not be set in the earth at all, and in such cases they were secured to tree
stumps, and otherwise supported by wire guys. Through the hill country the line
was not only an expensive one to build, but is difficult to maintain, and to protect
the wires and poles from damage by falling timber it was necessary to make a clear-
ing of the forest along the line to a width of about 100 feet. In addition to this
telegraph service, all the offices and the more important camps and stations are now
also in telephonic communication.

As the heaviest single body of work to be accomplished on the whole line is con-
centrated within a distance of 3 miles at the rock-cutting, "The Eastern Divide," and
as the time required to complete the canal will necessarily be measured by the time
spent in opening this deep cut, it was considered important to install a plant for the
work at the earliest date possible. The difficulties of transporting to the Divide
the quantity of machinery, etc., needed for the heavy rock-cutting to be done at
that point made requisite the immediate construction of a railroad. This work was
commenced in the summer of 1890 and has been pushed forward with marked suc-
cess. The line traverses what had always been considered an impassable swamp,

476 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

and for the first 10 miles there are but 4 miles of hard ground. Soon after beginning
the roadbed heavy rains set in and the swamp was Hooded to a depth of from 1 to 4
feet. All the earth used for filling had to be brought from a distance by construc-
tion trains, which necessitated laying the track first and making the required em-
bankment afterward.

To accomplish this, a heavy corduroy of logs was laid for many miles. These
logs, which were procured from the neighboring forest, were rolled, fioated, or
dragged by man power alone to the line of the proposed track, and there laid trans-
versely as compactly as possible. Upon them were placed longitudinal stringers,
consisting of native tree trunks, on whicli the railroad ties were laid, and upon
these the steel rails were then spiked down. Trains loaded with sand were run out
over the structure and the sand dumped and packed into the interstices and under
the ties, which were raised'gradually by the workmen until the desired grade was
secured. There were 6 miles in all of this construction through swamps, the men
working most of the time in water reaching above the knees and often to the waist
or armpits. The material used for grading and ballasting the first 8 miles of the
roadbed was taken from the canal prism, near the harbor, and distributed along
the line by construction trains, the cars being loaded by means of a steam shovel or
navvy, capable of delivering 1,300 cubic yards per day.

There are several places along the railway where streams and other water course*
are crossed. These are spanned by pile bridges, and a powerful steam pile-driver
has been used in their construction. The portion of road already completed is the
most difficult of the whole line, and but 7 miles now remain to be built to reach
the Eastern Divide. There are several miles of side track, switches, etc., already
in place, and the road is equipped for construction work with 4 locomotives, 50 cars,
steam shovel ; ballast-unloader, and all other requisite appliances. All the crossties
and bridge timbers are of Northern pine, charged with 16 pounds creosote oil to the
cubic foot. At the terminus on the harbor is a fine wharf, 264 feet long, built in the
best manner of creosoted timber, and equipped with modern steam conveniences for
handling freight rapidly. The survey for the remainder of the line, extending to
the San Juan River at Ochoa, has been completed; in fact, two locations have been
surveyed and profiles prepared in sufficient detail to permit accurate estimates of
cost. Between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific the railroad line is also located, and
everything made ready for its construction, which must necessarily precede the
inauguration upon a larger scale of the work of excavation.

In the summer of 1890 there was purchased from the American Contracting and
Dredging Company the extensive and valuable plant used so successfully on the
eastern end of the Panama Canal from the year 1881 to the callapse of that enter-

Erise in 1888. The property consisted of seven dredges, the most powerful ever
uilt, two fine tugboats, twenty lighters, several launches, the equipment of an entire
machine shop, stationary engines, pumps, and a vast quantity of tools, spare parts,
materials for repairs, etc. Many of the articles are in quantities which will suffice
until the completion of the Nicaragua Canal.

During the autumn of 1890 this dredging plant was transferred to San Juan del
Norte, where portions of it were immediately equipped for work, and three of the
dredges have since been in use for various periods, upon the canal proper, in the
harbor, and in the entrance channel leading thereto. Dredging on the canal line
west or the harbor has uninterruptedly been carried forward and a point well inland
has been reached, by an open channel 17 feet deep and varying in width from 150 to
230 feet, which drains the swamp and lowers the level of the swamp waters, thereby
securing for the railroad embankment immunity from injury by flood waters. No
obstructions to free dredging have been encountered so far, although the canal has
now been opened for a distance of about 8,750 feet. A powerful seagoing suction
dredge for deepening the channel across the bar has been constructed in Scotland for
the company and is now ready to be sent to its destination.

The floating plant has been kept in repair, and the buildings, offices, quarters, and
hospitals maintained in good condition, while the equipment of the machine shops is
being increased as there is need.

All the engineers employed on the line have been and are of known and tried
ability. Those in positions of chief responsibility have had extensive practice in
works of engineering construction in the United States and the tropics. The engi-
neers, administrative staff, surveyors, and nearly all the skilled mechanics have
been hired in the United States and sent out under contract for at least a year's
service, and several have been continuously employed in Nicaragua for upwards of
three years. Natives of Central America and negroes from the island of Jamaica
have been employed for unskilled labor, and all employe's have been not only housed
and fed by the company, but also supplied with medicine and hospital attendance.
The rate of wages paid to ordinary laborers varies from 20 to 30 soles per month, and
it is evident from past experience that an abundance of acclimated labor, entirely
adapted to the company's needs, is readily obtainable from the localities named.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 477

No Chinese or other Asiatic workmen have been employed, nor ir.1l such be nsed
upon the work in the future.

In i lie location of the canal line the route chosen from among the many tentative
lines run was that which presented the fewest difficulties. No change from the loca-
tion first decided upon has since been made, except as further examination and
studies have demonstrated the certainty of betterments, either by shortening the
length or decreas^ig the difficulties and cost of construction. During the past year
one or more parties of engineers have been constantly in the field engaged in critical
examination of the topography at certain localities where previous surveys had sug-
gested that betterments in the location or design might be practicable. In some
cases, after very close examination and study, their hopes proved unrealizable, but
in one instance instrumental examinations have completely demonstrated not only
the practicability, but the economy to result from a rectification of the line. The
location previously adopted between the sites of Locks Nos. 2 and 3 involved a curve
of large radius in the sailing line through the second Deseado basin. It is now dis-
covered that this curve may be eliminated, with a saving in distance of upwards of
1,000 feet and a saving in earth excavation of upwards of 600,000 cubic yards.

A site for the Ochoa Dam has been located about a half mile below that origi-
nally chosen ; should the borings yet to be made at this locality prove its suitability
of foundation, withoiit material increase of cost over that already assigned in the
estimates, another curve in the sailing line may be eliminated and a large reduction
in mass of excavation will be possible. A party of engineers has been for many
months engaged in boring the strata at the proposed site of La Flor Dam, which ia
located about 3 miles from the Pacific terminus. Although their work at last ad-
vices had not been completed, yet the results already known demonstrate the cer-
tainty of securing a solid rock foundation for the dam and for the locks which are to be
built at this point. This existence of a solid foundation of homogeneous limestone
at an inconsiderable depth is regarded as very important, for it will permit the con-
struction of a dam of less mass than would have been required on the clay founda-
tion contemplated before the deep borings with the diamond drill had been made.

A party of engineers was also engaged for many weeks in further surveys for the
minor canal required under the concession to be built between Lake Nicaragua and
Lake Managua, for steamboat navigation, known as the Tipitapa Canal. This work,
which is not of large magnitude, has now been so thoroughly studied that plans can
be prepared for construction and everything made ready for its speedy completion
within a short time.

At the Machuca Rapids, in the San Juan River, a considerable mass of rock has
been removed, improving the navigability of the river at this point.

About two years have elapsed since the old port was reopened, and the correct-
ness of the theories upon which the works for reopening and maintaining the harbor
and its entrance were based has been thoroughly demonstrated to the satisfaction
of the engineers. Hydrographic parties have been kept constantly at work, adding
to their previous knowledge of tidal and other currents and in the preparation of
charts showing the effect of the works of construction upon the coast line and the
harbor.

In March, 1891, the Hon. Warner Miller, president of the Nicaragua Canal Con-
struction Company, accompanied by a large staff, visited the Republic of Nicaragua
and made a complete and thorough examination of the entire line of the canal and
of the numerous works connected with the construction thereof. The reports
received from this expedition were most gratifying, and showed that the work then
accomplished had been done in a systematic manner, with all possible care, thor-
oughness, and dispatch, and within the estimates of the engineers.

In addition to the results already achieved, as hereinbefore set forth, the company
has organized and established in Nicaragua a complete hospital service and has per-
fected the sanitary arrangements in and about its camps and headquarters. In the
early part of 1889 the medical work was carried on by assistant surgeons located at
different points along the canal route, but the department was not regularly organ-
ized until October of that year, when a chief surgeon was appointed and the hos-
pital at headquarters was virtually completed and made ready for occupation.

This hospital at present consists of thirteen buildings, of which five are two-story
structures surrounded by broad verandas. The remaining buildings of the group
are one-story structures, for the most part built of wood. The total capacity of the
hospital is 125 beds. It is situated on the beach, about 500 feet from the surf, and
is equipped with a first-class pharmacy and operating room. Owing to the mildness
of the climate, it is possible to provide perfect ventilation with a smaller number of
cubic feet for each patient than would be considered necessary in a colder climate.
In 1890 it was found necessary to erect, 8 miles up the railway line, at Camp Perez,
a temporary hospital, known as temporary hospital No. 1, accommodating about
50 patients. This hospital consists of one large building, containing, in addition
to the general laborers' ward, a pharmacy and nurses' room. A necond building waa

478 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

erected for culinary purposes. Medical stations have been established and operated
at different times at points remote from the hospitals, according to the necessities
of the work.

During the time covered by this report stations have been established at Camp
Francis, on the beach; Carazo, on the San Juan River; Ppco-Mas-Arriba; Satisfac-
tion, on the Deseado River; Lake Silico; San Francisco River, and at Railway Camp
No. 1. These stations are all on the Atlantic division. On the Pacific division
stations have been operated at different times at Rivas and Tipitapa. In connection
with headquarters hospital, an efficient ambulance service has been maintained since
the fall of 1889. The company has also operated a road ambulance to stations ou the
beach and a car ambulance between the hospital and La IV, at which latter place
connections were made with the railway terminus, the navigation docks, and the
breakwater. On the railway line an ambulance caboose car has been in use since
the summer of 1891.

Every possible precaution against the development of disease among the com-
pany's employe's has been observed, such as watching for and removing all local
causes and preventing, as far as possible, the entrance into camps from outside
sources of the germs of contagious or epidemic diseases, and by an efficient quaran-
tine service. Every surgeon, in his section, exercises the duties of a sanitary
inspector and reports to the chief surgeon any necessary changes in the camps or
other surroundings. A supervision of the food furnished employe's and the mode of
its preparation is maintained. When a new camp is built the surgeon of the station
inspects the location and surroundings and sees that hygienic rules are observed in
its location and construction. The station surgeon reports every ten days upon the
sanitary condition of all camps in his station.

Another method employed for prevention of disease among the company's
employe's has been a thorough physical examination of all laborers seeking to enter
the service. It is easier to prevent the entrance of disease than to eradicate it when
once lodged, and the advantage of this practice has been proven by the considerable
decrease in the percentage of sickness among employe's since the adoption of the
rules. The start of surgeons necessary to carry out the complete and careful scheme
of work inaugurated by the company has been regulated in number by the charac-
ter of the work, number of employe's, relative distance of camps, and methods of
transportation.

There have been in the employ of the company since 1889, 1 chief surgeon and 10
assistant surgeons; also, 1 druggist and 2 assistant druggists. The other employes,
including nurses, orderlies, cooks, ambulance men, etc., have varied in number from
20 to 30. There have been treated in the hospitals of the company during the past
three years 2,364 patients. The total number of deaths was 35, making a total
death rate of 1*48 per cent of cases treated. These deaths, however, include not
only those due to climatic diseases, but also to accidents and chronic diseases among
employe's admitted to the company's service before the rules for a physical examina-
tion were adopted. The total number of deaths due to diseases that may be
termed climatic were 17, or 0'72 per cent. From this record it will be seen that any
existing opinion regarding the unhealthfulness of the climate in Nicaragua is erro-
neous. Far removed from the severity of the Northern winters, though geograph-
ically in the tropics, the temperature is moderate and equable throughout the
whole year. The northeast trade winds temper the atmosphere and have a marked
influence.

The mean temperature during 1890 was 77-25 F. In 1891 there was an extreme
range of 28 from a minimum of 67 to a maximum of 95, or a mean of 81 F. This
difference of mean temperature was probably due to the decrease of the annual rain-
fall. It has been asserted that the country teems with fatal maladies and that the
canal employe's would be exposed to severe types of fever as soon as the work of
excavation was commenced. This, however, has not proved to be the case, as an
examination of the records and (statistics kept by the medical department will show.
The dredges have already advanced over a mile into the swamps without encounter-
ing anything but sand and light loam, which, exposed to the sun, produces no un-
nsual sickness, and the borings prove that the soil as far as the foothills or the entire
width of the swamp lands is of a similar character. Most of the diseases met with
have been mild in type. This is especially true of bronchitis and pneumonia. The
cases of fever are of the remittent or intermittent type, very amenable to treatment,
and not of as long duration as in the United States.

No epidemic disease has visited the country since the work was begun, and the
occasional reports which have been published in the daily press were without any
foundation in fact. Chagres fever is entirely unknown as an epidemic disease, and
in 1890, when a number of cases were brought on towing steamers in the service of
the company from Colon to Nicaragua, every one taken to the canal hospital recov-
ered, while of those admitted from the same ships to the Colon hospital a number
ditd.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 479

For the accommodation of a working force of 10,000 men there will be required
two general hospitals of 150 beds each for both officers and men, resembling very
closely the present headquarters hospital, and two of 100 beds each tor laborers, the
general hospitals being located, one at the eastern end, the other near the western
end of the canal, and the laborers' hospitals at convenient points along the line.
These will provide 50 beds _>er thousand men, which will be ample, excepting in
case of an epidemic, when it would be necessary to erect temporary hospitals wher-
ever needed. A field equipment for a couple of temporary hospitals which could be
used in the event of such an emergency could be kept constantly on hand. A prop-
erly arranged ambulance department, developed from the present nucleus, and a
druggist department similiarly developed fom the central store, with a pharmacy
connected with each hospital, are all provided for in the general plans, which are
already to be put into operation as soon as a larger development of the work of con-
struction is determined upon.

In conclusion, it is proper to say that the medical organization and the system of
sanitation inaugurated by the company has proved itself to be exceedingly valuable
in maintaining a death rate which is not only very greatly below that of any other
known large work of construction in its hospital records, but also is very materially
below the death rates of hospitals in the United States, as the following figures will
show : In 1890, at the New York Presbyterian Hospital, the death rate was 10'73 per
cent; in the Roosevelt Hospital, New York, it was 9'76 per cent; and in the Orange
Memorial Hospital it was 7 '88 per cent, while in headquarters hospital of the canal
company it was only 1'38 per cent. The system which has operated with such
exceptional results during the last three years may reasonably be expected to work
as satisfactorily in its extension.

The company has gone to its work of building the canal in a plain, unostentatious,
systematic manner, and although nearly all accomplished to date may be described
as preliminary work only, yet a very important advance has been made. The results
may be summarized as follows :

WOEK ACCOMPLISHED.

(1) The prosecution of the final surveys for location and construction and surveys
for economical improvements as to details.

(2) The subterranean examinations of the strata requiring removal by means of
borings with the diamond drill.

(3) The restoration of the harbor of San Juan del Norte to the extent of securing
an easy entrance to the port for vessels of moderate draft.

(4) The construction of extensive wharves and landing facilities.

(5) The erection of permanent buildings for offices, quarters, hospitals, storehouses,
shops, etc., having a floor area of an acre and three-fourths.

(6) The building of a large number of temporary camps along the line for accomo-
dation of employe's.

(7) The completion of a telegraph line permitting ready communication with the
work.

(8) The clearing of the canal line of timber for some 20 miles.

(9) The completion of surveys for location and of plans for construction of the
railroad system, and the construction and equipment of 11 miles of this line.

(10) The acquisition by purchase of the most valuable and powerful dredging
plant to be found in America under one management.

(11) The fitting up and operation of this plant and the opening of over a mile of
the canal.

(12) The acquirement by purchase of the valuable and exclusive franchise for the
steam navigation of the San Juan River and Lake, together with the extensive plant
of the navigation company, consisting of offices, lands, steamboats, tugs, lighters,
repair shops, etc.

(13) And lastly, what is felt to be the most important result of all is the demon-
stration, secured by experience, of the salubrity of the climate, the efficiency of labor,
and the sufficiency of the estimates of the chief engineer for the harbor and canal
dredging and railroad work.

The Government of Nicaragua, by a communication dated November 8, 1890, has
officially recognized and declared that the company has more than complied with
the provisions of article 47 of the concession, requiring the expenditure of $2,000,000
during the first year of the work. This formal acknowledgment confirms the com-
pany's title to the concessionary rights for a term of ten years in which to complete
the canal.

A detailed description of the proposed canal and the work to be accomplished in
its construction, together with the maps showing the route thereof as the same has
been finally located, was annexed to the annual report of the company for the year
1890, to which reference is hereby made for said particulars.

480 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

In witness whereof the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua has caused its cor-
porate seal to be hereunto affixed and these presents to be signed ly ita president
and secretary, this 3d day of December, A. D. 1892.

THE MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA,

By HIRAM HITCHCOCK,

/'resident
[SEAL.] THOS. B. ATKINS,

Secretary.

STATE OF NEW YORK, city and county of New York, :

Hiram Hitchcock, being duly sworn, says : That he is the president of the said The
Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua; that he has read the foregoing annual re-
port and knows the contents thereof, and that the same is in all respects correct
and true.

HIRAM HITCHCOCK.

Sworn to before me this 3d day of December, 1892.

[SEAL.] V. BIGELOW,

Notary Public, New York County.

STATE OF NEW YORK, city and county of New York, :

Thomas B. Atkins, being duly sworn, says: That he is the secretary of the said
The Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua; that he has read the foregoing annual
report and knows the contents thereof, and that the same is in all respects correct
and true.

THOS. B. ATKINS.

Sworn to before me this 3d day of December, 1892.

[SEAL.] V. BIGELOW,

Notary Public, New York County

STATE OF NEW YOPK, City and County of Netc York, :

On the 3d day of December, 1892, before me personally came Thomas B. Atkins,
known to me to be the secretary of The Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua,
and with whom I am personally acquainted, who, being by me duly sworn, did
depose and say : That he resided in the city of New York ; that he was the secretary
of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua; that he knew the corporate seal of
said company ; that the seal affixed to the foregoing report was such corporate seal ;
that it was so affixed by the order of the board of directors of said company, and that
he signed his name thereto by the like order as secretary of the said company.

And the said Thomas B. Atkins further said that he was acquainted with Hiram
Hitchcock and knew him to be the president of said company ; that the signature
of the said Hiram Hitchcock subscribed to the said instrument was in the genuine
handwriting of the said Hiram Hitchcock and was thereto subscribed by the like
order of the said board of directors and in the presence of him, the said Thomas B.
Atkins.

In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and official seal this 3d day of
December, A. D. 1892.

[SEAL.] V. BIGELOW,

Notary Public, New York County.

EXHIBIT 2.

[Senate Ex. Doc. No. 5, Fifty -third Congress, second session.]

LETTER frROM THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, FORWARDING REPORT OP
MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,

Washington, December 5, 189,1.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for the information of the Senate, the
original report of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua, submitted to this De-
partment this day, in compliance with the requirements of section 6 of the act of
Congress approved February 20, 1889, entitled, "An act to incorporate the Maritime
Canal Company of Nicaragua."
Very respectfully,

HOKE SMITH,

Secretary.
The PRESIDENT OF THE SENATB.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 481

NEW YORK, December , 189S.

SIR: Fnrsnant to section 6 of the act entitled "An act to incorporate The Maritime
Canal Company of Nicaragua," approved February 20, 1889, which provides that said
company shall make a report on the first Monday of December in each year to the
Secretary of the Interior, and in accordance with instructions prescribing the form
of such report and the particulars to be given therein, the said Maritime Canal Com-
pany of Nicaragua reports as follows:

First. That the regular annual meeting of the company was held at No. 44 Wall
street, in the city of New York, on the 4th day of May, 1893, pursuant to the pro-
visions of the by-laws, and that at such meeting Messrs. Joseph Bryan, James
Roosevelt, Hiram Hitchcock, Thomas B. Atkins, and Horacio Guzman were duly
elected directors of said company to fill the places made vacant by the class whose
term of office expired on the said 4th day of May, 1893, and to serve for the period
of three years as provided for in the said act of incorporation, and that at the same
time Mr. Robert Sturgis was elected as director to fill a vacancy existing in the
class of 1895, and Mr. Samuel Barton was elected as director to fill a vacancy in the
class of 1894. Mr. Barton failed to qualify and Mr. F. F. Thompson was subse-
quently elected to fill the vacancy in the class of 1894. Since then Mr. A. B. Dar-
ling and Mr. Alexander T. Mason of the class of 1894 have resigned and the vacan-
cies caused by their resignations have not yet been filled.

Second. That the board of directors of said company as now constituted is com-
posed of the following stockholders :

Class of 1894. Franklin Fairbanks, C. Ridgeley Goodwin, and F. F. Thompson.

Class of 1895. Charles P. Daley, Daniel Ammen, Horace L. Hotchkiss, Henry E.
Howland, and Robert Sturgis.

Class of 1896. Joseph Bryan, James Roosevelt, Hiram Hitchcock, Thomas B. At-
kins, and Horacio Guzman (Nicaraguau director).

A majority of the above-named directors are citizens and residents of the United
States.

Third. That at the first meeting of the board of directors held after the said
annual election the following officers were duly elected to serve for the ensuing year,
to wit: President, Hiram Hitchcock; vice-president, Charles P. Daly; secretary
and treasurer, Thomas B. Atkins. All of the officers so elected are citizens and res-
idents of the United States. That at said meeting the following directors were
elected members of the executive committee, as provided for in the by-laws of said
company, to wit: James Roosevelt, chairman; Hiram Hitchcock, Horace L. Hotch-
kiss, Henry E. Howland, and Alexander T. Mason.

Fourth. That since the organization of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicara-
gua 10,145 shares of the capital stock of said company have been subscribed for at
par, amounting in the aggregate to the sum of $1,014,500, of which amount $1,006,-
940 has been paid into the treasury in cash; that there has been paid into the
treasury from other sources $48,871.62, making the total amount of cash received
$1,055,811.62.

Fifth. That since the organization of the company it has paid for property, work,
and labor done, and materials furnished in the execution of the Avork of construct-
ing the canal and in administration expenses, the sum of $830,778.67 in cash and
31,990 shares of the full-paid capital stock of the company of the par value of $3,199,-
000, and is obligated for $6,855,000 of its first-mortgage bonds. It has also issued
180,000 shares of its capital stock of the par value of $18,000,000 in payment for con-
cessionary rights, privileges, franchises, and other property.

Sixth. That the liabilities of the company consist of the amounts still due under
the concessions granted to the company; of the $6,855,000 of bonds before men-
tioned, the said bonds being due to the Nicaragua Canal Construction Company for
work and labor done and materials furnished in the execution of the work of con-
structing the luteroceanic Canal, and of cash liabilities outstanding and unpaid to
an amount not exceeding $50,000.

Seventh. The assets of the company consist of its capital stock, of the concessions,
rights, privileges, and franchises which it now owns, and of the plant, equipments,
materials,, lauds, buildings, structures, railways, steamboats, telephone and tele-
graph lines, dredges, locomotives, cars, machinery, stores, machine shops, supplies,
and other property in Central America, including the lands situated bet ween the lake
and the Pacific, purchased from the Government of Nicaragu a for the route of the canal,
at a cost of $50,000, in accordance with the provisions of the Nicaraguau concession.

In our annual report for 1892 we submitted a statement of the work that had
been accomplished up to that date; since then the unprecedented conditions of the
money market have been the cause of serious embarrassment to all enterprises that
depended upon the sale of securities for means to prosecute their undertakings.
The Nicaragua Canal Construction Company, under contract, with this company for
the construction of the canal, suffered under the general conditions in common with
others, and was obliged first to limit its expenditures to what was requisite for pro-
tection and preservation of its plant, and finally to suspend all payments. Thi

S. Doc. 231, pt4 31

482 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

resulted in the appointment, on August 30, 1893, by the circuit court for the United
States for the southern district of New York, of a receiver for that company. The
secretary and treasurer of that company was appoint-'d su< h receiver.

The result of this condition of aft'airs is that no material advancement in con-
struction work has been accomplished since the report madu by the company to the
Department in December, 1892, and, therefore, we beg to refer to that report as show-
ing substantially the present condition of the work.

Upon the appointment of the receiver measures were inaugurated by shareholders
of the construction company for the reorganization of that company upon a strong
financial basis, providing for the liquidation of its indebtedness and the active prose-
cution of work under its contract, in the immediate future. These measures are
now well under way with the every assnrance of a successful issue, and the Mari-
time Canal Company is awaiting the result.

In witness whereof the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua has caused its
corporate seal to bo hereunto affixed and these presents to be signed by its president
and secretary this 4th day of December, A. D. 1893.

THE MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA.
By HIRAM HITCHCOCK,

/'resident.
[SEAL.] TIIOS. li. ATKINS,

Secretary.
The SECRETARY OP THE INTERIOR,

Washington, D. C.

STATE OF NEW YORK, City and County of New York, tt:

Minim Hitchcock, being duly sworn, ways that he is the president of the said Tlie
Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua; that he has read tlie foregoing annual
report and knows the contents thereof, and that the same is in all respects correct
and true.

11 1 RAM HITCHCOCK.

Sworn to before me this 4th day of December, 1893.
[SEAL.] V. BIGELOW,

Notary Public, New York County.

STATE OF NEW YORK, City and Count;/ of New York, ss :

Thomas B. Atkins, being duly sworn, says, that he is the secretary of the said The
Maritime Canal Company, of Nicaragua; that he haa read the foregoing annual
report and knows the contents thereof, and that the same is in all respects correct
and true.

THOS. B. ATKINS.

Sworn to before me this 4th day of December, 1893.
[SEAL.] V. BIGELOW,

Notary Public, New York County.

STATE OF NEW YORK, City and County of New York, M:

On the 4th day of December, in the year 1893, before me personally came Thomas
B. Atkins, known to me to be the secretary of the Maritime Canal Company, of
Nicaragua, and with whom I am personally acquainted, who, being by me duly
sworn, did depose and say, that he resided in Roselle, N. J. ; that he was the secre-
tary of the Maritime Canal Company, of Nicaragua ; that he knew the corporate seal
of said company; that the seal ath'xed to the foregoing report was such corporate
seal ; that it was so affixed by the order of the board of directors of said company,
and that he signed his name thereto by the like order as secretary of the said company.

And the said Thomas B. Atkins further said that he was acquainted with Hiram
Hitchcock and knew him to be the president of said company; that the signature of
the said Hiram Hitchcock subscribed to the said instrument was in the genuine
handwriting of the said Hiram Hitchcock, and was thereto subscribed by the like
order of the said board of directors and in the presence of him, the said Thomas B.
Atkins.

In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and official seal this 4th day of
December, A. D. 1893.

[SEAL.] V. BIGELOW,

Notary Public, New York County.

EXHIBIT 3.

It has been commonly said that the attractive influence of the Nicaragua Canal
will be felt as far as the meridian 110 east from Greenwich. There can be very
little doubt as to the general correctness of this opinion; there is room for question
whether it will not be felt even beyond that limit.

Owing to favoring winds and currents which prevail in the Pacific it is no unusual
thing for English sailing vessels which make the outward voyage to Hongkong or

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY 483

Australia by the way of Good Hope to return around Cape Horn. Sailing teasels
can only avail themselves of the shortened distance of the Suez route by towage
through the entire length of the Eed Sea, as well as through the canal, a total dis-
tance of 1,310 miles ; whereas the entire length of the Nicaragua Canal is but 169^
miles through, which distance the cost of towage would not be a prohibitive expense,
and the shortened distance, together with favoring winds and currents already
availed of. in return voyages as but just mentioned, would extend the influence of
the canal as regards return voyages even beyond the dividing meridian.

One hundred and ten degrees east from Greenwich includes, so far as the United
States is concerned, the entire coast of China with the ports of Macao, Hongkong,
Shanghai, and the island of Formosa, the Kingdom of Corea, the Empire of Japan, the
Philippine Islands, Borneo, New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and, in
fact, almost all of the islands of the Pacific. These points, together with the entire
inhabited portion of the Pacinc coast of the American Continent, are brought nearer
to the eastern ports of the United States by distances varying from 3,000 to 10,000
miles. But what is of still greater importance is that all of thorn are brought nearly
the whole width of the Atlantic Ocean nearer to New York than to European ports.
New York and Liverpool are now practically equidistant from Valparaiso, Callao, Aca-
pulco, San Francisco, and all intermediate ports, but with the opening of the canal
New York will be brought 2,700 miles nearer these ports than Liverpool. At the
same time Valparaiso, on the Pacinc coast of South America, is brought 1,000 miles
nearer to Liverpool and other European ports than by existing routes, and points
north of Valparaiso are approximated by distances varying from 1,000 to 6,000 miles.

In view of these conditions it is not unreasonable to claim that all commerce exist-
ing within the limit designated will be subject to the attractive influence of a canal
across the American isthmus, although there may be differences of opinion as to the
degree to which that attraction will be felt.

In the years 1889 and 1890, according to the latest accessible returns, principally
taken from the Statistician's Year Book and the United States Reports on Commerce
and Navigation published in 1891, there was transacted between the points severally
named in the following tables commerce to the amount of the value indicated:

TABLE A. Traffic entirely tributary to the canal.
Between

Great Britain and United States Pacinc ports $31, 229, 063

France and United States Pacific ports 2,276,049

Germany and United States Pacinc ports 1,287,129

Belgium and United States Pacinc ports 1, 450, 168

Italy and United States Pacific ports 232,290

Cuba and United States Pacific ports 587, 794

Brazil and United States Pacific ports 513, 077

Great Britain and Ecuador 1,693,030

Great Britain and Pern 11,260,380

Great Britain and Chile 65,390,571

France and Chile 7,857,426

Germany and Chile 14,098,930

Belgium and Peru 7,031,400

Belgium and Chile 433,500

Belgium and China 304, 900

Rest of Europe and western coast of South America 5, 000, 000

Europe and Pacific ports of Mexico ( Acapulco, Man/.anillo, San Bias,

Mazatlan) 5,000,000

Great Britain and Japan 33, 732,534

Germany and Japan 6,526, 283

Holland and Belgium 1,550,420

Great Britain and New Zealand 53,429,965

United States (Atlantic ports) and Japan 13, 796, 115

United States (Atlantic ports) and Hongkong 2, 303, 982

United States (Atlantic ports) and China , 14,164,632

United States (Atlantic ports) and New Zealand 3, 419, 000

United States (Atlantic ports) and Australia 11,472,003

United States (Atlantic ports) and Philippine Islands 10, 101, 362

United States (Atlantic ports) and Hawaiian Islands 469, 500

United States (Atlantic ports) and Chile 5,789,411

United States (Atlantic ports) and Peru 1,573,530

United States (Atlantic ports) and Ecuador 1, 063, 721

315, 038, 165

To this aggregate must be added : For existing traffic between Pacific ports of the
United. States and British Columbia with Atlantic ports, value not returned, esti-

484 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

mated at 250,000 tons. For canned and dried fruits, wines, canned salmon, shingles,
hops, wool, etc., transported by the railroads in 1890 to the amount of over 250,000
tons.

All of the foregoing is traffic which, because of the manifest advantage to it in the
saving of distance or cost, or both, must certainly make use of the canal. It has
been questioned whether all of the business of the Pacific coast of South America
will find it advantageous to use the canal, inasmuch as the saving of distance at
Valparaiso for steamers which pass through the Strait of Magellan is but little
more than 1,000 miles; this, however, is not a fair statement of facts. Niue-tentlm
of the business is transacted by the Pacific Steam Navigation Company, which run
theirvessels from Liverpool to Callao, stoppingat Valparaiso and other ports en route.
The distance via the Strait of Magellan from Liverpool to Callao, which is the
actual length of the voyage, is about 9,960 miles. The distance, making the voyage
in the opposite direction via the Nicaragua Canal, would be 7,734 miles to Valparaiso,
without reference to calling at the intermediate ports, which would be about the
same in either direction, or a saving of at least 2/226 miles on the voyage. For sail-
ing vessels which can not avail themselves of the shorter route by "the Straits," but
must double Cape Horn on their passage, Valparaiso, without regard to Callao, will
be within the zone of canal attraction. For this reason the entire amount of this
commerce is included in Table A.

TABLE B. Traffic within the zone of the canal's attraction, but not entirely tribu-
tary to it :

Between Central America and all countries :

Guatemala, exclusive of specie $17,418,737

Salvador, exclusive of specie 8, 559, 836

Nicaragua, exclusive of specie 5,644, 408

Costa Rica, exclusive of specie 10, 029, 283

$41, 652, 264

Between Hongkong and Great Britain. 16,500,000

Between China and Great Brita in 55, 272, 430

Between China, Germany, France, etc 22,700,469

Between Australia and Great Britain:

New South Wales 88,505,150

Queensland 21,258,125

South Australia 24, 250, 570

Victoria '. 82,256,300

West Australia 3,712,100

219, 982, 245

Between

Australia and Belgium 3,543,470

Australia and Germany 14,651,250

Australia and Switzerland 842, 812

Australia and Sweden and Norway 2, 560, 825

Tasmania and Great Britain 4,051, 610

Philippine Islands 19,372,075

Japan and France 17,592,895

New Caledonia, Tahiti, etc., and France 1,565,812

Between Pacific ports of the United States and

Hongkong 3,238,087

China 5,033,735

Japan 12,540,938

Australia 3,973,754

Philippine Islands 1,613,451

Hawaiian Islands 16,555,725

42, 955, 690

Total 463,243,847

(For analysis and distribution of these tables see pp. 9, 10, and 11.)

In addition to the commerce included in these tables, there is a large business
between Great Britain and the straits settlement and between Holland and Great
Britain and the Dutch East Indies, in which the United States does not now partici-
pate, except to a very limited extent through the Pacific ports, or as purchaser in
the markets of England and Holland. With the development of commerce between
the United States and the coasts of Asia and the Pacific islands consequent upon the
opening of the canal, it will naturally follow that this business, lying so near to the
dividing line, although actually beyond it, shall, to some extent, contribute to the
aggregate of the canal traffic, as being within advantageous reach of voyages from
Atlantic ports of the United States undertaken originally perhaps to other adjacent
points, but xtended to embrace this business incidentally.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

485

To determine the "tonnage equivalent" of the commerce, which enters into the
foregoing tables in the form of values only, the only form in which the information
is accessible in the aggregate, other statistical information furnishes valuable data.

A considerable portion of the aggregate is in low price commodities carried in
large bulk; as the wheat of California and Chile and the nitrates and guano of Chile,
shipped to Europe, and the coal oil of the United States shipped to Japan, China,
and other points o.f destination. The value and bulk of these commodities is defi-
nitely reported, and thus removed from the field of estimate. For -the remainder, a
careful consideration of other well-established statistics will afford a satisfactory
unit of valuation, or an average value per ton, by which may be determined the
bulk represented by so many millions of dollars of value. This method is made neces-
sary by the fact that the shipping returns of tonnage entered and cleared are fre-
quently misleading. In the South American States, the same vessel is often regis-
tered in more than one port of the same country, and is thus made to count twice or
more in the tonnage reports. The only traffic data of those countries, of reliability,
are the values of exports and imports, which, from the channel through which they
are collected customs returns are not apt, at all events, to be exaggerated.

The total foreign commerce of the United States for the year ending June 30, 1890,
is reported as follows (merchandise only) :

Tons.

Value.

Entered cargo only

14, 111, 944

$789, 310, 409

15, 930, 385

845, 293, 828

Total

30, 042, 329

1, 634, 604, 337

Average value of 1 ton, $54.41.

Statistics for Great Britain, France,jtad Germany are as yet complete and accessi-
ble only for the year 1889. in that year the commerce of Great Britain and other
countries was as follows :

Tons.

Value.

Entered, cargo only...........................

28,517,000

427, 595, 442

Cleared, cargo only.............................

33, 048, 000

313,874,970

Total

61, 565, 000

741, 470, 412

Average value of 1 ton, 12 10d=$58.76.

The commerce of France with foreign countries for 1889, by sea, was as follows :

Tons.

Value.

Entered, cargo only

12,835,819

Francs.
3, 670, 000, 000

Cleared, cargo only

9, 397, 239

3, 246, 000, 000

Total

22, 233, 088

0, 916, 000, 000

Average value of 1 ton, 310 francs = $59.52.

Of Germany, the only statistics available for use are those of the port of Hamburg,
which is the principal port of entry of the German Empire. They are as follows :

Tons.

Value.

Entered cargo only...... .. .......

4, 469, 698

Marks.
1,245,581,000

Cleared, cargo only.

3, 496, 303

1, 206, 415, 000

Total

7, 966, 001

2,451,996 000

ATerajjo value of 1 ton, 307 marks $73.33.

486 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY

We have thus the commerce

Tone

Per ton

Of Great Bri tain

61,565,000

$58.70

' ":t:( 088

59 62

7, 966, 001

73.33

Of United Sutes

30, 042, 329

54 48

Making a total of 121,806,415 tons of merchandise, at $58.84 per ton, as its average
value.

It is to be borne in mind that these returns, are of registered tonnage, and the unit
value thus established is for " registered," not actual tons.

In 1890 the wheat and Hour fleet from San Francisco carried 780,000 tons of wheat
and flour, at a valuation of $21,250,000, to Europe. Chile sent 860,000 tons of nitrates,
at a valuation of $27,290,410, and 75,000 tons of wheat, at a valuation of $2,111,412.
Peru sent about 75,000 tons of nitrate and 6,000 tons of guano, at a valuation of
$350,000. Deducting this tonnage at its valuation, viz, 1,796,000 tons, at a value
of $51,011,822, from the total tonnage and valuation of European commerce, viz,
91,764,089 tons, valued at $5,531,784,255, the average tonnage value of the remainder
is $60.90.

In the year 1890 the United States exported coal oil, crude and refined, to the
value of $47,147,163, over 3,300,000 tons in bulk. Deducting this and the tonnage
and value of the wheat exports of California from the total tonnage and value of
the commerce of the United States, the average value of the remainder is $62.23, or
again adding together the value and tonnage of the coal oil traffic and the value and
bulk of the wheat, nitrates, etc., as previously given, and deducting the totals this
time from the total tonnage and valuation of the commerce of the four great mari-
time nations, $7,166,388,592 and tons 121,806,H6, the average value of the remainder
is $60.54 per ton.

From the foregoing, it appears just to assume $62 per ton as a unit of value cer-
tainly not too low wherewith to transmute the values of ordinary commerce, the
bulk of which is unknown, over and above that which is known, into correspondent
tonnage quantities.

Of the exportation of coal oil from the United States, 714,150 tons of illuminating
oil, at a valuation of $13,974,134 was shipped to foreign ports on the Pacific in addi-
tion to large quantities shipped to San Francisco, San Diego, Portland, and other
home ports. Seven million four hundred and seventy-two thousand nine hundred
and sixty gallons, or about 37,000 tons were shipped to San Francisco alone.

Of the large aggregate shipped to foreign ports, the principal portion was trans-
ported by sailing vessels around one or the other of the capes, as such craft could
not avail themselves of the shorter route by Suez, for the reasons before given ; but
as sailing vessels will be able to make use of the Nicaragua Canal, this entire busi-
ness with its increase, will naturally take that route. Three hundred and eighty-
two thousand six hundred and ten tons of it at a valuation of $7,745,740 was carried
between ports included in Table A; 95,000 tons at a valuation of $1,837,481 between
ports in Table B, and 236,540 tons, valued at $4,390,913 was distributed between
British and French East Indies and Ocean ica.

The aggregate of the commerce included in Table A amounts to $315,038,165. Of
this total $21,250,000 represents shipments of wheat from San Francisco to Europe,
780,000 tons; $27,290,410 shipments of nitrates from Chile, 860,000 tons; $2,111,412
shipments of wheat from Chile, 75,000 tons; $350,000 shipments of nitrates and
guano from Peru, 81,000; 7,745,000 shipments of coal oil from United States to ports
in Table A, $382,610 tons; $256,291,343, the remainder of Table A, represents general
traffic between ports indicated. Taken at the average value of $62 per ton it ia
equivalent to 4,133,730 tons.

For existing traffic around Cape Horn and via Isthmus of Panama between ports
of the United States and with British Columbia, estimated at 250,000 tons.

For transcontinental railroad traffic in 1890 California exported from the port of
San Francisco 148,446,150 pounds of canned and dried fruits, including raisins:
1,623,867 cases of canned salmon; 4,500,000 gallons of wines and brandy; 5,734,120
pounds of hops, and 22,662,000 pounds of wool, fully 90 per cent of which was
transported by sail across the continent. Portland, Seattle, Tacoma, and other
cities were also large exporters of like commodities; quantities of shingles were
shipped from Puget Sound and all the places named were large importers of pro-
visions by railroad. At a moderate estimate this business amounted to 250,000 tons:
total, 6,812,340 tons.

The commerce included in Table B, amounting in the aggregate to $463,243,847,
while within the lone of the canal's influence, will be attracted by it only in part.

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 487

The value of coal oil shipped to Central America and the East Indies, Dutch,
French, and British, etc., amounts to $6,228,394, equivalent to (may b regarded as
entirely tributary) 331,540 tons.

(The proportion taken by Central America is small, and therefore need not he
separated in the general estimate.)

The total commerce of the four States of Central America which have their principal
ports on the Pacific amounts to $41,652,264. As coffee constitutes the principal com-
modity of export, it is conceded that the average tonnage value is increased. One hun-
dred dollars is therefore assumed as the unit of value iu this case, at which rate the
valuation is equivalent to 416,652 tons. A small portion of this business is transacted
by the gulf ports ; for this reason 60 per cent only is estimated as tributary to the
canal, say, 250,000 tons.

The commerce of Hongkong, Shanghai, Japan, Australia, Tasmania, the Philip-
pines, and other islands of the Pacific with Europe amounts to $378,635,893. As high-
priced commodities also enter largely into this trade, we assume the same unit of
value per ton as for Central America, say, $100; the equivalent tonnage is 3,786,359
tons. A very large proportion of this trade is now carried in sailing vessels which
make their outward voyage by way of Cape of Good Hope and because of the favor-
ing winds and currents return home by the longer route around Cape Horn.

Conceding that one-half of this total traffic (the outward bound) will not be
affected, it is lair to consider 40 per cent of the remainder, or 20 per cent of the
whole, as tributary, say, 757,272 tons.

The business between Pacific ports of the United States and Hongkong, China,
Japan, Australia, etc., is also in high -priced commodities, and amounts to $42,955,690,
which, taken at $100 per ton, is equivalent to 429,557 tons. It is largely local trade
of the Pacific slope, but some of it is transshipped by rail to Eastern ports; the
proportion tributary is estimated at one-eighth, say, 50,000 tons.

The shipments from the Straits Settlements and the Dutch East Indies to Great
Britain and from the Dutch East Indies to Holland amount, in the aggregate, to a
valuation of $95,472,688, or, at an average per ton of $100, to an equivalent of
954,727 tons. It is not included iu Table B, being more remote and likely to yield
but a small proportion, say, 10 per cent only, 95,473 tons. The aggregate of these
estimates amounts to 8,296,625 tons.

This total may be regarded as the tonnage now existing, which if transit by the
canal were possible to-day, would naturally seek that route and pay its tolls in
preference to following routes which are at present in use.

Statistics show the normal growth of commerce to be at the ratio of about 1 per
cent per annum. Assuming that the canal will be completed and ready for use by
the year 1897, and that the statistics which we have used are for the year 1890, we
may add 7 per cent for natural growth, say 580,760 tons, making in round numbers
8,900,000 tons as the aggregate of the existing freight for which the canal at its
opening will afford the most convenient route for transportation; but this is only
allowing for a normal growth of commerce, but for manifest reasons growth in
greater proportion than usual is to be expected whenever the near prospect of the
canal's completion shall give such assurance of its availability as to induce immi-
gration and warrant merchants in venturing upon new enterprises. Moreover, with
the opening of the canal not only will a new route be provided, but new fields will
be opened to commerce by the more advantageous provision for transport of the com-
modities of commerce, as was argued in the pamphlet on prospective traffic, pub-
lished in 1890. In that pamphlet it was remarked :

" The products of Alaska, as well as of Washington and Oregon, mostly low-priced
commodities furnishing a large bulk of tonnage, will be carried at less cost to East-
ern markets, the markets of the Western coast of South America will be opened to
the low-priced coals of the Southwestern States, and the coasting trade now carried
on with the West Indies to the extent of over 500,000 tons per annum will be multi-
plied beyond calculation. If a traffic of 500,000 tons has been developed between
the United States and the Islands of the Carribean Sea, what may he expected when
the markets of the Pacific coast of Columbia, Mexico, and Central America, of the
States of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and of southern California are opened to
the easy access of coasting vessels f

" In the existing lake and coastwise trade of the United States steel barges carry-
ing from 1,500 to 3,000 tons freight, transported by powerful tugs, are taken at low
cost to market points, and there left to discharge and reload for a return voyage,
while their motive power returns without delay with freights, in similar barges,
made ready for departure before its arrival. Thus movement of freight is accele-
rated, invested capital is made to yield its largest returns, shippers profit by the
possibility of lowered rates and consumers by the possibility of lowered prices. Under
such methods the traffic of the Sault Ste. Marie Canal has developed from 1,567,741
tons in 1881 to the enormous aggregate of 8,388,891 tons in 1891, and is still increas-
ing. And this traffic has grown up in connection with the internal trade only of a
portion of the Northwestern States with the East. Like results will follow similar

488 NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY.

methods, which are equally available in the waters opened jp by the Nicaragua
Canal, and American enterprise will not be slow to avail itself of the unprecedented
opportunity. What people have ever had such an opportunity put before themt"

We have already mentioned the products of the forests and fisheries of Oregon,
Washington, and Alaska, and the products of British Columbia. Returning to the
subject, the following facts will be of interest:

The salmon pack of British Columbia, Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and California
amounted in 1889 to 1,683,800 cases, about 84,200 tons, valued at $9,064,000, exceed-
ing in quantity the pack of 1888 by 527,000 cases ; 680,000 cases of the product was
from Alaska and 422,000 from British Columbia. This is a growing industry. The
pack amounted in 1880 to only 679,490 cases ; in ten years it has increased nearly
250 per cent; by 1897, at the same ratio of increase, it will amount to nearly
3,500,000 cases. Hop-growing as an industry waa commenced in Oregon and Wash-
ington in 1865. In 1889 the product waa 70, 000 bales, regularly quoted and compet-
ing with other goods in the New York market. The fur-seal and whale fisheries a^e
also growing and important industries.

The cultivation of India rubber as an industry in Central America and on the
western coast of California is already attracting attention. The increasing demand
for the gum and the destruction of trees in their natural state by the reckless
hnleros, or native gum-gatherers, makes attention to an artificial supply for future
demands of manufacture imperative. Already large manufacturing corporations in
this country are making plantations to meet it. The huleros are so careless that not
only are they destructive of the trees, but much of the gum brought by them to
market is in bad condition and commands only 26 cents per pound, whereas when
properly collected it is worth as much as 80 cents for the best quality. The tree
grows naturally in Central America and Mexico. The western coast of the last-
named country 'and of southern California between the ocean and 1,800 to 2,000 feet
of elevation above the level of the sea seems particularly favorable to its best
development. A plantation is made with shoots gathered in the forests, and with
proper care will be in condition to yield a crop in six or seven years. A tree in good
condition yields 10 to 12 pounds per annum, and. if not maltreated, continues to
yield year after year, apparently without limit. Its yield is worth, according to
quality which depends chiefly upon its treatment from 50 cents to 80 cents per
pound. This, too, is an industry which will pay tribute to the canal.

But in the forests of the northwestern Pacific coast there already exists material
which needs only the facilities of the canal for its transportation to a favorable
market to yield a tonnage which alone will probably exceed that of all other indus-
tries combined. The wonderful growth of the lumber trade of that section under
present limitations of transportation is an indication of the magnitude to which it
will grow with the opening of new and more extended markets by the shortening
of distances to them on lines within the still waters of the Temperate and Torrid
zones instead of by the routes now existing through the tempestuous seas of the
storm zone.

In 1886 the shipment of lumber from Oregon amounted to 6,000,000 feet, equal to
12,500 tons; in 1887, to 48,000,000 feet, equal to 100,000 tons. In 1888 the amount
cut amounted to 706,985,000 feet, and the shipments abroad to 471,325,000 feet, equal
to 981,925 tons, or nearly 1,000,000 tons.

Concerning the lumber trade with Eastern markets, the Post-Intelligencer, of
Seattle, Wash., published the following under the dates indicated:

"July 11. The sound sawmills (Puget Sound) have lately been filling special
Eastern and Southern orders for extra length stuff. Quite a large number of huge
spars have been lately shipped from sound ports to the East where there is ever an
active market sale for that material.

"July 14. The Puget Sound cedar shingles were first entered in the Eastern mar-
kets five years ago. The demand for them has ever since steadily increased, and
now shingle mills all over the sound are shipping their products East as far as Ohio
(i. e. railroad routes)."

The forests of Maine no longer yield the timber needed for masts and spars of large
vessels. In the forests of Oregon trees grow to 12 feet in diameter and 300 feet in
height. The average length of a cargo of sticks taken to Boston from Puget Sound
by the bark Crapo. in 1890, was 126 feet, and their average diameter 39 inches.
Sixty of these sticks were bought by a shipbuilder of Bath, Me., and were made
into a raft and towed around to his yard. This fact shows how depleted the Maine
forests are of spar timber. Cuba has attempted the importation of luuiberfor build-
ing purposes around Cape Horn, but found the experiment too costly to be continued.
In our Southern States their own hard pine, though less desirable, is taking the
place of soft pine because of advancing prices. . All these demands will be met and
supplied from the Oregon and Washington lumber fields with the opening of the
canal. What this demand and supply will actually amount to is mere conjecture,
but considering the coastwise trade as a whole, including the mahogany, rosewood,

NICARAGUA CANAL COMPANY. 489

iron wood, and teak of Southern Pacific coasts, the growing trade of Central America
in coffee, cocoa, india rubber, mahogany, and other hard woods, the furs of Alaska,
and the seal fisheries, whale oil, wheat, canned salmon, and other products of British
Columbia, Washington, and Oregon, spar timber, and other lumber from the forests,
and our outbound trade in coal, textile fabrics, agricultural implements, machinery,
iron goods, etc., an addition of 1,000,000 tons per annum will be conceded to be
none too great an allowance.

The aggregate of the traffic, apparent at present, from which the canal may be
expected to derive its business and its revenue, amounts, then, to 8,900,000 tons, to
which may be added at least 1,000,000 tons for the traffic mentioned on foregoing
pages, not to speak of those unforeseen and unexpected developments, of which the
commerce of all new countries has always been prolific, whenever increased facili-
ties have afforded more favorable opportunity for an exploitation of the natural
resources of the region. In this respect the opportunity of the Nicaragua Canal is
unique. The countries chiefly brought into nearer contact by the Suez Canal are
old and densely populated. Europe with its population of 101 to the square mile,
and Asia, with a population of 57 to the mile, or, to speak more precisely, England,
France, and Belgium as parts of Europe, and India and China as parts of Asia, have
very few new or untried resources yet remaining open for development. On the
other hand, by the Nicaragua Canal, North America with a population of 14 to the
mile, chiefly east of the Rocky Mountains ; South America with a population of 5
to the mile, and Australia with a population of. only 1.4 to the mile, all of them the
abodes of vigorous, rapidly increasing, and enterprising populations, with as yet
many only partially developed resources, the magnitude and value of which are
already shown by such essays as have been possible under existing circumstances
to be almost incalculable, are brought nearer to each other and into closer connec-
tion with Europe, by a channel of communication through a country unsurpassed in
its natural beauties and resources, possessing a climate exceptionally healthy, which
from its natural characteristics must, when facilities for travel are afforded, become
a pleasure resort for travelers from all parts of the world.

It would seem that if the conditions for an unprecedented growth of population,
commerce, and material prosperity ever existed anywhere, they exist here to a
degree never before exceeded. The great success of the canal at Suez, not only in
respect of its returns to those who ventured their capital in its construction, but
more especially in the realization of all the advantages to commerce which were
predicted of it by its projectors, is an assurance that the Nicaragua Canal, when
completed, will find commerce ready to avail itself, at once, of its advantages,
instead of waiting until the more venturesome spirits shall have tried them and
proved their merits. Because of the great success at Suez, the advantages of canal
transit have ceased to be subject of experiment, and have become demonstrated facts.
The business of the Nicaragua Canal, therefore, will not be of small beginnings and
slow growth, but will at once assume a magnitude commensurate with the oppor-
tunity ; and it is not unreasonable to expect that of the 9,900,000 tons estimated as
within the zone of attraction, at least two-thirds, or, say, 6,500,000 tons, will seek
the new route for transit as early as within the second year of its operation.

If the canal tolls be fixed at $2.50 per ton this amount of traffic will yield a gross
revenue of $16,250,000.

The cost of maintenance and operation of the canal after its completion can
not be large. The route is made up principally of broad stretches of water, with
natural banks, or of cuttings through solid rock, which, once made, will be perma-
nent ; and there are no sands drifting from widespread desert plains, as at Suez, to
fill its channel continually and make necessary large and unceasing expense for
heavy dredging. The cost of maintenance must, from the nature of things, there-
fore, be moderate. The operation of the lock of the Sault Ste. Marie Canal, which
passed nearly 7,500,000 tons in the season of 1890-'91, together with all other expenses
of that canal for that year, amounted to $45,417. Allowing $50,000 for each of
the 6 locks of the Nicaragua Canal for operating alone, and making a similarly
liberal allowance for maintenance, administration, and all other expenses, the total
annual cost can not exceed $1,500,000, which, on an annual traffic of 6,500,000 tons,
at the rate of toll suggested, shows a net revenue of $14,750,000, or 5 per cent on a
total capitalization of $295,000,000 to be realized immediately upon the attainment
by the enterprise of such a condition of advancement as will afford opportunity
for demonstration of its capabilities.

What the growth of its traffic and revenue may be from this point is, of course, a
matter of conjecture, but in view of all the contingent conditions it can not fail to
be large and rapid, and it is not unreasonable to believe that although the canal
has been projected with a view to the accommodation of a large traffic, its capacity,
before many years shall have passed, will be taxed to the utmost.
[See Senate Report No. 1142, Fifty -second Congress, second session, p. 410; Senate
Report No. 1944, Fifty-first Congress, second session, p. 187. J

490 PACIFIC CABLES.

FIFTY-FOURTH CONGRESS. FIRST SESSION.

May 6, 1896.
[Senate Report No. 871.]

Mr. Frye, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted the
following report :

The Committee on Foreign Relations have considered the several
bills referred to it to facilitate the construction and maintenance of
telegraphic cables in the Pacific Ocean for the use of the Government
in its foreign intercourse, and submit the following report:

The exigencies of commerce and the public necessity of intercourse
between the United States and the Hawaiian Islands have prompted
for ten years past various steps taken in Congress toward the estab-
lishment of a line of telegraph to Honolulu. The Senate at its last
session by a decisive vote adopted, and the House by a large minority
supported, a joint resolution directing the immediate construction of
such a line at the sole expense of the United States, and this action
was fully justified by existing conditions. For almost a century the
interest of the American people in the Hawaiian Islands lias never
flagged. While the great powers of Europe have been appropriating
to themselves the many valuable and strategic spots on the world's
map, whereby to open up new markets for their products, or afford
protection to their commerce and bases for their naval operations, the
"manifest destiny" of Hawaii has so plainly placed those islands
within the circle of American influence and protection that the whole
world has stood aloof, and by common consent recognized their ulti-
mate coalescence with the Republic of the United States.

Located in latitude 19 to 22 north and longitude 80 west from
Washington, the Hawaiian Islands are the center of a circle embracing
an area equal to one-tenth of the world's surface within which there
is included no other island or group of importance to commerce, travel,
or a naval establishment. They are the nearest land westward of the
United States, and in the opinion of the late commander of our Army,
Gen. John M. Schofield, who made a personal inspection of their posi-
tion, harbors, etc. , "constitute the only natural outpost to the defenses
of the Pacific coast."

Regarding the importance of their position, and the menace to our
western coast their possession would be in the hands of any rival gov-
ernment, we have not only declared against the interference by any
foreign power in their concerns, but have arrogated to ourselves the
right of influencing their interests. To this end a treaty of reciprocity
was entered into between the two Governments, January 30, 1875, by
which certain products were to be received from and into the two coun-
tries " free of duty," and in which it was agreed on the part of Hawaii
as follows:

It is agreed on the part of His Hawaiian Majesty that, so long as this treaty
shall remain in force, he will not lease or otherwise dispose of. or create any lien
upon any port, harbor, or other territory in his dominions, or grant any special
privilege or rights of use therein to any other power, state, or government, nor
make any treaty by which any other nation shall obtain the same privileges, rela-
tive to the admission of any articles free of duty, hereby secured to the United
States.

In the year 1887 this treaty was renewed and extended by the two
Governments, with the following agreement on the part of Hawaii:

ARTICLE II. His Majesty the King of the Hawaiian Islands grants to the Gov-
ernment of the United States the exclusive ri^ht to enter the harbor of Pearl

PACIFIC CABLES. 491

River, in the island of Oahu, and to establish and maintain there a coaling and
repair station for the use of vessels of the United States; and to that end the
United States may improve the entrance to said harbor and do all other things
needful to the purpose aforesaid.

While the Government of the United States has not as yet availed
itself of the privilege and "exclusive right to enter the harbor of
Pearl River," it is more than probable that such action will be taken
in the near future. It bras been demonstrated by practical investiga-
tion and experiment that the cost of improving the entrance to said
harbor, so as to admit any ship of the United States Navy, would be
less than $200,000. The value to the vessels of our Pacific squadron
in being able to anchor in the clear, fresh waters of Pearl River, and
thereby counteract the effect of the salt water and the ravages of
insects, would alone pay for the expenditure of a much greater sum.

As a rendezvous for our Navy, from whence by means of telegraphic
communication vessels can be instantly ordered to any part of the
world, the importance of Pearl River Harbor to the United States is
incalculable.

Looking, then, to the establishing of telegraphic communication
simply in the light of self-interest, the Government of the United
States can not afford to neglect any opportunity for securing such com-
munication upon favorable terms and acquiring such "exclusive con-
trol " as may be necessary to protect the interests of the Government.

The committee has found in the situation which resulted in the
proposed contract an opportunity to secure the desired result, and
with it the much larger end of direct connection with the telegraph
system of Japan, which in its turn connects with China, India, Aus-
tralia, and much of the world that is now reached from the United
States only by making almost the circuit of the world.

This is brought within reach upon terms that relieve the United
States from the first cost and risk of maintenance, as well as from
the aspects of commercial venture. The price for private messages
is limited almost to one-third what is now charged per word from the
United States to Japan, while communication with Hawaii is provided
at but 10 cents per word more than the price which competition has
established for the multitudinous messages crossing the Atlantic.

The situation which permitted this arose from^a concession made in
August, 1895, by the Hawaiian Government to a* citizen of the United
States long identified with Hawaiian industries, which contemplates
the laying of a telegraphic cable from Honolulu to the United States,
and also an interisland telegraphic system, placing the whole of that
country in communication with it.

In aid of that undertaking the concession provides an annual sub-
sidy of $40,000 for twenty years, and bestows for the same period an
exclusive right of landing. The latter has its value and doubtless
had its cause in the growing activity of Australian and Canadian
interests in seeking the cooperation of the English Government in the
establishment of a telegraph line from Canada to Australia, to which
a landing on one of the Hawaiian Islands is considered indispensa-
ble on account of electrical limitations that are necessarily involved.
The value of priority lies in the fact that it may be regarded as for
a long time to be exclusive, until such time as a second line can be
regarded as a profitable venture, the first line being able to duplicate
its cables at much less cost and risk.

This advantage of priority in crossing the Pacific the Hawaiian
people have tendered to the United States, with access in addition to

492 PACIFIC CABLES.

all of their own islands. As first offered to the committee it involved
only aline to the Hawaiian Islands. Against this it was reasonably
urged that large interests exist which would materially suffer by the
loss of profits now enjoyed from tolls on telegraphic messages between
the United States and trans- Pacific points, and which for that reason
could afford to invest in a cable from the United Sial es to Honolulu, if
that could be used to prevent the building of a through line across the
Pacific. The result is a proposed through line, to be guarantied by a
deposit immediately upon the passage of the bill and with payments
to be suspended in case of protracted interruption.

The Hawaiian Government, on its part, to secure immediate con-
struction, has conditioned the continuing validity of its grant upon
the rendering of "substantial assistance" by the United States, ami
also upon the further condition that the contractor commence work by
May 1, 1897, thus reserving to that people the right and power in case
their overture to the United States shall be declined to avail them-
selves of the movement to lay a cable from Canada to Australia, and
secure for themselves and their commerce through English channels
telegraphic connection with the world. To this aspect of the situation
Canadian interests, governmental, commercial, railway, and telegraph,
are actively alive.

Rival lines Canadian and American of steamers between Japan
and North America are already supported by the commerce of Japan.
That commerce itself goes naturally to either country and to its trans-
portation and telegraph lines in proportion to the facilities accorded.

The imports and exports of the United States from and to Japan
for the year ending June 30, 1895, were in the aggregate $28,330,674.
The function of the telegraphic cable, not merely in determining the
relative facilities of intercourse but in developing new commerce by
reason of the new facilities, seems obvious.

It may be said here, properly, that if a cable is laid from San Fran-
cisco to Japan there is reason to suppose that the proposed Australian
line will be built from Australia to Honolulu only, and connect that
country with North America by that means.

The commerce of the Hawaiian Islands is not only chiefly with the
United States, but in a sense which is unfortunately rare, is carried in
vessels belonging to this country. Of 390 voyages made from the
United States to Hawaii during the year 1893-94, 351 were made by
vessels of this country. That these ships should be at the termination
of each voyage distant on an average three weeks from communication
with home, distant as nowhere else within commercial regions, is at
least a wide departure from the policy of Great Britain, which has
under subsidy not less than 10,000 miles of cable extending into the
remotest commercial regions, at an annual cost to the Government of
that country of $450,000. The average rate of these subsidies ($45 per
mile) is about $20 per mile in excess of the sum which in this case it is
proposed to pay for a limited period, the messages of the United States
to be carried free not only during that period, but in perpetuity.

In large proportion, also, proprietary interests in Hawaii are owned
or operated, or both, by citizens of the United States. The commit-
tee regard this consideration also as of weight in determining the
propriety of seconding such American effort in this direction as would
result from enabling them to direct by telegraph, in case of need,
their interests in either country.

The extent to which the interests of the nation as such are involved
may be seen by the fact that every telegraphic cable now crossing

PACIFIC CABLES. 493

the Atlantic from North America has its starting point in Nova
Scotia. In the event of any severance of peaceful relations with
Great Britain, communication by that channel would, of course, be
immediately and, as it were, automatically closed and this country be
dependent for telegraphic communication upon cables crossing the
Atlantic from Brazil to Portugal, with all of the contingencies which
that situation would involve, while the construction of a trans-Pacific
cable, such as the bill provides for, would maintain direct communi-
cation by a channel not likely in any case to be involved at the same
time with hostile measures.

The economic value, also, to the Government of such a line is illus-
trated by the fact that more than once within the past two years
steam vessels of the Government have been dispatched posthaste to
Honolulu and return, while only within the past few months a United
States vessel of war was some time overdue and was the cause of grave
apprehension for two weeks or more after the time when her arrival
and safety at Honolulu would have been known if communication by
telegraph were in existence. These matters of the past are liable at
any day to be repeated on a scale of transcendent consequence if the
situation arrives in any quarter to make immediate and active con-
trol of its war vessels on the Pacific indispensable to the United States
at a time when communication by telegraph between the United States
and Europe via Nova Scotia is cut off.

The committee, as has been said, have preferred to report a bill for
the construction and maintenance of the proposed cable by a private
company, rather than a bill providing for its construction and main-
tenance by the United States, such as passed the Senate at the begin-
ning of this year. They prefer this course, although an assignment
and transfer to the United States is freely offered without charge and
without other condition than that the contractor's obligations under
it to the Hawaiian Government be performed by the United States.
The construction proposed by the bill which in February passed the
Senate was to Honolulu only. The construction now proposed is to
the coast of Japan. The cost and risk of maintenance, in their judg-
ment, are such as the United States should not avoidably incur, save
for a strictly public purpose, while possible entanglements with for-
eign countries may be found easier of solution in the absence, rather
than in the presence, of property belonging directly to the United
States.

The question of whether or not the payment of $160,000 a year for
twenty years is reasonable was considered by your committee. They
find that the cost of the cable, laid and in condition to be operated,
will be at least $3,000,000; the cost of a cable steamer, fittings, etc.,
$400,000. The annual interest on these sums at 4 per cent would be
$136,000. The maintenance of the ship would cost $125,000 a year;
operating expenses of the cable, $75,000 a year; breakage, repairs,
etc., $250,000 a year for the first five years, making a total annual
cost of $586,000.

These figures were obtained in part by Mr. Spalding, who represents
the Pacific Cable Company, a New Jersey corporation, and in part
from Mr. Schrymser, president of the Pacific Cable Corporation of N ew
York.

As to the reasonableness of the annual charge of $250,000 for the
first five years for maintenance, repairs, etc., the committee annex
a letter from President Schrymser, dated New York, February 8,
1896.

494 PACIFIC CABLES.

Tried by this test, which is belirved to be a fair one, the aunual
cost for maintenance alone of a cable from the United States to Japan
by way of Honolulu, or by any other route, must be largely in excess of
the total amount payable under the bill now reported by the United
States.

The bill has been made to provide that the arrangement shall be by
contract with the United States through the I '<! master-General and
the lowest bidder therefor, and shall be completed and continue under
the supervision of that officer, because the telegraph being part of the
machinery of communication such governmental control as is in diflVr-
ent countries exercised is uniformly exercised through their respec-
tive postal departments, and that course has been pursued hitherto
by the United States. The contract relation is brli< -vrd to secure to
the United States better control than a mere grant would do, while it
is accepted by the company as giving to the grant an increased aspect
of stability.

Your committee therefore recommend the accompanying bill as a
substitute for those referred.

PACIFIC CABLE COMPANY, 37 AND 39 WALL STREET,

New York, February 8, 1896.

MY DEAR SIR: Referring to the statement I made to your committee as to the
probable annual cost of repairs to the proposed cable between the United States
and Hawaii, length being 2,433 miles, I now give you the following information
respecting the cost of repairs and the amounts of reserve for repairs and renewals
of the various cable companies:

Direct United States Cable Company. This company's cable is 2,564 miles in
length, and was laid bet ween Ireland and Nova Scotia in 1875, twenty years ago.
Its reserve fund, accumulated during that time, is 305.005, say $1 ,500,000. It is
stated that if the company were to be suddenly brought to its beam ends it would
be short of the amount rf quired to provide a new cable.

You will understand that it is the aim of all well -managed cable companies to
provide a fund that will cover all repairs and also be sufficient to renew their
cables, say, in twenty years, that being the estimated life of a deep-sea cable.

One repair of the Direct Cable Company's cable cost that company 58,814
($294,700).

Western Union Cable Company. This company has two cables between England
and Nova Scotia, each being about 2,562 miles in length. These cables were laid
in 1881-82. The company has had two interruptions to their cables, one of which
lasted just short of a year, the other somewhat over a year. The steamer Faraday,
of 8,000 tons, was employed on the last repair expedition, at a cost of $1,5<X)
a day. She was out for over four months, being unable to make repairs, owing
to bad weather. The steamer was obliged to remain in port for two months until
fair weather would justify the work. She was again at sea for nearly two months,
during which time nothing was heard from her, and it was feared that she had
been lost. However, she recovered the cable and repaired it. It is known these
two repairs cost over $500,000. which includes the cost of the new cable employed
in the repair.

French Cable Company. This cable was laid between the coast of France and
the island of St. Pierre, off Nova Scotia, in 1879. It is 2,281 miles in length.
This company was unable to accumulate a reserve fund, owing to frequent inter-
ruptions. Its cable was interrupted during last June, since which time the steam-
ers Faraday and Aragn have been engaged endeavoring to make repairs, at an
expense of $1,500 a day. The Arago left St. Johns December 23, 1895, and has not
been heard of since that date.

Eastern Telci/i-n/,/! < 'omp'iiiy. The cables of this company are of all ages,
lengths, and weight, the seas in which they are laid differing very much as to the
type of cable used. Its reserve fund amounts to 422,000 ($2,110,000), and in the
opinion of the chairman the reserve fund should be double that amount.

Mexican Telegraph Company. This company operates 704 miles of cable between
Galveston, Tex., and Vera Cruz, Mexico. It is a coast line and in water of about
100 fathoms in depth, therefore easily repaired at any season, and yet the board of

PACIFIC CABLES. 495

directors have deemed it prudent to carry to reserve $1,007,000 during the past
thirteen years, averaging 77,461 per annum. You will observe that this cable has
nothing like the risks of a remote deep-sea Pacific cable. It is about one-third the
length of the proposed United States-Hawaii cable, and yet we have averaged a
reserve fund of $77,461 annually for repairs and renewals.

These figures fully sustain my statement that it would be prudent to reserve at
least 200,000 or $250,000 a year for the first five years to provide for the repair
and renewal of the proposed United States-Hawaii cable. You will bear in mind
that repairs in the Pacific Ocean will be at greater depths than in the North
Atlantic, and that all cable and material will have to be transported thousands of
miles, which will largely increase the cost as compared with repairs between Eng-
land and the United States. No one can foretell the amount of cable necessary
for a deep-sea repair. The Anglo-American Telegraph Company expended in
1894 in repairing its 1874 cable between Valencia and Hearts Content 74,360
($371,800), of which amount a little over 56,000 ($280,000) was for a new cable
inserted.

I think I have given you sufficient proof that it would require a reserve of
$250,000 a year to provide for the repairs and renewals on a cable between United
States and Hawaii for the first five years, and thereafter at least $150,000 a year
should be carried to reserve fund for that purpose.

I have the honor to remain, yours, very respectfully,

JAMES A. SCRYMSER, President.
Hon. WILLIAM P. FRYE,

United States Senator, Washington, D. C

This agreement, made this 12th day of August, A. D. 1895, by and between San-
ford Ballard Dole, President of the Republic of Hawaii, for himself and his suc-
cessors in office and in behalf of the Hawaiian Government, and by and with the
consent of the cabinet, party of the first part, hereinafter called -'the Govern-
ment, "and Zephaniah Swift Spalding, of Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, party of
the second part, hereinafter called " the contractor," witnesseth:

AGREEMENTS BY THE GOVERNMENT.

ARTICLE I. Grant of exclusive franchise.

SECTION 1. In consideration of the covenants, agreements, and undertakings
hereinafter contained on the part of the contractor or his representatives or assigns
to be kept or performed, the said party of the first part, in the exercise of the power
to him granted by the provisions of an act entitled ' 'An act to facilitate the con-
struction and maintenance of telegraphic cables in the Pacific," approved on the
12th day of August, A. D. 1895, and of every other power, if any, him hereunto
enabling, doth hereby grant, concede, and confirm unto the contractor and his
representatives and assigns, upon the terms and conditions hereinafter contained,
the sole and exclusive privilege and franchise for and during the full term of
twenty years from the 1st day of November, A. D. 1895, to construct or land upon
the shores of the Hawaiian group a submarine electric telegraph cable or cables
to or from any point or points on the North American Continent or any island
or islands contiguous thereto.

SEC. 2. Cable to terminate at San Francisco and be maintained for twenty years.
Provided, however, and this agreement is upon these express conditions, viz, that
the first cable which shall or may be constructed or laid under this franchise, and
for the maintenance of which a subsidy is herein agreed to be paid, shall have its
eastern terminus at or near San Francisco, Cal., and its western terminus at or
near Honolulu, and shall be maintained in working order in conformity with and
subject to the specifications, conditions, and agreements hereinafter contained for
the full term of this agreement.

SEC. 3. Exclusive grant not to conflict with treaty rights of foreign governments.
And further, that this grant shall not be construed to prevent any foreign govern-
ment, having existing treaty rights with the Republic of Hawaii allowing any such
government so to do, to land a cable upon the Hawaiian group for other than com-
mercial purposes from any point on the North American Continent.

ARTICLE II. Grant of subsidy .

SECTION 1. Amount and term of subsidy. And the Government doth hereby
further covenant with the contractor and his representatives and assigns, that
there shall be paid to him, his representatives or assigns, by the Government of the

496 PACIFIC CABLES.

Hawaiian Islands, upon the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth, subject to
ratification hereof by the legislature of the Republic of Hawaii, an annual subsidy
of $40,000, gold coin of the United States, for and during the period of twenty
years from the date of the establishment by the contractor, or his representatives
or assigns, of telegraphic communication between the city of Honolulu, in the
Republic of Hawaii, and a point at or near San Francisco, Cal. ; and between the
said city of Honolulu and the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, and Kauai.

SEC. 2. Time and place of /xti/iii''nl of *///.-/<///. Such subsidy shall be paid to
the contractor, his representatives or assigns, at the treasury of the Govern nn-nt
in said Honolulu, by the minister of finance of the Government, or his successor
in office, in equal quarterly installments of $10,000 each, during each and all of the
years of said above-mentioned term of twenty years.

Subject, however, to suspension or cancellation upon the terms and conditions
hereinafter set forth.

SEC. ?>. Grant conditioned upon beginning and completion of cable upon specified
dates, and performance of other ui/re, nn-uts. Provided, however, and this agree-
ment is upon these further express conditions, viz:

(a) That the contractor and his representatives and assigns shall not be entitled
to such exclusive franchise, nor to the payment of such subsidy, nor any part
thereof, unless the construction of such cables shall begin on or before the 1st
day of May, A. D. 1897, and such telegraphic communication be established not
later than the 1st day of November. A. D. 1898.

(b) And further, that the Government of the United States shall join in this
undertaking by the grant of substantial assistance to the contractor, his repre-
sentatives or assigns.

And provided further, That upon the failure to obtain the assistance of the
United States Government, as herein specified, or upon the breach by or failure
of the contractor, his representatives or assigns, to perform or observe all or any
of the terms, agreements, or conditions herein contained, the party of the lirst
part or his- successors in office may cancel and terminate this agreement, and all
obligations on the part of the Government thereunder, by notifying the contractor,
his representatives or assigns, of such cancellation and termination, by delivering
a written notice thereof at the house of Bishop & Co. , in said Honolulu, not less
than sixty days before such cancellation and termination shall take place.

But the rights and privileges of the contractor and his representatives and
assigns under this agreement shall not be terminated by his or their failure to
begin the construction of the cable herein provided for. and establish communica-
tion thereon as herein provided for. upon the dates herein specified, or upon or by
reason of any other breach of any condition, or any failure to keep or observe any
covenant or agreement herein contained on the part of the contractor, or his repre-
sentatives or assigns, to be kept or performed, unless and until the Government
shall in writing notify him or them that it has canceled this agreement by reason
of such breach or failure, by delivering such written notice at the said house of
Bishop & Co. not less than sixty days before the date upon which such termina-
tion and cancellation are to take effect.

SEC. 4. Suspension of subsidy during temporary failure of cable. (c) And
further that in case of a failure or interruption of efficient electrical connection
and communicating power over the said cable or cables between the points herein-
after specified, or any of them, for a period of more than ninety consecutive days,
from any cause other than governmental restraint or illegal obstruction, the Gov-
ernment shall not be bound to pay the sa : d subsidy in full, but may deduct there-
from a proportionate amount for the period of such interruption, as follows: For
the time of failure or interruption of such communication between San Francisco
and the Hawaiian Islands beyond said term of ninety consecutive days, at the rate
of $30,000 per annum; for the time of failure or interruption of such communica-
tion between the said islands, or any of them, beyond said term of ninety con-
secutive days, at the rate of $10,000 per annum.

SEC. 5. Cancellation of contract in cast- of failure for one year. And provided
further, That if the said line or lines, or either of them, shall fail to furnish such
communication for a period exceeding one year beyond such term of ninety con-
secutive days, then and in such case the Government may, at its option, cancel
this contract as far as it refers to the line or system so interrupted, and it shall
thereupon be freed from all obligations to pay any further subsidy on account of
the line or system so interrupted.

That is to say, if the line upon which such communication is so interrupted shall
be a part of the interisland cable system it shall be relieved from the obligation to
pay $10,000 per annum of said subsidy.

And if the interruption of such communication for such period be on the line
between San Francisco and Honolulu, it shall be relieved from the obligation to

PACIFIC CAKLES. 497

pay $30,000 per annum of such subsidy, and the grant of an exclusive franchise to
lay and maintain a cable to or from the North American Continent to the Hawai-
ian group, and of all other rights and privileges referring or relating to such line
or system herein contained shall thereupon and thereby become and be null and
void.

ARTICLE III. Other privileges.

SECTION 1. Rights of way and building site*. And the Government doth hereby
further grant to the contractor, bis representatives and assigns, for the said term
of twenty years, the free use of a right of way across all Government lands for the
landing of any such cab'e or cables, or the construction of any land lines connect-
ing the same, and of suitable sites on any Government lands which may beapproved
by the Government, for the construction of sf-ations and storehouses for the main-
tenance or operation of the cable or cables, and doth covenant with the contractor,
his representatives and assigns, that during the period of twenty years from the
date of the establishment by the contractor, his representatives or assigns, of tel-
egraphic communication between the said city of Honolulu and the other points
herein specified, the contractor, his representatives and assigns, shall continue to
have the free use of such rights of way and sites.

SEC. 2. Exemption from duties. And also that dui'ing the said term of twenty
years there shall be admitted into the Republic, free of all duties, all material to
be used exclusively in the construction, maintenance, or operation of any such
cable or cables.

SEC. 8. Exemption from taxes. And also that for the said term of twenty years
no taxes shall be levied upon the property of the contractor, his representatives or
assigns, located in the Republic, belonging to or connected with such cable or
cables, and necessary or properly appurtenant to the construction, maintenance,
or operation of such cable or cables.

SEC. 4. Exemption from port charges. And also that during such term of twenty
years 110 harbor or port dues or charges, except pilotage, shall be levied upon or
collected from any vessel or vessels exclusively engaged in laying or maintaining
any such cable or cables, or which may be stationed in the waters of the Republic
for such purposes.

SEC. 5. Grant of power of eminent domain, And also that during such term of
twenty years the contractor, his representatives and assigns, shall have the power
and privilege to condemn and appropriate, according to law, such property or
rights of way as may be necessary for the construction, maintenance, or operation
of such cable or cables and the land connections thereof.

ARTICLE IV. Location and equipment of lines.

SECTION 1. Specification of location of lines. In consideration of the several
grants and covenants of the Government hereinbefore contained, the contractor,
for himself and his representatives and assigns, doth hereby covenant to and agree
with the said party of the first part, and his successors in office, that he, the said
contractor, his representatives or assigns, will, on or before the 1st day of May,
A. D. 1897, begin to construct the cables necessary to connect the several points
herein specified, and that he, the said contractor, his representatives or assigns,
will, on or before the 1st day of November, A. D. 1898, construct, complete, lay,
equip, and establish in efficient working condition cables as follows:

From a point on the west coast of California, at or near the city of San Fran-
cisco, to a point at or near the said city of Honolulu.

And also from the island of Hawaii, at or near Kawaihae, to the island of Maui,
at or near Nuu.

And also from the island of Maui, at or near Napili, to the island of Molokai, at
or near Pukoo.

And also from the island of Molokai, at or near its west point, to the island of
Oahu. at or near Waikiki.

And also from the island of Oahu, at or near Waianea, to the island of Kauai, at
or near Nawiliwili.

And also will construct all necessary stations and connections, so as to make
such cable and cables available for communication to and from each of such islands.

The landing places at the several termini mentioned shall be at such points on
the said respective shores as shall be determined by the engineer in charge of the
work.

- S. Doc. 231, pt 4 32

408 PACIFIC CABLES.

SRf. 2. Inlerisland land lines. And the contractor doth further covenant with
the Government that he, his representatives or assigns, will, on or be* ore the said
1st day of November. A. D. 1898, construct and equip and connect with such cable
and cables all necessary land lines and stations on each of the said enumerated
islands, s > that efficient telegraphic communication may be maintained l*tween
Honolulu and a point at or near said San Francisco, and between ' ionolu u and each
of the said islands, and between each of said islands and any other of said islands.

SEC. 3. Maintenance of line*. And further, that after snchca: les and land l.nes
are so constructed, laid, and placed in operation the said cab es and laud lines,
and each and every one of them, shall be, during the term of twenty years 1 here-
ai'ter. continuously and fully equipped, operated, and maintained, so that the
same shall and will constitute and form reliable means of telegraphic communica-
tion between the points enumerated.

S :< . I. I'rorixii for ili-ln,/ in wrtnin case*. Pror/'/. /, Jnniwer, That if any delay
.n constructing, laying, and completing the said cable or cables shall be caused or
arise from any strike, lockout, or other combination preventing the contractor's
\vor.;s, or any of the trades or occupations upon which the contractor, his rep-
resentatives or assigns, or manufacturers of cable from which lie is or they are
obtaining the cable, shall be dependent in carrying out any contract or work
ne -essary to the proper fulfillment of the contract, or shall be caused by an}'
restraints or obstructions occasioned by any governmental authority, or otherwise
than by the default of said contractor, his representatives or assigns, then or in
any such case the time for completing such cable or cables shall be extended for
such period or periods as shall be certified to be reasonable by a competent elec-
trical engineer, who shall be approved by the Government.

SEC. 5. Exemption of contractor from liahil/ti/ innli-r n-rtnin <<>//</// /Vm.v. And
limi'ided further. That the contractor, his representatives or assigns, shall not be
responsible in damages to the Government for any delay or failure in manufac-
turing or laying the said cable or cables, except such as may be caused by the cul-
pable neglect of the contractor, his representatives, agents, or assigns, in carrying
out the terms of this agreement, the true intent and meaning of this agreement
being that the contractor, his representatives and assigns, shall take all reason-
able precautions and use their best endeavors to construct. lay. and operate the
said cable or cables between the said respective points within the time specified.
but that he and they shall not be responsible in damages if he and they shall bona
fide use his or their best efforts to accomplish such obje. t.

ARTICLE V. Ownership of interisland lines.

SECTION 1. Government option to assume ownership of interi'slnml ]/?.<*. And
the contractor, for himself and his representatives and assigns, cloth hereby I ur-
ther covenant with the Government that, if so requested in writing by thv Govern-
ment within one year after the said interisland cable svslem is completed, he, the
contractor, or his representatives or assigns, shall and will sell, transfer, and con-
vey to the Government all of the said interis'and cable and cables, and the equip-
ment, stations, and appurtenances, po'es and land lines, and everything thereunto
appertaining, charging and receiving therefor only the actual cash cost of the said
land lines, stations, and equipments, and making no charge for the construction,
laying, or furnishing of such submarine cables.

"SEC. 2 GorfnitJit'iit titl j ! 'ntcr;s.'un,l i-nnli^ to !><> fri'/' from nil liens. If the Gov-
ernment shall so acquire such interisland cable system it sha I acquire and hold it
free from any obligation to pay any indebtedness or any bond or bonds or interest
thereon, or any part thereof , which may have been incurred, created, or executed
in. upon, or concerning the same and free from any and every other debt, obliga-
tion, and lien of any kind whatever.

But nothing herein contained shall be so construed that such acquiring of such
inter sland cable system shall release the Government from the obligation of con-
tinuing to pay the full amount of the subsidy hereinbefore gran ted.

SEC. S. (lori'rinin nt <icti>iinition of inti rixlund t-ulili- t<> jr/co.sr ronfmctor from
rex)i<>iixihility therefor. If the said interisland cable system shall be so acquired
by the Government, the maintenance and operation, and all costs, charges, and
expenses of maintaining and operating such interisland cable so conveyed shall,
from the date of such conveyance, be conducted, borne, and sustained by the Gov-
ernnv nt: and the contractor, his representatives and assigns, shall, from and after
such date, be re ieved from all responsibility and expense for or concerning such
system, and no interruption i/r failure of communication occurring in such inter-
island cable system after the same shall have been so acquired by. the Government
sha 1 work, or i.e made the cause, d rectly or indirectly, of the suspension or for-
feiture of the subsidy hereby gran.ed, or any patt ti.ereof, or be made a ground
for the forfeiture of this agreement or any privilege thereby granted.

PACIFIC CABLES. 499

ARTICLE VI. Use of cable ship.

And the contractor, for himself and his representatives and assigns ; doth further
covenant with the Government: That if the said interisland cable shall be so con-
.veyrd to the Government, the contractor, his representatives and assigns, will at
all times allow the cable-repairing ship owned by or controlled by him or them to
be used by the Government in the repair or replacing of any of the cables in such
interisland system, charging therefor only the actual c ash outlay of the contractor,
his representative* or assigns, in making such repairs or replacement.

ARTICLE VII. Specifications of size, weight, materials, and efficiency of cables.

And the contractor doth hereby further covenant with the Government that the
manufacture, size, and weight of the material used in and the method of storing
and laying the said cable and cables shall be in accordance with the several speci-
fications hereunto annexed, and made a part of this agreement.

And further, that all of such cable or cables so to be constructed, laid, equipped,
operated, and maintained, and all instruments and appliances shall and will be
manufactured and constructed throughout in a good and workmanlike manner
and of the best materials.

And further, that each and every of the said sections of cable shall, during the
said term of twenty years, be continuously, except as herein provided, capable of
efficiently transmitting not less than fifteen words per minute between the several
points herein specified.

And further, that during the said term of twenty years efficient operators shall
be maintained at each of the stations on said lines, who shall and will transmit
over said cable lines all messages at such stations received for transmission at such
rate of speed for the rates of tariff herein provided for.

ARTICLE VIII. Schedule of rates.

SECTION 1. Interisland rates. And the contractor, for himself and his repre-
sentatives and assigns, doth hereby further covenant with the Government that
during the continuance of the terms of this agreement the maximum charge for
messages transmitted over the said interisland cable system, from the point of
receiving such messages to its point of destination, shall not exceed the following
prescribed limit, viz, not to exceed 10 cents for each word so transmitted.

Pnn-ided, however, That it shall not be obligatory upon the contractor, his rep-
resentatives or assigns, to send any message for less than $1.

SEC. 2. Foreign rates. And further, that during such period the maximum rates
for the transmission of any message, other than Government messages, to or from
the Hawaiian Islands over such cable between Honolulu and San Francisco, shall
be such as shall be agreed upon in any contract which shall be made between the
contractor, his representatives or assigns, and the United States Government, not
exceeding 1 per word, and any contract with such Government shall prescribe a
maximum scale of rates.

And further, that if telegraphic communications shall be hereafter established
between the Hawaiian Islands and Australasia or Japan the rate to be charged for
any message transmitted from Honolulu to San Francisco, or from San Francisco
to Honolulu, shall not exceed a pro rata proportion, based on distance, of the reg-
ular rate for transmitting a similar message to or from San Francisco and Austral-
asia or Japan.

And further, that messages from Honolulu to points beyond San Francisco shall
not be charged higher rates beyond San Francisco than the rates which the con-
tractor may be charged for the transmission of the same.

SEC. 3. Press rates. And f urthur, that the rates for ordinary messages or items
of news to any newspaper or news bureau of the Republic of Hawaii (commonly
known as press messages) shall not exceed one-half the rate which shall be charged
for other messages, excepting messages to or from the Hawaiian Government, or
any officer thereof in his official capacity, or to or from any foreign government.

Provided, hoivever, That it shall not be obligatory upon the contractor, his rep-
resentatives or assigns, to send any press message for less than $1.

SEC. 4. Hawaiian Government rates. And further, that during the said term of
twenty years all messages concerning the official business of the Hawaiian Gov-
ernment, to or from the Hawaiian Government or any of its officials, transmitted
over said interisland system of cables, or over the said cable from Honolulu to San
Francisco, shall be transmitted free up to the amount of the annual subsidy paid
by the Government to the contractor, his representatives or assigns, reckoning
the charge and scale of rates for such Government messages at the rate herein
prescribed or provided for ordinary messages.

500 PACIFIC CABLES.

ARTICLE IX. >'< <; rity for < tUion <>f contract.

SECTION 1. Deposit of bonds wiili minister cf finance. And the contractor, for
himself and his representatives and assigns, doth hereby further covenant with
the Government that he will, upon the execution of this agreement, deposit \\iih
the minister of finance of the Republic of Hawaii, Hawaiian ( overnment bonds
to the amount of i.).UOOas security that he and his representatives and assigns
will construct, lay. and equip the said cables and land lines in accordance with
the terms and conditions of this agreement.

Upon the completion of the construction, equipment, and laying of said systems
of cable and land lines in the manner herein provided for the obligation and ob-
ligations secured by such bonds shall be deemed to have been fulfilled ami performed .
and such bonds shall thereupon be returned to the contractor, his representatives
or assigns.

I'.ut if after the beginning of the construction of said cables, in manner herein
specified, there shall be any failure to complete the construction, laying, and equip-
ment of such systems and such land lines within the time herein speciihd, t lieu
and in such case such bonds shall be forfeited to the Hawaiian Government as
liquidated damages, and there shall be no further or other claim by way ot dam-
ages by the Government against the contractor, his representatives or a-si^ns.

SEC. 2. < 'antrtli-tor inn;,- cinn-tl //;/.s <-tmt rtlct trilliiii <l xjxrijh'tl tune. I ', nrnl,-il,

Iioircrer, That the contractor, his representatives or assigns, may at any time prior
to the 1st day of May, A. D. 1807, notify tl.e Government of his or th ir desire to
cancel this contract, whereupon this contract shall become null and void, and
such bonds so deposited as security shall thereupon be forthwith returned to the
contractor, his representatives or assigns.

ARTICLE X. Definition of "beginning of construction."

It is hereby mutually agreed that the beginning of the construction of the cables
specified in section 1 of Article IV of this agreement shall be construed to mean,
and shall mean, the completion and execution of a contract between the contractor
and a responsible cable construction company or compan es for the construction
and laying of such cable and cables within the period limited by the terms of this
contract, and the actual beginning of the work of construction under such contract
with such construction company or companies, and a written notice to the Gov-
ernment by the contractor, his representatives or assigns, accompanied by proofs
of the execution of such contract.

ARTICLE XL Contract binding on and in favor of representatives, assigns, etc.

It is hereby mutually agreed by and between the parties hereto, on behalf of
themselves and their respective successors, representatives, and assigns, that all
terms and conditions herein contained upon the part of the Government to be
observed, kept, or performed, shall be equally binding and obligatory as well upon
the Hawaiian Government and the said party of the first part and his successors;
and that all of the agreements and covenants herein contained upon the part of
the contractor to be kept or observed or performed, are and shall be as well in
favor of and enforceable by the Hawaiian Government and the party of the first
part as his successors in office.

And further, that all of the terms and conditions and covenantsherein contained
upon the part of the contractor to be observed, kept, or perl ormed shall be equally
b nding and obligatory upon the taid party of the second j art :is up* n his repre-
sentatives and assigns; and that all of the agreements and covenanis herein con-
tained on the part of the Government, or of said party ot the first part, or his
su cessors, to be kept, observed, or performed, are, and shall be. as well in tavor
of and enforceable by the party of the second part as his representatives and assigns.

[Specifications of cables hereinbefore referred to. Proposed telegraph cable from
San Francisco to Honolulu and Hawaiian interisland cables.]

SAN FRANCISCO-HONOLULU CABLE.

The lauding place near San Francisco may be at Monterey Bay, and the landing
place near Honolulu at Waikiki.

PACIFIC CABLES. 501

Lengths of cable required.

Nautical miles.

Shore end (type A) _ 2

Intermediate No. 1 (type E) 3

Intermediate No. 2 (type B) 51

Deep sea (type D) 2,444

Total... _ 2,500

SPECIFICATION.

Core.

(a) Conductor. The conductor to be a strand of copper wires weighing 400
pounds per nautical mile, or within 5 per cent thereof, and the resistance at 75
Fahrenheit shall not be more than 3,117 ohms.

(b) Insulator. The conductor is to be insulated with three coatings of gutta-
percha of improved inductive capacity, prepared according to Mr. Willoughby
Smith's system, alternating with three coatings of Chatterton's compound, and to
weigh 800 pounds per knot, or within 5 per cent thereof. The resistance of the
completed core to be not less than 50 megohms per nautical mile after one min-
ute's electrification, when tested at a temperature of 75 Fahrenheit, after twenty-
four hours' immersion in water, fourteen days after manufacture, and the average
inductive capacity per nautical mile throughout the entire length is not to exceed
0.414 microfarad.

(c) Sheathing. The core of types A, E, and B to be covered with Clifford's pat-
ent sheathing for protection against the ravages of insects.

(d) Serving. The core of all the types to be served with a good and sufficient
serving of jute yarn, steeped in cutch or other preservative mixture, and applied
wet.

Outer coverings Shore end.

(e) Outer coverings Type A. Type B to be served with tarred jute yarn, and
again closed with 14 galvanized BB iron wires, No. 1 B. W. G., equal to three hun-
dred one- thousandths of an inch when galvanized, or within 2J per cent thereof.

Intermediate, No. 1.

(/) Type E. The served core to be covered with 12 galvanized BB iron wires,
No. 4 B. W. G., equal to two hun Ired and thirty-eight one-thousandths of an inch
when galvanized, or within 2.1 per cent thereof.

Intermediate, No. 2.

(g) Type B. The served core to be covered with 12 galvanized BB iron wires,
No. 6 B. W. G., equal to two hundred one thousandths of an inch when galvan-
ized, or within 2 per cent thereof.

Deep sea.

(h) Type D. The served core to be covered with 17 'galvanized steel wires, each
wire being tapped and compounded. The steel wires to be No. 14 B. W. G., equal
to eighty-three one-thousandths of an inch when galvanized, or within 2 per cent
thereof, and to bear a breaking strain of not less than 85 tons per square inch, with
an elongation of not less than 4 per cent.

(i) Before being used for the sheathing of types A, E, and B, the galvanized iron
wire is to be heated in a kiln or oven just sufficiently to drive off all moisture, and
while warm is to be dipped into a hot compound or black varnish.

Outside serving.

0) Types A and E, manufactured as above, to be covered with two servings of
jute yarn laid on spirally in opposite directions, alternately with two coatings of
Clark's compound.

(k) Types B and D, manufactured as above, to be covered with two of Johnson &
Phillips's patent tapes, laid on spirally in opposite directions, alternately with 2
coatings of Clark's compound.

502 PACIFIC CABLES.

HAWAIIAN INTERISLAXb CABLES.

Lengths of cable required.

Nautical miles.

Shore end (Type A) 10

Intermediate (Type B 1 ) 2.1

Deep sea (Type D) ,... 142

Total 177

SPECIFICATION.

Core.

(a) Conductor. The conductor to be a strand of copper wires weighing 100
pounds per nautical mile, or within 5 per cent thereof, and the resistance at 7.1 F.
shall not be more than 12.22 ohms.

(6) Insulator. The conductor is to be insulated with three coatings of gutta-
percha of improved inductive capacity, prepared according to Mr. Willoughby
Smith's system, alternating with three coats of Chatterton's compound, and to
weigh 100 pounds per nautical mile, or within .1 per cent thereof. The resistance
of the completed core is to be not less ihan 1.10 in- go mis per nautical mile after
one minute's electrification, when tested at a temperature of 7,1 Fahrenheit, after
twenty-four hours' immersion in water, iourteen days after manufacture.

(c) Sheathing. The core of Types A and B ; to be c >vered with Clifford's patent
sheathing for prote; ti >n agains the ravages of insects.

(</) Ni'i-rini/. The core to be covered with a good and sufficient serving of jute
yarn, steeped in cutch or other preservative mixture, to be applied wet.

Outer coverings Shore end.

(e) Outer coverings. Type A. Type B 1 to Ve served with tarred jute yarn, and
again closed with twelve galvaniz* d BB iron wires, No. 1 B. W. G.. e;jual to three
hundred one-thousandths of an inch when galvanized, or within 2 per cent
thereof.

Intermediate.

(f) Type B 1 . The served core to V:e covered with twelve galvanized BB iron
wires. No. 9 B. W. G., equal to one hundred and forty-eight one- thousandths of
an inch when galvanized, or within 2 per cent thereof.

Deep sea.

(g) Type D. The served core to be covered with fifteen galvanized homogeneous
iron wires. The homogeneous wires to be No. 13 B. W. G., equal to ninety-nine
one-thousandths of an inch when galvanized, or within 2^ per cent thereof, and to
bear a breaking strain of not less than 52 tons per square inch with an elongation
of not lesa than 3 per cent.

(h) I)ii>)>in(f. Before being used for the sheathing the galvanized iron wire is
be heated in a kiln or oven just sufficiently to drive off all moisture, and while
warm is to be dipped into a hot compound or black varnish.

Outside serving.

(i) Outside serving. Type A to be covered with two servings of jute yarn laid
on spirally in opposite dire -lions and two co.-itin^s of Clark's compound.

(./) Types B' and D to l;e covered with two Johnson & Phillips's patent tapes
laid on spirally in opposite directions, alternately with two coatings of Clark's
compound.

GENERAL CLAUSES.

(k) Cable to be kept under water. The cable, when completed, to be coiled in
suitable water-tiglit tanks, and kept, as far as practicable, constantly und- r water.

(/) Tank* on h'Hiril xJiiji. The completed cable to be coiled on board shi;> in
water-tight tanks, and kept, as far as practicabY. under water nniil submerged.

PACIFIC CABLKS- INTERN ATIONAL BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 503

(m) Filial electrical condition of cable. Tho elec'ricil condition of the cable
when laid to be such as, having regard to its previous cond tioti, and making d. e
allowance for the mean actual temperature of the water, as shown by the resistance
of the conductor, to give no good grounds for believing that any fault exi-ts in the
insulator or conductor.

In witness whereof the said Sanford Ballard Dole. President of the Republic of
Hawaii, hath hereunto set his hand and caused the great seal of the Republic of
Hawaii to be hereunto attached; and Francis M. Hatch, minister of foreign affair ; :
Samuel M. Damon, minister of finance; Jam s A. King, minister of interior, and
William O. Smith, attorney-general, covstitutin.^ the ca'/inet of the Republic of
Hawaii, in token of their consent to and approval of this agr, ement, and the said
Zephaniah Swift Spalding have hereunto set their hands and seals the day and
year first above written.
Done in triplicate.

[SEAL.] SANFORD B. DOLE.

FRANCIS M. HATCH,

Minister of Foreign Affairs.
J. A. KINO, Minister of the Interior.
S. M. DAMON. Minister of Finance.
WILLIAM O. SMITH, Attorney-General.
ZETHANIAH SWIFT SPALDING.

We, William C. Wilder, president of the senate of the Republic of Hawaii, and
J. F. Clay, secretary of the senate of the Republic of Hawaii, do hereby certify
that tKe foregoing agreement between Sanford Ballard Dole, President of the
Republic of Hawaii, and Zephaniah Swift Spalding was submitted by the Presi-
dent to the said senate on tne 1 2th day of August, A. D. 189"), and was ratified,
approved, and confirmed by the said senate on the 18th day of August, A. D. 1895.

W. C. WILDER,
President of the Senate of the Republic of Hawaii.

J. F. CLAY,

Secretary of the Senate of the Republic of Hawaii.
HONOLULU, August 14, 1S05.

We, D. L. Naone. speaker, and James N. K. Keola, clerk of the house of repre-
sentatives of the Republic of Hawaii, do hereby certify that the foregoing agree-
ment between Sanford Ballard Dole, President of the Republic of Hawaii, and
Zephaniah Swift Spalding was submitted by the President to the said house of
representatives on the 12th day of August, A. D. 18i(.~>, and was ratified._approved,
and confirmed by the said house of representatives on the 10th day of August,
A. D. 1895.

D. L. NAONE,
Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Hawaii.

JAS. N. K. KEOLA,

Cleric of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Hawaii.
HONOLULU, August 14, A. D. 1895.

FIFTY-SIXTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
February 23, 1900.

[Senate Report No. 461.]

Mr. Clark, of Wyoming, from the Committee on Foreign Relations,
submitted the following report:

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to whom was referred the
joint resolution (S. R. 71) authorizing the President of the United
States to invite the Government of Great Britain to join in the forma-
tion of an international commission to examine and report upon the
diversion of the waters that are the boundaries of the two countries,
make th<> folio wing report:

It appears from the papers before your committee, comprising
copies of correspondence passing between the president of the com-

504 INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY COMMISSION.

missioners of the New York State Reservation at Niagara ai.d I ill-
Secretary of State, and between the governor of the Stair of Nc\\
York and the Secretary of State, that by reason of the diversion of
the waters of the lakes through the Welland Canal, and the proposed
diversion of waters in great volume, to be taken under grants for the
construction of the Chicago Drainage Canal, the proposed canal from
Georgian Lake to the Ottawa River, and other projected waterways,
together with like diversions of waters in very considerable quantil ies
from the Niagara River above the Falls of Niagara for the generation
of mechanical power, under grants from the State of New York and
the Province of Ontario, the water levels of the several lakes forming
a portion of the boundary between the United States and Canada are
reduced, and will be in future under like grants greatly diminished, so
as to constitute a serious menace to navigation on these waters; and
by reason of the diminution in the volume of the water of the Niagara
River contributing to the destruction of the natural grandeur of the
Falls of Niagara.

It further appears to your committee that the question of diversion
of waters forming a boundary between nations is a proper subject for
joint consideration by representatives of the nations having riparian
rights therein.

It further appears to your committee that the sum of $20,000, pro-
posed to be appropriated by the resolution under consideration, is a
reasonable sum for the expenses of the commissioners for the United
States in the prosecution of the proposed investigation.

In view of the foregoing your committee approve of the spirit and
purpose of the resolution (S. R. 71) and recommend that the same do
pass.

TRADE AND COMMERCE WITH FOREIGN

NATIONS.

505

TRADE AND COMMERCE WITH FOREIGN NATIONS.

FIRST CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
August 5, 1789.

With reference to arranging and bringing forward a system to rogu-
late the trade and intercourse between the United States and the ter-
ritory of other powers in North America and the West Indies, Mr.
Butler reported as follows :

That it will be expedient to pass a law for imposing an increased
duty of tonnage, for a limited time, on all foreign ships and other
vessels that shall load in the United States, with the produce of the
same, to any port or place in America whereto the vessels of the
United Stated are not permitted to carry their own produce; but such
a law being of the nature of a revenue law, your committee conceive
that the originating a bill for that purpose is by the Constitution
exclusively placed in the House of Representative.

Your committee beg leave further to report as their opinion that it
will be expedient to direct a bill to be brought in for imposing similar
restraints upon the trade of the European settlements in America with
the United States that are imposed on the trade of the United States
with those settlements.

FIRST CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.
May 25, 1790.

On providing the means of intercourse between the United States
and foreign nations, Mr. Strong reported an amended bill, which
became a law by the approval of the President on July 1, 1790. It is
as follows :

SEC. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Presi-
dent of the United States shall be, and he hereby is, authorized to
draw from the Treasury of the United States a sum not exceeding
forty thousand dollars annually, to be paid out of the monies arising
from the duties on imports and tonnage, for the support of such per-
sons as he shall commission to serve the United States in foreign
parts, and for the expense incident to the business in which they may
be employed: Provided, That, exclusive of an outfit, which shall in
no case exceed the amount of one year's full salary to the minister
plenipotentiary or charge des affaires to whom the same may be
allowed, the President shall not allow to any minister plenipotentiary
a greater sum than at the rate of nine thousand dollars per annum,
a-i a compensation for all his personal services and other expenses ;

507

508 CONSULS AND VICE-CONSULS OF THE t'MTKU STATES.

nor a greater sum for the same than four thousand five hundred d<>i
lars per annum to a charge des affaires; nor a greater sum for 1 In-
same than one thousand three hundred and fifty dollars per annu in
to the secretary of any minister plenipotentiary; And provided /.w,
That the President shall account specially for all such expenditures
of the said money as in his judgment may be made public, and also
for the amount of such expenditures as he may think it advisable not
to specify, and cause a regular statement and account thereof to be
laid before Congress annually, and also lodged in the proper office of
the Treasury Department.

SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That this act shall continue and
be in force for the space of two years, and from thence until the end
of the next session of Congress thereafter, and no longer.
(Stat. L., Vol. I, p. 128; Leg. Jour., Vol. I, p. 173.)

FIRST CONGRESS, THIRD SESSION.
January 26, 1791.

Concerning consuls and vice-consuls of the United States in foreign
parts, Mr. Ellsworth reported as follows:

A BILL for carrying into full effect the convention between the King of the
French and the United States of America, entered into for the purpose of defin-
ing and establishing the functions and privileges of their respective consuls and
vice-consuls.

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That
where in the seventh article of the said convention it is agreed that
when there shall be no consul or vice-consul of the King of the French
to attend to the saving of the wreck of any French vessels stranded
on the coasts of the United States, or that the residence of the said
consul or vice-consul (he not being at the place of the wreck) shall be
more distant from the said place than that of the competent judge of
the country, the latter shall immediately proceed to perform the office
therein prescribed; the district judge of the United States of the dis-
trict in which the wreck shall happen shall proceed therein, accord-
ing to the tenor of said article. And in such cases it shall be the
duty of the officers of the customs within whose districts such wrecks
shall happen to give notice thereof as soon as may be to the said
judge, and to aid and to assist him to perform the duties hereby
assigned to him. The district judges of the United States shall also
wit hin their respective districts be the competent judges for the pur-
poses expressed in the ninth article of the said convention, and it shall
be incumbent on them to give aid to the consuls and vice-consuls of
the King of the French in arresting and securing deserters from the
vessels of the French nation, according to the tenor of the said article.

And where by any article of the said convention the consuls and
vice-consuls of the King of the French are entitled to the aid of the
competent executive officers of the country in the execution of any
precept, the marshals of the United States and their deputies shall
within their respective districts be the competent officers, and shall
give their aid according to the tenor of the stipulations.

And whenever commitments to the jails of the country shall become
necessary in pursuance of any stipulation of the said convention, they

CONSULS AND VICE-CONSULS OF THE UNITED STATES. 509

shall be to such jails within the respective districts as other commit-
ments under the authority of the United States are by law made.

And for the direction of the consuls and vice-consuls of the United
States in certain cases.

SEC. 2. Be it enacted by the authority of the aforesaid, That they
shall have right, in the ports or places to which they are or may be
severally appointed, of receiving the protests or declarations which
such captains, masters, crews, passengers, and merchants as are citi-
zens of the United States and may respectively choose to make thertv,
and also such as any foreigner may choose to make before them rela-
tive to the personal interest of any citizens of the United States; and
the copies of the said acts duly authenticated by the said consuls or
vice-consuls, under the seal of their consulates, respectively, shall
receive faith in law, equally as their originals would in the courts of
the United States. It shall be their duty, where the laws of the coun-
try permit, to take possession of the personal estate left by any citi-
zen of the United States other than seamen belonging to any ship or
vessel who shall die within their consulate, leaving there no legal
representative, partner in trade, or trustee by him appointed, to take
care of his effects; they shall inventory the same with the assistance
of two merchants of the United States, or, for want of them, of any
others of their choice; shall collect the debts due to the deceased in
the country where he died, and pay the debts due from his estate which
he shall have there contracted; shall sell at auction after reasonable
public notice such part of the estate as shall be of a perishable nature,
and such further part, if any, as shall be necessary for the payment
of his debts, and at the expiration of one year from his decease the
residue; and the balance of the estate they shall transmit to the
Treasury of the United States, to be hold en in trust for the legal claim-
ants. But if at any time before such transmission the legal repre-
sentative of the deceased shall appear and demand his effects in their
hands, they shall deliver them up, being paid their fees, and shall cease
their proceedings.

For the information of the representative of the deceased, it shall
be the duty of the consul or vice-consul authorized to proceed as afore-
said in the settlement of his estate immediately to notify his death
in one of the gazettes published in the consulate, and also to the Secre-
tary of State, that the same may be notified in the State to which the
deceased shall belong ; and he shall also, as soon as may be, transmit
to the Secretary of State an inventory of the effects of the deceased
taken as before directed.

SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That the said consuls and vice-
consuls, in cases where ships or vessels of the United States shall be
stranded on the coasts of their consulates, respectively, shall, as far
as the laws of the country will permit, take proper measures, as well
for the purpose of saving the said ships or vessels, their cargoes and
appurtenances, as for storing and securing the effects and merchandise
saved, and for taking an inventory or inventories thereof; and the
merchandise and effects saved, with the inventory or inventories thereof
taken as aforesaid, shall, after deducting therefrom the expense, be
delivered to the owner or owners : Provided, That no consul or vice-
consul shall have authority to take possession of any such goods,
wares, merchandise, or other property when the master, owner, or con-
signee thereof is present or capable of taking possession of the same.

SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That it shall and may be lawful
for every consul and vice-consul of the United States to take and

510 CONSULS AND VICE-CONSULS OF THE UNITED STATES.

receive the following fees of office for the services which he shall
have performed:

I'm a in henticating, under the consular seal, every protest, declara-
ti< Hi, deposition, or other act which such captains, masters, mariners,
seamen, passengers, merchants, or others as are citizens of the United
Slates may respectively choose to make, the sum of two dollars.

For the taking into possession, inventorying, selling, and finally set-
tling and paying or transmitting as aforesaid the balance due on the
personal estate left by any citizen of the United States who shall die
within the limits of his consulate, five per centum on the gross amount
of such estate.

For taking into possession and otherwise proceeding on any such
estate which shall be delivered over to the legal representative before
a final settlement of the same, as is hereinbefore directed, two and a
half per centum on such part delivered over as shall not be in money
and five per centum on the gross amount of the residue.

And it shall be the duty of the consuls and vice-consuls of the
United States to give receipts for all fees which they shall receive by
virtue of this act, expressing the particular services for which they
are paid.

SEC. 5. Andbeit further enacted, That in case it be found neces-
sary for the interest of the United States that a consul or consuls be
appointed to reside on the coast of Barbary, the President be author-
ized to allow an annual salary, not exceeding two thousand dollars, to
each person so to be appointed : Provided, That such salary be not
allowed to more than one consul for any one of the States on the said
coast.

SEC. 6. And be itfurtlier enacted, That every consul and vice-consul
shall, before they enter into the execution of their trusts, or, if already
in the execution of the same, within one year from the passage of this
act, or if resident in Asia within two years, give bond with such sure-
ties as shall be approved by the Secretary of State in a sum of not less
than two thousand or more than ten thousand dollars, conditioned for
the true and faithful discharge of the duties of his office according to
law, and also for truly accounting for all moneys, goods, and effects
which may act; and the said bond shall be lodged in the office of the
Secretary of the Treasury.

SEC. 7. And be it further enacted, That to prevent the mariners and
seamen employed in vessels belonging to citizens of the United
States, in cases of shipwreck, sickness, or captivity, from suffering in
foreign ports, it shall be the duty of the consuls and vice-consuls,
respectively, from time to time to provide for them in the most rea-
sonable manner, at the expense of the United States, subject to such
instructions as the Secretary of State shall give, and not exceed ing
an allowance of twelve cents to a man per diem; and all masters and
commanders of vessels belonging to citizens of the United States, and
bound to some port of the same, are hereby required and enjoined to
take such mariners or seamen on board of their ships or vessels, at
the request of the said consuls or vice-consuls, respectively, and to
transport them to the port in the United States to which such ships
or vessels maybe bound, free of costs or charge; but that the said
mariners or seamen shall, if able, be bound to do duty on board such
ships or vessels, according to their several abilities: Provided, That
no master or captain of any ship or vessel shall be obliged to take a
greater number than two men to every one hundred tons burthen of
the said ship or vessel, on any one voyage ; and if any such captain or

DUTIES ON TONNAGE RELEASE OF TRADE FROM EMBARGO. 511

mast or shall refuse the same on the request or order of the consul or
vice-consul, such captain or master shall forfeit and pay the sum of
thirty dollars for each mariner or seaman so refused, to be recovered
for the benefit of the United States by the said consul or vice-consul
in his own name, in any court of competent jurisdiction.

SEC. 8. And be it further enacted, That where a ship or vessel
belonging to citizens of the United States is sold in a foreign port or
place, the master, unless the crew are liable by their contract or do
consent to be discharged there, shall send them back to the State
where they entered on board, or furnish them with means sufficient
for their return, to be ascertained by the consul or vice-consul of the
United States having jurisdiction of the port or place. And in case
of the masters refusal, the said consul or vice-consul may (if the laws
of the land permit it) cause his ship, goods, and person to be arrested
until he shall comply with his duty herein.

SEC. 9. And be it further enacted, That the specification of certain
powers and duties, in this act, to be exercised or performed by the
consuls and vice-consuls of the United States shall not be construed to
the exclusion of others resulting from. the nature of their appoint-
ments or any treaty or convention under which they may act.

(Leg. Jour., vol. 1, pp. 189, 194, 231, 232; Stat. L., vol. 1, p. 254.)

THIRD CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
March 3, 1794.

Concerning the remission of the duties arising on the tonnage of
sundry French vessels which have taken refuge in the ports of the
United States, Mr. Cabot reported as follows :

Whereas the disastrous situation of the town of Cape Francois, in
the island of Hispaniola, compelling sundry vessels belonging to citi-
zens of the French Republic, in the month of June last, to take refuge
within the ports of the United States; and whereas they are liable by
law to the payment of foreign tonnage which, considering the necessity
of their case, ought equitably to be remitted to them : Therefore,

Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled, That the duties on
the tonnage to which any of the vessels aforesaid are or may have
been liable, within any of the ports of the United States, be and are
hereby remitted: Provided, nevertheless, That the master, owner, or
consignee of every such vessel shall make proof to the proper officer
of the port in which such vessel may be that the said vessel was com-
pelled to leave the said island of Hispaniola and to take refuge within
the said port by reason of the calamity aforesaid.

(Leg. Jour., vol. 2, p. 34; Stat. L., vol. 1, p. 342.)

May 8, 1794.

Concerning release of a portion of the trade of the United States
from embargo, Mr Butler reported as follows :

That, in the opinion of your committee, it is not advisable to grant
any partial enlargements or permissions for the departure of vessels
now embargoed.

(Leg. Jour., vol. 2, p. 75.)

SUSPENSION OF CoMMKRriAL INTKKn T USE.

FIFTH CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.

July 14, 1798.

on the suspension of commercial intercourse between the United
Mates and I-Vaii'-e and dependencies thereof, Mr. Bingham reported
the following bill:

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
l'i,'>tl S/'ifes of Aiwrirn in. Congress assembled. That the provision
forgiving bond and finding sufficient surety or sureties for vessels
bound on foreign voyages as required in the second section of 1*he act
entitled "An act to suspend the commercial intercourse between the
United States and France and the dependencies thereof," shall extend
no further than to obligations to the amount of the value of the ves-
sels, respectively, and to a sum in addition thereto equal to one-third
of the value of the cargo: Provided, That in no case ilie surety or
sureties shall be answerable for more than ten thousand dollars, any-
thing in the act above mentioned to the contrary notwithstanding.

Approved, July 16, 1798.

(Annals, 5th Cong., pp.* 615, 616; Stat L., vol. 1, p. 609.)

NINTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
January 28, 1806.

On the suspension of commercial intercourse between the United
States and the French island of Santo Domingo, Mr. Logan reported
the following bill :

Be it enacted, etc., That all commercial intercourse between any
person or persons resident within the United States and any person
or persons resident within the island of San Domingo, not in posses-
sion and under the acknowledged Government of France, shall be,
and from and after due notice of this act at the custom-houses, respec-
tively, is hereby, prohibited. And any ship or vessel owned, hired,
or employed, wholly or in part, by any person or persons resident
within the United States, or by any citizen or citizens thereof, resi-
dent elsewhere, and sailing from any port of the United States after

that time, or from any other portion of America, after the day

of next, or from any other port whatever, after the day

of , which, contrary to the intent hereof, shall be voluntary

carried, or shall be destined to proceed, whether directly or from any
intermediate port or place, to any port or place in the island of San
Domingo, and not in possession and not under the acknowledged
Government of France, and also any cargo which shall be found on
board of such ship or vessel, when detected or interrupted in such
unlawful purpose, or at her return from such voyage to the United
States, shall be wholly forfeited and may be seized or condemned in
any port of the United States.

SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That after due notice of this act at
the several custom-houses, no ship or vessel whatever shall receive a
clearance for any port or place within the island of San Domingo, and
not in the actual possession of France; nor shall any clearance be
granted for any foreign voyage to any ship or vessel, hired, owned, or
employed, wholly or in part, by any person or persons resident in the
United States, by any citizen or citizens thereof resident elsewhere,

SUSPENSION OF OOMMEECIAL INTERCOUBSE. 513

until the owner or the employer for the voyage or his factor or agent,
with the master and one or more sufficient surety or sureties to the
satisfaction of the collector of the district, shall give bond to the
United States, such owner, employer, or factor, with the master, in a
sum equal to the value of the vessel and of her cargo, and such surety
or sureties in a sum equal to the value of the vessel and of one-third
of her cargo, when it shall not exceed ten thousand dollars, and if it
shall exceed that sum, wifh condition that the ship or vessel for
which a clearance shall be required, is actually destined and shall
proceed to some port or place without the limits of such part of the
island of San Domingo as shall not be in the actual possession and
under the acknowledged Government of France, and during the
intended voyage shall not be voluntarily carried or permitted to pro-
ceed, whether directly or from any intermediate port or place, to any
port or place within the island of San Domingo as shall not be in the
actual possession and under the acknowledged Government of France
and shall not at any port or place voluntarily sell, deliver, or unlade
any part of such cargo, and generally that such ship or vessel, whilst
on such voyage, shall not be employed in any traffic or commerce
with or for any person resident within any part of the island of San
Domingo not in the actual possession and under the acknowledged
Government of France.

SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That all penalties and forfeitures
incurred by force of this act, and which may be recovered, shall be
distributed and accounted for in the manner prescribed by the act
entitled, "An act to regulate the collection of duties on imports and
tonnage;" and may be mitigated or remitted in the manner pre-
scribed by the act entitled "An act to provide for mitigating or
remitting the forfeitures, penalties, and disabilities accruing in cer-
tain cases therein mentioned."

(Annals, 9th Cong., 1st sess., pp. 52, 75.)

February 28, 1806.

On the suspension of commercial intercourse between the United
States and the French island of Santo Domingo, Mr. Baldwin reported
the following bill:

Be it enacted, etc., That all commercial intercourse between any
person or persons resident within the United States and any person or
persons resident within the island of Santo Domingo not in possession
and under the acknowledged Government of France shall be, and is
hereby, prohibited ; and any ship or vessel owned, hired, or employed,
wholly or in part, by any person or persons resident within the United
States and sailing from any port within the United States after due
notice of this act at the custom-houses, respectively, which, contrary to
the intent thereof, shall be voluntarily carried, or shall be destined
to proceed, whether dire ctly or from any intermediary port or place, to
any port or place within the island of Santo Domingo and not be in
possession and not under the acknowledged Government of France;
and also any cargo which shall be found on board of such ship or
vessel, when detected and interrupted in such unlawful purpose or at
ner return from such voyage to the United States, shall be wholly
forfeited, and may be seized and condemned in any court of the
United States having competent jurisdiction.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 33

514 FRIGATE CHESAPEAKE.

That after due notice of this act at the several custom-houses no
ship or vessel whatever shall receive a clearance for any port or place
within the island of Santo Domingo and not in actual possession of
!' ranee; nor shall any clearance be granted for a foreign voyage to
any ship or vessel owned, hired, or employed, wholly or in part, by
any person or persons resident within the United States until the
owner or employer for the voyage, or his factor or agent, wilh
the master, shall give bond to the United States in a sum canal to the
value of the vessel and of her cargo, with condition that the ship or
vessel, for which a clearance shall be required, is destined to some
port or place without the limits of such part of the island of Santo
Domingo as shall not be in the actual possession and under the acknowl-
edged Government of France, and during the intended voyage shall
not be voluntarily carried or permitted to proceed, whether directly
or from any intermediate port or place, to any port or place within
such part of the island of Santo Domingo as shall not be in the actual
possession and under the acknowledged Government of France; and
in case of being forced by any casualty into any port or place hereby
interdicted shall not, in any such port or place, voluntarily sell,
deliver, or unlade any part of such cargo, except so much as may lx-
absolutely necessary to defray the expenses requisite to enable the
vessel to proceed on her intended voyage; and generally that such
ship or vessel whilst on such voyage shall not be employed in any
traffic or commerce with or for any person resident within any part
of the island of Santo Domingo not in the actual possession and under
the acknowledged Government of France.

That all penalties and forfeitures incurred by force of this act, and
which may be recovered, shall be distributed and accounted for in the
manner prescribed by the act intituled ' 'An act to regulate the col-
lection of duties on imports and tonnage," passed the second day of
March, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine, and may be
mitigated or remitted in the manner prescribed by the act intituled
"An act to provide for mitigating or remitting the forfeitures, penal-
ties, and disabilities accruing in certain cases therein mentioned,"
passed the third of March, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-
seven, and made perpetual by an act passed the eleventh of February,
one thousand eight hundred.

That this act shall continue and be in force for one year and no
longer.

That at any time after the passing of the act it shall be lawful for
the President of the United States, if he shall deem it expedient and
consistent with the interests of the United States, by his order to
remit and discontinue the restraints and prohibitions on the commerce
aforesaid.

Approved, February 28, 1806.

(Stat. L., vol. 2, pp. 351,352; vol. 4, p. 36.)

TENTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
AprU 16, 1808.

As to the attack upon the frigate Chesapeake by the British ship of
war Leopard, Mr. Anderson reported as follows :

That, on a review of the several orders, decrees, and the decisions
of Great Britain and France, within the period of the existing war, it

FRIGATE CHESAPEAKE. 515

appears that, previous to the measures above referred to in the letters
from Mr. Erskine to the Secretary of State, and from Mr. Champagny
to General Armstrong, various and heavy injuries have been com-
mitted against the neutral commerce and navigation of the United
States under the following heads :

First. The British order of June, 1803, unlawfully restricting the
trade of the United States, with a certain portion of the unblockaded
ports of her enemies, and condemning vessels with innocent cargoes,
on a return from ports where they had deposited contraband articles.

Second. The capture and condemnation, in the British courts of
admiralty, of American property, on a pretended principle, debarring
neutral nations from a trade with the enemies of Great Britain inter-
dicted in time of peace. The injuries suffered by the citizens of the
United States on this head arose not from any public order of the
British council, but from a variation in the principle upon which the
courts of admiralty pronounced their decisions. These decisions have,
indeed, again varied without any new orders of council being issued ;
and in the higher courts of admiralty some of the decisions which
had formed the greatest cause for complaint have been reversed and
the property been restored. There still remains, however, a heavy
claim for indemnity for confiscations which were made during the
period of these unwarrantable decisions, and for which all negotiation
has hitherto proved unavailing.

Third. Blockades notified to the minister of the United States at
London, and thence made a capture against the trade of the United
States, in entire disregard to the law of nations, and even of the defi-
nition of legal blockades laid down by the British Government itself.
Examples of these illegitimate blockades will be found in the notifi-
cations of the blockade of May 16, 1806, of the coast of the river
Elbe to Brest, inclusive; blockade of the llth May, 1807, expounded
19th June, 1807, of the Elbe, Weser, and Ems, and the coast between
the same; blockade llth May, 1807, of the Dardanelles and Smyrna;
blockade of 8th January, 1808, of Carthagena, Cadiz, and St. Lucia,
and all of the intermediate ports between Carthagena and St. Lucar,
comprehending a much greater extent of coast than the whole British
navy could blockade according to the established law of nations.

Fourth. To these injuries, immediately authorized by the British
Government, might be added other spurious blockades by British
naval commanders, particularly that of the island of Curacoa, which,
for a very considerable period, was made a pretext for the very
extensive spoliations on the commerce of the United States.

Fifth. The British proclamation of October last, which makes it the
duty of British officers to impress from American merchant vessels
all such of their crews as might be taken or mistaken for British sub-
jects, these officers being the sole and absolute judges in the case.

For the decrees and acts of the French Government violating the
maritime law of nations, in respect to the United States, the com-
mittee refer to the instances contained in the report of the Secretary
of State, January 25, 1806, to the Senate, in one of which, viz, a
decree of the French General Ferrand, at Santo Domingo, are regula-
tions sensibly affecting the neutral and commercial rights of the
United States.

The French act, next in order of time, is the decree of November
21, 1806, declaring the British Isles in a state of blockade, and pro-
fessing to be a retaliation on antecedent proceedings of Great Britain,
violating the law of nations.

516 FRIGATE CHESAPEAKE.

This decree was followed, first, by the British order of January,
1807, professing to be a retaliation on that decree, and subjecting i < >
capture the trade of the United States, from the port of one belligerent
to the port of another; and, secondly, by the orders of November last ,
professing to be a retaliation on the same decree, and prohibiting tin-
commerce of neutrals with the enemies of Great Britain, as explained
in the aforesaid letter of Mr. Erskine. These last Brit ish orders have
been again followed by the French decree of December 17, purport-
ing to be a retaliation on the said orders, and to be put in force
against the commerce of the United States, as stated in the aforesaid
letter of Mr. Champagny.

The committee forbear to enter into a comparative view of these
proceedings of the different belligerent powers, deeming it sufficient
to present the materials from which it may be formed. They think
it their duty, nevertheless, to offer the following remarks, suggested
by a collective view of the whole:

The injuries and dangers resulting to the commerce of the United
States from the course and increase of these belligerent measures, and
from similar ones adopted by other nations, were such as to first induce
the more circumspect of our merchants and shipowners no longer to
commit their property to the high seas and at length to impose on Con-
gress the indispensable duty of interposing some legislative provision
for such an unexampled state of things.

Among other expedients out of which a choice was to be made may
be reckoned, first, a protection of commerce by ships of war; second,
a protection of it by self-armed vessels; third, a war of offense as well
of defense; fourth, a general suspension of foreign commerce; fifth,
an embargo on our vessels, mariners, and merchandise.

This last was adopted, and the policy of it was enforced at the par-
ticular moment by accounts, quickly after confirmed, of the British
order of November last, and by the probability that these would be
followed, as has also happened, by an invigorated spirit of retaliation
in other belligerent powers; the happy effect of the precaution is dem-
onstrated by the well-known fact that the ports of Europe are crowded
with the captured vessels of the United States, unfortunately not
within the reach of the precaution.

With respect to a protection of our commerce by ships of war, it
must be obviously impracticable, in any material degree, without a
lapse of time, and an expense which amounts to a prohibition of thai
resort, besides that it would necessarily involve hostile collisions with
one or more of the belligerent powers.

Self-armed merchantmen would have the same tendency. At the
same time they would be utterly inadequate to a security against tin-
multiplied fleets and cruisers to be encountered.

An entire suspension of foreign commerce, as the resort in the first
instance, would evidently have produced some inconveniences not
incident to the embargo as it was modified. But the committee do
not suppress their opinion that, after a reasonable time, it may not
improperly take the place of the embargo in the case of a protracted
adherence by the belligerent powers to their destructive proceedings
against our neutral commerce.

With respect to a resort to war as a remedy for the evils experi-
enced, the committee will offer no other reflection than that it is in
itself so great an evil that the United States have wisely considered
peace and honest neutrality as the best foundation of their general
policy. It is not for the committee to say under what degree of aggra-
vated injuries a departure from this policy may become a duty, and

FKIGATE CHESAPEAKE. 517

the most pacific nation find itself compelled to exchange, for the
calamities of war, the greater distresses of longer forbearance.

In this present state of things the committee can not recommend
any departure from that policy which withholds our commercial and
agricultural property from the licensed depredations of the great
maritime and belligerent powers. They hope that an adherence to
this policy will eventually secure to us the blessings of peace without
any sacrifice of our national rights; and they have no doubt that it
will be supported by all the manly virtue which the good people of
the United States have ever discovered on great and patriotic occa-
sions. But the committee would not suggest on this subject that bet-
ter counsels in the belligerent governments, producing juster conduct
toward neutral nations, would render a continuance of the embargo
necessary, and that it will be a provident measure to vest in the Execu-
tive a power, in such an event, to suspend until the next session of
Congress, wholly or in part, the several acts prohibiting the departure
of our vessels for foreign ports.

Although the committee have abstained from entering into'any par-
ticular comparison of the proceedings of the French and British Gov-
ernments toward the United States, they can not reconcile it with
their duty or with the just sensibility of the nation not to advert to
the tenor and language of the late communications made by the
respective organs of those Governments.

In the letter of Mr. Champagny the United States are not only
threatened with confiscation as the final destiny of American prop-
erty seized under French decrees, unless dispositions shall be mani-
fested by them against them by Great Britain satisfactory to France,
but they are even declared, without reserve of any sort, to be actually
in a state of war against Great Britain.

In the letter of Mr. Erskine to the Secretary of State the United
States are explicity charged with justly subjecting their commerce to
confiscations, under British orders, by not opposing an effectual resist-
ance against the decrees of France ; in other words, by not making
war against that nation in case no other interposition should be
effectual. There are in this exposition of the British orders certain
features which claim particular attention. Among the regulations of
which they consist it is provided that the commerce of the United
States, bound from their own ports to its legal and ordinary markets,
shall pass through British ports; there shall in all cases take their
clearance from British officers, shall in some cases obtain special
licenses, and in others pay a direct and avowed tax, thus putting the
United States on a commercial footing even worse than was allowed
to British colonies, which were left free to carry their exports directly
to foreign markets, in cases where an intermediate voyage to the par-
ent country would be too oppressive. In the present case not a single
article is permitted to be sent from the United States to the most
southern ports of Europe without a previous voyage to Great Britain,
and, in some cases, not without purchasing even that privilege with-
out paying a tribute to the British treasury. The committee have
taken into consideration the documents relating to the attack on the
frigate Chesapeake; but they have not deemed it their duty, in the
actual posture of that subject, to make any other remark than that it
strengthens the motives for persevering in all the provisional and pre-
cautionary measures hitherto contemplated. The committee beg leave
to submit the following resolutions :

Resolved, That the committee do bring in a bill authorizing the President of
the United States, in the event of such peace or suspension of hostilities between

518 INTERDICTION OF COMMERCIAL INTERCOURSE.

the belligerent powers of Europe, or of such changes in their measures affecting
neutral commerce, as may render that of the United States sufficiently safe, in his
judgment, to suspend the act laying an embargo on all ships and vessels in the
ports and harbors of the United States, and the several acts supplementary thereto,
under such exceptions and restrictions as the public interest and circumstances
of the case may appear to require: Provided, Such suspension shall not extend
beyond days after the commencement of the next session of Congress.

Resolved, That the committee do bring in a bill authorizing the President of
the United States to suspend the operation of the several acts prohibiting the
importation of certain goods, wares, and merchandise, if in his judgment the
public interest should require it: Provided, That suspension shall not extend
beyond days after the commencement of the next session of Congress.

Resolved, That the committee be instructed to report a bill prohibiting after

the day of all commercial intercourse with such of the belligerent

nations whose edicts against the neutral commerce of the United States may
render such prohibition expedient.

Resolved, That the committee be further instructed to report a bill expatriat-
ing all citizens of the United States commanding such ships or vessels of the
United States who shall be convicted of voluntarily accepting any license or
paying any tax, in conformity with the British orders in council of the llth of
November last.

Resolved, That the committee further be instructed to report a bill imposing
on the navigation and commerce of foreign nations restrictions corresponding
with the restrictions imposed by them, respectively, on the commerce and the
navigation of the United States.

(Annals, 10th Cong., 1st sess., pp. 186,364; Am. St. Pap., vol.
3, p. 218.)

TENTH CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.
February 16, 1809.

Concerning the interdiction of commercial intercourse between the
United States and Great Britain and France and their dependencies,
and for other purposes, Mr. Giles reported the following bill:

That from and after the passing of this act the entrance of the
harbors and waters of the United. States and of the Territories thereof
be, and the same is hereby, interdicted to all public ships and vessels
belonging to Great Britain and France, excepting vessels only which
may be forced in by distress, or which are charged with dispatches or
business from the Government to which they belong, and also packets
having no cargo or merchandise on board. And as any public ship
or vessel as aforesaid not being included in the exception above men-
tioned shall enter any harbor or waters within the jurisdiction of the
United States, or of the Territories thereof, it shall be lawful for the
President of the United States, or such other person as he shall have
empowered for the purpose, to employ such part of the land and
naval forces, or of the Militia of the United States or of the Territo-
ries thereof, as he shall deem necessary, to compel such ship or vessel
to depart.

That it shall not be lawful for any citizen or citizens of the United
States, or of the territories thereof, or for any person or persons resid-
ing or being in the same, to have any intercourse with, or to afford
any aid or supplies to any public ship or vessel as aforesaid, which
shall, contrary to the provisions of this act, have entered any harbor
or waters within the jurisdiction of the United States or the territo-
ries thereof; and if any person shall, contrary to the provisions of
this act, have any intercourse with such ship or vessel, or shall afford
any aid to such ship or vessel, either in repairing the said vessel or

INTERDICTION OF COMMERCIAL INTERCOURSE. 519

in furnishing her, her officers or crew with supplies of any kind or in
any manner whatever, or if any pilot or other person shall assist in
navigating such ship or vessel, unless it be for the purpose of carry-
ing her beyond the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, every
person so offending shall forfeit and pay a sum not less than one
hundred dollars nor exceeding ten thousand dollars; and shall also
be imprisoned for a term not less than one month nor more than
one year.

That from and after the twentieth of May next the entrance of the
harbors and waters of the United States and the Territories thereof,
and the same is hereby interdicted to all ships or vesssels sailing
under the flag of Great Britain or France, or owned in whole or in
part by any citizen or subject of either; vessels hired, chartered, or
employed by the Government of either country for the sole purpose
of carrying letters or dispatches, and also vessels forced in by distress
or by the dangers of the sea only excepted. And if any ship or ves-
sel sailing under the flag of Great Britain or France, or owned in whole
or in part by any citizen or subject of either and not excepted as afore-
said, shall, after the twentieth day of May next, arrive either with or
without a cargo within the limits of the United States or of the Terri-
tories thereof, such ship or vessel, together with the cargo, if any,
which may be found on board shall be forfeited, and may be seized
and condemned in any court of the United States or the Territories
thereof having competent jurisdiction, and all and every act or acts
heretofore passed which shall be within the purview of this act shall
shall be and the same are hereby repealed.

That from and after the twentieth day of May next it shall not be
lawful to import into the United States or the Territories thereof any
goods, wares, or merchandise whatever from any port or place situated
in Great Britain or Ireland, or in any of the colonies or dependencies
of Great Britain, nor from any port or place situated in France, or in
any of her colonies or dependencies, nor from any port or place in the
actual possession of either Great Britain or France. Nor shall it be
lawful to import into the United States or the Territories thereof from
any foreign port or place whatever any goods, wares, or merchandise
whatever being the growth, produce, or manufacture of France, or any
of her colonies or dependencies, or being of the growth, produce, or
manufacture of Great Britain or Ireland, or of any of the colonies or
dependencies of Great Britain, or being of the growth, produce,
or manufacture of any place or country in the abtual possession of
either Great Britain or France : Provided, That nothing herein con-
tained shall be construed to affect the cargoes of ships or vessels
owned wholly by a citizen or citizens of the United States which
had cleared for any port beyond the Cape of Good Hope prior to
the twenty-second day of December, one thousand eight hundred
and seven, or which had departed for such port by the permission of
the President under the acts supplementary to the act laying an
embargo on all ships and vessels in the ports and harbors of the
United States.

That whenever any article or articles, the importation of which are
prohibited by this act, shall after the twentieth of May be imported
into the United States or the Territories thereof contrary to the true
intent and meaning of this act, or shall after the twentieth day of May
be put on board of any ship or vessel, boat, raft, or carriage with the
intention of importing the same into the United States or the Terri-
tories thereof, all such articles as well as all other articles on board

520 INTERDICTION OF COMMERCIAL INTERCOURSE.

the same ship or vessel, boat, raft, or carriage belonging to the owner
of such prohibited articles shall be forfeited, and the owner thereof
shall moreover forfeit and pay treble the value of such articles.

That if any article or articles, the importation of which is prohib-
ited by this act, shall after the twentieth day of May be put on board
of any ship or vessel, boat, raft, or carriage with the intention of
importing the same into the United States or the Territories thereof
contrary to the true intent and meaning of this act, and with the
knowledge of the owner or master of such ship or vessel, boat, raft,
or carriage, such ship or vessel, boat, raft, or carriage shall be for-
feited, and the owner or master thereof shall moreover each forfeit
and pay treble the value of such articles.

That if any article or articles, the importation of which are prohib-
ited by this act, and which shall nevertheless be on board of any
ship, boat, raft, vessel, or carriage arriving after the twentieth day
of May next in the United States or the Territories thereof, shall be
omitted in the manifest, report, or entry of the master or the person
having the charge or command of such ship or vessel, boat, raft, or car-
riage, or shall be omitted in the entry of the goods owned by the owner
or consigned to the consignee of such articles, or shall be imported
or landed, or attempted to be imported or landed without a permit,
the same penalties, fines, and forfeitures shall be incurred, and may
be recovered as in the case of similar omission or omissions, laud-
ing, importation, or attempt to land or import in relation to articles
liable to duties on their importation into the United States.

That every collector, naval officer, surveyor, or other officer of the
customs shall have the like power and authority to seize goods, wares,
and merchandise imported contrary to the intent and meaning of this
act, to keep the same in custody until it shall have been ascertained
whether the same have been forfeited or not, and to enter any ship
or vessel, dwelling house, store, building, or other place for the pur-
pose of searching for and seizing any such goods, wares, and mer-
chandise which he or they now have by law in relation to goods, wares,
and merchandise subject to duty; and if any person or persons shall
conceal or buy any goods, wares, or merchandise, knowing them to be
liable to seizure by this act, such person or persons shall, on convic-
tion thereof, forfeit and pay a sum double the amount or value of the
goods, wares, and merchandise so concealed or purchased.

That the following additions shall be made to the oath or affirma-
tion taken by the masters or persons having the charge or command
of any ship or vessel arriving at any port of the United States or the
Territories thereof after the twentieth day of May, viz: "I further
swear (or affirm) that there are not, to the best of my knowledge and
belief, on board (insert the denomination and name of the vessel) any
goods, wares, or merchandise, the importation of which into the
United States or the Territories thereof is prohibited by law; and I do
further swear (or affirm) that if I shall hereafter discover or know of
any such goods, wares, or merchandise on board the same vessel, or
which shall have been imported in the same, I will immediately and
without delay make due report thereof to the collector of the port of
this district."

That the following addition be made, after the twentieth of May, to
the oath or affirmation taken by importers, consignees, or agents, at
the time of entering goods imported into the United States or the Ter-
ritories thereof, viz: "I also swear (or affirm) that there are not, to
the best of my knowledge and belief, amongst the said goods, wares,

INTERDICTION OF COMMERCIAL INTERCOURSE. 521

and merchandise imported or consigned as aforesaid, any goods,
wares, and merchandise, the importation of which into the United
States or the Territories thereof is prohibited by law; and I do further
swear (or affirm) that if I shall hereafter discover or know of any
such goods, wares, or merchandise amongst the said goods, wares,
and merchandise imported or consigned as aforesaid, I will immedi-
ately and without delay report the same to the collector of this
district."

That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is,
authorized, in case either France or Great Britain shall so revoke or
modify her edicts as that they shall cease to violate the neutral com-
merce of the United States, to declare the same by proclamation;
after which the trade of the United States suspended by this act and
by the act laying an embargo on all ships and vessels in the ports and
harbors of the United States and the several acts supplementary
thereto may be renewed with the nation so doing : Provided, That all
penalties and forfeitures which shall have been previously incurred
by virtue of this or any other act the operation of which shall so cease
and determine shall be recovered and distributed in like manner as
if the same had continued in full force and virtue; and vessels bound
thereafter to any foreign port or place with which commercial inter-
course by virtue of this section be again permitted shall give bond to
the United States, with approved security, in double the value of the
vessel and cargo that they shall not proceed to any foreign port nor
trade with any other country other than those with which commercial
intercourse shall have been or may be permitted by this act.

That so much of the act laying an embargo on all ships and vessels
in the ports and harbors of the United States, and of the several acts
supplementary thereto, as forbids the departure of vessels owned by
citizens of the United States and the exportation of domestic and for-
eign merchandise to any foreign port or place be, and the same is
hereby, repealed after the fifteenth day of March, one thousand eight
hundred and nine, except so far as they relate to Great Britain or
France or their colonies or dependencies places in the actual posses-
sion of either : Provided, that all the penalties and forfeitures which
shall have been previously incurred by virtue of so much of the said
acts as is repealed by this act, or which have been or may hereafter
be incurred by virtue of the said acts on account of any infraction of
so much of the said acts as is not repealed by this act, shall be recov-
ered and distributed in like manner as if the said acts had continued
in full force and virtue.

That during the continuance of so much of the act laying an
embargo on all ships and vessels in the ports and harbors of the
United States, and of the several acts supplementary thereto, as is
not repealed by this act, no ship or vessel bound to a foreign port,
with which commercial intercourse shall, by virtue of this act, be
again permitted, shall be allowed to depart for such port unless the
owner or owners, consignee, or factor of such ship or vessel, and
in a sum four times the value if the vessel is owned in part or in
whole by any foreigner or foreigners, that the vessel shall not leave
the port without a clearance, nor shall, when leaving the port, pro-
ceed to any port or place in Great Britain or France, or in the colo-
nies or the dependencies of either, or in the actual possession of
either, nor be directly or indirectly engaged during the voyage in any
trade with such port, nor shall put any article on board of any other
vessel, nor unless every other requisite and provision of the second

522 INTERDICTION OF COMMERCIAL INTERCOURSE.

section of the act intituled "An act to enforce and make more effec-
tual an act intituled 'An act laying an embargo on all ships and ves-
sels in the ports and harbors of the United States, and the several
acts supplementary thereto,'" shall have been complied with. And
the party or parties to the above-mentioned bond shall, within a
reasonable time after the date of the same, to be expressed in the said
bond, produce to the collector of the district from which the vessel
shall have cleared, a certificate of the landing of the same, in the
same manner as is provided by law for the landing of goods exported
with the privilege of drawback; on failure whereof the bond shall be
put in suit, and in every such suit judgment shall be given against
the defendant or defendants, unless proof shall be produced of such
relanding or of loss at sea.

That so much of the act laying an embargo on all ships and vessels
in the ports and harbors of the United States, and of the several acts
supplementary thereto, as compels vessels owned by citizens of tin-
United States, bound to another port of the same States, or vessels
licensed for the coasting trade, or boats either not masted or not
decked, to give bond and to load under the inspection of a revenue
officer, or renders them liable to detention merely on account of the
nature of their cargo (such provisions excepted as relate to collection
districts adjacent to the territories, colonies, or provinces of a foreign
nation, or to vessels belonging to or bound to such districts), be, and
the same is hereby, repealed from and after the fifteenth day of
March, one thousand eight hundred and nine: Provided, hoivever,
That all penalties and forfeitures which shall have been previously
incurred by any of the said acts, or may hereafter be incurred by
virtue of the said acts on account of any infraction of so much of the
said acts as is not repealed by this act, shall be recovered and dis-
tributed in like manner as if the same had continued in full force and
virtue.

That during the continuance of so much of the said act laying an
embargo on all ships and vessels in the ports and harbors of the
United States, and of the several acts supplementary thereto, as is
not repealed by this act, no vessel owned by the citizens of the United
States, bound to another port of the United States, or licensed for the
coasting trade, shall be allowed to depart from any port of the United
States, or shall receive a clearance, nor shall it be lawful to put on
board of any such vessel any specie or goods, wares, or merchandise,
unless a permit shall have been previously obtained from the proper
collector, or from a revenue officer authorized by the collector to grant
such permits, nor unless the owner, consignee, agent, or factor shall
with the master give bond, with one or more sureties, to the United
States, in a sum double the value of the vessel and cargo, that the
vessel shall not proceed to any foreign port or place, and that the
cargo shall be relanded in some port of the United States: Provided,
That it shall be lawful and sufficient in the case of any such vessel
whose employment has been uniformly confined to rivers, bays, and
sounds within the -jurisdiction of the United States to give bond in
an amount equal to one hundred and fifty dollars for each ton of said
vessel, with condition that such vessel shall not, during the t inn-
limited in the condition of the bond, proceed to any foreign port or
place, or put any article on board of any other vessel, or be employed
in any foreign trade.

That if any ship or vessel shall, during the continuance of so much
of the act laying an embargo on all ships and vessels in the ports and

COMMERCIAL INTERCOURSE. 523

harbors of the United States, and of the several acts supplementary
thereto, as is not repealed by this act, depart from any port of the
United States without a clearance or permit, or having given bond in
the manner provided by law, such ship or vessel, together with her
cargo, shall be wholly forfeited; and the owner or owners, agent,
freighter, or factors, master or commander of such ship or vessel shall,
moreover, severally forfeit and pay a sum equal to the value of the
ship or vessel and of the cargo put on board of the same.

That the act to prohibit the importation of certain goods, wares, and
merchandise, passed the eighteenth of April, one thousand eight hun-
dred and six, and the act supplementary thereto, be, and the same are
hereby, repealed from and after the twentieth day of May next : Pro-
vided, That all penalties and forfeitures which shall have been pre-
viously incurred by virtue of the said acts shall be recovered and
distributed in like manner as if the said acts had continued in full
force and virtue.

That all penalties and forfeitures arising under or incurred by virtue
of this act may be sued for, prosecuted, and recovered, with costs of
suit, by action of debt, in the name of the United States of America,
or by indictment or information, in any court having competent juris-
diction to try the same; and shall be distributed and accounted for in
the manner prescribed by the act intituled "An act to regulate the
duties on imports and tonnage, "passed the second day of March, one
thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine; and such penalties and
forfeitures may be examined, mitigated, or remitted in like manner
or under the like conditions, regulations, and restrictions as are pre-
scribed, authorized, and directed by the act intituled "An act to pro-
vide for mitigating and remitting the forfeitures, penalties, and disa-
bilities accruing in certain cases therein mentioned," passed the third
day of March, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-seven, and
made perpetual by an act passed the eleventh day of February, one
thousand eight hundred.

That this act shall continue and be in force until the end of the
next session of Congress, and no longer; and that the act laying an
embargo on all ships and vessels in the ports and harbors of the United
States, and the several acts supplementary thereto, shall be, and the
same are hereby, repealed from and after the end of the next session
of Congress.

(Stat. L., vol. 2, p. 528; vol. 4, pp. 344, 345, 346.)

ELEVENTH CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.
April 24, 1810.

Concerning commercial intercourse between the United States and
Great Britain and France and their dependencies, Mr. Smith reported
the following amendments to the bill of the House :

Sec. 1, line 2: Strike out section 1 and insert in lieu thereof the fol-
lowing: " SECTION 1. From and after the passage of this act no Brit-
ish or French armed vessel shall be admitted to enter the harbors or
waters under the jurisdiction of the United States; but every British
and French armed vessel is hereby interdicted, except when they shall
be forced in by distress, by the dangers of the sea, or when charged
with dispatches or business from their Government, or coming as a

524 TBADE WITH DEPENDENCIES OF GREAT BRITAIN.

public packet for the conveyance of letters; in which case, as well as
in all others, when they shall be permitted to enter, the commanding
officer shall immediately report his vessel to the collector of the dis-
trict, stating the object or causes of his entering the harbors or
waters of the United States, and shall take such position therein as
shall be assigned him by such collector, and shall conform himself,
his vessel, and crew to such regulations respecting health, repairs,
supplies, stay, intercourse, and departure as shall be signified to him
by the said collector, under the authority and direction of the Presi-
dent of the United States, and not conforming thereto shall be required
to depart from the United States."

Strike out the second, third, and fourth sections, and insert:

"SEC. 2. That all pacific intercourse with any interdicted foreign
armed vessels, or the officers or crew thereof, is hereby forbidden ; and
if any person shall afford any aid to such armed vessel, either in pre-
paring her or in furnishing her, her officers or crew with supplies of
any kind or in any manner whatsoever, or if any pilot shall assist in
navigating the said armed vessel contrary to his prohibition, unless
for the purpose of carrying her beyond the limits and jurisdiction of
the United States, the person or persons so offending shall be liable to
be bound to their good behaviour, and shall moreover forfeit and pay a
sum not exceeding two thousand dollars, to be recovered upon indict-
ment or information in any court of competent jurisdiction; one
moiety thereof to the Treasury of the United States and the other
moiety to the person who shall give information and prosecute the
same to effect: Provided, That if the prosecution shall be by a pub-
lic officer the whole forfeiture shall accrue to the Treasury of the
United States.

" SEC. 3. That the President of the United States be, and hereby is,
authorized to employ the public and armed vessels in protecting tWb
commerce of the United States, and to issue instructions which shall
be conformable to the laws and usages of nations for the government
of the ships which may be employed in that service."

SEC. 5. Strike out from the word " aforesaid," in the seventeenth
line, to the end of the section.

(Leg. Jour., vol. 4, pp. 497, 499; Stat. L.,vol. 2, p. 605; Annals,
llth Cong., 2d sess., p. 666.)

THIRTEENTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
June 28, 1813.

Concerning trade or traffic with the dominions or dependencies of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by citizens of the
United States, Mr. Campbell reported the following bill:

That any citizen or inhabitant of the United States or the Territo-
ries thereof who shall, during the war in which the said United States
is at present engaged, either directly or indirectly carry on any trade,
commerce, or traffic in any articles whatever with any of the domin-
ions, colonies, or dependencies of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, or with any person or persons residing within the same;
and any citizen or inhabitant as aforesaid who shall directly or indi-
rectly be privy to, or aiding or abetting in carrying on any such trade,
commerce, or traffic, shall be adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor and
shall upon conviction for every such offence be imprisoned for a term

COMMERCIAL INTERCOURSE WITH FOREIGN NATIONS. 525

not exceeding two years nor less than six months and be fined in a
sum not exceeding five thousand nor less than five hundred dollars;
and any ship, vessel, or carriage, of what kind soever, employed or
used in any such trade, commerce, or traffic, as above described, and
any cargo which shall be found on board of such ship or vessel, and
any articles which shall be found in such carriage, when detected or
taken in such unlawful trade, commerce, or traffic, or at the return of
the same to the United States, shall be forfeited, the one-half to the
use of the United States, and the other half to any person or persons
who shall give information thereof, and may be seized wherever found,
and condemned before any court of the United States or the Terri-
tories thereof having competent jurisdiction: Provided, That nothing
in this act contained shall be so construed as to repeal, impair, or
affect any law now in force providing for the punishment of treason
or of any other offence against the United States.

(Annals, 13th Cong., 1st sess., pp. 18, 19,36.)

THIRTEENTH CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.
April 11, 1814.

On message of President of March 31, 1814, as to commercial inter-
course with foreign nations, Mr. Bibb, of Georgia, made the following
report :

Taking into consideration the great importance of the measures
recommended, the committee think it a duty which they owe to the
House and to the nation to state the grounds on which their report is
founded. Uniting with the Executive in the policy of those measures,
they wish to explain the reasons which have produced that union.

Of the past it is unnecessary to take a review. The attention of the
committee is drawn with more solicitude to the future.

Previous to the late changes in Europe the bearing of our restrictive
measures was for the most part confined to our enemies; the obstruc-
tions to our commercial intercourse with the friendly powers of the
world being in a manner insuperable.

At present a prospect exists of an extended commercial inter-
course with them, highly important to both parties, and which, it may
be presumed, they will find an equal interest and disposition to pro-
mote. Denmark, all Germany, and Holland, heretofore under the
double restraint of internal regulations and external blockades and
depredations, from a commerce with the United States, appear by late
events to be liberated therefrom. Like changes equally favorable to
the commerce of this country appear to be taking place in Italy and
the more eastern parts of the Mediterranean. With respect to Spain
and Portugal, in the commerce with whom the United States have
great interest, it may be expected that commerce may be carried on
without the aid heretofore afforded to the enemy. Should peace take
place between France and her enemies, including Great Britain, the
commerce of the United States with France will fall under the same
remarks.

The considerations of an internal nature which urge a repeal of
these acts at this time are not less forcible than those which have
already been related. Among those are the following: The commit-
tee are persuaded that it will considerably augment the public rev-
enue, and thereby maintain the public credit; that it will enhance

526 RELEASE OF CLAIMS SYSTEM OF NAVIGATION.

the price and promote the circulation of our produce in lieu of specie,
which has of late become so much the object of speculations tending
to embarrass the Government.

(Am. St. Pap., vol. 3, p. 629; Leg. Jour., vol. 5, p. 40:;.)

THIRTEENTH CONGRESS, THIRD SESSION.
February 27, 1815.

As to the expediency of making provision by law to release all or
any claims of the United States to penalties or forfeitures, under acts
which have imposed prohibitions or temporary restrictions on com-
mercial intercourse, and to discontinue prosecutions therefor upon
payment of costs legally incurred, Mr. Bibb reported as follows:

That it is inexpedient to make such provision.
(Leg. Jour., vol. 3, p. 670.)

FOURTEENTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
March 7, 1816.

On system of navigation for the United States Mr. Bibb made the
following report :

The attention of the committee has been drawn to the policy of " con-
fining the American navigation to American seamen " by the message
of the President of the United States. Two considerations, distinct in
their character, are suggested in behalf of the measure : First, as it might
have a conciliatory tendency toward foreign nations; and, second, as
it would increase the independence of our navigation and the resources
of our maritime defense.

An act for the regulation of the seamen on board of the public and
private vessels of the United States, passed the 3d day of March,
1813, prohibits the employment as seamen of the subjects or citizens
of any foreign nation which shall prohibit the like employment of
citizens of the United States. That act furnishes indiputable evi-
dence of the conciliatory spirit of the national councils, and a cor-
responding disposition on the part of other Governments only is
wanting to give it effect. The committee, however, deem it expe-
dient to advance the independence of the navigation and resources or
maritime defense of the United States, and for that purpose submit a
bill to the consideration of the Senate. That the nature and extent
of its provisions may be more readily understood, the following out-
line of the existing regulations concerning commercial vessels and of
the proposed modifications is presented:

Commercial vessels which are registered or enrolled according to
the existing laws are denominated ships or vessels of the United
States. For carrying on trade with foreign countries they are regis-
tered. For the coasting trade or fisheries of the United States they
are enrolled or licensed.

Ships or vessels built within the United States, or captured or con -
demned as prize, or adjudged as forfeited for breach of law, and
belonging wholly to the citizens of the United States, may be regis-
tered or enrolled, if they are commanded by citizens, either native or

SYSTEM OF NAVIGATION. 527

naturalized. Such vessels are regarded as belonging to the ports
nearest to which the managing owners reside. And they are regis-
tered or enrolled in the offices of the customs for the districts which
comprehend the respective ports.

When a vessel is registered, the ownership, name, description, and
tonnage, being legally ascertained, are stated distinctly, with the
name of the master, and entered in some proper book for a record or
registry to be kept by the collector of customs. A certificate of such
registry is issued as evidence of ownership to accompany the vessel,
in addition to the seal and signature of the Register of the Treasury
of the United States, and is attested under the seal of the collector
with his signature, and is countersigned by the naval officer or sur-
veyor, where there is such an officer, for the port to which the vessel
belongs. And a copy is transmitted to the Register of the Treasury.

The certificate of a vessel to be employed in foreign waters may
continue in force so long as the ownership continues the same. On a
change of property, if purchased by any citizen of the United States,
the vessel is registered anew. When the master is changed, the col-
lector of the customs is authorized to indorse a memorandum of such
change on the certificate of registry.

The requisites for this important document are prescribed in the
act of the 31st of December, 1792, entitled "An act concerning the
registering and recording of ships and vessels." And the various
provisions in the same act were adapted to guard the interest of ship-
owners and shipbuilders of the United States against the intrusions
or impositions of foreigners.

In relation to vessels of 20 tons or upward which may be enrolled,
the same qualifications and requisites are required, and similar guards
against abuses are provided in the act of the 18th of February, 1793,
entitled "An act for enrolling and licensing ships or vessels to be
employed in the coasting trade and fisheries, and for regulating the
same." A certificate of enrollment, which is issued for a coasting or
fishing vessel of the United States, is strictly analogous to the certifi-
cate of registry for a merchant vessel. The documents contain simi-
lar statements respecting the vessels and the titles of the owners, and
are authenticated in the same manner.

Vessels of less than 20 tons are licensed, without being enrolled,
according to the act of the 18th of February, 1793. And the duty of
tonnage on a licensed vessel is payable once in a year. A license is
issued from the office of the customs for the vessel to be employed in
the coasting trade or the whale fishery or the cod fishery. It may be
in force for one year, and is given under the hand and seal of the col-
lector, who is required to make a record of such licenses, and transmit
copies to the Register of the Treasury, that the privileges appertain-
ing to ships or vessels of the United States in the coasting trade or
fisheries may be fully enjoyed; and the same law requires enrolled
vessels to have licenses.

As the act of the 31st of December, 1792, has provided that the
privileges appertaining to registered ships or vessels of the United
States shall not continue to be enjoyed longer than they continue to
be commanded by citizens of the United States, it has, in effect,
required every such vessel to have one citizen on board as master or
commander. And the same requisite is included in the act of the
18th of February, 1793, for enrolling or licensing ships or vessels.
These acts contain the principal regulations for commercial shipping.
There are no laws in operation which require any more of the citizens

528 K. APPLEBY AND OTHERS.

to be employed for navigating the vessels in foreign trade or the
<< lasting trade or fisheries. There is no act of Congress which requires
the subordinate officers, or any part of the crew on board any vessel
whatever, to be citizens of the United States.

On examination it appears that systematic regulations concerning
the ownership of vessels were established ly the registering act of
December, 1792, and the enrolling and licensing act of !' -ln-uary, 17'..i,
but the United States have remained to this day without a navigat im
act for each branch of their commerce.

As it concerns the maritime interests of the United States, there-
fore it is of importance to establish a policy requiring the commeceial
vessels of the United States to be navigated principally by mariners
of the country. With this view, it is considered proper to allow the
privileges of American character to none but vessels navigated 1 > y
American mariners, as the law may require, to provide for ascertain-
ing who shall be regarded as such mariners, and to make it requisite
for vessels of the United States to have documents on board as evi-
dence of being so navigated.

That the policy may be carried into effect without inconvenience,
various particulars in a system of navigation must correspond to exist-
ing laws respecting the collection of duties, the ownership of vessels,
or the government of persons in the merchant service or fisheries.
Several regulations similar to those already in force are proposed to
be incorporated.

The documents for vessels sailing on foreign voyages may supersede
the use of any other certificates of citizenship for persons employed in
navigating them, and it is proposed to repeal the section of the act of
May, 1796, which has authorized the collectors to deliver certificates
to individual mariners. Abuses which are known to have prevailed
in relation to such certificates may be avoided by requiring proper
documents to accompany the vessels.

(Annals, 14th Cong., 1st sess., p. 172.)

SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.

March 15, 1822.

[Senate Report No. 6.]

Mr. King, of New York, from the Committee on Foreign Relations,
to whom were referred the memorial of R. Appleby and others, of
the collection district, South Carolina, and the resolutions of the
chamber of commerce of the city of Baltimore, praying for the repeal
of the laws closing the ports of the United States against British ves-
sels employed in the trade between the United States and the British
colonies in the West Indies, report:

That, referring to the period between the completion of the Revo-
lution and the adoption of the Constitution, it can not be doubted
that the embarrassments of the agriculture, trade, and navigation of
the several States were truly ascribed to the want of power in the
Congress to make adequate laws for their encouragement and pro-
tection, and no motive in favor of the adoption of the Constitution
was more strongly or more generally felt than the opinion that the
vesting of power in Congress to regulate trade would serve to promote
the welfare and prosperity of the Union.

The new Government under the Constitution very soon experienced

E. APPLEBY AND OTHEES. 529

the influence created by the extraordinary changes that were taking
place in France, and which in the sequel engaged all Europe in arms.

War between the great maritime powers invariably produces tem-
porary relaxations of their laws respecting the trade and navigation
of foreign nations with their respective territories. The suspension
of these laws, and especially of such of them as regulated the colonial
trade, had the effect of giving to the agriculture, trade, and naviga-
tion of the United States the advantages which would have been given
to them by a system of free trade that should have for its basis the
equal and reciprocal benefits of all nations.

The condition of neutrality that was adopted by the United States
during the wars of the French Revolution secured to every commer-
cial nation benefits which a peaceable and industrious people are able
to afford during periods of great public calamity, and our example
during these wars has served to prove that justice is the most profit-
able as well as the wisest policy of nations.

Since the establishment of the general peace some of the maritime
nations, notwithstanding the doubts that have been raised in regard
to the truth of the former theories of trade, have returned to and
resumed their ancient commercial policy, and in consequence thereof
the United States have in their own defense been obliged to resort to
the exercise of the powers to regulate trade vested in Congress for
the purpose of protecting and cherishing the industrj 7 and navigation
of the States.

Great moderation has been observed by the United States on this
subject, and persevering endeavors have been made to adjust by
treaty their commercial intercourse with foreign nations, and espe-
cially with England. So far as respects the English territories in
Europe and in Asia, the intercourse is arranged by the treaty of 1815;
but this treaty contains no provision concerning the navigation and
trade between the United States and the English colonies in the West
Indies and North America. The value of this branch of trade and
the importance of the navigation employed in the same have been
long understood by both parties, and the actual embarrassment thereof
which now exists can not be ascribed to the want of a disposition on
the part of the United States to have placed the same on a fair and
friendly footing; but it continues to be insisted on by England that,
not only the colonial trade, but the trade between the United States
and these colonies ought to be considered and regulated as a monopoly
that foreign nations are bound to respect and with which they may
not interfere.

The act commonly called the navigation act of England, while it
reserves the colonial navigation -exclusively to the vessels of England
and her colonies, opens the trade between England and foreign nations
to the vessels of both, subject to equal and the same regulations.

The colonial, like the coasting trade, has been treated as a monopoly
so long as the same was confined to the navigation between territories
of the same nation; but whenever it may suit the convenience of a
nation to open a trade between her colonies and a foreign nation, the
claim to treat this trade as a monopoly is without just authority,
being contrary to the rights of such foreign nation, which within its
own dominions must possess authority to make such regulations as
may be deemed expedient.

It is an unwarrantable extension of national monopolies by ex parte
laws to attempt to include the navigation of a foreign nation within
the rules by which the navigation between portions of the same nation

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 34

530 B. APPLEBY AND OTHERS.

is governed. If tliis may bo done between the colonies and a foreign
nalion, it may also le done in respect to the navigation bet ween any
other portion or the whole of the territories of such nation and foreign
nations.

England allows the importation of lumber and breadstuffs from tho
United States into the colony of Jamaica, but forbids the same unless
the importation be made in English vessels; she also allows the impor-
tation of cotton and tobacco from the United States into England,
but with equal right she may forbid the same unless the importations
be made in English vessels. This has not been done in the lat In-
case, and there would be but one sentiment in the United Stales
should it be attempted. Yet in the former case this is and has been
the law ever since the date of our independence, and it may with
equal right be applied to Liverpool as to Jamaica.

After long endurance and fruitless efforts to adjust this question by
treaty, Congress, with great unanimity, have, passed laws to counter-
vail the restrictions imposed by England upon the intercourse between
the United States and her colonies in the West Indies.

England having forbidden the importation of supplies from the
United States into her West India colonies in American vessels, the
United States, in their turn, have forbidden the exportation of these
supplies in British vessels. The two restrictions have put an end to
the direct intercourse, and the trade is carried on indirectly, the sup-
plies for these colonies being carried in American vessels from the
United States to the Swedish and Danish islands, and the produce of
the English West Indies being brought in English vessels to the same
islands, and there exchanged for the provisions and lumber of the
United States. American supplies are also sent in American vessels
to the free port of Bermuda, and there sold for cash; and flour, in like
manner, is sent from the United States to the island of Cuba, as well
as to the port of Liverpool, and from these places carried in English
vessels to Jamaica and other English colonies in the West Indies. In
this condition of our navigation and trade, our tonnage continues
annually to increase, and the value of our exports exceeds that of our
imports.

In countries of great extent, and whose productions are various,
though the people are generally employed in similar occupations, new
regulations may, for a time, affect some portions of the country more
than others ; but every portion soon accommodates itself to the new
regulation, and the advantages and disadvantages are in a short time
certain to be equalized by the entire freedom with which every branch
of industry is prosecuted.

It was on account of this diversity of products, and of the different
manner of doing business in the several States, that jealousies for-
merly existed between them, which defeated every attempt to establish
any common regulation of trade under the confederation. The want
of American tonnage sufficient to create the requisite competition in
the exports of the country added to the difficulties of this period.

But as the national tonnage is now fully sufficient for the national
exports, and as Congress have offered to all nations a system of entire
equality and freedom in the commercial intercourse between them
and the United States, the time has come in which it has been thought
to be due to the welfare and character of the United States to coun-
tervail the regulations which so long, and so much to our disadvan-
tage, have been imposed by England on the trade and navigation
between the United States and her West India colonies.

E. APPLEBY AND OTHEKS. 531

This national measure, so long called for to protect the ships and
seamen of the United States, was calculated to awaken the remnant
of local jealousy that may still exist among us, against the influence
of which we may with confidence appeal to the character and neces-
sity of the law.

By the exclusion of English vessels American vessels are employed
in their place, and whatever is lost by the former is gained by the
latter. By revoking the countervailing laws we take away the profits
now enjoyed by American vessels, and give them back again to the
vessels of England, and in doing so grant a bounty to foreign ships
at the expense of our own.

Navigation and maritime industry, for a peculiar reason, call for
national protection, for the art of navigation is an expedient of war
as well as of commerce, and in this respect differs from every other
branch of industry. Though it was once doubted, doubt no longer
exists, that a navy is the best defense of the United States, and this
maxim is not more true than that a naval power never has existed,
and can never exist, without a commercial marine, hence the policy
of encouraging and protecting the ships and seamen of the United
States.

In the commercial differences which arise between nations the vari-
ous branches of industry are differently affected, and calculations
founded on the supposed interest of either party being of ten fallacious,
may prove to be uncertain guides in the policy of nations, while, by
referring every question of disagreement to the honor of the nation,
in the purity and preservation of which everyone is alike concerned,
a standard is provided that can never mislead.

In the least, as well as the most difficult, disputes national honor
is the safest counselor, and it should not be forgotten that public
injuries long endured invite further aggression, and in the end
degrade and destroy the pride and safety of nations.

In respect to the commercial difference which has so long existed
between the United States and England , the claim of the latter exclu-
sively to regulate the intercourse and navigation between the United
States and her West India colonies has affected the reputation and
rights of the United States, and the public honor justifies the coun-
tervailing measures adopted on this subject. To recede, from the
same would be equivalent to their final relinquishment, and would
not fail to encourage the belief that a wrong so long endured would
no longer be opposed, and that further aggression might be made
without resistance.

It must be always remembered that the countervailing measures
which have been adopted by Congress are entirely defensive, and as
we desire to concur in the establishment of a free trade with every
nation, we are ready to abandon the restrictions on the English navi-
gation as soon as England manifests a disposition to give up the
restrictions which she was the first to impose on our navigation. And
does public policy require, or will the national honor permit, that we
should do so sooner? With these views the committee submit the
following resolution :

Resolved, That the Committee on Foreign Relations be discharged from the
further consideration of the petition of R. Appleby and others, of Colleton district,
South Carolina, and of the resolutions of the Chamber of Commerce of Baltimore,
praying for the repeal of thelaws imposing restrictions on English vessels employed
in the trade between the United States and the English colonies in the West Indies,

532 PUNISHMENT OF CRIMES WRECKED AMERICAN SEAMEN.

TWENTY-FIFTH CONGRESS, SECOND SESSIOH.
March 8, 1838.

On conference on act supplementary to an act entitled "An act in
addition to the act for the punishment of certain crimes against the
United States, and to repeal the acts therein mentioned," Mr. Buchan-
nan reported as follows :

That they have agreed to recommend for the adoption of their
respective Houses the amendment proposed by the Senate to the sec-
ond section of the said bill, with the following amendment, to wit:
Insert after the word "whatsoever" the following words: "or with
any other trade;" so as to make the provision read as follows: " Pro-
vided, That nothing in this act contained shall be construed to extend
to or interfere with any trade in arms or munitions of war, conducted
in vessels by sea, with any foreign port or place whatsoever, or with
any other trade which might have been lawfully carried on, before the
passage of this act, under the law of nations and the provisions of the
act hereby amended."

(Leg. Jour., p. 277.)

THIRTY-FIRST CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
June 13, 1850.

On report from Secretary of State as to conduct of Japanese Gov-
ernment toward wrecked American seamen, capabilities of oriental
nations for commerce with United States, and proper observance of
treaty of 1833 with Siam, Mr. Foote reported as follows:

Resolved, That Mr. Palmer have leave to withdraw, take out a copy-
right for, and print on his own account the documents entitled "A
Comprehensive View of the Principal Independent Maritime Countries
of the East," which accompanied the report of the Secretary of State
to the Senate, under date of the 23d April last, and referred to the
Committee on Foreign Relations, and that the Secretary of the Senate

be, and he is hereby, authorized to subscribe for copies of the

work under the above title, for the use of the Senate, provided the
same shall be delivered by Mr. Palmer at a price not exceeding, per
copy, the rate for printing, lithographing, and binding public docu-
ments for the Senate in 1819, with 20 per cent discount.
(Leg. Jour., p. 394.)

FIFTIETH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.

June 20, 1888.
[Senate Report No. 1629.]

Mr. Edmunds, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to which was referred Senate
bill 2544, "authorizing and directing the President of the United
States to make proclamation prohibiting 1 the importation of products
of foreign States in certain cases, and for other purposes," respect-
fully reports :

IMPORTATION OF PRODUCTS - HENRY V. POOR. 533

That the pOAvers named in the bill and proposed to be conferred
upon the President of the United States in respect of unjust discrimi-
nations by foreign countries against the importation and sale therein
of products of the United States are, as the committee thinks, com-
pletely covered and embraced in section 5 of Senate bill 535, "pro-
viding for an inspection of meats for exportation, prohibiting the
importation of adulterated articles of food or drink, and authorizing
the President to make proclamation in certain cases, and for other
purposes," which bill passed the Senate on the 21st March, 1888, and
is now pending in the House of Representatives. The committee is,
therefore, of opinion that it is unnecessary for the Senate to act fur-
ther upon the subject until some action shall have been taken by the
House of Representatives on the bill which has already passed this

All of which is respectfully submitted.

August 22, 1888.
[Senate Report No. 2083.]

Mr. Sherman, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to which was referred the
resolution of the Senate of March 9, 1888, begs leave to report:

That it has been proceeding in the execution of the duties imposed
upon it and has accumulated a considerable mass of information, a
large part of which was compiled by Henry V. Poor; that the Senate
having since committed the same subject to a select committee, this
committee asks that it may be discharged from the further execution
of the aforesaid order of the Senate, and it returns with this report
the documents and papers referred to.

FIFTY-THIRD CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.
May 17, 1894.

[Senate Report No. 410.]

Mr. Turpie, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submitted
the following report:

Two memorials were referred to this committee upon the 14th of
August, 1893, in regard to the traffic in firearms and intoxicants with
the natives of the islands of New Hebrides by Europeans and Ameri-
cans, concerning which, after due consideration thereof, the com-
mittee beg leave to submit the following report:

The New Hebrides are a group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean
situated about 200 miles northeast of New Caledonia, well known as
the site of the French penal colony in those waters.

The group consists of quite a number of islands, 16 or 18 of which
are of considerable size. The native population is estimated at the
number of 180,000. The area of the habitable islands is about 5,700
square miles.

The natives are a mixed race of the Milan esian and negro Papuan
tribes, living for the most part in a wild and uncivilized condition.

534 TRAFFIC IN FIREARMS, ETC. , WITH NATIVES OF NEW HEBRIDES.

This condition has not changed much even during the one hundred
and fifty years that they have been in contact with the commerce and
civilization of the outer world. The only exception to this is found
in the Christian native settlements, the colonies of the missionaries,
where the converted natives are spoken of as leading a life of quiet
industry and sobriety, and as steadily advancing in the arts and habits
of civilization. The native Christian population is said to number
8,000 souls.

The labor of the missionaries in the conversion and improvement of
the native population during later years is making quite substantial
progress. It is charged, however, in the petition and resolutions laid
before the committee that this beneficent work has been, arid now is,
much hindered and retarded by the sale to the natives by foreigners
of intoxicating liquors and firearms, and it is alleged also in said
papers "that much of this traffic is carried on by this country," the
United States. The white permanent settlements upon these islands
are French and English. They are only visited by the people of the
United States for commercial objects, except those of our citizens who
have gone thither as teachers and missionaries.

The natives of these islands have no regular system of government.
They are under the rule of independent native chiefs. There seems
to be no general authority, either legislative or executive, which all
acknowledge. They have, nevertheless, an autonomy, but it is so dis-
integrated, separate, and divided in its functions as to be somewhat
obscure, undefined, presenting great difficulties in the way of treaty
or negotiation with the whole people. The French and English Gov-
ernments have both heretofore on different occasions found or deemed
it necessary to interfere by military or naval force to protect the lives
and property of their respective subjects living upon the islands.

The French Government in 1887 took formal possession of some of
the islands by landing a military force thereon, but this action was
remonstrated against by Great Britain in such terms that the occupa-
tion was declared to be only for a limited time and purpose. A con-
vention for a joint naval commission was signed on November 16,
1887, and the French agreed to evacuate the islands within four
months from that date. On January 26, 1888, the English and French
representatives signed at Paris a declaration defining the functions
and powers of the Anglo-French naval commission and establishing
regulations for its guidance. The commission consists of a president
and two British and two French naval officers. It is charged with
the maintenance of order and the protection of the lives and the
property of British and French citizens in the New Hebrides.

The presidency of the commission is to be held in alternate months
by the commanders in chief of the British and French naval forces
present in the group. The regulations provide that in the event of a
disturbance of peace and good order in any part of the New Hebrides
where British or French subjects are found, or in the event of danger
manacing their lives or property, the commission shall forthwith meet
and take measures for repressing disturbance or protecting the inter-
ests endangered, not resorting to military force unless its employment
is considered indispensable. If a military or naval force lands it must
not remain longer than is deemed necessary by the commission. 1 n a
sudden emergency the British or French naval commanders nearest
the scene of action may take measures for the protection of persons or
property of either nationality, in concert, if possible, or separately
when only one force is near the disturbed locality, but they must at

TEAFFIC IN FIEEABMS, ETC. , WITH NATIVES OF NEW HEBEIDES. 535

once report to their senior officers, who shall communicate the report
to each other and immediately summon the commission.

The commission has no power to interfere in disputes concerning
titles to land, or to dispossess either natives or foreigners of lands
that they hold in possession, but it is charged with the police duties
of stopping the slave trade with the Kanakas and of preventing acts
of piracy. The last of the French troops left the New Hebrides on
March 15, 1888. This international convention between the two pow-
ers had been preceded by and accompanied with quite prolonged
negotiations between them as to the subject of the prohibition of the
sale of intoxicants and firearms to the natives of the New Hebridean
islands.

It appears from our report upon foreign relations for 1892-93 that
these negotiations had been submitted, or at least communicated, to
our Department of State. Secretary Foster, in a letter of date Novem-
ber 18, 1892, tendered the assistance and good offices of this Govern-
ment in aid of this movement. On the 4th day of July, 1892, the
British Government, through its legation at Washington, had sub-
mitted a draft of a proposed international agreement to be entered into
by the principal powers concerning this traffic. (F. R., 1892, p. 287.)
On the llth of October, 1892, Mr. Foster, our Secretary of State, sent
an official dispatch to the minister of Great Britain, in which he assured
him

That this Government looks with favor upon any humanitarian work, and
would like further information as to the scope and form of the proposed agreement.

But at the same time Secretary Foster also said:

While the sentiments and convictions of this Government indorse restrictions
of deleterious commerce with the native Pacific islanders, the method of giving
expression thereto is necessarily influenced by the disparity of policy and interests
between the United States and the great European States in the Pacific Ocean.

The Secretary at the same time intimates that when such method of
expression has been generally acquiesced in by the powers more imme-
diately interested the United States may become a party thereto.
Here, so far as the record at present shows, negotiations paused.

Under these circumstances and conditions your committee cordially
indorses the offer of this Government to cooperate with other powers
in prohibiting this traffic with the natives of the New Hebrides.

In the present autonomous but somewhat irregular political status
of the native system of government, it is obvious that only external
treaty regulations will avail to prevent this traffic and that such regu-
lations must be joint and cooperative in their methods to be effective.

The committee, therefore, are of the opinion that the kindly offices
of this Government should be continuously tendered in aid of such
cooperation until an international agreement be concluded which
shall finally prevent and prohibit this traffic, so destructive to the
moral and physical well-being of the natives of the New Hebrides; and
with the hope that this may at an early day be accomplished, we ask
that we may be discharged from present further consideration of the
petition and resolutions. And the committee do now present the
accompanying resolution on this subject to the Senate and request
favorable consideration thereof, and do recommend its adoption.

TARIFF RESTRICTIONS.

037

TARIFF RESTRICTIONS.

FORTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
March 19, 1884.

Mr. Miller of California, from, the Committee on Foreign Relations,
submitted the following report:

The Committee on Foreign Relations, to which was referred the
resolution of the Senate of January 22, 1884, the first clause of which
is as follows

Resolved, That the Committee on Foreign Relations be instructed to inquire into
and report to the Senate such legislation as shall protect our interests against those
governments which have prohibited or restrained the importation of meats from
the United States

has considered the foregoing, and begs leave to report herewith a bill
which, in the opinion of the committee, contains the legislation nec-
essary for the protection of the interests of the people of the United
States in the matter embraced in that part of the resolution above
quoted.

The facts and data upon which the committee has based its conclu-
sions, as expressed in this bill, are for the greater part included in the
three documents appended hereto and made a part of this report, viz:

First. House Executive Document No. 70, Forty-eighth Congress,
first session, being a communication from the Secretary of State rela-
tive to the restrictions upon the importation of American hog products
into Germany and France.

Second. House Executive Document No. 106, Forty-eighth Congress,
first session, being the report of the commission appointed by the
President "to examine into the swine industry of the United States
and into the allegations as to the healthfulness of the pork products."

Third. Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics to the Treas-
ury Department of February 12, 1884, "on the production of swine in
the United States, and the interdiction of American hog products from
France and Germany," etc.

Appended hereto is also a copy of a dispatch 1 from the American
minister at Paris to the honorable Secretary of State, dated February
8, 1884, transmitting a copy of the answers made by the French Acad-
emy of Medicine to the questions propounded by the French minister
of commerce on the subject of the importation of foreign meats, which
show that the academy voted, with but one dissentient voice, that
"the importation of foreign salt pork may be fearlessly authorized by
the French Government, as it is clearly proved that no danger to
public health has been caused by such importation."

The investigation which the committee has been able to make of
this subject results in establishing to the satisfaction of the commit-
tee, among others, two important propositions or matters of fact.

First. That trichinae do exist to a limited extent in swine through-
out all swine-producing countries, and in the United States as well as
others, but to a less degree than in Germany or France. The evidence
shows that about 2 per cent of American pork is infected by trichina.

Second. That uhe curing process of pork by salt destroys trichinae
to such a degree that pork thoroughly salted and permitted to remain

1 See p. 861.

539

540 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

long enough to become saturated with the salt, although infested with
trichinae, is innoxious.

Without entering upon an argument in respect to the propriety or
inexpediency of a policy of retaliation as to those governments which
have discriminated or may hereafter discriminate without just reason
against any class of American productions, the committee propose to
briefly state the propositions of the bill.

First. It is proposed to institute at the principal ports of the United
States a system of inspection of salted pork intended for exportation,
and exported within sixty days next after the date upon which the
same may have been salted and packed, so that the fact of the innox-
ious and wholesome character of the article shall be established by
the best, highest, and most reliable proof.

Second. The President is to be authorized at his discretion to exclude
from the United States, by proclamation, any product of any foreign
state which, by unjust discrimination, prohibits the importation into
such foreign state of any product of the United States.

Third. The importation into the United States of any adulterated
or unwholesome food, or vinous, spirituous, or malt liquors, adulter-
ated or mixed with any poisonous or noxious chemical, drug, or other
ingredient injurious to health, is by the bill prohibited under proper
penalties.

Fourth. The President is to be authorized, by proclamation, at his
discretion, to suspend the importation of articles so adulterated from
any country for such period of time as may be deemed sufficient to
prevent the practice of such adulteration of articles intended for
importation into the United States.

These are the measures which the committee deem necessary and
adequate as a remedy for the evils comprehended in that part of the
resolution which has been considered.

It is the intention of the committee to consider the second branch
of the resolution and make report as early as practicable.

[Forty-eighth Congress, first session. House Ex. Doc. No. 70.]

IMPORTATION OF AMERICAN HOG PRODUCTS INTO GERMANY AND

FRANCE.

[Message from the President of the United States, transmitting a communication from the Sec-
retary of State relative to the restrictions upon the importation of American hog products
into Germany and France.]

To the House of Representatives of the United States:

I transmit herewith, in response to the resolutions of the House of Representa-
tives, the following report from the Secretary of State, with accompanying papers,
relative to the restrictions upon the importation of American hog products into
Germany and France.

CHESTER A. AKTHUR.
EXECUTIVE MANSION,

January 31, 1884.

To the PRESIDENT:

There have been referred to the undersigned, for appropriate action thereon,
the two following resolutions of the House of Representatives:

" Resolved, That the President be, and he is hereby, requested to furnish for the
information of this House, if not incompatible with the public service, all commu-
nications, documents, and papers in his possession relating to the exclusion of and
restrictions upon the importation of American hog products into Germany and
France.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 541

" Whereas Germany and certain other foreign governments have interdicted
the importation of the swine products of this country for the pretended reason
that said products are not proper and wholesome for food; and

"Whereas an invitation on the part of this Government to said foreign gov-
ernments to send agents here to test said products has been declined, thus indicat-
ing that the pretended reasons given for such interdiction are not real reasons; and

"Whereas it is the duty of this Government to act promptly and with energy
to resent the injustice done by said charges and to protect these great products
from said imputation: Therefore,

" Resolved, That the President of the United States is hereby requested to trans-
mit to this House, if, in his opinion, it be not incompatible with the public inter-
ests, copies of any and all correspondence had by the State Department with all
foreign governments on this subject, together with any and all information that
he may have bearing upon this question."

Regarding these two resolutions, jointly, as embodying the wish of the popular
branch of Congress to be possessed of whatever may throw light upon the meas-
ures adopted by foreign governments to the detriment of an important branch of
the export trade of the United States, and also of all that may tend toward a just
and effective remedy for such detrimental measures, the undersigned has endeav-
ored to cover the whole ground embraced by both resolutions, by collecting and
submitting to the President, herewith, copies of all pertinent matter found of rec-
ord in the Department of State, to the end that it, or so much of it as the Presi-
dent may deem proper, may be communicated to the House of Representatives in
response to its requests; and in so doing the undersigned avails of the occasion to
submit to the President, as briefly as possible, such considerations drawn from a
general review of the action of this Government hitherto in the premises as seem
to him appropriate to the understanding of the general subject in its international
bearings.

The action of the leading governments of Europe took shape between 1879 and
1881, and was practically simultaneous in several countries.

On the ground of the alleged frequent discovery of trichinae in hog's meat com-
ing from Cincinnati into Italy, the sanitary department of that Government
issued an order on the 20th of February, 1879, prohibiting all pork imports of
whatever character from the United States a prohibition which was soon after-
ward. May 6, 1879, made general against all foreign pork. About September, 1879,
the Hungarian council general of public health caused a like prohibition in Hun-
gary. Dr. Ludwig von Grosse, at the International Medical Congress of Amster-
dam, in September, 1879, announced that the prevalence of trichina in pork
products from America had led to consultation between the Austrian and Hun-
garian Governments, with a view to making the prohibition adopted in Hungary
universal throughout the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which, however, was not
accomplished until more than a year afterward. By an imperial decree of June
25, 1880, Germany prohibited the importation of chopped pork and sausages (but
not of hams or bacon) from America. The French Government, as the result of
the alleged discovery of trichinae in some salt pork from America, issued a decree
on the 18th of February, 1881, upon the advice of the consultative committee of
public health, forbidding the importation of salt pork coming from the United
States. This action on the part of France was followed by several other States of
Europe, and Turkey and Greece excluded the pork products of the United States,
professedly in pursuance of the French example. The consideration of the same
measure in Austria-Hungary, pending since 1879, was closed by the promulgation,
March 10, 1881, of a decree prohibiting the importation of swine meat, lard, and
sausages of every kind from the United States.

Efforts were made, for professed sanitary reasons, to effect like prohibitory
enactments in Belgium and Switzerland during the same time, but those Govern-
ments, holding rightly that no danger from trichinae attended the consumption of
properly cooked hog products, abstained from the interdiction sought.

Meanwhile in England popular excitement arose in the early part of 1880,
caused by the publication of reports by several British consular officers in the
United States alleging the prevalence of hog cholera in the West to an unusual
and alarming degree, and imports of live swine and swine products to the British
Islands were checked for a time, but no prohibitory legislation ensued.

Apparently confined at first to scientific and hygienic considerations, the move-
ment soon took, in the great European countries, an interested commercial aspect.
The Governments of France, Germany, and Austria seem to have become sub-
jected to pressure from adverse quarters. On the one hand, there became mani-
fest a general tendency among men of science and practical economists to condemn
the prohibition as unwise and needles*. On the other, the local hog raisers and
packers raised objection to the admission of a foreign product which, from its

542 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

nature and manner of packing, they alleged could not be subjected, before enter-
ing into public consumption, to the same methods of investigation which legisla-
tion had prescribed for native swine products. Thus the question debated in the
press and legislatures of France and Germany looked to determining whether the
importation of pork products from the United States was or was not, in fact, a
source of danger to the public health.

It now seemed no less the duty of the Government of the United States to inves-
tigate the question. A great industry, giving a prosperous export trade, had been
declared pernicious to health and its products debarred from use abroad. The
same considerations of public health which operated to bring about total prohibi-
tion abroad made it necessary that the alleged perniciousness should be no less
searchingly investigated at home.

As a preliminary step the Department of State, in March, 1881, prosecuted an
examination of the various phases of the pork industry in the Western States,
from the raising of the hogs until their varied products are ready for marketable
shipment. This investigation, made by Mr. Michael Scanlan. Chief of the Bureau
of Statistics of the Department of State, covered all the possible causes which
might operate to render the product dangerous to health. It embraced the dis-
eases of swine, hog cholera receiving especial attention. The alleged prevalence
of trichina? among the swine of this country was rigidly inquired into. The
results of that investigation appeared to the Department of State conclusive as to
the healthfulness of a staple product consumed without evil consequences by mil-
lions of our own citizens. Not only were the asserted ravages of hog-cholera dis-
proved, but it was shown that unusual precautions had been universally taken to
insure that none but the health est animals should be slaughtered for packing.
It was shown, moreover, that the existence of trichinae in the hog, although
detected by proper tests in sundry cases, was not as widespread as among the
swine of other countries: and that a much greater immunity from trichinosis
existed throughout the great pork-consuming communities of the West than in
the rural districts of central Europe, where none but native pork products entered
into consumption.

The tacts thus elicited warranted and constrained the Department of State to
represent to the foreign governments that the prejudicial judgment against the
swine export of this country was ex parte and unfounded. How diligently the
agents of this Department abroad have endeavored to overcome this auverse pre-
judgment is shown in the correspondence communicated herewith. The result
has hitherto not been of such a character as this Government felt it had good right
to expect.

In France the discussion has passed through several phases. The French Gov-
ernment showed an earnest desire to meet the problem in a just sense. Ministers,
legislators, and the most eminent men of science there united in declaring their
conviction that the use of American pork, in any of its exported forms, whether
as fresh meat or prepared for keeping, was absolutely innocuous to hea tb. Not
a single case of trichinosis traceable to American pork had been observed in France
for many years. It was demonstrated that cooking destroyed the comumnicable
forms of the parasite in the rare cases where it was detected. Science asserted
that even the low temperature of 158 F. sufficed to kill the trichina 1 . But
the difficulty seems to have lain in applying to imported pork the same examina-
tion which sanitary regulations provided for the native product. Various schemes
of microscopic inspection on entry were devised, for the most part admittedly
partial and fallacious, and all, according to the best judgment of this Govern-
ment, needless and serving only to impede a traffic which had been shown to
be harmless. At length, in November last, the Government repealed the prohi-
bition. The immediate consequence was the renewed agitation of the question in
the French Chambers and a very decisive vote against the removal of the prohi-
bition. The Government of the Republic has therefore, with evident reluctance,
been compelled to rescind its recent action, and after a sufficient interval to admit
of shipments which had been made on the faith of the revocation of November,
the interdiction is restored from the 20th instant. The correspondence herewith
submitted will enable Congress to judge impartially the course of the matter in
France.

In Austria-Hungary and Italy the prohibition has been maintained. With Ger-
many the representations of this Government took a different and to some extent
an unusual direction. When, in February]ast t notwithstandingthe proofs adduced
to show that the restriction of pork imports into the Empire was not warranted
by any state of facts known to prevail in the United States, but was rather at
variance with the ascertained facts here, it was announced that the Imperial
Government was about to submit to the Reichstag measures of total exclusion.
Reasoning that the emergency justified any and every mode of appeal to the sense

SWINE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 543

of justice and equity of the German Government against a measure believed to be
no less injurious to the interests of the German people than to our export trade,
the President directed that the Imperial Government should be informed of his
intention to appoint an impartial and competent commission to investigate the
asserted danger of American pork products to health, with a view to ascertaining
and promulgating the exact facts in relation thereto, and that it should be invited
to send one or more experts hither to make such investigation, either separately or
jointly with a United States commission. The invitation was declined, the reason
briefly being that in a matter concerning domestic sanitary legislation the German
Government could not enter into any arrangement which might imply an obliga-
tion on its part to accept and be bound by a state of facts existing outside of its
jurisdiction. .

The President has since appointed the commission then contemplated. It is
composed of a representative of the New York Chamber of Commerce, Prof.
Charles F. Chandler; a representative of the Chicago Board of Trade, Mr. E. W.
Blatchford: two members nominated by the Commissioner of Agriculture, Mr.
F. D. Curtis, of Charleston, N. Y., and Prof. D. E. Salmon, the whole under the
chairmanship of the Commissioner of Agriculture. In point of scientific compe-
tence and elevated impartiality the formation of the commission peculiarly fits it
for the execution of its responsible task. To it should belong in great measure the
shaping of the policy of this Government toward the pork question in its domestic
or foreign aspects.

In view, therefore, of the prominent part which the results reached by the pork
commission must necessarily play in the further treatment of the question by the
Executive or by Congress, the undersigned feels it incumbent upon him to advise
that the President recommend Congress to abstain from any immediate legislative
action until the report of the commission, soon to be presented, shall be before it.

In advance of such report, and, indeed, without any knowledge of its probable
import or intimation, of the suggestions it may offer, the undersigned deems it his
duty to lay before the President certain considerations prompted by the language
of the resolutions to which he now responds.

The preamble to the second resolution above quoted indicates that Congress may
feel impelled to take measures to resent the injustice which may be shown to have
been done by the groundless charge that the swine products of this country are
not proper and wholesome for food.

The President will see by the instructions of the undersigned to Mr. Sargent, of
February 16, 1883, that there has been and is no disposition on the part of the
Executive Departments of this Government to prevent or to remonstrate against
or in any way to interfere with the right of the German Empire to exclude food
the use of which would be deleterious to the people. The question to be carefully,
frankly, and honestly met is whether the prepared meat products exported from
this country are injurious to public health. We believe they are not, and have so
represented it. On the contrary, all the facts which laborious and searching inves-
tigations have hitherto laid before us constrain the belief that such pi-oducts are
promotive of the public health in those'countries into which they are imported.
Diligent inquiry has been made, as the correspondence shows, to trace out the
cause of the sickness imputed to the use of imported meats, and such investiga-
tions show, we think, that it is in no case attributable to the pork exported from
this country.

Should it appear that the meat products of this country are, as we believe them
to be, not deleterious, but promotive of health, it is believed that those friendly
nations which have put forth decrees inhibiting the importation of our meats
would annul those decrees. The undersigned is aware that doubtless in those
countries there are producers of meats who would be glad of the continuance of
such inhibition, because they would profit by avoiding the competition which our
exports create, but he has no belief that they can or would have any controlling
influence on the Governments of those countries. If, however, in the face of
clear proof, elicited both at home and abroad, that our meat products are free from
disease or communicable germs of disease proof which might be established to
demonstration by actual inspection, as well as supported by a knowledge of the
precautions which surround the raising and packing industries here any nations
with which we are on terms of intimacy and amity should, by legislation, dis-
criminate against the trade of this country rather than protect the health of their
people, it would then be the province of the Executive to call the attention of such
nations to the provisions of treaties, with the confident expectation that those
treaties would be respected.

The President, in his message, recommended that in certain cases, such as when
a foreign nation, by onerous storage charges, exorbitant penalties, differential
duties in favor of a competing flag, or by the misuse of some other incident of

544 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

commerce, discriminated against the United States, there might, by legislation
analogous to sections 2.102 and 4228 of the Revised Statutes, be vested in the Presi-
dent power to adopt, at his discretion, measures compensating for and counter-
vailing snch misuse of the incidents of commerce. It may be inferred from this
that the suggestion extends to measures relating to the substance of commerce
and affecting our commercial relations with other nations.

It is submitted to the President that such measures are of an importance much
greater than the administration of the incidents alluded to, and it would therefore
seem to be proper that they receive the direct consideration arid determination of
Congress rather than that the subject should be disposed of by a reference to the
Executive.

It seems, however, very plain that our policy in any event should be to prove
that our meat products are wholesome. This the absence of trichinosis in this
country, and particularly in our Army and Navy, where our meats are constantly
used, goes far to demonstrate. Measures, however, might be taken to ascertain
to an absolute certainty, by such means as a commission of scientists would devise,
that our meats are or can be rendered innocuous.

With these observations the ui^lersigned commits to the President the subjoined
correspondence. Taken in connection with the former correspondence communi-
cated to the House of Representatives on the 26th of May, 1882, in answer to a
resolution thereof (House Ex. Doc. No. 209, Forty-seventh Congress, first session),
it is believed that it presents a connected view of the efforts of this Government
to impress upon other countries the conviction it holds that the pork products of
this country are not the means of disseminating disease and death they are repre-
sented to be, and to maintain the discussion of the international questions involved
on the plane of disproving by fact and reason the sanitary argument put forth
to justify the exclusion of those products from use as food in foreign lands.

Respectfully submitted.

FREDK. T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, January 31, 1S84.

LIST OP ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.

Austria,

No. 1. Mr. Taft to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 26, November 28, 1882, with an
accompaniment.

No. 2. Mr. Davis to Mr. Taft, No. 22, January 19, 1883.
No. 3. Mr. Davis to Mr. Weaver, No. 102, January 26, 1883.

Belgium.

No. 4. Mr. Steuart to Mr. Davis, No. 105. November 20, 1882.
No. 5. Mr. Wilson to Mr. Davis, No. 22, February 24, 1883.
No. 6. Mr. Steuart to Mr. Davis, No. 116, April 12, 1883.

Denmark.

No. 7. Mr. Ryder to Mr. Davis, No. 206, April 5, 1883.

No. 8. Mr. Ryder to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 15, April 28, 1883.

France.

No. 9. Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen, January 1.7, 1882. (Telegram.)
No. 10. Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 107, January 20, 1883, with an
accompaniment.

No. 11. Mr. Davis to Mr. Morton, No. 96, February 10, 1882.
No. 12. Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 130, February 28, with accompa-
niments.

No. 13. Same to same, No. 138. March 17, 1882. with accompaniments.
No. 14. Same to same, March 20, 1882. (Telegram.)
No. 15. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Morton, March 22, 1882. (Telegram.)
No. 16. Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen, March 28, 1882. (Telegram.)
No. 17. Same to same, March 29, 1882. (Telegram.)
No. 18. Same to same, No. 140, March 31, 188,', with an accompaniment,

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 545

No. 19. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Morton, No. 129, May 10, 1882.

No. 20. Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 191, June 27, 1882.

No. 21. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Morton, No. 152, July 28, 1882.

No. 22. Mr. Wilson to Mr. Davis, No. 12, December 4, 1882, with accompani-
ments.

No. 23. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Morton, No. 207, January 17, 1883.

No. 24. Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 324, April 4, 1883, with an accom-
paniment.

No. 25. Mr. Roosevelt to Mr. Davis, No. 99, April 11, 1883, with an accompani-
ment.

No. 26. Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 333, April 13, 1883, with an
accompaniment.

No. 27. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Morton. No. 267, April 26, 1883.

No. 28. Mr. Wilson to Mr. Davis, No. 24, May 17, 1883. with an accompani-
ment.

No. 29. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Morton, No. 294, June 22. 1883.

No. 30. Mr. Brulatour'toMr. Frelinghnysen, No. 371, July 17, 1883.

No. 31. Mr. Davis to Mr. Brulatour. No. 327, August 28. 1883.

No. 32. Mr. Roosevelt to Mr. Davis, No. 126, September 26, 1883, with an
accompaniment.

No. 33. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Morton, No. 364, October 9, 1883.

No. 34. Mr. Glover to Mr. Davis, No. 51, October 15, 1883, with an accompani-
ment.

No. 35. Mr. Wilson to Mr. Davis, No. 30. October 20, 1883, with an accompani-
ment.

No. 36. Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 425, October 21, 1883, with an
accompaniment.

No. 37. Mr. Glover to Mr. Davis, No. 252, October 22, 1883.

No. 38. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Morton, October 31, 1883. (Telegram.)

No. 39. Same to same, No. 379, November 13, 1883.

No. 40. Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 445, November 15, 1883.

No. 41. Same to same, November 27, 1883. (Telegram. )

No. 42. Same to same. No. 452, November 29, 1883, with accompaniments.

No. 43. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Morton, No. 393, December 7, 1883.

No. 44. Same to same, No. 405, December 19, 1883.

No. 45. Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen, December 24, 1883. (Telegram.)

No. 46. Same to same. No. 464. December 26, 1883.

No. 47. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Morton, December 27, 1883. (Telegram.)

No. 48. Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen, December 28,1383. (Telegram.)

No. 49. Same to same, December 28, 1883. (Telegram. )

No. 50. Same to same, December 29, 1883. (Telegram. )

No. 51. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Air. Morton, December 29, 1883. (Telegram.)

No. 52. Mr. Roustan to Mr. Frelinghuysen, January 2, 1884.

No. 53. Mr. Freliughuysen to Mr. Morton, January 2, 1884. (Telegram.)

No. 54. Same to same, No. 413, January 2, 1884.

No. 55. Same to same, No. 414, January 2, 1884.

No. 56. Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 466, January 3, 1884, with an
accompaniment.

Germany.

No. 57. Mr. Davis to Mr. Everett. No. 301, February 8, 1882, with an accom-
paniment.

No. 58. Mr. Everett to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 298, February 23, 1882.

No. 59. Same to same. No. 308, March 27, 1882, with accompaniments.

No. 60. Mr. Brewer to Mr. Davis, No. 23, March 30, 1882.

No. 61. Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 74, November 6, 1882, with
accompaniments.

No. 62. Same to same. No. 77, November 13, 1882, with an accompaniment.

No. 63. Mr. Bailey to Mr. Davis, No. 86, November 20. 1882.

No. 64. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent, No. 66, November 28, 1882.

No. 65. Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 85, December 11, 1882, with an
accompaniment.

No. 66. Same to same. No. 87, December 18, 1882.

No. 67. Same to same, No. 90, January 1, 1883.

No. 68. Mr. Warner to Mr. Davis, No. 31, January 10,1883.

No. 69. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent. No. 74. January 12,1883.

No. 70. Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 96, January 13,1883.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 85

546 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

No. 71. Mr. Fox to Mr. Davis, No. 192, January 15, 1883, with an accompani-
ment.

No. 72. Mr. Warner to Mr. Davis. No. 32, January 22, 1883, with an accompani-
ment.

No. 73. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent, February 15, 1883. (Telegram.)

No. 74. Same to same, No. S 7, l-Vbruary Hi. 1SS3, with an accompaniment.

No. 75. Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghnysen.No. 109, February 17, 1883.

No. 76. Same to same. No. Ill, February 21, IMS:J, with an accompaniment.

No. 77. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent, No. 88, February 21. 1883.

No. 78. Mr. Vogeler to Mr. Davis, No. 77, March 3, 1883, with an accompani-
ment.

No. 79. Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen. March 8, 1883. (Telegram.)

No. 80. Same to same, March 14, 1883. (Telegram. )

No. 81. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent, No. 98, March 14, 1883, with an
accompaniment.

No. 82. Same to same. No. 99, March 14, 1883.

No. 83. Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 121, March 15,1883.

No. 84. Same to same. No. 122, March 19, 1883. with accompaniments.

No. 85. Mr. Bailey to Mr. Davis, No. 103. April 7, with an accompaniment.

No. 86. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent, No. 108, April 11,1883.

No. 87. Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 135, April 13, 1883, with accom-
paniments.

No. 88. Same to same, No. 137, April 13, 1883.

No. 89. Same to same. No. 145, April 28, 1883, with an accompaniment.

No. 90. Mr. Eisendecher to Mr. Frelinghuysen, May 2, 1N8:J.

No. 91. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent, No. 116," May 4, 1883.

No. 92. Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 146, May 4, 1883, with an
accompaniment.

No. ( J3. Same to same, No. 147, May 5, 1883.

No. 94. Same to same, No. 155, May 19. 1883, with an accompaniment.

No. 95. Same to same, No. 157, May 21, 1883.

No. 96. Mr. Davis to Mr. Sargent, No. 119, May 23, 1883.

No. 97. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent. No. 141, July 25, 1883.

No. 98. Mr. Eisendecher to Mr. Frelinghuysen, July 27, 1883.

No. 99. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent, No. 156, October , 1883.

No. 100. Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 201, October 15, 1883.

No. 101. Mr. Smith to Mr. Davis. No. 104, October 17, 1883.

No. 102. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent, October 20, 1883. (Telegram.)

No. 103. Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 204, October 20, 1883, with an
accompaniment.

No. 104. Same to same, No. 205, October 22, 1883, with an accompaniment.

No. 105. Same to same, No. 208, October 26, 1883, with an accompaniment.

No. 106. Same to same, No. 213, November 5, 1883.

No. 107. Same to same. No. 214, November 12, 1883.

No. 108. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent, No. 169, November 27, 1883.

No. 109. Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 218, December 1, 1883, with
accompaniments.

No. 110. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent, No. 177, December 26, 1883.

Greece.

No. 111. Mr. Schuyler to Mr. Frelinghuysen. No. 8, February 10, 1883, with an
accompaniment.

No. 112. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Schuyler, No. 20, March 9, 1883.

No. 113. Mr. Schuyler to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 29, May 17, 1883.

No. 114. Mr. Davis to Mr. Schuyler, No. 33, May 28, 1883.

No. 115. IVIr. Schuyler t:> Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 31, July 25, 1883.

No. 116. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Schuyler, No. 5, September 18, 1883.

No. 117. Mr. Schuyler to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 42, October 19, 1883, with
accompaniments.

No. 118. Same to same, No. 52, December 8, 1883, with an accompaniment.

No. 119. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Schuyler, No. 48, December 19, 1883.

The Netherlands.

No. 120. Mr. Eckstein to Mr. Davis, No. 261, January 11, 1883, with an accom-
paniment.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 547

Spain.

No. 121. Mr. Fairchild to Mr. Elaine, No. 176, July 16, 1881, with accompani-
ments.

No. 122. Mr. Marston to Mr. Davis, February 18, 1882. (Telegram.)

No. 123. Same to same, No. 76, February 14, 1883, with an accompaniment,

No. 124. Same to same, No. 77, February 19, 1883, with accompaniments.

No. 125. Same to same, No. 78, February 24, 1883, with an accompaniment.

No. 126. Mr. Reed to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 173, February 28, 1883, with an
accompaniment.

No. 127. Mr. Davis to Mr. Marston, No. 41, March 7, 1883.

No. 128. Mr. Badeau to Mr. Davis, April 5, 1883. (Telegram. )

No. 129. Same to same, No. 98, April 5, 1883, with an accompaniment.

No. 130. Same to same, No. 105, April 10, 1883.

No. 131. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Reed. No. 150, April 12, 1883.

No. 132. Mr. Davis to Mr. Badeau, No. 40, April 18, 1883.

No. 133. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Reed, No. 159, May 3, 1883.

No. 134. Mr. Marston to Mr. Davis, No. 86, May 9, 1883, with an accompaniment.

No. 135. Mr. Badeau to Mr. Davis, No. 147, May 25, 1883.

No. 136. Mr. Marston to Mr. Davis, No. 88, June 8, 1883, with an accompaniment.

No. 137. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Barca, June 14, 1883.

No. 138. Mr. Barca to Mr. Frelinghuysen. June 20, 1883.

No. 139. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Barca. June 29, 1883.

No. 140. Mr. Foster to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 40, July 23, 1883.

No. 141. Same to same, No. 43, July 23, 1883, with accompaniments.

No. 142. Mr. Foster to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 89, October 23, 1883, with an
accompaniment.

Sweden Norway.

No. 143. Mr. Gade to Mr. Davis, No. 309, March 3, 1882.
No. 144. Same to same, No. 313, April 12, 1882.

Switzerland.

No. 145. Mr. Byers to Mr. Davis, No, 285, March 24, 1882.
No. 146. Mr. Mason to Mr. Davis, No. 146, September 25, 1883.

Turkey.

No. 147. Mr. Wallace to Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. 96, June 6, 1882, with accom-
paniments.
No. 148. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Wallace, No. 68, June 29, 1882.

Miscellaneous.

No. 149. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Loring et al., July 30, 1883.
No. 150. Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Loring et al., October 3, 1883.

CORRESPON DENCE.

AUSTRIA.
No. 1.

Mr. Taft to Mr. Frelinghuysen,
[Extract.]

No. 26.] UNITED STATES LEGATION,

Vienna, November S8, 1882. (Received December 16.)

SIR: Inclosed I send an article, cut from a leading journal here, evidently writ-
ten in the interest of the producers of meats in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
You will observe that it is proposed to extend the prohibition heretofore existing
against pork to beef, and to all kinds of American meat. I have called upon the
foreign office to inquire as to the purposes of the Government in regard to this
matter, but could get no indication that the Government had it under considera-
tion at all. Yet there seems to be an expectation that the Government will adopt

548 -WINK PRODUCTS OF THK UNITED STATES.

the suggestions of this article. Two gentlemen of this city. Austrians. who are
importers of American meats, have called upon me to see what conld be done to
prevent the carrying out of this purpose. They were very much alarmed, and
said that if carried out it would ruin their business altogether. 1 have thought it
proper to call your attention to the subject and ask your instructions.

In this connection I should he glad to know what is the present position of the
French Government on the same subject. * * I hope that this Government
has no purpose to extend the prohibition, as has been suggested, but that, on the
contrary, it may be induced, on a more full consideration of the facts in the cn*<-.
to rescind its order against our pork; but it would seem to require some attention
at this point.

I ought to add that the doctor, Kammerer, who presented these propositions to
the city council of Vienna, is the head officer of the sanitary department of the
city. To us, who have so long lived upon American meats, without a thought of
danger, or of any need of inspection, and who have had far more fears of bc-ing
struck by lightning than of being made sick by eating American beef or pork, the
idea of forbidding the importation of our pork or beef into European markets on
sanitary grounds seems very absurd; but there is evidently a good deal of pa'ns
being taken to create apprehensions among the people of danger from eating
American meats.

lam, etc., AJ.PHONSO TAFT.

[Inclosure in No. 26. Extract in the Vienna Tagblatt of November 5, 1882. Translation.]
MEASURES AGAINST TRICHINOSIS.

In the Rudolfs Hospital a death occurred recently caused by trichinosis, in con-
sequence of which the city physician. Dr. Kammerer, submitted a memorandum
to the city council containing precautionary measures to be adopted against the
spreading of this dangerous disease.

The examination of the meat of slaughtered animals takes place at present, as is
known, in the districts of Vienna by market commissaries, who go to the respec-
tive parties after having been notified. This measure the city physician finds
inadequate, since at present a reliable control over these slaughtered animals is
lacking.

As the best measure against the sale of meat injurious to health, the city physi-
cian points out the extension of the law requiring the killing of hogs to take place
in public slaughterhouses in Vienna and the suburbs, since by these means alone
a prompt, unexceptional, and technical examination of the animals can be
arrived at.

Already, by the law of March 9, 1866, published by the governor of Lower Aus-
tria, a proper inspection of meat conducted in conformity with the regulations is
required, and stress is laid upon the public instructions concerning trichinosis
published by the governor of Lower Austria in 18??, that the exact microscopical
examination will be possible only when public slaughterhouses shall exist every-
where, and slaughtering be allowed to take place only in such.

The city physician makes the following suggestions in the interest of the public
health:

First. The slaughtering of hogs in the houses of the respective tradespeople
should be prohibited, and the slaughterhouse requirement should be extended, for
the reason above alluded to, to the slaughter of hogs.

Second. That means should be adopted to establish this law also in the suburbs,
where, until now, it does not exist (not even for oxen).

Third. For every slaughtered hog brought from the suburbs into Vienna proofs
should be adduced that it has been examined microscopically.

Fourth. For sausages and smoked meats imported from abroad proof should be
demanded on passing the custom-house that they are free from trichinae.

Fifth. The import of meat of whatever kind from America (so-called canned
meat, etc.) should be prohibited without exception, on account of unreliable con-
trol and doubtful origin.

Fatal infective diseases are likewise of frequent occurrence among American
cattle, and the so-called Texas fever, a disease related to the rinderpest, has made
sad havoc, and since beef has a higher value than hogs, and this disease may lie
dormant for a long time in the animal, there can be no doubt that such meat is
prepared as corned beef.

Aside from this, Mr. Mayer, a chemist, has shown the presence of lead in corned
beef; that is to say, as much as 09 milligrams in one box. To this it must be added

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 549

that even the American newspapers have pointed ont the fact that not only horse
flesh, but also the meat of diseased animals, has been used by the people in the
business. Since the preparation of canned meat does not destroy the disease, the
question is: Are we bound to the consumption of corned beef, and is the consump-
tion of it a pecuniary advantage?

These questions must be answered in the negative. The first, by the fact that
frequent diseases have resulted from eating these conserves; the second, by the
circumstance that the box weighing 1 kilo contains about 700 grains of eatable
meat, which, with 1 mark and 75 pfennige, is sold at a higher price than a domes-
tic article of equal value. In Vienna, likewise, these conserves are met in the
market, and most dealers in delicacies sell the box for 1 florin and 20 kreutzers,
or much dearer than a domestic article of the same value. For these reasons the
proposition of the city physician to prohibit the import of American meats of all
kinds is no doubt perfectly justified.

No. 2.
Mr. Davis to Mr. Toft.

[Extract.]
No. 22.] DEPARTMENT op STATE,

Washington, January 19, 1888.

SIR: I am in receipt of your No. 26, of the 28th of November last, in regard to
the agitation now being developed in Austria- Hungary in the interest of the meat
producers in that Empire. You inclose an article from the Tagblatt newspaper,
in which it is proposed to extend the prohibition at present in force against Ameri-
can pork to all kinds of American meat on the ground that beef as well as pork is
liable to be infected with trichinae. You state that on inquiry at the foreign office
you could get no intimation that any such measure was at that time under con-
sideration, but that the opinion appeared to be general that the Government would
adopt the suggestion of the newspaper article.

In this connection you inquire the present situation of the pork question in
France. * * * In reply I regret to inform you that the prohibitory decree in
France is still in force. A bill to withdraw the decree and adopt certain micro-
scopic examinations in its place was passed by the French Chamber, but was
defeated by a small majority in the Senate, and since that time no other action
has been taken by the French Government in the matter. * * * The existence
of trichina in beef has never before been suggested. It is, in fact, an impossi-
bility, as the ox is purely herbivorous, and trichina? are only (and that rarely)
communicated among carnivorous and omnivorous animals.
I am, etc.,

JOHN DAVIS, Acting Secretary.

No. 3.
Mr. Davis to Mr. Weaver.

[Extract.]

No. 102.") DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, January S6, 188S.

SIR: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your dispatch, No. 274, relating to
renewed attacks on American canned meats on the ground that they contain tri-
chinae. A recent death alleged to have been caused by eating such meat is, you
state, made occasion for the renewal of the attack.

In reply, I have to say that the only hog products exported from this country in
cans are such as are believed to be incapable of containing trichinae in a form that
could by any possible chance be developed into life. Our hog products exported
in cans are such as lard, pickled feet, gelatine, etc., all of which have been sub-
jected to such degrees of heat in the several processes required to render them
merchantable as would destroy any germ, had any existed; but I understand that
it has never been claimed that trichinae have been found in any of the products

550 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

just named. Consequently we expect the fullest proof that the person who died
in hospital had trichinosis from eating American meats.
1 am, sir, etc.,

JOHN DAVIS, Acting Secretary.

BELGIUM.
No. 4.

Mr. Steuart to Mr. Davis.
[Extract.]

No. 105.] CONSULATE UNITED STATES,

Antwerp, November 20, 1882. (Received December 2.)

SIR: I have the honor to inform you that the dealers in American meat on this
market are very much agitated on account of a notice widely circulated by the Ger-
man press to the effect that Prince Bismarck is preparing to offer a bill to the
Bundesrath demanding the prohibition of the importation of American pork prod-
uce into Germany.

The Kreuz Zeitung. a prominent journal, says:

"We hear that the bill has not yet been presented but is under consideration by
the Prussian Government. The examinations of the German imperial health
office show that there is danger from the importation of American pork. It is
proven that there prevails in America a disease among hogs called hog cholera,
and that thousands of hogs die with it. The owners of these dead hogs do not
hesitate to utilize them, and the result is that some of the product of these animals
is sent into Germany for consumption."

*******

The whole scheme is an unjustifiable attack upon an innocent article of Ameri-
can produce, and the dealers on this side of the water, the men who have labored
to build up this branch of American trade, are earnest in their demand that the
United States Government should come to their rescue, and defeat the adoption
by Germany of such an unjust and injurious measure. With France and Germany
both closed against American pork by governmental prohibition, the large trade
on this market would be virtually ruined, as only Belgium would be left to supply.

As it is, the trade has been very much depressed for more than a year by the
high prices ruling in America; and now, just when great hopes for a full revival
of business were cheering the dealers, comes this blow from Germany to paralyze
the market. The same cause that made the trade so dull greatly stimulated the
raising of hogs in Germany, and it is now, when the decline of prices in America
revives trade and threatens to place the meat on the German market cheaper than
they can produce it, that the cry of prohibition comes from a sanitary motive.

Antwerp, from being the most important distributing point on the Continent
for American produce and provisions, has a very material interest in this matter,
and hence I venture to call attention to the danger that threatens this branch of
our trade. When you consider that of the very large quantity of American meat
imported into Antwerp Germany takes about 80 per cent, you can readily see of
what vital importance is the retention of such a customer, and what the result
would be if this prohibitory measure should be carried out by the German author-
ities. The effect of the rumor at present is to stop all transactions: for as con-
tracts have to be made in advance, dealers are afraid, in the possibility of losing
such a customer as Germany, to touch the goods even at a very low price. *

In conversation to-day with one of my colleagues from one of the northern
countries of Europe, he said that he considered the importation into his country
from America of petroleum and pork to have been the greatest boon ever conferred
upon the laboring class, and I think the same remark would apply truthfully to
the same '-lass in Germany.

I am, etc., JOHN H. STEUART, Consul.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 551

No. 5.
Mr. Wilson to Mr. Davis.

No. 22.] CONSULATE OF THE UNITED STATFS,

Brussels, February 24, 1883. (Received March 13.)

SIR: In a report made to the Department June 14, 1881, on trichinae spiralis in
American pork, a subject then very much agitating not only the people of Bel-
gium but of this entire Continent, I gave, in connection with a brief history of
this parasite and the previous panics \t had produced throughout Europe, the
result of my own microscopic examinations of several lots of salted meats said to
be imported from the United States into this country. In that paper I not only
expressed the opinion that the cyst of the parasite was its tomb, but that I believed
it did not long survive in well-salted pork, and I now beg to say that after much
subsequent study of this subject I very much doubt whether a single competent
microscopist can now be found who will be bold enough to assert that he has dis-
covered the encysted living animal in thoroughly salted hams or bacon.

As the whole question of the dangerous or harmless character of this class of our
foreign exports is based upon the truth or error of this opinion, and as there is now
an effort being made in Germany to interdict its importation on account of its
assumed unsoundness, from my previous professional training and habit of investi-
gating vital phenomena, I have felt justified in expressing to the Department this,
as I think, well-founded opinion, in the hope that it may lead to such investiga-
tions by more competent persons as will forever set at rest this frequently recur-
ring and damaging fear of mortal disease from eating American pork.

The most panic-producing writers on this subject generally admit that it is from
eating raw or imperfectly smoked or salted swine's flesh that the disease known as
trichinosis usually results, and they further confess that when once the little ani-
mal is inclosed within the walls of its envel >ping cyst its active life ceases, and
that, in whatever numbers found, it henceforth ceases to endanger either life or
health. Yet with a rare inconsistency many of them claim that in this quiescent
state it retains its vitality for a long period, even extending through many years.
Of this fact there can, of course, be but simple conjecture, seeing that no observer
can tell at what exact time the parasite has thus enshrouded himself. But opposed
to this theory is that almost universal law of animal life that the longevity of the
animal generally bears a direct proportion to the period required for its matura-
tion. Now it is claimed by most trichinic observers that the process of generation
and birth of this little animal invariably takes place in the stomach and intestinal
canal, and that within a few days from its bfrth it has so matured as to penetrate
the walls of the intestines and rapidly make its way through the various interven-
ing structures to the remote muscular tissue of the animal it infects, there to be
speedily encysted and endowed with a subsequent dormant existence of several
years, during which time its presence occasions little or no inconvenience. Of
this theory of the life and movements of this little worm I can only say that it
involves an almost unparalleled exception to the law generally regarded as deter-
mining animal life, and ought not be accepted but upon the most positive proof.

It may further be stated that the law governing parasitic existence in living
tissue usually involves the speedy death of the parasite after the pabulum upon
which it feeds has passed from under the domain of vital force; hence, unless this
tiny worm constitutes an exception to this law, its life must be short after the
organic structure upon which it feeds has ceased to live.

But however this may be, the fact remains, according to my observations, that
this parasite can not live in a tissue saturated with chloride of sodium, or common
salt. If in this opinion I am mistaken, I can only say that I have failed to receive
authentic proof to the contrary, and, until otherwise convinced, I feel it my duty
to reiterate the results of my own experience and observations, and that is that 1
have never myself seen nor found a microscopist who would declare that he had
observed tricina? in motion, or manifesting any other sign of life, when found in
well salted meats. I have myself been present when officially appointed micro-
scopists, at some of the abattoirs of this country, have been engaged in examining
American pork for trichina?, and have been invited by these gentlemen to see for
myself through their microscopes the peculiar cell and spiral coil of the animal,
but on carefully examining them I have only observed, blended with the tissues
and minute salt crystals, the entombed animal, evidently as destitute of life as the
structure in which it was embedded.

If, then, salt really kills trichinae, and of it I have scarcely a doubt, it is evi-
dently an injustice on the part of foreign governments to lay an embargo on our

552 SWIM: I'RonrrTS OF Tin: r.\rr!-:i> STATES.

pork product, which, of all others, in nrd<-r to secure it against decomposition on
a long journey to foreign markets, is better salted than that of any other country.
Seeing, then, that this question of whether common salt is indeed an effectual
destroyer of trichinae life is one of such vital importance, not only to our export
trade, but also to the poor and laboring classes of all countries, I can not refrain
from urgently suggesting to the Department the propriety of an exhaustive exami-
nation of the subject, for if it once becomes an established scientific fart that salt
really does kill this parasite, and our packers and shippers will but properly salt
their meat intended for exportation, foreign governments will no longer be able
to justify their prohibitive measures by an appeal to the danger of communicating
mortal disease by the introduction of the already too-much slandered American
pork.

Very respectfully, etc., JNO. WILSON,

United States ConsuL

No. 6.
Mr. Steuart to Mr. Davis.

[Extract.]

No. 116.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Antwerp, April 12, 1883. (Received April 27.)

SIR: In the March number of the American Mail and Export Journal I read
with much interest an article entitled the " Pork question again," but it contains
the following erroneous comparison regarding Belgium, to which I wish to call
attention and to correct, as it weakens the force of the argument by greatly under-
rating the importance of Germany and France in pur foreign pork trade.

The author gives a table of "exports of American pork products during the
fiscal year ended June 80, 1882,'' and adds: " It will be seen by the foregoing that
the consumption of American pork products, outside of lard, in Germany and
France is insignificant, both countries not consuming one-half of that ef Belgium
alone."

The mistake he makes is in assuming that the total importation into Belgium is
consumed in Belgium, whereas it is merely in transit, and from 7"> to S per cent
of the bacon and lard coming from the United States into Antwerp is sold to and
consumed in Germany; and the same comparison might have been made in regard
to American hams with France, as before her prohibition decree Antwerp had a
large trade with northern France in that article, but the consumption of Ameri-
can pork in Belgium is very trifling as compared with Germany and France.

Antwerp acts as a broker for a great part of Europe, and the large importations
find their way here simply because this is the best market and the best distributing
point on the Continent.

Since 1880 the imports of American meat have fallen off greatly on account of
the continued high prices ruling in America; but the amount imported into Ant-
werp during 1882, as shown by the table herewith inclosed, had a value of more
than $5,000,000, and it is this large interest that makes the dealers here watch with
anxiety the action taken by the European governments affecting this interest, and
also to see what, if anything, is to be done by our Government.

I have called attention a number of times, and do again here, to the fact that
American meat has its value on this market as an article of barter and not as an
article of consumption. Therefore, Belgium being a kind of transit depot, the
heavy importation here tends to increase and not diminish the importance of Ger-
many and France, for they are the recipients and consumers. They are very impor-
tant to our foreign pork trade, and their absence will be felt when we again have
a large surplus crop at home.

I hope to see these arbitrary prohibition decrees kept in view, for it is a question
affecting not meat alone, but may be extended with equal justice or injustice to
any other of our products that may stand in their way.

The sanitary plea is, of course, an invention without reason and without truth,
and as for France, in a question of endangering the public health, so
long as we continue to import and drink her so-called wines and brandies she
would have greatly the advantage of us if all her ports were thrown open to our
pork and if it should be really much worse than they claim it to be.
I have, etc.,

JOHN H. STEUART,

United States Consul.

SWZNK PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

553

[Inclosure in No. 116.]
Import of bacon and lard into Antiverp, 1882.

Lard.

Tierces.

Cwt.

Pails.

January

Boxes.
13,854

Boxes.
456

16 653

9 800

1 260

February

4,064

315

1,455

2,335

1,000

March

2,045

356

4,588

2,220

April

1,062

200

4, 125

3,444

May

1,889

363

3,920

560

June

3,289

122

6.235

1,800

July

1,558

260

5,t>i5

5,400

August .

1,342

170

1,050

2,800

September .

1,089

225

7,200

October

622

1,700

11,200

November

1,260

16,552

4,300

December

992

6,825

6,140

Values ,

$1,796,374

$86,230

$2,896,866

$384,993

$32,443

Total value, $5,196,905.

DENMARK.

No. 7.
Mr. Ryder to Mr. Davis.

No. 206.] CONSULATE OP THE UNITED STATES,

Copenhagen. April 5, 1S83. (Received May 1.)

SIR: I have herewith the honor to hand a report on a subject which is at pres-
ent creating considerable excitement among the agricultural classes in this
country. I allude to an imperial decree lately enacted by the German Empire
prohibiting the importation of live swine, pork, and sausages from the United
States of America into the ports of the German Empire.

Fears seem to be entertained here that the very considerable export trade in
these articles which is now carried on from this country with Germany may, at
no very remote period and in consequence of this decree, be subjected to such
regulations and restrictions as would materially interfere with this trade, and that
for the important agricultural interests of this country it would be desirable that
Denmark should also issue a similar prohibitory order against the importation of
such stock from the United States. I do not, however, at present anticipate any
immediate danger of such prohibitory order being enforced; but should the Ger-
man Government later on deem it necessary to place onerous restrictions on the
trade from this country, under the plea that American swine and pork were being
introduced into the Empire through this channel, great pressure would doubtless
be brought to hear so as to compel the Danish Government to issue a similar
decree of exclusion in the interests of their agricultural community.

In investigating the importance of this branch of Danish trade it will be found
that the export of live swine is mainly directed toward Germany. Inasmuch as
while the total export in 1881 of hogs and pigs from this country amounted to
253,294 head, of the value of 22? millions of kroners, of these no less than 237,118
head, of the value of 21^ millions of krouers, were exported to the German Empire.

In the same year 979,000 pounds of pork and hams, of the value of 396,000 kro-
ners, and 946,000 pounds of beef and sausages, of the value of 269,000 kroners,
were likewise exported to the same country, giving a total export value of these
articles of about 21,900,000 kroners. That a very considerable proportion of the
live stock which is exported from Denmark to Hamburg is not intended for con-
sumption in that Empire, but is again reexported in a slaughtered state to Hol-
land and to England, is not to be denied; but looking at the development which
this trade has received in the latter years it is felt by the commercial and agricul-
tural classes in this country that they can not at present afford to lose the market
of Hamburg as a middle link in this trade; and that even supposing that other
markets could be found for the absorption of their surplus stocks of live swine, this
would, in the first instance at least, be attended with considerable pecuniary loss.

554 SWIM: IM:<IIMVTS K THE UNITED STATES.

At the same time, however, it may be presumed that Germany, especially at a time
when their supplies from the I'nited States are stopped, can not well afford to be
deprived also of their supplies from this country, and that consequently they may
not place further restrictions on this trade than may be thought absolutely n.
sary for the preventing of American produce being clandestinely introduced into
the Empire through neighboring States. But if every shipment of wine or its
products has to be accompanied by certificates and proofs of their origin, this
will entail considerable expense, trouble, and loss of time.

Proceeding next to investigate the extent of the trade in these articles between
the United States and this country, it will be seen that the importation ot live
swine, owing to the heavy expenses and risks attending the long sea voyage, may
be classed as nil; whereas the trade in hog products has gradua iy been on the
increase in the latter years, the importation of potk and hams in 1881 amounting
to 4,175,000 pounds, of the value of 1,56->,000 kroners; and of beef and sausages of
"357,000 pounds, to the value of 98,OOJ kroners. It will thus be seen that a restric-
tion simply confined to a prohibition of the importation of live swine would not
have any injurious effects on the commercial relations between the United States
and this country; and taking into consideration that the swine products are
imported for home consumption, and not for reexport, thus tending to the wel-
fare of the general community by lessening the cost of living. I am of the opinion
that these views will tend to outweigh with the Danish authorities any pressure
that might be brought to bear upon them from the commercial and agricultural
interests for the furtherance of any such injurious restrictions.

The restrictive measure enacted by the German Empire under the pretense of
sanitary reasons is but a flimsy veil, which might easily be torn into shreds: it
has more the appearance of a sop to satisfy the clamors of the agricultural classes,
which have no doubt been suffering from the bad harvests in the last years: but,
fortunately, this class of the community in Denmark has, from various circum-
stances, certainly not been subjected to such unfavorable results as has been the
case in most of the other European States, and consequently the Danish Govern-
ment will be in better position to withstand similar pressure from this class of
their community.

I have, etc., HENRY B. RYDER,

United States Consul.

No. 8.

Mr. Ryder to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

[Extract.]

No. 15.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Copenhagen, April 28, 18S3. (Received May 14.)

SIR: I have the honor to refer you to my dispatch No. 206. addressed to the Hon.
John Davis, Assistant Secretary of State, under date of the 5th instant, and to
report now that the Danish Government, finding the regulations put in force by
the German Government on the importation of live swine into the German Empire
of such a character as to materially interfere with the trade, have proposed, through
their minister at Berlin, to the German Government to prohibit the importation
of live swine from the United States of America into the Kingdom of Denmark,
providing the German Government would agree to remove the restrictions lately
placed by said Government on the importation of live swine from Denmark into
Germany. I was at first informed on good authority that the proposition from
this Government to Germany was a general one with reference to the importa-
tion of pork produce from the United States, but on calling to-day on the foreign
minister I found this to bt> a mistake. His excellency remarked that said propo-
sition only had reference to live swine, and that it was very uncertain whether it
would lead to any results. As no live swine are imported from the United States
of America to this country, a restriction simply confined to a prohibition of this
article would not have any injurious effects on the commercial relations of the
United States and Denmark. * * *

I have written Mr. Sargent, oar minister at Berlin, about this matter.
I am, etc.,

HENRY B. RYDER, Charge ad interim.

BWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 555

FRANCE.

No. 9.

Mr-. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen.
[Telegram.]

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Paris, January 17, 1882.

Faure, under secretary commerce, thinks bill introduced in Chamber Saturday
will result practically in free admission American salted meats. He had hopes
early passage both houses.

MORTON.

No. 10.
Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

[Extract.]

No. 107.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Paris, January 20, 1882. (Received February 8.)

SIR: I have the honor to inclose herewith a copy and translation of a bill in rela-
tion to American salted meats, which was introduced in the Chamber on the 14th
instant by Mr. Fauve, deputy and under secretary of commerce.

This bill repeals the decree prohibiting the importation of American pork, and
provides for its introduction into France upon certain restrictions which will, I
believe, practically result in its tree admission.

The minister in presenting this bill explained the reasons which dictated its
action.

At the time the decree was issued, anxiety and alarm existed, microscopic exami-
nation could not be resorted to. and prohibition under the circumstances was nec-
essary. But since that time nearly all the chambers of commerce of France have
protested against the measure, and the Government has been led to question seri-
ously the propriety of maintaining it.

A careful examination elicited the fact that from 1878 to 1880, 95,000,000 kilo-
grams of American pork were consumed in France without danger, and that
Belgium, where the consumption is about six times as large as in France, and
England, where it is eight times as large, did not suffer at all from trichinosis.

It was found besides that the cooking of the meat afforded an additional protec-
tion against trichinosis to the one already secured by its process of curing.

Upon the evidence of these facts the committee of public hygiene rescinded its
former advice, and declared that, in its opinion, prohibition was unnecessary,
provided the meat introduced into France was well cured. The Government,
therefore, proposes the free admission of American pork upon the conditions
stated in the bill.

It has taken nearly two years to establish the fact that the remonstrances which
our Government made from the beginning to this unjustifiable measure, and
which have been constantly pressed upon the French authorities by my predeces-
sor and myself, were just and well founded in every respect.

I regret that the bill proposed still maintains the prohibition of sausages and
hashed meat, the reasons for which I do not understand. But, as the bill is, if
its provisions are applied in a liberal spirit, as I believe they will be, our packers
will have no reason to complain.

Mr. Faure expressed to me the opinion that the bill would pass both houses
within four or five weeks.

* * * * *

I have, etc.,

L. P. MOETON.

556 SWINK PROD U CTS OF THE IMTKD STATES.

flnclosurc in No. 107. Translation.]
BILL ON IMPORTATION OF AMERICAN PORK.

The minister of commerce presented yesterday, in the name of the Government,
the bill relating to the withdrawal of the decree prohibiting the importation into
France of American pork. This is the text of this document:

ARTICLE 1. The decree of February 18. 1881, prohibiting the importation into
France of salt meats of American production is annulled.

AKT. 2. Salted pork of foreign production, accompanied by a certificate testify-
ing that the meat has undergone a perfect preparation, and that it corresponds
with the type known in commerce under the name " fully cured," can be imported
into France.

These certificates will be made out in the places of their origin with prompti-
tude, and at the cost of the parties interested, by local experts, whose qualifica-
tions will be attested and the signature authenticated by the consular agents of
the Republic.

ART. 3. At the moment of the payment of custom-house dues in France the
importers must prove that the meats which they propose to hand over for con-
sumption are healthy; that they are in a perfect state of preservation, and that
the salting is not defective.

This authentication will be made at the expense of the importers by inspectors
appointed by the prefects of the frontier departments.

ART. 4. The present arrangements are not applicable to meats hashed and
uncooked, such as different kinds of sausage (saucisses, sow/.s-.s-o//*. rc;w/^.s. &c. ),
nor to guts (boyaux) intended for culinary preparations, the importation of which
into France is absolutely prohibited.

ART. 5. Will be punished by imprisonment of from two to six months, and by
a fine of from 100 to 300 francs, those who will have brought into France uncooked
and hashed pork, such as the various kinds of sausages (wMr/.s.sr.s. .\YW/.S.S-O*/.S.
cenvlan, &c. ), or guts (boyaux) intended for culinary preparations, those who will
have imported into France pork of foreign production which would not have
been subjected to the inspection imposed by the present law, or which would not
have been refused after examination.

In the two above-mentioned cases the imported meats will be, in addition, seized
or destroyed.

The article 463 of the penal code is applicable in the cases provided for in the
present article (fifth).

No. 11.
Mr. Davis to Mr. Moi'ton.

No. 96.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, February 10, 1882.

SIR: I am gratified to learn from your dispatch No. 107, of the 20th ultimo,
that it is very probable that the objectionable decree of the French Government
against American pork will soon be repealed.
Thanking you for your full and interesting report on the subject,
I am, etc.,

J. C. BANCROFT DAVIS,

Acting Secretary.

No. 12.
Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

No. 130.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES.

Paris, February 28, 1882. (Received March 18.)

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your dispatch No. 9f, of date
February 10, conveying the gratification of the Department for the information
that the decree of the French Government prohibiting the importation of Ameri-
can pork would probably soon be repealed.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 557

With the defeat of the Gambetta cabinet, which was pledged to the withdrawal
of the decree, and the reinstall ation of Mr. Tirard, who originated the measures
of prohibition as minister of commerce, I regret to say that the prospects of an
equitable and liberal settlement ot this long-pending question are not now as
lavorable as heretofore.

The bill which was drawn up by the late minister of commerce, of which I gave
you the substance in my No. 107, is still bet ore the chamber, and will not, I think, be
withdrawn. But it is somewhat doubtful whether the committee to which it was
referred will now report it favorably.

I must state that the renewal of the objection made to the importation of Ameri-
can pork is not to be attributed solely to the hostile influence of the minister of
commerce, and of those who have adverse private interests in the matter, but mainly
to the publication in some American papers of supposed fatal cases of trichinosis.
These reports, which have been circulated unfortunately by the American Corres-
pondence, a New York Franco-American weekly sheet, printed partly in French,
are copied by the French papers, and its paragraphs upon American trichinosis
have received rather a wide circulation. I inclose herewith, for your informa-
tion, two of these paragraphs, which appeared in the Correspondence of January
28 and February 11.

Many people have called at the ]egation to ascertain if there was any founda-
tion for these reports. I have not hesitated to declare that, in my opinion, they
were spurious, and that there was nothing like an epidemic of trichinosis existing
in the United States. It might, however, be useful if I could speak with official
authority from the State Department in the matter.

I have, etc., L. P. MORTON.

[Inclosure in No. 130. Extract from the American Correspondence, January 38, 1882.]

TRICHINOSIS IN THE UNITED STATES EXPERT INSPECTORS OUT OF THE QUESTION

LEGALLY.

Like all Americans, we regret that the Chamber of Deputies did not instruct the
Government to allow salt provisions from the United States to be admitted with-
out restrictions, as we were in hopes that they would, and so expressed ourselves
in our last number. We are confident, at any rate, that the French legislators
will continue to overlook the publication in papers opposed to free importation of
numerous cases of trichinosis; more, in fact, than have really occurred. Reliance
can be placed upon our statement that there were only six cases last week, of which
four were fatal, and but two this week; which shows conclusively that trichinosis
is a scarecrow which has been made too much of.

We also expressed the apprehension that the Chamber of Deputies at Paris would
take offense at being placed by the Government on the same level with American
corporations, or even with the petty legislatures of separate States, with which it
is proposed to treat (and not with the American Congress) , for licensingas experts
those persons in America whose duty it will be to issue certificates of the whole-
someness of such provisions as they may agree to admit into France. But it would
appear, unfortunately, that such appointments as experts are contrary to the laws
of the United States, as we are infpimed by a friend and coriespondent who is a
well-known juiist and was at one time a United States judge.

I call your attention to the text of the law as proposed, which will require the
exporter to produce an inspection certificate from this side to identify the sound-
ness of the provisions. It will be exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, to com-
ply with such a requirement, for the simple rea on that in this State and in Penn-
sylvania, if not in all the other States of the Union, there are no authorized legal
inspectors. It is a matter of history that the inspection laws formerly existing in
this country, requiring the inspection of exports and brands of the board on casks,
barrels, or packages, hurt the sale of the article in the foreign market. It is unnec-
essary to detail the reason, but the abuse was so flagrant that in New York the
constitution of the State forbid forever the appointment of inspectors or boards of
inspection. And so it is in Pennsylvania. Whence is the exporter to obtain the
inspection certificate demanded by the French law? In this country the purchaser
must look out for himself. He has no other protection than the punishment of
the person who, knowingly, sells putrid or unwholesome food. It is otherwise in
France and other foreign countries, whose Governments deem it their duty to add
to the common law requirements and a priori evidence that the article offered is
sound. It is supposed that p; rhaps an inspection in the interior or the place of
manufactuie say ;<t Cincinnati or Chicago, etc. by private parties would be suf-
ficient. This is a delusive idea. The French bill requires the inspection by a com-

558 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

petei-.t. impartial, and disinterested expert, authorized by the 1( cal government;
but whilst there may be voluntary insp ctors, they are not the cla c s towhirh
France looks for the protection of the lives and health of its inhabitants. In the
next place neither of these renters is the pointof export. The shipment to France
is made here in vessels loading at this port. Bat pending the transit from the inte-
rior to the shipboard, on which the package, will leave this country, there are so
many opportunities of fraudulent marks, substitution f packages, and other tricks
of trade that the original certificate, if in all respects correct, would not be proof
of the identity of the article finally consigned to Havre. Nor will the French con-
sular certificate of authenticity of signature, etc., be of any avail. The French
market still regrets with sorrow the certificate of authenticity of the signature to
a document, pret- nding to emanate from authority, that Fremont's notorious
Memphis and El Paso Railroad was a duly recognized and salable stock at the
regular New York Stock Exchange, a paper by which millions of French money
were gathered for an unsafe and judicially fraiidulent stock.

The only remedy for the free export of meat and provisions from here to France
is the absolute and unconditional repeal of the existing ordinance. The Chamber
will not permit a change which can easily be evaded by illegitimate means. Will
it permit a trade in natural course? This is the question.

As we go to press we find the following dispatch published in all the New York
papers of to-day (January 27), with displayed headings:

"FIFTEEN PERSONS POISONED TRICHINOSIS CAUSED BY EATING RAW HAM THREE

FATAL CASES.

"MARSHALL, MINN., January SC>. Great excitement has been caused hereby
trichina poisoning from eating raw ham. Fifteen prominent citizens are a dieted
and three have died. An entire family, consisting of Mr. and Mrs. , etc."

Names and details are given. All which seems flatly to contradict those sanguine
persons who. like ourselves, persistently maintain that the French Government
ought to withdraw the prohibitive decree. It shows, at any rate, that the cases of
trichinosis mentioned by us in our last number were not at all exaggerated. We
say again that these are special and particular cases, and that they prove nothing
in a general way. It should be noted that, in the above instance, those who died
had eaten raw ham. In France it is always eaten cooked. Hence there is no cause
for alarm. No uneasiness need be felt either about the lard in cans, prepared or
purchased in quantities by leading speculators, such as Messrs. Armour, Fowler,
etc., which they introduce in a roundabout way into France, where it is consumed
without apprehension or suspicion of its American origin.

[Incloeure 2 in No. 130. Extracts from the American Correspondence of February 11, 1882.]
SPECULATION AND TRICHINOSIS.

The movement to bring about a withdrawal of the decrees prohibiting the impor-
tation of American provisions into Europe, and particularly into France, continues
to be carried on under unfavorable circumstances. As the American Correspond-
ence has been predicting for a year past, the results have hitherto been negative.
Matters are even worse at present, because speculation has thrust itself so deeply
into this question which Mr. Levi P. Morton, the American minister, is trying so
strenuously to settle, be ause he knows what privations the laboring classes in
Europe and what Josses the American cattle raisers are suffering by reason of the
prohibitive decrees. But the large speculators do not care much for that. Oper-
ators, for a rise, have published in certain papers that the decree had been abro-
gated in France by the Chamber, simply because a bill has been introduced by the
Government, which will soon be buried out of sight, if people believe, in France,
the exaggerated accounts of trichinosis published in certain other papers under
sensational headings like the following:

"THE POISONED FAMILY THE AGONY ENDURED BY THE JAEGERS AT FORT

WAYNE, IND.

" [Official dispatch to the Evening Telegram.]

"FORT WAYNE. February 9. The News says, with reference to the Jaeger
family, five in number, who are suffering from trichinal poisoning: ' They suffer
intensely. No immediate danger is anticipated; but their ultimate recovery is

SWINE PRODUCTS OP THE UNITED STATES. 559

doubtful. The girl, aged 15, and her sister, aged 5, are in a very bad condition.
No hopes are entertained of their recovery. The balance may survive. The old-
est child was working in the country and came home to wait on the family and
ate once of the diseased meat. She has a very mild form of trichinosis.'

'' It will be observed that this does not refer to the same case as that of which
we deemed it our duty to publish the true particulars, because they had been too
much magnified by some papers. These exaggerations originate with the bear
speculators, who are well aware that if they should only hear in France of any
new cases of trichinos : s in this country they would never venture to withdraw
the prohibitive decrees. For this reason we desire to caution the French public
and Government once more not to attach any credit to exaggerated accounts like
the above."

No. 13.
Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

No. 138.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Paris, March 17, 1882. (Received March 30. )

SIR: I have the honor to inform you that the committee to which the bill pro-
viding for the free introduction into France of foreign pork had been referred has
made a favorable report, and that the question will come up in the Chamber on
the 2-!d instant. All indications now point to the passage of the bill.

The Academy of Medicine, to which the Government had submitted the mat-
ter, has pronounced itself against the measures resorted to or contemplated for
obstructing the importation of pork. I annex herewith a copy of the report of
the academy, which has been kindly furnished to me by Dr. William E. Johnston

The Academy of Medicine of France is an official body authorized to answer
the questions on sanitary measures propounded to it by the Government, and its
decisions, when uttered in a clear and decided manner, as in the present case,
have great influence with the executive and legislative departments of the Gov-
ernment.

I have, etc., L. P. MORTON.

[Inclosure 1 in No. 138.]
W. E. Johnston, M. D., to Mr. Morton.

PARIS, March 16, 188S.

DEAR SIR: I have the honor and the pleasure to inform you that after a full
discussion of the question of trichinte in connection with American pork at the
National Academy of Medicine of Paris, a discussion which ran through several
sittings, that body has come to a decision which fully justifies the views your lega-
tion has maintained on this question.

The A.cademy of Medicine of France is an official body authorized to answer in
an official manner the questions on sanitary measures propounded to it by the
Government, and its decisions, when uttered in a clear and decided manner, as in
the present case, always meet with the deference on the part of the Government
to which they are entitled.
1 subjoin the declaration voted by the academy.

I have, etc., W. E. JOHNSTON, M. D.

Report at the National Academy of Medicine of France on the question propounded
by the Government of the necessity of an inspection of foreign pork.

[Read by Dr. Bouley, professor at Alfort, reporter of the special committee, February 28, 1888.]

The academy taking into consideration

First. That for a great many years American and German pork has been freely
admitted into France without having been submitted to any kind of inspection
as regards trichinae;

Second. That notwithstanding the very extended use which has been made of
this kind of meat, especially in the army and the large manufacturing and indus-
trial districts, the disease called trichinosis, with the exception of a single case,
which was produced by indigenous pork, has not been observed in any part of

560 8 WINK I'KoniTTS "K Till lNITi;i> STA i KS.

France, although at the s&rae time the attention of physicians has been freinently
called to that disease in Germany:

Third. That this immunity enjoyed by the people of France in regard to trichi-
nosis is due without any doubt to their culinary habits, pork being never eaten in
France without having been submitted to such a temperature in cooking as is
incompatible with the life of trichina-:

Fourth. That an efficacious microscopic inspection would l>e with difficulty
applied to the enormous mass of 90,000,000 of pounds of pork, which is the annual
amount of importation, and that in any cas <j the inspection would not prove to
be a certain guaranty of the innoxiousness of the pork as regards trichina", since
the irregularity of the dissemination of trichin i- does not permit the conclusion
that because they do not exist in one part they may not exist in another

Is of the opinion

That it is not necessary to submit imported pork to a microscopic inspection in
order to prevent trichinosic infection, the culinary habits of the people of France
being such as to demonstrate thus far that precautions used in cooking are suf-
ficient to preserve them from the infection; and that it suffices to put them on
their guard against the possible danger of the use of raw or incompletely cooked
pork to point out to them by a special printed instruction these dangers, and to
distribute these instructions through the aid of the Government agents to every
part of France.

A minority report on an unimportant point was read by a member of the com-
mittee, and was rejected by the academy.

No. 14.

Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen,
[Telegram.]

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Paris, March SO, 1882.

Pork bill comes before Chamber Thursday. Important to have cable from you
denying reports of prevalence of trichinosis in United States.

MORTON.

No. 15.

Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Morton.
[Telegram,]

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, March 22, 1882.

Health officer of Cincinnati certifies that records of that city, the center of
pork trade, do not show a single case of trichinosis. Dr. Ranch, secretary health
board of Illinois, reports only 11 deaths from trichinosis in whole State in sixteen
years, traced in each case to eating raw pork. City physician of Chicago states
records show only two cases there in four years, also due to eating raw pork. The
places mentioned are the great pork producing and consuming districts of United
States, while the whole country consumes more pork per capita than any other
country.

FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 16.

Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen.
[Telegram]

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Pari*. Mnrrli ~;s, 1882.

Pork bill, with microscopic amendment, passed Chambers. Vote on amend-
ment, 256 ayes, 216 noes.

MORTON.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 561

No. 17.

Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen.
[Telegram. Extract.]

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Paris, March 29, 1882.

The pork bill passed yesterday provides for inspection in Prance by experts
appointed by minister commerce, who shall have the right to prescribe mode of
examination. This last clause, which was introduced by amendment, has in view
the reestablishment of microscopic examination. * * *

MOETON.

No. 18.

Mr, Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen,

No. 146.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Paris, March 31, 1882. (Received April 13.)

SIR: I had the honor to inform you on the 28th and 29th instant by cable that
the pork bill had passed the Chamber with an amendment aiming at the reestab-
lishment of micrographic examination. I transmit herewith copies of my tele-
grams and a translation of the text of the bill as it passed the Chamber.

The amendment, introduced by the opponents of the free admission into France
of our pork, is contained in the three last paragraphs of article 2. It does not pro-
vide in terms for mierographic examination, but the debates show that it is
intended to secure that result.

The minister of commerce, Mr. Tirard, who agreed to it and has secured its pas-
sage, is well known to be in favor of this mode of inspection, and to hold that it is
the only one by which any effective guaranty can be given. In a conversation
which I had with him the day before the debate he expressed this opinion, and
remarked that there was a strong prejudice in France against American pork;
that it would find no sale, although it might be perfectly sound, unless some kind
of inspection was required which would satisfy the public.

He discussed the question in a friendly manner, and intimated that the inspec-
tion, if required by the new law, could be made easy, and would become more and
more so if all meats were found to be in a sound condition.

Mr. A chard, of Bordeaux, the chairman of the committee who reported the bill,
during the debate read your telegram, a copy of which I had furnished him, deny-
ing the existence of trichinosis in the United States, and made an able argument
in favor of this bill, claiming that the prohibition was unjustifiable, that our pork
was perfectly healthy, and that even if it should be unhealthy no inspection or
examination of such quantities could be in any way effective. His speech is too
long to be translated, but by referring to the Journal Officiel of the 28th and 29th,
which goes regularly to the Department, you will find it in full, with the whole
proceedings.

It is believed that the Senate will pass the bill without change.
I have, etc.,

LEVI P. MORTON.

[Inclosure in No. 146. Translation.]
BILL PASSED BY THE CHAMBER.

ARTICLE 1. Salted pork meats of foreign production which correspond to the
type known in commerce under the name of ' fully cured ' can be imported into
France through places on the frontier of land and sea, which will be designated
by decree.

ART. 2. At the moment of landing the importers must prove that the meats
which they intend to hand over for consumption correspond to the aforesaid type;
that they are wholesome; that they are in a perfect state of preservation, and that
the salting of them is complete. This authentication will be executed by special
experts.

These experts will be appointed by the minister of commerce, who will possess
the right to direct such manner of examination as will appear to him necessary.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 36

562 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE. UNITED STATK-.

The cost of the service of inspection will be paid by the importers tinder condi-
tions to be established by rules of the public administration.

The custom-house service will only allow the removal of the meats on the cer-
tificate of these experts establishing ihat they consider the condition required in
the first paragraph of the present article.

ART. 3. The present arrangements are not applicable to uncooked chopped meats,
such as small and large sausages. Eplogna sausage, &c.,nor to guts intended for
culinary preparations, the introduction of which into France is absolutely pro-
hibited.

ART. 4. Will be punished by imprisonment of from two to six months and by a
fine of from 100 to 500 francs:

(1) Those who will have introduced into France uncooked chopped pork, sr.ch
as large and small sausages, Bologna sausage, &c.,or guts intended for culinary
preparations.

(2) Those who will have introduced, or attempted to introduce, into France
without submitting them to the verification prescribed by the present law of pork
of foreign production.

In the two above-mentioned cases the imported meats will be, moreover, seized
and destroyed.

Article 463 of the penal code is applicable in the cases foreseen in the present
article.

ART. 5. The decree of February 18, 1881, which prohibits the importation into
France of salted pork of American origin, is repealed.

No. 19.
Mr. Frdinghuysen to Mr. Morton.

No. 129.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, May JO, 1X8*.

SIR: Acknowledging the receipt of your dispatch, No. 163, of the 20th ultimo,
requesting authority to draw on the Department for the sum of 235.50 francs for
expenses incurred by your legation in translating and printing: the report on Amer-
ican pork, I hereby authorize you to draw for the above sum on this Department.
I will thank you to send with your draft an account for the amount thereof, sup-
ported by proper vouchers.

I am, etc., FREDK. T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 20.
Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

[Extract.]

No. 191.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Paris, June 27, 1882. (Received July 18.)

SIR: I regret to have to inform the Department that the pork bill, of which a
copy was sent with my dispatch, No. 146, of March 31,1882, was defeated in the
Senate a few days ago.

This result was quite unexpected. The bill had the unequivocal support of tl e
Government and of the Senate committee to which it had been referred. The
chairman of this committee. Senator Wurtz, the eminent chemist and dean of the
Academy of Medicine, reported the bill in the strongest language possible, show-
ing by conclusive proofs and arguments that the trichinae, wherever it existed,
could not resist the double process of salting and cooking, and that with a proper
inspection the introduction into France of our fully cured pork could not be at-
tended with any danger or inconvenience. Mr. Tirard, the minister of commerce,
advocated the passage of the bill on the same ground.

The opposition, which came mainly from the hog- raising departments, con-
tended that if there were no danger in allowing the free introduction of American
meats into France the Government could remove the decree of prohibition with-
out any law, and succeeded in defeating the hill by a majority of four votes.
***** * *

I have, etc., LEVI P. MORTON.

SWINE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 563

No. 31.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Morton,

No. 152.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, July 28, 1882.

SIR: The Department learned with regret from your dispatch, No. 191, of the
27th ultimo, that the pork bill had been defeated in the French Senate.

Approving of your action in having an interview on the subject with Mr. Tirard,
the minister of commerce. I need hardly add an expression of my desire that you
shall omit no proper opportunity to urge upon the French Government the with-
drawal of the objectionable decree with reference to American pork.
I am, etc.,

FREDK. T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 22.
Mr. Wilson to Mr. Davis.

No. 12.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Nantes, December 4, 1882. (Received December 22.)

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on the subject of the pro-
hibition of American pork in France. I have found certain evidence, consisting
of official communications and reports made by the chamber of commerce of this
city, which represents a large pork interest, to the minister of agriculture and
commerce at Paris, which I consider to be newly discovered and highly valuable.
It declares the inability of the French pork manufacturers to compete with the
like industry of the United States. It charges their failures to the competition
from the United States, and says plainly that if the Administration does not desire
the disappearance of this industry from France it must aid the pork manufac-
turers by such action as will hinder, if not prevent, the (to them) detrimental
importations from the United States.

1, of course, can not know that it was in answer to these appeals that the minis-
ter issued the decree prohibiting the entry of American pork into France, but it is
a fair subject for argument. If this was true it shows that the decree was passed
more in the interest of the pork manufacturers than for the benefit of the public
health. I do not say that the evidence I have herewith presented proves this con-
clusively, but it certainly tends that way. It shows the interested appeals for aid
by the pork manufacturers.

If this evidence shall be as convincing to the Department as it has been to me,
it will open with renewed vigor the question of reprisals, and, looking to that end,
I am preparing a report on the falsification and adulteration of French wines and
liquors, which I had intended to have included in this. I will send it as a supple-
ment. 1

MEAT PRICES IN FRANCE.

The prices paid in France for meats for the table are much higher than in the
United States. In Nantes, a city out of the current of tourists, the prices of
meats are higher than in the markets of either New York, Philadelphia, or Wash-
ington.

I furnish the market reports of November 10, 24, and December 1, for beef , veal,
and mutton on foot; live-stock market.

Beef. Average weight, 1,300 pounds; price, $97.50; per pound. 7.5 cents.

Veal. Average weight, 140 pounds; price, $14.70; per pound, iO.5 cents.

Mutton. Average weight, 100 pounds; price, $9; per pound, 9 cents.

MarcJie de la place Talensac Abattoir.

Meat dressed and sold by the carcass or side: Cents.

Beef .per pound,. 12 to 16

Veal.. ..do.. . 14 to 17

Mutton do... 14 to 22

Pork do... 10 to 13

'It comes immediately after this report.

564 SWINE IMinlUTTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Retail litrltiTs' .s//qps.

Beef: Cents.

Soup joint per pound . 20

Boiling piece do ... 2<)

Roasting piece do 20 to 27

Steak do.... 23 to 50

Veal do ... 20 to 27

Mutton do.... 22 to :30

Ham:

French do 35 to 38

English do.. . 38 to oO

Bacou do .... 30 to :>.">

The business of meat dealer, butcher, etc., is one of the best in France, and it is
said that a reasonably sharp and saving butcher expects to retire at the end of ten
years or less, with a fortune of from two to three hundred thousand Irancs. This
of course has to be paid by the consumer in the high prices chariivd.

These prices prevent the use of meat among the common and laboring classes
as a regular article of diet, as known and practiced in the United States.

This state of things might be corrected by the competition from importation,
but France, as is well known, has seen fit to prevent competition so far as Ameri-
can pork is concerned by prohibiting its admission into the country on any terms;
this on the alleged score of its alleged nnhealthiness.

PROHIBITION OF AMERICAN PORK.

In this communication 1 propose to show some of the influences brought to bear
to obtain and continue the decree of prohibition, and believe it will have an impor-
tant bearing upon the action of the United States in respect thereof. The integ-
rity of the French Government in pas -ing the decree is nowise questioned, but
the evidence will show, I think, that there were influences brought to bear upon
it and its representatives other than those interested for the public health: influ-
ences in favor of the French hog; influences of self-interest endeavoring to procure
prohibition, either directly by a decree or by a tariff making importation impossi-
ble, and thus to save from ruin a French industry which acknowledges itself
unable to support itst-lf without State aid, or to successfully compete with a simi-
lar industry from the United States. The evidence will show that this, even more
than the health of the public, was presented and used to obtain the decree.

PORK AS EATEN IN THE UNITED STATES AND FRANCE.

Some preliminary propositions concerning the latter, the health question, I desire
to present, not discuss. They must be admitted: they can not be denied.

1. American pork is no more liable or likely to contain trichina? than that of
any other country. The parasite is introduced into the live hog through his stom-
ach, and with or by means of his food.

The opportunity for its introduction is quite as good in Europe as in America.
A hog wi:l be a hog, wherever he is raised. He does not receive in France that
care and attention as in either his food or cleanliness which will make him the
superior of the American hog. The number of hogs in the United States can not
be much under 50,0:K),000. The principal portion of the pork produced therefrom
is consumed at home, pork being one of the standard articles of diet of the people,
and no < ases of trichinosis are known in the entire country.

American pork is, in the United States, a cheap, healthful, and satisfactory food
for the people.

If the same pork is not or is reported to be not equally healthful in France, the
cause must be either the prejudice of the people or their manner of cooking or
eating the pork.

It is also true that the curing and preparation of pork for foreign markets in the
great pork-packing establishments of the West is carried on with a care and atten-
tion not exceeded in the world, and which leaves nothing to be desired on the score
of cleanliness or healthfulness.

The mass of the people in the United States bestow gre iter attention at greater
erpense and are more fastidious as to the kind and quality of their food than the
same class in Europe.

Much food here used would be rejected in the United States.

2. The science and experience of all countries teach that the only danger from
trichton- in any pork arises from the savage and barbarous practice of eating it

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 565

raw; that it is quite as safe as other meat when eaten as is other meat and as
becomes civilized beings; that exposure to heat of <>0 or 70 O. less than necessary
for proper cooking is amply sufficient to destroy all vitality in the trichina? and
render the pork innocuous.

The French minister of agriculture and commerce declared this and recom-
mended it in his circular of February 14, 1881 four days before the decree of pro-
hibition. It is reenforced by the latest French authority report of the director
of the municipal laboratory of Paris for 18S2, page 442, analysis of food and drinks.
Uncooked and uncleaned pork stand together. A person uncivilized enough to eat
pork raw is in or may be in danger from trichinae. One who eats it uncleaned is
in danger from the bristles.

Uncooked and unclean pork are equally unhealthy, and equally disgusting;
trichina 1 and bristles equally dangerous when the pork be eaten raw or dirty.

I have but little patience with a people who require the prohibition of all of a
certain kind of meat in order to preserve themselves from maladies arising from
eating it raw.

The civilized world will agree that there is squeamishness and caprice in the
policy of a government which prevents its people from eating American pork,
and yet permits its capital city of Paris to make a record of "meat con-umed "
during the past two years as follows: 1880, 9,012 horses, 307 asses, 32 mules; 1881,
9,273 horses, 349 asses, 31 mules.

HOW PROHIBITION WAS SECURED.

I now proceed with the evidence, heretofore mentioned, of the interested influ-
ences brought to bear to secure the decree of prohibition.

1. I find extending through the business community a general and widespread
dislike and opposition to the American tariff, so far as it may affect any article
exported from France, and a disposition to retaliate.

The report of the Chamber of Commerce of Nantes for 1879, page 14, on the sub-
ject of sardines, says:

" This industry demands that when the Americans strike our products with a
duty of 50 per cent ad valorem, and go with their salmon and other preserved fish
to compete with our products, even to Australia, we should strike their products
with an equal duty on their entry into France. "

The subject of the American tariff is fully considered in .a communication set
out at length in the report of the same chamber for 1878.

It was on the occasion of a meeting called to secure the influence of the same
chamber in favor of the commercial treaty between France and the United States,
well known in our country by the connection of M. Leon Chotteau therewith.
The conclusion was against the treaty, because in the proposed tariff certain arti-
cles were to be admitted into France at a less rate than into the United States,
notably silks, wines, brandies (spirits). They declare this inequality to be shock-
ing and offensive (1'inegalite la plus choquante organisee au prejudice du travail
francais), and conclude with the hope they will never (jamais) find an assembly
which will impose it on the country.

2. This feeling of dislike and opposition is intensified by the situation in regard
to American pork. Here is shown the willingness to retaliate.

The failure of the French pork trade because of the competition of the United
States and the agitation of the subject of state or legislative interposition and aid
dates as early as 1877, four years before the decree.

The Chamber of Commerce of Nantes in its report for that year (p. 18, part 1)
complains to the minister of agriculture and commerce that, as to the bacon and
pork for the navy, American pork received too much consideration and favor, and
the home product not enough.

In the report proper (Appendix, pp. 18, 19) the pork industry is described as in
a situation " deplorable."

" The American bacon and lard are imported on such conditions as render com-
petition on the part of our merchants nearly impossible. "

The subject is continued in the report of the chamber for next year, 1879:

We have been repeatedly approached during the year 1879 by the pork and
bacon merchants with complaints relative to the fatal consequences produced
upon that industry by the insufficiency of the customs duty imposed upon Ameri-
can pork.

" We have transmitted these complaints to the minister of commerce, insisting
that they should be taken into serious consideration. Afterwards we addressed
ourselves directly to the president of the tariff commission of the Chamber of
Deputies.

5C6

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

"The following is the letter written to him by ns on Noveml>er 6, 1879. This
letter reviews and completes the observations we had submitted to the minister of
commerce July 18:

" [The letter.]

" NANTES. .\V, /<////.> 6, 1879.

" MONSIEUR L,E PRESIDENT: The attention of the Chamber of Commerce of
Nantes has been brought frequently during several years to the prejudice which
has resulted to our pork manufacturers from the tariff to which foreign importa-
tions of the same industry are subjected in France.

'The origin of the crisis which has brought about the successive disappearance
of our establishments goes back to the decree of October ">. 1 N"> 1.

"That decree provided for the admission in France of American pork on pay-
ment of a duty of 50 centimes per 100 kilograms (220 pounds), though the French
pork had to bear a duty of 5 francs per 100 kilograms for the tax on the salt em-
ployed in its preparation. '

" This state of things subsisted for a long time in spite of the protestations reit-
erated from the French pork manufacturers; and the anomaly of which they com-
plained was never ended only by grace of the law of March 24, 1874, by which the
duty on foreign pork was raised to 4.60 francs (92 cents). Unhappily the allevia-
tion which should have been procured for our merchants by this return to a more
equitable tariff was only momentary, and the situation has returned to its evil
state.

" The causes to which to attribute the present decadence of the pork industry
are many, but we believe they are all founded on the competition with the pork
made in the United States of America.

" By the favor of nearly absolute freedom enjoyed by them during twenty years
the importations have developed into proportions more and more grand, and when
the tariff of 4. GO francs was established it had become impossible to divert this
invasion of our market unless by more energetic means.

" The stoppage produced by the law of March 21, 1874, was only momentary, as
will be shown by the following table of the importation of salt pork and lard from
the United States.

"Our figures are extracted from the tables of general commerce of France; they
represent the quantities consumed (special commerce).

Description.

1872.

1874.

1876.

1878.

Salt pork. ............. . kilograms

10.229,397

4 OT'.i 1W

5,269,960

28 \(r.'. :iw

Orease and lard .. ...... do

19, 162, 711

10,676,562

16,865,569

IW, 7i, 6J55

Total

29,392,108

14,755,701

22,135,559

62,827,925

" This considerable progression in the importation of American bacon and lard
sufficed to give birth to a crisis in our similar industry, but the conditions follow-
ing which were developed and the particular circumstances, of which we will say
a iew words, have greatly aggravated the effects.

" The tariff of 4.60 francs which was laid upon American pork upon its entry
into France represents scarcely, as we have said above, the tax on salt paid by our
pork merchants (manufacturers), who found themselves in reality without any
protection against the foreign competition.

" Now, to give the principal reason for the situation, it will suffice to compare
the price of sale in oar own markets of the American products with the price (net
cost) of French bacon and lard:

[Abstract taken June 30, 1878.]

Francs.

American pork, price current at Havre 104.00

Pickled pork made at Nantes , 136. 19

Loss.. . 31.19

American lard, at Havre 99.00

Lard made at Nantes . . . 139. 00

Loss _ 40.00

14 We reproduce here these figures, Monsieur le President, extracting them from
a letter which was addressed to Monsieur le Ministre last 18th July, and of which

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 567

we remit you a copy: they will suffice to explain the substitution of the foreign
for national products in the domestic consumption of France.

" Still, the superior quality of French bacon and lard, and particularly those of
our region, will be in the nature of a counterbalance, to a certain measure at least,
to the bait of cheapness of similar products from America.

"Our products were in great demand by the merchant marine; they made an
object of regular exportation to the French colonies, and until lately many of our
neighboring countries addressed themselves to our manufactories.

"Actually the outlets to our trade are in a great part closed. The merchant
marine has been itself subjected to a crisis of extreme rigor, and, like everything
else, is condemned to the strictest economy. Our colonies, because of the tariff
system which detaches them from their metropolis, import the American pork
direct from that country, or else purchase under the name of French pork that
which has nothing about it French but the brand.

"As to the other foreign countries it is, if possible, worse yet. Alarmed by the
cases of trichinosis which had been pointed out to them, either in America or in
the countries importing American pork, Italy, Portugal, and Greece have pro-
hibited the entry of American pork, in any of its preparations, into their respec-
tive countries.

" We communicate to you the text of the decision of those Governments on this
subject.

" We will remark. Monsieur le President, that Italy and Portugal have not
stopped with the exclusion of American pork, but have at the same stroke excluded
French pork, though it has never had a single case of the terrible malady from
which the country is so willing and has such good right to preserve itself.

"As far as concerns (Greece, the proofs demanded touching the origin of all other
than American pork, and the suspicion in that country, which only imports these
meats for their own consumption, renders the importations of our manufacturers
extremely difficult.

" It follows from this aggregation of circumstances, Monsieur le President, that
our pork manufacturers see themselves in competition with the supply of Ameri-
can products, which is here made the more considerable, as the other markets
commence to refuse the suspected meats.

" The French market escapes us at the same time as foreign markets.

" Then, unless the Government and our parliamentary assemblies do not wish
to aid in the disappearance of an industry as considerable as that of which we
speak, it is indispensable that it and they should come to its aid by an alteration
of the customs duties.

" It belongs, therefore, to the commission of which you are the president to
appreciate the observations which to you have been presented by the delegates
from this industry, and which tend to the elevation of the customs duty to 85
francs ($7) per 100 kilograms upon American pork and lard." * * *

" [Continuation of report, p. 43.]

" It is possible that the distrust excited by the American meats may be impressed
with a certain exaggeration, but it is nevertheless true that the facilities of intro-
duction accorded by us to their preparations injure our manufactures to a sensi-
ble degree in our domestic markets, and stop their exportation to foreign markets.

" These things constitute for the pork industry of France an exceptional situa-
tion, and, as we have written to the minister of commerce, October 31, it is
regrettable that an industry, of which the interests are attached so intimately to
agriculture and the public health, should see itself sacrificed to the profit of a
commerce in suspected products, and rejected for that reason by the neighboring
countries."

Another part of the same report for 1879, speaking directly to the minister of
commerce, etc. (Appendix, p. 19), says on the subject of " salt pork for the navy
and merchant marine: "

" We can only repeat here what we said last year on the subject of this industry.
The commercial outlets are nearly closed in France because of the competition of
the United States and by the distress of the merchant marine.

" It will be vain for us to expect a foreign demand for an article which has
failed in France. Our colonies are provisioned directly by the United States, and
the European markets refuse in great part to receive any salt pork in fear that it
may be infected with trichinae. America therefore causes our manufacturers' a
direct loss in substituting her products for our own in France and the French
colonies, and an indirect loss in making them victims of the suspicion of which
American pork is the object in Spain. Italy, and other countries. * * *

" When the last of our manufacturers of salt pork shall have closed their doors,

568 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

the administration will have lost the possibility of recourse to a cooperation of
which the last war demonstrated the utility."

In the following year, ISM), the subject is again taken up by the chamber of
commerce; and here let me remark that the report of the chamber consists of
two distinct parts one a report to its members and the public of its doings during
the past year; the other, a report to the minister of agriculture and commerce,
being a resume of the past and recommendations for the coming year.

" [Report for 1880, p. 37. j

"We have renewed to the tariff commission of the Senate the observations
which we submitted to the < 'h amber of Deputies, in the interests of the French
pork manufacturers, the industry of whom is more and more menaced by the
development of American pork.

" [The letter.]

" NANTES, November 18, 1880.

" MONSIEUR LE PRESIDENT: The 6th of November, last year, we wrote to Monsieur
le President of the tariff commission of the Chamber of Deputies, to call his atten-
tion to the deplorable situation of the pork industry.

" We have the honor to transmit the text of that letter, which is inserted in the
works of our chamber of commerce for 1879, p. 39.

" We can not, Monsieur le President, but maintain the observations which we
have suggested concerning the decadence of an industry heretofore considerable in
our region. This industry is menaced with complete annihilation by the compe-
tition of the United States of America.

"In effect, the introduction into France of the American salt provisions under
the duty of 4.60 francs has a continually increasing importance.

"From 4,000,000 kilograms, figures of 1874, it has attained those of 28.000.000
kilograms in 1878, and the table of commerce general of France ' acknowledges
for the year 1870 an importation of 31 ,784,91 3 kilograms of palt bacon from America.
These figures are of the 'commerce special,' and consequently represent the salt
provisions for consumption.

"It belongs to the Parliament to fix the limits of the protection, which is the
legitimate right of the French manufacturers, but it is important to remember
that the actual duty of 4.60 francs which is imposed on the salt pork from America
makes no protection for our manufacturers.

"This tax is paid on French salt pork as well as on that coming from America,
and represents the impost on the salt employed in the preparation of the French
meats.

"Referring again to our letter of November 6, 1879, etc."

"[Continuation of report (to minister), Appendix p. 16.]
"SALT PROVISIONS FOR THE ARMY AND NAVY.

" The situation of our salt-pork industry is in nowise ameliorated. In the French
market our salt pork is subjected to the competition with similar products from
America, and is rejected in other countries, which, refusing to receive the Ameri-
can bacon infected with trichinae, refuse ours also, for the reason that they can
not distinguish by the eye the suspected meats freely introduced into France,
whether for consumption or reexportation."

The foregoing action of the chamber of commerce and the French pork manu-
facturers seems to have been legitimate, and. so far as appears, not a subject of
complaint. It consisted of a declaration of failure on the part of the latter, an
admission of their inability to compete with the United States, and an appeal for
state aid in form of a protective tariff increasing the present by 800 per cent,
which would be, and was intended doubtless to he. equivalent to prohibition.

While trichinae were mentioned in those appeals, it is only incidentally, not as
a reason for prohibition; no cases cited, and it is not pressed upon the attention
of the minister of agriculture and commerce.

The manifestos were addressed both to the minister and to the tariff commis-
sion, the latter having then under its consideration a complete revision of the
French tariff, which culminated in the law and decree of May 8, 1881.

The commission and both chambers remained deaf to all these appeals, decided
in favor of cheap food for the people, made no change in the duties on American
pork, and refused the desired aid to the French pork manufacturers.

The minister then took the matter in hand, and the result was the two decrees
of February 14 and 18, 1881, the latter being the decree of prohibition.

SWINE PBODTJCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 569

What relation there may have been between the appeals of the French pork
manufacturers, and what influence the demand for aid to prop up and save from
ruin and disappearance a French industry may have had upon the passing of the
decree of prohibition I have no knowledge, but two things seem certain: ( 1 ) That
these appeals for aid were made or communicated to the minister; (2) that the
decree passed gave to the French pork manufacturers the desired state aid in a
manner equally if not more effective than that of prohibitory tariff, which had
been refused.

The circular of February 14, 1881, and the decree of prohibition four days after,
February 18, are doubtless well known to the Department and need not be herein
set forth, but as pieces of evidence they are valuable, for considered together and
unexplained they are anomalous, if not contradictory.

The decree of prohibition having been passed, and the end of the French pork
manufacturers attained to even a higher degree than they had asked in these com-
munications, their only care now was to guard and protect the decree and its
operations, the former from rescission, the latter from infraction.

I continue my translation of evidence from the same chamber of commerce,
written just after the passage of the decree:

' ' Opening our eyes to the dangers to the public health by the circulation of
meats containing trichinae, the Government is interdicting their introduction into
our country, yet the interdiction provides for no inspection of English meats.
There is much to fear that the American products will continue to be imported,
at least in a certain preparation, under the denomination of English products.

" It belongs to the administration to baffle and thwart these frauds."

Then follows in the same old vein an appeal to obtain for the Nantes pork
manufacturers the contracts for supplying the army and navy with salt pork and
bacon.

At the close of the year 1881, the chamber of commerce, recounting the affairs
of the year to its members and to the public, reports the following concerning
my subject (p. 102, report 1881):

"A decree dated February 18, 1881, rendered on the proposition of Monsieur
Tirard, minister of agriculture and commerce, has prohibited the importation
into France of salt pork coming from the United States of America.

" This interdiction was moved because of the malady known under the name of
trichinosis, with which the meats of that country were attacked or suspected.

"The measure in question became attenuated in the practice by the creation of
special laboratories charged with the examination and verification of salt provi-
sions presented on our frontier.

" Finally, to complete and generalize, within the necessary limits, the institu-
tion of these laboratories, Monsieur le Ministre of commerce has presented,
November 26, 1881, a project for a law providing for microscopic inspection.

"Monsieur Tirard having been replaced as minister of commerce by Monsieur
Rouvier, this projected law has been withdrawn by the Government. On that
occasion we submitted to the minister the following observations:

" NANTES, December 3, 1881.

"MONSIEUR LE MINISTRE: In the course of the session of November 21 last,
Monsieur le President of the Chamber of Deputies communicated to his colleagues
the text ot a decree by the terms of which was retired the project of a law rela-
tive to the establishment of a service of inspection of pork coming from foreign
countries, ' ' presented to the Chamber of Deputies November 5, 1881, by

the minister of commerce and of finance. ' The public has interpreted the act as a
prelude to the abrogation of the decree of February 18, 1881, which interdicted in
all France the importation of pork (salted) coming from the United States of
America.

" The projected service of inspection has the double purpose to guard the public
health against the consumption of unhealthy meats and at the same time to give
satisfaction to certain commercial interests to which the absolute prohibition of
American pork causes prejudice.

" We regret, Monsieur le Ministre, that the greatest part too much the great-
est part was made by or on behalf of that commercial interest aforesaid; for, as
we have endeavored to show you, the decree of February 18, 1881, "responded also
to serious and commendable interests.

" Before the prohibition of salt pork from America was pronounced in France it
had already been prohibited in many European countries, notably in Germany,
Italy, Spain, and Turkey.

"At the same time that they interdicted American pork they interdicted also
French pork, not because it was considered as unhealthy (that was never sus-
pected), but because France, receiving pork from America, to change the barrels

570 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

or the marks was easy, and sufficed to make an error as to the true place of its
manufacture when sought to be imported into these countries.

" To preserve themselves surely from American pork they felt themselves obliged
to interdict also French pork.

"The pork manufacturers of our neighborhood have, then, demanded of us,
Monsieur le Ministre, to represent to the Government the grievous situation in
which they are placed. Competition at home with American pork exempt from
the duties on salt they scarcely pav that much customs duty and chased from
the foreign markets by the fear which is inspired by these same preparations, our
people lose their opportunity in the foreign markets, while the salt provisions
iiii ported from the United States to France are there consumed, which crushes the
price of the French products.

In this juncture our fabricants must cease their work, and the closing of their
manufactories will cause, or has caused, in this region much difficulty among our
agricultural population. These things were known to and appreciated by your
honorable predecessor.

" It appears to us desirable, Monsieur le Ministre, before giving aid to the de-
mands of, or in the interest of, the American pork manufacturers and importers,
that the Government render to itself an account of the conditions in which one of
our national industries contests and competes for the furnishing of food for our
country.

" These conditions are truly painful. Then, when all the French products, and
particularly all provisions imported to the United States of America are subjected
to an exaggerated and excessive customs duty, is it a good time to enlarge the
French market in favor of analogous products which come from that country?

" Some persons have invoked the interest of the consumer as a justification for
the propose J anomaly. Certainly no one would dream of proposing anything
against the interest of the consumer, but will it be well served by giving encour-
agement to some exotic preparations that the most part of the countries of Europe
hold in suspicion and the low price of which is definitely explained by their infe-
rior quality?

" We estimate and hope that such matters will not induce the Administration
to resign itself to the principle of laissez faire. and that it will preserve our nation
by means of its attentive control against the allurements of cheapness of an arti-
cle dangerous to the public health. In the present case the Government in accom-
plishing this role will hinder a little, "without doubt, the commerce in American
provisions, but the measure which it will take can never be equivalent to the
excess of protection in America, and we have nothing to fear from the pretended
reprisal which some people say the United States may contemplate against our
commerce.

" We come now to demand of you, Monsieur le Ministre, not to welcome or
receive the attempts that have been or will Ije made to obtain the abrogation of
the decree of the 18th of February. 1881.

" The decree is, perhaps, susceptible of attenuations, and the projected law was
prepared by your honorable predecessor to that end. Whatever measures may be
taken by which its disposition will be replaced, the Government will take account
of the different national interests involved.

"Those of the public health are here in accord with those of the French manu-
facturers and of the numerous workmen thus engaged, and also the interest of the
agricultural classes.

" These will not be sacrificed, we have confidence, neither on the complaint of
certain importers of foreign provisions nor from the chimerical fear of reprisals,
nor yet from illusory hopes of a treaty of commerce with the United States."

In the same report, speaking directly to the minister, the chamber says (pp.
11,12):

"That the pork industry has not recovered from the situation regrettable, in
whiph it has been placed for a long time by circumstances of divers natures. This
situation would have been more unfavorable yet if the importation of American
salt provisions had not been hindered or prevented by the measures of wise pre-
caution to which the administration has had recourse for the preservation of the
public health."

This ends the quotations, running through five years of reports, and ending only
with that of last year, published last August.

To show the importance of the subject-matter. I have tabulated the importa-
tions of American pork and lard from 1812 to 1881 now, thanks to the decree of
prohibition, 1 suppose, entirely ceased.

From 1872 to 1878 1 have to depend upon the statements of the chamber of
commerce, pages 15, 16, of this report.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

571

i have no means of verifying this. The returns from 1879 to 1881 may possibly
contain some fresh meat. The tableau general of commerce does not give them
separate, but the ;imount of fresh meat imported into France from the United
States is very little.

Years.

Pork.

Lard.

Value.

1872 to 1878

Kilograms.

47,680,886

Kilograms.
81, 430, 477

Francs.
180,204,304

1879

32,594,184

37,229,104

77,888,074

1880. ...

34, 730, 331

42,105,990

83,194,067

1881

17,699,349

37,390,559

65, 870, 780

Total

133,694,540

198,056,130

407,057,225

Eighty one and a half millions of dollars represents the pork and lard commerce
of the United States with France during the period above mentioned. The loss to
the United States of this amount of French commerce is the effect and result of
the decree of prohibition of February 18, 1881.

Thus is formulated in dollars and cents the complaint of the United States
against France by reason of that decree.

The difference in price in favor of American pork and lard for the same period
is stated, pa^e 16, by the Nantes Chamber of Commerce, at 31.69 francs per 100
kilograms of pork and 48 francs per 100 kilograms of lard, so that

Amounts.

Francs.

Dollars.

132,094.540 kilograms of pork, at 31.69 francs

42,050,899

8,410,179

198,050, 130 kilograms of lard, at 40 francs

79,222,452

15,844,490

Total

131,573,351

24,254,689

These figures show at a glance the difference in price between the American
pork and lard during the period mentioned and the same amount of French pork.
American pork and lard has undersold French pork and lard during that time by
the amount aforesaid, and thus is formulated in francs (and dollars) the complaint
of the French pork manufacturers.

This closes my evidence on this branch. It has been somewhat voluminous, but
I have remembered and have acted upon the rule of evidence which prohibits the
introduction of a portion only, but requires the presentation of the entire docu-
ment, so that no one can complain of unfairness in my having kept back any por-
tion unfavorable to my side of the case.

These reports cover five years or more of time. There are many repetitions, but
they are repetitions and reiterations of the objectionable argument, and prove
beyond cavil the position of the chamber of commerce to have been inimical to
the United States on the ground of self-interest, and that they sought to prevail
upon the minister of agriculture and commerce to secure the intervention of the
Government in their behalf, which was finally done by his decree of prohibition,
and with which they were satisfied.

A summary of their po ition was as follows: The French pork manufacturers
were in a failing condition, threatened to close their doors and suspend business;
that the prime cause of their failure was their inability to compete, either in
France or her colonies, with American pork manufacturers, who could undersell
them at from oO to 40 francs per 100 kilograms; that the situation has become
" deplorable," and unless they received aid or protection from the Government
which should hinder or prevent (entraver) the importation of pork and lard from
the United States, their establishments must close, their workmen be discharged,
and their industry disappear.

Whether these representations thus reiterated induced the minister to whom
they were addressed to issue a decree of prohibition, I suppose not to be suscep-
tible of proof.

It is significant, however, and suggestive, that while the aid and protection of a
high tariff should not have been granted by the Parliament, which would thus

5<2 SWIN'K I'lMDIVTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

s. t in to have acted in the interest of the consumers rather than in the interest of
the pork manufacturers, the same benefits should have been granted to the latter
imu-h inoiv effwtivoly by the minister of agriculture and commerce by his decree
of prohibition, though he based it upon different ground.

The benefits thus gran ted were thankfully accepted by the pork manufacturers,
and they became at once the most ardent advocates of the decree and the most
strenuous opponents of its repeal, strengthening the minister in adhering to the
decree, and advising him not to yield to intimidation by the United States under
any (to them) apprehended threat of reprisal, nor yet that he should be beguiled
by any illusory hopes of a commercial treaty.

The right of the French Government to pass the decree of prohibition of Ameri-
can pork and lard, and the remedy of the United States against it, are questioned
beyond the province of a consul to discuss, and 1 shall make no attempt.

The chamber of commerce suggests the possibility of reprisals as a remedy.
It is not unknown to me that a retaliation has been proposed by a prohibition on
the part of the United States of French wines and liquors, and reports have been
made touching their healthfulness, looking toward a prohibition on the same
ground as the prohibition of American pork from France. If 1 were a statesman,
as I am not, I should not seek for any such articles as would afford the excuse of
nnhealthfulness to justify the prohibition, but would choose one without any
such cause, and prohibit its importation, calling it a reprisal, and placing it
squarely on the ground of retaliation for the unjust prohibition of an equally
healthful article of food from the United States into France.

But as French wines and liquors have been so mentioned, and might with great
propriety be chosen as proper subject for reprisals. I submit the annexed report
as to their effect upon the public health and morale in France.

I content myself with reporting such facts as I may be able to gather, without
attempting any elaboration of argument, leaving that entirely to the Department,
but endeavoring to place in its possession the material necessary to enable it to
arrive at a satisfactory conclusion.

THOMAS WILSON, Consul.

ADULTERATION OF FRENCH WINES AND LIQUORS.

[Continuation of Consul Wilson's report on American pork versus French wines and liquors.]

Second part.

That the unjust prohibition of the importation of American pork into France,
made, as it was, under the plea of public health, but in effect protecting French
pork manufacturers, continued, as it has been, when every explanation and proof
as to healthfulness and cleanliness has l:een made public, might be followed by a
policy of reprisal by the United States Government against some article of French
manufacture, should not be unexpected.'

The French have themselves suggested this possibility. (Chamber of Com-
merce, Nantes, 1881.)

This portion of this report is intended to deal with this question in its relation
to French wines and liquors to show that they have been adulterated, have been
made deleterious, if not poisonous, and as such exported to foreign countries, the
United States among the rest: and if the policy of reprisal shou d be adopted that
French wines and liquors, as at present manufactured, would be a proper sub.,ect.

The evil effects of adulterated wines and liquors in France might be compared
with those charged by France to trichinosis in American pork. The magnitude
of the one and the insignificance of the other may be shown at a glance, and will
be apparent on a moment's consideration.

Take the crimes perpetrated, the punishments inflicted, the deaths caused, the
su cides committed, the insanity produced (quite as grave effects as can be attrib-
uted to any cause) by the consumption and use of wines and liquors in France
only; waive the amount of unhappiness and misery caused, the degradation pro-
duced, the blasted hopes, the ruined families, because they can not be calculated;
take only those susceptible of being taken from the statistics of crime and com-
pare these with the entire number of cases of sickness or death arising from
trichinosis caused from the consumption and use of American pork, and the dif-
ference becomes apparent at a glance.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 573

CRIMES OF DRUNKENNESS IN FRANCE.

Evil effects in France only arising from the improper use of wines and liquors,
compiled from the latest official reports taken for 1880, or the yearly average.

Year.

Page.

Num-
ber.

1. Crimes committed while under the influence, waived because the statistics

1880

1880
1873

1875

305

449

785
422
799

455

3. Misdemeanors combined with and aggravated thereby; disorderly street

4. Simple cases of excessive drunkenness; yearly average convictions since ..

6. Insanity from alcoholism (I have not the exact figures, but it is 14 out of

104

These are the figures at the minimum, and from them it will be apparent at a
glance that there are a greater number of cases in France in one hour, possibly in
one minute, than there are of trichinosis in a year. The wider the comparison is
extended the greater and more apparent becomes the difference. So that if the
policy of reprisal shall be adopted by the United States and placed, as was the
prohibition of pork in France, on the score of public health, the choice of wines
and liquors as its subject would seem to be justified to such extent as that France
could be estopped from ma,king any complaint.

HOW WINES AND LIQUORS ARE ADULTERATED.

The successful adulteration of wines and liquors requires both the professional
learning of the chemist and the technical knowledge and experience of the wine
merchant.

Prohibited by law, rejected by the public when known, it will only be performed
in secret and as one of the mysteries of the laboratory.

To discover and detect it in particular or specific cases requires professional
knowledge of a high order, the possession of that sharpened, educated, or, rather,
experienced taste which is almost equivalent to a sixth sense, and to these must
be added the authority of the law by which private premises may be invaded and
private property examined.

Few persons in France combine these qualifications, and I make no pretensions
to be one of them. I shall not attempt to give private or secret information, nor
to make specific or part'cular examinations.

Everybody knows, or says, that the wines and liquors of France are adulterated,
and they deprecate it, but the consumption and use of the adulterated article goes
on much the same as if no adulteration existed. I shall endeavor to give some
information from statistics furnished by French authorities, and so not to be con-
troverted, showing the extent to which this adulteration is carried, and in some
slight degree its effect upon the people. It would be aside from my purpose to
make, or allow to be made, any comparison of French liqviors with those of the
United States, or to assert that ours are better than theirs. Our liquors in our
own country are our own affairs. Not until we seek to introduce them into France
will she have a right to complain of their quality or examine as to their purity.
Because of this condition as against France I exercise this right and make this
report.

Other consuls have made reports on the same subject, and one of the leading
journals in France in that interest, the Revue des Vins et Liqueurs, in its last
number, has made these reports a subject of criticism in a long article entitled
"The hog and the vine." In this article the questions put by the Department in
its confidential dispatch to its consuls in France were quoted at length, and the
whole subject of adulteration and reprisals argued from the standpoint of a French
wine merchant.

Some of its admissions concerning adulteration and falsification of wines and
liquors, coming with its authority, are valuable contributions to the side of its
opponents. The editor advises naturally enough against reprisals by the United
States. He says:

" These reprisals are of doubtful taste, and it is never prudent to enter on this

574 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

path. What, for instance, would the United States say. if, to their prohibition
against wines. France replied by establishing an inspector against tinned meats,
against grain cargoes No. 2, or cotton, products which the French and foreign
trade, rightly or wrongly, accuse, more or less justly, of I eing adulterated by the
American shippers.

' Were it not better, since the cause our friends sustain in demanding the aboli-
tion of the prohibitory inspection is a just one, to convince the French Govern-
ment of its error, raise a movement of public opinion, and, lastly, have recourse
M the regular means which their genius as a practical people may suggest to
them?"

Of course, the policy of reprisal is not to be lightly entered upon, nor until the
attempt "to convince the French Government of its error" be made and ex-
hausted. This attempt has been continued for now nearly two years without
any perceptible effect. How long would the Revue des Vins have it continue?
And when all efforts have failed must it not end in reprisals as the means of
redress? This has been admitted by the Chamber of Commerce of Nantes, and
now again by the Revue des Vins.

If the Revue objects to wines and liquors being chosen as the subject of reprisals,
it and its friends of that interest might act on its own advice: " Raise a movement
of (French) public opinion and convince their own Government of its error,"
secure the abolition of the pork prohibition, and thus prevent reprisals from either
side.

The report of the consul at La Rochelle is noticed as follows, and it shows in
some degree the offensiveness of the entire criticism:

'Alone, the diatril e of the consul at La Rochelle seems at first sight worthy of
consideration, but we are obliged to challenge him on account of reasonable sus-
picion, for we believe we know him to be a native of Maine and consequently
a bigoted teetotaller."

" Diatribe" is a hard word to apply to a report made by a United States consul
to his Government, but "let the galied jade wince."

The consul at La Rochelle needs no defense at my hands. He is well able to defend
himself. Besides, that charge will do him no harm at his home and where he is
known, and there none can be made which will do him harm.

I have cited this to enable me to discount any similar opposition which this
report may meet by saying in advance that I am in favor of temperance, that I
am opposed to intemperance, and that 1 think it a dreadful evil a crime justly
punishable by law in France, entailing misery on its victims, unhappiness on
their families and friends, tilling the prisons, almshouses, and lunatic asylums,
begetting a large portion of the necessity and the expense of criminal procedure
in the state, and to be attacked and suppressed by any legitimate means which
promise success.

Is the Revue des Vins opposed to this? Does it favor intemperance? Holding
this belief, yet I am not a bigot, and am willing to agree that the wines of France,
in their purity, are healthful, palatable, and agreeable, and that the southern
portion of France, where there is more wine raised, either actually or proportion-
ally, than in any country in the world, is, without any temperance society, one of
the most temperate, having in proportion to its inhabitants fewer cases of drunk-
enness, of crime, of accidental death, of suicide, or insanity, from the use of spir-
ituous or alcoholic liquors than a 1 most any other. If I were writing an article on
temperance I would elaborate and prove this statement. I make this concession
to the Revue des Vins, and close it by making my charge, i. e., that the great
curse and blight, and the one to be prevented, arises in France from the adultera-
tion of wines and liquors otherwise pure and the manufacture and doctoring of
those inherently bad. Will not the Revue des Vins and the wine interest aid in
its prevention? And, if so, are we not in accord?

A frequent response made to this charge, especially by French manufacturers
to American importers or purchasers, is that if. the buyer will deal with only
the best houses and is willing to pay for the best wines and liquors, he can always
secure that which is pure and will run no risk of getting adulterated or poisonous
compounds. But this begs the whole question, for what should be required and
enforced is that the wine merchant shall not be permitted to either make or sell
those poisonous compounds, not even to those who from ignorance or cupidity
might desire the cheaper article; that the drinker shall not be permitted to pur-
chase, even though he may desire, poisonous compounds under the name of wine
and liquors because he can get them at a low price. Least of all should the seller
be allowed to sell them as pure. If there is demand for the adulterated, poi-
soned, or diluted liquors, let them be sold as such, and not represented and sold
as pure.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 575

A butcher will not be allowed to sell tainted meat, nor a baker bread made of
alum, though they offer them never so cheap.

THE FAILURE OF THE AVINE CROP IN FRANCE.

France is the greatest wine-producing country in the world. The total produc-
tion and commerce in wine for 1882 amounted to 2,056,692,491 francs. One hun-
dred years ago she produced 25,000,000 hectoliters. This increased in regular
gradations until it culminated in 1875 in 88,632,391 hectoliters. The average crop
from 1870 to 1875 was 58,000,000 hectoliters.

In 1879 commenced seriously the ravages of the national plague the phylloxera.
Without study one can not appreciate the extent of the ravages, nor the great
damage this inflicted on France. In 1879-80 it utterly destroyed 1,250,000 acres
of full bearing vines. It seriously damaged about 1,250,000 acres more. It reduced
the wine crop to 25,000,000 hectoliters in 1879, being a loss of about 800,000,000
gallons, to say nothing of eaux-de-vie, cognac, etc.

In 1880 the wine crop reached 29,000,000 hectoliters, in 1881 to about 38,000.000
hectoliters, and in the past year, 1882, the same, 38,000,000, being less than half a
crop for the past four years, and entailing a yearly loss averaging 25,000,000
hectoliters.

However interesting, it would be foreign to this report to follow the various
means taken for the extermination of this insect; to tell of the Government
commission, of the scientific examinations, of the syndicates formed among the
owners, or of the methods adopted.

Isolated efforts were vain. General and united action was the only hope for
relief. The result shows such improvement that we may hope the devastation has
been stopped and the devastator conquered.

In her calamity France has had the sympathy of all peoples, from none more
than the United States, and in her efforts for redemption she has their encourage-
ment. Had this failure happened to the grain crop, even for a single year, what
distress and ruin would it not have caused? When continued for four successive
harvests it would have produced a famine at which the world would have stood
aghast. From such failures of its great crops of wheat, or corn, or cotton the
United States would not recover in a decade of years.

EFFECTS OF THE FAILURE OF THE VINE IN FRANCE.

On the winegrowers sad enough, doubtless, for they could neither raise their
usual crop of grapes nor could they use the ground occupied by the vines to plant
anything else; and their efforts for the extermination of the insect must have been
very expensive. Great excitement it doubtless caused; attracted the attention of
the Government and of the world. Yet this immense failure of from five hun-
dred to eight hundred millions of gallons, continued year after year, has had no
perceptible effect on the quantity of wine drunk, the facility with which it can be
obtained, nor the price to be paid for it.

The consumption of wine has maintained itself at about its average, diminished
some years and increased others, but not more change than before the failure of
1879.

In Paris the average consumption of wine for each inhabitant amounted in 1877
to 212 liters; and in 1876, it was 230; and in 1878, 224 liters.

In the country it was, for 1876, 140 liters; 1877, 128; 1878, 124; 1879, 11.6 liters.

In the eight largest (octroi) cities of France the consumption of wine has dimin-
ished but 3^ per cent, while the consumption of alcohol has increased 31 per cent.

The average price of wine exported was as follows for 1879 and 1881:

1879, Bordeaux wine, in barrels, per hectoliter, 115 to 130 francs: in bottles, per
hectoliter, 150 francs; all other wines, in barrels, 50 francs: in bottles, 225 francs.

1881, Bordeaux wine, in barrels, per hectoliter, 140 to 145 francs: in bottles, 165
francs; all others, in barrels, 55 francs; in bottles, 225 francs.

This shows the slight increase of from $1 to $3 per 22 gallons, certainly not
famine prices.

The exportations have maintained themselves about as has the consumption;
fallen off slightly in some kinds, but increased in others.

The statistics will vary in the calculations of different persons, for the entries
are varied under so many items; wine, Bordeaux and other, in barrels, in bottles;
eaux-de-vie, cognac, etc., all spirituous liquors under different names, and the
statistics consequently susceptible of infinite variety.

576 s \VINI-: l'K>DUCT8 OF THE UNITED STATES.

The exportation in francs shows an increase thus:

Wine: Francs.

1870 -- 21(5.200,000

1877 22.->. r>00. 000

1878 207,100.000

!*:-. 2(M, 900.000

1880.. 2r>4.600,000

1881 264.200.000

Of wines and liquors, total export:

1877 285.800.000

1881 332.^00,000

The exportation, in quantity, is thus:

Of Bordeaux wine: Hectoliters.

1878 1,037,430

1881 1,165,575

Increase.. 128,145

Of other wines:

1878 1,707,974

1881 1,360,055

Decrease 347,919

Many of these statistics are given with accuracy and particularly in the tables
appended to this report, and which I have taken from the tableau general of com-
merce for the respective years.

Here the round numbers were sufficient for my purpose, which was to show a
decrease neither in consumption nor exportation, nor that increase in price which
usually follows failure of crops for even one year, but which, if continued for
three or four, results in famine. How have the wine merchants of France been
able to keep the supply equal to the demand?

How has this great feat been accomplished? The recuperative power of France
aftei one year's war with Germany, and her ability to make the most out of the
least, were at once the wonder and the admiration of the world, but in the case
of failure of the wine crop she has shown unexpected recuperative power, and tlie
ability to continue it for an indefinite period.

How has she been able to accomplish it? To solve this economic problem which
so worried tho Israelites during the last years of their sojourn in Eerypt. to learn
this secret of making something out of nothing and be able to follow their illus-
trious example in case the United States should be unfortunate enough to lose its
crops for continuous harvests, will surely be worth while.

How has this been accomplished?

Answer. They have imported in large quantities the cheap, heavy wines of Spain
and Italy. They have imported raisins from Greece and Turkey, soaked them
and expressed the juice, and to these bases they add alcohol, coloring matter, and
water in all imaginable proportions, kinds, quantities, and degrees, and thus they
manufacture what they call wine, sell for wine, and export to the United States
for wine.

This is not the first time the above question has been asked.

In the Journal Official, the same paper, and on the same day in which was
published the decree of the minister of agriculture and commerce against Ameri-
can pork. February 18. 1881, appear the debates in the senate of France on the
subject of the new tariff.

The president of the tariff commission, Monsieur Pouyer-Quertier, made a
speech in which he set forth the true condition of France and appealed to his col-
leagues to meet the tariff question fairly. He said, page 133:

I have seen on the quays of Bordeaux, and I believe I can see the same to-day,
a quantity of wines of Spain which had come to the borders of the Garonne. I
asked of the Bordelais if perchance these wines, worth only 80 to 81 francs per
hectoliter, had not come to Bordeaux to breathe the air of Garonne and be trans-
formed into Medoc.

' These, perhaps, are the wines which come to-day from Spain, and which after
a certain cure are again exported.

"This represents a certain benefit, for we must admit that this wine contains
alcohol to 15 degrees, and that with one barrel of it and one of the water of the
Garonne they make two barrels of wine."

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

577

The minister of agriculture and commerce, who had that day signed the pro-
hibition against American pork, replied:

" I remark to the Hon. M. Pouyer-Quertier that it is a singular fashion to defend
the industries of a great country like France to come here and tell apropos of our
wines of the melanges which are made with the water, the mixing < * * (pro-
testations from divers benches) [Several senators: "All the world answer it."]
[Monsieur le ministre, continuing:] * * * and to come here, to thus discredit,
in this tribune, the French products destined for foreign countries. In truth, it
is a singular fashion for him to proceed (more interruptions). You understand
that since two or three years, either from phylloxera, from frost, or from drop-
ping of the fruit, we have descended from an annual production of 00,000,000
hectoliters to 28,000,000. It is incontestable that we have not produced the same
quantity of wine, and although we may add water, it is still necessary to seek in
foreign countries that which we have lost. We introduce the wines because they
are necessary to our people. In 1876, and before, we imported no wines, because
our harvest was abundant and we had no need of them."

This is enough for my purpose. I need follow him no further. It is a con-
fession of my charge, made by the highest authority in the state, and it was in
answer to the direct question.

INCREASE- OF WINE IMPORTATIONS.

For specific information I refer to the tables in the appendix. I only give here
general results.
We have seen that in 1876, and before, no wine was imported.

Year.

Wine only.

Wine and liquor,
total importa-
tions.

1877

Francs.

34,800,000

Francs.
54, 506, 000

1878

64,400,000

88,279,000

1879 . . .

136, 700, 000

155, 76(1, 000

188(1

320,900,000

359,791,000

1881

375, 700, 000

410,004.000

Total increase in all kinds of wines and liquors since 1878, 6,342,510 hectoliters
and 315,807,121 francs. Increase in vin ordinaire alone since 1878, 6,179,028 hecto-
liters and 296,312,280 francs.

The total importations of vin ordinaire in casks I do not speak of bottled wine;
it would not be used for adulteration or manufacture for the year 1881 amounted
to 7.700,000 hectoliters, valued at 346,516,000 francs. Of this, 2,274,208 hectoliters
came from St>ain and Italy, valued at 336,271,447 francs, being an increase over
1878 of 5,731, 0'OO hectoliters and 262,000,000 francs.

In the meantime the exports of wine from France to Spain and Italy decreased
3,000 hectoliters.

By what might be called a remarkable coincidence this great increase in impor-
tation arrived principally at the port of Bordeaux. In 1881 the importations of
wine and spirits at that port amounted to 2,942.272 hectoliters, at 97,028,137 francs,
which had been an increase over 1878 of 2,785,000 hectoliters and 87,404,958 francs.

The exportations from Bordeaux did not keep pace with this enormcras increase
in importation. The wine exported was, in 1878, 1.151,000 hectoliters, at 92,000,000
francs; in 1881, 1.173,000 hectoliters, at 135,000,000 francs; being an increase of
only 22,000 hectoliters, but of 42,000,000 francs.

Of spirits there was a decrease of 23,000 hectoliters and an increase of 5,000,-
000 francs, the aggregate being a decrease of 1,300 hectoliters, but an increase of
47,000,000 francs.

In 1881 the importation of raisins (dry) amounted to 68,000,000 kilograms, at
a value of 37,500,000 francs, of which Greece and Turkey furnished 58,500,000
kilograms.

Raisins, mashed or bruised, in casks, amounted the same year to 431,000 liters,
at 64.000 francs.

The wine produced from raisins in France in 1881 is stated at 2,430,000 hecto-
liters.

These facts explain how the deficit caused by the failure of the wine crop has

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 37

578 SWI.VK I'K< "DUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

been made up. Thus the tableau general of the commerce (special) of France for
1881, the last one issued, shows:

Description.

Hectoliters.

FrHncs.

Importation of wine

7,88
8,61 .

:M. 923,855

s>::. -

Exportation of wine

"Marchandises etrangSresnccessaires alaconsommation fran^aise".

5,206.711

111,107,794

France has the reputation of being a wine-exporting country, but this table
shows that she is a larger importer than exporter: that the balance of trade against
her on wine is no less than 137,000,000 gallons, valued at 111,000,000 francs.

The importation of wine from Spain and Italy amounted in 18~<1 to 7,700,000 hec-
toliters. It would not be fair to say this was all u~ed, or to be used, in the manu-
facture of French wine " to breathe the air of the Garonne and be transformed
into Medoc." For though the bottled wine, amotinting to 845.000 quarts or liters,
has been excluded, yet it would include the sherry and Malaga wine in casks.
But it would be fair to say that the increased importation was for that purpose.

This increase from 1878 to 1881 of vin ordinaire only, in casks, amounted to
6,179,028 hectoliters: wines made from raisins. 2.430.000 hectoliters: total, 8,608
hectoliters. According to Pouyer-Quertier they add an e jual quantity of water,
8,609,021 hectoliters, making 17,218.036 hectoliters, or about 400,003.000 gallons
added during the year 1881 to the wine crop of France by manufacturing process.

The foregoing statistics do not prove, 1 admit, all this imported wine to have
been " manufactured" into French wine, but I have said this transformation was
one of the secrets of the laboratory, and not to be discovered by ordinary means.
What wine merchant from France, or any where else, would furnish information,
much less proof, that his French wine had been by himself or by anyone else
manufactured, doctored, or diluted from Spanish, Italian, or raisin wine; 1

One who demands specific proof of this shows that he does not desire nor intend
to be convinced.

I have shown enough to raise a presumption of its wholesale manufacture.

I have shown (1) the failure of the crop sufficient to produce a famine; (2) no
diminution in either consumption or exportation; (3) no corresponding increase in
price; (4) an immense increase in importation of the (known to be) heavy wines
of Spain and Italy, and (5) the entire making of the crop of raisin wine, the two
latter being in sufficient quantities in the aggregate to make good the deficit;
(6) that the charge of this wholesa'e manufacture was made publicly in the Senate
of France, and several senators shouted in support of it that " all the world knew
it to be so;" (7) the minister of agriculture and commerce, replying to the senator,
did not deny the charge, but upbraided the senator for making it, and said if it
was true it had its justification.

These are. I think, enough to create the presumption and put the onus on the
wine merchants.

The adulteration of wine naturally belongs to "ways that are dark and tricks
that are vain," and it is not possible that the proof can be obtained and made
clear, as in many other offenses against the law.

Recognizing this fact, the law of France, C. P., article 423, makes the mere hav-
ing, with intent to sell, any adulterated or falsified food, medicine, or drink, an
offense equal to that of the adulteration or falsification.

I nave said that the criticism of the consular reports of the Revue des Vins con-
tained some important admissions bearing on this subject. In reading this, forget
not that they come from the highest representative of the wine interest in France,
ami are contained in its reply to similar charges made by other consuls. It says,
November, 1882, page 881: "It is certain that there is made in France a consider-
able quantity of adulterated wines, although the last crop yielded 38.000,000
hectoliters.

"One estimates the production of raisin wines at 2,400,000 hectoliters. That a
portion of this goes to the United States is possible, even probable, though in our
opinion the proportion is very small.

"It is purely a question of price. As to brandies, we do not deny that it is
possible there are brandies shipped that have very little connection with the wine
from which they are supposed to proceed.''

On page 668 it gives the wine product of 1881 at 38,000,000 hectoliters, and then
says: " This is only wine from grapes, but beyond this genuine wine growers have
made 2,000,000 hectoliters of artificial wine by pouring sugared water on the

SWIISTE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 579

residue." Here let me repeat a story told by the newspapers apropos. A wine
grower sold three-fourths of his crop and then filled up the casks with sweetened
water. His neighbor twitted him that the melange was not wine. " Why not? "
demanded he, " il tache le linge" " it will stain the tablecloth."

It seems to be considered as wine through all its dilutions and ablutions while
it will continue " tacher le linge."

The Revue, same page, gives thus the total production of wine for 1881, as
follows:

Francs.

Natural wine, 38,000.000 hectoliters, valued at 1,540,000,000

Production of wine from sugar and water. 80. 000, 000

Production of wine from dry grapes 48, 000, 000

Importations : 192,629,749

Total 1,860,629,749

FALSIFICATION OF FRENCH WINES FOR THE UNITED STATES.

One of the consuls of France in the United States, I believe at San Francisco,
sent a report to his Government concerning the falsification of French wines
imported into the United States. This report was deemed of sufficient importance
to be made the basis of communications between the ministers of foreign affairs
and of commerce, and by the latter to the chambers of commerce at Rheims and
Bordeaux. The two former I have not seen, but the latter is published in the
Revue des Vins:

MINISTRY OF COMMERCE,

Paris, August 29, 1882.

MONSIEUR LE PRESIDENT: It appears from a communication which has been
made to me through the ministry of foreign affairs that the imports of champagne
wines into the United States from 123,574 baskets during the first six months of
1881 have fallen to 104.755 during the corresponding six months of the current year,
s diminution of 28,219. This result, according to American papers, is due not only
to the competition of California wines, but is also due to the bad quality of the
articles imported into the United States by our manufacturers of champagne,
who, after having made a mark appreciated by the public, only send wines of an
inferior quality.

Under these circumstances consumers fall back on imitations, which are not
much worse than the imported article, and cost less.

The same remarks would apply, though in a less degree, to the wines of all
growths.

As to the California wines, it is considered that the white wines especially are
improving in quality.

The red wines, notwithstanding the peculiar taste due to the soil or the process
of manufacture, are preferred by many to the Bordeaux wines, called cargo wines,
which are of middling quality and relatively high price. * * *

The Minister of Commerce,

PIERRE LEGRAND.

I have nothing to do with the quarrel which grew out of this communication in
Rheims, nor yet with the champagne wines to which it refers, but as to Bordeaux
the Revue explains, page 670:

" The part of the circular relative to Bordeaux wines is partly (well) founded,
as cargo wines can no longer be shipped at same prices as before for similar quali-
ties, owing to bad crops and the phylloxera, which would have'^io sense if refer-
ring to champagne wines."

The Belgian Government has taken substantially the same view I have tried to
present, and has attempted in some degree to provide a remedy by a bill intro-
duced on March 24, 1882, by the minister of finance, under the title of "Excise
duties on the fabrications of wines from dried fruits." It was a blow aimed at all
manufactured wines.

Monsieur Girard, director of the Laboratoire Municipal at Paris, of which I
shall have occasion to speak further on, commenting on this subject of adultera-
tion of wines, says in his report for 1881, just published, p. 40:

"Fraud alone, fraud on a vast scale, furnishes the key to this enigma. It is by
the illicit operations that certain manufacturers (or dealers) come to make their
fortune at the expense of the public health, at the expense of the interest of the
State and its cities, at the expense of the agricultural and commercial prosperity
of France."

580 SWINE PRODIVTS OF THE UNITED STATKS.

THE MANUFACTURE OF WINE ITS FALSIFICATION AND ADULTERATION.

Wine, properly defined, is that alcoholic liquor which results from the fermen-
tation of the juice of fresh grapes.

Falsification or adulteration is the addition of any substance which changes the
composition of the natural wine.

A French chemist once said:

"Wine is a mixture of alcohol and sugar and water: but," added he, "mixing
alcohol and sugar and water will not make wine."

He who supposes that the juice of the grape is wine, or that by letting it fer-
ment it will always make wine, is much mistaken. As well might he say that to
open the throttle-valve of a locomotive a given distance it would make the run
between two cities or stations by itself.

Both the grapes and wines have their maladies and their peculiarities, which
sometimes are intricate and unmanageable, and need the utmost care and atten-
tion.

After the juice has been expressed, and in the cask, the most difficult and deli-
cate portion of the task begins.

To make good and palatable wine, keeping it pure and healthful, and to do this
continuously, without loss, is as much a trade or profession as any. To do it well
requires aptitude, study, and patient, intelligent labor, long continued.

The palate must be educated to the same degree of fineness as is required by a
singer of his voice or by a musician of his ear.

I give all credit to the honest wine makers.

What I condemn are the wine falsificators those who make unhealthy and
impure wine by unlawful and improper means.

Wine has been falsified and adulterated in all ages, but until twenty years ago
it was done so clumsily that its detection was easy. Most wine dealers would
detect it by its taste, or, if not, at the expense of a piece of cream of tartar.

All this has been changed. Now the falsificators profit by and make use of all
the progress of modern chemistry, and the art of making wine without the juice
of the grape has attained such a degree of perfection and skill that experts, epi-
cures, and chemists alike are baffled and hesitate before pronouncing.

Monsieur Girard, director of the Laboratoire Municipal at Paris, probably the
foremost authority in Europe, or the world, who denounces adulteration, in his
last report (for 1881). p. 93, follows the same line I have pursued concerning the
importation of Spanish and Italian wines, and gives a table, such as mine, show-
ing the progression from 1875 to the first nine months of 1881, and then says:

"These wines, rich in alcohol and extracts, are mixed with inferior, in an opera-
tion called coupage.

"The coupage practiced by honest dealers who sell their wines for what they
are is perfectly lawful, for their aim is to ameliorate and render proper for con-
sumption those wines which can not be easily utilized as they are.

" Unhappily, the greater part of the heavy wines of Spain, Italy, and the south
of France serve for a coupage in which water, takes a large place; this operation
takes the name of mouillage. and is the plague of the commerce in wines.

" The syndicate of wholesale wine and liquor merchants of France has energet-
ically demanded its repression. (Session of June 16, 1881, p. 66. ) Generally the
mouillage is not made alone. Those who practice it almost always find them-
selves compelled to go further in their fraudulent operations. The water is clear;
when they add too much to the wine it weakens the color so that it is perceptible,
which, in its turn, must be corrected by the addition of heavy wines or some of
the many coloring matters used for that purpose.

"After attempting to pass a large quantity of water under the name of wine
they add to the mouillage the alcohol, of an inferior quality, of potatoes or beets,
which contains alcohol amylique, which produces a drunkenness far worse than
that produced by the alcohol of wine. These, with all their ramifications, are not
the only falsifications; the body, the aroma, the bouquet of the finest qualities of
grand wines are imitated on a large scale by scientific processes. * * *

"The ethers, ananthique, pelargonique. etc., of the wine are counterfeited by
the mixing of other ethers and essences which are prepared artificially.

' The report of the ' Commissione Suptrieure de 1'Exposition de Vienne.' vol. 1,
p. 289, tells of the institute at Closterneuherg, Austria, where they make the ex-
tracts or ethers a?nanthiques which reproduce the bouquets of the most renowned
wines.

" The fabrication of piquettes (poor sour wine) from dried fruits or raisins has
still more complicated the problem; these piquettes, cut with one-half or two-
thirds of red wine from the south of France or Spain, whipped and filtered, con-

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 581

stitute the heavy merchantable wine which can be mixed with light wines, or,
more frequently, with water. The piquette has completed the means of aciion for
the f alsiticator ; it gives him the extracts, tartaric acid, tannin, glycerin, etc. , which
before he had not been able to procure.

' Each day the chemist is met by new difficulties: he is obliged to labor without
cessation to perfect his methods to combat those who dishonor science by using
her to perpetrate frauds. "

I have said that I had introduced enough proof to raise a presumption of a
wholesale adulteration of wine in France and to put the onus of explanation on
her wine merchants and distillers.

This last piece of testimony confirms and makes positive the charge against
them. All that now remains to establish their guilt and complete this trial is to
catch them in the act, which 1 now propose to do.

CONVICTIONS FOR ADULTERATIONS.

The offense proven, the law of France is very stringent against all deceit, fraud,
adulteration, or misrepresentation as to anything sold. Article 423, Code Penal,
provides: Whoever shall cheat or deceive a buyer as to the title, etc., or as to the
nature, etc., or (by false weights or measures) as to the quantities of anything sold
shall be punished, etc. Law of March 27, 1855: Whoever falsifies or adulterates
provisions or medicines, or sells or attempts to sell what has been falsified or
adulterated shall be punished, etc. The fine is to be not less than 50 francs, the
imprisonment from three months to one year. If the adulteration consists of any-
thing unhealthy, the fine shall not be less than 150 francs and the imprisonment may
be two years. For second offense, double maximum punishment. The articles sold
are to be confiscated, and, if not unhealthy, given to the bureau of charity; if
unhealthy, destroyed, all false weights and measures to be broken. (Law of May
5, 1855.) The former laws are made applicable to all drinks.

What has been the operation of this law? There have been convicted as follows:
Yearly average of convictions:

1851 to 1855... .. 6,780

1856 to 1860 8,442

1861 to 1865 4,695

1866 to 1870. 3.014

1871 to 1875 3,209

1876 to 1880 .3,398

These have not all been condemned for adulteration of wines and liquors, nor
yet for drinks, for it includes the adulteration and falsification of food and
medicines, as well as drink.

The adulteration of these articles is determined by analysis, and each department
has its conseil of hygiene, which has control thereof. When a case is reported by
the conseil or any of the inspectors, after analysis, the prosecuting officer of the
Republic takes it before the court. Consequently the action is spasmodic, being
determined by each department for itself.

The department of Loire Inferieure became interested in the matter of adultera-
tion of wine and liquors through the action of some of its influential citizens,
more especially the doctors of medicine, who reported many cases of sickness
which presented curious and unaccountable phases, from causes apparently undis-
coverable, until their attention was attracted to the quality of the wine used at
table and for daily drinks.

This interest culminated in a general inspection, in 1876, of the restaurants and
other places where wines and liquors were sold. This inspection was principally
for wines colored with fuchsine, it being known or determined that no combina-
tion of that article but was poisonous. The result of that inspection was as
follows:

Number of establishments inspected 300

Number of establishments seized 60

Number of hectoliters confiscated 3,307

All being wine fuchsine.

This wholesale confiscation satisfied the people and the authorities and fright-
ened the wine dealers, so that no steps have been taken in that direction in a public
or general way since.

These wines were largely wines coming from Spain. Some of them were mixed
with French wines, but they point with creditable pride to the fact that but one
case was of Bordeaux wine. If this practice prevailed in Spain to the extent indi-

582 SWIM; PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

cated in the year 1876, when the harvest of wine was good and before there was
any extensive importation of wine from Spain, what may we not expect it to be
now. after four years of failure, when the imports have increased, as heretofore
shown, and when Bordeaux has so changed as now to be the great receiving depot
'of Spanish wine, where it comes ''to breathe the air of the Garonne and be
transformed into Medoc?"

What may have been the action in other cities, except Paris, I have no means
of finding out.

ANALYZATION OF FOODS AND LIQUORS IN PARIS.

In Paris there has been established the Laboratoire Municipal, a city laboratory,
which has been in operation since March, 1881. It operates only for Paris. It
receives and analyzes any article of food, medicine, or drink, requiring pay in
certain cases, and without in certain others. As this establishment has met much
approval, it lias been recommended by several consuls for adoption in the United
States, in which I heartily join. I may be pardoned for a short description:

Personnel.

Franng.

1 chief, salary 6.0CO

1 subchief .. 4,500

1 chemist, first class 2,400

3 aids, second class 5,400

8 experts, inspectors first class 19,200

8 experts, inspectors second class 14,400

3 laborers 4.500

Material used... 20,000

Expense for one year 76,400

Receipts.

The paid analyses were 6,200

Fees paid into court in cases of conviction 10, 815

Total 17,015

There were received 6,251 samples (in 1881), from which were made 37,506 trials
or analysts. The cost of each sample was 10 francs. The cost of each analysis
was 1.6'J francs. The money received ^as above) reduced these costs, respectively,
to 7.48 and 1.25 francs.

The operations of the bureau are purely scientific and advisory. It institutes no
prosecutions. It makes its examinations and reports the results to those author-
ized by law to act. It inspects premises and analyzes samples therein found or
which may be brought to it by private persons or by the police.

The operations for the ten months of 1881 were as follows:

Number of inspections made.

Markets 3,869

Restaurants, wine and liquor merchants, creameries and milk shops 10,698

Salt-meat shops 522

Bakers, pie and cake shops 830

Groceries and fruit stands 4,461

Breweries and cafes 4,275

Total visits 24,655

Samples presented for analysis.

By the public:

Paid for 378

Gratis 3.958

By the police and inspectors 2, 1>1

Total.. . 6,517

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

583

Of the above 24,650 visits the inspectors made 394 destructions of articles mani-
festly damaged and unfit for use.

Result of the analyses of ten months, 1SS1,

Description.

Good.

Pass-
able.

Bad.

But not
poison.

Poison.

Total.

Wine

Vinegar

Beer

Cider.

Sirup, liquors

Water...

Milk and cream

Butter and cheese

Bread, pies, and cake .

Meats. salt

Preserves

Salt, pepper, spices ...
Coffee, tea, chicory . . .

Chocolate

Cooking utensils

Divers

357
22
48
6
40
18

318
SO
45
55
39
45
37
26
85

394

1,093
31
10
10
32
11
177
12
13
10

7
13

24
10
(53

1,709
26
29
30
53

542
29
11
21

202
1
1
9

1207

3,361
80
88
55
134
92

1,037
71
69
86

140
51

83
140
700

Total.

1,565

1,523

562

6,258

'Principally articles of perfumery.

Proportion of samples found ''bad" out of each 100 analyzed.

Per cent.

Wine ..59.17

Milk , 50.66

All 50.43

The manner of procedure would be foreign to this report, however interesting
it might be, and would extend it beyond bounds. I have given the foregoing in
detail that the workings of the laboratory in its cost and its effects upon the public
health may be appreciated. The operations for 1832 will be given with less detail.

I am not able to give either the number of prosecutions, convictions, confisca-
tions, or destructions for 1881.

Operations for 1882.
Aggregate of samples analyzed _ 11,000

Of wine only (December, estimated) :

Good : 888

Passable 1,603

Bad:

Not poison 2,208

Poison 413

2,621

Total 5,112

Proportion bad, 50 per cent.

Operations for six months, from June to December, 1882.

Establishments visited 20,756

Captures made ... 3,211

Destructions performed 989

Result of analyses of all samples:

Good '. 1,290

Passable 1,510

Bad:

Not poison 2,309

Poison - 977

3,286

Total analyses for six mouths 6,086

Proportion bad, 54 per cent.

584

SWINK PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The Laboratoire Municipal is not charged with the prosecution of the offenders
it discovers. It only reports them to the prosecuting officers of the law. It con-
sequently has no record of convictions: but in a private interview the director
announced that they had reported during 1*82 to the procureur de la Republique
4,000 cases, of which prosecutions had been instituted against about 2,000 offend-
ers, of whom only two were acquitted.

It may not be fair to say that 50 per cent of all wine in commerce is bad because
that per cent proved bad on analysis, for it is probably only the suspected wines
which are sent for analysis.

The truth is bad enough without exaggeration, and it is enough that there
should have been sold or offered for sale in Paris in the past year, to 2,<j - 21 unsus-
pecting people, wine that was bad, and of which in 413 instances it was dangerous
to health.

But I venture to say that the greater proportion of these samples of suspected
wines is of the class of cheap wines to be found in every-day use at the restaurants
and cafes and among the people. So that, as there is more cheap wine than high-
priced, if there were a compulsory analysis of all the wines in use, the proportion
of "bad" as above given might be maintained.

I do not even suggest, though I have no means of knowing, that the high-priced
wines would not stand the analysis. I think, at least hope, they would. The
wine maker and wine merchant are interested in preserving them in their purity.
When red wines of 1881 can be sold by the lot of 20 casks at 5.500 francs per cask,
and white wines same year at 4,000 francs, as was done at Bordeaux this season,
the dealer can not afford to have them tampered with.

If purchasers should find themselves deceived but once, they would reject it
entirely.

EFFECTS OF CONSUMPTION OF WINES AND LIQUORS.

The following table gives (by sections) the average yearly consumption (1) of
wine, (2) of alcohol, (3) of the proportion of cases of drunkenness in each section
of France:

Section of France.

Average
yearly con-
sumption
of wine for
each in-
habitant,
1873. a

Average
yearly con-
sumption
of alcohol
for each in-
habitant. 6

Propor-
tion of
cases of
drunk-
enness. 6

1. North wine district ..... .. . ......

Liters.
87
14
U8
118

lee

168
190

Liters.
5.61
4.40
2.40
1.53
.87
1.07
1.19

34
29
10
9
5
9
4

2. Northwest wine district . . ......

3. Northeast wine district

4. Center wine district . ...

5. Southwest wine district .

6. Southeast wine district

7. South wine district .

Average for all France . .

119

2.84

100

aDr. Lunier. Production and Consumption of Alcoholic Liquors in France, 1877, page 94.
b Report of minister of justice. 1828 to 1880.

I call attention to the differences in the foregoing table between the districts
which grow wine and those which do not.
Drunkenness in public was not punished as an offense until the law of 1873.'

Convictions:

1873 59,347

1874 86,418

1875 98,482

1876.- 91,560

1877 84,893

1878 71,972

1879 65,989

1880 60,714

Total for eight years 619,375

Average annual 77, 422

Drunk and disorderly, 1880 25,785

Report of minister of justice, 1826 to 1880.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 585

The minister of justice, in his report for 1826 to 1880, devotes a chapter or sec-
tion to drunkenness, one to accidental deaths and one to suicides, with a refer-
ence to insanity, and the deductions from the one to the other as cause and effect are
as follows:

While the number of cases of drunkenness has decreased from 98.000 in 1875 to
60,000 in 1880. a falling off of nearly 40 per cent, yet the number of cases of suicides
from alcoholism has increased since 1836 483 per cent, nearly quadruple, while
suicides from mental alienation have increased only 188 per cent.

Accidental deaths have remained at the same per cent.

Insanity from alcoholism has increased from 7 per cent (7 cases out of each 100)
to 14 per cent, and, strange to relate, suicides from crossed love have been reduced
from 1 1 to 4 per cent.

Whether this increase in the evil effects of intemperance is attributable to the
use of drugs in the wines and liquors or to a change in the habit of drinking, is a
subject for the examination of the political economist and the labors of the philan-
thropist. It may have been the result of both. It is quite enough for my purpose
that adulteration shall have contributed its share.

CONCLUSION.

It will not be supposed that I have made the examinations and expended the
time and labor necessary for the preparation of this without having some opinions.

On the subject of reprisals, however, I offer none. I have endeavored only to
procure the evidence and present the facts, leaving the decision thereof entirely to
those having proper authority.

On the subject of adulteration of wines and liquors, I would recommend the
establishment of a chemical laboratory at New York, or any chief city of impor-
tation of wines and liquors, similar to that in Paris.

Analyze all wines and liquors by proper tests; provide as a system of rewards
and punishments a graduation of duties, lower for pure wines, higher for passable,
and confiscation for all others: those poisonous to be destroyed, and those not
poisonous to be rectified if possible and sold, and the proceeds divided as in other
cases of confiscated goods.

Let the laboratory be used by the people gratuitously for the testing of all arti-
cles of food, drink or medicine, suspected to be adulterated. While the United
States Government might not desire to attempt any punishment for the adulter-
ation, preferring to leave that for the State governments, yet I believe the knowl-
edge that such tests could be accurately made would be such a satisfaction to the
consumer and such a terror to the adulterator, thus acting as a preventive of
crime, that it would be a good investment and more than justify the expenditure.
It would also act as an incentive to the State government, by showing to what
extent the evil existed.

THOMAS WILSON, Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Nantes, January 10, 18S3,

APPENDIX I.

The wine product of France.

Hectoliters.

1788 25,000,000

1840. 45,486

1850 1 45,266

1860 39,558,450

1870 53,537,942

1875 83,632.391

1877 56,405,363

1878 48,720,553

1879- 25,769,532

1880 2 . -. 29,677,472

The average product

From 1866 to 1870 55.562,046

From 1871 to 1875 58,032,074

From 1876 to 1880 40,483,937

1 18o4 and 1855 were failures, producing only ten and fifteen million hectoliters.
8 Failures.

586

SWINE 1'RUDrCTS OF THE UNITED STATKS.

Average annual product of Europe.

Hectoliters.

France 51 , 359, 352

Italy. 29.000.000

Spain 16.000,000

Portugal 4.000,000

Austria-Hungary 22. c, in. MHO

Germany 6,501,000

Switzerland 900,000

Russ : aand Turkey, Europe 2, 134, dOO

Greece 1,260,675

Roumania 661,874

Total 134,456,901

Duty paid on u'ine in France.

Francs.

I860 176.414,128

1870 223.693,103

1875 386.026,000

1877 399,061,800

1878 411.583,000

1879 421,786,748

APPENDIX II.

Exportations of all the wines and liquors from France during the years before and
since the failure of the wine crop from phylloxera, commencing in 1879.

78.

79.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Vin ordinaire:
From Gironde ....

...casks

946, 342

76.721,347

1,334,199

122, **>, 017

All other places

do ...

1.476.674

56,873,597

1,35!U!S9

67, 9M. !7

Gironde

bottles

91,138

13, 715, 688

103. 635

15 54;"> 2H5

Others

211,300

47, 54;.' :,!>:,

Lilt. 401

45,990,257

Total

2,745,454

194,853,227

3,001,924

251,745,016

Eaux de vie:
Du vin
Du vin -.

... casks..
bottles..

182,234

70, 787

43,519,992
16,315,997

218.719
66,948

68, 354.9-4
21,05ii.(i5!

Cherries

421

94,741

43L'

!C J1

Molasses

4,360

610,442

4,966

r,'.i.-, :;7:>

Others

27. 5H9

3,a59,713

31.359

4,390,274

Spirits

17.:;-'.'

1,182 4.jo

18,300

1,226,078

Grand total
For year preceding

260,436,567
285,800,719

347,564,010
276,445,419

181

50.

18!

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Vin ordinaire:
From Gironde

.. ..... casks

1,033.393

m.%0,915

1,060,917

116, 705. 168

All other places .....

do....

1,057.4:*)

:,;.'. s: i . :-><

1,138.531

62,619,194

Gironde

bottles

106. 637

17,395,092

104, 658

17,3)8,583.

Others

do....

~';* :c'7

56,008,652

221,524

49,842,954

Total

239,436,445

2,425,630

246,435,899

Eaux de vie:
Dn vin ..............

...... - casks

160,392

48,070.324

153.928

42.908,567

Du vin

.. bottles.

60,654

18,485,984

51,886

18,129,475

Cherries .

i :.'.'i

106, 235

57:.'

12S.774

Molasses

44, .352

609,822

4,582

733, 173

Others -

:;t :.'t'.i

4,794.990

3*1.039

5,045.509

Spirits

17,810

1,336.143

15. 729

1,101,058

Grand total

328,33s, 108

314, 482, 455

For year preceding

MS, 828,371

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

587

APPENDIX III.

Total importations of all trines and liquors into France during the years before and
since the failure of the ivine crop from phylloxera, commencing 1879.

1878.

1879.

1880.

Commerce special.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Vin ordinaire:
In casks .........

1,521,337

50, 204, 145

2,828,418
2,262

106,447
983

777
265
69,349
29,020

98,860
1,870

107,479,899
271,495

12, 773, 644
177, 702

88,668
59,809
9, 708, 987
2,902,059

8,403,110
511,282

7.093,268

297,917,248

Vins de liqueurs:
In casks .

78, 656
709

374
232
59,263
15,263

57,985
1,760

8,652,210
120,569

41,990
52.360
8, 296, 896
1,526,331

4,928,804
528, 093

123,885
920

7,903
182
63.802
39,942

148,416
2,357

15,485,661
183,864

964,095
41,991
9,579,413
3,994,235

12,615,362
707,373

In. bottles

Eaux de vie (alcohol,
pure):
Of wine

Of cherries .

Of all others

Spirits of all sorts (al-
cohol, pure)

Total of wines and
liquors of all sorts
including beer,
cider, and vine-
gar
For preceding year ...

Annual increase in im-

....

88,279,035
54,506,231

...... .......

155,760,934
88,279,035

...... ....

359,791,742
155,760,934

33,772,804

67,481,899

204,030,808

1881.

Increase in importations
from 1878 to 1881, four
years.

Commerce special.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Vin ordinaire:
In casks . .

7,700,365
3,452

133,881
1,129

6,194
373
62,530
16,846
157,289
2,482

346, 516, 425
446,144

16,735,162

225,854

755,669
83,8a5
10,004,827
1,682,328
13,369,549
744, 897

6,17.9,028
(>)

52,225

420

5,820
141
3,267
1,583
99,304
722

296,312,280
C 1 )

8,082,925
105,285

713,679
31,575
1,707,931
155,997
8,480,745
216, 804

In bottles -

Vins de liqueurs:

In bottles . ..

Eaux de vie (alcohol, pure):
Of wine

Of cherries .

Of all others

Spirits of all sorts (alec

XjiotlOtLTS

hoi, pure)

Total of wines and liquors of al
including beer, cider, and vir
For preceding year

1 sorts,
tegar .

410,004,337

a59, 791, 742

Annual increase in imp

Total increase in i
Increase in vin ordinal
Increase in all others

ortations

50,212,595

mportation
re in casks o

of all wi
ttly

nes and liquors

6,342.510
6, 179, 028
163,482

315,807,121
296,312,280
19,494,841

Vin ordinaire "in bottles" was overlooked until after the additions were made.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

APPENDIX IV.

Importation from Spain and Ituli/, *//<///</ Loir the deficit in France since
caused by the phylloxera, Jtas been made j>.

From

"8. 1879.

1880.

Commerce special.

Hectoliters.

Francs. Hectoliters.

Francs.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Spain

1,947 644

48.290,310

:.:>;:. >n

2,289,716
540,113

92,521,064
21,993,077

5,112,387
1,604,302

221.fKri.5iw

rai. 2

Italy

194, 782

From

1881.

Increase from 1878 to 188L

Commerce special.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Spain . . .

5,717,938
1,550.368

264.21n.iVi7
72,00". sin

4,370,294
1,361,486

lit?. (120, 327
64,482,999

Italy

Increase in importations from the two
countries in the four years from 1878 to
1881

5,731,780

2*2,402,326

Exportation^ to Spain and Italy, showing no such corresponding increase.

To-

1878.

1879.

1880.

Commerce special.

Hectoliters. Francs.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Spain

4,025 597,225
14,364 1,114,162

4,301
3,705

638,856
603,115

4,794
3,538

713,870
668, W

Italy

To-

issl.

Change, plus or minus.

Commerce special.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Spain

3,672

11.607

593,811

1.029,583

- a53

' 2. 7.-)7

- 3,914
+515,431

Italy

Decrease in expo
tries during sa

rtations to the two conn-
Be period . . ......

-3,110

0) Though the price increased, the amount of wine decreased.

Importation of wine and spirits at Bordeaux, illustrating how they made good tlie
deficit caused by the phylloxera in 1879 and subsequent years.

> Description.

1878.

1879.

1880.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Wine

41.781
114,855

1,446,750
8,166,429

285,930
106,285

11,663.349
11,152.279

s'.t:,. 1 Ci
178,045

34.045.820
13,386,766

Spirits ........

Description.

1881.

Increase from 1878 to 1881.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Wine .

1,282,313
1,679,959

50,3. r >l.!M7
46,676,190

1,220,532
1,565,104

48.995,197
38,499,761

Spirits

Increase in importations of wine and spir-
its at Bordeaux alone during these four
vears

2,785,636

87,404,958

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 589

Exportation at Bordeaux.

Description.

1878.

1879.

1880.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Wine

1,151,270

117,200

92,521,882
15,903,875

1,442,424
81, 601

ia%915,160
25,213,518

1,145,667
154,135

132,088,158
22,931,963

Spirits

Description.

1881.

Increase from 1878 to 1881.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Hectoliters.

Francs.

Wine

1,173,515
96,453

135, 184, 790
21,104,812

22,245
23,555

42,662,908
5,200,937

Spirits - . . ..,.

- 1,310

47,863,845

Wines and liquors in entrepot (bonded warehouse) , from January 1, 1878, to Decem-
ber 31, 1881, both at Bordeaux and in all France.

December 31, 1877.

December 31, 1881.

Bordeaux.

All France.

Bordeaux.

All France.

Wines:
Ordinaire ...

Hectoliters.
2,425
2,402

Hectoliters.
14,683
5, 811
192
9,429
11,304
3,889
157
76

Hectoliters.
12,828
2,838
279
1,433
349
2,063
32

Hectoliters.
55,583
4,761
936
11, 194
6,455
14,931
146
404

Liqueur

Eaux de Vie: de Vine . .

Molasses . .

1,730
184
1,485
45

All others .. . .

Spirits . .. . .

Liqueurs ...

All others .

No. 23.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Morton.

No. 207.]

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, January 17, 1883.
SIR: Your No. 270 of the 15th ultimo transmits a letter addressed to you by the
Paris Chamber of Commerce and your acknowledgment thereof.

It is courteous and at the same time natural that the distinguished commercial
body in question, which so largely controls public and legislative opinion in France
on matters of trade, should be pleased to express its pleasure at any proposal on
our part to reduce the rates of import duties. It would be well when a similar
occasion occurs to express a hope that a reciprocal feeling might be shown in
France to the few exports from this country thither as compared with the many
France sends to us. and that commerce and legislation alike may unite in rebuk-
ing the blind prejudice which seeks to close a large foreign market to our most
important products.

I am, etc., FRED'K T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 24.
Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

No. 324.]

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Paris, April 4, 1883. (Received April 18.)
SIR: I availed myself of an occasion during a recent personal interview with
Mr. Challemel Lacour, the new minister of foreign affairs, to call his attention to
the subject of the decree prohibiting the importation into France of American
salted meats, and subsequently addressed a communication to him on the subject,
a copy of which I have the honor to transmit herewith.

In relation to this subject I have had different interviews with the representa-
tives of the Chambers of Commerce of Paris, Marseilles, Bordeaux, and Havre,

590 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

who take a special interest in the importation of American meats, and propose to
make joint representations to the minister of commerce and to originate a system
of petitions among the working classes of France, urging the repeal of the decree.
This move, if properly directed, will l>e. it is hoped, effective. I have been, how-
ever, so often disapptmited that I will not venture to count upon the success of
the present movement, though it is well calculated to reach the end desired. I
may add that at the conference the protection of industrial property, which was
presided over by the minister of commerce, and attended by the director of exte-
rior commerce, I insisted with both these gentlemen upon the necessity of the
abrogation of the decree.

I have, etc., LEV: P. MORTON.

flnclosure in No. 324.]
Mr. Morton to the Minister of Foreign Affairs.

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Parix. Min-l, .'.',, 1S83.

SIR: I beg leave to call the attention of your excellency to communications
which I have had the honor of addressing to your predecessors, Mr. St. Hilaire
and Mr. Gambetta. with reference to the decree prohibiting the importation of
American salted meats into France.

This decree has now been in force for moi'e than two years, while similar prod-
ucts from all other countries have been freely admitted in France.

An examination of the subject will, I trust, not only satisfy your excellency, but
also your honorable colleague, the minister of commerce, that the decree was
issued under a misapprehension of the tacts bearing upon the question, and that
there are no valid reasons why this exceptional measure, only applicable to the
Government of the United States, should be abrogated.

The Government of the United States yields to none in its desire to protect the
public health, and claims that the searching and careful investigation conducted
by a most competent officer detailed for the purpose by the Department of State
clearly established the unfounded and erroneous character of the statements
regarding the alleged unwholesome qualities of American hog products, upon
which the issue of the prohibitory decree was based. The result of the examina-
tion was presented to Mr. St. Hilaire bv my predecessor, General Noyes, on the
23d of June, 1881.

1 beg leave also to refer to the report of the National Academy of Medicine of
France on the question propounded by the Government regarding the necessity of
an inspection of foreign pork, and which, after referring to the tree admission of
American and German pork for many years, without inspection, and its extended
use in the manufacturing and industrial districts of France, states that the dis-
ease called trichinosis, with the exception of a single case, has not been observed
in any part of France.

I can but believe that your excellency's Government will, after a consideration
of all the evidence now before it, cheerfully place the Government of the United
States upon the same footing as all other friendly nations by the revocation of the
decree.

I a vail, etc.,

L. P. MORTON.

No. 25.
Mr. Roosevelt to Mr. Davis.

No. 99.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Bordeaux, April 11, 1SS3. (Received April 25.)

SIR: I have the honor to inclose herewith a copy and translation of a petition
from the dealers in American lard and pork, at Bordeaux, to the minister of com-
merce at Paris, France.
I am, etc.,

GEO. W. ROOSEVELT,
United States Consul.

SWLNE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 591

[Inclosure in No. 99. Translation.]
PETITION OF DEALERS TO THE MINISTER OF COMMERCE.

BORDEAUX, April 4, 1883.

SIR: We, the undersigned, dealers in American lard and pork at Bordeaux, have
the honor to solicit from your kindness, Mr. Minister, the fulfillment of the prom-
ises which have been so often lavished upon us, by your claiming the recall of the
decree of. February 18, 1881.

The solution of this question can no longer be delayed; light is made, and our
ports should be open to the free importation of those meats, indispensable to the
nutrition of the poorer classes, and the want of which has already caused so griev-
ous a rise in the price of the food of workmen.

The spontaneous and disinterested step which has just been taken toward you,
Mr. Minister, by Messrs, the president and delegates of the Chambers of Com-
merce of Paris, Marseilles. Bordeaux, and Havre was to give us the hope that the
just claim made in such pressing terms by the most considerable personalities of
the French commerce would have immediately brought forth the mere and simple
recall of the prohibitive decree, and that you would thus have put an end to a
state of things so fatal to the commercial and industrial welfare of our country.

But if you think of righting those just claims, we learn with surprise that you
are going to study a bill which would consist in submitting the salt meats, upon
their entering France, to a system of refrigeration, against the adoption of which
we hasten to protest with great energy.

We know that since several years a patent has been taken for the preservation
of meat by freezing; that the proprietors of that patent have been in search of the
means of making use of it, but without any apparent success; but now they wish
to find for it a lucrative use and easy profits by having it adopted by the Govern-
ment.

The application of that system would be disastrous and would completely
impede that trade. Indeed, Mr. Minister, the excessive handling that the meat
would have to go through before being submitted to the freezing, the unpacking
of the cases, the hooking to the ladders for being more easily placed in the cellars,
the repacking, etc., would cause such expense, such waste, and such a deprecia-
tion of the quality that it would be folly on the part of honest merchants to expose
themselves to such risks.

To those annoyances, more than sufficient to cause such a scheme to be rejected,
we must add that it seems to us impossible that the meats submitted to the
action of freezing and passing to a high temperature could be preserved, and we
maintain that statement in spite of the experiment of the laboratory made on one
single ham. That trade should then be exposed to so many uncertain and
unknown chances that there would be no safety in practicing it. Of all the pro-
posed means, refrigeration is the one which we repel with most energy; but if the
greatest part of the others present almost as grave inconveniences, one only has
given proof of what it is worth, that is free circulation, which for the last twenty
years never gave rise to the least c'aim nor caused one single accident.

The return to common right is then the solution which we claim of your justice,
Mr. Minister, as a redress for the harm done by the decree of February 18, and
we claim it not only in the name of our trade, but in the name of public welfare.

That deplorable measure has. indeed, Mr. Minister, had for its effect to provoke
in the American press violent and unjust attacks against all French products of
food which France exports to the United States, which attacks, if they were per-

Eetuated, would end in throwing discredit on those products and in driving them
rom that important market.

Besides, the retaliation, of which the United States Government did not cease to
threaten French commerce, has just received a commencement of execution, and
the rise of the duties of entry which strikes our wines is such as will considerablj T
reduce the exportation of them.

Now, we who had always foreseen such consequences to the decree of February
18, and that, in spite of interested denials, we do not hesitate in asserting that
refrigeration will never be considered a reparative measure, since it will have all
the effects of prohibition, but rather an indirect means of perpetuating the same,
and that our Government will not succeed by such a process in forcing down the
barriers which the new tariff has just raised against our products.

We well know the interest that you have in the national trade, and feel con-
vinced that you will take in due consideration the observations which we have the
uonor to present to you, and that you will kindly admit our request.

We beg you, etc.

[Signatures of fifty-five dealers in American pork and lard.]

592 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THK IMIKI* STATES.

No. 20.
Mr. Morton to Mr. FreKnghuysen.

[Extract.]

No. 333.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATKS,

/'(///x. A/n-il /.;, /NX;. (Received April .'.">.)

SIR: Acting under the strange delusion which still exists in official circles, not-
withstanding the over\vhe;ming evidence to the contrary, that American p; rk is
subject to trichinosis, the French department of commerce is contemplating the
organization of a system of curative measures to guard against the supposed infec-
tion by submitting all our salted meats to a freezing process upon their entry into
France. Whether this new device would or would not destroy trichinosis where
it happens to exist it has dissatisfied all the French importers ana dealers in
American hog produce, who consider it as calculated to greatly injure the meat,
and have protested in strong language against its application. You will find here-
with a copy and translation of the petition they have addressed in this respect to
the minister of commerce.

One of the leaders in this movement informs me that all interested in this busi-
ness prefer simple prohibition to the apparent facilities offered by the application
of the freezing process. It is the intent'on of the F.ench dealers to push this
matter as strongly as possible and to hring it before a cabinet meeting.

1 again, a few days ago, called the attention of Mr. Chailemel Lacour to this
subject, and I am sorry to say that although he is personally in favor of the repeal
of the decree of prohibition, and has urged it, he does not believe that his col-
league will favor, at present, its abrogation. His reasons are that other countries
have taken similar measures of prohibition, and the French scientists are divided
upon the question of the danger which may result from the consumption of
American meats.

I did not conceal from Mr. Cha'lemel Lacour the fact that the continuance of
this long-standing prohibition had already created much feeling at home, and
that our people could not understand why such discrimination should be made
against them, when the highest French scientific authorities had emphatically
declared that the measure was groundless, and my apprehension that Congress
would take some retaliatory action unless the decree was abrogated.

Mr. Chailemel Lacour said he would again call the attention of his colleague to
the matter.

The truth is, that the decree was rendered under the pressure of certain French
packers who are still interested in its maintenance. By a strange coincidence,
these very men, who are also producers of sardines and other canned articles, have
been specially favored by our new tariff. * * *
I have, etc.,

LEVI P. MORTON.

[Inclosure in No. 333. Translation.]

PETITION ADDRESSED TO THE MINISTER OF COMMERCE BY FRENCH IMPORTERS OF
AMERICAN HOO PRODUCTS.

BORDEAUX, April 4, 1883.
To the Minister of Commerce, Paris:

MONSIEUR LE MINISTRE: We, the undersigned, merchants in American salted
meats and lard at Bordeaux, have the honor to solicit your favor, Monsieur le
Ministre, for the fulfillment of the promises which have l.een so often m;ide to us
in claiming the abolition of the decree of the isth of February, 1881.

The solution of this question can l<e no longer delayed, light has been broxight
to bear on it, and our port should be opened to the tree importation of these pro-
visions, indispensable to the nourishment of the poor classes, and the absence of
which has already caused an increase of price, so hard for the nourishment of
workmen.

The spontaneous and disinterested petition which has just been made to you,
M. le Ministre, by the presidents and delegates of the Chambers of Commerce of
Paris. Marseilles, Bordeaux, and Havre, lead me to hope that the just claims,
made in such pressing terms by the most important personages of French trade,
should have immediately brought about the withdrawal purely and simply of the

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 593

prohibitive decree, and that you would have thus put an end to a state of things so
fatal to the industrial and commercial interests of the country.

But, if you contemplate acceding to these just demands, we learn with surprise
that you are about to consider a project which will consist in submitting salted pro-
visions on their entry into France to a system of refrigeration, against the adoption
of which we protest with the utmost energy.

We know that for several years past a patent has been taken out for the preser-
vation of provisions by freezing, that the owners of this patent have been seeking
means to utilize it, but apparently without success, since at present they rush to
find for it a lucrative employment and easy profits in having it adopted by the
Government.

The application of this system would be disastrous, and would completely damage
the trade; in fact, M. le Ministre, the numerous manipulations which the pro-
visions would undergo in order to be submitted to the influence of the cold, the
unpacking of the barrels, the hanging on the ladders intended to facilitate the
storage, the repacking, etc., would give rise to such expenditure, such damage
and depreciation of quality that it would be foolish on the part of serious business
men to expose themselves to such risks.

To these inconveniences, which are more than sufficient to cause the rejection of
such a project, we should add that it appears to us impossible that provisions sub-
mitted to the action of the cold and to a high temperature can be preserved, and we
maintain this statement notwithstanding the laboratory experiments on a single
ham. This trade would then be exposed to so many risks and hazards that there
would be no security to engage in it.

Of all the means proposed, refrigeration is that which we most energetically
reject; but if the greater part of the others present inconveniences almost as seri-
ous, one only has been put to the test, that is, the free circulation, which for
twenty years has never given rise to a single complaint or caused a single accident.

The return then to the common right is then the solution which we solicit from
your justice, M. le Ministre, as compensation for the harm done by the decree of
the 18th of February, and we claim it not only in the name of our trade but in the
name of public interest.

In fact, M. le Ministre, this unfortunate measure has had the effect of provoking
in the American press violent and unjust attacks against alimentary produce
exported by France to the United States, attacks which, if continued, would end
by throwing disfavor on such produce and driving it from this vast market.

Moreover, the reprisals with which the Government of the United States has not
ceased to menace the French trade have received commeacement of execution in
the rise of the entry duties imposed on our wines, which is of a nature to consid-
erably reduce the sale.

We, then, who havealways foreseen such consequences from thedecree of the 18th
of February, and that in spite of interested denials, do not hesitate to affirm that
refrigeration can never be considered as a compensating measure (since it will
have all the effects of prohibition), but rather as an indirect means calculated to
perpetuate it, and that our Government can never succeed by such a proceeding
in overcoming the obstacles which the new tariff has just raised against our
produce.

We know sufficiently well all the interest you take in the national trade to be
convinced that you will take into consideration the remarks which we have the
honor to place before you, and that you will favorably receive our petition.
We beg you, etc.,

[Signatures.]

No. 27.

Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Martin.

No. 267.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, April 26, 1883.

SIR: Your dispatch No. 333, of the 13th instant, inclosing a copy of a petition
addressed to the minister of commerce by French importers and dealers in Ameri-
can pork, has been read with interest as a valuable indication of the tendency of
sound opinion in France on the question.

I am, etc., FRED'K T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

S. Doc. 231, pt4 38

5'J-i MVI.NJ; i'KiDUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Mr. Wilson to Mr. Davis.

[Extract.]

No. 24.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Nantes. May 17, 1S83. (Received May 31.)

SIR: I have the honor to inclose herewith newspaper slips containing two com-
munications continuing the historj' of the agitation concerning the decree for the
prohibition against American pork and the interest of the city of Nantes therein.

The first, dated March 21, 1883, is from the Chamber of Commerce of Nantes to
the minister of commerce at Paris, and seems to be a reply to the communication
of the Chambers of Commerce of Paris. Havre, Marseilles, and Bordeaux, of which
the Department has doubtless received information.

The second, dated April 16, 1883, is intended as a reply in anticipation to my
report No. 12, December 5, 1882, the quoted notice of which appeared in the news-
papers of the city. These communications are sufficiently important as giving the
Department all the steps taken to justify their transmission, but scarcely suffi-
cient to justify their translation or transmission in written form. If I should be
mistaken in the latter supposition I will take pleasure in correcting it and sending
the translations.

I am unacquainted with tbe Congressional documents referred to in the latter
communication, and should be pleased to have them furnished. I shall attempt
no reply to any of these or similar communications without instructions to that
effect from the Department. * * *
I have, etc.,

THOMAS WILSON.

[Inclosure in No. 0t Abstract of the newspaper cuttings sent by Consul Wilson.]
AMERICAN SALTED MEATS.

The Chamber of Commerce of Nantes addressed to the minister of commerce,
under date of March 21, 1883, a letter, of which the following is the substance:

We have been informed that the Chambers of Commerce of Bordeaux and Havre
have taken steps to obtain from you the abrogation of the decree of the 18th Feb-
ruary, 1881, which prohibits the introduction into France of American lard, and
that you approved of these steps.

Since the French Government, with the view to protect the people, adopted
measures to prevent frightful and incurable disease arising from infected salt
meats, it appears that nothing has been done to remedy this.

Before France had prohibited the importat : on of American salted meats the
greater part of Europe had already done so. Further than this, they had pro-
hibited French salted meats, not that they were suspected of the infection of tri-
chinae, but because France had continued to receive American pork, and it was
difficult to recognize the same from the foreign. Consequently we have suffered
because our exports have become impossible.

It seems to us the time is badly chosen to abrogate the decree, for Germany has
just prohibited American pork. England and Germany were the only countries
which had not prohibited it.

We therefore pray you. Mr. Minister, to maintain the edict of the 18th of Feb-
ruary, 1881, for the interest of public health, particularly of the workingmen.

[Signatures.]

Here, on the other hand, is the substance of the memorandum remitted to the
minister of commerce by the delegates of the chambers of commerce of Paris,
Marseilles, Bordeaux, and Havre the 10th of March, 1883:

We have the honor to present to you as delegates the following observations
concerning the harm caused to the merchant marine, commerce, and public food
by the prohibition of American salted meats by decree of 18th February, 1881.

During past years the commerce of American salted meats procured annually
50,000 tons of freight for our merchant marine, representing about 40,000,000 kilo-
grams of meat and a value of 50.000,000 francs.

Prohibition causes us to lose annually under form of freights, duties, transpor-
tations, etc., the sum of 15.000.000 francs, a difference of about 30 per cent between
the price paid in the United States and the consumer.

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 595

We will not enter upon the appreciation of the scientific discussions which pre-
ceded and followed the prohibitive decree of the 18th February, since they seem to
have been definitely' decided by the consulting committee of public hygiene in its
sittings of the 4th August. 1879, (5th September, 1880. and 4th January, 1.-82. which
resulted contrary to prohibition, and rejected microscopic inspections, from the
fact that the habitual cooking of food in our country prevents all danger.

After a complete study of the question the Academy of Medicine in Paris formed
identical conclusions, and proves equally that

First. Trichinosis is a well-known malady, and its symptoms can not be con-
founded with any other.

Second. That in spite of all the researches made by the medical corps, whether
in autopsies or otherwise, not a single case has ever been proved in France.

The academy also pronounced against microscopic inspection.

The question remains, then, is it a protective or sanitary measure? In examin-
ing the votes which were given in the deliberating assemblies it is remarked that
the protectionists voted for the prohibition and the free traders against it.

You are not ignorant, Mr. Minister, that prohibition was applied following the
excitement caused in the political world by the clever and energetically conducted
campaign by the salters of meats, a campaign sustained by the agricultural jour-
nals and the Society of Agriculturists of France. This society is composed in
a greater part by large proprietors, eager to defend the interests they represent,
without considering that it is contrary to the interests of public nutriment.

We may add that while the direct importation of American pork is prohibited,
this same pork comes into French territory under the name of Belgian or German
pork and is consumed without a single examination.

It is no less true that last year there was received at the market of La Villette
3(5,000 hogs from Germany, more or less infected with trichinae, which was deliv-
ered for consumption without previous examination. At the same time all scien-
tific men agree in declaring that fresh pork in which trichinae are alive is much
more dangerous than salt pork. In fact, it is only fresh pork which is dangerous.
If the use of it did not cause sickness, it was simply on account of our habit of
cooking.

Besides, the habitual consumers of American pork have never been frightened.
It is difficult to make them believe that what they have eaten with impunity for
twenty years can be unwholesome.

The same motives which have impelled France induced Germany to prohibit
American pork. The raising of pork in Germany has increased so much that it
seeks foreign consumers. As we stated above, 3(5,000 hogs were sold at the single
market of La Villette in 1882.

The point is, Mr. Minister, that prohibition of American pork touches the eco-
nomic interests in a serious manner. Prohibition, in depriving the working classes
from cheap food, causes them to demand higher wages, and harmony between pro-
pneior and workmen is disturbed, and it is vexatious to state that this comes at a
time when foreign industry is making great efforts to supplant our manufactures.

Americans consider these prohibitory measures vexatious. A reduction of duties
on French products in the United States is extremely desirable for us, but so long
as this prohibition lasts there will be no reduction, and perhaps retaliation may
be expected.

To sum up, we request that the trade of American hog products should remain
free, as it was before February 18, 1881, for we consider it is the only way in which
our commerce will regain its activity and our working class cheap food.

To attain this double object it will be sufficient, first, to withdraw the project
of the law laid down at the Chamber of Deputies; second, to annul purely and
simply the decree of prohibition.

The Chamber of Commerce of Nantes received a petition, which is submitted to
the minister of commerce, the substance of which is as follows:

NANTES, April 16, 1883.

Some days ago we read in La Geronde, a Bordeaux paper, that the prohibition
of American trichina pork would result in rendering the relations between pro-
prietors ;;nd workmen difficult to sustain.

At this astonishing revelation we were contented to smile, thinking the cause
must be a very bad one to have to resort to such arguments, the more so when we
read from Mr. Baillet's essay on the inspection of meats (M. Baillet is veterinary
in chief of the city of Bordeaux) :

"American salt meats will never fill an important place in consumption beyond
the wants of the marine. Experience has already decided on this point. In our
port we have seen some attempts to popularize thesa meats among the work people
of Bordeaux, bat without success."

596 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

We will add that since the decree of interdiction our farmers have raised hogs
in snch quantity that French salt meats are less in prii-e than American, taking as
basis the Antwerp market price.

The declaration of the United States consul at Nantes that " interested influences
acted to bring about the prohibition of importation of American pork " can not be
admitted. We would ask if the same influences acted in other States of Europe,
such as Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Hungary, Austria, and Germany, who have
equally prohibited the same. The Hon. Mr. Tirard. in his speech of 24th May,
1881, stated that England refused to receive American trichina pork, which they
wished him to ship to France.

We can understand why the consul should ignore the sanitary edicts by differ-
ent Governments of Euro] e. He probably knows of the numerous cases of trichi-
nosis which the American papers are full of.

We equally think that he must have heard of the report of Mr. Clipperton.
English consul at Philadelphia, in which he states that 700,000 hogs died of trichi-
nosis in 1880 in the United States, which is less than in ls?S), when the State of Illi-
nois declaied that 1,3'J1.000 hogs died of the same epidemic. The Commissioner of
Agriculture, in his report for 1878, states: " In less than half of the territory of the
United States the annual loss on hogs alone is $10,094,400, which is occasioned by
a malady which is not understood by farmers or hog raisers. I have thought the
subject of so much importance that it is worthy of s-rious study. The health of
our citizens demands the finishing of this study, lor it is a notorious fact that
herds of h f gs are transported to the nearest market or killed by their owners for
shipment a> soon as the malady appears among them."

We understand that the consul has no knowledge of what passed at the cham-
ber of commerce at Havre on 5th May, 1881. (i At Havre the proportion of (> to <S
per cent, which it was at the commencement of the service of inspection of the
microscopic engineers, attains to-day to 15 to 20 per cent. The Havre merchants,
to simplify and hasten the reexportation of their products, agreed with the mer-
chants of Antwerp to allow a reduction of 50 per cent on meats recognized affected
with trichinae."

But we can not suppose that the consul has heard of the report of Dr. Detmers
on trichina?. Report printed with 100,000 copies by order of Congress 60,000 of
which for use of members of Congress, 25,000 for use of Senators, and 15,000 for
the Commissioner of Agriculture.

After numerous accounts of accidents occasioned by trichinae in America, the
remedy proposed by Dr. Detmers, officially charged by the American Government
to study the question, is: "A complete destruction of hogs in the region where the
malady prevails is the only efficacious remedy. In each 'place where pork is raised
a competent inspector should be placed, with the necessary authority to put into
strict execution all the measures ordered by him. Every proprietor should be
obliged by law, under severe penalties, to notify within twelve hours to the inspec-
tor of every case of trichinosis among his herds, or if he know of any existing in
other herds. Every sick hog should be killed and burned, and objects which have
been in contact with them should al.-o be destroyed. All importations of foreign
pork should be severely forbidden, unless it is proved that there is no contagion
among them. All other remedies are good for nothing, and the country would
be in cont nual danger."

Such is the conclusion of Dr. Detmers, appointed by Congress to make investi-
gations on trichina*.

No. 29.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Morton.

No. 294.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, June SS, 188S.

SIR: Your No. 324, of the 4th instant, in relation to. the French prohibition of
the pork products of the United States from importation into France, has been
received. Your note to Mr. Challemel-Lacour is approved.

When the question of prohibitory measures against imports of American pork
was lately under discussion in the German Reichstag the President extended to
the German Government an invitation to send a commission of experts to the
United States to investigate on the spot the operations of hog raising, slaughter-
ing, and packing, and so satisfy itself that the conclusions reached by this Gov-
ernment, after a searching investigation, are sound. The German Government
did not, however, find it practicable to act in season upon this suggestion.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 597

I send you for your information a copy of the instruction sent to Mr. Sargent,
conveying this information. 1 It might perhaps be embarrassing to extend a lik*
formal invitation at this late day to the French Government, but you are at
liberty to mention the circumstance to Mr. Challemel-Lacour as an additional
illustration of the conviction felt by this Government that the charges of unsound-
ness and deleteriousness brought against the pork products of the United States
are without adequate foundation, and of the confidence with which we court the
fullest investigation of the facts. You may say to the minister that it is probable
that the President will, during the present year, designate a commission of the
most eminent scientific men of this country to examine into the matter and make
a searching and impartial report. If Mr. Challemel-Lacour should express a
desire to have a French representative appointed on such commission, or to send
a French expert to act in concert therewith, you will say to him that such coop-
eration would be gladly welcomed.

I am, etc., FRED'K T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 30.
Mr. Brulatour to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

No. 371. J LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Paris, July 17, 1883. (Received August 2.)

SIR: Referring to your dispatch No. 294, of the 22d of June, in relation to the
commission of experts which the President will probably appoint during the
present year to investigate 011 the spot the operations of hog raising, slaughtering,
and packing, I have the honor to state that I acquainted Mr. Challemel-Lacour
with the intention of the President, and took occasion to say that should the
French Government desire to appoint a French examiner to act in cooperation
with this commission such cooperation would be gladly welcomed.

Mr. Challemel Lacour seemed rather pleased with the idea of putting this mat-
ter in the hands of experts well qualified to report tuliy and impartially, and said
he would mention the subject to his colleague, the minister of commerce, and
inform me of his decision.

I have, etc., E. J. BRULATOUR.

No. 31.
Mr. Davis to Mr. Brulatour.

No. 337.] DEPARTMENT OP STATE,

Washington, August 28, 1883.

SIR: Referring to dispatch No. 48 of your legation, of the 6th of October, 1881,
I have to request you to send to Mr. Schuyler, the American minister at Athens,
six copies of the French translation of the pamphlet on American pork issued
by this Department. You may also send six copies of the translation to this
Department, if you have them to spare.
I am, etc.,

JOHN DAVIS, Acting Secretary.

No. 32.
Mr. Roosevelt to Mr. Davis.

No. 126.} UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Bordeaux, September 26, 1883. (Received October 15.)

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith a copy and translatation of a letter
addressed to the minister of public works (M. Raynal) at Paris, France, by the
merchants of Bordeaux dealing exclusively in American salt pork and lard.
I am, etc. ,

GEO. W. ROOSEVELT.

1 See Instruction No. 87, February 16, 1882, to the United States minister at Berlin.

598

SWINE PRODUCTS OF TIIK IMTKI* STATES.

[Inclosure in No. 136. Translation.]
Bordeaux dealers in American porle to the minister of public works.

SYNDICATE OF THE TRADE IN AMERICAN LARD AND SALT PORK, BORDEAUX A
STATEMENT RELATIVE TO AMERICAN SALT PORK.

American salt pork is freely admitted in England, Belgium, Holland, Sweden,
Norway, and Switzerland: in Spain it is subjected, as is German pork, to inspec-
tion by experts.

With the exception of Germany, those European nations which have interdicted
the use of American salt porlc consumed very little of that article; Austria-Hun-
gary, for instance, has never imported it directly.

Germany, therefore, is the only country in which American pork was consumed
that has followed the example of France, and we assert that in that country, as in
others, the health question was but a pretext to favor the farmers. The articles
which appeared in the liberal German newspapers leave no doubt of this. It has.
moreover, been frequently shown by official documents (as evidence of which we
refer to Mr. Wurtz's report to the Senate) that all the cases of trichinosis known
to have occurred in Germany were due to the eating of fresh pork, while not one
was caused by eating American salt pork.

There is consequently great cause to regret the adoption of a measure which is
still kept in force without sufficient reason and which deprives the laboring cl
of a cheap article of food for which no substitute has as yet been found. The
managers of large industrial or mining establishments have made serious com-
plaints on this subject, which have found an echo in the commission of the Cham-
ber of Deputies.

In France our pork butchers sell the greater part of their pork fresh and salt
those parts only that are sold at a higher price, as, for instance, hams, breasts.
and fatbacks. In America the salters salt all the parts of the animal. Now, the
shoulders and the strips with lean, which are excellent though cheap pieces, and
which, for the latter reason, are not salted by French butchers. 1'orined the greater
part of our imports that is to say, from 32, 000,000 to 33,000.000 kilograms; the
other cuts amounted to scarcely 8.000.000 kilograms. The latter that is, hams.
breasts, and fatbacks were sold by the butchers at high prices as French pn >-
ductions.

Shoulders and strips containing lean were, on the contrary, bought by grocers,
who, being accustomed to smaller profits, sold them to the poorer classes, among
which they were in great demand, owing to their cheapness and good quality.

In order properly to appreciate the consequences of the decrete of February IN,
it is not sufficient to compare the prices of pork before and after that date. Com-
parison should also be made between those prices and those at which grocers sold
a kind of pork which is no longer to be procured in the French market. More-
over, as Mr. Achard's report contains precise data with regard to the average rates
which prevailed previously to the prohibition, there is no need of referring to
that. It appears to us that it will be more interesting to compare the prices at
which French and American salt pork is now sold.

AMERICAN SALT PORK.

[Prices at which it could be sold at wholesale in
French ports, with the duty paid, per 100 kilo-
grams.]

Francs.

Shoulders 80 to 82

Strips with lean 90 to 92

Breasts 115 to 120

Chines 120 to 135

Hams.. . 145 to 160

FRENCH SALT PORK.

[Wholesale prices per 100 kilograms at Paris,
Lyons, and Bordeaux.]

Francs.

No equivalent.
No equivalent.

Breasts 135 to 150

Chines 140 to 160

Hams. . .. 200 to 220

If we compare the above prices with the retail prices, we shall see what enor-
mous profits the pork butcher makes in dealing with the customer, owing to the
monopoly which has caused the adoption of the prohibitory measure.

If, moreover, we consult the table given below, the figures of which are taken
from the market reports of Bordeaux and Paris, we observe that producers now
receive lower prices for their swine than they did prior to

SWINE PKODTJCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 599

Average price per 100 kilograms, net weight.

Third quai 1 -
ter, 1880.

Fourth quar
ter, 1880.

First quar-
ter, 1881.

First quar-
ter, 1883.

Third quar-
ter, 1883.

Bordeaux

130 to 140

128. 50 to 130

137 to 143 50

104 to 114 50

104 50 to 114

Paris, Yillotto

149 to 182

122 to 142

127 to 150 50

Extraordinary rs this consequence of prohibition may at first sight appear, it is
explained by the competition of the neighboring nations. Germany, whose hogs
are by no means free from disease, sent 46,000 of them to the Paris market in 1882.
Spain also sends her swine to our city. Austria-Hungary sends us its salt bacon,
and other neighboring nations send us salt pork which is probably American. We
say probably because it is absolutely impossible to determine the real origin of any
piece of pork.

The pork butchers are therefore the only ones who now have no competition to
contend against, and who, owing to the exceptional state of things which has been
caused by the decree of February 18, are growing rich at the expense of both pro-
ducers and consumers. At the time when the decree was promulgated they did
not foresee the results which have inured so greatly to their benefit, for, on the
very day following its promulgation, they all protested against the very measure
which they now, with the same unanimity, ask to have kept in force. To cite but
one fact in support of the assertion, we refer to a petition sent from Lyons, the
signers of which, who had, it appears, engaged in an unfortunate speculation,
requested the Government to adopt still more stringent measures, inasmuch as
such measures would have afforded them relief by enabling them to dispose of the
stock of goods which they had on hand at a large profit.

Now that the wholesome character of American pork is no longer seriously dis-
puted, even by our adversaries, there remain, in behalf of prohibition, none but
the reasons put forward by protectionists. We have faith in the liberalism of the
Government, and feel confident that it will treat those superannuated theories as
they deserve; and since the fears no longer exist which, as we are assured, alone
called forth the decree of prohibition, we trust that the days of prohibition are
now numbered.

We ask, together with the merchants of Havre and Marseilles, for the revoca-
tion, pure and simple, of the decree of February 18, 1881; yet, in order to satisfy
everybody, we should be perfectly willing to have pork subjected to sanitary
inspection on its arrival, with a view to furnishing evidence of its good condition.

We do, however, object to the other methods proposed, such as microscopic
examination or refrigeration. These we consider as being impracticable and of
such a nature as to give rise to obstacles which would be equivalent to prohibition.

[Signatures.]

BORDEAUX, September 8, 1883.

No. 33.
Mr. Frdinghuysen to Mr. Morton.

No. 364.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, October 9, 1883.

SIR: With reference to previous correspondence on the subject, I have to inform
you that in view of the action taken by Germany and several other foreign powers
in prohibiting the importation of American pork upon the ground that it is an
unhealthful article of food, this Government has now taken measures for such a
thorough investigation of the subject as will, it is thought, leave no doubt what-
ever as to the facts.

To this end the President has designated a commission, which he has charged
with the duty of making a searching and impartial examination of all the condi-
tions of hog raising and packing industries of the United States. The chairman
of the commission is Dr. George B. Loring, the Commissioner of Agriculture ,
whose official duties for several years past have made him very familiar with the
subject now submitted to the commission for formal investigation.

The other members of the commission are:

First. Prof. C. F. Chandler, an eminent scientist of New York, who was unan-

600 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

imously selected by the chamber of commerce of that city on account of his
peculiar competency for the position;

Second. Eliphalet W. Blatchford, esq., who was nominated by the Board of
Trade of Chicago as an intelligent gentleman of the very highest social and busi-
ness standing, who "is in no way personally interested in the business to be inves-
tigated and is possessed of those characteristics which it is believed will enable
him fully, ably, and fairly to cooperate with the members of the commission in
placing these most important interests in their true position before the Govern-
ment and through it before the commercial world; "

Third. F. D. Curtis, esq., of Charlton, N. Y., recommended by the Department
of Agriculture as a gentleman who has given long and diligent study to the indus-
try: and

Fourth. Prof. D. E. Salmon, of Washington, D. C., nominated by the Commis-
sioner of Agriculture, and well known as one of the most learned and skillful
veterinary surgeons in the United States.

This commission will be organized at an early day, and the results of its inves-
tigation will be submitted to Congress as soon as practicable.

It appears from Mr. Brulatour's dispatch No. 371, of the 17th of June last, that
when he informed the French foreign office of the President's intention to appoint
this commission, Mr. Challemel Lacour seemed pleased with the proposal, and
promised to mention the subject to his colleague, the minister of commerce, and
inform the legation of the result. The Department not having as yet been advised
as to the decision reached by the French Government in regard to the matter, I
will thank you to lose no time in informing the foreign office of the action which
the President has now taken in reference to the subject.
I am, etc.,

FREDK. T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 34.
Mr. Glover to Mr. Davis.

No. 51.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Havre, October 15, 1883. (Received November 2.)

Sm: In a speech delivered at a banquet in this city last evening Minister Ferry
made the following remarks in regard to American salt meats, which I translate
and forward for your information.

I am, etc., JOHN B. GLOVER,

United States Consul.

[inclosure in No. 51. Extract from Minister Ferry's speech. Translation.]

There is, nevertheless, one of your claims of which I must immediately say a
word, for it is a question of the utmost importance to the interests of this illus-
trious city, so well presented a moment ago in the speech of your honorable dep-
uty, Mr. Penlevey. It is of American salted meats.

On this question you preach to one converted. I partake of your sentiment on
the liberty of the commerce of salted meats, but I think also that it is proper to
take account of the opinion of a certain portion of the public on the question of
health fulness, to which science is searching to give a solution. At this moment,
while I am speaking, the question is being studied by the most important of Gov-
ernment bodies, the health committee.

Let it only give a guaranty covering the responsibility of the Government
keeper of the public health, and the solution will be nigh. For myself I will do
all I can. I assure you, and I hope that in the near future the question will be
resolved in a democratic and liberal sense, not only for commerce, but also for the
population it sustains.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 601

No. 35.

Mr. Wilson to Mr. Davis.

[Extract.]

No. 150.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Nantes, October 20 , 1883. (Received November 9.)

SIR: I have the honor to inclose slips from newspapers published in Nantes,
which I transmit for your information, concerning the public feeling in this local-
ity anent the subject of the prohibition of American pork. This feeling, as 1 have
heretofore shown (dispatch No. 12), had its foundation in interested motives, those
looking to the protection of the pork manufacturers of this vicinity; and doubt-
less these motives continue their influence. * * *
I have, etc.,

THOMAS WILSON, Consul.

[Inclosure in No. 30. Extracts from newspapers published at Nantes. Translation.]
MUNICIPAL BOARD OF NANTES.

Mr. Normand, in behalf of the salters of our city, moved that the Government
should be requested to maintain the decree prohibiting the importation of Amer-
ican bacon.

On a rscent occasion, and with a certain solemnity, said Mr. Normand, the
revocation of this decree was asked for by the merchants of Havre.

It is important that we take measures to protect the health of all our people, and
that we act in behalf of our manufacturers and farmers, who would be seriously
injured if the Government were to abate the stringency of the measures which
have been adopted.

Mr. Normand did not propose to address the deputies and senators of the depart-
ment, doubtless lest it should then be necessary likewise to thank them collect-
ively,. He requested the mayor to prepare'a letter to the rftinister of commerce
askjug for the maintenance of the present state of things.

The board requested the mayor to convey the expression of its wishes to the
ministers.

**#***#

AMERICAN SALT PORK.

In a previous number we said: " In our opinion these serious questions call for
serious examination and discussion, and require that all the documents be laid
before the parties interested."

We consequently now publish a translation of an important report, made by the
British consul at Philadelphia, which has been very little read in our country.

THE CONTROVERSY WITH REGARD TO HOG CHOLERA IMPORTANT CORRESPOND-
ENCE CONSUL CLIPPERTON'S DEFENSE REPLY OF THE COMMITTEE.

The following correspondence relative to the reports made on hog cholera in the
West requires no explanation. It will be remembered that Messrs. Orr, Fowler &
Sinclair called recently on Consul Clipperton in relation to his report to his Gov-
ernment, in which he stated that 700,000 hogs had died of hog cholera in the State
of Illinois. On their return these gentlemen prepared a report, which was pub-
lished in full in the Bulletin, and requested Secretary Elaine to take the matter
in hand. Consul Clipperton subsequently addressed the following letter to the
committee:

MARCH 10, 1881.
Messrs. ORR, FOWLER & Co.,

Special Committee of the New York Stock Exchange.

GENTLEMEN: According to my promise to acquaint you with the result of my
latest investigations relative to the hog disease in the State of Illinois in the year
1880, I have the honor to inform you that all the statistics of the State of Illinois
for the year 1*80 have not yet been published. If you will refer, however, to vol-
ume 16 of the reports of the Illinois agricultural department (for 1878), pages 377

602 SNVIXE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STA1 K>.

and 378, tinder the heading "Hog cholera." you will find that the number of hogs
was 3,334,9-,0, and that the number of those which died of disease was 474,758; that
is to say, 14 per cent of the whole. The loss in money is estimated at >> 1, 4:i8. >'.'.
In volume 17 (for 1879), p;ige ''>*'. the number of hogs destroyed by cholera from
May 1, 1878, to May 1, 1879, is stated to have reached the enormous figure of
1,391,422 head, and the weight is stated to have been 189,898,608 pounds, being an
average of 100 pounds per head. In a single county (Warren) .V.i..-)44 hogs d ed.
On pages 541 and 545 the number of hogs lost up to .May 1, 1*80, is estimated at
182,577.

These statistics do not include the young pigs, the census having been taken in
April, and hundreds of thousands are b->ni alter that date, among which there
must have been more or less mortality from hog cholera.

The Department of Agriculture at Washington, without having been able, thus
far, to give the exact figures, has expressed the opinion that the number of hogs
that died in Illinois in 1880 was not less than 300,000.

This information was recently communicated to me by letter. Taking tin se
figures into consideration, and bearing in mind the fact that the swine plague or
hog cholera must have its fluctuations, it is very probable that, if the amount of
the present mortality could be made known, the total number would differ little
from that stated, i. e., 700,0 JO head.

There is certainly a remarkable difference between the figures 1,391,422 for the
year ending May 1, 1879, according to the report of the Illinois Agricultural
Department, and those announced by Mr. Fowler for 18 V 0. i. e., 700.0 JO head.

Allow me to call your attention to the concessions which you were disposed to
make at the close of our long but interesting interview on Monday last. Those
concessions were: First, that the consular report to my Government did not con-
cern the State of Ohio; second, that the report made by me to my Government
was not a special report, but formed part of the monthly sanitary report which
all consular officers in all parts of the globe are required to furnish; third, that
hog cholera exists and has existed for years in all the States in which hog-raising
is carried on on a large scale; fourth, that trichinosis is a disease which affects the
human system, and that it is caused by the use of unwholesome or raw pork. The
patience and intelligence shown by you in the discussion of this subject, together
with your affable manners, have merited our most sincere respect, and I take tliis
opportunity to express my regret that the committees of other cities, as well as
many of the 1 daily pa'pers of this country, have not shown the same moderation
relative to this matter.

Now, gentlemen, allow me to quote from a report received this morning from
Chicago: "It now appears that the State of Illinois, and not that of Ohio, is the
one in which 700.000 hogs died in 1880. and my opinion is that the parties inter-
ested are disposed to let the question rest, and that they will not ask for an investi-
gation. Should it be decide 1 to hold one, the result might be quite different from
the statements of the boards of trade of New York, Philadelphia. St. Louis, Chi-
cago, Indianapolis, Cleveland, etc. 1 think I know that several members of the
Chicago committee have made a trip to Springfield, the capital of the State of
Illinois, and it is likely that the statistics which they have seen there have edified
them as to the mortality among swine in that State."

The reasons that induced you to publish the decisions which condemned the
consular reports will doubtless lead you to publish this letter.

I further beg leave to quote certain passages from official reports concerning
agricultural matters in the United States.

Does the swine plague, otherwise known as hog cholera, exist in this country?

The Commissioner of Agriculture at Washington, in his report for is?s. says:

'For less than one half the territory of the United States they show annual
losses amounting to $10,091,483 in swine alone, and for all other classes of domesti-
cated animals the losses are given for the same counties at $6,5(51,945, making a
grand total of $16,653,428.

"These figures indicate that the losses of farm animals throughout the United
State- annually aggregate the sum of 30,000,000 or more. As at least two- thirds
of this amount seemed to be sustained in the loss of swine from affections which
appeared to be but little understood by the farmer and stock raiser, I regarded
the subject of sufficient importance to call for an appropriation to defray the
expenses of a scientific investigation into the causes of many of the more malig-
nant, infections, and contagious diseases of domesticated animals, but more espe-
cially of those incident to swine.

' In addition to the saving of so vast an amount of property the health of our
people demands the completion of this work, as it is a noteworthy but lamentable
fact that many herds of hogs are shipped to the nearest market, or are slaughtered

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 603

by the owner for marketable purposes, as soon as disease makes its appearance
among them." (Pages 24 and 25, report for 1878. )

Is the disease known as hog cholera contagious?

Dr. Detmers. in his report to the Department of Agriculture for 1878, says:

" The contagion or the infectious principle is and has been disseminated through
the whole country in a wholesale manner, as I shall show immediately. During
the first month of my presence in Champaign I stopped at the Doane House, a
hotel belonging to the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and constituting also
the railroad depot. Every night carloads of diseased hogs, destined for Chicago,
passed my window. Only a very short time ago, on one of the last days of Octo-
ber, a farmer, J. T. M., living near Tolono, sold 07 hogs (some, if not all of them,
diseased, and a few of them already in a dying condition) for 2 cents a pound, to
be shipped to. Chicago, i coiild cite numerous instances, but I think it not neces-
sary, because these facts are known to everyone where the swine plague is pre-
vailing. Besides, in nearly every little town in the neighborhood of which cases
of swine plague are of frequent occurrence is a rendering establishment to which
dead hogs are brought. These establishments pay 1 cent a pound, and the farmers
haul their dead hogs sometimes 10 or 15 miles, in open wagons, past farms, barns,
and hog lots, and disseminate thereby the germs of the disease through the whole
country. The transportation of dead hogs by wagon, I admit, might be stopped
by State laws, but the latter prove usually to be ineffective where railroad com-
panies (interstate and international traffic) are conceined."

In his entire report Dr. Detmers shows that the swine plague or hog cholera is
a contagious and infectious disease; that it is easily communicated by one animal
to another, either by direct inoculation or by the introduction of the infectious
principle into the digestive organs in the form of food or drink: that a very small
quantity of the virus or infectious principle is sufficient to cause the disease; that
the infection may be transmitted to other species of domestic animals; that so
harmless a liquid as milk will produce the disease with as much certainty as direct
inoculation from a dead or diseased hog, and that the contagion is transmitted
from herd to herd and from farm to farm. (Special report of the Department of
Agriculture, No. 22, for 1878.)

Mr. Robert Hodson, a storekeeper in Oquawka, made the following statement:

"I have a farm on the banks of Henderson River, and last year kept quite a
herd of hogs. One morning I found lodged at my hog lot, which joins the river,
a dead hog, which had come downstream, and had probably been thrown in some
distance above. My hogs discovered it earlier than I and were feeding on the
carcass when I came. Ten days later they commenced to die. My loss amounted
to fully $1,500."

Mr. Miller s whole herd consisted of 240 head, and 237 died; only 3 survived
or remained exempted. At that time no other case of swine plague existed in the
whole neighborhood, and, according to the best information I could obtain, there
was none within 20 miles. Soon, however, the disease commenced to spread
from Mr. Miller's herd to those of his neighbors, first to the herd of his neighbor
toward the north (the prevailing wind was from the south), then all around, and
finally over the whole township and beyond. In November, 1878, Mr. Miller,
when he had only 3 hogs left, bought again 32 head. These, too, very soon became
infected, and commenced to die at the rate of one, two, and three a day.

Pat Murphy lives H miles south of Gap Grove. Up to Januarys he had lost 5
hogs out of a herd of 10 head: 7 had been sick, but 2 had recovered. * * *
Those of his next neighbor south, Mr. Hadeler, became affected next. Mr.
Hadeier lost 100 head and saved 9. * * *

A radical extermination is the only thing that will be effective, unless it can be
proved that a spontaneous development is taking place or can take place within
the borders of the United States. Fortunately the low temperature of the winters
in our principal pork -producing States facilitates a stamping out, if undertaken
at the proper time in the winter and in the spring, because a low temperature
(frost), and especially snow, interrupt very essentially the propagation of the dis-
ease germs and the spreading of the disease, and although not absolutely destroy-
ing or killing the bacilli and their germs, catise a great many of them to perish or
to be in dormant state for some time. Besides that the number of hogs and pigs
in existence from the 1st of January to the 1st of April is a comparatively small
one, because most of the hogs have been shipped and butchered and the young
pigs have not been born. But the measures of extermination or stamping out
must be thorough. * * *

Although not called upon to propose any law or legislation, I consider it my
duty to Jay before you a plan which, if executed, will lead to a prompt and effect-
ive suppression and the final extinction of that terrible plague which costs the

004 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

country every year many millions of dollars and undermines the prosperity not
only of individual farmers but of whole States. (Special report No. 22, p. 45.)

CAN HOG CHOLERA AFFECT THE HUMAN SYSTEM?

Dr. Detmers says: " It may also not be out of place to relate a case that occurred
last summer in Knox County, 111. A well-to-do and highly respectable family,
residing near Yates City, lost, in last July, three children, aged, respecthely, 13,

5 or (5, and 2\ or 3 years, of a disease diagnosed by the attending physicians as
diphtheria. The two remaining children of the same family also became affected,
but recovered. Five physicians were in attendance and made a careful research
as to the possible cause or causes and could find but one thing which might be
construed as such. The family used ice which had been taken from a creek into
which, above, some hogs (hogs that had died of swine plague) had been thrown
just before the water of the creek became frozen. My informants are a highly
respected physician in Biggsville, Dr. Maxwell, and a near relative of the afflicted
family. Mr. John McKee, who has a drug store in the same place." (Special
report No. 22, p. 45. )

In conclusion, although by no means ignorant of the result, it is unnecessary for
me to follow up the question of trichinosis any further; all who read the news-
papers know that serious cases occur in the various sections of this country and in
Europe. It is moreover not for me to mention in this connection // com plaints
which every now and tlu-n come from European port* with regard to the inferior
<lintlity and bad condition of the salt pork shipped thither, which cause it to be
rejected by foreign inspectors, occasion serious losses to importers, and bring
American pork exports into discredit; nor is itfor me to expatiate upon the causes
of the difference of opinion between the chamber of commerce of this city and
the United States consul at Brussels with regard to the certificates of inspection
issued by the Government.

I am, etc., R. C. CLIPPERTON,

Consul of H. B. M.

MUNICIPAL BOARD OF NANTES, SESSION OF OCTOBER 18, 1883.

Mr. Normand remarked that the importation of American salt pork had been
prohibited by a decree of February 18, 1881, owing to the prevalence of trichinosis
in America. Mr. Tirard, he said, had issued that decree after a careful investiga-
tion, and Germany, Turkey, Italy, etc., had followed the example of France. Mr.
Normand said that the minister of commerce, during a visit recently made by him
to Havre, appeared to have lent too attentive an ear to the complaints of the mer-
chants of that city, and there was reason to fear that the Government would
revoke the decree of February 18, 1881. Mr. Normand therefore moved that the
municipal board should adopt the following resolution:

"Whereas the decree of February 18, 1881. prohibited the importation of salt
pork from America, because it had been found that such pork contained trichina?
and that it could not be eaten without endangering public health; and

" Whereas American pork is still trichinous, which is the best answer that can
be made to the merchants of Havre who are urging the Government to rescind
the aforesaid decree at the risk of introducing trichinosis into France, which
malady is frequently fatal to mankind, and may cause the destruction of all the
swine in the country: Therefore, be it

"Resolved, That this municipal board request the Government of the French
Republic rigorously to maintain the decree of February 18, 1881, and to disregard
the wishes of the merchants of Havre. "

Mr. Lechat thought that the importation of American salt pork was prohibited
only when it was found to be trichinous, but that it was an error to suppose that
the importation of all salt pork from America was indiscriminately prohibited.
He said that the proper thing for the Government to do was to cause the pork
brought from America to be carefully examined, otherwise the French people
would be deprived of an important article of food. Meat, he said, was already
sold at very high prices; the rise in the price of beef, for instance, had been nearly
15 per cent during the past year.

Mr. Lechat added that great strictness was necessary in the case of trichinous
pork, for deception was easy. The Americans, said he, put choice pieces of meat
at the top of the barrel and the diseased pieces beneath. Inspection is difficult,
and it should be carefully performed. The Government had stated in reply to
Mr. Penlevey, the gentleman who pleaded the cause of trichinous pork at Havre,
that the governmental board of health should examiniue the question. The miu-

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 605

ister of commerce had said nothing more, and intentions should not be attributed
to him which he perhaps never entertained.

Mr. Lechat therefore thought that nothing more than a rigid inspection should
be asked for.

Mr. Norman d said that he simply asked for the maintenance of the decree of
February 18, 1881. The prohibition thereby established, he said, was absolute.

Mr. Normand's motion was unanimously adopted.

His honor the mayor said that he would transmit the resolution which had
been adopted to the Government, but that he had already transmitted a similar
request from the merchants of Nantes, to which Mr. Ferry had replied by declar-
ng that he would make no change in the decree without a thorough examination.

No. 36.
Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

No. 425.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Paris, October SI, 1883. (Received November 3.)

SIR: Having had recent conversations with the President, the president of the
council, and other members of the cabinet with reference to the decree prohibiting
the importation of American salted meats, I deemed the present a fitting time to
address another dispatch to the minister of foreign affairs restating the reasons
why my Government had expected for a long time the withdrawal of this decree,
and asking the early and earnest consideration of the question by the French Gov-
ernment.

I have the honor to inclose a copy of my communication, which I hope will
meet the approval of the Department.

I have, etc. , LEVI P. MOKTON.

[Inclosure in No. 435.]
Mr. Morton to Mr. Challemel Lacour.

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Paris, October 20, 1S8S.

SIR: I beg leave to call again your excellency's attention to the subject-matter of
my note of March 23, 1883, representing the injustice of the long-standing decree
prohibiting the importation of American salted meats.

The conversations I have had the honor to hold with your excellency and other
members of the cabinet in relation to the decree, had led me to believe that it
would have been repealed long ago. I regret to say that it is still in force, and I
must add that I fail to see upon what ground a measure so prejudicial to the
true interests of two great countries so friendly allied as France and the United
States are, is so persistently retained.

The present minister of commerce believes it uncalled for. His predecessor
openly advocated its repeal in the Senate; the constitutional head of the Govern-
ment, the president of the council, has publicly declared that he disapproves of it;
your excellency opposed it in the Senate chamber. The House of Deputies ex-
pressed itself unequivocally in favor of its repeal, and the Senate, while declining
by a bare majority to interfere in the matter, left the Government free to take its
own course. The Academy of Medicine of France has declared it unnecessary; the
board of public hygiene has made the same authoritative declaration, and the
great chemist, Mr. Wurtz, who is paramount authority for the whole scientific
world, has demonstrated in unanswerable language its absolute inutility. '

A moment's consideration will, I trust, satisfy your excellency that, on the
ground of public health, it would be much more justifiable to exclude French
wines from America than it is to prohibit American meats in France. The French
scientific authorities do not contend that the consumption of American meats is
dangerous, while they do contend that some French wines are adulterated to an
extent prejudicial to public health.

On the one side there is the evidence of the most competent of your learned
institutions in such matters that American salted meats are inoffensive; on the
other there is the evidence of your own officials that French wines are manipulated
in such a manner as to make them unhealthy.

606 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Yet, notwithstanding the overwhelming weight of such facts, and in spite of the
repeated complaints of the French chambers of commerce ami of the earnest rep-
resentations of the United States, this obnoxious decree has remained standing lor
nearly three years and has had the mischievous tendency of alienating from France
the powerful commercial interests of our Western States. Your excellency can
not be unaware that the growing dissatisfaction caused by this extraordinary dis-
crimination, only applicable to the United States of all the countries with which
France is in friendly relations, against one of the most important products of the
United States, is likely to give rise to discussion in the Congress about to convene
at Washington which might result in measures which would seriously affect
Franco- American commerce in some of its most important branches.

If I call your excellency's attention to these facts, it is by no means with the
intention of threatening the French Government with retaliatory measures, which,
BO far as I am informed, are not contemplated by my Government, but simply to
show that the interests which are provoked to take such a course could find
substantial reasons to support the posit : on.

Believing that the French Government would satisfy itself that the decree was
issued under a misapprehension and cheerfully abrogate it, neither the Govern-
ment nor the Congress of the United States, notwithstanding the constantly
increasing pressure of public opinion, has taken any action with reference thereto.

I can not doubt that your excellency will, upon a review of the evidence in your
possession, concur with me in the opinion that the results of the searching inves-
tigations conducted by competent officers of both countries have clearly estab-
lished the unfounded and erroneous character of the statements regarding the
alleged unwholesome quality of American hog products upon which the issue of
the prohibitory decree was based.

I avail, etc., L. P. MOUTON.

No. 37.

Mr. Glover to Mr. Davis.
[Extract.]

No. 52.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Havre, October 2%, 1883. (Received November 9. )

SIB: Our commercial relations with France and Germany are likely to be very
fully discussed during the next session of Congress. The edict promulgated by
Mr. Tirard in 1881, which prohibited the importation of American salt meats into
this country, demands, and will, I doubt not, receive, the most careful considera-
tion by that body. In my judgment it is one of the most important questions
that will come before the ensuing session. It is gratifying to know that President
Arthur, as well as the Department of State, is making active efforts to have the
question settled on a just basis. A favorable report from the committee recently
appointed by the President to investigate the subject will go very far toward
removing the unjust discrimination against one of our chief products.

The edict was based on false premises, and of course nothing but injustice
could result from its promulgation, both to the producer and the consumer. The
plea that the health of the French people was endangered by the importation of
American pork is absolutely without justification, as has been demonstrated and
unanimously declared by the most competent body of scientists in France.

The French people, as far as I am able to judge, are in favor of its (the edict's)
entire abolition. The laborers especially are opposed to the prohibition, as it
deprives them of a cheap and wholesome article of food. I have never yet spoken
to an intelligent Frenchman on the subject who believes that such an order was
just or. necessary. * * * The chamber of commerce of this city has shown
conclusively that the edict is unjust to the working people and also detrimental
to the commercial interests of the country. So, also, has the same been shown
by the chambers of commerce of Bordeaux and other cities. Mr. Jules Ferry,
president of the council, takes a liberal view of the matter, and it is believed that
he will insist on a radical modification of the order. In his great speech delivered
in this city on the 14th instant he declared that he was in accord with the people
of Havre on this subject.

Some time ago I respectfully asked permission to import a few American hams
for the use of my own family, but the request was as respectfully refused. * 4

Probably thirty millions of our people eat American pork every day in the year,

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 607

besides several millions of Englishmen. There has never been but one well-attested
case of trichinosis in France, and that from the product of a French hog. * * *
I am, etc.,

JOHN B. GLOVER,
United States Consul.

No. 38.

Mr. FreHnghuysen to Mr. Morton.
[Telegram.]

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, October 31, 1883.

If hopeful prospect of repealing French restrictions on pork is evident, you may
delay communicating three-sixty-four. Keep Department advised, as events will
determine President's reference to French action in message.

FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 39.
Mr. FreHnghuysen to Mr. Morton.

No. 379.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, November 13, 1883.

SIR: I inclose for your information a copy of Mr. Schuyler's dispatch, dated the
19th ultimo, and its accompaniment, respecting the prohibition by the Hellenic
Government of pork products coming from America, adding, what will be par-
ticularly noted by yon, that Greece offers no reason for this action save the pre-
cedent established by France.

1 am, etc., FRED'K T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 40.
Mr. Morton to Mr. FreHnghuysen.

No. 445.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Paris, November 16, 1883. (Received December 1.)

SIR: 1 called yesterday on the president of the council, who, in the absence of
Mr. Challemel Lacour, has charge of the foreign office, to inquire if the Govern-
ment had come to a conclusion as to the time of the withdrawal of the decree pro-
hibiting the importation of American salted meats. Mr. Jules Ferry opened the
subject pleasantly, by saying that he knew the object of my visit, but that, unfor-
tunately, he was yet unable to give me a satisfactory answer, as the execution of
his purpose had been interfered with by the extraordinary epidemic of trichinosis
which had lately appeared in Germany.

" The unusual and alarming character of this epidemic," said he, " is such that
the committee of public hygiene has felt bound to devote to its examination more
than it expected at first. I am satisfied," he continued, " that the consumption
of American meats has nothing to do with this epidemic, but as we can not cancel
our prohibitory measures without encountering a strong opposition, we must be
prepared to meet all the objections which might be made to our action."

I stated very frankly to him that the reason of my anxiety for a prompt solution
of this so long pending difficulty was a telegram which I had received from you,
asking for definite information on the subject which might be used by the Presi-
dent in his forthcoming message. I explained again the reasons which made it
important to reach a satisfactory solution before the meeting of Congress, when
the subject would no^doubt come up for discussion, the necessity for which I was
very anxious to avoid, and I urged him to press the solution of the question. He
promised to do so in emphatic terms. "In the meantime," he added, " you can
state to your Government that the French Government is animated by a strong
desire to give to this question a most liberal solution and at the earliest possible
moment." I inquired: "May I expect action before meeting of Congress?" He
said: "Yes."

I have, etc., LEVI P. MORTON.

608 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

No. 41.

Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghnysen.

[Telegram.]

PARIS, Novembers?, 188S.

Mr. Morton Informs Mr. Frelinghnysen that a decree has to-day been signed, and
will be published November 2s in the official journal, canceling the prohibition of
American pork, and that he will inform the minister in Greece of the fact.

No. 42.

Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

[Extract.]

No 452.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Paris, November 9, 1S83. (Received December 13.)

SIR: As I had the honor of informing you by my telegram of yesterday, the offi-
cial journal of this morning publishes a decree repealing that of February 18, 1881,
by which the importation of American pork was prohibited in France.

The French packers were so much interested and so persistent in obstructing
this long-expected measure that I feared the withdrawal of the prohibition might
be coupled with some kind of inspection which would practically restrict its effect,
but the decree removes the prohibition without any conditions. A circular of the
minister of commerce, addressed to the prefects, informs them of the decision
taken, and simply advises them to see that the pork offered to the public is fully
cured and to recommend to those making use of such meats that they should be
well cooked, as it is scientifically and experimentally established, says the minister,
that thorough cooking and salting destroys trichinosis when it exists.

Thus the position taken in this matter by the legation and maintained in repeated
communications, written and verbal, is at last officially admitted as correct by the
French Government.

In view of the information conveyed in your dispatch No. 379, of November 13,
I informed Mr. Schuyler of the withdrawal of the decree. '

I deem it proper to avail myself of this occasion to express my high appreciation
of the valuable assistance rendered and cordial cooperation of Mr. Vignaud in the
long-pending negotiations, as in all other matters, now so satisfactorily terminated
by the withdrawal pure and simple of the prohibitory decree at a time when the
current of public sentiment elsewhere in Europe' appears to be running in a dif-
ferent direction.

I inclose herewith copy and translation of both the decree and the circular.
I have, etc.,

LEVI P. MORTON.

[Inclosure 1 in No. 453. Translation.]
DECREE OP NOVEMBER 27, 1883.

The President of the French Republic, upon the report of the minister of com-
merce, considering the comformable opinion of the consultative committee of pub-
lic health of France, dated the 26th November, 1883, decrees:

ARTICLE 1. Is, and shall remain, annulled, the decree dated the 18th of Febru-
ary, 1881, which prohibits on the territory of the French Republic the importation
of salted pork of American origin.

ART. 2. The minister of commerce and the minister of finance are instructed,
each so far as it may concern him. to execute the present decree, which shall be
inserted in the Journal Offciel and published in the Bulletin ties Lois.

Done at Paris the 2?th November, 1883.

JULES GREW.

By the President of the Republic.

The minister of commerce:

CH. HERISSON.

The minister of finance:

P. TIRARD.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 609

[Inclosure 2 in No. 452. Translation.]
CIRCULAR FROM THE MINISTER OF COMMERCE.

PARIS, November 37, 1883.

MONSIEUR LE PREFET: A decree of the President of the Republic of the 27th of
November has just annulled the decree of the 18th February, 1881, which prohibits
on the entire territory of the French Republic the importation of salted pork com-
ing from the United States.

This decree, which has for object to restore to consumption a much esteemed
article of food among the working classes, will not efficaciously attain the end in
view unless all requisite precautions for the preservation of public health are taken
in the use of this meat.

The consultative committee of public hygiene of France, to whom I referred the
question, undertook a minute examination of the subject, from which it results
that preserved pork loses all serious danger of infestation of trichinosis, if it is
salted with care, and if the brine in which it is deposited is of good preparation.
You should therefore recommend to the municipal authorities, who have more
especially in their attributions the supervision of articles of food, to examine with
the greatest care whether these conditions are entirely carried out as far as con-
cerns salted pork put up for sale in their commune, and not to hesitate to seize
and destroy that which, from an imperfect degree of saltness, may appear to them
unfit for consumption.

The committee has ascertained besides, both scientifically and by experimental
means, that trichinosis, when it exists in pork, is entirely destroyed by complete
cooking, and that all danger will disappear for the consumer if, conformably to
our well-known culinary habits, this meat is not eaten raw or rarely cooked.

You will please, therefore, bring this important particular to the knowledge of
those under your jurisdiction by all the means of publicity at your disposal.

I beg you will acknowledge receipt of the present circular and give your careful
attention to the execution of the directions contained therein.
Receive, etc.,

The minister of commerce:

CH. HERISSON.

No. 43.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Morton.

No. 393.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, December 7, 1883.

SIR: With reference to your dispatch No. 445, of the 15th ultimo, reporting
your conversation with Mr. Jules Ferry in relation to the revocation of the decree
prohibiting the importation of American pork, I have to inform you that the
Department is much pleased with the friendly tone of the remarks made by Mr.
Ferry on the occasion in question.

I am, etc., FRED'K T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 44.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Morton.

No. 405.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, December 19, 1883.

SIR: With reference to your dispatch No. 452, of the 28th ultimo, containing
your full and interesting account of the revocation of the decree of February 18,
1881, prohibiting the importation of American pork into France, I have to request
you to convey to the foreign office an expression of the very great satisfaction
which the liberal and enlightened course of the French authorities in reference
to this matter, based upon thorough scientific investigations, has afforded this
Government.

Adding that I have read with rmich pleasure your statement in reference to the
valuable services which Mr. Vignaud has rendered to your legation in the settle-
ment of the American pork question,

I am, etc., FREDK. T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

S. Doc. 231, pt 439

610 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

No. 45.

Mr. Murtmi t<> Mr. Frcliityltnysen.
[Telegram.]

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATER,

Pan's, l)cc< ml >< / .'.',, 13SS.

In consequence of resolution voted Saturday by Chamber of Deputies requesting
Government to suspend the free importation of American pork until a bill which
has been introduced to inaugurate a system of inspection shall have been acted
upon, it is feared by minister that repeal of decree will be compelled. The cabinet
council, however, has not yet arrived at a decision.

MOKTON.

No. 46.
Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

No. 464.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Paris, December 26, 1883. (Received January 10, 1884.)

SIR: The action of those opposed to the free admission of American pork has
produced such a result that all the efforts made by this legation during many
months to obtain an entirely satisfactory settlement of this vexed question are
likely to prove fruitless.

About two weeks ago Mr. Gaudin, a deputy from Nantes (the center of the
French pork-packing business), introduced in the house a bill providing for a
system of inspection of all salted pork coming from abroad. This bill, which is
substantially. the same as the one voted by the Chamber last year but defeated in
in the Senate, and of which I sent a translation to the Department with my No.
146, of March 31, 1882, was referred to a committee, where it was expected to
remain without being acted upon by the committee.

A few days ago. quite unexpectedly, Mr. Paul Bert, formerly a member of Mr.
Gambetta's cabinet, and a scientist of note, asked the Government in the Chamber
to suspend the operation of tbe decree of November 27, again admitting the free
importation of American pork, until the Chamber should have acted upon the bill
introduced by Mr. Gaudin. Mr. Paul Bert grounded his request on motives of
public health; he described in vivid terms the fearful consequences of an epidemic
of trichinosis and asserted that he knew from his own personal experiments, as
well as by those made by others, that trichina? did not exist in French pork and
did exist in foreign pork.

Mr. Herisson. the minister of commerce, replied to Mr. Paul Bert that the Gov-
ernment could not comply with his request: that its action in the matter had been
duly considered, and that he and his colleagues were satisfied that the free impor-
tation of American pork would not be attended with any danger to the public
health.

This plain and unequivocal answer did not satisfy Mr. Paul Bert, who moved
to interpellate the Government on the question. The interpellation was granted,
and it came before the House on Saturday last, the 23d instant.

Mr. Paul Bert repeated his request to suspend the operation of the decree can-
celing the one prohibiting American pork until some definite action be taken by
the Chamber, and submitted the following order of the day:

"The Chamber, considering that it is proper to delay the admission of Ameri-
can pork until after the debate upon the bill now pending, passes to the order of
the day."

Mr. Herisson declared that he was obliged to oppose this order of the day: that,
as stated before, the Government had acted only after mature deliberation, and
upon the advice of the Academy of Medicine; that not a single case of trichinosis
had been detected either in England, in Belgium, or in Switzerland, where Ameri-
can pork is freely introduced, or in France when free importation was the rule;
that the epidemic of trichinosis which recently appeared in Germany was known
to have been caused by German pork, and that consequently there was no good
reason to recall a measure which was satisf act; >ry to so many people and open to
so little objection.

Mr. Paul Bert said that the facts stated by the minister were not as conclusive
as he supposed they were; that trichinosis was not easily detected; that its diag-

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 611

nosis was exactly the same as typhoid fever, and that it was very like'ry that many
people had died of it without the cause being made known; and that, contrary to
an opinion generally shared, salt did not kill the trichinae, nor did the cooking
except when the boiling of the meat is carried to 70 r C. In short, he believed the
danger arising from the free admission of foreign pork was very great, and he
thought it would be very unwise not to regulate in some way its importation into
France.

Finally, after a long debate, in which the same arguments were asserted and
reasserted in many shapes, the question came to a vote, and the order of the day,
proposed by Mr. Paul Bert, was carried by '272 votes against 158.

it is but simple justice to state that Mr. Herisson earnestly opposed every effort
of Mr. Paul Bert and of his associates in behalf of the French hog raisers and
packers. It is admitted openly that public health has little bearing upon the sub-
ject in its present stage; it is simply now a question of protection.

*******

I have, etc.,

LEV: P. MORTON.

[Postscript.]

PARIS, December 28, 1888.

To comply with the vote of the Chamber it was decided yesterday in cabinet
council to prohibit the free importation of American pork until parliamentary
action is taken in the matter. In the meantime American pork will be admitted
at the ports of Havre, Bordeaux, and Nantes, where an examination of the meat
will take place under the control and at the expense of the chambers of commerce
of those places.

This measure is satisfactory to the French importers, but the protectionists will
probably oppose it, as many of the members of the chamber of commerce are
interested in making the inspection as easy as possible. It is to be feared, there-
fore, that the propriety of this measure will be questioned in the Chamber.

The department of commerce contemplates the introduction of a new bill pro-
viding for a system of inspection.

*******

The National of last night, speaking of this bill (the one recently introduced
into Congress for the purpose of empowering the President to prohibit the impor-
tation of articles injurious to public health from countries which on the same
ground prohibit American products), says it was at first directed against Germany
only; but that, "in consequence of the recent vote of the Chamber postponing the
removal of the restriction on American pork, France will now have to take her
place by the side of Germany, and be equally made the victim of these reprisals.
Owing to the order of the day of Mr. Paul Bert, French products are going to be
driven out from America. It belongs to the Government to take steps as early as
possible to prevent an eventuality which would be so damaging to French commerce. "

L. P. M.

No. 47.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr, Morton.

[Telegram.]

WASHINGTON, December 27, 1883.

Mr. Frelinghuysen informs Mr. Morton that he is in receipt of complaints of
great injury to large commercial interests of the United States through the
vacillating action of the French authorities; that Mr. Morton's diligence in the
matter of prohibitory decrees is appreciated, and it is not doubted that he will
continue his energetic action to secure its permanent repeal.

No. 48.

Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

[Telegram.]

PARIS, December 28, 188S.

Pork again prohibited until the Chamber passes upon the bill to inaugurate a
system of inspection. Meantime it will be admitted to the ports of Havre, Bor-
deaux, and Nantes, subject to inspection under the direction of the chambers of
commerce of those cities.

MORTON.

612 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

No. 49.

Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

[Telegram.]

PARIS, December S8, 1883.

The withdrawal of the decrees of 3?th November, which will be published
to-morrow, limits the time for the admission of American pork products to the
jith January at the ports of Havre, Bordeaux, and Marseilles instead of Nantes.

Telegram of yesterday received this morning.

MOHTON.

No. 50.

Mr. Morton to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

[Telegram.]

PARIS, December 29, 188S.

It was stated in Chamber that Dr. Detmers, who was charged by American Gov-
ernment to investigate trichinosis question, advised in his official report that all
the hogs of the district where trichina? had made their appearance should be
destroyed. Important to be fully informed.

MORTON.

No. 51.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Morton.

[Telegram.]

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,
Washington, December 29, 1883.

Detmers stated, incorrectly, in 1878-79, in report on swine plague, not trichinae,
that disease was very prevalent in West, and nogs laboring under it were care-
lessly sent to market. He has since, in newspapers, expressed erroneous views on
swine disease generally in the West. Curtis, a thorough expert, who is investi-
gating trichinosis, reports to Agricultural Department that there is very little
disease of any kind; that Detmers is mistaken; that great care is taken by breeders
and packers to send healthy pork to market. Commissioner Agriculture entirely
accepts Curtis'sstateinent. At a meeting Swine Breeders' Association unanimously
stated no disease whatever had occurred among swine in Illinois, Michigan, Indi-
ana, Wisconsin, and Ohio, whence members were present.

FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 52.
Mr. Roustan to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

[Translation.]

LEGATION OF FRANCE,

Washington, January 2, 1884. (Received January 3.)
Mr. SECRETARY OF STATE:

As you are aware the President of the French Republic, by a decree bearing date
of the 27th of November last, and issued at the suggestion of the minister of com-
merce, revoked the decree of February 18, 1881, which prohibited the importation
of salt pork from the United States.

In adopting this measure the Government of the Republic was influenced by
various considerations, and especially wished to furnish evidence of its sincere
desire to promote as far as possible the development of commercial relations
between the two countries.

However, in compliance with a wish expressed by the Champer of Deputies in
consequence of an interpellation which took place during the session of December
2~, the French Government has been obliged to suspend for the present the execu-
tion of the decree of November 27.

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 613

In informing me of this fact, the president of the council adds that a bill has
been introduced in the Chamber which is designed to regulate the importation of
salt pork from the United States, and that the Government will hasten the dis-
cussion of this bill as much as possible. The meat in question will, as a tempo-
rary measure, be permitted to enter the ports of Havre, Bordeaux, and Marseilles
until January 20, 1884, although previously to being sold it will be subjected to
an examination.

I hasten, Mr. Secretary of State, to bring the foregoing information to your
notice.

Accept, etc., TH. ROUST AN.

No. 53.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Morton,

[Telegram.]

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, January 2, 1884*

Represent that decree published 29th only allows three weeks, till 20th January,
for importation American pork at three ports named. As we have only occasional
steam communication with Bordeaux and Marseilles and none with Nantes, first
named as a port, it is probable that bona fide shipments for France may have been
made by sailing vessels. You will ask that the time be extended to February 1 for
all vessels, and that in case sailing vessels show legitimate shipments made before
December 29, entry be granted, subject to any reasonable inspection.

FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 54.

Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Morton.

No. 413.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, January 2, 1884.

SIR: For your information I send herewith copies of telegrams received from
Chicago on the recent vote in the French Chamber of Deputies reinstating prohi-
bition of importation of American hog products:

CHICAGO, December S6, 1888.
Hon. FRED'K T. FRELINGHUYSEN,

Secretary of State, Washington:

The recent vote in French Chamber of Deputies reinstating prohibition of impor-
tation of American hog products is, as you are aware, a serious blow to the provision
interests of the whole country as well as those of the farmers of the Northwest.

Understanding that the French Government is favorable to the withdrawal of
the prohibitory decree, and believing that Congress when reassembled will define
a retaliatory policy, we ask that you will instruct our minister to France to work
with utmost energy to bring about repeal of decree, intimating, if you think proper,
that such action by Congress is probable. This we know would be of greatest
value and would undoubtedly produce most favorable results.

ARMOUR & Co.

CHICAGO, December 27, 1883.
Hon. FRED'K T. FRELINGHUYSEN,

Secretary of State, Washington:

I earnestly urge your special attention to the dispatch sent you by Armour &
Co., of this city, regarding the French prohibition of hog products. If continued,
it will be a serious blow to American capital and a heavy loss to our manufacturing
and farming interests.
Prompt action seems to me necessary.

R. W. DUNHAM, M. C.

lam, etc.,

FREDK. T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

614 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

No. r,.->.

to Mr. Morton,

No. 414.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

}\'<inliin>i!on. ./a rim, fi . .

SIR: The following telegram was sent to Messrs. Armour & Co.. of Chicago. 1 i.,
December 27, 1883:

" Your telegram received. Further instructions have been telegraphed Mr. Mor-
ton, who has been diligent and energetic in matter of repeal of decree.''
I am, etc.,

FKEDK. T. FRELINOHUYSI N.

No. 30.
Mr. Morton to Mr. /'/ liitghnysen,

No. 466.] LEGATION OP THE UNITED STATES,

Paris, January 8, 1884, (Received January 1 8. )

SIR: On the 26th ultimo (dispatch 4G4), I informed the Department of the reso-
lution voted by the Chamber of Deputies, a few days before, expressing the desire
that the free admission of American pork be again suspended, and of the action
the Government felt compelled to take in consequence of this vote.

When my dispatch was forwarded (Friday, the 28th) I had not seen the text of
the new prohibitory decree, which was only issued on the following day, but my
telejgram of the same evening, of which a copy is herewith inclosed, gave you its
substance. I have the honor of sending to-day a copy and translation of the
decree and of a report of the minister of commerce to the President explaining
his motives.

At the President's reception on New Year's Day I had occasion of recurring
again to this subject with the president of the council and the minister of com-
merce, and I am glad to say that both seem as desirous as I am of securing the
permanent removal of any obstruction to the importation into France of American
pork. I remarked to Mr. Ferry that I had not failed to inform you of his sincere
desire to comply with my requests in the matter, and that I was in receipt of a
dispatch expressing your appreciation of his friendly language and course, and
instructing me to convey to him the satisfaction felt by the Government of the
United States with his action, which I intended to do in a more formal manner.
"This action of ours," said Mr. Ferry, "is not over; we do not intend to leave the
matter as it now stands; we are collecting facts and scientific opinions which are
of such weight that they can not fail to impress favorably the Chamber." Mr.
Herisson confirmed this statement.

It can not be doubted that there exists in the public mind a strong prejudice
against American pork a prejudice which has been unfortunately to some extent
created or aggravated by certain American newspaper articles of which the French
protectionists adroitly took advantage. It was in reference to a statement made
upon the authority of an American scientist that I telegraphed you to ascertain
the correctness of those attributed to Dr. Detmers. Your answer furnished me
with valuable information, the insertion of which I procured in all the leading
French as well as in other papers.

Your cipher dispatch of the 27th ultimo, expressing your satisfaction with my
diligence in the matter and the hope that energetic efforts would be continued to
secure the permanent repeal of the prohibition, was duly received. I highly appre-
ciate the expression of approval, and shall spare no exertion to second your efforts
in this matter so important to our commerce.

I have the honor to inclose herewith copies of a note addressed to Mr. Ferry,
on the 2d instant, of the telegrams above mentioned, and of the one given to the
press.

I have, etc.. LEVI P. MORTON.

[Incloeure 1 in No. 466. Decree published in Journal Officiel. Translation.]

DECREE.

The President of the French Republic, upon the report of the minister of com-
merce, decrees:
ARTICLE 1. The execution of the decree of November 27, 1883, is adjourned; is

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 615

in consequence suspended until such time as provision is made by a law upon the
introduction of pork into France, the importation of the said salted meat coming
from the United States of America.

ART. 3. Nevertheless, for contracts already made, this meat can be admitted
exceptionally until the 20th of January, 1884, by the ports of Havre, Bordeaux,
and Marseilles, and upon the condition that it shall be stated that it answers to
the description known in commerce under the name of "fully cured;" that it
is healthy, that it is in a perfect state of preservation, and that the curing is
complete.

This statement shall be made by experts specially appointed by the prefects.

The importers must declare before any discharge that they consent to pay the
costs that the inspection of the experts may entail.

The maximum of the tariff of these costs shall be fixed by the chambers of
commerce.

ART. 8. The ministers of commerce and. finance are charged, each one in so far
as he may be concerned, with the execution of the present decree.

Done at Paris. December 28, 1883.

JULES GREVY.

By the President of the Republic.
The minister of commerce:

CH. HERISSON.

[Inclosure 2 in No. 466. Translation.]
Mr. Herisson's report to the President of the Republic.

MONSIEUR LE PRESIDENT: On the 27th November last I had the honor to submit
for your signature a decree repealing that of the 18th February, 1881, which pro-
hibited on the territory of the Republic the importation of salted pork coming
from the United States. This measure was grounded upon the opinion of the
Academy of Medicine and upon the decision of the consultative committee of pub-
lic health of France, specially appointed to deliberate upon the matter.

The Chamber of Deputies, at its sitting on the 22d December, evinced the desire
that the execution of the decree of the 27th November should be postponed until
the discussion of a proposed law, of which it has already had notice.

The object of the decree annexed herewith is to satisfy this desire in suspending
the importation of American pork.

In order, however, to avoid confusion in commercial transactions, I have the
honor to submit likewise for your high approbation a temporary measure with the
view of conciliating the various interests involved.

It is as well to recall in this connection that when the decree of the 18th of Feb-
ruary, 1881, had for the first time edicted the formal prohibition of American pork,
the importation of the said meat was none the less, in consequence of the impor-
tance of the operations engaged, authorized until May 20 of the same year, under
the reserve of a microscopical e?;amination.

The measure which I propose to you has been inspired by this precedent.

The meat can exceptionally enter France until January 20 next by the three ports
of Havre. Bordeaux, and Marseilles, and under certain conditions to prove its
harmlessness.

This very short period is proof that the measure of favor can only be really
applied to goods at the present time in transit or for which engagements have
been made.

With reference to the guaranties required for the public health, I thought I
could do no better to do away with all fears than reproduce textually in the decree
those which appear in the proposed law voted by the Chamber on the 2.sth
March, 1882, and which has just been taken up again and supported before the
same assembly by those of its members who have evinced the least desire for free
importation.

It should be stated that the meat answers to the description known in com-
merce under the name of "fully cured;" that it is healthy, in a perfect state of
preservation, and that the curing is complete.

The statements should be made by expert agents, appointed by the prefects, and
the importers should declare, before any discharge, that they consent to pay the
cost that may be incurred by the inspection.

If the advantages of the decree, which I have the honor to propose to you,

616 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

appear to you of such a nature as to advise its adoption, I beg you,-M. le Presi-
dent, to be so good as to affix your signature thereto.

Receive, M. le President, the assurance of my profound respect.

The minister of commerce:

Cu. HEEISSON.

[Inclosnre 3 in No. 466.]
Mr. Morion to Mr. Ferry.

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Paris, January 2, 1884.

SIR: It was an agreeable duty for me to inform my Government of the friendly
manner in which you had received my earnest representations with regard to the
long-standing prohibition of American pork, and of your liberal action in procur-
ing the repeal of the obnoxious decree of the 18th February, 1881.

At the New Year's reception, at the Elysee, I intimated to you that I was in
receipt of a dispatch from Mr. Frelinghuysen, in which he requested ine to
express to you his appreciation of your course in the matter, which I now take
pleasure in doing more fully than I could yesterday.

' I have to request you," says Mr. Frelinghuysen, "to convey to the minister of
foreign affairs the expression of the very great satisfaction which the liberal and
enlightened course of the French authorities in reference to this matter, based
upon thorough scientific investigation, has afforded this Government."

It is the hope of my Government, and my own, that this liberal action of your
excellency will be continued, and that you will be able to bring about a perma-
nent and satisfactory settlement of this question, which has been so unexpectedly
and BO unfortunately reopened by the resolution of Mr. Paul Bert.
I avail, etc.,

L. P. MORTON.

[Inclosure 4 in No. 486 Extract from the Paris Morning News.]

We have received the following dispatch:

" WASHINGTON, December SO, 188S.

"The Secretary of State has telegraphed to the American minister at Paris that
a competent expert, Mr. Curtis, appointed by the Department of Agriculture to
make an investigation as to trichinosis, reports officially that no disease exists
among American hogs."

At a meeting of the Association of Western Swine Breeders it was unanimously
resolved that in the five great producing States Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
and Wisconsin no disease whatever existed among swine.

The discrimination of t"he French authorities against American pork is, there-
fore, made directly in the face of the evidence. A competent expert, appointed
by the United States Government, reports that the disease, against which the pro-
hibitive French legislation was directed, does not exist. As the object of such
legislation is not to prohibit the pork itself, there appears to be, under the circum-
stances, no good reason for its continued existence.

GERMANY.

No. 57.
Mr. Davis to Mr. Everett.

No. 301.] DEPARTMENT OP STATE,

Washington, Februarys, 1882.

SIR: I inclose herewith for your information a copy of a letter from Messrs.
William Archdeacon & Co., of Indianapolis. Ind., stating that they have been
advised that the German authorities have prohibited the importation of 100 bar-
rels of pigs' tongues shipped by them to Altona, Germany, and also that a general
prohibition has been issued by. the Government of Germany against American
pork.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 617

I will thank you to lose no time in calling the attention of the German foreign
office to the case of William Archdeacon & Co.. with a view to securing for them
such relief as the facts may be found to make necessary.

I have, furthermore, to instruct you to report to this Department at your earliest
convenience all the information you may be able to obtain as to any recent action
by the German Government in reference to the importation of American pork
into Germany and all the facts which may tend to throw any light upon the
subject.

1 am, etc., J. C. BANCROFT DAVIS,

Acting Secretary.

[Inelosure in No. 301.]
Messrs. William Archdeacon & Co. to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

INDIANAPOLIS, February 5, 1882.

DEAR SIR: We received an order early in December from Altona, Germany, for
100 barrels of pigs' tongues, and shipped same early in January. We are now in
receipt of a letter from the bank in Hamburg saying "that American pork has
been prohibited in Germany," and our goods will not be allowed to land there.

The shippers and shipping agents from whom we have sought information deny
that such is the case, and our goods in the meantime lie, there.
If you can give us any information on the subject, you will confer a favor on
Yours, respectfully,

WM. ARCHDEACON & Co.

No. 58.
Mr. Everett to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

No. 298.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, February 23, 1882. (Received March 18.)

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge your instruction No. 801, of the 8th
instant, received this day, inclosing a complaint of Messrs. William Archdeacon
& Co., to the Department of State, that the importation of American pork had
been prohibited in Germany, and that they are thus prevented from bringing into
Germany 100 barrels of pigs' tongues, which they have shipped to Altona, and
directing me to call the attention of the foreign office to the matter.

In reply I have the honor to state that this prohibition of the importation of
pork is not new, but dates back to June, 18SO. On the 29th of June, 1880, Mr.
White informed the Department by telegram, as also in dispatch No. 136, of the
prohibition by imperial decree of the 2oth June, 1880, of the admission of all
kinds of pork, except hams and sides of bacon, and inclosing a copy, with trans-
lation, of the decree. Mr. White at the same time stated that in an interview
with Mr. Von Hoffmann he had ascertained that the reason of the prohibition was
that trichinae could not easily be detected except in these two forms of pork.

From the special mention of hams and bacon in the decree I have no doubt that
tongues are included in the category of forbidden forms of pigs' flesh, but I will,
in accordance with your instructions, address the foreign office on the subject,
and ascertain whether there is any special exemption tor pigs' tongues, and, in
case there is not, whether it would be possible to pass this one shipment of Messrs.
Archdeacon & Co. , after a rigid inspection to insure the pigs' tongues being in a
fit condition for food.

I would also state in this connection that in December, 1880, Messrs. Armour &
Co. , of Chicago, the largest pork packers in the world, addressed a similar com-
plaint to this legation that they were debarred by the above-mentioned decree
from exporting their canned brawn to Germany, and they claimed that this par-
ticular preparation of pork was safe from the danger of trichinae, as it had been
subjected to a temperature of 250 F., a certificate of which could be sent with
each shipment. They were advised, in reply, to lay their case before the Depart-
ment of State, which would then instruct the legation to intervene in the matter
if it should be thought best. I trust that I shall not be exceeding my instructions
if I include Messrs. Armour & Co.'s grievances with those of Messrs. Archdeacon
& Co. in my note to the foreign office.

I have, etc., H. SIDNEY EVERETT.

()18 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

No. 59.
Mr. Everett to Mr. Frdinnlmysen.

No. 308.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, March 27, 1882. (Received April 13.)

SIR: Referring to your instruction No. 301, of the 8th ultimo, and nay reply to
the same of the 23d ultimo, I have the honor now to inclose the correspondence
between this legation and the foreign office on the subject of the importation of
pork products, by which it will be seen that the German Government refuses to
modify its prohibitive decree of the 2.~>th .June. 188U, so as to allow the consign-
ment of pigs' tongues from William Archdeacon & Co. and the brawn of Messrs.
Armour & Co.. of Chicago, to euter Germany.

I have, etc., H. SIDNEY EVERKTT.

[Inolosure 1 in No. 308.]
Mr. Everett to Count Hatzfeldt.

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, February .'.',, JSS2.

The undersigned, charge d'affaires ad interim of the United States of America,
has the honor, under instructions from his Government, to call the attention of
his excellency Count Hatzfeldt, provisional secretary of state for foreign affairs,
to the subject of the prohibition of importations of the flesh of pigs into Germany
under the imperial decree of the S.lth Jane, 1880, and to respectfully inquire
whether this decree :s still in force, and if so, whether it would include the tongues
of pigs alone, which are exported from America packed in barrels. A large quan-
tity of this article has been sent out to Germany by the firm of Archdeacon & Co.,
of Indiana, United States of America, but is now waiting at Altona on account of
the refusal of the customs officials to allow it to pass, and the undersigned would
respectfully ask if the consignment in quesiion can not be allowed to enter after a
proper inspection to make sure of its being in a suitable condition for food.

The undersigned, in this connection, would also ask whether such preparations
of pork as are known as "brawn," in soldered tin cans, which have been subjected
to a temperature of 250 F., would be allowed to enter Germany if they were
accompanied by an official certificate that they have been subjected to this heat,
which, it is believed by chemists, removes all danger from the germs of trichina.*.

The undersigned, while respectfully requesting an early reply, as the goods
referred to are now at Altona awaiting the decision of the German Government,
avails himself of this occasion to renew to his excellency the assurances of his
most distinguished consideration.

H. SIDNEY EVERETT.

[Inclostire 2 in No. 308. Translation.]
Mr. Buscli to Mr. Everett.

FOREIGN OFFICE, Berlin, March 22, 1882.

The undersigned has the honor to inform Mr. H. Sidney Everett, charge d'affaires
of the United Slates of America, in reply to the esteemed note of the 24th ultimo,
concerning a consignment of American pork which has been detained at Altona,
that the prohibition of June 25, 18SO, is still in force and is especially applicable
to prepared pigs' tongues.

After a careful examination in the proper quarter of the facts in the case, it has
not been considered feasible to make an exception to the existing prohibition in
favor of the large consignment of pigs' tongues and the preparation known as
"brawn '' referred to in the esteemed note.

The undersigned avails, etc., BUSCH.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 619

No. 60.
Mr. Brewer to Mr. Davis.

[Extract.]

No. 23.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE-GENERAL,

Berlin, March 30, 1882. (Received April 19.)

SIR: I have the honor of again calling your attention to the agitation which is
going on in Germany touching American meats and the importation of the same
into this country. On the 18th of March last an editorial article appeared in the
North German Gazette (Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung), which clearly shows
the means which are being used to prejudice the minds of the people here against
the use of American meats. * * So much has heretofore been written upon
this subject that I deem it useless to further comment. We have caused the
editorial referred to to be translated, and herewith inclose the translation.
1 am, etc.,

M. S. BREWER,
Consul- General.

[Inclosure in No. 23. Extract from the North. German Gazette of March 18, 1882. Translation.]

American competition in meat, etc., which is of late more and more felt by Ger-
man cattle breeders and dealers, makes a close examination of the extent which
imports of American meats have assumed and are capable of assuming of interest
and importance. While hitherto only lard,, ham, bacon, and salt meats of all kinds
were exported from America, recently exports to France and England of not only
fresh meat, but also of live stock, have been made, and the enterprise has met
with considerable success. As appears from an American journal, The Farmer,
a union ol marine insurance companies, "The Cattle Lloyds," has been formed,
with the aim, by especial arrangements and provisions respecting the treatment
and i ceding of cattle while being transported, of reducing to a minimum the risks
and losses in exporting cattle.

According to the Statistical Abstract of the United States, the exports of meat
from July 1, 1879, to July 1, 1880, were as follows:

Value.

Bacon and ham, 759,773,109 pounds $50,987,623

Fresh beef, 84,717,194 pounds 7,441,918

Salt meats, 45,237,472 pounds ...: , , 2,881.047

Lard, 374.979,286 pounds 27,920,367

Fresh mutton, 2,335,858 pounds 176,218

Pork, 95,949,780 pounds 5,930,252

Live stock:

Neat cattle, 182,756 head 13,344,195

Hogs, 83,434head 421,089

Sheep, 209,137 head 892,647

In 1880 the imports of American meat into Germany were as follows:

Meat, fresh and prepared, ham, bacon, and sausage, to the value of $4,963,014;
and lard to the value of $U,1CU,050.

Now, if the steady increase of the importation of American meat into Germany
continues, and notwithstanding the duties, which are altogether too low, it
assumes, as the above figures go to prove, such an extent, it will be but a natural
consequence that American meat products will drive the German out of the
market.

The United States commercial a^ent at Geestemunde reported to his Govern-
ment that owing to the importation of American provisions many butchers and
meat dealers at Bremen and Hamburg were compelled to abandon that line of
business, they being unable to stand the American competition; that American
articles had totally destroyed the meat export trade at the German seaports, once
so flourishing; that German vessels running between German and American ports
took in supplies of beef, pork, and other provisions in America sufficient to last
for the trip to Germany and back.

620 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Of much more serious consequence, however, than the mere rapid increase of
American meat importations into Germany is the fact that the quality of such
importations mast, unfortunately, frequently be pronounced detrimental to health.
This fact, in many cases admitted even by the American papers, such as the Lan-
cet, Grocer, Herald, Davenport Daily Ga/.ette, was most thoroughly discussed by
one of the leading authorities in veterinary science, Professor Dr. Roloff, privy
sanitary counselor and director of the Royal Veterinary School, who, in the
sitting of the German Society for Public Hygiene, on thelfithof May, 1881, deliv-
ered an address on "American canned meat.'' The speaker showed that the con-
sumption of American provisions in many cases was very dangerous; that diseases
of animals were communicable to men, and therefore the meat of diseased ani-
mals must be considered as unfit for use or consumption: that in America the
official inspection of animals is not provided for, and it can at best in but few
cases l)e ascertained whether the meat is taken from diseased animals or not.
Therefore the consumption of American meats would, at any rate, be connected
with more danger than the consumption of domestic meats, since a strict inspec-
tion of animals to be used for food is made in Germany.

As appears from statistics of the United States, from the 1st of July, 1876, to
July 1, 1877, about 23,000,000 pounds of meats, and in each of the following years
about 25,000,000 pounds were exported from the United States, 5,000,000 po'unds
of which went to Germany.

Mr. Kohler, a veterinary surgeon at Hamburg, has found, among 55,800 hams
and 22,700 sides of pork, 1 per cent infected with trichina?, while others found
even 4 per cent of meats imported from America infected with trichinie. Dr.
Billings, a young physician in America, found 154 among 2,700 hogs in America to
be infected with trichinae. Trichinosis, however, is not the only disease to be
found, as many other cattle diseases exist in America, which are equally if not
even more dangerous. Besides inflammation of the milt and ''wild fire," another
disease, the " yard fever " (Hoffleber), had made its appearance in so malignant a
form that in the State of Illinois alone 1.000,000 hogs died of it within one year:
and it may safely be taken for granted that the meat of these animals was canned.
Among American neat cattle malignant epidemic diseases are by no means on the
decrease. The Texas " fever," a disease resembling the rinderpest, has been espe-
cially severe. No doubt can be had but that much of the flesh of cattle affected
with such diseases has been used for corned beef. Mr. Meier, a chemist, has found
lead in canned corned beef in large quantities.

It must be admitted that the transportation of cattle from Texas. Kansas, and
Colorado, some 1.500 miles, to Chicago, where the meat is preserved, gives rise to
many diseases, so that a very large percentage of the animals from which the canned
corned beef is made may fairly be supposed to be disease 1 1. Moreover, even Ameri-
can papers have called attention to the fact that not only horse meat but also the
meat of diseased animals is regularly put upon the market. Canning meat assuredly
does not destroy such diseased matter as may be contained in the meat, as many
cases of sickness have ensued after the consumption of such canned in at. In addi-
tion to all these objections, it is a question whether this corned beef is of any advan-
tage financially, or rather economically. A 2-pound can contains about 700 grams
of eatable meat and costs 1.75 marks, which is much more than what domestic
meat of the same kind costs.

The above important facts of so great public interest being established, doubts
may be raised as to whether the ordinance of June 25, 1881, prohibiting the importa-
tion into Germany of chopped, minced, or otherwise prepared American pork is
sufficient protection. Like apprehensions have induced Austria-Hungary to pro-
hibit the importation of American meats and prepared meats of any kind whatever.
The minister of foreign affairs at Vienna, in reply to a protest raised by the Ameri-
can minister against the prohibition of the importation of American meats, stated
that the intent of the provisions of article 5 of the treaty of commerce and naviga-
tion, concluded August 27, 182!). could not possibly go so far as to prohibit the con-
tracting parties from taking such measures as necessity should demand for the
protection of their sanitary interests.

The sanitary congress, which met at Amsterdam in 1879, has unanimously pro-
nounced the opinion that the importation into Europe of American pork of all
kinds should be prohibited.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 621

No. 61.

Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.
[Extract.]

No. 74.] LEGATION OP THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, November 6, 1SS2. (Received November 25.)

SIR: I have the honor to state that there is renewed agitation in Germany against
the introduction of American pork, and I am informed that a bill has been pre-
pared, with the Emperor's approval, to be submitted at the forthcoming session of
the Reichstag, as a Government measure, to prohibit the importation of all Ameri-
can pork, including hams and live animals. Heretofore adverse action has only
extended to sausages and chopped meat. This was excluded on the ground that
it contained trichina?, and from its nature, being hashed, these could not be
detected in it. These articles of tiade were excluded on the ground that the pub-
lic health required it and could not be otherwise guarded. * * * American
pork enters into competition with the domestic article, and very largely, and is
afforded much cheaper than the domestic article can be. * * The proposed
law does not, as I am informed, proceed upon the thtory that American pork ia
put in disguised forms, in which ordinary care would not detect disease, but
assumes that all American pork and swine are dangerous from disease, and the
task of discrimination among them is useless trouble. So far as I have been able
to learn up to this time, American lard is not among the prohibited articles,
although it embraces a large item in our exports to this country. Whether it will
finally be excluded depends in some measure upon the power of the interests
adversely affected by it. * * *

This exclusion of a great article of American product comes just at a time when
trade reports show an unexampled export of German manufactured articles to the
United States.

American competition is a sore point in Germany, and qualifies to some extent
the views entertained here of America. Although we are large customers of the
mass of German products, many of ours, including some manufactures, as well
as wheat, etc., bear hard on certain interests here, and cause a clamor for special
relief. This can not always be granted without an appearance of unfriendly dis-
crimination against a friendly power. * * *

Of course this bill is now only proposed. There are interests here opposed to its
enactment. Hamburg, Bremen, Stettin are largely concerned in the commercial
aspects of the matter. They will be injured by the stoppage of the carrying trade
in American pork. Merchants dealing in this article in its various forms will
object. Some of the newspapers call attention to the fact that there would be
reasons to regret the adoption of such a measure in that it would render meat
dearer to the mass of people and restrict the consumption of meat by the poor. 1
inclose an article from the Tageblatt of the 8d instant, in which this view is taken,
and wherein the cheapness of American pork in comparison to that raised here is
given as a reason why the poor should have a chance to buy it. It also believes
it yet unproven that the American article is so unwholesome as to justify its
exclusion. I shall keep watch of this matter and further report to you its progress.
I have, etc. ,

A. A. SARGENT.

[Inclosure 1 in No. 74. Extract from the National Zeitung of November 2, 1882. Translation.]

We are informed that with the Emperor's approval the draft of a bill looking to
the prohibition of the importation of American swine, pork, and sausages has been
laid before the Bundesrath. The reasons given for this measure are the frequent
cases of trichinosis, as well as the prevalence among the pigs of an epidemic dis-
ease which is alike dangerous to man and beast, and it is for these reasons that
the Imperial Government deems it expedient to prohibit their importation in the
future.

[Inclosure 2 in No. 74. Extract from the Berlin Tageblatt of November 3,1882. Translation.]

Should this prohibition go into effect we should have cause to regret it, for the
reason that it would result in making meat dearer to the mass of people, or even
restrict them in its consumption. American meat undoubtedly is, and always
was, cheaper than the domestic article, and the claim that it is unwholesome is
not sufficiently proven to justify its exclusion from our market.

G22

SWl.NK l'U>WtTS >F TIIK IM1KD STATES.

No. c,-j.

Mr. Sanji'iit l<> Mr. l-'r< lim/Ii iiyscn.
[Extract.]

No. 77.] LEGATION OF TIIK UMTI-D STATES,

Hi rlin, X<>i-( mix r /.;, /. - . I;. <-..-ivr<l Deceml>er 4.)

SIR: I have the honor, referring to my dispatch of November 6, being No. 74,
referring to the exclusion of American hogs, pork, and lard from German;., to
ii' w inclose two very exhaustive articles from Berlin Tribune of the 10th and 1 1 th
instant, with careful translations. The articles present very fairly the effects
which the proposed exclusion would have upon the trade of Gtarmany and upon
the subsistence of the poorer classes, and prove by irrefutable facts that the clamor
against these productions is born of prejudice. * * * The articles are written
in admirable temper, and it is to be hoped will have weight in showing to the Ger-
man statesmen and public the truth in a matter so important to the interests of
both countries.

I have, etc., A. A. SARGENT.

[Inclosure in No 77. Extract from the Berlin Tribune of November 10 and 11, 1882.]

THE PROHIBITION ACT.

An imperial decree was lately laid before the imperial Diet (Bundesrath) regard
ing the prohibition of the importation of pigs, pork, and sausages from the United
States. As regards American sausages, they were excluded from importation
some time ago. This prohibition seems justifiable on the ground that the nature
of this article of food renders an inspection difficult: whereas it is very easy in the
case of pigs and pork. It would be hard to conceive why onr meat supply Iroiu
this quarter should encounter such opposition, if we ignored the fact that a more
or less artificial agitation against the importation of American meat had been set
on foot long ago. It is only too apparent that this agitation is more in the inter-
est of our cattle breeders than of our poorer classes. Our farmers fail to under-
stand that the development of our industries entails a constantly increasing
demand for food from foreign sources to supply the people engaged in them.
From a grain-exporting country we have finally become a grain-importing country,
and we are likewise obliged to import a constantl}' increasing quantity of meat,
the home supply having become inadequate to meet the demands of our growing
population. This applies to all Europe, but more especially to Germany. Although
the actual number of live stock has _greatly increased in the last fifty years, the
relative number has materially diminished. In 1830 there were in Europe ?U|
million beeves, 164 million sheep, and 42i million swine; in 1875 there were
million beeves, 191 million sheep, and 43^ million swine, the latter number, as will
be seen, having remained almost unchanged. The relative number of live stock,
on the other hand, gave to every 1,000 inhabitants in Europe

Beeves.

Sheep.

Swine.

1K50. .

328

764

197

l&JO ....

310

IfiB

Still more remarkable is the disparity between the increase of the population
and the increase of live stock in Germany. Whereas the population in the Ger-
man Empire in 1860 was 37.7 millions, and in 1870, 40.8 millions (about 10 per cent
increase), the number of live stock has increased only as follows:

Beeves.

Sheep.

Swine.

I860...

14,999, 194

28,016,769

0,462,572

1873

:.'l. !'!'!, d";

7,124,088

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 623

According to these statistical results our importation of cattle and animal prod-
ucts will have to be increased year after year. The annual statistics for the
German Empire show that there were, for instance, in the year 1861. 548,7-57 pigs
imported; in 1880. almost twice that number, i. e., 1,104,331. The past year this
number was still further increased by the importation of sucking pigs to 1.272,810,
whereas the exportation amounted to 804,867 head.

It can, therefore, no more be a question whether or not we are to import meat
products, but from which source we can draw the best and cheapest article.
Whereas formerly Russia and Austria-Hungary supplied the German markets
with cattle, America, which is sending its enormous meat products to all Europe,
has now also entered the lists with these States in Germany. For several years
already a regular line of ships has been organized for the transportation of live
stock to England. As yet Germany is supplied principally with salted and corned
beef, lard, and pork only. The United States are, by reason of their enormous
wealth in cattle, peculiarly adapted to supply Europe with meat, to give us from
their superabundance what we lack. In a comparatively short time the exporta-
tion of fresh meat in ships supplied with refrigerators has assumed astounding pro-
portions. In 1875-76 the export of fresh and salted meats amounted to 36 i million
pounds, valued at $3,000,000; from 1878-7i>. 54,000,000 pounds of fresh meat, valued
at $4,800,000, and of salted meat 37.000.000 pounds, valued at $2,300,000. Accord-
ing to official statistics there were in 1878 in the United States:

Total for every 1,000 inhabitants:

Beeves, 30,523,400 653

Sheep, 35,740,500... - - 764

Swine, 32,262,500 690

With fchis natural wealth is combined the advantage of a very good quality.
The manner of fattening cattle in the extensive fields of ripening corn on which
the cattle are driven makes it possible for the Western farmer to raise cattle and
render the meat of a quality which can not be attained in any other manner. In
this manner the cheapness of the meat is explained. According to Neumann and
Spallart, the best quality of beef brought 11 to 12 cents per pound in New York.
The exportation of pork products (meat, hams, pork, and lard) has been the most
extensive. In 1879 it reached the following enormous figures: 1.081, 892, 318 pounds,
estimated at 77.356,947, but in 1880 these figures were exceeded by 1,326,157,330
pounds, valued at 100,799,414.

It is only too apparent that the importations of such quantities of meat for the
European markets will tend to lower the price and bring it within the reach of
the poor classes. Under all circumstances the supply of the European markets
with American meat has become a real blessing to our poor people, whose stand-
ard of life has been materially improved. When in February of last year the
French Government prohibited the importation of American salted pork, the price
of meat rose in the following month in the seaports 25 per cent; so also poultry
and other animal food (s >e official report of Consul Bridgeland, in Havre, July,
1881). It is how proposed to decree a similar prohibition in the German Empire.

If, therefore, we oppose this measure we do so solely because the prohibition of
the kind proposed will rob the poorer classes of the means of procuring cheap and
wholesome nourishment and sink- them to a lower grade of subsistence. Lard, for
instance, has become an important and extensively used article of food only
through the A merican import, whereas German lard was formerly and is still a
luxury. In 1870 American lard cost 70 marks per 100 kilograms (200 pounds);
German lard 1GO marks. At present the comparative prices of lard are 125 marks
and 145 marks per 100 kilograms. In 1881 and the first half of 1882 Westphalian
and Oldenburg hams cost 1.05 to 1.10 pfennige per pound; American hams, 60 to
64 pfennige. At present German hams cost 1.05 to 1.10 pfennige; American, 63 to
63 i pfennige per pound.

None the less these advantages would not weigh with us if it could be proven
that the imported American meats, as far as the pork production is concerned, are
injurious to health. In that case we would urge the exclusion of American meats
as strenuously as we would in the case of Russian and Austro-Hungarian produce.
But we could not, after a careful inquiry into the matter, discover that it was
based on anything more than an unfounded prejudice and a superficial knowledge
in the premises, premising, however, that the agrarian interests formed no part of
the question. In a second article we shall enter more into the details of this
question.

II.

At the time the abolition of the duty on lard was discussed in the Reichstag the
director of the ministry, the present secretary of state, Burchard, declared that

624 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

"trichinae can not be detected in lard, but lard can be made from pigs infected
with diseases, and any one who h;t - t^ivcii the subject any attention knows that a
disease prevails or prevailed to a large extent among the pi.^s in America which
was called the hog cholera. Fears were openly expressed and evidence has been
obtained to show that these fears were well grounded: that a large number of
these pigs were killed and used in the manaxactare of lard." Wedonot know
whether the Government has since obtained more plausible reasons to justify the
proposed prohibition, but the reasons as given in the above explanation are alto-
gether inadequate.

As far as the report of the employment of infected and dead pigs in the prepara-
tion of lard is concerned, it may be well to state that at the first appearance of the
report, in February of last year, the New York Produce Exchange, foreseeing
the danger which threatened the export trade, made representations to the United
States G-overnment. which immediately ordered an investigation in the premises.
At the instance of the then Secretary of State. 51r. Blaine, Mr. Michael Scanlan,
chief of the statistical bureau, made a most searching investigation into the
matter at Chicago and Cincinnati, the centers of these industries, the result of
which was published in the spring of that year in a pamphlet entitled "American
pork; result of an investigation made under authority of the Department of State
of the United States.'' Mr. Scanlan had received strict injunctions to subject
every phase of the pork industry, from the rearing of pigs to the manufacture of
the pork products for consumption, to a most minute investigation. Accom-
panied by a stenographer and experts, he visited the principal breeders of pigs,
traders, and exporters, packing houses, cattle yards, abattoirs, and shippers, insti-
tuted meetings of those engaged in the trade, subjected them to cross-examination;
in short, he fulfilled his mission so thoroughly that we lay down his report to Mr.
Blaine (in which all the material was inclosed for his consideration) with the
fullest conviction that here a thoroughly competent man has done all that could
be done in the matter.

Mr. Scaulan first went to Illinois to investigate the extent of the '-hog cholera."
Nobody made a secret of the fact that this disease infected the hogs for several
years and cau-ed sad havoc. The department of agriculture of that State pub-
lished the following exhibit of the losses. (The first figures show the percentage
of the hogs that died of the disease; the second, proportional weight.)

Year.

Per cent.

Pounds.

1876.

103

1877...

104

1878 .. . .

108

1879

1880

101

According to official statistics there were in the State of Illinois for several
years past y, 1:53,557 swine, of which 227,55;) died. While, on the one hand, the
percentage of loss during the last five years decreased from 17 to 7 per cent, it was
ascertained that, on the other hand, all cases of death were attributed to hog
cholera, even if death had ensued from other causes. A classification of the
causes of death was not made not even in the case of death by accident. It was
further ascertained that in the above statistics no difference was made between
pigs and hogs. The name "pig" is applied to the sucking pig until it is six
months old; it is only after this age that it becomes marketable and is then called
"hog." In Europe this distinction, as made repeatedly by Mr. Scanlan, is
unknown: hence the groundless and exaggerated fears. The living weight of hogs
marketed is between 230 and 200 pounds, whereas the average weight of the pigs
that have died is 103 pounds, which is conclusive evidence that the hog cholera
carries off the sucking pigs. "But the presence or absence of this disease exer-
cises, as has been proven, no influence whatever upon the quality of the hogs
sent to market, or upon the quality of the meat obtained from them, because it is
utterly impossible to dispose of a hog that died by disease or accident for pur-
poses of consumption."

We have no time to enter into the details of the minute description of the breed-
ing, fattening (in the open air in cornfields, and a continual supply of pure water),
or the transportation. Anybody at all acquainted with the subject knows that
it is impossible to conduct the whole business in a more rational manner. On the

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 625

arrival of a shipment of pigs at the cattle yards " the dead hogs (for in spite of all
precautionary measures deaths in the cars, through suffocation, exhaustion, and
want of water, will occur) are taken in charge by the officials of a company,
which, by a concession, has the sole right to confiscate all dead animals within
the cattle yards. This company fixes such price as it deems proper to be paid to
the owner of such pigs a price so advantageous to the company that that alone
would be a guaranty for the watchfulness of its employees. It is not probable
that a dead pig would escape the vigilance of these interested parties." In
Chicago the Union Rendering Company is established, having its establishment at
Globe Station, near Chicago, where the confiscated dead hogs are boiled down
into tallow and grease (white and brown grease); the offal is used for manuring
purposes. The grease is sold to soap factories.

There are houses in Chicago which, owing to excellent machinery and other
technical arrangements, can kill and prepare 4,000 swine daily. The Anglo-
American Packing and Provision Company has packed in the two seasons, from
March 1, 1880, to March 1, 1881, 1,1(36,377 hogs; Armour & Co., in Chicago,
1,210,092 head. In all there were packed in that city 5,693,569 head. 1 This is an
exceptionally extensive industry. To assume that an industry which is carried on
with such painstaking cleanliness and such order and regularity would expose its
interest to the danger of ruining the entire product by introducing diseased swine
would indicate a total ignorance of the principles underlying its prosperity. The
American speculates, but he does not adulterate, for he well knows that he would
ruin his trade forever. " To mix and to fix " is better understood in Europe than
in America.

Regarding the trichinae, the report affirms that the inhabitants of America are
the greatest pork-consuming people in the world, and that the people in the rural
districts eat it two or three times a day without the slightest fear of trichinae.
Of course only the most thoroughly boiled meat is eaten. In fact, our habit of
eating meat in a raw state is looked upon in France, England, and America as
barbarous. Of 40,000 deaths in Chicago only two were traced to trichinae, and in
Cincinnati none have died through this cause for a number of years. The report
assumes the percentage of American swine infected with trichinae, owing to the
superiority in breedingand fattening, to be much smaller than the swine in any other
part of the world. An obligatory inspection of swine can not be introduced in a
city where daily 16,000 to 18,000 hogs are slaughtered. An inspector of meat can
inspect at the highest only 30 pigs per day, nor so many thoroughly. There is no
reason to doubt the thoroughness of this official investigation unless we would
doubt the integrity of Mr. Scanlan and the honesty of purpose of the United States
Government. This our Government will certainly not do. We may, therefore,
inquire, Are they cognizant of this investigation? Have they, nevertheless, other
reasons for decreeing this prohibition? On reading the remarks made by Mr.
Burchard we are almost compelled to assume that he was specially ignorant of
the true state of affairs and that his assertions were based solely on hearsay. Of
course, since the retirement of Mr. Delbruck, we are accustomed to see every
new economic measure proposed by the Government end in a miserable failure,
and on the whole it is not worth the while to devote any serious consideration to
such general and superficial remarks as were made in the debate in the Reichstag
on the 7th June by the opponents to Mr. Booth's bill.

While on the one hand a prohibition of the importation of American pork would
deprive the population of a cheap and nutritious article of food and destroy the
pork and beet trade in the German seaports, the question arises on the other
whether it is wise, from a commercial point of view, to introduce a prohibitive
policy toward a country which is purchasing a constantly increasing portion of
our manufactured wares. The United States have paid for 257,000,000 marks'
worth of German wares between the months of October 1, 1881, to September 30,
1882; that is to say, for about 56.000,000 marks more than in 1880-81. Will we
then insist in forcing them to adopt measures of reprisal in which we would
certainly be the losers, because our exporting interests in America are greater?
We fail to see in any quarter any cogent reason for the introduction of a prohib-
itory measure, for we can scarcely believe that the agrarian interests should alone
be the motive for such a measure, for there are too many weighty and general
interests involved in the question.

1 We have in Germany a large packing-house of this kind J. D. Koopmann,
Hamburg which packs 130,000-140,000 German pigs yearly, exclusively for
London,

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 iO

626 SWLNE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

No. 63.
Mr. Bailey to Mr. Davis.

No. 86.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Hamburg, November SO, 1882. (Received Decembers.)

SIR: I have the honor herewith to transmit a translation of the leading editorial
in the Hamburg Handelsblatt of November 10, 1882, together with the original.

The Handelsblatt is the chief commercial paper of Hamburg, and the article is
from the well-known pen of its efficient and impartial editor, Mr. Fran/. Rosatzin.

For some time past there has been much discussion throughout Germany, and
especially at the centers of commercial business, concerning the importation of
pork and hams from the United States.

As is well known, the people here do not eat as much meat of any kind as in
America, chiefly on account of the high prices demanded for such articles.

The newspapers throughout the Empire have from time to time called the atten-
tion of their readers to the great danger (as they regarded it) to health and life in
eating American pork and hams. Many educated and intelligent men have also
promulgated the same notions, and now, go where -you may and converse with
whom you please, you will generally find a widespread prejudice against this
American article of consumption on account of the suspected trichina*.

Of course, there is no real foundation for all this fear and talk, but that it largely
exists is indisputable.

It is also well known here to some, but not to the masses, that American pork
and hams are imported and afterwards branded and sold as domestic meats, thereby
enabling sales to be made at higher prices.

I have yet to learn of any deleterious effects or fatal cases arising from eating
our pork and hams, but every American in Europe knows perfectly well the almost
universal bias that exists here against all American productions, and our exports
to Germany would be almost stayed were we not able to successfully compete in
prices and superiority of article and manufactures.

If the proposed legislation is enacted and the gate is shut against our pork, hams,
and lard, I may venture the opinion that the people of Germany will soon real-
ize the enhanced cost of living and that the race is not essentially healthier and
stronger for such exclusion.

I am, etc., J. M. BAILEY,

United States Consul.

No. 64.

Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent.
[Extract.]

No. 66.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, November 28, 1882.

SIR: Your dispatch No. 74, of the 6th instant, in which you communicate to the
Department the fact that you have received information to the effect that there is
renewed agitation in Germany against the introduction of American pork and that
a bill has been prepared for submission to the Reichstag prohibiting the importa-
tion of this important article of our foreign commerce, has been received.

Thanking you for so promptly calling the attention of this Department to the
matter, I have to request you to lose no suitable opportunity to oppose the measure
and to show that it is groundless and unjust. * * *
I am, etc.,

FBEDK. T. FBELINGHUYSEN.

No. 65.
Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

No. 85.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, December 11, 1882. (Received December 29.)

SIR: I have the honor to state that the following is the draft of the ordinance
that has been presented to the German Federal Council for the prohibition of the
importation of American pork products, viz:

" 1. The importation from America (the United States) of pigs, pork, bacon, and
sausages of all kinds is forbidden until further notice.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 627

"2. The imperial chancellor is empowered to permit exceptions to this prohibi-
tive rule, subject to the necessary measures of control.

"3. The restrictive ordinance of the 25th June, 1880, with respect to the impor-
tation of pork and sausages from America, is abolished.

" 4. The present ordinance comes into force thirty days after its promulgation."

Commenting on the above, the Berlin correspondent of the London Times, usu-
ally well informed and impartial, but in this case evidently * * * catching at
superficial appearances, has the following, under date of November 30, 1882.

" The prohibitive ordinance of June, 1880, above referred to, only applied to the
importation of minced pork and sausages, but not to hams, etc., it being sup-
posed that microscopic examination of the latter would secure the exclusion of
unwholesome consignments. But it has been found impossible to exercise a rig-
orous surveillance in this respect, and as it is known that American pigs suffer
much more than the German from trichinosis, as well as from the infectious dis-
ease called hog cholera, the German Government feels compelled to take effective
measures against the introduction of the dreaded germs. It is urged that the
commercial and financial importance of the measure is not considerable. Live
pigs are not imported into Germany from America in very large numbers, and of
hams, pork, etc., only about 3 per cent of the total national consumption; so that
the difference could easily be made up by native breeders, or be derived from other
states, such as Russia."

The correspondent accepts, as in good faith, and apparently without personal
examination, statements to the prejudice of American pork as compared with the
German article, which are totally unfounded, as also that the trade interests
involved are very slight.

On the other hand, a very strong memorial, in admirable temper, had been pre-
sented to the Bundesrath at the time this correspondent sent his dispatch by a
committee appointed by a meeting of merchants at Hamburg interested in the
American pork trade. This memorial, a copy and translation of which I inclose,
shows by facts and irrefutable logic that the pretense that American pork : s
peculiarly diseased is the result of misinformation, and that the German trade
interests in this article are very great.

The basis of this memorial is the report on this whole subject, made in May,
1881, to the State Department. I do not know how fully this report was cir-
culated in Germany, but its conclusive statements are used with great effect in
this memorial, and are proffered by the latter to the minds it is most necessary to
influence.

The memorial alleges that the principal danger from pork consumption is from
the use of native pork, which can not be subjected to the inspection which can be
applied to the imported article, and points out as a fact that notorious recent cases
of infection have arisen from the use of German pork. It has been conveniently
assumed heretofore that pork in which trichinae were found was American, the
proof of its being American being that it contained trichinae The singular fact
is stated that German pork is sold by the producers at higher prices than the
imported article, the producers then buying the cheaper American article for
their personal use.

The effect on the poorer classes by depriving them of a food necessary for their
physical and mental development is well pointed out, and the loss of revenue is
shown, amounting to 2,271,480 marks, which must be supplied by taxation on
other objects.

It is also shown that the loss to German shipping interests will be enormous,
and the loss so occasioned will, in great measure, accrue to England, Holland, and
Belgium.

I am more than ever satisfied that there is no real foundation * * * in fact
* * * for the assumption that sanitary reasons require this measure of exclu-
sion. Such documents as that I transmit are conclusive to any unbiased judg-
ment. The facts are too well supported, the arguments are too logical, and the
illustrations too persuasive to leave a doubt. There is the pressure of the pork
raisers in Germany back of the measure of the landed interest that is taxed by
the tariff on many articles of consumption, and demands a monopoly in this
market, an artificial scarcity, that their goods may be enhanced in price.

*******

Singularly just at this moment the German press discusses the message of the
President to reduce our import duties, by which it expects a large increase of Ger-
man exportation to America. That justice requires careful * * * considera-
tion of American claims has not apparently occurred to them, at least not in con-
nection with this sweeping exclusion of American pork products.
I have, etc.,

A. A. SARGENT.

628 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

[Inclosure in No. 85. Translation.]
MEMORIAL OF HAMBURG MERCHANTS TO THE BUNDESRATH.

HAMBURG, November 21, 18S2.

The undersigned, citizens and merchants of this city, respectfully beg leave to
make the following representations to the honorable Bundtsrath for its considera-
tion:

It having come to our knowledge through reputable journals that it was pro-
posed to finally prohibit all importations of American pigs and pork into th<- dis-
trict of the German Customs Union i'or sanitary reasons, a meeting ol merchants
engaged in that trade in this city was called on the 14th instant, at which the
undersigned were authorized to call the attention of the honorable Bundesrath to
such objections which, in their opinion, the proposed measure would encounter,
not only from the interests involved at the places engaged in the traffic, which
interests, however, we admit at the outset, will always have to give way to those
of a more national character, but also, in a far greater degree, where national,
economical, and fiscal interests are at stake.

If the reasons which on a former occasion led to the imperial decree of June 25,
1880, regarding the exclusion of chopped pork and sausages from America from
Germany, are now also to be made to apply for prohibitive measures against other
portions of pigs, such as are less easily controlled, as for instance, hams, shoulders,
etc. , they can not possibly be advanced to justify the projected prohibition against
salt pork and bacon, for the reason that salt pork is only edible in a boiled state
and trichinae are never found in bacon. If, however, there should still be some
apprehension that trichina} might be contained in the small strips of meat i hat
occur in bacon, the danger of infection could be reduced to the slightest minium -u
by the introduction of an obligatory inspection of the meat, which could be con-
trolled at the ports.

But a comparatively greater danger lies in the consumption of our home pro-
ductions, which can not be so easily controlled, and in which every part of the
pig is employed in the preparation of food, and it is from th;s source that most of
the serious cases of infection of which we read in the papers originate, as, for
instance, the late case in Brunswick. Although we can not believe that in influ-
ential quarters any importance is attached to the newspaper reports regarding
hog cholera, which are actuated by interested motives, we can not, nevertheless,
refrain from calling attention to the official report made in May of last year to the
American Secretary of State. Mr. Blaine, which sufficiently refutes the slightest
suspicion that diseased pigs could be employed in the preparation of human food.

In this report, " Result of an investigation made under authority of the Depart-
ment of State of the United States," it is remarked: "The fact can readily be
attested to that all rumors and reports that American pigs that have died of dis-
ease, or even by accident, are ever sent into the market, either in the form of meat
or lard, are founded on malice and ignorance; for it is quite impossible for the
packer or lard renderer, however much he might be inclined to do so, to use the
carcass of a diseased pig in the preparation of human food in any form that could
escape detection even by the most superficial inspection."

The justness and warranty for the above remarks must be apparent to all who.
like the undersigned, are acquainted with the true state of things from personal
experience in the great American stock yards, and it is this fact which, in our
opinion, imposes upon us the duty of making the following statement. By far
the greater part of bacon that is shipped from America comes from Chicago, which
place, as is well known, has not its equal on the face of the earth as regards the
magnitude of its pork-packing establishments.

The shipments of pigs to that place frequently exceed 50,000 head per day, and
there are often no less than 10,000 to 15,000 pigs packed, as is the technical term
used for slaughtering and preparing the pigs for the market, per day. It must
be quite apparent to anybody that so enormous an industry can only be conducted
by means of the most careful classification of the work, and hence it follows that
each separate branch of the work is done by such fixed rules that any deviation
therefrom, as, for instance, the advancement of the interests of any single branch,
would be highly prejudicial to the interests of the whole. The swine are driven
into the stock yards (cattle yards of 1 square mile, English, in extent), and thence
selected and purchased by agents, excellently trained and experienced in their
calling, for the packers.

The company, a stock company with a large capital, to which the stock yards
belong, has a contract with another company, the Union Rendering Company,
according to which the latter company has the right and duty, and, as it derives
large profits from it, the interest, to claim for itself all diseased animals.

SWINE PKODUCTS OP THE UNITED STATES. 629

From this arrangement, which has existed for years, it will be seen that it is
utterly impossible to bring a diseased pig into market, and consequently it would
be impossible tor a packer, even if he desired to do so, to purchase a diseased
animal.

But the business of those packers, too, is so extensive, each one of them, and
especially all of them who work for the European trade are so well known, and
are such wealthy people, and have ac i aired so world- wide a reputation for their
wares in consequence of their scrupulous, conscientious management of their busi-
ness that their own interests would seem to compel them to exercise unceasing
vigilance against any other than the best quality of absolutely healthy pigs ever
reaching the market under their names.

All cases, barrels, and boxes in wlrch their wares are sent to all parts bear their
firm's name, and it is known throughout the busin ss world with what justifiable
pride these rirms strive to send nothing but the best article into market. They
are well aware of the injury that would be done to their interests if they could be
ever justly reproached with shipping a bad or even interior article. By these
principles they demonsti ate anew the fact that has been observed everywhere, that
whenever a large commercial or industrial enterprise was made to flourish, it was
done only by the application of honest principles, and herein lies, in our opinion,
the best guaranty for the protection of the consumer.

The diseased animals are used exclusively in the preparation of grease, which,
as is well known, is used only for technical purposes. Any attempt to mix it with
pork productions designed for human food would lead to ruinous results to those
engaged. Such a manipulation would be quite as foolish as an attempt on the
part of a renowned brewery to mix a quantity of spoiled beer with that of an
excellent quality in order to increase the quantity. All the above details are not
only well ]-:nown to American and European business men, but anyone having
enough interest in the matter, and who has occasion to express an opinion upon
it, can easily inform himself as to their authenticity.

If, in the face of such well-known facts, it has still been possible to circulate the
reports that, in our day even, diseased animals were intentionally and systemat-
ically used in the preparation of human food at the great American packing houses,
we believe, until we have received proofs to the contrary, that they were circulated
by mistake and on the strength of misleading statements. If we may now be
allowed to regard the question from a national, economical point of view, we are
convinced that a general prohibition would be greatly p. e judicial to the interests
of a great number of consumers, more especially to the poorer classes of our father-
land, without any advantage accruing to the German agriculturist. Yes, it can
even be proven that such a prohibition would be injurious to the real interests of
the latter. Of meat (salted, fresh, and prepared) there was imported into Ger-
many, in

Hundredweight.

1878 632,235

1879 800,788

1880 477,314

1881 378,580

Although the customs tariff makes no distinction between the kinds of meat, it
is nevertheless well known to the initiated, and also apparent from the returns
from the places whence these articles are principally shipped (Bremen, Hamburg,
Belgium, and from the United States direct) that bacon is an important factor in
the foregoing figures.

Of late years the importation has been sensibly diminished, owing to the high
prices which have been occasioned by the short crops in America. When, however,
prices were moderate, and the shipments more extensive, it was possible to supply
a large portion of our poorer classes, and notably in the industrial district of
Germany, with an article of animal food in the form of cheap American bacon,
so useful to this class and so necessary to their physical and intellectual develop-
ment. The same state of things will again result from an increase in American
crops, and nothing, in our opinion, could justify a measure which would deprive
the classes in question of this so important article of food not even a considera-
tion for the interests of the German agriculturists for what the latter produce
in pigs and pork preparations brings such high prices, and during the period of
cheap American pork brought such high prices, that our poorer classes could
never think of purchasing domestic hams or bacon and lard to any extent worth
ment;oning.

On the contrary, it has frequently happened and herein lies the proof of the
above-made statement that the unrestricted importation of bacon has redounded
to the interests of the German agriculturists; that landowners and farmers have

630 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

sold the swine raised on their lands for the high prices which were paid in the
markets (the price seldom fell much below 50 marks for 100 pounds, no matter
whether American bacon cost 30 or 75 marks per 1 00 pounds), and bought lor their
own use the cheaper American bacon.

If, therefore, the sanitary reasons advanced for the prohibition and consumption
of American bacon are not tenable, whereas on the other hand the interests of the
poorer classes would seem to demand imperatively an unrestricted importation of
this important article of food and experience has taught us. moreover, that such
importation can in no way be prejudicial to German agriculture we may be par-
doned for pointing out the fact that through a prohibitive measure the income
from this source, which amounted to, in

Marks.

1878 948. :!.->

1879... 1,736,219

1880 2,863,884

1881 2,271,480

would cease, and the deficiency would probably have to be made good by the
imposition of heavier duties upon other articles.

We would also, in conclusion, refer to the enormous loss accruing to the Ger-
man shipping interests (even the provisioning of the ships, as far as this article of
food is concerned, would have to be done in foreign ports) . as also to the extensive
intermediate traffic in the article in question with Scandinavia and Denmark by
such prohibition. This traffic, in case the transit trade were not also prohibited
by an especial measure, would be unnecessarily lost to German shipping and Ger-
man trade and be diverted into Belgian, Hoilandish. and English channels.

We therefore take the liberty at this early day to express the hope that, in case
a general proh bition should be considered inevitable, the honorable Bundesrath
will be pleased to consider as feasible the request to retain to the seaports the
international traffic in the articles in question as soon as the latter shall have
adopted such measures that will prevent any of the prohibited articles from reach-
ing the German markets.

As any other motives for the contemplated prohibition than those alluded to
have not been made public, as far as we are aware, we are constrained to confine
ourselves to the foregoing statements and remarks, to which, however, we respect-
fully beg leave to make such further additions as occasion may offer.

We express the hope, howerer, that the honorable Bundesrath, in giving all due
consideration to the German interests involved in the question, will come to the
conclusion that the said interests do not require a prohibition ot the importation
of American pork and bacon, and that these two articles may be exempted from
any prohibitive measure that may be adopted.

With all due respect for the honorable Bundesrath.

HKINRICH PFEIFFER,
ED'M J. A. SIEMENS,
GUSTAV J. J. WITT.

No. 66.
Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

[Extract.]

No. 87.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, December 18, 18S2. (Received January 5, 1883.)

SIR: I have the honor to state, referring to my dispatches recently sent, stating
the agitations tor and against the prohibition of the importation of American swine
products into Germany, that strong protests, similar to that of the Hamburg mer-
chants, have been sent from Bremen and several other cities interested in the
commercial aspects of the matter.

During the past week Herr Richter, the distinguished leader of the Progressist
party in the Reichstag, made a powerful speech in opposition to the proposed
exclusion, denying the soundness of the reasons adduce 1 lor such action and also
the power of the federal council to make the prohibition without the sanction of
the Reichstag.

I presume you are aware that the proposition is pending in the Bnndesrath and
is to be effected by a simple order or decree of that body and is not to be adopted

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 631

in the form of a law. In fact, it could not gain sanction as a law. In a more
popular body, like the Reichstag, it would surely be defeated. * * *

The power is claimed for the Bundesrath under an article in the tariff laws of
July 1, 1869, which reads as follows:

"ARTICLE 1. All productions of the nature of art or industrial productions may
be imported into, exported from, or transported through the entire district of the
customs union.

"ART. 2. Exceptional measures may be temporarily adopted under extraordinary
circumstances for the prevention of dangerous contagious diseases, or for other
sanitary or precautionary reasons, for a part or the whole district."

The power herein granted is obviously for temporary purposes and for emergen-
cies. Some great and unusual calamity impending must have been in the minds
of the legislators. * * [No] emergency now exists nor disaster impends from
the importation of American pigs or pork; certainly not one so threatening that
there is not ample time for ordinary legislative processes.

In view of these obvious considerations it is alleged that the Progessist party
intends making an interpellation in the Reichstag regarding the threatened prohi-
bition of the importation of American pork products. This interpellation I find
reported in one of the local papers as follows:

" In reference to the project now pending before the Bundesrath to prohibit the
future introduction of American pork products, the undersigned would address
the following inquiries to the imperial chancellor:

"1. Has the Bundesrath caused any statistics to be collected showing to what
extent American meat products, especially bacon, are necessary articles of food to
a large class of the poorer people in different parts of the country?

" 2. Does the Bundesrath propose to cause special statistics to be collected relat-
ing to the alleged unwholesome character of the American meat products at the
port of entry and at the place of origin of the article?

" 3. Does the Bundesrath, apart from the question of a continual sanitary con-
sideration in the premises, hold itself authorized to adopt measures restricting
importations without the concurrence of the imperial Parliament, by virtue of the
right vested, for temporary circumstances only, in the Bundesrath by article 2 of
the tariff laws of July 1, 1869?"

These questions go to the root of the matter. The considerations which they
raise can hardly be ignored in the Bundesrath, though they may not prevail to
prevent the foreshadowed action.

I have, etc., A. A. SARGENT.

No. 67.

Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.
[Extract.]

No. 90.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, January 1, 1883. (Received January 19, 1883.)

SIR: I have the honor to report that a very strong feeling of opposition has been
aroused in Berlin and other German cities as well as in the manufacturing districts
generally against the threatened exclusion of American pork products.

Strong protests are being sent in to the Bundesrath and committees of merchants
and others have visited the capital to protest against the measure. Editorials in
leading papers have fully exposed the falsity of the excuses for exclusion.

If this were strictly a Government of public opinion in the American sense, these
general public appeals, backed as they are by solid reasoning upon indisputable
facts, would prevail, and the project would be abandoned. But this is far from
being the case, and the prospect is stronger than ever that the decree will be issued.
I am informed that Mr. Bottischer, the imperial minister of the interior, informed
a protesting delegation during the past week that the measure would certainly be
adopted.

It is believed in some well-informed quarters that this will be done in a day or
two to anticipate the impending discussion in the Reichstag, which was adjourned
until its next sitting, about the middle of January, when the opponents of prohi-
bition will undoubtedly make a strong showing against both the policy and the
legality of the measure.

There is considerable feeling on the part of the opponents of prohibition in the
Reichstag in view of this threatened snap judgment, and a leading member of that
body characterized it to me as "a mean trick."

632 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The pretense of sanitary reasons is becoming the thinnest veil, which has been
torn into shreds and which is now apparently only insisted on as an excuse to the
United States. The Berliner Tribune, a powerful organ of the Progressists, clearly
showed in an article published on Saturday, the 30th ultimo, that it appears from
official reports that from 187? to 18?9 there was an average of 33 deaths per year
in Germany from trichinosis, and that the average has increased since then, and
yet it asserts there has not proved to be one case of death or even disease Irom
eating American pork.

On the other hand, it is shown that the methods of preparing export meat in the
United States are absolute death to trichina?. It says that in every case of death
or disease from eating pork it has been from the use of freshly-slaughtered German.
Russian, or Hungarian pork. It holds that the American assertion that diseased
meat is never exported from our country is maintained, and such meat is too rapid
in decomposition to be prepared for export. In a word, as it shows, there is no
sanitary objection to American pork. It gives the true explanation of the agita-
tion by saving that it is a thorn in the flesh of German proprietors that a pound of
American pork can be sold here for 10 pfennig less than the home product.

If the move of keeping out the half a million hundredweights of American pork
imported into Germany yearly could succeed, then their greatest rival is out of the
way, and they will fix prices to suit themselves.

Of course if the public is not to be benefited, the great landholders are.

If the price of pork rises 5 pfennige per pound, a hog of 300 pounds gains 15
marks in value on present prices, and the result is that the large farmers who
slaughter yearly from 500 to 1.000 head have a gain of 7,500 to 15.000 marks.

It is no wonder that the hog raiser works in the interest of his pocketbook
against the importation of American meat. " But woe to the poor, who pay to
him the 15,000 marks! Woe to the hungry, who imagine that it is a duty of the
Government not to make the means of living exorbitant! "

The falsity of the pretense of sanitary reasons, and the real motives, are here
clearly exhibited, directly under the eyes of the council.

A similar showing is made in yesterday's National Zeitung. Both papers show
that the present is, above all. an improper time for such a measure. There exists
no reason for helping German agriculturists, for this year's harvest has been
remarkably abundant, while American crops have fallen off, and consequently
American exports to Germany, leaving the German fanners a nearly clear field
and good prices; and these conditions can not be changed until the harvest of
1883.

But Europe needs American agricultural products, for it can not feed itself, but
must pay for these with its labor.

It is also pointed out that Germany is likely to be a great gainer by the proposed
reduction of the American tariff.

The Americans can not be convinced that the meat which they freely eat with-
out injury is unwholesome, or that the measure is not a selfish, injurious blow at
their interests. The danger of reprisals is pointed out. and it is suggestively stated
by the Tribune that because the French have lecently been buying railroad sup-
plies of Austria instead of Germany, probably getting them cheaper, a mere pri-
vate corporation business, not involving governmental action, the German press
has been clamorous for reprisals by overtaxing champagnes.

" If the action of a few Frenchmen can raise such stormy calls for reprisals,
what will the Americans think on seeing their pork prohibited while Russian pork
is allowed to come in? "

The Tribune sees in this measure new powder for the guns of the social demo-
crats, and deprecates the adoption of a measure where the gains must be so little
and the damage is certain to lie so great.

I have given the substance of these newspaper articles that you may see that
there is no lack of light shed on the subject.

I have sought by every means to oppose the measure, and have lost no opportu-
nity to expose its true character and to show that the health of American swine is
unimpaired and American swine products are entirely wholesome. I do not think
these latter propositions are now seriously disputed by people of intelligence. The
movement is merely selfish, and in disregard ot the interests of the United States.
The only argument which would be effective against the measure would be the
fear of reprisals. We could, not insist upon any people receiving from us articles
deleterious to health, but we can as little submit to the exclusion of our products
upon false pretenses pretenses so obviously false as in this instance.
I have, etc.,

A. A. SARGENT.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 633

No. 68.
Mr. Warner to Mr. Davis.

No. 31.] UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL AGENCY,

Diuweldorf, January 10, 1883. (Received February 19.)

SIR: Judging from the tone of the large number of petitions that have recently
been addressed to the German Federal Council praying for a repeal of the law it
has in contemplation of enforcing against the importation of American hog meat
into the German Empire, a certain cjass of manufacturers here have felt no little
anxiety that should the German Government persist in adopting any such strin-
gent measures the American Government might retaliate in a manner that would
work very detrimental to the importation of a certain kind of their goods into the
United States. This hint toward retaliation by many of our American journals
has had a decided effect in stirring up the Germans to feel wherein their interest
lies, and they have perceived that the American nation is not that kind to accept
anything like the sort of reciprocation their Government proposes to offer by
excluding from their markets good and wholesome American products.

Considering the great interest that is now being manifested on the part of the
German Government in its offering every possible encouragement to the extending
of Germany's exporting trade, and as the industrial classes of Germany, chiefly of
the iron and wool industries, are wide awake to the increasing demand for their
products in the United States and the bright prospects for them in the future
should the tariff on foreign goods to the United States be lowered, there is no
wonder that these people should be greatly desirous of putting a cessation to any
unwise legislation by their Government that would exert the slightest influence
in arresting in any way this thriving business with our country.

A glance at the value of the exports to the United States from Germany for the
years 1881-83 will show the increase above referred to. The total value of exports
for the year ending 1881 was $52,989481, and for 1882 $56,368,542. The values of
woolen goods for the same years were $4,815,376 and $5,441,408, respectively,
showing a trifle over half a million of dollars in favor of this one class of goods.

The petitions say that to prevent the importation of American hog meat into
Germany would be a great deprivation to the indigent laboring classes in the indus-
trial districts, who could not afford to pay anything like the prices that would
necessarily be charged for the home production, and would have to live and work
on food into which meat would not enter. They (the petitioners) further claim
that all the excitement about the American meat containing trichina is to be
attributed chiefly to gross exaggerations, without any foundation for proof, and
that the German hog meat is just as liable to be diseased as the American.

In the iron mining and smelting district of Aix la Chapelle the petitioners have
been very earnest in their appeals. They say the society for furnishing provisions
to the workingmen in the ironworks of Altenberg issued to their laborers during
the years 1874 to 1882, 428,404 pounds of the American hog meat and its prod nets,
and the mining works in the Eifel consumed 42, 130 pounds from 1878 to 1882, which
was purchased by the workmen in quantities varying from a half to 1 pound at a
time. Now, as the supporters of this prohibitory law claim that all the American
hog meat that is imported into Germany contains from 1 to 5 per cent of trichinae,
or is otherwise diseased, it will be seen that of the above amounts, even if reckoned
as containing only 1 per cent, there would have been something like 4,704 pounds
of trichina meat consumed by these people enough to have afflicted every one of
them with trichinosis. But there was not a single person. that was so affected.

There were imported into Prussia, via Antwerp, from the year 1871 to 1881,
138,301,590 pounds of American hog meat and its products. Now, if all this
amount had contained even 1 per cent of trichinae, it can be reasonably supposed
that large numbers of Prussia's laboring people would have become afflicted with
trichinosis.

If, after all, the proofs contained in the above petitions, which have been pre-
sented to the German Federal Council in the interest of the working population
of Germany, should not have the desired effect, I think the American Govern-
ment would be perfectly justified in inaugurating some such sort of retaliatory
measures as suggested by many American newspapers and feared here.

I have heard it hinted by men whose opinions I have no reason for doubting
that the chief object of the prohibition of the importation of American hog meat
into the German markets is to force the population to raise its own pork.

WM. D. WAMER,

Commercial Agent.

634 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

No. 69.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent.

No. 74.] DEPARTMENT OP STATE,

Washington, January 1:?, 1883.

S'R: Acknowledging the receipt of yonr very interesting and instructive dis-
patch No. 87. of the 18th ultimo, in which you give an account of the method in
which it is proposed to accomplish the exclusion of American pork from Ger-
many, I have to request you to lose no occasion to compass the abandonment of
the restrictive and unjust measures now proposed.
I am, etc.,

FKEDK. T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 70.
Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

[Extract.]

No. 98.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, January 13, 1883. (Received February 19.)

SIR: I have the honor to state that an interesting debate occurred at the session
of the Reichstag on the yth instant, upon the mooted prohibition of the importa-
tion of American pigs and pork by decree of the Bundesrath, of which I inclose a
full report, without translation. This debate arose upon an interpellation ad-
dressed to the chancellor by Herr Richter on behalf of the Progressist party, a
copy of which is given in my dispatch No. 87, of December 18, l^J.

Herr Richter opened the debate by saying that the interpellation is in the inter-
est of a large circle of poor people. He showed how injurious the previous pro-
hibition of American sausages and chopped meat had been, and dwelt upon the
entire lack of any effort by the chancellor to collect or present any evidence of the
unsoundness of American pork, or that any diseases had been engendered by its
consumption. He alluded to proofs accessible that cases of trichinosis observed
arise from the use of German chopped meat fresh from the butcher. The only
source of information of the chancellor was a document written probably as an
advertisement, * * * and full of sensational stories. Goulard is himself quoted
in the chancellor's memorial as an authority; yet the witness would not be for a
total exclusion, but for a prohibition only of such importation as he did not profit
by. A collection of the advertisements of the "Golden 110" (a cheap clothing
store in Berlin ) would be as good evidence in New York of the condition of Ger-
man trade as this circular is here of any fact in American production. On such
flimsy evidence was a measure proposed that would cut deep into German food
relations. He denied that American pork furnishes only 3 per cent of the German
meat food, and that the deficiency could be easily made up otherwise, for in some
parts of Germany the imports represent a very considerable percentage of meat
nourishment. Consumers of beef might eat a small percentage of pork, but the
poor classes used it wholly, and it was a large percentage of their subsistence. A
food association of mining workmen near Aix states that 80 kilograms of Amer-
ican meat is used per head every year. Often the piece of American bacon is the
only animal food in the dish which the wife brings to her husband for his noon
meal at his place of work. Already the high price of Ameri an products causes
the Westphaiian workman to subsist on the refuse of sausage factories, or go with-
out animal food. The short maize crop had raised the price of American pork,
but a good harvest would put this food cheaply in the reach of the German poor.

He also challenged the right of the Bundesrath to make the prohibition under
the tariff law of 1869, its only pretense of authority, which gives only the right of
temporary suspension in cases of emergency. The whole speech was admirable
and convincing.

Upon its conclusion, and as if to close the discussion, the ministerial director,
Marcard, arose and answered the interpellation at once, not responding to any of
the propositions of law or fact propounded, but declaring that the Bundesrath was
still investigating the matter and had come to no conclusion, and no one had a
right to announce its intentions in advance; that its decision would undoubtedly
be laid before the Reichstag after it was arrived at.

Deputy Kapp was not disposed to have the interpellation so easily disposed of.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 635

He declared that the proposition of the Bundesrath is based on the allegation that
American pork is dangerous, and the proof of this is not furnished. The Bundes-
rath had not obtained sufficient information. This it could have easily done, for
the American Government had published the result of official investigations, espe-
cially the collective experience of Chicago and Cincinnati. The business amounted
in 1880 to 100,799,414 tons. So great a trade could not take place unless it were
conducted on the most conscientious and scientific principles. The continuation
of the trade was only guaranteed by furnishing the best article. He regretted
that so high an official as State Secretary Burchard had promulgated such a
groundless assertion as that cho'era had broken out among American pigs, and
had therefore demanded prohibition for sanitary reasons.

Competent judges would have told him that cholera only affects young swine,
which are never sent to market, as they pay too little. These also, when dead
from disease, decompose so soon that it is not possible to turn them into lard, and
the pigs are used for grease and soap. He showed the care used in feeding and
handling American pigs. He thought no one would be surprised at the manipu-
lations of Messrs. G . It would not be surprising if the-^e gentlemen spread

a report that they had been spoken of by the Peichstag with high praise. A
decisive question with him was, is it desirable to disturb the good relations with
the American Government, which is engaged in reducing the tariff"? Were this
proposal now the law the working classes would be less physically able to serve
the Fatherland. He trusted the council of state would abandon the injurious
step.

The chancellor, Prince Bismarck, arrived during this speech to announce cer-
tain relief proposed by the Emperor for the flooded districts. He made a few
incidental remarks upon the interpellation, and called pork " the poor man's
trichina." He excused himself on the plea of ill health from speaking at length,
and for that reason denied himself the pleasure of refutation. His remarks show
that he was not moved by the arguments and facts presented by the opposition,
and had no disposition to relax his purpose to secure the exclusion of American
pork products. * * *

When the debate was resumed Dr. Frege spoke in favor of exclusion, saying
the speech of Mr. Kapp was entirely in the American to the exclusion of German
interests. He believed the great quantity of ho^s slaughtered made it impossible
to eliminate the diseased. The German poor were not dependent on this food, as
this pork is only 3 per cent of their food.

Secretary Burchard defended his statement as to the danger from hog cholera
by citations from the New York Staats Zeitung, stating that the business is no
longer a clean one, and alluding generally to scientific opinion.

Bundescommissioner Dr. Kohier asserted that it is established that, for instance,
in Dresden, 10 per cent of the American hams had trichinosis. Similar instances
occurred in Magdeburg, Brunswick, Gestemunde, etc. The health officials have
also announced that 8, 5, and 8 per cent have trichinosis, and that pickling and
smoking are not sufficient to destroy this. There are cases of fatal sickness as
the result of eating this meat, especially at Bremen, Rostock, etc. He doubted if
distress to the poorer classes would arise from exclusion, which would be a grave
matter, but the duty of the Government is first to prevent dangerous articles
from being imported.

Dr. Barth said he was not convinced by anything that had been said that there
was danger from American meats. He carefully refuted the statements of the
previous speaker in regard to the prevalence and consequences of trichinosis in
American pork, and said the consumers of the food petitioned against prohibition,
and the only ones in favor of it are the Bundesrath and some interested hog
breeders.

In France and Austria-Hungary the prohibition was imposed before the investi-
gation by the American Government. In the latter country it is about to be
taken off. If Germany now imposed it, after the investigation, it would act very
offensively to the American Government, and drive them to reprisals, such as
there were in 1872, on the part of the Unite I States against France. Deputy
Kapp did not. as Deputy Frege charged him, serve American, Lut German, inter-
ests, as he warned them before such reprisals. The danger which the use of
brandy brings with it is immeasurably greater than that evoked by the use of
American pork. In the Berlin hospital in 1878-79 there were 623 persons suffering
from chronic alcohol sm, of which 40 died. Yet nobody would deduce from that
the necessity of forbidding he use of alcohol. In the interest of the relations
with America, of the laboring classes and commerce, he invoked further serious
rest by the Bundesrath before excluding American pork.

Deputy Ahlhorn said the working classes are accustomed to this food. Ha had

636 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

collected many reports and made many investigations, but not a single case had
been authenticated whose sickness has been the result of using American lard or
bacon. If this measure is deemed necessary it should be brought before the
Reichstag for legislation. It is a question of the indispensable food for the poor
man. who is already injured by the new taxes.

Here the debate on the interpellation closed. The vigor with which it was
waged by the opponents of the measure and the fact that v.-ry st-rious inter
commercial and others, are affected by it may have the effect of preventing tin-
decree, though I am not sanguine of that at this writing.
1 have, etc.,

A. A. SARGENT.

No. 71.
Mr. Fox to Mr. Davis.

No. 192.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Brunsimck, January 1~>, 1883. (Received February 9.)

SIR: I have the honor to inclose an article, with translation, which I take from
the Magde'.urger Zeitung of Jannary 12. It is not in my province to even refer
to the political reasons which the Government had for proposing the prohibitory
measures against American meats. It must, however, be very satisfactory to our
exporters to note that the result of the discnssion has been to bring torth indis-
putable evidence of the fact that American pork is an absolute necessity in (i> r-
many. and the statement coming from such a recognized authority as Professor
Virchow must carry conviction that the German health is not jeopardized by
eating it.

I am, etc., WILLIAM C. Fox,

United States Consul.

[Inclosnre in No. 192. Extract from the Magdeburger Zeitnngof Jannary 12, 1883. Translation.]

The following letter from Iserlohn. received by a delegate (of the Imperial Par-
liament) on the day following the debate in regard to the measure prohibiting the
importation of meats, has been handed us, and we publish the same as supple-
mentary to the discussion in question:

"In our mutual-benefit store in this place whose business manager T am we
have for tl>e past ten years kept American bacon in stock, during which time we
have sold some 300,000 pounds. In the other local business establishments about
700,000 pounds have been sold, and not one single case of trichinosis has occnrr- d.
A prohibitory decree would rob the workman of a good, healthy, and thereby a
cheap nourishment. Three years ago the then newly imposed duty had the e
of greatly increasing the price. Before the introduction of the duty I bought
American bacon for 34-35 pf. per pound; Westphalian bacon for 45- 50 pf. per
pound. To-day the same costs: American bacon, 62 pf. per pound; Westphalian
bacon, 84 pf. per pound.

"We formerly sold 1,500-2.000 pounds, to-day only about 500 pounds monthly.
A prohibitory measure would simply so increase the price of Westphalian bacmi
that it would be an impossibility lor the workmen to purchase this healthy article
of food."

* * * * .

It is of great importance that Professor Virchow. who is recognized as the lead-
ing authority on the subject of trichina-, is against the prohibition . He s ivs that
with absolute certainty he has not been able to find one case of trichinosis caused
by American bacon or ham. and that he has only heard of one. viz. in 1874. It
appears that the American trichinae loses its injurious properties through smoking,
salting, pickling, and especially through the long journey. This fact has been
certified to by Dr. Schulze, Government medical counselor in Minden. in his report
for the year 1880. He says: " The assertion that the trichin;e loses its infections
properties through transportation, smoking, and salting must certainly be ma n-
tained, since, notwithstanding the presence of trichinae, no case of illness irom
eating such meat has been recorded."

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 637

No. 72.
Mr. Warner to Mr. Davis.

No. 32.] UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL AGENCY,

Dusseldorf, January "22, 1883. (Received February 19.)

SIR: The speech delivered in the German Imperial Diet, at Berlin, on the 10th
of this month by one of its distinguished members, Herr Eugen Richter, a repre-
sentative from the district of Hagen, Westfalen, is so strong in its plea against
the passage of a decree by the German Government prohibiting the importation
of American hog meat and its products into the German Empire that I have
thought it important to lurnish the Department of State with a translation of the
same. It is also based on similar protests against the prohibition of the importa-
tion as contained in my dispatch No. 31, transmitted recently to the Department.

WM. D. WAMER.

[Inclosure in No. 33. Extract from the Kolnischen Zeitung. Translation.]

MR. RICHTER'S SPEECH.

GENTLEMEN: The interpellation is offered in the interest of the population of
extensive districts. As a representative of the people of the district of Hagen,
who are greatly interested in this matter, I support this interpellation.

On the 21st of November last year proposals were made to the German Federal
Council by the imperial chancellor to issue a decree of prohibition against the
importation of American pork and its products into the German Empire. This
prohibition will cut very deeply into the food supply of the population, inasmuch
as there are many hundred thousands of centners (equivalent to a little more than
100 pounds) that will be affected annually by this prohibition of the importation.

It was no later than the year 1880 that the Federal Council issued a decree in
reference to the importation of American sausages and hacked meat, in which it
was expressly prescribed that the importation of whole hams and sides would be
permitted. Now the imperial chancellor bases its proposal in the Federal Council
upon the unhealthfulness of the products of American meat, particularly of the
hams and bacon. But since the year 1880 nothing has become known to either the
consumers in these districts that has given cause for any complaint against the
use of the American hog meat on account of its unwholesomeness, or to the officials
in those communities, whose official duty it is to examine into everything that is
supposed to be injurious to the health of the people where the American products
are generally enjoyed.

Some few years ago the scientific commission of the Prussian ministry for sani-
tary affairs also declared itself against such a prohibition.

Since then other petitions to the imperial chancellor have become known, which
have been presented at the request of various agricultural societies, aiming at such
a prohibition of American products. The memorial of the imperial chancellor to
the Federal Council first proves that the injury to health of these articles is by their
producing the trichina disease, and. secondly, by the cholera among American hogs.

In reference to the trichina disease the memorial says that the danger from the
eating of American hog meat is at least six times greater than from the eating of
the home products.

I will not go into the particulars from which this conclusion has been drawn,
since the simple question is this: If of these articles hundreds of thousands of cent-
ners are annually consumed, and that thereby the danger is six times greater than
with the domestic ones, where are the sick, where are the dead, which in conse-
quence of this quality of the American hog meat we have to complain over?

The memorial of the Federal Council simply says: Undoubtedly diseases have
been declared by the control at the places of import, in Germany, in consequence
of the eating of American hog meat. The memorial does not make the slightest
attempt to specify in numbers a single case.

% * * rp^ superior medical adviser (obermedicinalrat) , Eulenburg, who
imparts his advice in the ministry of the interior, and who is a distinguished
authority on sanitary matters, quotes from a report made by him in 1881 the cases
where sickness and death have occurred, and I hereby declare that in all these
cases not a single case of sickness or of death can in any way be attributed to the
diseased condition either of the American or German hams and bacon. [Hear!
Hear!] There are but two cases of sickness given as having been produced by

638 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

sausages, and there is no proof indicating that American import products were in
any way concerned in them.

The chief causes of the trichina disease have been in consequence of the eating
of hacked raw meat, and the three cases there noted are much more important
than all the rest of the diseases together.

On the ground of these experiences the eating of .hacked raw hog meat could be
forbidden, but not the importation of hams and bacon, which play no part in these
statistics.

Now, I have conversed with my friend Virchow [the great German pathologist]
concerning this matter. He is known for his strict demands, which he chiefly
places on the police sanitary board, and, again, through the great attention which
he has given from the beginning in the investigation of the trichina disease. He
is in certain circles of the butchers and slaughterers one of the best interested and
most hated of men. My colleague, Virchow. has authorized me to declare that he
considers this prohibition of the importation in no manner justified. [Hi-.-ir!
Hear!] He says he has investigated this matter very thoroughly, and has taken
the greatest pains, and up to the present has not been able to find out but one
case, and that was in the year 1874, that is eight years ago, in which the trichina
disease was produced by the eating of American hog meat.

A valuable testimony is furthermore the report of a cooperative association,
which states that the association had ordered in one year in its district 21'J.^UO
kilograms of American hog meat, and that not one single case of sickness has
occurred, although, according to the usual calculation, 4,704 purchasers have
received bacon containing trichinae.

If on the one side it is acknowledged that there exist in a comparatively large
number of the sides of bacon trichina*, and upon the other side none, or only sin-
gle cases of sickness can be proved, then the con -lusion is evident that in conse-
quence of the salting, pickling, smoking, the long transportation, and in general
the whole manipulation to which this article is subjected previous to its being
placed on the market, the trichina? are either no longer living or no more in con-
dition when they reach the human organism to produce in any way dangerous
effects. This conclusion is confirmed by a statement of Dr. Schiilz, Government
medical adviser at Minden, in whose district a large part of the investigation of
American bacon has been made, and who says:

"The assertion that the trichinae which appear in great masses in American
prepared meats have lost, through the manipulation to which they are subjected,
their power of reproduction in the human system must still be maintained: that
notwithstanding the enormous consumption of these meats there has not been a
single case in which the sharpest kind of a diagnosis has revealed the presence of
trichinae."

In the face of this statement one may better conclude that the investigation of
American hams and bacon is superfluous rather than its being insufficient.

Nevertheless, I will make no objection against the investigation of American
bacon and hams through official inspectors. It may be necessary to satisfy the
consumers, and to the rejection of bacon that is more or less objectionable.

But when it is said that among the examined bacon are so many trichina?, it
may rightly be said that this investigation of the American import is much easier
than the investigation of hogs butchered in Germany, for these are scattered over
the whole country, while the importation comes en masse only from certain places,
and where the regulations for the investigation are at hand. * * * Now, the
memorial continues:

' Yes, even if the American bacon should be examined at the port of entries, it
would still be difficult to destroy the rejected bacon in a manner to prevent con-
tagion. Dogs, rats, and mice could transmit the trichinae."

Yes, gentlemen; when that is possible here, it is also possible in reference to tri-
chinae found in the rejected German bacon, and then we come to the point of the
Mosaic rule (very true), for dogs, rats, and mice make no distinction in regard to
their appetite whether the rejected meat is American or German.

In regard to the second ground for the prohibition of importation, namely, the
cholera, the memorial does not say that such a case has occurred in Germany at
all; only in England live hogs have been introduced which had been infected
with the disease, and the English ordered them to be killed immediately after
their arrival.

The English, therefore, are satisfied with this police order. With us, where no
such cases have come to light, a general prohibition of import is at once ordered.

Years ago the Secretary of the Department of State had taken occasion to insti-
tute a formal enquete in reference to the cholera disease, and appointed the
director of the Bureau of Statistics to make the investigation.

The American Government had the results of this investigation published and

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 639

forwarded to all their diplomatic agents in foreign countries. It maintains that
all the American hogs are of the best and purest breed; that the report spread in
Europe concerning the disease of American hogs in consequence of the hog chol-
era is greatly exaggerated; that the percentage of death among American hogs is
not any greater than in Europe; that of the American hogs which die of cholera,
in consequence of the strictest investigation and inspection to which they are sub-
jected, no diseased ones can be sent abroad, and that out of the meat of such hogs
no bacon nor lard can be prepared for the trade.

One should think when a government prepares such a memorial as this that
proper notice should by all means be given to the investigations of the American
Government. But what does the imperial chancellor do? He creates the impres-
sion that the memorial of the American Secretary of State had been written in
the year 1882, and says nothing else concerning its contents save only that "the
results of the en quete form a comparatively valuable material,"' but calls atten-
tion to the fact that these compounded reports are neither complete nor sufficiently
reliable for a control. Official proceedings to confirm these declarations by oath
as bound by law have not taken place.

Yes, gentlemen; neither have they taken place with us. One should think that
if the imperial chancellor utters such positive judgment in regard to the official
enquete of the United States he would have greater reason to produce on his side
truthful and complete statements of impartial men.

As proof of the proportion of the disease of American hogs a paper of an official
American stenographer is mentioned. The imperial chancellor puts, then, against
the Secretary of State of the United States a stenographer of New York! I do
not know what stenography has to do with this question. Has that man been
ordered when he hears complaint about hog meat to stenograph the same? He
appears as a man who at times is employed by authority for stenography, and
who has been ordered to put his name on a pamphlet which is put together
out of various articles from a New York commercial paper [hear! hear!] ; and
in the memorial of the Federal Council, of the size of 19 quarto pages, the extracts
of the official stenographer out of the commercial paper occupy fully 4 pages [hear!
hear!], such great value has the imperial chancellor placed upon the stenographer.

By closer inspection one finds that all articles of this commercial paper are
nothing else but a business advertisement of the firm of Goulard, Bouse &
Bostwick.

In America it is a private business to grant certificates in regard to the meat
intended for export. A number of persons in New York make a good business
from it. But by degrees Europeans have become wise enough to avoid the mid-
dlemen of New York by securing certificates directly from the export places in
the West.

The New York men, not being pleased with the loss of their former profit, give
their competitors in the West a bad name by saying they do not understand how
how to examine the meat properly.

This puff appears even in the extracts. In the paper of the American stenog-
rapher we read: "The Western colleagues seem to show a great indifference in
reference to the manifest superiority of the New York inspection. " When Austria
received meat from New York which had been subjected to the inspect-on of the
house of Goulard, Rouse & Bostwick no complaint was ever made. The dread-
ful stories which New York business men have circulated about their competitors
in the West form what the imperial chancellor has communicated to the Federal
Council on the condition of the American hogs.

The imperial chancellor has, ot course, been more careful in his proceedings,
but other people have procured the American pamphlet for themselves and found
that the extracts in the memorial break off just where the puff advertisement
begins.

The memorial says: " There is but one remedy to protect against danger in the
importation of hog meat, and that is by careful inspection." The pamphlet then
continues: "Such an inspection will only be guaranteed through the firm of
Goulard, Rouse & Bostwick." [Great hilarity.]

If an official stenographer should be called upon to make for the American Fed-
eral Council compilation of what has been written concerning the golden number
110, the people there would perhaps come to a peculiar conclusion about German
solidity and German industry. [Here the speaker read other passages from the
American pamphlet to prove that the pamphlet is written as an advertisement. ]

The pamphlet is the more remarkable since Goulard himself acts as a principal
witness of the imperial chancellor. His testimony is quoted under the title, "Our
reporter's interview with Mr. Goulard of March 14, 1881."

Now, I must say, if an order is to be issued upon the basis of such material, the

640 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

same should read that the only products allowed to be introduced into Germany
should first be seen and inspected by Mr. Goulard.

That, gentlemen, is the argument for a measure of the most decided effect. It
shows how easy the imperial chancellor is influenced in making such proposals to
the Federal Council.

Such a prohibitory decree of an article of export is for our people of the greatest
importance, since annually several hundred thousand centners are imported.

The memorial says it concerns only about 3 per cent of our meat consumption.
It does not depend upon the general percentage which this importation has for
certain parts of Germany an>l certain classes of the population. For example, it
is mentioned in the pet tion of the Consumption Association for Mines and Iron
Works that each workman consumes from 140 to 160 pounds of this product yearly,
which amounts to a very high percentage of their entire nourishment. The prin-
cipal thing is that American bacon is mu h cheaper than the German, and that it
is for many people the only meat diet available, which is true in particular of the
workingmen of Westfalen. For this reason the board of trade in Westfalen have
declared against the prohibition of importation, not, indeed, in consequence of
commercial interests, but on account of the difficulty of replacing the product.

Even the chamber of commerce at Dortmund, which upholds the politics of the
chancellor, has petitioned against the prohibition. Agricultural societies in West-
falen also oppose the prohibition, simply because the production of hog meat in
Westfa'en is not sufficient for the supply in these regions, and they therefore find
the import indispensable.

The question now comes up, how happens it that the Federal Council can issue
a prohibition of such importance without the cooperation of the Reichstag
(imperial Parliament)? As a single argument in its favor one paragraph in the
customs regulations can be cited, which speaks only of a temporary prohibition
for fsanitary reasons, and this can not be taken into consideration with the present
case.

The law of the German tariff union mentions, instead of a ' temporary prohibi-
tion.'' a ' fixed time," for the duration of the prohibition can not be determined in
the beginning; but this c^n only apply to prohibition of import on account of
cattle plague and the like. For this reason the Federal Council is not justified in
issuing a prohibition against the importation of American hog meat without the
cooperation of the Reichstag, and I hope that the Federal Council will duly con-
sider the material reasons which speak against the prohibition, and not conclude
to make the question of law objectionable, in which case we must resort to special
proposals to protect our interest.

If you dissent from the prohibition you will confer a great deed of charity on
lai'ge districts of the population.

No. 73.

Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent.
[Telegram.]

DEPARTMENT OF STATE, February 15, 188S.

The President invites Germany to send a commission of experts to the United
States to examine raising and packing of hogs and hog products for food. He asks
that final decision in prohibitory measures be suspended until commission can
adequately report.
Instruction by mail.

FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 74.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent.

No. 87.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, February 16. 1885.

SIR: I transmit herewith copies of a memorial addressed to the President, under
date of the Jtth instant, by the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York,
concerning the apprehended prohibition by the German Government of the impor-
tation of American bacon, hams, and hog products, into the territory of the
Empire.

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 641

The considerations set forth by the memorialists are believed to be justly stated.
They represent what this Department has so frequently hitherto represented
through your legation, that the alleged existence of trichinae and of diseases
among swine in this country to an alarming extent can not. even if established,
affect the healthfulness of the exported product, inasmuch as the hog products
of the United States are prepared for market in a manner which renders their
uncooked consumption all but impossible; that the disease known as trichinosis is
rare among American consumers of swine's flesh, and that not more than two or .
three cases in Germany during the past ten years have occurred where the dis-
ease could be ascribed to the consumption of American pork, while most of the
reported cases in Germany are directly traceable to the consumption of the raw
meat of freshly-killed domestic hogs. And they state further that with respect to
alleged exportation of deleterious meat from diseased hogs no substantiation what-
ever has been shown.

As you are aware, this Government at home and through its legation at Berlin
has made every effort from the first to countervail a tendency toward what it
believes to be uncalled-for and unjust legislation on the part of Germany in seek-
ing to exclude from one of the largest markets of the world a product of such
great importance to the United States. No endeavor has been spared to bring
home to the mind of the Imperial Government the conviction, reached by this
Government after exhaustive and impartial investigation of the subject, that the
premises upon which the intended prohibition rests are unfounded, and that the
exported hog products of the United States are in no wise the indiscriminate source
of danger to life and health which they are alleged to be. You and your prede-
cessors have earnestly set forth all this to the Imperial Government; you have
labored to convey a right understanding of the facts of the matter as they are
ascertained to exist here, and you have urged the hardship, almost amounting to
an international wrong, which would he inflicted alike upon the producers of the
United States and the peasantry of Germany by cutting off from the one class a
large ;md secure market and depriving the other of a cheaper food than their own
country can supply. So far as is now known, your efforts in this direction have
not been crowned with the hoped-for result.

But one course now remains. It is believed here that if the Imperial Govern-
ment itself were to do as the Government of the United States has done, and
closely examine on the spot all the conditions of the hog raising and packing
industry; if it were to follow by practical observation the course of this staple of
food from the fields and farms to the packed state, the same conclusions would be
inevitably reached as those to which this Government has been drawn. So firmly
is this believed that the Government of the United States deems it a common duty
to its own citi ens and to the consumers in Germany to invite the Imperial Gov-
ernment to examine into the matter for itself, by a commission of experts sent to
this country, before final decision is taken on the proposed measures.

This Government stands ready to extend to that of Germany the fullest facilities
for the profitable pursuit of such an investigation. Believing that the results
which it will promise are of no less moment to the consumers of hog products in
the United States than to those in Germany, it is willing to lend the services of
one or more impartial experts, scientists of known probity, to cooperate with those
whom Germany may send, if such cooperation be deemed desirable and acceptable
by Germany.

You will therefore present to the Imperial Government, in the name of the Presi-
dent, a formal proposal and invitation to send to the United States a commission of
experts, who shall, either by themselves or jointly with impartial scientists named
by the United States, investigate the whole question of hog raising and the curing
and packing of hcg products as food in the United States. And you will ask that
action in a final sense upon the pending prohibitory measures may be suspended
during such reasonable time as may be necessary for such a commission to make
a thorough examination of the subject and report thereon. You will add that in
making this proposition the Government of the United States is actuated by the
fairest and most friendly motives: that its desire, no less than that of Germany
can be, is solely that the truth of the matter may be established, and that it deems
its reasonable request entitled to friendly consideration on the part of a govern-
ment bound to the United States by so many ties as is that of Germany. It is
thought, above all, necessary that some such course as that now proposed be adopted
to free whatever resultant course Germany may adopt from the possible charge of
being an unfriendly discrimination.

You will read this dispatch to the minister of foreign affairs and leave with him
a copy.

lam, etc., FREDK. T. FRELENGHUYSEN.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 41

1)42 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITKD STATES.

(.Inclosure in No. 87.]
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.

Memorial inregard to the prohibit inn of tin' importation f Am- ricaii bacon and

ham* into (lermany.

To the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES:

The Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York respectfully asks leave to
represent that the Imperial Government of Germany ha-; openly declared its inten-
tion to prohibit the importation of American bacon and h mis into their country,
on the ground of the alleged unwholesomeness of these products, and that such
prohibition threatens to destroy a valuable and growing branch of commerce
between our country and Germany.

Your memorialists areaware that the honorable the Secretary of State lias already
directed the attention of the United States minister at Berlin to the subject. In
view of its grave importance and of the fact that the German Government has
only recently made a public statement of its intention and of the reasons that have
prompted it, your memorialists nevertheless deem themselves .justified in adding
their testimony to the information already in possession of the Government ami
in directing ita attention to those points which, in the present position of the matter,
appear to be of the greatest importance.

The German Government bases its intention on two facts which it claims to be
established, namely, first, on the occurrence of the parasite Trichina' .s/>mi//.s in the
American hog products to greater degree than it is found in the German hog. and,
secondly, on the widespread prevalence in our hog-producing districts of the dis-
ease known as hog cholera.

Your memorialists are convinced not only that both these charges are exai 'g- r-
ated, but also that the con elusions drawn from them by the German Governmentare
not justified and can form no reasonable ground for the contemplated prohibition.

1. Trichina. The German Government claims to have established the occur-
rence of this dangerous parasite in about 4 per cent of the American bacon and
hams imported into Germany, which is stated to be the result of accurate inves-
tigations prosecuted during a series of years. No similar official lests having
ever been made on this side, your memorialists are unable to disprove or to con-
firm the alleged fact, and any contradiction from our side, therefore, is not likely
to be accepted. But there is 07ie fact which, it properly urged, should convince
the German Government of the injustice of basing a decree of prohibition on the
alleged occurrence of trichina? in American bacon and hams, which is this: That
these products of our country are prepared for market in a manner which renders
their consumption in the raw state all but impossible. This alone accounts for
the rare occurrence among American consumers of the disease known as trichi-
nosis, and tor the fact that according to the German Government's own statement
not more than two or three cases have, within the past ten years, occurred in Ger-
many where the disease could be ascribed to the consumption of American pork,
while all widespread and dangerous cases of trichinosis in Ge many have been
traced to the consumption of the raw meat of freshly killed domestic hogs. These
facts, instead of justifying the threatened prohibition, rather go to establish a
great advantage, in a sanitary point of view, of the use of the American product
over that of the domestic meat.

'2. Hog cholera. The existence of hog cholera also is not denied, though the
prevalence of the disease can be proved to have greatly diminished s:nce the bulk
of our hogs is no longer raised mainly in connection with our distilleries, but on
our Western farms, where they are fed on indian corn. In urging this charge
the Government appears to have placed more faith in exaggerated news]) per
reports than in the results of the official investigation inst tuted by our Govern-
ment, which were embodied in the report made to the State Department bv Mr.
Scanlan, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, dated April 'J6. 18*1, which report bn**
been before them. Here again, however, the German Government has drawn
conclus ons f rom the facts alleged which are not justified even by these facts, since
they have been unable to point out the occurrence of any American meat which
might have been called diseased from that cause, much less any injury that might
thereby have been inflii ted on the health of the consumers.

In view of the fact that the thorough and systematic exc'usion of diseased hogs
from our packing establishments can easily be proved to any fair minded man that
will take the troub.e of examining into the process connected with the preparation
of these products for market, your memorialists resp ctt'ul y suggest that the Ger-
man Government should be invited to e.vamine into this matter by a commission

SWINE PBODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 643

of experts sent to this country before final decision is taken on the proposed
measure.

Aud your memoralists will ever pray, etc.

GEORGE W. LANE, President.

[SEAL.] GEORGE WILSON, Secretary.

NEW YORK, February 'J, 1SS3.

No. 75.
Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

No. 109.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, February 17, 1883. (Received March 10.)

SIR: I have the honor to report that, at the request of Count Hatzfeldt, imperial
secretary of state for foreign affairs, I had an interview with him to-day, where
a number of questions interesting to the United States, which I had previously
called to his attention, were provisionally discussed, of which I will make full
report as soon as conclusions are reached. When he had concluded with his topics
I read to him your telegram of the 15th instant, which states that the President
invites Germany to send a commission of experts to the United States to examine
the raising and packing of hogs and hog products for food, and that he asks that
final decision on prohibitory measures may be suspended until the commission can
adequately report.

I told him that the proposed prohibition had excited a good deal of attention and
some feeling in America, explained the importance of the proposition to the United
States, informed him that there was a general belief there, founded on experience
and careful examination, that the objection to American pork as a sound article
of diet is unfounded, and that the exclusion would be improvident. I called his
attention to the conclusive and candid report of the commission appointed by the
State Department to examine and report on the mode of raising hogs and prepar-
ing their products for market, made- after extensive and exhaustive investigation.
I told him I would send to him a fuller statement of the matter as soon as I received
the instruction now on the way to me by mail, and would also at the same tilde
send a copy of the public document to which I referred ; and I trusted that while
the Imperial Government were considering this proposition of the President nothing
further would be done and the proposition would be accepted. He said nothing
decisive upon the subject, as, of course, he could not of his own responsibility, but
expressed a desire to have the documents and information in question.
I have, etc.,

A. A. SARGENT.

No. 76.
Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

[Extract.]

No. 111.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, February 24, 1883. (Received March 13.)

SIR: Referring to my No. 109, of February 17, acknowledging my receipt of your
telegraphic instruction dated the 15th, and stating my reading the same to Count
Hatzfeldt, imperial secretary for foreign affairs, and stating the importance of the
subject from the American standpoint, etc., I have now to report that the Bundes-
rath, on the 18th, unanimously approved the decree of prohibition of American
pork products, taking no notice of the proposal of the President, if the same was
brought to their notice by the imperial foreign office.

I have no official statement of the decree as yet. The Berliner Tageblatt of last
evening contains the following:

"As we announced, the Bnndesrath has approved the ordinance on the prohi-
bition of the importation of American pork, with some reservations which seem
to contradict the reasons given for prohibition, viz, that the meats are unhealthy.
For instance, the commerce in such meat is not only permitted to German ships
with other countries, but it is also allowed to the Hanse Towns to supply their
ships with such meats.

644 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

"The permission, according to rumor, has been given on the ground of the exist-
ing laws.

" The power of the Bundesrath to issue such ordinances rests upon the Zollverein
laws, and especially upon article 2 of them. The Hanse Towns, which stand out-
side of such Zollverein, do not thus come under the provision in question, and to
obtain their adhesion the reservations were added."

Immediately upon the action of the Buudesrath becoming known to me, 1 pre-
pared and sent to Count liatzfeldt a note, a copy of which is inclosed, in which 1
called his attention to the honorable Secretary's telegram which I had submitted
to him on the l?th instant, stating that I had promptly conveyed the proposal of
the President through the only possible official channel to the Imperial Govern-
ment, and that it had been also widely published in the German newspapers, where
it would unofficially reach the Bundesrath. I requested that an official copy of the
late ordinance of the Bundesrath might be furnished to me, so that I might notify
my Government of the exact terms of the response or constructive refusal made
to this request of the President upon a matter of very much importance to the
United States and deeply affecting the trade relations of the two countries.

I, however, expressed my impression that the ordinance could only go into effect
by the express approval of the imperial executive, and therefore asked leave to
again call the attention of the imperial secretary to the proposal of the President,
and to repeat what I had said at our interview of the l?th instant, that the United
States view with concern this ordinance designed to destroy an important part
of its export trade with Germany; that the United States had had the whole ques-
tion of the soundness of American pork, the modes of rearing hogs and preparing
the products for market, carefully and impartially examined, and are convinced
by the report made to it, a copy of which I inclosed, that the attacks made upon
the great article of product are unjust and prejudiced, and not in any degree
warranted by the facts in the case. This being so. I stated that the President
confidently relies upon the result that would follow the examination by a German
commission, and invites the imperial Government to send such an one. r.nd await
its report before striking down an industry that not merely furnishes all the
animal food to large classes in Germany (a consideration more immediately
addressing itself to the Imperial Government), but causes great loss to the people
of the United States, whose capital is involved and labor employed in prepa ing
pork products for market.

I suggested, further, that there is no emergency in this matter that can not await
ordinary modes of dealing with questions of such moment, there being no apparent
reason why this ordinance should be enforced this month, or year, more than last
or the next, as there is no epidemic caused by German consumption of American
pork, not even a well authenticated instance of casual sickness; that high German
scientific authority stated that the very rare cases of trichinosis found in Ger-
many for years past have arisen from eating raw German or Hungarian pork, and
that no case whatever is traceable to American pork, which is so cured as to be
harmless.

I suggested that where the evidences of harm done are so shadowy, and are
opposed by carefully grounded statements, and the interests involved are so great,
the request of the President for investigation might well commend itself to the
Imperial Government as reasonable and statesmanlike, and consonant with the
kindly relations existing between the two countries, a sense of which on the part
of His Imperial and Royal Majesty had been recently conveyed to me by the
chancellor on the occasion of the generous relief extended by the citizens of the
United States to the sufferers of the Rhine Valley. Believing the Imperial Gov-
ernment to be animated by the sentiments expressed in the chancellor's com-
munications, I believe it would not desire that the American Government or
people should rest under a sense of injustice from the execution ot this measure,
yet such a conse iuence seemed inevitable where all modes of nonest mvestiga'ion
had been exhausted by the American Governmant. with the result of apparently
proving this product sound, and where daily experience shows none of the
assumed inconvenience to either German or American health, and where the
Imperial Government is formally and courteously asked to look into the whole
subject for it-elf before acting upon possibly interested advice, or in the absence
of anything worthy the name of evidence. I therefore asked for a response to
this proposal of the President, that investigation be had, and that meanwhile this
serious blow to American interests be suspended.

I deemed it best to add that as the United States are a large and growing con-
sumer of German manufactures, and the food they export to liermany is their
principal article of exchange, the laws of trade must dictate their obtaining the
goods they import elsewhere if the equivalent which they furnish is reiused.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 645

This would probably result even if the Congress did not meet the issue by legisla-
tion, under the belief that another motive than the unsoundness of American pork
products caused this exclusion; though such a belief could not obtain, if fair
investigation on the spot by German experts showed dangerous and peculiar
unsoundness to exist. I expressed a hope that this many-sided question may be
tested as its importance deserves.

As this question is a burning one, I have acted in advance of the receipt of your
detailed instructions by mail, and keep you advised of progress, without waiting
for the imperial secretary's reply to this note.

I have, etc., A. A. SARGENT.

[Inclosure in No. 111.]
Mr. Sargent to Count Hatzfeldt.

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, February 23, 1883.

The undersigned, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the
United States of America, had the honor, in his interview on the 17th instant with
his excellency Count Hatzfeldt, imperial secretary of state for foreign affairs, to
submit a telegram from the honorable Secretary of State, Mr. Frelinghuysen, con-
taining a request of the President of the United States, which telegraph was in
the following words:

" The President invites Germany to send a commission of experts to the United
States to examine the raising and packing of hogs and pork products for food.
He asks that the final decision on prohibitory measures be suspended until such
commission adequately report."

This proposition of the President of the United States was promptly conveyed
to the Imperial Government through the only possible official channel, and was
also widely published in the German newspapers, where it would unofficially
reach the Bundesrath. The undersigned respectfully requests that he may be
furnished with an official copy of the late ordinance of the Bundesrath in the
matter, so that he may notify his Government of the exact terms of the response,
or constructive refusal made to this request of the President upon a matter of very
much importance to the United States, and deeply affecting the trade relations of
the two countries.

As the undersigned is under the impression that this ordinance can only go into
force by the express approval of the imperial executive, he most respectfully asks
leave to again call the attention of his excellency, the imperial secretary, to the
proposal of the President contained in the telegram above cited, and to repeat
what he said in his interview with his excellency on the 17th instant, that the
United States view with concern tins ordinance, designed to destroy an important
part of their export trade to Germany: that the United States Lave had the whole
question of the soundness of American pork, the modes of rearing hogs and pre-
paring the products for market, carefully and impartially examined, and are con-
vinced by the report made to them, a copy of which is herewith inclosed, that the
attacks upon this great article of product are unjust and prejudiced, and not in
any degree warranted by the real facts in the case. This being so, the President
confidently relies upon the result that would follow the examination by a German
commission of the whole matter, and invites the Imperial Government to consti-
tute such an one, and await its report, before striking down an industry that not
merely furnishes all the animal food to large classes in Germany (a consideration
more immediately addressing itself to the Imperial Government), but causing
great loss to the people of the United States, whose capital is involved and labor
employed in preparing pork products for market.

His excellency's courtesy will allow the undersigned to suggest- that there is no
emergency in this matter that can not await ordinary modes or dealing with ques-
tions of such moment. There is no apparent reason why this ordinance should
be enforced this month, or year, more than last, or the next. There is no epidemic
caused by German consumption of American pork; not even well-authenticated
instances of casual sickness. It has been stated by very high German scientific
authority that the very rare cases of trichinosis found in Germany for years past
have arisen from eating raw German or Hungarian pork, and that no case what-
ever is traceable to American pork, the mode of curing which makes it harmless.

Where the evidences of harm done are so shadowy, and are opposed by carefully

646 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED 8TATKS.

grounded statements, and the interests involved are so great, the request of the
President for investigation may commend itself to the Imperial Government as
reasonable and statesmanlike, and consonant with the kindly relations existing
between the two countries, a sense of which on the part of His Imperial and Royal
Majesty has been recently conveyed to the undersigned by his serene highness, the
imperial chancellor, on the occasion of the generous relief extended by the citizens
of the United States to the sufferers of the Rhine Valley.

The undersigned is fully aware that the Imperial Government, animated by the
sentiment expressed in the esteemed communications of his serene highness, would
not desire that the American Government or people should rest under a sense of
injustice from the execution of this measure. Yet such a consequence seems
inevitable where all modes of honest investigation have been exhausted by the
American Government with the result of apparently proving this product sound;
where daily experience shows none of the assumed inconvenience to either German
or American health, and where the Imperial Government is formally and cour-
teously asked to look into the whole subject for itself before acting upon possibly
interested advice, or in the absence of anything worthy the name of evidence-.

The undersigned, therefore, again calls attention to this express request of the
President of the United States, and respectful lyasks./or the sense of the Imperial
Government thereupon, that investigation be had. and that mean while this serious
blow to American interests be suspended. Inasmuch as the United States are a
large and growing consumer of German manufactures, and the food they export
to Germany is a principal article of exchange, the laws of trade must dictate their
obtaining the goods they import elsewhere, if the equivalent which they furnish is
refused. This would probably result even if the Congress did not meet the i sue
by legislation under the belief that another motive than the unsoundness of
American pork products caused this exclusion. Such a belief, of course, could
not obtain if fair investigation on the spot by German experts showed dangerous
unsoundness to exist.

Expressing the hope that this many-sided question may be tested adequately, as
its importance deserves, the undersigned avails, etc.,

A. A. SARGENT.

No. 77.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent.

No. 88. ] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, February -'/.
SIR: Your dispatch No. 96, of the 13th ultimo, giving a summary of a recent
debate in the Reichstag concerning the proposed exclusion of American pork from
the German market, has been read with interest. This Government can not but
welcome as. a hopeful sign any disposition to bring the subject to a parliamentary
discussion on its true merits. My instruction to you of the Kith instant. No. 87,
proposing a German investigation in the United States, will have shown the con-
fidence that this Government feels in the soundness of the views it has heretofore
expressed, and its belief that the interests of all demand a full and conclusive
examination of the whole matter of pork exportation.
I am, etc.,

FKEDK. T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 78.
Mr. Vogeler to Mr. Darin.

No. 77.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE-GENERAL,

Frankfort-on-the-Main, March 3, J8S.S. (Received March 21.)
SIR: I have the honor to inclose herein my report on "The resolution of the
German Bundesrath prohibiting the importation of American hog meat."
I am, etc.,

FERDINAND VOGELER,

Consul- General.

SWINE- PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 647

[Inclosure in No. 77. Extract.]

THE RESOLUTION OF THE GERMAN BUNDESRATH PROHIBITING THE IMPORTATION
OF AMERICAN HOG MEAT.

In my report on the tariff laws and customs regulations of Germany, dated Jan-
uary - _5, 1882, I showed that the principal reason for the many devices resorted to
by German customs officials to impose a higher rate of duty on certain acticles
than the law contemplated was not a direct purpose to discriminate against goods
of American production or manufactTire, because these devices affected importa-
tion from other countries as well as those from the United States, but that they
proceeded rather from a desire to propitiate and minister to that protective spirit
which, since the year 1879, was known to have come into favor with the leading
spirits of the German Government.

When I now refer to the resolution adopted by the German Bundesrath on the
21st day of February, 1883. prohibiting the importation of American hog mea:, a
subject which I am aware has engaged the attention of the Department for several
weeks, I do so merely to call the attention of the Department to a peculiar circum-
stance in the adoption of that resolution, tending to show that it was born of the
same spirit, which for a long time confidently asserted that, in the eye of the
German tariff laws and regulations, canned meats or peaches were "fine iron-
ware.''

I shall endeavor to trace the resolution referred to to its real origin. It is clearly
the policy of the German Government, in these times of turbulent socialistic agi-
tations, to form around itself a phalanx of loyal and conservative elements, by
means of legislation, which will convince them that the Government is apprecia-
tive of their wants and anxious to foster and enhance their material welfare. As
in all oilier European countries except Great Britain, the rural population of
Germany is not only the most numerous, but also the most conservative element
and least inclined to adopt new political or social theories.

A. paternal care exercised over the rural population, a proper ministration to
their wants, therefore, must greatly strengthen the Government. Thus gradually
a reliable majority in the Reichstag, the popular and most essential legislative
factor of the Empire, may be created, which will support and carry out reforma-
tory plans and assist in keeping in check the turbulent socialistic elements of the
great cities.

Now, the competition of the American hog raiser arid pork packer was severely
felt by the rural producer of Germany. The imposition of a duty of 12 marks per
100 kilograms did not deter the American shipper. According to the present com-
position and temper of the Reichstag, however, it was impossible to obtain a
majority for a law either prohibiting, on some specious ground, the importation
of American pork or so to increase the duty thereon as to make American compe-
tition impossible. But an expedient was soon found. The Bundesrath is not only
one of the legislative factors of the German Imperial Government (and in that
respect it somewhat resembles the Senate of the United States, while the Reich-
stag corresponds to the House of Representatives), but it also exercises executive
authority and functions; in other words, its powers are not only legislative, but
also supervisory, regulative, and executive. It is charged with the adoption and
passage of suitable rules and regulations to carry into effect the laws of the
Empire.

The Bundesrath consists of 58 members. These, in one view, represent the sev-
eral sovereign States of the German Empire. They are not elected like the mem-
bers of the Reichstag, but appointed by the several German governments. Of the
58 members Prussia appoints 17, Bavaria 6, Saxony and Wurtemberg 4 each, Baden
and Hesse 3 each, Mecklenberg-Schwerin and Brunswick 2 each, and all other prin-
cipalities, including the three Hanse Towns, Hamburg, Bremen, and Lubeck, 1
each. This body, so constituted and empowered, was requested by the imperial
chancellor to enjoin, by virtue of its regulative power, the importation of Amer-
ican pork on the ground that it was affected by trichinae, and therefore unwhole-
some.

Now, although this sweeping allegation was not supported by sufficient proof,
;md although numerous petitions and remonstrances against such a regulation
were sent to the Government and to the Bundesrath from the manufacturing dis-
tricts of Germany, where American pork and hams had become indispensable arti-
cles of nourishment, yet the Bundesrath unanimously passed the resolution referred
to, the prohibition decreed to go into effect thirty days after its promulgation by
the imperial chancellor.

It is likely that the point which readily suggests itself, viz, whether one branch
of the Government can, upon an unpi oven assumption of facts, by a so-called

648 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

"regulation," abrogate and annul a law duly enacted and in full force and effect,
will be raised in the Reichstag when that body convenes in May next; but I doubt
that the discussion of the question will have any practical result whatever.

The public journals now announce that the decree of the Bundesrath will be
published in a few days, and that the regulation, therefore, will go into effect early
iu April, 1883.

The unanimity of the decision reached by the Bnndesrath, however, has sur-
prised even the friends of the measure. It was confidently believed that not only
the Hanse Towns, but also some other members of that body, would vote against a
proposition of such doubtful justice and utility. Subsequent developments, how-
ever, have shown how that unanimity was reached, and at the same time how
little the Bundesrath itself believed in the correctness of the allegation that the
American pork was unwholesome.

To make this statement of mine clear it is only necessary to cite an article which
appeared in the Cologne Gazette, a leading and influential journal of Germany, in
its issue of the 26th of February, 1883. which article I attach to this report, and of
which the following is a correct translation, viz:

"On February 21 the Bundesrath decreed that thirty days after the promulga-
tion of a regulation to that effect by the imperial chancellor the importation of
American hogs and hog meat shall be prohibited, this resolution having been
adopted unanimously. It might create astonishment that the Hanse Towns have
also given in their consent. But it must be observed that they have only reluc-
tantly said, ' Si omnes consentiunt, ego non dissentto.' They have declared that they
have been unable to convince themselves of the utility or necessity of this meas-
ure, and that they have given in their consent only because sanitary considerations
alone were urged as a reason for the measure, and they were unwilling to take the
responsibility of being alone indifferent to the health of the German people. But
as wise merchants they have at least averted the worst consequence of their carry-
ing trade, inasmuch as they have obtained permission to import American hog
meat for reexportation and to provision their own ships with American hog meat
That seamen may eat trichinous meat with impunity we had not hitherto heard
of. Or do the Hanse Town men not believe in the danger of trichinae and the
seriousness of the arguments in favor of the measure?

"As to the sanitary consideration, the prohibition of American hog meat will
undoubtedly prove very healthy for the purses of our estate owners, but very
unhealthy for the poorer classes of oiar population.

" We will not to-day enter further into the subject, which to us is the most mel-
ancholy piece of our economical policy."

Comment on this article is unnecessary. It fitly characterizes the spirit of the
measure referred to. I will only add in conclusion that the views expressed and
implied in the article are shared by almost all those who have given the subject
any attention.

FERDINAND VOGELER,

Consul-GenerdL

No. 79.

Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.
[Telegram.]

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, March 8, 188S.

Mr. Sargent telegraphs that he immediately presented the request of the Presi-
dent, and that while Bundesrath's action was adverse, he again protested strongly,
asked an answer to the President's proposal, and suspension of action.

No. 80.
Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

[Telegram.]

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, March 14, 188S.
Government declines to investigate or suspend order.

S ARGENT.

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 649

No. 81.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent.

No. 98.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington. March 14, 1885.

SIR: I inclose herewith for your information a copy of an interesting letter from
Messrs. Armour & Co., of Chicago, concerning the exclusion of American pork
from Germany.

I am, etc., FREDK. T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

[Inclosure in No. 98.]
Armour & Co. to Mr. Logan.

CHICAGO, March 1, 1883. (Received March 8.)

DEAR SIR: The recent action of the German Government, in prohibiting the
importation of American hog products, it seems to us, demands some effort toward
checking a policy that must unquestionably result (if persisted in) in disaster to
the farming interests of Illinois and the Northwest. We know that your familiar-
ity with this subject renders it unnecessary for us to enlarge upon it for your
information, but recognizing and acknowledging, with thanks, your former inter-
est in this question, we now beg to ask your cooperation in the adoption of some
measure calculated to bring about the speedy repeal of existing prohibitory decrees,
or at least to render their adoption in other quarters less attractive than at present.

Knowing, as well as ourselves, that the sanitary pretexts of both the French and
German Governments need no arguments, we feel that you will heartily support
any wise retaliatory measure brought forward to counteract their disastrous legis-
lation. And while aware that you are fully informed as to the magnitude of the
interests thus attacked, we may state that from our intimate relations with this
most important Illinois industry the time can not be far distant when our own
and adjoining States wiJl suffer to the extent of millions of dollars.

We refrain from inflicting upon you at length the reasons for this conviction,
which to us present the feature of absolute certainty, because we feel that your
own information is ample, and that you must, having already broadly considered
the matter, fully agree with us.

We therefore confidently request that you will make some effort, retaliatory in
its character, the details of which you can much better suggest than ourselves, and
will conclude by saying that while our own interests are necessarily involved,
they are, as you know, secondary to those enormous interests which involve the
welfare of the State to as great a degree, perhaps, as those of any other important
industry.

The time, we suppose, being short for action during the present Congress, we,
of course, leave the matter in your hands, hoping you may be able to do some-
thing either before or after the close of the present Congress, but as promptly as
your numerous duties (and the importance of the subject) will permit.
Yours, truly,

ARMOUR & Co.

No. 82.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent.

No. 99.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, March 14, 1883.

SIR: Your No. Ill of the 24th ultimo, concerning the decree prohibiting the
importation into Germany of the hog products of the United States, has been
received.

The note addressed by you to Count Hatzfeldt on the 23d ultimo, in relation to
the President's invitation to the Imperial Government to send a commission of
experts to the United States to examine into the operations of hog raising and
packing here, based as it was on the brief telegraphic instructions sent to you. has,
in the main, anticipated the instruction, No. 87, dated the 16th ultimo, and pre-
sented with considerable fidelity the considerations contained therein in support
of the President's invitation.

650 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

It mnst, however, be observed that you have to some extent gone beyond the
intention of the President in the concluding part of your note to Count Von Hatx-
feldt. You therein say:

"Inasmuch as the I'nited States are a large and growing consumer of German
manufactures, and the food it exports to Germany is a principal article of
exchange, the laws of trade must dictate its obtaining the goods it imports else-
where if the equivalent it furnishes is refused. This would probably result, even
if the Congress did not meet the issue by legislation, under the belief that another
motive than the unsoundness of American pork products caused this exclusion.
Such a belief, of course, could not obtain if fair investigation on the spot by Ger-
man experts showed dangerous unsonndness to exist.''

So far as your intimation touches the operation of the laws of international
trade, it is unexceptionable. Those laws control themselves, and commerce must
perforce work its own channels in the most natural directions; but when you go
further and indicate the possibility that this Government may resort to retalia-
tion if its views be not assented to by Germany, you introduce an element which
it was not intended to present.

The act on taken by this Government was unusual and necessarily presupposed
that the direct proposal of the President to the Imperial Government would be
entertained in the same frank spirit in which it was proffered, and, no doubt, it
will yet receive a courteous reply, whether favorab'e or unfavorable.

It may be that His Majesty the Emi eror may decline to send hither such a com-
mission as has been proposed, through unwillingness, possibly, that the results of
its labors should have a binding effect upon his Government, such as might nat-
urally be supposed to follow from a commission created by imperial order. The
German Government has an undoubted right to withhold its concurrence in the
suggestion of the President, and the exercise of this right would give no occasion
for offense. It is the duty of governments to be jealous of the health and careful
of the interests of their citizens or subjects, and the President does not seek to
support an appeal to the German sense of equity by any menace.

In this view of the matter, therefore, any intimation such as is contained in your
note to Count von Hatzfeldt, that retaliation might ensue in the event of a refusal,
was out of place.

If the Imperial Government declines to send the suggested commission to exam-
ine into the operations of hog raising and packing in the United States, it is more
than probable that the President will cause such an examination to be made in so
thorough and impartial a manner as to satisfy that Government that the health
of the German people will not be imperiled, but rather promoted, by the importa-
tion of American pork. But it is. of course, impossible for the executive branch
of this Government to anticipate what may be the action of the legislature of the
United States if the prohibitory measures contemplated by Germany should be
adhered to.

Lest the statements in your note of February 23 might prove liable to misinter-
pretation, you are authorized to make the contents of this instruction known to
Count von Hatzfeldt by reading it to his excellency, and, should he desire it. by
leaving with him a copy. In doing so you should state to him that this instruc-
tion is explanatory merely, and does not put on record a censure of your course.
I am. etc.,

FREDK. T. FKELINGHUYSEN.

No. 88.
Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

[Extract.]

No. 121.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, March 15, 1883. (Received March 27.)

SIR: Your instruction No. 87 of 16th February was received March 10. On the
13th, the first subsequent opportunity, I called on Count Hatzfeldt, and, in obedi-
ence thereto, read it to him and left with him a copy. He said he had my last
note on the subject, and that it had been submitted to the chancellor, who had
written to the German minister at Washington on the matter. I asked him if I
might understand that this communication to Washington was evidence of a pur-
pose to convey through some other channel the answer to the President's proposal
which I had submitted, to which he replied "Not at all." I then said: If the
matter, then, was not foreclosed I would remind him that the ordinance was

SWINE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 651

impending, and the United States Government had submitted a definite proposi-
tion for a commission, and that unless the Imperial Government is so clear in its
conclusions that evidence could not change it, or unless it had other motives than
the unsoundness of American pork for its prohibition, so that evidence was unim-
portant, it would appear that this proposition of the American Government should
be accepted.

Count Hatzfeldt replied that Herr Bojanowski, president of department No. 2
of foreign affairs, was fully in possession of the views of the chancellor on the mat-
ter, and requested me to have an interview with him. As the latter is an officer
intrusted with all commercial duties and relations, and equal in station with the
secretary, I consented to call upon him to learn the decision of Prince Bismarck,
in case an appointment were made for me. Count Hatzfeldt stating that the copy
of the instruction which I presented should be laid before the chancellor. I hnd
no doubt, however, that the answer it would get from Herr Bojanowski would Le
unfavorable. * * *

To-day, at 2 o'clock, I called at the ministerium and had an interview with the
president of department No. 2. He stated that instructions had been sent to Mr.
Von Eisendecher about the matter. I asked if a commission would be appointed
to investigate the alleged unsoundness of American pork products, and he said,
"No." I asked him if the ordinance would be suspended until Mr. Von Eisen-
decher *s response could be had, or until the latter had consulted with the honor-
able secretary of state, and he said, "It will not." I said, "Very well; that
answers my questions: and I will communicate the facts to my Government for
such further action as it deems proper." * * * I deemed it indiscreet to ask the
nature of Mr. Von Eisendecher 's instructions, and if they contemplated investiga-
tion. I presume he will lay before you whatever his Government would wish
known of its purposes. * * *

I have, etc., A. A. SARGENT.

No. 84.

Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.
[Extract.]

No. 122.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, March 19, 1883. (Received April 4.)

SIR: 1 have the honor to inclose a copy of the decree of the Bundesrath exclud-
ing American pork products, as approved by the Emperor March 6, with transla-
tion. It is a pure and simple exclusion, containing no reservation on its face,
whatever it may be in practice.

I also inclose an article and translation from the Norddeutsche Allgemeine
Zeitung of the 14th March, showing the regulations which the chancellor pro-
poses by which to enforce this ordinance. These are stringent and severe, and
calculated to totally interrupt all trade in the prohibited products, whether the
same come direct from America or through other countries. These regulations
are the logical result of the ordinance, and are subject to no criticism that does
not apply to the ordinance itself; though the chancellor is represented as justify-
ing them on the ground that the American papers have said the ordinance would
be evaded by indirect shipments. If the American papers have so said, which I
have not observed, the enforcement of these regulations will defeat any such
anticipations. It will be seen that considerable ingenuity is used to detect and
exclude the obnoxious food.

This is sufficiently remarkable, considering the welcome the same regulations
extend to Austro-Hungarian and Russian pork, which is said by scientific Ger-
man authority to be the cause of all the (few) cases of trichinosis that have
occurred in Germany for several years, from the habit of the people to eat it raw;
the Russian pork, I am told by Germans, being the worst in the world.

I am able to say that there is as little apparent public opinion back of this pro-
hibition as there is justification for it in the character of the excluded articles.
Physicians, who ask, for obvious reasons, that their names be not men-
tioned, have assured me personally and by "letter that there is no disease in Ger-
many from American pork. The only case now known to exist among forty
million people is said to be at Bremen, and that from eating raw German ham.
According to these respectable authorities, if a child were to be poisoned at Phila-
delphia from sucking the paint from a German doll, legislation to prohibit all

(552 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

German toys would be a parallel measure, provided this case of trichinosis at
Bremen could be really proved to arise from eating American pork.

Deputations of merchants have called on me. anxious to know if the measure
was inevitable. One banker spoke of it as gross ingratitude to America, whose
contributions for the Rhine sufferers, about 1,000,000 marks, are, he said, insignifi-
cant beside the amounts annually sent out from America to dependent relatives
and others, for which no return is ever expected. He spoke of this as in his own
knowledge, by means of his business. I presume the international money-ordn
office would "tell the same story. He also said the United States are the most
important market of Germany, and the latter had it in its own hands whether
they should be ignominiously hustled out of the German market. As illustrating
the dependence of Germany upon American custom, I cite the following from the
Berliner Tageblatt, the correctness of which I have not the means of verifying:

"The prohibition of American pork products begins already to show a reaction.
In Germany, for instance, there exists five large manufactories of dextrine, whose
products are principally sent to America, and which are worked so advantageously
that a larger number of similar establishments are to be erected. The duty on
dextrine amounted hitherto to 4 marks. After the 1st July, however, it will be
raised to 16 marks, thus rendering the exportation of the German article to Amer-
ica almost impossible and checking home labor very sensibly."

* * * * * * *

I have, etc.,

A. A. SARGENT.

[Inelnsure 1 in No. 122. Translation.]

ORDINANCE CONCERNING THE PROHIBITION OP THE IMPORTATION OF PIGS, PORK,
AND SAUSAGES OF AMERICAN ORIGIN OF MARCH 0, 1883.

We, William, by the grace of God, Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, etc.,
decree in the name of the Empire, and with the consent of the Bundesrath, as
follows:

SECTION 1. The importation of pigs, pork, including bacon, and all kinds of sau-
sages of American origin, is prohibited until further notice.

SEC. 2. The imperial chancellor is empowere'l, by applying the necessary pre-
cautionary measures, to permit exceptions to be made in this prohibition.

SEC. 3. The ordinance of the 25th June. 1880, concerning the exclusion of
American pork and sausages (Im. Law Gazette, p. 151) is abolished.

SEC. 4. The present ordinance goes into force after the expii-ation of the 30th
day after its publication.

Given under our hand and the imperial seal.

Berlin, 6th March, 1883.

WILHELM.
VON BISMARCK.

[Inclosnre 2 In No. 122. Article from the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung of March 14, 1883.

Translation.]

On the order of to-day's appointed session of the Bundesrath stands the pro-
posal concerning the prohibition of the importation of pigs, pork, and sausages of
American origin.

After the Bundesrath has voted the decree for the prohibition of the import of
pigs, pork, and sausages from America, it will be necessary in the interest of an
efficient enforcement of the prohibition to extend the same not only to such prod-
ucts which are shipped directly to Germany from America, but to all products
included in the prohibition of American origin. In a communication to the
Bundesrath the chancellor makes no suggestions about carrying out the decree,
and orders, for the prevention of its evasion, that the importation of such articles
from other countries than America shall only be admissible in future when it is
proved by official certificate that the articles are above suspicion, i. e.. not of
American origin. If the prohibition is really to impart the sanitary protection
aimed at by it. then, says the chancellor's communication further, only the cer-
tificates of such officials must be recognized as are. on the one hand, in a position
to testify to the truthfulness of their statements by their personal knowledge in
the premises, and, on the other hand, too. are responsible to the Empire or the
Government of their country for the conscientiousness of their statements.

The certificates of German consuls will, accordingly, be of primary considera-
tion, but as the interests of traffic would seem to forbid our confining ourselves to

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 653

their certificates exclusively, it might be practicable to admit the certificates
attested to by the proper police authorities at the place of origin as sufficient.
But inasmuch as the German frontier officials may not always be able to tell
whether the persons certifying are actually the proper police authorities, this fact
would have to be attested to by the German consul of the district in question.
Exceptions to this measure would only be admissible in the case of certificates of
origin which come from Austria- Hungary, if issued and attested to according to
the provision of the treaty with that Empire of 25th February, 1880, as in all
other traffic between these frontier districts.

If the attest is not written in the German language, a certified German transla-
tion would have to be added by the importer on demand.

Besides this, the certificate of origin would have to be issued at least thirty days
before the arrival of the goods at the German frontier and to be kept by the Ger-
man frontier officials to prevent a second use thereof. As specially regards the
import of living pigs, the foreign police authorities would have to certify that the
animals belonging to the shipper, who is to be especially named, are described
singly and according to kind, size, age sex, color, and other outward marks, are born
and raised in Austria-Hungary (Belgium, etc.), and that they have been kept at
and within the district of the authorities certifying for the last thirty days. In
the case of sucking pigs (pigs of less than 10 kilos weight), as their importation
from America might scarcely be attempted, a certificate describing the animals
collectively and as to kind, as having been born in Austria-Hungary (Belgium,
etc. ) , might suffice.

The matter is, however, much more difficult with regard to preparations of
pork and sausages. A certificate issued by the authorities at the place of origin
of the animals would be of little value, as it could not be proved by the articles in
question that they really are made from the animal mentioned in the certificate of
origin, and therefore a certificate from the police authorities at the place where
they were made (except America) that the ware specially designated and
described, if chopped, by signature, and packing, if in larger pieces, by a stamp
which is to be placed upon them by the authorities at the place of origin, to the
effect that the wares emanate from the butcher, etc.. residing at and in the district
of the certifying office, and are made from animals of English ( Belgium, etc. )
origin, would be necessary. Besides this.it might be practicable to demand a
certificate to the effect that the manufacturer in question is not engaged in manu-
facturing wares from pigs, pork, or bacon of American org'n, nor in the purchase
or sale, directly or indirectly, in these articles of American origin. In justifica-
tion of these suggestions, the communication refers to utterances in the American
press that an evasion of this prohibition by repacking the American article in
European (not German) ports is contemplated.

Finally, the chancellor requests a decision of the Bundesrath in the matter, with
the remark that the officials intrusted with the execution of the decree at the
frontier will be furnished with instructions before the time that the decree goes
into force, thirty days alter its proclamation.

No. 85.
Mr. Bailey to Mr. Davis.

No. 103.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Hamburg, April 7, 1883. (Received April 25.)

SIR: I have the honor to transmit you herewith an article cut from the Ham-
burger Nachrichten of this date.

The figures are taken from the official report, and they are furnished for such
information as they may contain.

I am, etc., J. M. BAILEY,

United States Consul.

[Inclosure in No. 103. Extract from the Hamburger Nachrichten of April 7,1883. Translation.]
EXAMINATION OF PORK IN HAMBURG.

The Government veterinary surgeon has published an account of the examina-
tions of American and European pork which have been made during the past five
years. He states that 18,619 specimens of American pork were examined during

'>."..} SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATKS.

that time by 48 inspectors. Of these, 175 were found to contain trichina*. Dur-
ing the same period 60.527 specimens of European pork were examined, not on-' of
which was found to contain trichina. It thus appears that 0.9.~> per cent of the
American specimens con tame 1 trichina- and 0.00 percent of the European. In
the year 1881. 7:3,113 American and .">.">, 799 European specimens were examined by
60 inspectors. Of the former. <>!).">. i. e., 9.9") per cent, were found to contain
tri hinse and of the latter 2. or 0.0<I4 per cent. In the year ISHO, 78. oil? Ann rican
and 49,943 European specimens were examined by 108 inspectors; of the former.
836, or 1.05 per cent, contained triihime and of the latter none at all. In the
year 1879, lUJ.<>f>2 American and 17.-J47 European specimens were examined by 91
inspectors; of the former. 1,290, or 1.16 per cent, were found to contain trichina
and of the latter 3. or 0.006 per cent. In the year 187*. 49.513 American and
28,173 European specimens were examined by 17 inspectors; of the former, 382, or
0.79 per cent, contained trichina? and of the latter 3. or 0.01 per cent.

No. 86.

Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent.
[Confidential.]

No. 108.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, April 11, 1S8S.

SIR: Your dispatches Nos. 121 and 122, of the loth and 19th ultimo, in relation
to the ordinance and regulations of the German Imperial Government for the
prohibition of American pork products, have been rei eived.

Until the text of the promulgated regulations for the execution of the prohibi-
tory ordinance shall be received it may seem premature to consider the details of
the question and express an opinion thereon. The general issue, however, is one
which can not fail to demand the most careful attention of this Government, not
only on its own merits, but also in its bearing upon Article V of the treaty of
commerce and navigation between the United States and Prussia, concluded
May 1, 182^, and especially the concluding clause of the article, which reads as
follows:

" Nor shall any prohibition be imposed on the importation or exportation of any
article the proJure or manufacture of the United States, or of Prussia, to or from
the ports ot the United States, or to or from the ports of Prussia, which shall not
equally extend to all other nations."

The treaty question which may be thus involved is receiving attentive consid-
eration, and may hereafter be the subject of a special instruction to you. Mean-
while I have to thank you 'or the information conveyed in your dispatches and to
remark that your suggestions will have due consideration,
lam, etc.,

FREDK. T. FEELINQHDYSEN.

No. 87.
Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinglmysen.

[Extract.]

No. 135.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, April 13, 1S83. (Received May 2.

SIR: I have the honor to state that on the 22d March, 1883. I received a letter
from Mr. Emile .Neignouret. president of the Chambre Syndicale du Commerce
des Saindoux ft Sala sons d'Ameriqne, Bordeaux, France, a copy of which is
inclosed, informing me that the French papers were publishing a dispatch from
Tilsit. Germany, stating that some cases of trichinosis existed in Tilsit, especially
in the garrison, and that there were already 13 deceased. He requested me to
make inouiries on the subject, as the syndicate is doing its best to obtain the recall
of the edict of prohibition of American meats in France and had already serious
promises from the French Government. They were, however, afraid the many
advices from Germany like the above would raise difficulties and prevent their
success. He expressed the opinion that if there were such trichinosis it came from
eating home meats, and not from American salted meat. If the facts could be

SWINE PEODUOTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 655

ascertained and vouched for by me, it would aid them to obtain free importation
in France.

Immediately on receipt of this letter I wrote to United States consular agent,
Mr. Conrad Gaedeke, at Konigsberg, the nearest consular officer to Tilsit, inclos-
ing him a copy of it, and informed him that the question of the exclusion or admis-
sion of American pork products is now being agitated here and in France, and that
he would much oblige me and do the United States a service if he would ascertain
and inform me promptly if these cases of sickness referred to exist; and if so, if
the pork was of American or other production.

The same day I wrote to Mr. Neignouret, stating that I had ordered an investi-
gation to be made into, the alleged cases of trichinosis at Tilsit by the nearest
American consul, and if there were such, if they originated from eating Ameri-
can pork. I told him, further, that I find that all cases of alleged trichinosis are
ascribed to American pork, even where the proof is open to anyone that they arise
from eating raw native or Hungarian pork; that interested parties spread such
stories, and frequently the stories are entirely false, there being no sickness; that
high German scientific authority states that there is not now and has not been for
years any case of trichinosis in Germany from eating American pork.

The United States consular agent at Konigsberg acknowledged receipt of my
letter, under date of March 27, and promised immediately to try to ascertain and
inform me as soon as possible of all the fa"ts in the matter.

I am now in possession of his report, under date of April 9, in which he informs
me that 14 cases of trichinosis have occurred at the garrison at Tilsit, being early
in March, all very light, and everybody now recovered. It is officially stated to
him that the soldiers did not receive the infected meat in the menage of the caserne,
and it is not possible to state where they got it, and not, therefore, whether it is
of native or American production, but they probably got the pork from their
relatives. * * *

I have to-day written to Mr. Neignouret, giving to him these facts and calling
his attention to the exaggeration or falsehood of the telegraphic account in that
no deaths had occurred; that the cases were all slight, and everybody had recov-
ered, and pointing out the certainty that, as the pork was probably furnished by
relatives, it was the local raw article, which is the ascertained cause of all known
cases of trichinosis where the trouble has been taken to trace the cause.

I have also written to Mr. Gaedeke, thanking him for his promptness and effi-
ciency in the matter, and stating that I should take pleasure in mentioning it to
the State Department.

This correspondence tells its own story, and remark may be unnecessary. In
this case 13 persons are announced as already dead from trichinosis, and the
fatal disease still raging, and American pork that '-unutterable flesh '' is swii tly
assigned as the cause. The disastrous news is spread over the Continent to create
prejudice against our productions and strengthen the hands of those who favor
prohibition. When the Government officers, peculiarly informed, are questioned,
it is found no deaths have occurred; that there were only some slight cases of
sickness, and pregnant circumstances imply that American pork had nothing to
do with the cases of sickness that did exist.

***** * *

While the German Government may properly decline to bind itself by the report
of its own or any other commission for investigation into the truth or error of its
own allegations that American pork products are dangerous to health, and into
the soundness of the grounds which it has for striking a severe blow at our trade
or manufactures, it may reasonably be expected to be * * * cautious how it
lends itself to * * * statements against the interests of a friendly nation.
* When the chancellor sent his request for the prohibitive ordinance to the
Bundesrath he accompanied it by a memorial in which he did not give reasons
based on the bills of health of the Empire, but cited at large from a printed
pamphlet in German. * * * which pamphlet was a compilation of certain
New York newspaper articles published in 188 1, wh[ch, while condemning the
prohibitory policy of the French Government, laid blame upon the Western
packers, who. these alleged, put up meats before they were properly cured, and
dwelt upon the carelessness of freight handlers. Western inspection, etc. The
pamphlet also contained the opinions of French and German exporters that the
complaints of the French authorities were unfounded from a sanitary standpoint,
and the faults of careless packing could be remedied on through transit meats by
having them overhauled at New York prior to shipment. The appointment of a
certain firm of New York packers * ' * was recommended for the purpose.
This pamphlet was denounced by Herr Richter, in the Reichstag, as compiled in
the interests of the firm alluded to. and as utterly unworthy as authority for the
proposed exclusion. Of course, it does not come anywhere near proof of danger

656 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

of trichinosis, from American pork. Imperfect packing may cause rotten pork,
which no one would buy or use, but not trichina*; yet this unresponsive evidence
stands as the basis of exclusion in this Empire to-day. Investigation might * * *
[show] that the statements of the pamphlet in regard to packing are false, and
that the supervision of the before-mentioned firm is unnecessary. Every barrel of
pork that reaches Europe bears its special testimony, and the interests of trade
insure fidelity of means. If any steps were taken to ascertain in what condition
packed pork reached Germany, the conclusions were not added to the assertions
of the pamphlet in the chancellor's memorial; and the investigation carried on
under orders of the State Department was not deemed worthy of notice.

* * -:: * * * *

One effect of this prohibition is now obvious. The masses here are accustomed
to reverence government and look to it peculiarly for guidance in matters whi h
in different communities it could not influence. The Government has condemned
American pork products as dangerous to health. Its action fosters alarm in that
connection, and it will take years to re-create the confidence in these which has
been impaired.

To avoid multiplying dispatches I will here state that on the 10th there was a
discussion on the bill amending " trades law." In section 566 the Federal Coun-
cil ( Bundesrath ) is authorized, in cases of necessity, to suspend for a certain period
some of the provisions of section 56 and 56a, the same right being conferred upon
the appropriate state authorities for the individual states of the Empire. This is
not the law regulating imports, which contains a somewhat parallel provision, it
being therein provided that the Council may suspend any importation temporarily
in case of emergency.

During the discussion Dr. Baumbach proposed an addition to this paragraph,
making it obligatory upon the Federal Council to submit its decrees to the Reich-
stag for subsequent approval.

State Minister Scholz declared himself decidedly opposed to this proposal,
expressing the view that it would be detrimental to the dignity of the Govern-
ment to see its decrees annulled so soon after their promulgation. He said the
motion of Dr. Baumbach would make the authority conferred upon the Federal
Council so entirely illusory that the united Governments would prefer to dispense
with it altogether. The minister conceded that there existed in certain cases
similar provisions, requiring subsequent parliamentary approval of decrees of the
Federal Council, but past experience did not dispose him to advocate an extension
of this principle. The proposed motion would confuse legal relations, and he must
urgently request that it be rejected.

Deputies Heydemann, Maibauer, Dr. Reeand, and Dr. Bamberger spoke in
advocacy of Dr. Baumbach's motion. The latter declared it to be of the greatest
importance to oppose the principle set up by Minister Scholz. The proposed con-
dition had the very practical purpose of compelling the united Governments to
consider duly, before issuing a provisional decree, whether it was in harmony with
the law, and whether it would receive the approbation of Parliament. For
instance, if the united Governments had been compelled to submit to Parliament
for subsequent approval the decree prohibiting the importation of American meat,
he was convinced the decree would never have been issued at all.

He therefore, that there might be no question of the principle, would recom-
mend the adoption of Dr. Baumbach's motion.

Scholz, finance minister, felt called upon to protest energetically against the
suggestion that the Government did not in every case maturely consider, before
its issue, every provisional decree, and the necessity for subsequent approval could
not make it more so.

After speeches by Dr. Hanel, Richter, and others, earnestly advocating the
amendment, it was adopted by a small majority.

I have, etc., A. A. SARGENT.

[Inclosure 1 in No. 135.]
Mr. Neignouret to Mr. Sargent.

CHAMBRE SYNDICALE DU COMMERCE DBS

SAINDOUX ET SALAISONS D'AMERIQUE,

Bordeaux, March 22, 188S.

SIR: I now see in our French papers a dispatch coming from Tilsit, and telling
that some cases of trichinosis have occurred in this town, especially in the garri-
son, and that there were already 13 deceased.
I shall be most obliged for your inquiries on the subject, as our syndicate is

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 657

making the endeavor to obtain the recall of the edict of prohibition for American
meats in France, and we have already received serious promises from our Gov-
ernment; but we are afraid that the many advices from Germany, like the above,
will be a difficulty in the way, and perhaps an obstacle to our success.

Besides, if there is such trichinosis, my opinion is that the cases must come from
home meats and not from the salted ones imported from America, and should the
matter be investigated, your information and certificates on the subject would be
of great assistance in our endeavors to obtain the free importation in France.

I rely on you to know exactly what is the matter, and with thanks, remain, etc.,

EMILE NEIGNOURET,
The President of the Syndicate.

[Inclosure 2 in No. 135.]
Mr. Sargent to Mr. Conrad GaedeJce.

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, March 24, 188S.

SIR: I inclose to you a copy of a letter from Mr. Emile Neignouret, which speaks
of some cases of trichinosis from eating pork which have recently occurred at the
fortress at Tilsit. The question of the exclusion or admission of American pork
products is now being agitated here and in France; and you will much oblige me
and do the United States a service if you will ascertain and inform me promptly
if these cases of sickness, referred to in the inclosed, exist; and, if so, whether the
pork was of American or other production.

Very respectfully, A. A. SARGENT.

[Inclosure 3 in No. 135.]
Mr. Sargent to Mr. Neignouret.

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, March 24, 1883.

SIR: I have ordered an investigation to be made by the nearest American consul
into the alleged cases of trichinosis at Tilsit, referred to in your letter, and whether,
if there are such, they originated or not from eating American pork. I find that
all cases of alleged trichinosis are ascribed to American pork, even where the
proof is open to any one that they arose from eating raw native or Hungarian
pork. Interested parties spread such stories. Frequently these stories are wholly
false, there being no sickness. High German scientific authority states that there
are not now, and have not been for years, any cases of trichinosis in Germany
from eating American pork.
I will promptly inform you of the result of my inquiries.

Respectfully, A. A. SARGENT.

[Inclosure 4 in No. 135.]
Mr. Gaedeke to Mr. Sargent.

UNITED STATES CONSULAR AGENCY,

Konigsberg, March 27, 1883.

SIR: I beg to acknowledge receipt of your communication of the 24th instant,
with inclosure of a copy of a letter from Mr. Emile Neignouret. I will immedi-
ately try to ascertain and inform you as scon as possible of the cases of trichinosis
at Tilsit and whether the pork was of American or other production.
I have, etc.,

CONRAD GAEDEKE.

[Inclosure 5 in No. 135. Extract.]
Mr. Gaedeke to Mr. Sargent.

UNITED STATES CONSULAR AGENCY,

Konigsberg, April. 9, 1883.

SIR: In pursuance of my communication of the 27th past, I have the honor to
inform yoii that I have ascertained that fourteen cases of trichinosis have occurred
at the garrison at Tilsit in the beginning of March, but that all these cases have
been very light and that everybody has already recovered.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 42

658 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

It is officially stated that the soldiers have not received the infected pork in the
menage of the caserne, but it has not been possible to state whence they got it,
and it is therefore impossible to say whether this pork has been of inland or of
American production, but it is most probable that the soldiers have received the
product from their relatives. * * *

I have, etc., CONRAD GAEDEKE.

[Inclosure 6 in No. 135. Extract..]
Mr. Sargent to Mr. Neignouret.

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, Aftril 10, 1883.

SIR: Referring to your letter of March 22 and mine of March 24, concerning the
cases of trichinosis alleged to exist at Tilsit, I have the honor now to inform you
that the United States consular agent at Konigsberg, Mr. Conrad Gaedeke, a very
reliable and intelligent gentleman, writes to me, under date of April 9, that he has
observed my instructions and investigated the cases of trichinosis at the army
quarters at Tilsit, and the causes thereof, and now states ' that at the

beginning of March there were fourteen very slight cases of trichinosis, from
which everyone suffering has now fully recovered. The soldiers did not receive
the infected pork as rations, but ate it outside, probably receiving it from their
relations, in which case it was undoubtedly native pork. As raw native pork is
the ascertained cause of all trichinosis in Germany when the cause has been
traced, as I am informed by German medical authority, it is most certain to have
been the cause in this instance.

I inclose a copy of Mr. Gaedeke's letter, by which you will observe also that
the statement that deaths had occurred was totally false, and have, etc.,

A. A. SARGENT.

[Inclosuro 7 in No. 135.]
Mr. Sargent to Mr. Gaedeke.

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, April 10, 1883.

SIR: I thank you for the promptness with which you have complied with my
request to investigate and report upon the cases of trichinosis at Tilsit. I have
taken pleasure in informing the State Department of the promptness and efficiency
you have shown in this matter.

Very respectfully, etc., A. A. SARGENT.

No. 88.
Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

[Extract]

No. 187.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, April IS, 188S. (Received May 2.)

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your instruction No. 99 of
March 14. * * I beg leave to submit a few considerations suggested to my
mind by the instruction in question. '

The phrase used by me in my note of the 23d ultimo addressed to Count Hatz-
feldt, pointed out by the Department, was not inadvertent. I carefully weighed
every word of that note, and desired to present every reason that could influence
the German chancellor to avert the yet suspended blow of prohibition. Please
observe that any allusion to action by the American lawmaking power was not
suggested to depend upon acceptance of the President's proposition, but upon the
fact of prohibition, a measure replete with disaster to an enormous American
agricultural and manufacturing interest. In the firm belief, then and now enter-
tained, that phrase-making would not prevent or repeal such an unfriendly ordi-
nance, and only the prospect of retaliatory legislation would, I distantly intimated
that the United States, through its only lawmaking body, might possibly take

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 659

notice of this prohibition. It certainly should be an element in the chancellor's
estimate of the question that a nation of over 50,000,000 people of resolute char-
acter and noble history might adopt some form of legislative reprisals. In the
absence of instructions, and in the face of an emergency, I advanced this sugges-
tion instead of leaving him to infer or overlook it. Before my note to Count
Hatzfeldt was written, the American papers came, containing some of my dis-
patches in which I had strenuously urged that the only way in which the German
Government could be influenced was by the fear of reprisals by legislation. These
were republished from the American in the German newspapers, those papers
which were our friends in the controversy saying the considerations advanced
should be heeded by this Government. ' * As these publications necessarily

were authorized by the Department, I then saw no error in saying directly, but
courteously, to this Government what it was thus informed that I had officially
said of it.

* * * * * * *

I have, etc.,

A. A. SARGENT.

No. 89.

Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.
[Extract.]

No, 145.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, April 28, 1883. (Received May 16.)

SIR: I have the honor to report that No. 27 of Commercial Relations, January,
1883, contains a dispatch of mine, on page 1, upon the subject of the prohibition
by Germany of our pork products, wherein the representations on the subject by
various trade associations and the opposition press are stated, and the reasons why
the prohibition is likely to be made, and what remedy the United States may
have and should use to prevent such experiments against their interests, are
stated.

As was necessary in such a dispatch, the truths, as they appeared to me, were
clearly stated, that you might be perfectly familiar with the issue with which
our Government had to deal so far as a close observation here, and a zealous wish
to do my duty could enable you to become.

In the dispatch was also a personal allusion, useful to give an idea of the state
of feeling here in various circles. Such a dispatch, informing the State Depart-
ment of necessary facts, was, according to my view, entirely proper. The St.
James Gazette recently said, referring to the probability that the English home
office was well informed in regard to an annexation:

' ' With what object do we keep up diplomatic establishments in every European
capital if the first hint of a design on the part of some rival power to seize an
important territory is to come from a little group of colonial politicians? "

So it might be asked, With what object does the United States keep up diplo-
matic establishments in Europe, if they must depend upon chance and tardy
sources for information as to measures affecting their interests? To send such
information in such a colorless form that if it were published the government to
which the minister is accredited could not find a shade of criticism or matter of
exception, and yet the Department get from it a true picture of occurrences hav-
ing inimical tendencies, and of which it should be expressly warned, would seem
impossible.

*******

linclose, with translation, an article from the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung,
* * * in which it is falsely alleged that the dispatch in question was a news-
paper article published by me in a newspaper of New York over my signature,
and distorting ingeniously the contents of the dispatch. It ascribes to me the
words and arguments which I expressly said were copied from German papers;
declares that f said the German Government is not at all a government of public
opinion, but is sure to do the exact opposite of what public opinion demands;
whereas I said, "If this were strictly a government of public opinion in the
American sense, these general public appeals would prevail." It alleges that I
said (three months before the ordinance was passed at all) that it was passed by a
trick over the heads of the Reichstag, etc. By a comparison with the original you
will see the malignity and falsehood of this travesty.

If I had so far forgotten my duty as to publish an article on a political subject

660 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

in an American newspaper over my signature, I should feel only repaid even by
such gross caricature of what it contained. The paper in question knew that I
was innocent of any publication whatever, for a month before it had published
the substance of it correctly, and said it was a dispatch to my Government, and
berated the opposition papers for furnishing such arguments against the measures
of their own Government. To give plausibility to this attack it was necessary to
ignore that, and to sufficiently fire the hearts of its readers it was necessary to
grossly misrepresent the contents of the document.

The undoubted purpose of this publication was to work on the patriotic pride
of the Germans by leading them to resent foreign complaint of the action of their
Government and make partisans for the maintenance of prohibition. The scheme
was well planned, and undoubtedly works in the way foreseen.

*******

I have, etc.,

A. A. SARGENT.

[Inclosure in No. 146. Extract from the Norddentsche Allgemeine Zeitnng, April 24, 1883.

Translation.]

In the New Yorker Handels-Zeitung of March 10 last we find a publication
which bears the signature of the minister of the United States at Berlin and treats
of the prohibition in Germany of American pork. The first half of this article
endeavors to describe the "opposition " to the exclusion of American hog products
manifested in Berlin and other cities, and refers in particular to articles of the
National Zeitung and the in the meantime deceased Tribune. A political criti-
cism of the present form of government in Germany is connected with the descrip-
tion of that opposition movement, the German Government being described as one
not "in the slightest degree a government of public opinion,'' but one which most
probably always did the reverse of that demanded by the voice of public opinion
as well as by the press, on the basis " of logical deductions from indisputable facts."

The decree of prohibition is criticised as an illegal measure adopted over the head
of the Reichstag, and characterized by a leader of the opposition in the Reichstag
to be the author of the article as being an "unworthy trick."

It is possible that a German deputy has used such an expression to the represent-
ative of a foreign power. We know more than one whom we consider capable of
such an act. On the other hand, it surprises us to find the signature of a minister
accredited to His Majesty the Emperor tinder such declarations.

In the article it is further stated: ''The Tribune, an influent i: 11 organ of the
party of progress, has convincingly shown the sanitary harmless!. i,* of American
pork products. It was solely in the interests of the larger landowners and meat
producers of Germany that the prohibition which took 15,01:0 marks annually from
the poor to give them to the rich was issued." At this point the style of the pub-
lication attains a pathos to which we fear our quotation will not do justice. It
is stated word for word:

" But woe to the poor who pay to him (the rich) the 15,000 marks:' woe to the
hungry who imagine that it is a duty of the Government not to allow the price of
food to become too high."

The National Zeitung had also furnished a similar argument that could not be
refuted in favor of American interests: that journal had in particular asserted that
last year's good harvest had afforded such rich profits to German landowners that
their interests did not require this exclusion of American pork from German mar-
kets. Here, too, therefore, the unvailed insinuation is uttered that the imperial
Government had adopted those measures solely for the purpose of favoring a single
class, while the existence of weighty sanitary police motives for the prohibition is
not conceded or mentioned with a single word.

In the last part of the publication the damage to American interests to result
from the decree of prohibition is referred to, and reprisals are threatened, leaving
out of consideration the fact that North America for whole decades has shut itself
off from the products of European industry by the highest protective and prohibi-
tive duties, without our ever having thought of demanding of America considera-
tion for injured German and disregard of American interests.

The publication closes with the declaration that America "can not submit to the
exclusion of her products under false pretences."

The article therefore anticipates the employment of international pressure to
force the American trichin:e upon the German consumer, after the latter has borne
the burden of inconsiderable taxation in order to be protected against the domestic
trichinae. This view i: dot without analogy to that which was at the bottom of the
Chinese opium war. What would the public and the press say in England if a

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 661

German publication, similar to that contained in the columns of the New Yorker
Handels-Zeitung, had attacked the prohibition of the importation of German cattle
into England with ssuch arguments, and if under such publication the name of the
German ambassador accredited to the (^ueen of England had stood ? Assuredly
such international warfare would not have found in the English press organs to
advocate the interests of a foreign land at the expense of domestic policy.

No. 90.

Mr. Von Eisendecher to Mr. Frelinglmysen.

IMPERIAL GERMAN LEGATION,
Washington, May 2, 1883. (Received May 4.)

SIR: I have received from my Government copy of a note addressed by Mr. Sargent
to Count Hatzfeldt, under the date of February 23 of this year, for the purpose
of preventing the ultimate proclamation of the prohibited measures resolved upon
by the confederate governments against the importation into Germany of Ameri-
can bacon, hams, and pork.

Under instructions from the chancellor of the Empire, I have the honor to com-
municate to you the following reply to the note in question:

The prohibition resorted to by Germany is a measure of internal German legis-
lation, found necessary after careful investigation. on sanitary grounds and closely
connected with the internal institutions of the country.

Germany has always carefully avoided all interference in regard to measures
which other governments, and especially the Government of the United States,
think just to adopt in the interest of their country.

This principle of noninterference has been preserved by Germany also in rela-
tion to the high and often prohibitive duties imposed upon German industries in
the United States in consequence of their adopted financial system. Germany has
never even ventured the slightest remarks in this respect tending to suggest an
eventual friendly consideration of German interests in the framing of American
internal laws and measures. In the prohibition referred to above, however, higher
interests of the nation are at stake than tariff laws; that is, the protection of the
people against a danger to health. Now, as Germany, by its strict and rigorously
enforced legislation, affords the same protection to its people at home against all
danger from German cattle and hogs, it can not possibly treat the foreign pro-
ducers better than its own.

An investigation of the American methods of raising hogs and preparing hog
producis by a commission of German experts in the United States could not effect
a material change in this respect.

Germany, taking fully into account the very considerable importation of German
cattle into England, would nevertheless not feel at liberty to request the British
Government to inquire into the necessity of the restrictions imposed upon the
importation of German cattle into England by a commission traveling over Ger-
many. The measures adopted in England against the importation of German cat-
tle are also based upon sanitary but much less important reasons than those exist-
ing in Germany in regard to American pork. Even the most favorable report
rendered by such traveling members of a commission about the health of German
cattle and the methods adopted in Germany for its preservation would not consti-
tute a sufficient motive for the British legislature to recall their sanitary precaxi-
tionary measures.

Austria-Hungary also, to whose cattle the German frontier has been closed upon
sanitary grounds for a number of years, has not considered the suggestion of an
inquiry by German officials within its possessions as a likely means to have that
prohibition removed or made less rigorous.

These extensive and long-established prohibitive measures against Austria-
Hungary, a country bound to Germany by the closest political and commercial
ties, may at the same time be mentioned as a proof that, taking for granted an
impartial and unbiased consideration of the question, such measures which due
regard for the health of the people compels the Government to adopt need in no
way interfere with our friendly relations existing with Austria, England, and
America.

Expressing the hope, in the name of my Government, that the foregoing remarks
may receive at your hands the appreciation warranted by the happy and friendly
relations of both nations and their Governments, I avail, etc.,

VON ElSENDECHEB.

662 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

No. 91.

Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sartjcut.
[Extract.]

No. 116.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, May 4, 188S.

SIR: Your action, as reported in your dispatch No. 135, of the 13th ultimo, in
causing an investigation of alleged cases of trichinosis at Tilsit, is heartily approved
by the Department. It is desirable that every well-authenticated report of an out-
break of trichinosis in Germany which may coine to your ears should be inquired
into on the spot, with an honest and evident purpose to arrive at the exact facts
so far as may be possible.

*******

I am, etc.,

FREDK. T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 92.

Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghnysen.
[Extract.]

No. 146.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, May 4, 1883. (Received May 21, 1883.)

SIR: 1 have the honor, referring to my No. 145, of 30th April, to state that the
Norddeutsche Allgeineine Zeitung has, since I sent said dispatch -viz, in its issue
of the 1st May partially atoned for the inhospitable attack upon the representa-
tive of a foreign government, and its gross misrepresentations of his utterances,
by publishing the whole of my dispatch of January 1, accompanying it with the
remarks that it had no wish to be inhospitable to an accredited representative to
His Majesty of a friendly foreign country, but still affecting to believe that my
name to the document was a forgery or unexplained. It is somewhat comically
contradicted in this by the introductory remark of the New Yorker Handels-
Zeitnng, which it copies, and which precedes the dispatch in its columns. This
apology is as much as may well be expected, * * and perhaps much more,
and I presume the incident is terminated.

Meanwhile the German and Continental press has been somewhat busy over the
matter. The semiofficial German press has become very moderate or been silent.
*******

The London Times correspondent of the 1st instant says:

" Imitating the action of the German federal council, the Greek Government
has, from sanitary considerations, forbidden the importation of all sorts of Ameri-
can pig flesh. It may be mentioned that Prince Bismarck's organ, the North Ger-
man Gazette, publishes to-day the text of the dispatch which Mr. Sargent, the
American minister here, addressed to his Government on the subject of the inter-
dict, and on an incorrect rendering of which this organ founded its late personal
attack on the accredited representative of the United States, an attack which any
member of the diplomatic corps would have been justly entitled to regard as a
clear infringement of his rights and privileges. The publication of the full dis-
patch in question, though prefaced by a weak and transparent attempt to excuse
the previous attack, must therefore be regarded as an humble but inadequate
apology to the American minister, seeing that the North German Gazette thus
convicts itself of having grossly misrepresented his excellency's meaning and
imputed to him words which he never used."

The North American Times, published in London, says:

"The United States minister at Berlin has been attacked by the Norddeutsche
Zeitung for sending to a New York paper his official report on the prohibition of
the import of American pork into Germany. How does the journal know that the
minister sent the article in the New York paper? And how can it complain of
Mr. Sargent sending a dispatch to his Government on a matter concerning Ameri-
can commerce? It is the duty of the minister to write such dispatch, to express
an opinion on the matter, to quote other opinions both for and against in a word,
to give his Government all the information he could glean. The point of attack

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 663

is that the North German Gazette is under the inspiration of Prince Bismarck,
and the exclusion has been exciting a strong feeling on the other side. "
The same paper, referring to a former dispatch in the London Times, says:
" The Times tells us that the minister's comments thus published in a New York
trade journal have caused no slight displeasure in high quarters in Berlin. But
we can tell those who feel this displeasure that their action had aroused no slight
displeasure among the sovereign people of America; not that the exclusion is a
matter of moment just now, but that it indicates an inclination to exclude Ameri-
can products generally. It is true, as the Times remarks, that 'the measure was
less of a sanitary than of a prohibitive nature. ' "
The American Register, published in Paris, has the following:
"The North German Gazette, the official organ of Prince Bismarck, criticises
an article in the New Yorker Handels-Zeitung respecting the prohibition import
of American pork into Germany. The article in question spoke of reprisals, and
was signed by the American minister at Berlin. The North German Gazette
expresses surprise at seeing the signature of the American minister to the article
in question, and adds that ' when the article in question speaks of reprisals in order
to force American trichinae upon German consumers, it was an argument not
unlike that which formed the ground of the Chinese opium war. '

"The commercial policy of Prince Bismarck is a protective policy, and so far it
resembles that of the United States. Now, the protective system is essentially one
of strict reciprocity, and it was only the other day that the German minister of
commerce threatened Spain with reprisals. There is therefore no reason why the
minister should be so horrified at the system which he applies to others being
applied to himself. Of course, Germany does quite right to exclude American
pork when it is infected by trichinae, but what Americans object to is the assump-
tion that American pork is infected with trichinae after it has been shown that,
owing to the length of the voyage from America to Europe, the parasite can not
survive in the dead animal, and that, therefore, trichinae in American pork are an
impossibility. It is very curious that, while the North German Gazette denounces
American pork, the French papers denounce that of Germany on similar grounds.
'Perhaps German trichinae require to be protected, and if so, the solicitude of the
North German Gazette for their welfare is comprehensible."

* * * * * * *

I have, etc.,

A. A. SAKGENT.

[Inclosure in No. 146. Extract from the Norddeutsche Allgemelne Zeltung, May 1, 1883. Trans-
lation.]

The Borsen Courier brings an alleged conversation with the American minister,
Mr. Sargent, with reference to our article of April 24.

We can make no better answer to the statements it contains than by simply
furnishing a copy of the article which appeared in the New Yorker Handels-
Zeitung over the full signature of the minister. We must leave it to the organs
which have relations with the minister to enlighten the public more effectually
than has heretofore been done as to how this article could have been reprinted in
the New Yorker Handels-Zeitung' with the minister's name and official title with-
out a protest or correction, official or otherwise, having hitherto been made with
regard to this abuse for as such we must now regard it of the name of the min-
ister. We, in our turn, protest against the heading selected by the Borsen Courier
for its article, "The American minister and the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeit-
ung." We shall never permit ourselves to so far violate hospitality and interna-
tional courtesy as to attack or criticise the official acts of a minister of a friendly
state accredited to His Majesty the Emperor. We have to deal only with the
article of the New Yorker Handels-Zeitung, offensive to the German Empire, and
we should be glad to learn that the signature to that article is based upon some
error.

The article is as follows:

" The report sent to our Secretary of State dated January 1 last, of United States
Minister Aaron Sargent, at Berlin, in thematter of the prohibition of the impor-
tation into Germany of American pork, of which we communicated an extract in
the last number of this sheet, reads as follows:

[Here follows a translation of the text of the minister's dispatch.]

664 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

No. 93.

Mr. Sargent t<> Mr. FreUiHjlnnjuen.
[Extract.]

No. 147.] ' LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, May 5, 1883. (Received May St.)

SIR: I have the honor to report that in obedience to your telegraphic instruction
to execute the instruction 99, 1 had an interview on yesterday with Count Hatz-
feldt, it being the first opportunity therefor, and read the same to him, stating
that I was happy to present the views of my Government upon the note which I
had heretofore addressed to him asking a suspension of the prohibitory ordinance
until an examination into the soundness of American pork could be made by a com-
mission of German experts, and at his request I left him a copy of your said No. 99.

Count Hatzfeldt replied that he was glad to have a formal communication from
the State Department showing that the note had exceeded the views of the Amer-
ican Government in some particulars, viz, its discussion of the internal affairs of
the German Government, and the menace that the American Government might
resort to retaliatory measures, although he had already been informed of that
fact from Washington. He also said he would lay the matter before the chancel-
lor, who would no doubt be much pleased, and all the more as the relations
between the two Governments had always been BO satisfactory.

Considering my duty expressly limited by your instruction, I refrained from
discussion, and did not say what seemed to me true, and on again reading my
note still seems to me to be so that I have not discussed in it the internal affairs
of the German Empire except so far as its acts directly affected America, and that
your No. 99, then presented, contained no correction on my views in that regard.
*******

I have, etc.,

A. A. SARGENT.

No. 94.

Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.
[Extract]

No. 155.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, May 19, 1883. (Received June 5.)

SIR: The fierce heat of discussion that has followed the publication of my report
of January 1 on the prohibition of American pork, or rather since the attack upon
the same by the North German Gazette, especially the severe comments upon that
paper and on the imperial administration by the American press, have compelled
the same paper to finally attempt a justification of the prohibitory ordinance by
showing that clear sanitary reasons exist therefor. I send this article to you
inclosed with translation that you may have both sides of the case and the best
that can be * * * said for the ordinance. * "* I will remark that its
statements of German facts are contradicted by the representations of the mem-
bers of the Reichstag who opposed the measure. Thus. Herr Richter said that
proofs are accessible that the cases of trichinosis observed in Germany arise from
the use of German chopped meat. Dr. Barth refuted the statement from statis-
tics, which are now marshaled in the North German Gazette, and which were then
presented by Dr. Kohler, and declared the American meat to have been demon-
strated as comparatively sound. Deputy Ahlhprn stated in the same debate that
he had collected many reports and made many investigations, but not a single case
had been authenticated whose sickness had been caused by using American lard
or bacon.

You will observe that the Tilsit cases are referred to in this article to strengthen
the argument, although, as it must be * * * known that I had investigated
that matter, and knew that the amount of disease was greatly exaggerated, and
that the pork used was undoubtedly the domestic article, this case is passed lightly
over as a newspaper statement. * * The great fact remains that the bills of
health show no particular inconvenience from the consumption of this article of
food in Germany or elsewhere. The article admits that such inconvenience does
not arise elsewhere and would not exist in Germany did not the consumers here
like the flavor of raw pork. There may be something in the argument that the

SWINE PEODUCTS OP THE UNITED STATES. 665

customs of a country should be considered by its rulers, and if the people here will
eat raw pork, and so get disease, diseased pork that would be made sound by cook-
ing must be kept out of the country. * '

The falling off of importations of American pork being so great as represented,
it is claimed that the alleged evil should soon cure itself, and it is not worth while
to disturb the tranquillity of two continents by prohibiting an importation that
has decreased by eight-ninths in a single year. The argument is not ingenuous.
A partial prohibition, covering all our chopped meats and sausages, was in opera-
tion in 1882, and the threatened prohibition of all pork products, which has been
since pending, contributed, with less production in the United States, to decrease
the amount sent here.

*****

I have, etc.,

A. A. SARGENT.

[Inclosure in No. 155. Extracts from the Norddeutsche Allegemelne Zeitung, May 16, 1883.

Translation.]

In view of the lively discussion caused by the publication of the report of the
American minister at Berlin, concerning the prohibition of the importation of
American pork, it seems appropriate to call attention to the sanitary grounds upon
which alone the issue of that prohibition was based.

On the American side it is asserted with emphasis that the frequent occurrence
of trichinae in American pork is a fable, such pork being really much more healthy
than the German. This assertion is entirely unfounded. Apart from the circum-
stance that uniform measures for the suppression of contagious diseases of animals
are utterly wanting in the United States, the official investigations, even as to the
extent of the danger, and especially as to the occurrence of trichinae, are not com-
mensurate with the requirements that must, in the interest of thoroughness, be
insisted on in compiling statistics. The pamphlet of Mr. Scanlan, "American
pork," often cited by the opponents of the prohibition, touches trichinosis quite
superficially only, confining itself essentially to general un authenticated state-
ments of individual pork packers and by hog raisers, that is to say, of persons
interested in an unobstructed sale.

Under these circumstances we must consult supplementary investigations in
Germany and other countries of Europe and the statements of American experts
(veterinary and medical persons).

Let it be remarked in advance that the microscopic examination of hogs raised
in Germany has yielded the following results: Of 12,816,931 hogs examined in
Prussia during the period from 1876 to 1880, 6,945, or 0.054 per cent, contained
trichinae; of 29,822 examined at Dresden in 1878, and of 41,500 examined at the
same place in 1881, 11 and 7, or 0.03(i and 0.017 per cent, respectively, were thus
affected; and of 444,832 hogs examined in the duchy of Brunswick during an
extended period. 74, or 0.017 per cent, contained trichinae.

How, on the other hand, does American pork stand in this respect? The health,
commissioner of the city of Chicago, Dr. Dewolff, found that from 3 to 5 per cent
of the hogs examined by him contained trichina?. The health officer of Erie, Pa.,
Germer, places on the basis of an experience of long years the percentage of hogs
containing trichinae at something less than eight in a hundred. Billings, of Bos-
ton, a veterinary surgeon educated in Germany, has particularly occupied him-
self closely with the subject, and pursuant to his latest communications in No.
222 and in later numbers of the New York Medical Journal of March last, there
were in 1879, among 2,701 hogs. 154, or 5.7 per cent, and in the years 1879, 1880,
and 1881, among 8,774 hogs, 345. or about 4 per cent, which were found to contain
trichinae. The results of investigations in Europe are entirely in accord herewith.
At Turin, Volanti found 4 per cent; French experts found 3 per cent to contain
trichinae. In Germany the average of imported American pork is 4 per cent. A
lot of living hogs imported thence into Germany in 1880 yielded even 15.9 (in Dres-
den) and 23.3 per cent (in Magdeberg) containing trichinae. It is therefore evi-
dent that the danger of trichinosis from indulgence in American pork, including
the sides of fat, which always contain layers of meat, is absolutely, as well as in
comparison with our German product, extremely great; it is more than sixty times
as great as in the case of German pork.

Examinations at the places of importation have not proven to be an efficacious
means of control, the microscopic examination being less reliably performed at
those places in consequence of the great quantities to be inspected in a short time.
It thus repeatedly occurred that meat certified to at a port of entry as being free

666 SWHTE PEODUOT8 OF THE U1S1TED STATES.

from trichinae was, upon a subsequent examination in the interior, found to con-
tain trichin;i-.

The objection has been raised that the number of cases of disease actually aris-
ing from indulgence in American pork is not in harmony with the above. To meet
this objection it must be stated that in ports of entry epidemic trichinosis has
repeatedly been proven to have been caused by indulgence in such meat (as, for
instance, in Bremen, Rostock, Dusseldorf, and. according to recent newspaper
notices, at Tilsit) , but that apart from these instances, it has in many cases been
found quite impossible to ascertain the source of meat that had occasioned disease,
the fact having been established that a very considerable part of the pork from
America is sent to Germany but slightly cured (brined), and is then worked up
here and adapted to German taste, and finally put on the market as Westphaliau
hams, Gotha or Brunswick cervelat, sausages, etc. The American method of
preparation does not suit German taste. Diseases arising from trichinae wares
thus imported, or naturalized in Germany, are, as a matter of course, charged to
the account of our domestic hogs.

It is also an entirely unfounded assertion, in conflict with the results of close
scientific examination, that trichinae are destroyed by the customary salting and
smoking of pork. There is but one reliable way of attaining this end to cook the
meat thoroughly, trichinae not being able to withstand boiling heat. In point of
fact, in most of the other States of Europe pork is eaten only when thus cooked,
and that is why there is much less complaint about trichinae elsewhere than with
us, for the German consumer prefers a product the natural good flavor of which
is not impaired by high seasoning. But as our Government must, in the measures
it takes, reckon with the habits of our people, it was a simple duty on its part to
ward off by a decree of prohibition so serious a danger, and one against which the
poorer portion of the consuming public, in particular could not in the least protect
itself.

In conclusion, a word about the economic importance of the importation. The
amount of meat (fresh and prepared, article 25, g. 1 of the tariff) imported into
Germany in 1881 was 190,090 double hundredweight: deducting .the amount of
the export, 56,283 double hundredweight, there remains 133,807 double hundred-
weight meat (game, beef, veal, pork, sides, etc.); of this amount three-quarters,
or 100,355 double hundredweight, consist of pork and sides. The entire consump-
tion of pork, including sides from domestic hogs and from importations (in par-
ticular from Russia and Austria-Hungary) of pork and living hogs, amounted,
on the other hand, in 1881, according to the most exact calculation possible, to
4,106 double hundredweight; hence the importation from abroad of pork covers
only 2 1 per cent of the entire amount consumed. But even this comparatively
small amount of 100,305 double hundredweight decreased in the year 1882 to the
ninth part; that is to say, to 11,444 double hundredweight, although no decree of
prohibition had as yet been issued, and the apprehension of such decree should
rather have stimulated importation. Thus the best testimony is afforded of the
slight importance of the matter from an economic standpoint.

No. 95.

Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.
[Extract]

No. 157.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, May 21, 1883. (Received June 5.)

SIR: Wishing to keep you informed of all facts bearing upon the controversy in
regard to the exclusion of American pork products, whether the same be of greater
or less importance, I have the honor to state that ' ' the North German

Gazette published on yesterday, but without comments, another of my dispatches
on the above-named subject, crediting it to the "Reports of consuls of the United
States." It is to be found on page 39 of the January number of that publication.

So far as I have observed no comment has so far appeared in any German news-
paper upon the strenuous articles in the American press which have followed the
North German Gazette's attack on the American minister.

I have, etc., A. A. SAKQKNT.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 667

No. 96.

Mr. Davis to Mr. Sargent.
[Extract.]

No. 119.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, May 23, 1883.

SIR: Your No. 145 of the 28th ultimo has been received. The Department
appreciates the embarrassment to which you have been subjected by the misrep-
resentation in the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung of your published report of
January 1, on the subject of the impending prohibition of American pork imports
in Germany.

It is quite evident that the embarrassments to which you advert were not due to
the fact of an official publication of your report by the Department, but to what
appears to have been a willful perversion of that fact by an unfriendly journal,
which, if later telegraphic reports are to be credited, has been brought to admit
the groundlessness of its main allegation, that you had corresponded on the sub-
ject with an American journal, and to admit that the obnoxious views it had
attributed to you were in reality the views of the German press quoted by you.

The Department gives to the consideration and preparation for publication of
the dispatches of its agents abroad every attention, with the object of guarding
against the publication of their personal views which might, if known, expose
them to criticism or censure in the land of their official residence. On an exami-
nation of the blue books of other Governments, it is believed that far more care is
here exercised in this respect than in other countries. It is, of course, impossible
to prevent malicious or honestly mistaken perversions of such publications by
outside parties.

*******

I am, etc.,

JOHN DAVIS, Acting Secretary.

No. 97.
Mr. FrelingJntysen to Mr. Sargent.

[Extract.]

No. 141.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, July 25, 1883.

SIR: I inclose herewith for your information a copy of a note addressed to this
Department by Mr. Von Eisendecher, dated May 2, 1 in which he communicates,
by instruction of his Government, the reply to your note to Count Hatzfeldt of
February 23 last. Previous instructions from this Department, No. 88, of Febru-
ary 21, 1883, and No. 108, of April 11 last, have already put you in possession of
the views of the President on this subject. A perusal of Mr. Von Eisendecher's
note will immediately suggest to one so familiar as yourself with this particular
question, as well as with the distinction between general and discriminating
internal measures, certain points wherein it is open to valid answer.

It will be observed that the note contains in substance, although not in terms, a
rejection of the President's proposal that a commission of German experts be
appointed to examine into the raising and packing of hogs and hog products for
food, because Germany by its laws affords its people protection against danger
from German cattle and hogs and can not treat the foreign producers better than
its own, and therefore an investigation of the American methods of hog raising
and preparation would not effect a material change. With the sanitary legislation
of Germany thus alluded to this Department is not familiar, but it might well
have occurred that a careful investigation of the processes in the United States
would have shown that strict legislation of this character is unnecessary here,
because of the different situation of the two countries and the different methods
followed in the United States by reason of their large area of thinly settled land,
the cheapness of corn and grain, and other incidents peculiar to the occupation of
hog or cattle raising in a large and sparsely populated country.

The appointment of the commission suggested would at least have prejudiced
nothing, and might have resulted in removing the fears of the Government of

1 See ante.

668 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

His Majesty, anil thus aided in securing the revocation of a decree which seriously
impaired an important trade between the two countries.

The parallel sought to be drawn between the protective tariff system of the
United States and this prohibition of the importation of American pork and pork
products does not seem to be well founded. Our tariff is a measure of general
application; it applies to German exports to the United States no more and no
less than to the French, Austrian, or English exports; it is distinctly an inter-
nal measure of general and universal application, and as such no more open to
objection than any other well-considered and fair system of taxation or custom
tolls. Were our tariff to prohibit the importation of certain articles because
they come from Germany, permitting the importation of the sauie articles com-
ing from other countries, or were it to impose a higher duty upon German exports
as such than upon the same exports from other countries, then the parallel to the
decree now alluded to would become apparent. Nowhere in the tariff, however,
is such a discrimination found.

The objection to the decree is not that it excludes unhealthy or diseased pork, or
pork products, for such a decree would be a praiseworthy sanitary measure, but
that.it excludes American pork, healthy or unhealthy, good or bad; the test is not
the condition of the food, but the place it comes from. In certain exceptional
cases even discrimination in this form would be unobjectionable, as during the
prevalence of an epidemic. On this principle, all vessels coming from certain
infected ports are quarantined regardless of the actual health of the passengers
and crew, but such measures are at the most only temporary and should be based
upon good cause: whereas in the prese.nt case there is nothing to show the decree
to be of temporary application, and this Government has offered to that of Ger-
many an opportunity to examine into the facts for the purpose of discovering
whether the alleged cause actually exists, which offer has not been accepted.

The fact that certain exceptional legislation in Germany as to Austro-Hunga-
rian cattle has not met with objection from that Government may arise from the
geographical situation of the countries requiring peculiar and strict regulations
not so properly applicable to the products of a nation over 8,000 miles distant, and
which can only reach Germany by well-known channels through ascertained
ports, where they may be easily examined and inspected. * * *
I am, etc.

FREDC. T. FRELINOHUYSEN.

Mr. Von Eisendecher to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

IMPERIAL GERMAN LEGATION*
Washington, July 27, 1883. (Received August 1, 1883.)

ESTEEMED MR. SECRETARY OF STATE: The United States minister at Berlin
some time since communicated to the secretary of state for foreign affairs the
instructions sent him by his Government under date of March 14, 1883, relative
to the German prohibition of the importation of American hogs, etc.

In connection with this communication, for which the chancellor of the Empire
feels grateful to your Government, the Imperial Government desires, referring to
the previously received note of the United States minister, again to explain its
own position in this question.

The aforesaid note of Mr. Sargent made an unpleasant impression in Berlin,
both because of its interference in the domestic affairs of Germany, and of its tone,
which was not in harmony with the friendly relations existing between the two
Governments. The German Government is consequently much gratified to find
that the Government of the United States does not adopt the position taken by its
representative in his aforesaid note.

In issuing the prohibitive decree in question the object had in view was simply
the adoption of a sanitary measure. The only design of Germany was to protect
her own population from disease, and there is less reason to suppose that there
was any intention to pursue a course calculated to influence the relations existing
between Germany and America, inasmuch as similar prohibitions of the importa-
tion of American pork have long existed in other countries, viz, in France, Italy,
Austria-Hungary, and Greece, which circumstance has occasioned no similar
proceeding on the part of the American representative at Paris, Rome, Vienna, or
Athens.

This difference of action causes the more surprise at Berlin, since in Germany
only does this complaint made by America furnish ground to the political oppo-
nents of the Government on which to base their denunciations of its course.

The trade in hogs and their products is subjected to the most rigid control in

SWINE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 669

the interior of Germany. Not only does the sale of pork containing trichinae
subject the seller to severe penalties, but even the manufacture (through negli-
gence) of pork products that may endanger the health of the consumer.

There are, moreover, in the various districts of Germany police regulations
providing that all pork shall be examined, and that all hogs, before being slaugh-
tered (even by private parties), shall be subjected to a microscopic examination.
Butchers are, furthermore, obliged to slaughter their hogs in slaughterhouses
which are under police inspection. The prohibition of the importation of these
products of the American market was therefore indispensable to the observance
of strict impartiality toward citizens of the German Empire and foreigners.

With regard to the proposition to allow the American slaughterhouse arrange-
ments, etc., to be examined by a commission of German experts, the Imperial
Government gladly recognizes the good intentions thereby manifested; it is unable,
however, to reach the conviction that such an examination would secure the
desired result, since, although the Imperial Government does not doubt that pre-
cautionary measures are adopted in many such establishments in America, or that
the products in question are prepared with care and under proper inspection, it
nevertheless thinks that it is impossible to secure and maintain uniformity among
all such establishments in the United States, and a German commission will
never be able to become convinced, even from the most complete arrangements
of exporting houses, that the latter are able to furnish a constant guaranty of
safety from trichinae. The sending of such a commission would doubtless reveal
the best intentions and the most perfect order in the establishments visited by it,
but also the impossibility of preventing the exportation of trichinous pork even
when every conceivable precaution is taken.

It may be remarked in conclusion that a petition remonstrating against the pro-
hibition to import American pork was some time since received from the trades-
men of Konigsberg, some of whom, and the very ones who have been most
prominent in getting up the petition, have since been punished for selling trichi-
nous American pork.

Accept, etc., VON EISENDECHEB.

No. 99.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent.

No. 156.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, October 9, 1893.

To this end the President has designated a commission which he has charged
with the duty of making a searching and impartial examination of all the condi-
tions of hog raising and packing industries of the United States.

The chairman of the commission is Dr. George B. Loring, the Commissioner of
Agriculture, whose official duties for several years past have made him familiar
with the subject now submitted to the commission for formal investigation.

The other members of the commission are:

First. Prof. C. F. Chandler, an eminent scientist of New York, who was unan-
imously selected by the chamber of commerce of that city on account of his pecul-
iar competency for the position;

Second. Eliphalet W. Blatchford, esq. , who was nominated by the Board of
Trade of Chicago as an intelligent gentleman of the very highest social and busi-
ness standing, who " is in no way personally interested in the business to be inves-
tigated, and is possessed of those characteristics which it is believed will enable
him fully, ably, and fairly to cooperate with the other members of the commission
in placing these most important interests in their true position before the Govern-
ment, and through it before the commercial world;"

Third. F. D. Curtis, esq., of Charlton, N. Y., recommended by the Department
of Agriculture as a gentleman who has given long and diligent study to the
industry: and,

Fourth. Prof. D. E. Salmon, of Washington, D. C., nominated by the Commis-
sioner of Agriculture, and well known as one of the most learned and skillful
veterinary surgeons in the United States.

670 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

This commission will be organized at an early day, and the results of its inves-
tigation will be submitted to Congress as soon as practicable.

As the Imperial German Government has declined to be represented, it will not
be necessary for yon to communicate the contents of this instruction to that Gov-
ernment, but you may, when a suitable opportunity presents itself, informally
make known to the foreign office the action which this Government has taken with
reference to the matter.

I am, etc., FREDK. T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 100.
Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghtiysen.

No. 201.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, October 15, 1883. (Received October 29.)

SIR: I have the honor to state that I have observed with some interest the news
in the German newspapers as to the existence of trichinosis in the Empire since
the absolute exclusion of American pork and pork products, and since a suffi-
ciently long time has elapsed to insure accuracy in the conclusion that the stock
of American products of that kind is exhausted. From time to time notices of the
prevalence of the disease have appeared.

It seems to me now just to conclude that cases reported are caused by the con-
sumption of German or some other than American pork; and that it is no longer
possible to ascribe to the articles furnished by the United States the disagreeable
results of the consumption of raw pork.

In the Berliner Tageblatt of October 11 appears a telegram from Ermesleben,
near Halberstadt, in Prussian Saxony, in which it is stated that there are now in
that town about one hundred and eighty persons who have been seized with trichi-
nosis. It is also stated that the epidemic does not seem to have reached its height,
as new cases are reported daily, and that four persons have already died.

It is entirely safe to say that no such epidemic as this is shown to have ever
resulted from the consumption of American salted pork, which must be cooked to
be eaten.

I have, etc., A. A. SARGENT.

No. 101.
Mr. Smith to Mr. Davis.

[Extract.]

No. 104.] UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL AGENCY,

Mayence, October 17, 1883. (Received November 12.)

SIR: As all items which appear in the ne\yspapers of Germany respecting the
occurrence of cases of trichinosis in the Empire are doubtless of interest and value
to the Department just at this time, when American pork is excluded from this
country under the plea of unwholesomeness, I have the honor to herewith lay
before you the following short article which I met with in yesterday's evening
edition of the Frankfurter Zeitung in regard to numerous cases of trichinae infec-
tion recently brought to public notice in the province of Saxony, namely:

"FROM THE PROVINCE OF SAXONY.

"Various places in the province have recently been badly afflicted by trichinae.
In Ermesleben, according to the Nordhauser-Zeitung, are at present 18;J persons
down therewith; in Deesdorf, about 70-80; in Nienhagen, 57; in Crottorf, a^bout
30-40; furthermore, are also lying in Groningen, Klein-Groningen, <^uentedt,
Schwanstedt, and Wegeleben, persons ill from trichinosis. Cases of death have
also begun to occur; in yuenstedt, 1; Ermesleben, 5; Groningen, 2; and there are
30 or 40 persons of whose death intelligence is daily expected. The distress is
indescribable. In Ermesleben, Crottorf, Deesdorf, Nienhagen, are whole families
down sick. The cattle have departed in search of food, because there is no one to
attend to them, or otherwise must have gone hungry. The physicians are of the
opinion that a further extension of the disease is to be feared, for, according to

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 67l

previous experience, persons who have partaken of flesh infected with trichinae,
not in a fresh state, but as black pudding, pickled pork, boiled flesh, etc., only
after four weeks, and even later, have been seriously attacked with the malady.
A judicial investigation is now in full progress."

I doubt not that I ain fully justified in saying that there is no instance on record
of the consumption of swine flesh in the United States of America having ever
played such havoc with a community as that set forth in the foregoing article,
and to the major part of our people it would seem almost impossible that any
calamity of the kind could take place. In comparison with his German kinsman,
the American hog is a very inoffensive creature, and more sinned against than
sinning. He is reviled and persecuted here, but I do not believe that it is really
so much because his flesh is considered dangerous as a food as because it is inim-
ical to the farming interests of the Empire. Anyway, the Government at Berlin
has forbidden its importation, and the great body of the German people are hon-
estly of the opinion that its flesh is suspicious. * * * A residence of two years
in Europe has led me almost to conclude that the people over here are very much
inclined to regard everything American and from America as of the devil, for the
devil, and by the devil, and ought to perish from the earth. Potato rot, phyllox-
era, trichinae, and all the pests, plagues, hurricanes, and direful calamities by
which the nations are visited, according to their disordered imaginations, have
their origin in America.

I have, etc., JAS. HENRY SMITH.

No. 102.

Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent.
[Telegram.]

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, October 20, 188S.

Mr. Frelinghuysen telegraphed to Mr. Sargent, instructing that a thorough
investigation be made promptly by the nearest consuls of the origin of present
trichinae cases reported in Germany, for the information of the commission.

No. 103.
Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

No. 204.] LEGATION OP THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, October SO, 1883. (Received November 10.)

SIR: Referring to my No. 201, of 15th October, relating to the prevalence of
cases of trichonosis in Germany since the absolute exclusion of all kinds of Ameri-
can pork products, and after the lapse of sufficient time to exclude the conclusion
that the cases of disease arise from the consumption of American pork, I am now
enabled to state fuller particulars of the epidemic that has broken out in Prussia,
as I gather them from the Berlin newspapers and the dispatches sent from this
city to the London journals. A telegram from Berlin to the London Daily News
of Tuesday last has the following:

" Considering the Draconian measures taken by the German Government
against the importation of American pork, it is very strange that a most alarm-
ing outbreak of trichinosis is reported from Saxony. In some ten villages nearly
400 persons, including entire families, are prostrated by the terrible disease.
Deaths are occurring daily, and over 50 cases are stated to be beyond hope, while
the physicians expect the disease to spread still further. The police are actively
engaged in searching for the origin of the epidemic."

The "Draconian measures " referred to have only been directed against Ameri-
can pork, and that in view of the fact, seemingly well founded, that the consump-
tion of American pork in the United States, England, Switzerland, and Belgium,
where it is thoroughly cooked before eating, very rarely produces consequences
injurious to health, and also that investigation showed that the cases of trichino-
sis occurring in Germany before the prohibition arose from the consumption of
native or Hungarian pork in its raw state, and not from the use of American pork.
Good medical authority in France sanctions the View that American pork is not
dangerous.

()72 >\V!NK I'RnlHVTS <F THE UNITKD STATES.

However much controversy might be raised over these propositions, there is no
room for assumption that the present distressing epidemics are caused by the
American articles. It might be worth all the inconvenience of a year's exclusion
of our products of this kind for the result to be so clearly demonstrated that the
cases of trichinosis which sometimes occur in Germany are un.justly ascribed to
American pork. It has been the universal habit here to assign, without inquiry,
this origin to trichinosis cases. Thus, the cases occurring at Kr.nigsberg (Tilsit)
were so accounted, although the inquiries which 1 caused to be made of the local
military and civil authorities controverted that conclusion.

The correspondent of the Daily News falls into the same strain, and holds it
extraordinary that trichinosis should be so prevalent and disastrous after the
severe measures taken against American pork, as if such measures were all that
were necessary to insure immunity.

I inclose a dispatch from the infected district, published in the Berliner Tage-
blatt of the 17th instant, with translation, in which the details given by the cor-
respondent of the Daily News are confirmed. By this dispatch it seems the disease
has been developing for some four weeks, and has spread through several villages
whose inhabitants are accustomed to eat raw sausage meat. All who have eaten
]K)rk in this form have died, and many are sick who have eaten probably imper-
fectly cooked meat and sausages from the infected pigs. The butcher who killed
the swine, and the inspector and their families, are sick. There seems to be no
decline as yet in the disease, the horror of which is said to surpass conception.
The local authorities are taking the expense of medical treatment upon them-
selves. . That it is genuine trichinosis is shown by examining the flesh of the
deceased.

These facts are interesting as showing that the ordinance of the Empire dis-
criminating against American pork, while admitting Russian, Hungarian, or
French pork, was not calculated to accomplish its avowed object, viz, the pre-
vention of disease and death from trichinosis. There is no evidence that Ameri-
can pork is worse than that furnished by other countries, and hence no ground
for discrimination against it. The danger comes at least equally from other
quarters, viz, from German pork or the pork of the neighboring countries. This
is already demonstrated by the facts above given, for American pork can not be
accused of being the cause of these present disasters. If this disease is caused by
German pork, the claim in Herr Von Eisendecher's note of May 1, 1883, to the
honorable Secretary of State is not justified, viz:

"Now, as Germany, by its strict and vigorously enforced legislation, affords the
same protection to its people at home against all dangers from German cattle and
hogs, it can not possibly treat the foreign producers better than its own."

If the disease comes from foreign hogs, except American, allowed still to be
freely imported into Germany, the measure prohibiting our products was not only
discriminating against the United States, but ineffectual. In any view the whole
subject needs reconsideration by Germany.

I have, etc., A. A. SARGENT.

[Inclosure in No. 204. Extract from Berliner Tageblatt of October 17, 1883. Translation.]
ERMESLEBEN, NEAR HALBERSTADT.

The symptoms of trichinosis of which we have already made mention first made
their appearance about four weeks ago in Ermesleben, where the pig or pigs were
killed. About 2UO persons lie ill there, of whom 14 have already died. Then fol-
lowed Nienhagen, a small way station near by, where about <sO persons have been
attacked, none of whom have died as yet. Further, the disease appeared in Gronin-
gen, Quenstadt, Schwanstedt, and Wegelel>en. In all about 800 persons suffer
from it, of whom 17 have died. Throughout the region the habit of eating (raw)
chopped pork (so-called sausage meat) predominates, especially among the labor-
ing class. All who have eaten of it in this shape die. But those, too, who have
eaten it boiled or as sausages yes, as is asserted, even as lard have been severely
attacked with the malady, although their cases are not so hopeless. There does
not seem to be a decline in the epidemic, and, according to the opinion of the
attending doctors, 50 per cent of the infected die. Other reports estimate the
mortality at 20 per cent. May the Almighty prevent this, for the horror of this
malady surpasses all conception. In one family 4 persons, and in another 7, even,
have been attacked. In one family 4 persons died. Even the butcher who sold the

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 673

meat, and the inspector of the meat, together with their families, are sick. The
former has already lost his mother, and there is little hope for himself. The par-
ish authorities have taken very laudable steps to alleviate the distress. In Ermes-
leben the local authorities have taken the expenses of medical treatment, etc. H
upon themselves, and Deesdorf immediately granted 1,000 marks for that purpose.
Those that die are all young, vigorous persons, and in most cases fathers or mothers
of families.

In a portion taken from a female corpse for dissection, 17 trichinae, freed from
the capsules, were easily discernible. Upon whom the blame falls or whose neg-
ligence caused this disaster will probably never appear, since, as already men-
tioned, the butcher as well as the inspector of the meat, a barber, have both been
attacked by the disease.

No. 104.
Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

No. 205.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, October 22, 1883. (Received November 10.)

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt last night of your telegram,
reading as follows: [See ante, No. 102.] I have to-day communicated a copy of
the above telegram to Mr. W. C. Fox, consul at Brunswick, with instructions to
carefiilly and promptly execute it. I will send his report as soon as it is received.
A copy of my letter to him is herewith inclosed.

I have, etc. , A. A. SARGENT.

[In closure in No. 205.]
Mr. Sargent to Mr. Fox.

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, October 21, 1883.

SIR: Late last night I received a telegram from the honorable Secretary of State,
which reads as follows: [See ante, No. 102.] The cases of trichinosis referred to
in the above are reported to have developed first about four weeks ago at Ermes-
leben. near Halberstadt, in your immediate neighborhood, and to have taken for-
midable dimensions there, so that by various accounts from 14 to 50 persons have
already died and 200 persons now lie ill. The disease has also appeared at Gronin-
gen, Quenstadt, Schwanstedt, and Wegeleben, in the same neighborhood, so that
in all. it is stated, 300 persons have suffered from it. The Department desires
information to be at once furnished (for the use of the commission of inquiry into
the general subject of American rearing and packing pork) as to the origin of this
disease in the localities in question. Where were the pigs raised which were con-
sumed by the suffei'ers; in what form was the pork eaten, raw or cooked? In
short, all facts obtainable bearing upon the origin of this disease are wished.

As your consular district embraces these localities, you will please make imme-
diate inquiry as to these points and any other bearing on the subject which you
may deem useful, as to the extent of the epidemic; for instance, the number of per-
sons affected, the number of deaths, and action of the authorities in view of the
emergency, etc. Also, please inform me if any American pork now comes into
your district, and if there is any reason for ascribing this visitation to American
pork. I will transmit your report to the Department.

I will ask you to give immediate and personal attention to this matter by mak-
ing inquiries on the spot of municipal officers, physicians, and others able and
willing to inform yon. I am aware that you can not take testimony under oath
in such cases; but you can undoubtedly gather much and valuable information,
and your acquaintance with the German language and public experience pecul-
iarly fit you for this work required by the Department. 1 have no doubt that the
honorable Secretary will allow you for any necessary expenses incurred in execut-
ing his order.

I have, etc., A. A. SARGENT.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 43

674 8WINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

No. 105.

Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.
[Extract.]

No. 208.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, October 26, 1883. (Received November 12.)

SIB: I am now able to transmit the able report of Mr. W. C. Fox, consul at
Brunswick, made in response to my request of the 21st instant, in obedience to
yonr telegraphic instruction received here on the night of the 20th.

Mr. Fox intelligently followed the directions given to him, and was furnished
every facility by the local authorities, whose courtesy toward him was most
marked.

I refer the Department to his inclosed report for a full statement of the origin,
nature, and extent of the disease. It may be briefly stated 'that the fully ascer-
tained cause of the epidemic was the consumption, mostly in an entirely raw and
partly in a partially raw condition, of the Hesh of three hogs raised in the vicinity,
mixed with that of a Hungarian hog. The extraordinary spread of the disease,
through five villages in a circuit of 2 mile;-, occurred because the potato harvest
was in progress, and it was customary for the people to eat raw meat and bread
in the fields at such times instead of spending time to go to and return from their
homes. The inspection is alleged by the inspector and butcher to have been made
in accordance with the law. though the record required by law was not properly
kept. The inspector was the village barber, the person habitually employed in
Germany for such inspections, who passes an examination as to his fitness for the
task. But the three preparations made for microscopic inspection, under th? law,
are not sufficient to give safe results, as trichinae are sometimes found only after
30 or 40 trials. The only safeguard of the consumer against the disease is thorough
cooking, and this is ample.

The whole number of cases so far is about 438, of which 36 have been fatal and
19 more probably will be fatal.

I learn from another source, outside of this report of Mr. Fox. from an eye-
witness who is fully reliable, that the scenes at Ermesleben are distressing in the
highest degree. My informant entered one house where the grandmother, father,
and son lay dead, and a daughter, about 18 years of age, lay sick. She is the only
one of the family left, and may recover. There are about 700 inhabitants in the
village, living in about 120 houses. There are 267 sick in 85 houses. Some of the
people are in want, but the community is rich, some of the peasants being worth
200,000 apiece. There is a large kitchen where food is prepared for all the sick,
for rich and poor alike.

The sickness is accompanied by extreme exhaustion. Swollen extremities force
the patients to remain perfectly still for weeks, unless relieved from suffering by
death, which is caused directly by suffocation. These sad scenes lead to several
conclusions:

First. American pork is exonerated from the suspicion of being the cause of this
disaster, and its prohibition by Germany upon the theory that it is more harmful
than other pork is unadvised. *

Second. The inspection laws of Germany are totally inadequate to prevent such
calamities so long as the people indulge the habit, which seems to Americans nau-
seous, of eating pork raw.

Third. This epidemic is a terrible warning to Germany to abstain from eating
raw pork. In the language of Professor Hertwieg to the convention of butchers of
Berlin, in 1865, "You know what you have to do in your kitchens, and if you do
it properly we have no need of inspection."

The constant danger from native pork eaten in a raw state is shown by the
results following the prospect of local rewards given for the detection of trichin c.
I translate the two following announcements from a recent number of the Halber-
stadter Intelligenzblatt. published in the infected neighborhood, showing not only
that the domestic article is highly dangerous, but that the inspection contemplated
by the law is insufficient:

"QuEDLiNBURQ, October l.'f.

"A reward of 30 marks of public money has been awarded to Inspector Reler,
at Gr. Schierstedt, for the discovery of trichina? in a hog examined by him.

"The magistrate of Quedlinburg has awarded a reward of 15 marks to the
inspector of meat, Julius Yrem, for the discovery of trichinae in a pig slaughtered
on the 29th ultimo."

An article published last spring in a newspaper of Berlin, which is usually sup-
posed to express official ideas, held to the view that the prohibitory decree was

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

675

proper, because a government must recognize in its acts the tastes of its people;
that Germans like to eat pork raw, and hence the fact that well-cooked pork is
safe and uncooked pork dangerous does not make any difference; the Government
will keep out the American article because it is dangerous in a raw state. The
discussion of these events at Ermesleben in the German papers has been quite
restricted, and it seems to me there has not been much disposition to draw the
natural inferences, viz, that the eating of raw pork of all nationalities should
cease. * * *

I have thanked Mr. Fox for his interesting report, and will forward to the
Department the official statement of the local authorities to which he alludes as
soon as I receive it, and will also have inquiries made as to any other neighbor-
hood in which I may observe the disease stated to be prevalent. "
I have, etc.,

A. A. SARGENT.

[Inclosnre in No. 208.]
Consul Fox to Mr. Sargent.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Brunswick, October 25, 1883.

SIR: In compliance with your instructions I visited the villages of Ermesleben
and Deesdorf , in this consular district, on October 23, and have now the honor to
make the following report upon the trichina epidemic prevailing in that vicinity:

Ermesleben, the place where the disease has taken most formidable dimensions,
is situated near the Harz Mountains, about 5 English miles from the city of Halber-
stadt, in the province of Saxony. It embraces in its complex some of the most
fertile soil, and is one of the most prosperous localities in the Prussian Kingdom.

The scourge now raging there has awakened not only the heartfelt sympathy of
all, but the liveliest interest in medical circles, and the locality is visited daily by
physicians from abroad and others interested in obtaining scientific information
in regard to it. It has assumed such proportions that it is absolutely impossible
for the resident physicians to attend to all the cases. Under the direction of privy
counselor Prof. Dr. Weber, of Halle, Mr. Wagner, a student of medicine, is on the
spot ministering to the wants of the sick and taking notes for the purpose of future
publication. To this gentleman, as well as to Mr. Pastor Greiling. who is also
unceasing in his attentions to the sufferers, and to Mr. Amtmann Heine, magis-
trate of the village, I am indebted for many courtesies shown, as well as for
information in regard to and opportunity to personally see many of the patients.
The sickness was first noticed in Ermesleben about September 16. Several per-
sons were taken suddenly ill with nausea and acute diarrhea. Medical aid was
obtained forthwith, and it was first thought that a cholera epidemic had broken
out (cholera nostras), until other symptoms swelling of the eye, face, and ex-
tremities, combined with high fever showed that it was undoubtedly trichinosis.
The disease spread rapidly, and up to date 433 cases have been recorded; 36 have
been fatal, and upward of ID will undoubtedly prove so, as follows:

Ptecea.

Cases.

Deaths.

Probably
die.

Ermeslelien -- -

267

None.

Groiiiii^en (Kloster)

Deesdorf - - .....

367

In Nienhagen and Groningen the cases are much lighter than in Ermesleben,
and in all probability the patients will all recover. Several cases are reported to
exist in Wegeleben and Kothhof , though not over five in all. All of the infected
villages lie within a circuit of about 2 English miles. I made Ermesleben and
Deesdorf the basis of my investigation, and was informed by the gentlemen with
whom I conversed upon the subject that I could learn nothing of further interest
in the other places, as all the parties competent to give me information were in
Ermesleben at the time. When it became apparent that the disease was trichi-
nosis the local authorities immediately instituted a thorough investigation in the

676 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATKS.

endeavor to locate its origin. It appears that on or about the 12th and 14th of
September four swine were butchered, the meat of all was mixed and sold to the
inhabitants of the infected districts. Three of the pigs were the so-called land-
schwein (common kind reared in the vicinity), the other was a Baguner (Hun-
garian).

The fact has been established beyond all dispute that in all the cases the patients
had eaten the meat, raw, either in the form of kluinpfleisch (raw chopped meat) or
in the form of rothwurst ( blood sausage). This latter article is said to be cooked,
but (my informant. Mr. Pastor Greiling. assured me) so slightly as to have no
effect whatever upon the trichinae germs. The custom of eating raw swine's
meat is prevalent in the neighborhood, and the first trichinae epidemic occurred
in 1855, though it was not so disastrous as the one now raging. The inhabitants
claimed then, as now, that the swine were not properly inspected. The country
folk have the idea that the examination, when conducted according to law, gives
them ample security. Dr. Wagner maintained to me, however, that this is an
erroneous supposition, and that the present law is very defective. The law
requires the inspector to make at least three preparations for microscopic exam-
ination, and as a rule he rarely makes more. It is asserted, however, that experi-
ment has proved that the trichinae are sometimes found only after the thirtieth or
fortieth trial, respectively. In 1865 Professor Hertwieg, in an address delivered
before a convention of Berlin butchers, said, " You know what you have to do in
your kitchen, and if you do it properly we have no need for inspection."

I think that the whole case is here stated in a nutshell, and Ermesleben affords
additional evidence of the truth of the statement. Mr. Amtmann Heine, lease-
holder of the Ermesleben estates, together with his family, partook of the meat in
cooked form. None of them have suffered in the least. One of the kitchen maids,
however, simply tasted of the raw meat and is ill. The village tavern keeper and
his family also ate of the cooked meat and are well and hearty. His little daughter
ate some of it raw at a neighbor's home and became slightly infected. The sworn
official inspector, who is, by the way, the village barber in Ermesleben. and the
butcher have been held to answer, and in the preliminary examination the charges
of manslaughter, infliction of bodily injury, and negligence in performance of
duty have been preferred.

Under the law the butcher is required to notify the inspector when he has
slaughtered a pig. The inspection is then made, which consists simply in making
preparations for microscopic examination, as before stated; the inspector then
certifies to the facts as they may appear to him. If he declares the animal to be
clean, its meat can be sold for consumption. The butcher as well as the inspector
is required to keep a list of all swine slaughtered and inspected. This list is at
all times open to the revision of the authorities. In the case in question it appears
that this list was not kept, or, if kept at all. so imperfectly as to be wholly worthless
as evidence. The delinquents made an effort to put it in order, were detected, and
finally acknowledged it. They nevertheless earnestly maintained that the inspec-
tion was made according to law. The parties as well as their families are all sick:
several members have died, and others are at the point of death. A circumstance
which in a measure explains how it happened that the epidemic assumed such
formidable proportions in Ermesleben is the fact that it was the time of the potato
harvest, and the whole village, young and old. men, women, and children, were
at work in the potato fields. At such times it is the custom not to cook a mid-
day meal, but in order to save the time which would otherwise be consumed in
going and coming, to take a simple repast composed of raw meat and bread. As
a natural consequence the sickness has caused great consternation in the com-
munity, and the people have become doubly careful. As a result, according to
the Halberstadter Intelligenzblatt. several infected swine have been discovered.
Mr. Meinecke, a veterinary surgeon in Derenburg, succeeded in finding one, and
in his report makes the following suggestions:

1. In order to secure thorough inspection to offer a high premium for every
infected hog found.

2. Not to eat raw meat.

3. To adopt measures to prevent the swine becoming infected.

In conclusion it is hardly necessary for me to mention that the local authorities
as well as pi-ivate charity are doing all that human power can do to relieve the
present distress. I can not. however, refrain in expressing my sincere thanks to
Pastor Greiling and Mr. Wagner to refer to their untiring energy and self-sacri-
fice of personal interests in the work which they have on hand. Mr. Wagner is
preparing an exhaustive report, which he has promised to send me when com-
pleted, and I hope to be able to transmit same to you at an early day. While we
certainly deeply sympathize with this sadly afflicted community, it must never-

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 677

theless be the source of peculiar satisfaction to our countrymen to know that the
malady was not caused by American meats. In fact, it has not been even inti-
mated that such a thing was possible, and there is no evidence that American
pork has ever been used there at all.

I have, etc., WILLIAM C. Fox,

United States Consul.

No. 106.
Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

No. 213.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, Novembers, 1888. (Received November 20.)

SIR: Referring to previous correspondence on the subject of trichinosis, and in
particular to my dispatch No. 208, of October 28 last, with which I inclosed the
report of Consul Fox on the outbreak of the disease at Ermesleben and other places
in the vicinity, I have the honor to communicate in translation an announcement
reporting the progress of the disease at those places, which I take from the
National Gazette of this city of the 1st instant:

"In the last few days two more persons have died of the trichinosis in the neigh-
boring village of Ermesleben. This makes the number of persons who have died
there ;JO and in the vicinity 9; altogether 39. Unfortunately 270 persons are still
prostrated by the terrible disease, among them several who are severely ill, and
whose death is daily expected. As the physicians have recommended as the best
diet strong bouillon and wine, many of the sufferers being unable to swallow solid
nourishment on account of the swollen condition of their throats, the community
continues to cook and provide for all in common. Some 60 pounds of good sound
beef are required daily in order to comply with the directions of the physicians.

" The assistance required from and supported by the community has thus far
amounted to about 900 marks weekly. A writer to the Magdeburg Gazette says
that this community, which is not without means and which enjoys the enviable
position of having no local poor to provide for, has for some five weeks and until
now been able to carry on unaided this work of love, but that it now needs the
assistance of charitable people."

It will be seen from the above that the number of the sufferers and also the num-
ber of deaths from the disease have increased since the date of the report of
Consul Fox, 267 to 270 and from 36 to 39, respectively, while several more fatal
terminations are anticipated.

Another outbreak of the trichinosis, though of a far milder character, has
occurred at Zechin and neighboring villages situated in the vicinity of Frankfort-
on-the-Oder, in Prussia. A Berlin sheet, the Neueste Nachrichten, of the 25th
ultimo, makes the following announcement:

" The trichinosis has lately assumed most serious dimensions in spite of all legal
and administrative measures. At Zechin, in the circuit Letschin, the disease has
appeared in thirty families. In Letschin two persons have been attacked; at Voss-
berg eight. Other persons are reported as attacked at Sydowswiese, Friedrichsan,
Golzow, and also in the so-called Bush villages (Gericksberg, Lemaunshosel,
Bayersberg) and elsewhere. It is hard to say where the outbreak may end, since
the supposed diseased meat, worked up into garlic sausages, has been dissem-
inated far and wide. The persons attacked at Zechin assert that they bought and
ate about two weeks ago pigs' flesh from a dealer at that place. This dealer and
his son are among the persons attacked."

Within a brief period after the above publication it was reported that the dis-
ease at Zechin was of a mild type, and that it was believed by the physicians that
all the patients would recover; also that the investigation had not disclosed the
source of the meat causing the disease, and that no facts had appeared fastening
the sale of the diseased meat upon the dealer at Zechin.

I shall carefully watch for any report of results that may be reached in the
search for the origin of this outbreak, and cause an investigation to be made on
the spot, if the expenditure seems warranted, and report thereon. In the mean-
time it would seem safe to assume that the blame can not attach to American pork
so long after prohibition of its importation into the country.

I have, etc., A. A. SABQENT.

678 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THK UNITED STATES.

No. 107.
Mr. Sargent to Mr. .FVv7///;/7i////.wn.

No. 214.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATKS,

Berlin, November 12, 1883. (Received November 26.)

SIR: Referring to the subject of trichinosis at Ermesleben, I have the honor to
transmit the latest news from that place of the progress and conditions of the
disease, in the following translated excerpts from the local papers:

" HALBERSTADT. Yesterday and day before there were 5 more deaths from
trichinosis in the neighboring village of Ermesleben, so that the total number of
persons of every age who have succumbed to this terrible disease is 41. In the
surrounding villages 9 have died to date. The distress is daily increasing. It is,
however, gratifying that the call for assistance is meeting with such hearty
response. The collection opened by Uolle's newspaper of this place already shows
receipts up to nearly 600 marks. It seems striking that just at this time trichina-
should be so frequently discovered. Among others, Mr. Meinicke, veterinary sur-
geon in our neighboring town of Derenburg, Meat Inspector Plettner, of Werni-
gerode, etc., have lately found swine infected with trichinae. Notwithstanding
the fact that the discovery of trichinse in swine is of so frequent occurrence, the
insurance, which costs from 30 pfennige to 50 pfennige per pig, is generally neg-
lected. We have positive information that a whole family in Groningen have
been taken sick with trichinosis happily not dangerously from eating of pig
which they had themselves slaughtered and inspected. A second inspection after
several weeks had elapsed showed the pig to be slightly infected."

The fact is important that a family has been stricken down after eating pork
which had been especially killed and inspected by itself, as the opinion prevails
that such special inspection is a sure guarantee against trichinosis.

The same paper, of the 7th instant, has the following:

"HALBERSTADT, November 5. To-day Mr. E. Bodeustein, meat inspector of this
city, again discovered trichimv in a pig slaughtered by a local butcher. We are
informed by experts that the trichina' are found to exist chiefly in the lights and
diaphragm of infected swine, but that the examination of these parts is generally
omitted. Trichinfe are found in almost equal numbers in the diaphragin and the
so-called tenderloin; in less numbers, however, in the hams. It is nevertheless
generally believed, and the idea is prevalent, that the chief seat of the trichiim-
is the hard muscles and hams. A thorough examination by expert meat inspectors
is absolutely necessary. "

It will be observed that inspection, so often fallacious, is still recommended,
instead of cooking or even salting, which probably destroys the germs.

By an item in the Berlin Tageblatt of yesterday I learn that during the past
month of October there were discovered at the municipal meat inspector's office
at the central slaughterhouse, at Berlin, where all cattle are slaughtered, 22 cases
of trichina? and 127 measly swine. These were seized by the police and taken to
the fiscal rendering house for destruction, or for other than food purposes.
I have, etc.,

A. A. SARGENT.

No. 108.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent.

No. 169.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, November 7, 1883.

SIR: Acknowledging the receipt of your dispatch No. 208, of the 26th ultimo, I
have to thank you for the very instructive report which you obtained with com-
mendable promptness fur the use of this Department in relation to the outbreak of
trichinosis at Ermeslebeu, in Germany.

I am, etc., FKEDK. T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 109.
Mr. Sargent to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

No. 218.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Berlin, December 1, 188S. (Received December 17.)

SIR: I have the honor to inform you that, in consequence of notices which
appeared in the daily papers that an outbreak of trichinosis had occurred at Thorn,

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 679

a city in West Prussia, of 70,000 inhabitants, I wrote to Mr. Peter Collas, our con-
sular agent at Danzig, to furnish me with such particulars as he might be able to
obtain in regard to the reported epidemic.

The following is one of the notices referred to:

"THORN, Noveinber 20. It is confirmed that about fifty persons have been
attacked by trichinosis here. Up to Saturday twenty-one cases were authenticated
by the district physician, and since then many new cases have been reported to the
police. A meat shop in which infected sausages were discovered was closed on
Saturday, but after an inspection of the remaining wares was again opened. The
owner of the shop had received about 280 pounds of meat from Culmsee, through
which the dreadful disease seems to have been brought hither, as previous to this
several persons had been attacked by trichinosis at Culmsee. By order of the com-
mander of this place the soldiers of the garrison are forbidden to purchase sau-
sages or raw ham in the meat shops here.''

1 herewith inclose a copy of the reply received from Mr. Collas, with a copy and
translation of the letter from the editor of the Thorn newspaper from whom his
information was received, which confirms the above report. It seems that the
pork causing the mischief is of native production.

I have, etc.. A. A. SARGENT.

[Inclosure 1 in No. 218.]
Mr. Collas to Mr. Sargent.

UNITED STATES CONSULAR AGENCY,

l>diizig, November 30, 1883.

SIR: In consequence of your request I at once made inquiries respecting the
trichinosis at Thorn, where 1 find that about fifty cases, more or less serious, have
occurred, arising from the enjoyment of sausages manufactured from pork sent
hither from Culmsee, a place about 20 kilometers distant, the meat being native
p oduction. It is not quite clear whether the same was examined in the usual
manner before going into consumption, but this is under investigation at present
by the official authorities, and about which I shall endeavor to obtain the result
and information later on.
Inclosed the note from which the foregoing is derived.

I remain, etc. , PETER OOLLAS,

United States Consular Agent.

[Inclosure 2 in No. 218. Translation.]
Mr. Queschede to Mr. Guldzniski.

THORN, November 23, 1883.

In reply to your esteemed inquiry of yesterday, we respectfully inform you that,
according to the researches made by us, about fifty cases of trichinosis have
occurred. The disease has be'en caused by the consumption of sausage which
was made from inland pork. This pork is said to have been brought here from
Culmsee, but the dealer in question denies this. The investigation already insti-
tuted by the authorities will develop the fact. There has as yet been no question
made regarding foreign pork.

Respectfully, GUSTAV QUESCHEDE,

Editor Thorner Ostdeutsche Zeitung.

No. 110.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Sargent.

No. 177.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, December 26, 1883.

SIR: Your dispatch No. 218 of the 1st instant, concerning the outbreak of trichi-
nosis at Thorn, in West Prussia, has been read with interest.

Adding that the Department approves your course in promptly instituting
inquiries into the matter,

I am, etc., FEEDK. T. FEELINGHUYSEN.

680 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

GREECE.

No. 111.

Mr. Schuyler to Mr. Frdinghuysen.

No. 8.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Athens, February 10, 1883. (Received March r>.)

SIR: I received a few days ago a circular of the minister of the interior, dated
January 23, 1883, addressed to the provincial authorities of the Kingdom and to
the bureau of health of Piraeus, with reference to the importation of cattle from
various eastern countries. The second paragraph, however, of the circular renewed
the prohibition against the importation of hams, sausages, and lard coming from
America, either directly or indirectly. I inclose a copy and translation of this cir-
cular.

On his first reception day I inquired of Mr. Tricoupis whether the Government
had any additional reasons for prohibiting the importation of hams, etc., from the
United States, adding that I thought that the results of the investigations under-
taken by the order of our Government had sufficiently proved that there was no
danger to be expected from such importations. Mr. Tricoupis said that he was
ignorant of the causes which had led to the insertion of the paragraph referred to,
as, in his capacity of minister of the interior, he had simply published a circular
prepared by the sanitary authorities of his department; that if he had noticed the
passage he would have inquired, because he remembered that Mr. Botassi, the
Greek consul-general at New York, had made a report in which he stated that
the reports about disease of swine, etc., in America had been greatly exaggerated.
He promised me, therefore, to make further inquiries, and, without binding him-
self, gave me to understand that if the result of his inquiries proved satisfactory,
the prohibition would be withdrawn.

I have, etc., EUGENE SCHUYLER.

[Inclosure in No. 8. Translation.]
CIRCULAR PROHIBITING IMPORTATION OF AMERICAN PORK.

ATHENS, January 11, 188S.

Tlie Ministry of the Interior to the Nomarchs and Eparchs of the Kingdom and to
the Bureau of Health of Pirceus.

According to the orders which you have already received, cows and buffaloes
coming from Russia, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Thrace, Valona, and Rahova in
Ronmania, on account of the epizooty raging in these countries, are only allowed
to be imported by way of Syra, Corfu, and Piraeus, and after a previous quaran-
tine. With regard to raw cow and buffalo hides of the same origin, their impor-
tation is only permitted by Syra and Corfu, and with all the prescribed sanitary
precautions, while the importation of other products of these animals, such as
bones, intestines, etc. , is absolutely forbidden.

By the present circular we renew to you these orders, and also those concerning
the prohibition to import into Greece, hams, sausages, lard, etc., coming directly
or indirectly from America, and we order you to see that these orders are strictly
executed by the sanitary authorities of your jurisdiction.

On the recommendation of the medical council, and in view of the epizooty
existing in Thrace and at Valona, we also forbid the importation of cows and buffa-
loes coining from any part of Turkey in Europe, by any other way than Syra.
Corfu, and Piraeus, and until after a previous quarantine of nine days, including
the days of the passage. We also forbid the importation into Greece of raw cow
hides of the same origin, except by way of Syra or Corfu, and after the observance
of the sanitary measures prescribed by the regulations. The importation of dried
and salted cow hides is not prohibited.

You will communicate the contents of this circular to the sanitary authorities
of your jurisdiction.

The minister:

CH. TRICOUPIS.

SW1WE riJODUCTS OF .THE UNITED STATES. 681

No. 112.
Mr. Frelingliuysen to Mr. Schuyler.

No. 20.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, March 9, 1883.

SIR: I have to acknowledge your No. 8 (Greek diplomatic series), of the 10th
ultimo, in regard to the renewal of the prohibition against American pork, in
which you state that you had a conversation with the minister of foreign affairs,
in which he said that inquiry would be made in the matter. It is trusted that the
hopes you express of the withdrawal of the obnoxious provision will be "realized.
I am, etc.,

FRED'S T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. llo.
Mr. Schuyler to Mr. Frelinglmyscn.

No. 29.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Athens, May 17, 1883. (Received June 4.)

SIR: Referring to my dispatch No. 8, dated February 10, 1883, on the subject of
the prohibition of the importation of American pork into Greece, I have the honor
to inform you that I yesterday had a conversation on the subject with Mr. Tri-
coupis, the president of the council of ministers. He stated to me that in conse-
quence of my previous representation a circu]ar had been issued to all the repre-
sentatives of the Greek Government in Europe requesting them to ascertain exactly
the action of the Governments to which they are accredited on the subject, and
that a telegram had also been sent to the consul-general of Greece at New York
requesting an eact report on the health of American swine and the quality of
American pork and lard. He thought that answers would soon be received and
that within a month the Hellenic Government would be sufficiently well informed
to be able to take action in the matter.

I have, etc., EUGENE SCHUYLER.

No. 114.

Mr. Davis to Mr. Schuyler.
[Extract.]

No. 33.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, May 28, 1883.

SIR; In a dispatch from Berlin, dated the 4th instant, Mr. Sargent remarks as
follows:

" The London Times correspondent on the 1st instant says:
" 'Imitating the action of the German Federal Council, the Greek Government
has, from sanitary considerations, forbidden the importation of all sorts of Ameri-
can pig flesh.'"

*******

Information of this action of the Government of Greece was duly conveyed in
your No. 8 (Greek diplomatic series), of February 10 last, and of your conversa-
tion at the time with the minister of foreign affairs.

*******

Aside from the assurance of Mr. Botassi, the Greek consul-general at New York,
that the reports about disease of swine, etc., in America had been greatly exagger-
ated, a modification of the circular might well be asked upon the consideration
which the subject has received in other directions.

Thorough scientific scrutiny and extensive observation at different periods and
by various earnest and competent individuals have failed to establish that Amer-
ican pork is of tener or more fully impregnated than that coming from other regions
or that the serious maladies which the consumption of the diseased hog flesh may
occasion are, as a fact, prevalent in any country, and when is considered the
immense pork products of this country which have annually been distributed and

682 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

consumed, this conspicuous freedom from the dreaded disease should itself relieve
the United States from these unjust and unwarrantable charges.

This Government will yield to no other in the sincere intention of treating the
public health as of paramount concern, and it would be the first to sacrifice any
commercial interest fairly shown to be detrimental to the general individual com-
fort. In this spirit the Department, upon the first agitation of the subject, dis-
patched a skilled officer to the principal raising and packing districts here, to
obtain, for its guidance, a, careful and candid investigation of the subject. His
c.nclnsions, which yon will find in the inclosed pamphlets. 1 strongly developed
the purity of this class of exports and confirmed the previous justifiable opinion
that all contrary assertions were exaggerated and without sufficient foundation.

The further inspections which have occurred abroad have all tended to the
same conclusion, and have exhibited a unanimity in this, that pork can safely be
used if cooked, even when in rare instances containing trichinae, and that its
noxious effects have only been observed among those who consume it in the raw
state. As to the cholera, which has served to create such marked apprehension
abroad, it is well ascertained that this disease attacks mostly the young swine
here known as "pigs" whose flesh can never be utili/.ed by the packers, and
that whenever its victim is a mature swine, here known as " hog," the decompo-
sition is so speedy as to render it impossible to treat it for any commercial use
whatever.

In the face of these considerations this Government does not expect a persistent
adherence to the prohibitory policy which has already injured our trade and
depreciated our products, and it can not observe without earnest protest the
announcement, at this late stage, of the determination of any goveinment to
enter upon the policy which has so unjustly affected a legitimate and valuable
trade.

It is not to be overlooked that, so far as Greece is concerned, the direct impor-
tation, at least, of American pork is very insignificant; that it is not understood
that a single instance of disease from its use has been noted there, and therefore
the present acceptance by that Government of the policy which has already borne
hard upon the commerce of our citizens with other countries would groundlessly
throw the weight of her influence in favor of a harsh and unjust discrimination
against American commerce.

It is hoped that you will take early occasion to endeavor to obtain from the
minister a recession of the objectionable restrictions, informing him of the uncor-
dial attitude to an American interest which the present position of Greece

necessarily presents.

*******

lam, etc.,

JOHN DAVIS,

Acting Secretary.

No. 115.
Mr. Schuyler to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

No. 31. LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Athenx, July ?,1. 1883. (Received August 18.)

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your dispatch No. ;J:>. dated
May 28. with reference to the prohibition by the Greek Government of American
pork. I have not failed to give this subject my earnest attention, but I have not
yet obtained the exact replies to the circular sent out by the Greek Government,
as mentioned in my dispatch No. 29, dated May 17.

I do not despair of obtaining a modification of the order in question.

It must be observed, however, that southern peoples are very susceptible to any-
thing that concerns public health, and although almost no pork is imported into
Greece from any country, yet the fact that such importation has been prohibited
or restricted in other countries would be a sufficient reason in the minds of many
for a similar restriction here without the necessity of suggestions from outside to
that effect. This susceptibility may be particulary observed now, when a quaran-
tine of twenty-one days has been imposed on account of the cholera in Egypt. As
the quarantine in Turkey on similar vessels is only ten days, it is proposed to
impose a quarantine of eleven days on all vessels coming from Constantinople.

In the mean time I respectfully ask you to inform me briefly as to the status of

1 See House Ex. Doc. 209, Forty-seventh Congress, first session, p. 179.

SWIKE PEODUCTS OP THE UNITED STATES. 683

American pork in all the other cmmtries of Europe, whether freely admitted, with
restrictions, or entirely prohibited. I have some general knowledge of the subject,
but do not know positively the present state of the case, except as regards Ger-
many and Austria.

I shall also be glad to receive several more copies of the pamphlet entitled
"American Pork,'' inclosed in your No. 33. If there is a translation in French it
would be more useful for distribution.

As concerns the prohibition of Pork in Roumania, of which I informed you by
my dispatch No. 86, dated September 22, 1881, the case is different, and I do not
consider it possible to obtain any modification whatever. The I act is that the san-
itary and veterinary regulations between Austria- Hungary and Roumania are very
severe and are enforced on the part of the Hungarian Government with great vigor
on very slight pretexts. Roumania exports pigs and pork, and does not generally
import them, and unless it maintain the restrictions against the pig products of
other countries its exportation to Austria- Hungary will be lor bidden.
I have, etc.,

EUGENE SCHUYLER.

No. 116.
' Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Schuyler.

No. 5.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, September IS, 1883.

SIR: Acknowledging the receipt of your No. 31 (Greek diplomatic series) of the
25th July, 1 have to say that several copies of the pamphlet to which you refer,
viz, "American Pork, etc., 1881." published by this Department, will be sent you
at once under separate cover. This pamphlet was translated into French in 1881,
at the American legation, Paris, and I trust that on written application to Minister
Morton you may be able to procure a copy.

In response to your query as to the present status of the admission of American
pork at European ports, I refer you to House Executive Document No. 209, Forty-
seventh Congress, first session, and have to add that according to No. 333 (April
13, 1883) of Mr. Morton, the French exclusion of American pork owing to the
pressure of certain French packers, evidently is still maintained. According to
No. 41 of Mr. Heap (August 10, 1881), Turkey was at that time still disinclined to
remove the prohibition there declared, and it seems that we have no later advices
from Constantinople on the subject. A like attitude was maintained by Portugal
as late as July 25, 1881, since which period the Department appears to be without
further information in this regard.

The attitude of Switzerland, as respects the introduction there of our pork prod-
uct, is no less intelligent than that of Belgium. (See pamphlet.) The latest
report on the subject seems to be contained in dispatch No. 420 of Mr. Fish, dated
July 15, 1881. It appears by No. 40 of Mr. Foster, of July 23 last, that Spain has
not prohibited the importation of American pork, as reported, but has only ordered
inspection. It is apparent from dispatch No. 106, of April 30, 1881, of our minis-
ter at Stockholm, and from No. 15, of April 28 last, of our diplomatic representa-
tive at Copenhagen, that our pork trade with Denmark and with Sweden and
Norway will not easily be interrupted, and it is, doubtless, safe to say that our
trade in pork with countries of Europe, aside from those named above (some of
which exclude our pork and some of which do not) and Roumania, will continue
as heretofore.

I am. etc., FRED'K . T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 117.

Mr. Schuyler to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

[Extract.]

No. 42. j LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Athens, October 19, 1883. (Received November 7.)

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your dispatch No. 5, dated
September 18, 1883, relative to the present status of the admission of American
pork at European ports, as also of nine copies of the pamphlet on American pork,

684 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

six copies of a French translation of the same through the American legation at
Paris, and a copy of House Executive Document No. 209, Forty-seventh Congress,
first session.

Referring to iny dispatches No. 8, dated February 10, No. 29, dated May 7, and
No. 31, dated July 25, 1 have further to report my action on the subject.

About April 20, after Mr. Tricoupis had given up the foreign office and Mr.
Contostavlo had been appointed minister of foreign affairs, I received a circular
on the importation of pork, dated April 7-19, of which I inclose a copy and a trans-
lation. I immediately went to see Mr. Contostavlo, and expressed my regret that
an additional circular should be issued when the question of the prohibition of
lork was under discussion between the two Governments in consequence of the
circular of January 11. He professed his entire ignorance of the matter, as he had
. u t entered office, and promised inquiry.

*******

As the result of several consultations with the prime minister, the minister of
foreign affairs, and the minister of the interior, the question was twice sent back
to the medical council, and on each occasion this body, composed of three physi-
cians practicing in Athens, at the head of which is Dr. Soutsos, the chief medical
officer of the army, refused to rescind the action which it had already taken. The
reason given was that the importation of pork had been prohibited in France, and
as a southern people like the Greek wa? especially susceptible to anything which
bore upon the health of the population, the medical council had considered it nec-
essary to follow this precedent. * * *

When the medical council had twice refused to revise their action, I considered
it my duty to bring to the notice of the authorities the fact that their action in the
case was contrary to the provisions of Article VIII of our treaty with Greece of
1837. Mr. Contostavlo said offhand, that sanitary considerations took precedence
of all others. I replied that this could only be the case where they were mentioned
in the treaty; that there was often a provision in treaties that prohibitions apply-
ing to a single country might be made where sanitary measures warranted it; but
that without such a provision I could nor, admit its propriety, especially as in the
treaty of 1837, the article about quarantine (Article V) showed that sanitary
questions had been considered by the negotiators. *

After receiving your dispatch. No. f>, dated September 18, 1 addressed to Mr.
Contostavlo a note on the subject, dated October 17, a copy of which I herewith
inclose, marked 3, and of which I trust that you will approve.
I have, etc.,

EUGENE SCHUYLEK.

[Inclosure 1 in No. 42. Translation.]
Circular of the Minister of Foreign Affairs.

MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS,

Athens, April 7-19, 188S.

The minister of foreign affairs has the honor to inform the legation of the United
States of America that, upon the advice of the medical council of Athens, the
department of the interior has just for bidden the import into Greece of hams, sau-
sages, lard, and other pork products cAmiug from America, because of the trichi-
nosis with which pigs in that country are attacked.

The import of similar products coming from other countries will only be allowed
on a certificate from the sanitary authorities of the country certified to by the
competent Hellenic consul, stating that the above malady does not exist in the
country from which these products come.

Mr. Contostavlo has, etc.

[Inclosure 2 in No. 42.]
Mr. Schuyler to Mr. Contostavlo.

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Athens, October r,- 17, 188S.

Mr. MINISTER: After the conversations which I had the honor to have with your
excellency on the subject of the prohibition by the Hellenic Government of hams,
sausages, lard, and other products of pork inpprted from the United States, I had
hoped that the medical council would revise its decision. I thank you sincerely

SWINE PEODUOTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 685

for having on two different occasions called the attention of the medical council
to this subject, and I greatly regret that it has seen fit to maintain its former
decision.

The council has apparently not taken into consideration the statements with
regard to the manufacture of pork and proving the absence of disease in the United
States, as set forth in the official report, of which 1 had the honor to give you a
copy, and of which I now inclose three copies in a French translation. It would
appear, too, from what your excellency told me, that the medical council has not
examined this question for itself, nor has even ever seen and inspected pork prod-
ucts of American origin, but has based its decision upon the action of certain other
governments, which, in order to encourage the production of salt pork at home,
have, under the pretext of sanitary measures, prohibited its importation from the
United States. As you are aware, Mr. Minister, not all governments have taken
the same course of action, and I may cite especially Great Britain and Belgium, in
which countries American pork is largely consumed without injurious effects upon
the health of the population. This deference on the part of the medical council
to the action of certain other governments is the more astonishing, as I am
informed that the Hellenic consul-general at New York has officially reported that
the accounts of disease among American hogs have been greatly exaggerated, yet
no consideration seems to be given to his statements, and American pork i abso-
lutely prohibited, while pork is allowed to be imported from other countries on
the consul's certificate.

The medical council has apparently overlooked the fact that the difference of
treatment which it establishes for the importation of pork is in direct contravention
of Article VIII of the treaty between the United States and Greece of December
10-22, 1837. This article provides that there shall not be established in Greece on
the products of the soil or of the industry of the United States any prohibition or
restriction of importation unless such prohibition or restriction be also established
upon articles of like nature coming from other countries.

As I am sure that His Majesty's Government has no intention of even seeming
in any way to act contrary to the provisions of the treaty, I have no doubt that
your excellency will at once call the attention of the medical council to this point,
and provide that the pork products of the United States receive the same treat-
ment as similar products of other countries.
I seize, etc.,

EUGENE SCHUYLER.

No. 118.
Mr. Schuyler to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

No. 52.J LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Athens, December 8, 1883. (Received December 27.)

SIR: Referring to my dispatch No. 42, dated October 19, on the subject of the
prohibition of American pork in Greece, I have the honor to inclose herewith a copy
and translation of a note I have just received from the minister of foreign affairs,
which promises a new examination of the affair. The reference to information
asked for at Berlin is probably called out by the fact that various statements have
recently been published in the Greek newspapers about an outbreak of trichinosis
in Germany.

I have, etc.,

EUGENE SCHUYLER.

[Inclosure in No. 52. Translation.]
Mr. Contastavlo to Mr. Schuyler.

MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS,
Athens, November 23 December 5, 1883.

MR. MINISTER: The department of the interior, whose attention I hastened to
draw to your note of October 5-17, respecting the prohibition of the importation of
American pork into Greece, has just informed me that before revising the disposi-
tions already made r>n this subject on the advice of the medical council at Athens,
it required new and\f uller information, which it has desired me to ask of our con-
sul-general at New York and of the King's legation at Berlin.
I have just asked for this information, and I will not fail to duly communicate

686 SWINE PRODUCTS OF TH K IMTKD STATKS.

to you the decision which the ministry of the interior may think proper to make
on the subject, as soon as this information has been received.
Please accept, etc.,

CONTASTAVLO.

No. 119.
Mr. FreJiuylntywii to Mr. Schuyler.

No. 48.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, Decemlwr 19, 1883.

SIR: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your Nos. 46 to 49 (Greek diplomatic
series).

Approving your course touching the question of restriction placed on the intro-
duction of American pork at the ports of Greece, as set forth in your No. 42,
I am, etc.,

FREI/K T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

TH.E NETHERLANDS.

No. 120.
Mr. Eckstein to Mr. Davis.

No. 261.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Amsterdam, January 11, 1883. (Received January 27.)

SIR: I have the honor herewith to inclose a translation of certain extracts from
a report made to the minister of the interior of the Netherlands, of an investiga-
tion as to the occurrence of trichina} in pork imported from the United States.
I am, etc.,

D. ECKSTEIN,
United State* Consul.

[Incloenre In No. 281.1
AMERICAN PORK IN HOLLAND.

As the agitation in Europe respecting American pork has not yet subsided, and
shows even far greater vitality than trichina ever did, and as it appears that even
Germany is about to be allied to France in making war upon the American hog
product by prohibiting its importation, I concluded to bring to your knowledge
what recently took place in this country, with reference to this matter.

By the order and under the supervision of the minister of the interior an inves-
tigation was made as to the occurrence of trichinae in pork imported from the
United States.

The investigators made a report on the subject to the Government, which was
published in the Staats Courant (official journal) in November last, but it did not
come under my notice until a few days ago.

1 should have liked to have furnished the Department with a translated copy of
the entire report, but as it is very lengthy, and I can not manage to get it properly
translated within any reasonable time, I subjoin hereto only the introductory
remarks, the result of certain experiments made, and the conclusions reached by the
investigators, viz:

"Acting upon a suggestion made by the board of inspectors for the sanitary
supervision of the State to institute an inquiry on an extensive scale as to the
occurrence of trichinae in American pork, and as to the danger thereby incurred,
the minister for the home department had. in the latter end of the year 1881,
instructed the sanitary inspector for the province of South Holland to suggest in
what manner such an inquiry might be held as to the pork imported at Rotterdam
from America.

"The mode of inquiry accordingly proposed by the latter met with the approval
of the minister, and it was thereupon determined that the investigation was to be
held under the supervision of the undersized, by a few persons qual tied for that
purpose, who had offered their services, and who were to pursue their labors
according to rules fixed uniformly for all.

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 687

" These investigators were Dr. F. I. Dupont, who had moreover taken upon him-
self to conduct the whole of the inquiry at Rotterdam; Dr. W. Nolen, Dr. H. I.
Feth, professor of natural history at the higher burgher school in Rotterdam; Mr.
W. A. L. Legebeke, municipal apothecary, and three young ladies (one of whom
has a diploma entitling her to teach natural history at middle-class schools), who
have given most satisfactory proofs of their ability in using the microscope and in
detecting trichinae.

"In order to have sufficient certainty that the investigation of all the samples
would be effected according to the same rules, full instructions were framed for
the guidance of the investigators, with which they all bound themselves to comply."

Succeeding the above preliminary remarks comes a recital of the rules in accord-
ance with which the inspections had to be and were made, and a full description
of the labor performed by the investigators.

The investigations continued over a period of several months, during which
eighteen hundred samples of American pork, bacon, and ham were thoroughly
and closely examined and inspected, resulting in the discovery of trichinae in
thirty-three of the samples.

The report then closes as follows:

" The proofs that were taken have led to the following results, viz:

"With boiled pork, containing trichinae, were fed one young pig and two rats,
all three with negative results.

"With raw American pork, containing trichinae, taken from pieces sent to the
investigators, were fed two young pigs, one young rabbit, and four dogs of about
two years old. A careful examination led to the conclusion that all these animals,
killed at various periods, did not suffer, or had not suffered in any way from
trichinous disease.

"Although the investigations and tests in a matter of this nature can never be
sufficiently numerous to give claim to a scientific infallible conclusion, yet we
consider that from the inquiry that has been held we may safely draw the follow-
ing conclusions:

"Among the pieces of American pork there are many that are more or less
infected with trichinae. Nearly 2 per cent of the pieces examined were trichinous.

" Notwithstanding the extensive consumption of American trichinous pork in
the Netherlands, and more especially at Rotterdam, the trichinous disease has
hitherto not been detected there. More than 6,000,000 kilograms of pork were
imported from America in 1881 at Rotterdam alone.

"It is possible that the habit of the Dutch people of always either boiling or
roasting the said meat may greatly contribute to this result. Yet it is probably
not always boiled or roasted so long as to secure that the trichinae in the inner-
most parts of a large piece are infallibly killed.

"Proofs taken with animals by feeding them with boiled and raw American
trichinous pork have shown that it was eaten by them without any injurious
effects.

" We have therefore every reason to presume that the strong pickling and
smoking of the said meat has such an influence on the life of the trichinae t"hat
during the many weeks or months that elapse between the slaughtering of the
trichinous animals in America and the consumption of the meat in this country
they lose all vitality.

' It has not appeared that the salted and smoked pork, as it is brought into the
market from America, exposes consumers in this country to any danger from
trichinous disease.

" We propose, at a later period, to report to your excellency on the proofs that
are still being taken.

"In conclusion we take the liberty to point to the expediency of causing an
investigation to be instituted on a extensive scale as to the occurrence of trichinae
in native pigs, for which purpose a good opportunity will present itself as soon as
the public slaughterhouse at Rotterdam shall come into use."

SPAIN.
No. 121.

Mr. Fairchild to Mr. Elaine.

No. 176.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Madrid, July 16, 1881. (Received August 4.)

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the reception of your instruction No. 144,
transmitting copies of the report recently made by an officer of the Department

688 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

of State relative to the late rumors as to the alleged unhealthf ulness of American
pork.

In accordance with the instructions therein contained I have addressed a note
upon the subject to the minister of state, and at the same time transmitted sev-
eral copies of the report in question. A copy of my note is herewith inclosed.

As your instruction was very naturally based upon the supposition that the
admission of American pork into Spain was still prohibited, it is necessary that I
should make the following explanation:

When the question of the prohibition of American pork in France was occupy-
ing the attention of the Department and the legation at Paris, General Noyei
wrote to me asking to be informed as to what measures, if any, had been taken 1
by the Spanish Government in regard to the entry of that article of our produce
into Spain. I at once examined the question and found that the royal order of the
28th February, 1880, prohibiting the admission of American pork into Spain had
been annulled by royal order dated the 10th of July, of the same year, and that
that article would thereafter be admitted on complying with certain conditions
prescribed therein. A copy of this order was sent to General Noyes.

I regret exceedingly that the royal order of 10th July, above referred to, entirely
escaped my notice at the time of its issuance and publication, thus preventing my
sending, as I certainly should have done, a copy to the Department. I now send
a copy and translation of it that you may the better see upon what conditions
American pork is now permitted to enter Spain. Those conditions. I have no
doubt, will appear to you as they do to me, just and proper, and to which no rea-
sonable objection can be made by the dealers in and shippers of that important
article of our produce, as it has always been their wish that the article should be
subjected to the most severe inspection, knowing full well that it would more than
stand the test and comparison with that of any other country.

I shall avail myself of every opportunity to give publicity to the report by dis-
tributing it among those interested.

I have, etc., Lucius FAIRCHILD.

[Inclosure 1 in No. 176.]
Mr. Fairchild to Minister of State.

MAHRID, July 15, 1881.

EXCELLENCY: In view of the disastrous effects produced throughout Europe by
the reports of the alleged unhealthf ulness of American pork shipped to foreign
countries, an officer of the Department of State at Washington was recently
detailed to make a most searching and impartial investigation concerning the
truth or untruth of such reports.

The officer in question, after having visited the cities of Chicago and Cincinnati,
thetwo great pork centers, and where are situated and in daily operation the largest
pork-slaughtering establishments in the United States, lias lately submitted the
result of his impartial investigations to the Secretary of State in a report, copies
of which I beg to hand your excellency herewith.

The report not only clearly and fully proves that there was not the slightest
foundation for the alarming reports set afloat, but also as clearly shows how
impossible it is, owing to the severe inspection to which the pork is subjected,
whether alive or dead, for unhealthful pork to reach either the home or the for-
eign markets. For your excellency's further information, and for greater con-
venience, I beg to refer to the conclusions arrived at on page 14 of the report above
mentioned.

I do not know how I can better illustrate to your excellency the entire good faith
with which my Government ordered the inspection to be made, than by quoting
the following paragraph from the instructions sent to me by the Secretary of State,
in transmitting the report above referred to:

"This investigation was forced upon the Government by the disastrous effects
produced abroad by those rumors, and by the action of several European govern-
ments in stringently restricting or prohibiting the importation of swine products
from this country. * It was undertaken in the most impartial spirit and with full
recognition of the weighty responsibility which would rest upon this Government
should the prevalent rumors be substantiated. Had it been found that this great
American industry was the means of disseminating disease and death abroad, no
admission could have been too frank or prompt, and no repressive measures too
urgent to vindicate our national good faith.

"As it is, the result goes beyond our most sanguine expectations in proving the

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 689

baselessness of the statements which have unhappily wrought such injury upon
one of our most widely spread and valuable branches of foreign commerce."

I may add that the information contained in the report herewith inclosed is only
sent to your excellency to bear out the wise and just decision arrived at in the
royal order of the 10th of July, 1880, rescinding that of February 28, of the same
year, and permitting the entry into Spain of pork and lard proceeding from the
United States on certain conditions prescribed therein. This laudable action of
His Catholic Majesty's Government can not be too highly commended.

I may H ; SO reier your exce lency to the action of the Government of His Majesty
the King of Belgium (on pages !"> and 16 of the report in question), which, disre-
garding the popular clamor and prejudice and examining the question fairly upon
its merits, reached some time since the conclusion, to which the Government of
the United States is also irresistibly led, that of the widely spread food staple of
the world's commerce, none is grown, packed, and exported under conditions
more calculated to assure safety and wholesomeness than the pork product of
America.

I have inclosed to your excellency several copies of the report referred to, not
doubting that your excellency will, in the interest of the dealers in and consumers
of American pork in Spain, desire to give publicity to the facts therein contained.
I avail, etc.,

Lucius FAIRCHILD.

[Inclosure 2 in No. 176. Translation.!
Minister of the Interior to Minister of Hacienda.

EXCELLENCY: An account having been given to His Majesty of the applications
made by various naerchantsandindustrialsof Valladolid, Cartagena. Santander, and
of Madrid, soliciting the derogation of the royal order of February 28, ultimo, which
prohibited the introduction into Spain of pork and pork grease, proceeding from
the United States of America and Germany, and the grounds upon which their
petitions were based having been attentively examined; and whereas the observ-
ance of said royal decree has brought about a remarkable rise in the price of the
alimentary substance above referred to; and whereas in the fusion (melting) of
the greases no trichinae are found to exist, and as it is easily recognized with the
micioscope in the lean parts of pork, as in other meats; and as the same exam-
ination when made of the greases obtained by pressure does not give the assurance
that they are free from the said parasite; and

Considering that the rise experienced in the prices of pork and pork grease shows
the insufficiency of the national production to meet public consumption, and
deprives the poorer class of a most necessary food; and considering how difficult
it is to avoid fraud on account of the impossibility of proving the country of pro-
duction when they come from nonprohibited places; and considering that a guar-
anty must be given to public health without injuring the interests of commerce,
His Maiesty the King, having heard the opinion of the royal board of health, has
deigned to decree as follows:

1. The royal order of 28th February, ultimo, which prohibits the introduction of
pork and pork grease proceeding from the United States of America and Germany
is annulled.

2. Only the prohibition regarding the greases coming from the United States
which have not been obtained through melting will continue in force.

3. All meats which may be introduced shall be subjected to a scrupulous and
microscopic inspection, and all that which contains trichinae or is injurious to
health shall be destroyed.

4. The inspection shall be made by a farrier of superior category appointed by
the gobernado of the province, and paid by the importers in accordance with the
following tariff.

5. The introduction of said meats and greases shall only be effected through the
first-class customs.

6. The foregoing provisions will be applied to meats and greases already imported
and pending clearance at the custom-houses.

By royal order I communicate this to your excellency for your information, and
in order that the necessary orders to the above effect may be given by the ministry
under your worthy charge.

God guard your excellency many years.

FRANCISCO ROMERO ROBLEDO.

MADRID, July 10, 1880,

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 44

690 S\VI>'K PRODUCTS ( >F TilF UNITED STATES.

Tariff for the payment of fees for the inspf ction of pork which may be imported
from the United Slates of America and Germany: For each case containing from
80 to 100 hams. 2 pesetas: for each case containing from 250 to 300 shoulders, feet,
legs, or tongues. 2 pesetas 50 centimes; for each case of bacon (containing muscu-
lar fiber) of from 20 to 30 pieces, 1 peseta 50 centimes.

Approved by me.

ROMERO.

MADRID, July 10, 1880.

No. 122.

Mr. Marston to Mr. Davis.
[Telegram.]

MALAGA, February IS, 1882.
No trichinae found in American port in Malaga as reported.

MARSTON, Consul.

No. 123.
Mr. Marston to Mr. Davis.

No. 76.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Malaga, Spain. February 14, 76'<S'J. (Received March 5.)

SIR: I have the honor to report the appearance in Malaga of the much-dreaded
trichime, and I herewith inclose copy of an official bulletin issued yesterday by
the civil governor of the province, cautioning the pubiic against the "use of pork,
ham. sausage, etc.. and providing such preventives as will arrest the further
spread of the malady. About 20 persons are now suffering from this affliction
(7 in one house), and 1 person has died from its effects. From the investigation
that I have made thus far. it appears that some of those who are afflic-ted have
eaten longaniza or sausage brought from Galena in the district of Seville, and it
is claimed that one case has been traced to a person having eaten ham said to have
been imported from the United States; but of this there is no certainty: in fact.
I question whether any proof exists as to where the ham came from. 1 am inves-
tigating the subject, however, and will report the origin if possible.

The longaniza or sausage is made from raw fresh pork, and is intended to be
cooked before being eaten. Therefore it is not possible that the pork used in
making the sausage came from the United States, but is home production.
lam, etc.,

H. C. MARSTON, Consul.

[Inclosure in 76. Official bulletin extra of the province of Malaga. Translation.]
CIVIL GOVERNMENT.

MALAGA, February 11, 188S.

The terrible malady wh : ch has caused such ravages in Germany and other coun-
tries, and which is known by the name of trichinosis, being caused by the presence
of a microscopic parasite in the flesh of swine, has appeared at Malaga among
persons who have eaten of that flesh, and more than 20 individuals are nowaffected
with the disease.

The provincial board of health and the medical society have ascertained by
microscopic analysis that sausages and pork sold in the market contain the germ
of the disease.

In view of this fact, and having heard the opinion of the provincial board of
health. I have resolved, among other measures, to warn the public of the great risk
which attends the eating of pork in all its forms, unless it has been boiled or fried
sufficiently to destroy the germ of the disease. For this purpose the pork or sau-
sage should be cut or slit in many places, in order that the center may be exposed
to a temperature exceeding at least 70' C. It must be remembered that trichinae

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 691

are so tenacious of life that they are not destroyed by putrefaction, salting, smok-
ing, or pickling. I have further ordered that all pork, lard, and sausages in Malaga
shall be carefully examined by a scientific commission appointed for the purpose,
and in order that the public may more easily enjoy the benefit thereof, the authori-
ties have procured two miser, ^scopes one at the slaughterhouse and the other in
the market p'ace. wher - experts will be found ready to examine, by aid of the
microscope, free of charge, all meat and sausages that may be presented to them.

TEODOEO BARO, Governor.

No. 124.

Mr. Marston to Mr. Davis.

No. 77.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Malaga, Spain, February 19. 1883. (Received March 10.)

SIR: I have the honor to continue my report upon trichina in Malaga, which
was the subject of my dispatch No. 76, under date of February 14, 1883. Since
writing that dispatch I have obtained a copy of a telegram forwarded by the gov-
ernor of Malaga to the Spanish Government at Madrid. As the civil governor
distinctly says in that dispatch that one person had acquired the malady through
eating ham imported from America, I immediately addressed his excellency a
communication, under date of the loth instant, and his reply, dated the 17th
instant, reached me on Sunday morning, the 18th instant. You will see that he
now declares that no proof exists that any American ham or pork has been found
affected with trichinse. On receipt of the governor's letter, on the 18th instant,
and knowing that the Society of Natural and Physical Sciences had made micro-
scopic inspection of all meats in Malaga which the authorities had suspected, I
addressed the president of that society, and received his official reply the same day.

Early Sunday morning, the 18th February. 1 was applied to for information
upon the subject of trichina? by parties who had received telegrams from England
asking whether 20 persons had died in Malaga, as reported by telegraph from Madrid.
This convinced me that the alarm was widespread and gravely detrimental to
American interests, and I felt justified in telegraphing to your Department.
Especially did I feel authorized so to do with the official letter of the civil governor
in my possession, as well as that of the president of the society, to whom all sus-
pected meats had been referred. I also made it my business to see that answers
to the telegrams from England were sent in accordance with the facts, although I
fear that grave injury has resulted from the false reports in circulation, yet
prompt denial will allay to some extent the excitement caused. Previous to the
breaking out of the trichinae in Malaga every store where meats were sold had a
large supply of American hams; whereas the day following the publication of the
governor's report to Madrid not an American ham could be found in Malaga.
They had all suddenly changed into English hams. There are now about 25 persons
suffering from trichinosis in Malaga and 3 have died.

Hoping this report will meet with your approval, I am, etc.,

H. C. MARSTON, Consul.

[Inclosure 1 in No. 77. Telegram. Translation.]
Governor of Malaga to the Spanish Government.

Several cases of trichinosis have occurred at this capital, there being four per-
sons in a single house who are affected with the disease, two of them dangerously
so. Three, moreover, have symptoms of the disease, and in another house one.
We have also learned that two other persons have been attacked. I at once con-
voked the board of health, and suitable measures have been adopted to check the
disease. The cause of the sickness in the seven persons first referred to was the
eating of sausages from Galena, in Cadiz, to the governor of which province I
have reported by telegraph what has taken place; and the eighth was attacked in
consequence of having eaten ham imported from America. The meat, upon
examination with a microscope by experts, was found to contain trichinae.

692 SWINE PRODUCTS OB 1 THE UNITED STATES.

[Inclosure 2 in No. 77.]
Mr. Marston to the Governor of Malaga.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Malaga, February 15, 1883.

SIR: I have the honor to address your excellency upon the subject of the appear-
ance of trichina* in Malaga. May I beg, in pursuance of my duty as American
consul at this place, that you will furnish me with whatever knowledge you pos-
sess that the hams eaten by one or more of the sufferers were imported from the
United States, as contained in the published dispatch sent by your excellency
officially to Madrid?

I have, etc., H. C. MARSTON, Consul.

[Inclosure 3 In No. 77. Translation.]
The Governor of Malaga to Mr. Marston.

MALAGA, February 17, 18SS.

SIR: I have the honor to reply to your polite communication of the 15th instant,
and to inform you that I have reported to the Government that the cases of trichi-
nosis that had occurred in this capital were due. according to intelligence received,
to the eating of pork imported from the nation which you so worthily represent
in this city. These reports were afterwards not confirmed, but it is certain that
the pork which originated the cases in question was not the fresh meat of hogs
slaughtered in this city. This is all I have to communicate in reply to your polite
note.
God guard you for many years.

TEODORO BAR6,

Civil Governor.

[Inclosnre 4 in No. 77.]
Mr. Marston to the President of the Society of Natural and Physical Sciences.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Malaga, February 18, 1S8S.

SIR: I have the honor to communicate with you upon the subject of trichinae in
Malaga. I understand that your society have examined all samples of ham. pork,
loii'/aiiizd. etc., which the authorities of Malaga have suspected as being affected
with trichinae. Have any trichinae been detected in any hams or pork reported to
have been imported from the United States? Your answer to this inquiry will
greatly oblige, etc.

H. C. MARSTON, Consul.

[Inclosure 5 in No. 77. Translation.]
Mr. Orneta to Mr. Marston.

SOCIETY OF PHYSICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES OF MALAGA,

OLD COLLEGE OF SAN TELMO,

Malaga, February 18, 188S.

I have received your communication of this date, and I have the honor to inform
you that Trichina spiralis has been detected by this society in sausage of whose
origin we are ignorant. In the other cases in which swine's flesh was examined
we have as yet been unable to establish its existence.
May God preserve your life for many years.

DOMO. DE ORNETA, President.
A. PROLONGO, Secretary.

SWTIS T E PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 693

Mr. Marston to Mr. Davis.

No. 78. J UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Malaga, February 24, 18S3. (Received March 13.)

SIR: I have the honor to continue my report upon trichinae in Malaga, which was
the subject of my dispatches Nos. 76 and 77. I was so indignant at the declara-
tion that trichinae had originated in American hams without any proof thereof
that I induced the authorities here to make all possible efforts to trace the origin,
happily with success, as you will see by the inclosed paragraph which appeared in
this morning's paper. Happily we have a civil governor whose administration is
an honorable and just one.

I am, etc., H. C. MARSTON, Consul.

[Inclosure in No. 78. Extract from Malaga newspaper. Translation.]

It appears from a telegram received by the governor of Malaga from the gov-
ernor of Seville that Jose Diaz, a sausage vender at Galena, brought to this city
the sausage containing trichinae, which has caused all the sickness and alarm here.
Various examinations have been made of pork at Galena, in some of which tri-
chinae have been found. The pork thus affected has been burned, and the authori-
ties have issued stringent orders with a view to preventing the spread of the disease.
They have, moreover, reported the matter to the General Government.

No. 126.
Mr. Reed to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

No. 173.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Madrid, February 28, 1S83. (Received March 17.)

SIR: Some days since I saw in the Madrid papers that several cases of trichinosis
had occurred at Malaga, some of which it was alleged had been caused by the eat-
ing of raw ham proceeding from the Un ted States.

At about the same time I received a dispatch from Mr. Marston, our consul at
Malaga, dated the isth instant, informing me of his action in the matter and inclos-
ing a copy of his telegram and of his dispatch upon the subject to the Department,
dated the 14th instant.

In view of the very worthy and prompt action of Mr. Marston, I did not deem it
necessary for me to act here, but seeing in the papers of Saturday last that some
of the persons attacked had died and that the authorities at Malaga had under
consideration the propriety of recommending the issuance of an order preventing
the further importation of pork from the United States, and knowing how diffi-
cult it would be if the order was once issued to have it rescinded, I deemed it my
duty to do what I properly could to prevent any such order from being issued.
With this object in view I at once proceeded to the direction-general of health, etc.
(under the direction of the ministry of gobernacion). and not finding the director-
general in, asked to see the next officer in charge. This gentleman received me
very courteously, and after explaining the object of my visit, he advised me to
write an unofficial note to the minister of gobernacion upon the subject, assuring
me at the same time that it would receive prompt attention. This I did on Monday,
the 2iith instant, inclosing for his further information two copies of the report on
"American pork, "made by Mr. Scanlan in 1831, under the direction of the Depart-
ment of State. 1 beg to inclose a copy and translation of my note.

Last evening I received the reply of the minister of gobernacion (a copy and
translation of which I also beg to inclose herewith) . expressing thanks for the
copies of the report and informing me that up to the present time it had not been
decided to introduce any changes whatever in regard to the sanitary formalities
established for the introduction into Spain of pork proceeding from the United
States, and adding that he proposed to make a careful study of the report which I
sent him.

I feel quite certain that no order will be issued preventing the further importa-
tion of American pork. I am strengthened in this belief by the reception to-day

694 S WINK IMioIMVTS OF Til K UNITED STATUS.

of another dispatch from Mr. Marston. dated the 24th instant, inclosing a copy of
a paragraph taken that morning from a Malaga paper stating that it had lieeu
ascertained that the cases of trichinosis were caused by the eating of longarii/.as
(a kind of sausage), prepared by one Jose Diaz, of Galena, and that the pork or
meats in his possession in which trichinae were found had been burned and strict
orders given to prevent a recurrence of the evil.

I shall continue, however, to keep a careful watch, and should I have occasion
so to do will make every effort to prevent any action by the authorities here detri-
mental to the introduction into Spain of this important article of our produce.

In closing this dispatch I beg to strongly commend the course pursued by Mr.
Marston.

I have, etc., DWIGHT T. RI:ED.

[Inclosure 1 in Xo. 173. Translation.]

Mr. Reed to the Minister of Gobernacion.

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Madrid, February ~'U, 1883.

SIR: According to the newspapers it appears that there has lately occurred at
Malaga several cases of trichinosis, of which, it is alleged, were caused by eating
ham imported from the United States, and that in consequence of this the authori-
ties have under consideration the propriety of recommending the prohibition of
further importation of pork, hams, etc., from that country.

In view of the above mentioned statement I deem it my duty to inclose for your
excellency's information two copies of a report giving the result of an investiga-
tion made in 1831, under the direction of the Department of State of the United
States, in regard to American pork. This report explains very clearly how Ameri-
can swine is fattened, slaughtered, and prepared for the market, and how very
impossible it is for the pork, hams, etc., to contain trichina 1 .

While I know nothing in regard to the cases of trichinosis, referred to, or of the
intentions of the Government in regard to the matter further than what I have
seen in the newspapers, my object in writing this note is to request, unofficially,
your excellency's powerful aid in preventing the issuance of any order which
would prohibit the importation into Spain of American pork, hams, etc.

Begging that your excellency will give the matter your early consideration, I
avail, etc.,

DWIGHT T. REED,
Charge d Affaires ad int.

[Inclosure 2 in 173.]
Mr. Gallon to Mr. Reed.

MINISTRY OF GOBERNACION,

February 27, 188S.

SIR: I have received with much pleasure your polite letter dated 26th instant,
and the two pamphlets which accompanied it.

I give to you my best thanks for your kindness, and I am able to state to you
that up to the present moment it has not been decided to introduce any change in
the sanitary formalities established for the introduction of pork proceeding from
the nation you so worthily represent in this court.

I propose to make a careful study of said report; and, renewing my thanks, I
am, etc.,

Pio GALLOU.

No. 127.
Mr. Davis to Mr. Marston.

No. 41.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

\\'(ixl,in<ttiiii, March 7, 1SS3.

SIR: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your dispatch No. dated the 14th
ultimo, reporting the appearance of trichina? in sausage, pork, and ham at Malaga,

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 695

which has seriously affected a number of consumers. In reply, you are requested
to keep the Department fully informed on the subject Our experience else-
where leads us to the conviction that the trichinte are not to be attributed to the
American products, but are usually the result of eating the native pork uncooked.
There is as yet no reason to believe that a different result will be found in Malaga.
Your further report is awaited with interest.

I am, etc. , JOHN DAVIS,

Assistant Secretary.

No. 128.

Mr. Eade.au to Mr. Davis.
[Telegram.]

HABANA, April 5, 1883.

Authorities have to-day ordered all hog's lard coming from United States to
Cuba to be examined before landing.

BADEAU.

No. 129.

Mr. Bacleau to Mr. Davis.

No. 98.1 CONSULATE-GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,

Habana, April 5, 1883. (Received April 10.)

Sm: I have the honor to forward herewith an order of the governor-general,
with translation, dated April 1. but published this day, relative to the inspection
of hog's lard coming from the United States.

I am, etc., ADAM BADEAU,

Consul- General.

[Inclosure in No. 98. Translation.]

ORDER OF THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL.

GOVERNMENT-GENERAL OF THE ISLAND OF CUBA, BUREAU, HEALTH,

Habana, April 1, 1883.

On this date is communicated to the civil governor of the island the following:

In view of the statements made to this central government by the Spanish con-
sul at New York in regard to the bad hygienic condition of a certain class of hog's
lard, which, with different marks, is imported into this island from the United
States of America, and in view also of the result of the analysis made by the sub-
delegate of pharmacy of this capital of the sample of said grease forwarded by the
said consular officer, the governor-general, by decree of this date, has been pleased
to order that the hog's lard of said origin, of every class of mark, arriving at the
ports of this island, whether coming in tierces or any other wooden vessel what-
soever, shall be inspected by the boarding physicians before being conveyed to the
respective custom-houses; and you are directed to order what is necessary, so that
this duty may be performed with the celerity, exactness, and care which every-
thing relative to the public health demands.

At the same time his excellency has ordered that upon the publication in the
official bulletin of this province of the aforesaid result you recommend to the local
authorities and board of health the greatest watchfulness over the establishments
from which the above-mentioned articles issued, in order to prevent the sale of
the same in improper condition for consumption for the food of families.

This order of his excellency is published in the Official Gazette for general
information.

M. DlAZ DE LA QUINTANA.

606 t\V!NK l'K< 'Die 1> iF THK UNITED STATES.

No. 130.
Mr. Bad a, i t<> Mr. Doris.

No. 105.] CONSULATE-GENERA \. y TIIK UNITF.I> STATES,

ll<il,iiini. Aju-.'f i 1 ', 1883. (Received April 17.)

SIR: Referring to my dispatches Nos. 98 and 101, of April ~> and ?, respectively.
I have the honor to state that immediately upon the appearance of the ord- r r> l;i-
tive to the insi>ection of American hog's lard, of which a copy was forwarded with
my No. 98, I addressed a communication to the governor-general, requesting a
copy of the communication of the Spanish consul at New York, and of the report
of the subdelegate of pharmacy of this city, or any other information on which
the said order was based: but I received from his excellency a reply declining to
accede to my request, on the ground that the documents in question could be for-
warded only to the Government of the King (J\o puedo facilitarlos mas que al
Gobierno de S. M. el Rey).

I have, etc., ADAM BADEAU, Consul-Oeneral.

No. 131.
Mr. Frelivghuysen to Mr. Reed.

No. 150.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, April 12, 1S83.

SIR: Your No. 173 of the 25th of February last, in regard to the case of trichi-
nosis at Malaga, which it was alleged was produced by eating American pork, and
inclosing a copy of your note to the minister of gobernacion on the subject, and
of his rep'.y thereto, has been received.

It is probable that all the cases of alleged trichinosis from eating American pork
which are sporadically reported in Europe from time to time would, if properly
examined, prove to be as groundless as in the present instance.

Your action is approved, although it is to be borne in mind that it is irregnlar
to correspond, even unofficially, with the branches of the Spanish Government
other than the foreign office.

It is deemed proper that you should watch this matter carefully and be prepared
to address a note to the minister of state immediately on the appearance of any
agitation hostile to American pork in Spain.

Consul Marston's vigilance will be commended.

I am, etc., FRED'K T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 132.
Mr. Davis to Mr. Badeau.

No. 40.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, April 18, 188S.

SIR: Your dispatch of the 5th instant, No. 98. has been received, inclosing a copy
of the recent order of the governor-general of Cuba in relation to the inspection
of hog's lard imported into Cuba from the United States.

The reason assigned for the promulgation of the order in question, as stated by
the governor, is that he has received certain information from the Spanish consul
at New York to the effect that lard of .'i bad quality and dangerous to the health
of its consumers is shipped from the latter port to Habana and other ports in Cuba,
and that the inspection and supervision over such shipments provided for by the
order in question are rendered necessary in the interest of the public health. To
an order or regulation inspired by such high public motives no objection can with
propriety be opposed. The right of every government to adopt such precautionary
measures for the safety of its subjects and the preservation o' the public health is
a sovereign prerogative which this Government would 1-e the last to question. It
is only when in practice such a measure may be shown to lie an international dis-
crimination against citizens of the United States that these citi ens would have a
right to complain, and that this Government might feel it its duty to remonstrate.

There are vast regions of North America outside the territories of the United
States where hog raising is prosecuted ext -nsively, much of the lard product of
which, it may be presumed, finds its way to Cuba, and which certainly would seek

SWINE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 697

that market should lard from the United States be practically excluded. It is only
deemed necessary at present to instruct you to observe closely and diligently the
operation of the ovder and the practice under it. and to report to the Department
without delay any case which, upon examination of the facts, you may be led to
believe forms just grounds for complaint. ,lt is believed, however, that impure
lard is not exported from the United States, 'and it is not irnposs ble that through
a misunderstanding of the trade classification the statements of the consul-general
were based upon samples of ''grease," which is always plainly marked, and can
not be mistaken or used for lard. It is hoped that you will make further inquiries
as to the reason for the order and as to the samples on which it was based, that
the Department may be fully informed on the subject. A copy of a report made
after an investigation of this subject in 1881, by order of this Department, is
inclosed for your information. 1

I am, etc., JOHX DAVIS,

Assistant Secretary.

No. 133.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Reed.

No. 159.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, May 8, 1888.

SIR: I inclose a copy of an order (translation) of the governor-general of Cuba,
of April 1. 18S3. touching the inspection of hog's lard coming to that island from
the United States, and o" a telegram from our consul-general there with regard
to a later order requiring the inspection to be made before landing. I also inclose
a copy of Mr. Badeau's No. 105 on the subject.- The purpose of this instruction
is to procure for communication to the consul-general copies of the papers men-
tioned in dispatch No. 105 not obtainable from the local government,
lam, etc.,

FRED'K T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 134.
Mr. Marston to Mr. Davis.

No. 86.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Malaga, May 9, 1883. (Received May 29.)

SIR: I have the honor to communicate again with your Department upon the
subject of trich ! me found in a shoulder of bacon on the llth ultimo in Malaga.

I investigated the case at the time, but I have awaited the official report, which
only reached me on yesterday, from the president of the Society of Natural and
Physical Sciences in this city, to whom the whole case was referred for examina-
tion and report. This bacon has been traced as coming from Manchester. England,
and the English consul in Malaga has forwarded also a copy of the inclosed com-
munication to the British foreign office. The results, if any. I will communicate
forthwith. Fortunately this piece of bacon was sent for examination to the society
before anyone had eaten of it.

I am, etc., H. C. MARSTON,

United States Consul.

[Inclosure in No. 86. Translation.]
Report of the president of the Society of Natural and Physical Sciences.

SOCIETY OF NATURAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES OF MALAGA,

OLD COLLEGE OF SAN TELMO,

Malaga, May 6, 1883.

As I am aware of the interest which you have taken in the trichina case in
Malaga, especially since the existence of trichinae was discovered in a ham by this
society, I have the honor to lay before you a report which I have received from the

1 See House Ex. Doc. 209. Forty-seventh Congress, first session, page 179.
4 See ante for inclosures in this instruction.

I''.!S SWINK IMMDl'CTS < >F THK FMTKD STATES.

first alcalde of this capital, in reply to my communications, which report is as
follows:

As soon as Irtceived your esteemed communication of the llth instant, inform-
ing me that the ham presented for inspection by Don Josi- A'eanza to the society
over which you so worthily preside, contained ei cysted mc-hiim-. I ordered that
measures should be taken to discover the origin of said ham, and that the hams in
the establishment Iroin wlr.ch it was procured should be seLed for inspection.

So efficient were the steps taken by the board of health in pursuance of my
instructions that it was proved that the ham in questi n had been .old at the fresh
and salt meat market of Don Antonio Baro Guerrero, So. 17 Five Ball alley. Mr.
Guerrero was summoned to appear before me, and the following instrument was
drawn up: In the city of Malaga, on the 12th day of April. 1888. it being about 3
o'clock in the afternoon. Don Antonio Baro Guerrero, having been duly summoned,
appeared before the constitut onal alcalde of this citv, the said Guerrero being an
inhabitant of this city, residing at Xo. IT Five Ball alley, where he kteps an estab-
lishment for the sale of fresh and salt meat, and being requested to state whether
it was true that the ham presented by Don Jose A.eanza for inspection to the
Academy of Physical and Natural Sciences was bought by the said Aleanxa at his
establishment, he said that the ham in question was. indeed, purchased by Mr.
Aleanza at his establishment, it having been one of a lot which he had received
on the 6th of February last from the firm of Leverhns. Husk & Co.. of Man-
chester, by the steamer Manuela, of which he produced the invoice and bill of
lading.

"The invoice having been examined, he was requested to explain the difference
between the 492 kilograms named in the invoice and the CO or 80 kilograms which
were approximately the weight of the 5 hams seized by the commission at his
aforesaid establishment; whereupon he said tuat the difference was owing to the
fact that he had sold these hams to various unknown persons, but that he had thus
far heard of no accident resulting from the consumption thereof. No further
proceedings took place, and the parties concerned signed their names, to which I,
the secretary, certify. Carlos Davila. L. Castilla. Anto, Earo, Jose Ma. Lopes. I
communicate to you the foregoing for your information and in reply to your com-
munication of the l?th instant, and I must at the same time inform you that,
according to a communication received from the president of the board of health,
of the 18th instant, the four remaining hams which were found belonging o the lot
in which Mr. Baro received the ham sold to Don Jos" Aleanza were carefully exam-
ined with the aid of a microscope by Drs. Inocente Martinez and Candido Solas
and that nothing was found in them indicating the existence of trichinae: in conse-
quence of which, the aforesaid gentlemen being fully satisfied of their wholesome
character, they were returned to their owner. ''

I have the honor to communicate to you the foregoing for your information.
God guard you many years.

DOMO DE ORNETA, President.

No. 135.
Mr. Badeau to Mr. Davis.

No. 147. ] CONSULATE-GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,

Habana, May 25, 1883. (Received May 31.)

SIR: Referring to your dispatch of April 18 instant. I have the honor to report
that immediately upon its receipt I addressed the Governor-General in compliance
with yonr orders, making further inquiries as to reason for his order relative to
the inspection of hog's lard imported into Cuba from the United States, and have
this day received a reply, a copy of which, with translation, is inclosed.
I am, etc.,

ADAM BADEAU,
Consul-General.

[Inclosure with dispatch Xo. 147. Translation.]
Letter from Governor- General of Habana to Consul- General Badeau.

In answer to your honor's official letter of last month, relative to the motives on
which the order for the inspection of lard imported into this island from the United
States is based, I have the honor to inform your honor, by order of his excellency
the govern or- general, that in the circular decree of this Government, dated 1st of

SWINE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 699

April ultimo, published in the Official Gazette of the 4th of said month, the reasons
for ordering said inspection are clearly expressed: and nothing has since occurred
in the matter worthy of mention; informing your honor that if the Government
of the United States wishes to become thoroughly acquainted with the particulars
relative to the inspection of lard, it can, if thought convenient, address itself to his
excellency the Span'sh minister at Washington, who has detailed information of
what in substance is declared in the aforesaid circular of April 1.

All of which, by his excellency's orders, I have the honor to communicate to
your honor for your information.

May God preserve \our honor many years.

Habana, May 19, 1883.

M. DlAZ DE LA QUINTANA.

No. 136.
Mr. Marston to Mr. Davis.

No. 88.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Malaga, Spain, June 8, 1883. (Received June 26.)

SIR: I have now the honor to further communicate with your Department upon
the subject of my dispatch No. 86, under date of May 9 last.

In reply to the report made at the time by Her Britannic Majesty's consul here,
the British foreign office has now forwarded to that office a communication from
the firm in Manchester who purchased the ' shoulder" in question and shipped it
to Malaga.

It is obviously a very obscure report, not shedding much light upon the origin
of the meat, "Higgins, the curer in America," being about as authentic as Jones
or Smith would be.

I am. etc., H. C. MARSTON,

United States Consul.

[Inclosure No. 88.]
Leverhus. Husk & Co. , to the clerk of the council, veterinary department.

1 AND 3 LEMINGTON PLACE,
Princess Street, Manchester, May 17, 1888.

SIR: In reply to your inquiry [of the] 16th instant, we beg to say that the shoul-
ders in question were bought by us as sound meat in Liverpool, through our
brokers, as "American"' shouldeis, and the boxes were branded with the name of
Higgins, which we believe is a curer in America.
We are, etc.,

LEVERHUS, HUSK & Co.

No. 137.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Barca.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, June 14, 1883.

SIR: I have the honor to inclose a copy of an instruction (No. 40) of this Depart-
ment to Consul-General Badeau, at Habana, touching an order of the Governor-
General of Cuba, in relation to the inspection of hog's lard imported from this
country into that island, also a copy of the Governor-General's note of May 19 last,
in the case. 1 Asking that you will kindly give me such information as you can as
to the necessity of this inspection,

I beg, etc., FREDK. T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 138.
Mr. Barca to Mr. Frelinghuysen,

LEGATION OF SPAIN AT WASHINGTON,
Washington, June 20, 1883. (Received June 21.)

The undersigned, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of His
Majesty the King of Spain, has had the honor to receive the note of the 14th instant,.

1 See ante for inclosure in this note.

700 MVINK PRODUCTS OF THE VNITKI) STATES.

whereby the honorable Secretary of State, in transmitting to him a copy of the
instructions (No. 40) sent to Mr. Badeau. United States consul-general at Habana.
rt-.ative to the order issued by the Governor-General of Cuba, lor the examination
of hog's lard imported from the United States, and of the note of the aforesiid
Governor-General of the 19th ultimo, relative to the same matter, was pleased to
ask him for information concerning the causes which had rendered such an exami-
nation necessary.

The undersigned hastens to inform the honorable Secretary of State that the
measure in question was adopted because a number of American citizens, mer-
chants in good standing, had made complaint to the consul-general of Spain in
New York that a certain house was exporting adulterated lard, which was injuri-
ous to health to the island of Cuba, and that honest dealers were unable to com-
pete with the shippers of that artic e. An order was consequently issued that
samples of the lard complained of should be examined by competent exjierts. which
examination showed that the said lard did, indeed, contain ingredients injurious
to public health. The Governor-General, therefore, in the exercise of his rights
and in the fulfillment of his duty, ordered that hog's lard from the United States
should be inspected.

The undersigned takes pleasure in informing the honorable Secretary of State
that the adoption of the measure in question implies no intention to establish any
discrimination between goods from the United Siatfg and those of any other
friendly nation, nor any intention to establish discriminatin _' measures calculated
to check the development of commerce between the United States and Cuba. The
object of the captain-general of Cuba in issuing the order which gave rise to the
complaint of the American consul-general was, to the knowledge of the under-
signed, to take such precautions as are required by a due regard for public health
in a tropical country during the summer months, and to protect honest merchants
in accordance with their own request.

The undersigned, hoping that the foregoing explanations will fully satisfy the
honorable Secretary of State, avails, etc. ,

FRANCISCO BARCA.

No. 139.
Mr. Frelinglmysen to Mr. Barca.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

\\'<in]thiijtu}i. June .?/>, 1883.

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your note of the 20th instant,
apprising the Department of the fact that the late order of the Governor- General
of Cuba touching inspection there of hog's lard from the United States originated
in a complaint to the consul-general of Spain at New York from certain American
merchants that a certain house was exporting adulterated lard and that honest
dealers were unable to compete with the shippers of that article.

Thanking you for your very kind reply to the inquiry of the Department of the
14th instant,

I beg, etc., FREDK. T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

No. 140.
Mr. Foster to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

No. 40.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Madrid, July :'. 1883, (Received August 9.)

SIR: On the 19th instant the newspapers of this capital announced that on ac-
count of the appearance of cases of tr.chinosis at Malaga the Spanish Government
had, upon the advice of the royal board of health, decided to prohibit the impor-
tation of American and German pork products.

On the same day I called upon the minister of state and asked him if he could
give me any information as te the correctness of this report. He answered that
he had heard nothing of it. but recommended me to call upon his colleague, the
minister of the interior (gobernacioni, which I did on the same day. In the
absence of that minister the subsecretary received me. who. in reply to iny inquir-
ies, stated that the royal board of health had recommended the prohibition referred
to, but the minister of the interior had decided that it was only necessary to enjoin

SWIISTE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 701

the enforcement of the royal order of July 10, 1880, which prescribed an inspection
of pork and lard proceeding from the United States and Germany and their destruc-
tion when found to contain trichinse. A copy and translation of the royal order
of July 10, 1880, was sent to the Department with Mr. Fairchild's No. 176, of July
16. 18S1.

I improved the opportunity of my visit to explain somewhat in detail to the sub-
secretary and to the chief of the sanitary bureau, who was present, the results of
the investigations made under the direction of the Department of State, as contained
in Mr. Scanlan's report of 1881 (a copy of which had been left at the ministry by
Mr. Reed some months ago), and the importance of this industry to our country.
I was assured that the exclusion of American pork was not contemplated by that
ministry, but only a reasonable inspection, in view of the reported appearance of
the disease at Malaga.

You will gee, by reference to Mr. Reed's dispatch, No. 173, of February 28 last,
that a similar report affecting American pork was started at Malaga at that time,
but upon investigation it was found that the disease did not originate from the
use of pork proceeding from the United States. Irat from Spain itself. Informa-
tion will be asked of the consul as to the cause of the recent alarm, and his report
will be sent to you.

In view of the fact that telegrams from Madrid have appeared in the European
press giving a false report of the action of the Spanish Government, I deem it
proper in the interest of our exporters to send you a telegram this morning, as
follows:

" Importation of American pork not prohibited in Spain as telegraphed to for-
eign press. Only inspection required as reported in Fairchild's No. 176."
I am, etc.,

J. W. FOSTER.

No. 141.
Mr. Foster to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

No. 43.] LEGATION OP THE UNITED STATES,

Madrid, July 23, 1883. (Received August 9.)

SIR: Referring to your instruction No. 159, of May 3 last, to Mr. Reed, and his
dispatch No. 235, of June 5, relative to lard or pork inspection in Cuba. I now
transmit a further note from the minister of state, dated the 19th ultimo, in which
he says that information has been asked of the governor-general of Cuba, with the
object of communicating the same to this legation, but the minister adds that the
measure adopted by the governor-general was in accordance with precautions tele-
graphed on the 25th of February last by the ministry of ultramar.

In acknowledging receipt of the minister's note on the 21st ultimo, I suggested
that you would be gratified to be informed of the reports or information which
led to the action of the ministry of ultramar, and the character of the instructions
given to the authorities of Cuba.

A translation of the minister's note and a copy of my reply are herewith inclosed.
I have delayed their transmission to date in the hope that I might receive a fur-
ther reply touching the information suggested in my note of the 21st ultimo, but
it has not come to hand.

I am, etc., JOHN W. FOSTER.

flnclosure 1 in No. 43. Translation.]
Minister of State to Mr. Foster.

MINISTRY OF STATE,

Palace. June 19, 1883.

MY DEAR SIR: In addition to the note to the legation, dated the 1st instant,
relative to the documents and other information in regard to the sanitary inspec-
tion ordered by the superior authority of the island of Cuba, in all the ports of
that island, of pork products (cecina) proceeding from the United States, I have
the honor to inform your excellency that before the request referred to may be
sent to the respective customs authorities, antecedents have been asked of the
governor-general of said island in order to furnish your excellency with the
desired information, although I must state that the measure adopted by the gov-

702 S\VINK pRnnrcTs OF THK UNITED STATKS.

ernor-general of Cuba in the matter was in accordance with pre -autions tele-
graphed on the 2~>th February last, by the minister of ultraruar. to guard against
the propagation of trichinae in pork and lard.
I improve, etc. ,

THE MARQUIS DE LA VEGA DE ARMIJO.

[Inclosure 2 in No, 43.]
Mr. Foster to Minister of State.

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,
M<lri<l, June :/. :

EXCELLENCY: I beg to thank your excellency for the note of the 19th instant, by
which lam informed that the antecedents of the order regarding pork proceeding
from the United States have been asked of the governor-general of Cnba, in
order that vour excellency may more fully reply to the note of this legation of the
2th May last.

As it would seem from your excellency's note above referred to. that the i;
ure adopted by the governor-general of Cuba was in accordance with precautions
telegraphed on the :Mth February last by the ministry of ultramar, I venture to
suggest to your excellency that my Government would be highly gratified to be
informed of any of the reports, investigations, or information which led to the
action of the ministry of ultramar February 25, and the character of the instruc-
tions given to the authorities of Cuba, so far as it may Le deemed proper by His
Catholic Majesty's Government to communicate the information desired.
I g.ad.y avail, etc.,

JOHN W. FOSTER.

No. 142.
Mr. Foster to Mr. Frelinghuysen.

No. 89.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Madrid. October 23, 1883. (Received November 7.)

SIR: Referring to the note of the Spanish minister of state of June 19 last on
the subject of hog's lard, transmitted with my No 43 of July 23, I now inclose a
further note of the 10th instant from the minister, in which he communicates the
reasons of the governor-general of Cuba for the adoption of the order for the
inspection of lard proceeding from the United States. These reasons, it will be
seen, are based upon the alleged adulteration of certain-named brands of American
manufacture.

I am, etc., JOHN W. FOSTER.

[Inclosure in No. 89. Translation.]
The Minister of State to Mr. Foster. '

MINISTRY OF STATE,
Palace, October 10,

EXCELLENCY: In answer to the notes from your legation, dated the 28th of May
and 21st of June last, I have the honor to state to your excellency that information
had been asked of the governor-general of Cuba concerning the measures adopted
for the inspection and examination of hog's lard coming from the United States.

The said authority has recently informed His Majesty's Government to the
effect that hog's lard marked "Corona." ' Irving," " Pavo real," and ' Rosedale,"
imported to that island, proceeding from the United States, was condemned a~
injurious to th ri public health; therefore ordering, as was his duty, that the dis-
patch of the article mentioned should be suspended in the custom-house until the
result of the expert examination which had been ordered to take place should be
kuown.

This havirlg taken place, it appeared that, although the aforementioned hog's
lard could not be proved notoriously injurious to the health, it was nevertheless
an impure and adulterated article, without qualities for sustenance; for which

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 703

cause the governor general of Cuba ordered, on the 1st of April, the previous
inspection of all iard arriving at the ports of the island proceeding from the United
States which should coine in tier* es or any other wooden packages, and from this
arose the remonstrance of the consul-general of the United States to the aforesaid
superior authority, asking for a copy of the accusation and the expert report, to
which the governor-general did not think he ought to accede.

The latter adds finally that the examination directed by the order of the 1st of
April does not extend to all the lard (cecina) wh'ch is imported, but only to the
lard of American production which com?s in wooden packages.

In informing your excellency of the foregoing,
I avail, etc.,

THE MARQUIS DE LA VEGA DE ARMIJO.

SWEDEN AND NORWAY.

No. 143.
Mr. Gade to Mr. Davis.

No. 300.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Christ iania, March 3, 1882. (Received March 29.)

SIR: For more than a year no complaints have been heard in this country con-
cerning diseased pork imported from America. The boards of health in the cities
continue to examine the pork imported from abroad, but it is evident that only
a partial examination of each lot can be made, and that the prescribed examina-
tion is largely a matter of form. On the other hand, some time since trichinae
were found in this district in pork raised in Norway, and several persons were
seriously ill from eating it.

Large quantities of American salt meat have for a number of years been imported
into this country for the use of the mercantile marine, and up to this time there
has been general satisfaction with this article. However. I now see that the board
of health in Moss, one of our neighboring towns, has lately seized a lot of spoiled
American salt meat, and lots of similar quality are said to be reported from other
places in this country. The attention of shipowners : s therefore directed to the
necessity of closely examining every barrel of American meat. The meat in ques-
tion, which was sold in America as a prime article, was imported by a firm at this
port, and seems to have been already re; used by dea'ers at another port before being
shipped to Moss.

As most of the American meat imported here arrives over England and other
countries, I can not give statistical figures showing the quantities imported from
America. But lately it has largely replaced Danish meat, which was formerly
in use on the many hundred Norwegian vessels which every spring leave these
ports, and it will probably continue in great demand here if the American pro-
ducers export a sound and wholesome article.

I am, etc., GERHARD G-ADE,

United States Consul.

No. 144.
Mr. Gade to Mr. Davis.

No. 313.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Christiania, April 12, 1SS2. (Received MPJ 1.)

SIR: Referring to my dispatch No. 309, dated March 3, this year, relating to
spoiled American meat imported into this district, I have now the honor to report
that I am informed that the meat in question was packed at Kansas City, Mo., by
a firm which exports largely of that article.

The importer of the spoiled meat has had a legal survey held of it here, and had it
also examined by the chemical expert of the police chambers of this city. I beg
leave to give subjoined a part of the testimony of the said expert:

'The exterior of the meat examined was found to be fresh, not only in appear-
ance, but in odor, while the interior was found to be more or less damaged on the
inside, in some places so much that the meat formed a slime, which emitted a

704 SWINK PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATKs.

horrible, rotten stink. The reason why, in the very same piece, the outer part was
Iresh, while the inner was spoiled, is probably to be ascribed to the ciicumstance
that the pieces were not immersed in the brine immediately after s'aughtering.
but were previously only sprinkled with salt,' which did not penetrate in sufficient
quantity or with sufficient rapidity into the larger pieces to prevent their spoiling."

The expert adds:

"As the brine was fresh and sufficient, the damage can in no case whatever result
from the treatment of the mtat after it was sent from the packing house."
I am, etc.,

GERHARD GADE, United States Consul.

SWITZERLAND.

No. 145.
Mr. Byers to Mr. Davis.

No. 285.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Zurich, March 24, 1SS2. (Received April 2.)

SIR: In my dispatch No 259,' I had- the honor to report that the very stringent
regulations of this canton as to American meat importations were, as I was
informed by the authorities, to be considered as partially suspended. In that dis-
patch I added, however, that on the least provocation the fright as to American
hams would be renewed and the regulations enforced with greater vigor than
ever.

A provocation was discovered in the early autumn. Certain hams were imported
here from Germany, containing trichinae. They had been advertised, invoiced,
and paid for as " first-class Westphalian hams,'' by a firm claiming to deal in the
finest Westphalian hams only. The damaging discovery of trichina' was no
sooner made than certain of the officials, with a part of the press and the native
butchers, asserted that the hams weie not German but American.

The regulations were enforced again stronger than ever, and in a way that
became equivalent to prohibition entirely.

I undertook to point out to the authorities the injustice of the proceeding, and
submitted to them numerous repons and results of investigations, both in France
and the United States, tending to show the extreme luti ity of microscopic
examinations to protect against existence of trichina-. I further showed by indis-
putable evidence that a single case of trichinosis, from use of American hams,
had not yet been discovered in Switzerland. I at the same time had a private
examination of the meat that had been seized and an investigation as to its origin.
The result was trichinae were found in abundance, but there was no proof what-
ever that the hams came from America. On the contrary, there was and is every
reason for suppos ng that the hams were what they were represented to be, viz,
"first-class Westphalian hams." It is true, the seller, in his fright, and in his
vain desire to get out of the difficulty, pretended that he had been cheating the
public, and that these special hams were, after all, American ones pared down
and smoked over to resemble the Westphalian. There was. however, no proof of
the truth of this afterthought statement; besides, in his invoice, advertisement,
and letters accompanying invoice (all in my possession ), he distinctly declares
these hams to be Westphalian.

After my repeated and earnest protests, the authorities at last appointed a spe-
cial commission to investigate the whole subject of importation of meats, micro-
scopic examination of meats, etc. The result of this investigation is the public
circular order of the Government, which i inclose.

This order points out the uselessness of microscopic investigations of American
or other meats, and fully rescinds the objectionable regulations ot 1878. and does
wholly away with police examinations of any kind, thus making it possible to
import American hams into a city and canton where former regulation shad well-
nigh desi roved the market.

I am, etc., S. H. M. BYERS, Consul.

[Incloses circular of the Cantonal Government. March 11, 1882, in German.]

'Printed on page 174, House Ex. Doc. 209, Forty-seventh Congress, first session.

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 705

No. 146.
Mr. Mason to Mr. Davis.

No. 146.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Basle, September 25, 1883. (Received October 8.)

SIR: I have the honor to submit herewith a report on the present condition of
the importation and traffic in American salted and cured pork in Switzerland, with
some allusion to the general aspect of the same question in relation to neighbor-
ing European countries.

The fact that the Department of State is reported in printed dispatches as being
about to institute an investigation of the conditions of hog raising and pork
packing in the United States has invested the vexed question of meat imports with
new and extraordinary interest, and the inclosed report is respectfully submitted,
in the hope that it may be found pertinent to a subject of renewed importance.

It is stated in this report that Germany prohibits the transit of American hog
products through the territory of that Empire, even when such merchandise is
consigned to importers in other countries. In proof of this statement I hereby
inclose one original letter and two telegrams, with translations, all of which are
addressed to Messrs. Jenny & Kiebiger, meat importers of this city. The telegram,
which is official, shows that a shipment of American lard from Antwerp to Basle
was stopped at Aix la Chapelle, the German frontier, and had to be returned to
Antwerp and shipped to Switzerland by a longer route, through France and Bel-
gium. This inexcusable mandate of the German Government is still in force.

Messrs. Fiechter Brothers, of Antwerp, to Messrs. Jenny & Kiebiger, of Basle.

FIECHTER BROTHERS, COMMISSION SHIPMENTS, ETC.,

Antwerp, May 12, 1883.

We have the honor to inform you that per York City 40 cases of pork meat
arrived for your firm, marked J. K. Thirty-six cases, 10,229 kilograms, have been
sent to you in railway wagon No. 61974, via Cethur, to be delivered to you at the
Badisch railway depot. The remaining four cases shall be sent with our merchan-
dises combined. You will receive the note of our expenses through the branch
office of our firm at Basle.

It was impossible for us to have this shipment directed via Sarrachen, the Ger-
man authorities since recent date prohibiting even the passing through of Amer-
ican meats.

"With highest consideration,

FIECHTER BROTHERS.

[Official telegram of service No. 505.]

Aix LA CHAPELLE, June 25 18838.15 a. m.
To R. and A. FLEBUS, Antwerp:
American lard ean not pass through Germany.

CHET.

[Telegram No. 549.]

ANTWERP, June 25, 1883 6.15 p. m. (Received at Basle, 8.02.)
JENNY, Basle:

Passing through over German territory prohibited. Send at once instructions.

FLEBUS.

No recent announcement from America has been received in Europe with more
general satisfaction than the published report that the Department of State would
appoint a commission to investigate thoroughly and report authoritatively upon
all the conditions of hog raising in the United States, and the preparation of the
various forms of pork for export.

It is inferred that this action is the first step in a definite policy of resistance to
the causeless and wholly unjustified proscription that now excludes a leading
American product from the markets of several European countries which seek by
every means to develop and increase the export of their manufactured merchan-
dise to the United States.

The time has long been past when any intelligent person in Europe or America
could be deceived by the transparent pretense that American cured meats are
impure or more dangerous to health by reason of trichina than the best salted

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 45

706 SWIXE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

and smoked meats of Germany or Austria. Xo European statesman or journalist,
who discusses the question candidly, now denies that the pretended horror of
trichina? is merely a diplomatic display of solicitude for the health of the people,
to mask the real economic motive which underlies all these edicts of prohibition.

Were it not true that the importation of American meats, at anormal stage of the
market, brings the retail price of a favorite article of food within reach of many
thousands of working people who could not otherwise afford such a luxury, and
thereby not only makes a serious competition for the European but hers and hog
raisers, but diverts a large and constantly increasing outflow of money to the
United States, it would never have l>een discovered by the economists 'of Paris,
Berlin, and Vienna that Arne.'u-an pork was dangerous or impure.

If European statesmen would say frankly that American meats, being for
obvious reasons much cheaper than the European and equally good, and would
in time destroyer seriously injure the prosperity of their home farmers and meat
venders, and that therefore they felt obliged to impose an impost duty upon
foreign meats that shou-d balance the une jual cost of production, that would be
open, fair, and in accordance with recognized principles of international com-
merce. But they dare not do this. They shrink from the clamor which would
meet any such avowed measure to tax the food of the people. So they invent a
theory that American mats are diseased and dangerous, and impose "their pro-
hibitory tariff in the form of an edictof abs >lute prohioition, based upon sanitary
grounds. The peasant and artisan are thereby made to pay from 15 to 20 centimes
more per pound for the little meat which they eat than they would if American
pork were admitted freely: but they are told that this discreet mandate which
robs their pockets has been wisely devised by a paternal government which is
anxiously solicitous about their health. Hence the many-sided meat question.
But while Germany is carrying her prohibitive poli.'y to the absurd length of for-
bidding American meats, and even lard, to be carried across her territory by rail
in cars sealed at Antwerp for delivery in Switzerland, it is also true that in this
country the reputation of those meats and the public demand for them are higher
and greater than ever before. From the first agitation of the subject, in the winter
of 1881-82, Switzerland has taken an intelligent and well-considered eours in
respect to the meat question. When France suddenly issued a prohibitory decree
because a family at Crespy. in Valois. had been attacked by trichinosis after eat-
ing the raw flesh of a newly killed pig the Swiss Government appointed an able
and deliberate sanitary commission to ascertain whether any person in Switzer-
land had ever suffered in like manner from having eaten salted meat imported
from the United States. Finding no such instance on record, and having a large
working population living upon limited earnings, the Swiss Federal Government
issued an official circular to all its Cantons, reminding them that aU pork should
be properly cooked before being eaten, and then welcomed to its markets the
trans- Atlantic hams and bacon which were ex .luded by its more powerful neigh-
bors.

While the official investigation is in progress in the United States, the fact
deserves to be widely known that here in Switzerland, which is almost the only
continental country in which American meats are permitted to be imported and
sold on their merits, their reputation is not only higher now than ever before, but
they command a preference in this market over similar classes of meats from
every other country. Among the many and perfectly palpable proofs of this may
be added the experience of a large meat-importing firm in Basle, which supplies
no less than 1,500 retail dealers-in central Europe.

Three years ago this firm imported large quantities of hams, bacon, lard, and
mess pork from the United States. American lard had already a reputation as
the best in the market, and that was sold under its proper geographical designa-
tion; but the meats, in consequence of what was then a vague and indefinite preju-
dice, were sold as being of German and Swiss origin. No little trouble and expense
were assumed by this firm to maintain the delusion that their meats were all from
European sources.

The short corn crop of 1881 and the advance of the prices of hog products in
the American market during 1882 made importations from the United States
unprofitable, and these Swiss importers were obliged to draw their supplies from
Austria. Their customers complained of the deterioration in their goods, which
they found, in respect to curing and general excellence, decidedly inferior to those
of the preceding year. It was explained to them that the meats which they were
now buying and selling were really European, while those of 1881 had been of
American origin.

The bountiful corn crop of 1882. and its effects upon the American meat supply,
brought the hams and bacon and mess pork from Chicago, St. Louis, Cincinnati,

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 707

and New York again within the exporting price limits, and to-day the Basle
importers have an unprecedented trade, and almost exclusively in American
meats. They report that during the period of this controversy about trichinae
and impure meats an extraordinary improvement has taken place in the curing
and packing of all grades of meats exported to Europe from the United States.
In this respect there was very little to complain of before, but since the quality
of their wares has been challenged the American packers have, with character-
istic spirit and unanimity, improved their methods and increased their precautions
until their product is, as a whole, unequaled in quality by that of any other
country.

The name "American," as applied to this class of provisions, has become, instead
of a reproach, its highest recommendation wherever the facts are known.

I have personally conversed with retail dealers from Aargau and other interior
Cantons, who say that their trade demands meats cured by the present American
method, and that, excepti ng a limited quantity of the very high-priced Westphalian
hams, they can hardly sell any other.

While therefore the economic policy of several leading European countries has
nominally excluded the hog products of the United States from these markets, the
reputation of these products has steadily improved. Considerable quantities of
these provisions have of course been brought from New York and Boston to
Great Britain, and. after repacking to conceal their origin, have been shipped to
continental ports. Meat dealers everywhere know of the superior merits of Amer-
ican meats, if the statesmen who make laws for them do not. The pending offi-
cial investigation will, it may be presumed, settle conclusively all the real facts
in respect to this question, which may be considered as yet in dispute. If the
result of that measure should be the lifting of an embargo which has no motive
but selfishness, no justification but prejudice, the result would be an immediate
expansion of the European demand for American meats to the extreme limit of
the supply. Not only can marketable swine be raised more cheaply in the West-
ern States of America than in European countries, but for the reason that they
are more cleanly and naturally fed, and their flesh more skillfully cured, Amer-
ican meats will command, and must in the end supply, the principal markets of
the world.

FRANK H. MASON, Consul.

TURKEY.

No. 147.

Mr. Wallace to Mr. Frelinghusen.

No. 96.] LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Constantinople, June 6, 1882. (Received June 26. )

SIR: A note verbal came to the legation under date of 3d June containing a
sweeping interdiction against salted meats from America, including lards. There
is not much direct importation of the prohibited articles; wherefore, besides that
reflection, there is consolation in the facts that nearly, if not quite, nine-tenths of
the salted meats consumed in Turkey will continue to be the American product
under some foreign brand, and that whether first marketed in France, England,
or Germany the original dealer is not likely to be deprived of his profits by proc-
lamations such as is here inclosed and translated.

Construing the circular as one more to the several blows recently aimed at
American products in this region, it seemed best to notice it with an immediate
protest, a copy of which is also inclosed.

Very respectfully, etc., LEW. WALLACE.

[Inclosure 1 in No. 96.]
Said Pasha to Mr. Wallace.
[Translation.]

SUBLIME PORTE, MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS,

June 3, 1882.
Circular. Note verbal.]

The ministry of foreign affairs has the honor to inform the legation of the United
States of America that the measure of interdiction which strikes the introduction

708 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

of salted pork meats from America is also extended to the ham and lard of the
same source, no matter by what way these articles are imported in Turkey.

The imperial ministry begs of the legation of the United States of America to
kindly bring what precedes" to the knowledge of his citizens.

[Inclosure 2 in No. 96.]
Mr. Wallace to Said Pasha.

UNITED STATES LEGATION,
Constantinople, June 5, iss-2.

EXCELLENCY: I beg to acknowledge receipt of the note verbal from the Sublime
Porte, dated June 3 instant, in which you have been pleased to inform me that the
measure of interdiction against the introduction of salted meats from America is
extended to hams and lard, regardless of their form of importation into Turkey.

Your excellency will pardon an expression of surprise at the action thus indi-
cated, announced, as it is, without a reason given. It' reference is had to the treaty
between the powers, it appears to me arbitrary in the highest degree. While it
continues in its present form it can not but be construed as a discrimination against
an important article of American manufacture, and peculiarly in violation of
treaty rights, for which reasons it is my duty to earnestly protest against its exe-
cution. At the same time to open a waj* to an accommodation of the points pre-
sented, I will esteem it a favor if you will give me the reasons which have induced
the Porte to resolve upon the interdiction, and give them to me before execution
of the measure is entered upon. Not impossibly the operative causes may be
explained away.

I avail myself, etc., LEW. WALLACE.

No. 148.
Mr. Frelinghitysen to Mr. Wallace.

No. 68.] DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, June 29, 1SS8.

SIR: Your dispatch No. 96, of the 6th instant, inclosing copy of your protest in
reply to the note verbal of the Ottoman Government, prohibiting the importation
therein of American salt meats, has been received, and your timely action is
approved.

I am, etc., FREDK. T. FRELINQHUYSEN.

MISCELLANEOUS.

No. 149.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Loring, Commissioner of Agriculture, et al.

DEPARTMENT OP STATE,

Washington, July 80, 18SS.

SIR: On several occasions during the last few years the importation of hog prod-
ucts from the United States has been restricted, or even entirely prohibited, by
the legislation of several foreign states. The grounds of this action are understood
to be the alleged prevalence of disease hog cholera, trichinosis, and the like
among 'the swine of the United States, and the supposed consequent unfitness of
the prepared products for consumption as human food. The consequent legisla-
tion, however, has not, in most cases, expressed the motives of the restrictions
imposed. The prohibitory decrees of Austria-Hungary and Germany, for instance,
unqualifiedly forbid the importation into those countries of the pork products of
the United States.

This Government, from the time the intention was first observed abroad to
question the healthfulness of the pork products exported from the United States,
has made every effort to investigate the truth of the unfavorable statements which
came to its knowledge. It was conceived that we were more interested in proving
such charges against one of our greatest staples of food, consumed by millions of

SWIISTE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 709

our people, than could be any foreign country, whose inhabitants are only in com-
paratively small part consumers of the American products. After exhaustive and
impartial investigation of the subject the conviction was reached by this Govern-
ment that the premises upon which the above legislation abroad rested were and
are unfounded, and that the exported hog products of the United States are in no
wise the source of danger to life and health which they are alleged to be. Wide
publicity has been given to the results of the investigations undertaken by the
Department of State and by the report on trichinae and trichinosis, prepared by
the Marine-Hospital Service and published by order of Congress in 1881. And
efforts have not been spared to induce in the minds of foreign governments a right
understanding of the facts of the matter as they are ascertained to exist here. The
conviction reached by this Government has not. however, been shared by the for-
eign governments to whose attention it was brought, and the contemplated pro-
hibitory legislation has been effected, thereby closing important foreign markets
to a food product generally used by a large proportion of our people.

It is doubtless one of the first duties of a government to watch over the health
of its own community. It is difficult to believe that their restrictive measures
arise from any other motive; and if foreign governments, after impartial exami-
nation, are satisfied that the pork products of the United States are, as compared
with the like products of other coun tries, unwholesome to a degree which demands
their exclusion from use as human food, it behooves this Government to examine
this charge, and, if it should be substantiated, to fulfill its duty as the custodian
of the public health by enacting a system of sanitary laws which shall afford for
its own citizens as complete a guaranty against the evil effects of consuming the
domestic product as the statutes of foreign countries afford for their subjects.
The President has therefore determined to name a commission of experts of known
probity, impartiality, and competence to make a searching examination on the
spot of all the conditions of the hog raising and packing industries of the United
States, and to follow by the most practical examination the course of this food
staple from the fields and farms to the wharf where it is shipped, or to the shops
where it is exposed for domestic consumption.

The matter presents itself to the President with such urgency that he is unwill-
ing to await action by Congress. He believes it of national importance that the
results of the investigation he contemplates should be laid before Congress at the
opening of the session in December next in order that, if needful, legislative action
may be then taken. It is therefore the President's desire that you will recom-
mend to him the names of two competent persons to be commissioned as the rep-
resentatives of your Department.

The commission will embrace in addition one representative of the New York
Chamber of Commerce, one representative of the Chicago Board of Trade, and
one gentleman to be chosen by the President, comprising in ail five members. As
the statutes prohibit the making of any contract involving guaranty of money
payment or the incurment of any obligation for the eventual repayment of
expenses without the previous assent of Congress, the Executive is unable to
promise any positive assurance that the expenses of the commission will be repaid.
It is, however, thought that the great importance of the step taken and the mag-
nitude of the interest at stake will lead Congress to recognize the justice of reim-
bursing whatever outlay the commissioners shall have incurred in discharging the
important trust confided to them.

I am, etc., FREDK. T. FEELINGHUYSEN.

Similar letters to

The president of the New York Chamber of Commerce;

The president of the Chicago Board of Trade.

No. 150.
Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Loring, Commissioner of Agriculture, et al.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE.

Washington, October 3, 1883.

SIR: During the last few years the importation of hog products from the United
States has been restricted, and in some instances entirely prohibited, by the legis-
lation of several foreign countries. The grounds of this action are understood to
be the alleged preralence of disease hog cholera, trichinosis, and the like among

710 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

the swine of this country, and the supposed consequent unfitness of the prepared
products for food.

This Government, from the time the intention was observed abroad to question
the healthfulness of the pork products exported from the United States, has made
efforts to investigate the truth of the unfavorable statements on the subject which
came to its knowledge. The result of the investigations so made has been to show
that the premises upon which the adverse legislation abroad rests are unfounded,
and that the exported hog products of the United States are in no wise the source
of danger to health and life they are alleged to be. Although efforts have not been
spared to inform foreign governments as to this state of facts, they have not given
due weight to the representations which have been made to them on the subject,
and consequently prohibitory legislation has been extended in Europe until many
important markets there have been closed to the food products in question, of
which this country produces a large excess above its own consumption.

Inasmuch as the course which various foreign powers have pursued with regard
to this matter involves the charge that American citizens are engaged in the expor-
tation of an unhealthful article of food, and inasmuch as it is believed that the
agricultural and commercial interests of this country are now suffering great
damage in consequence of misrepresentations as to the character of the hog prod-
ucts of the United States, it has been determined to take measures for such a
formal and thorough investigation of the subject as will leave no doubt whatever
as to the facts.

To this end yon are hereby notified that the President has designated a commis-
sion to make a searching examination of all the conditions of the hog raising and
packing industries of the United States of America. This commission is consti-
tuted as follows: 1, Dr. George B. Loring; 2, Prof. C. F. Chandler; 3, Eliphalet
W. Blatchford, esq.; 4, F. D. Curtis, esq.; 5, Prof. E. D. Salmon.

As the statutes prohibit the making of any contract involving guaranty of
money payment or the incurment of any obligation for the eventual repayment
of expenses without the previous assent of Congress, the President is unable to give
any positive assurance that the expenses of the commission will be repaid. It is,
however, thought that the magnitude of the interests at stake will lead Congress
to recognize the justice of reimbursing whatever outlay the commission may incur
in discharging the important trust confided to it.

You are requested to confer with your colleagues with a view to the speedy
organization of the commission, that its labors may begin at an early day.

The method of procedure and other details are left to the judgment of the com-
mision, the President desiring simply that it shall proceed in such manner as may
seem most advisable to examine into this industry and the allegations as to the
healthfulness of the pork products of the United States.

The commission will report the result of its investigation, as soon as practicable,
to the Secretary of State, for communication to Congress.
I am, etc.,

FRED'K T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

Similar letters to

Eliphalet W. Blatchford. esq., on the part of the Board of Trade of Chicago;
Prof. C. F. Chandler, on the part of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of
New York:

F. D. Curtis, esq.. of Charlton, N. Y.:
Prof. D. E. Salmon, of the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

[H. Ex. Doc. No. 106, 48th Congress 1st session.]
SWINE PRODUCTS 'OF THE UNITED STATES.

[Message from the President of the United States transmitting a report from the Secretary of
State relative to the importation of the swine products of the United States.]

To the House of Representatives:

I transmit herewith for the consideration of Congress a report of the Secretary
of State, accompanying a report made by the commission lately designated by me
to examine and report upon the asserted nnhealthfulness of the swine products of
this country. The views and conclusions of the commission deserve the most care-
ful consideration of Congress, to the end that, if any path be legitimately open lor
removing the prohibition which closes important foreign markets to those prod-
acts, it may be followed and appropiiate legislation devised.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 711

1 earnestly recommend that Congress provide for reimbursing the expenses
incurred by the commissioners in this praiseworthy service, and 1 should be glad
also if some remunerative recognition of their public-spirited action in accepting
the onerous and responsible duties imposed on them were to suggest itself to Con-
gress. At all events, m view of the conflicting theories touching the origin and
propagation of trichiniasis and the means of isolating and extirpating it among
domestic swine, and considering the important bearing which precise knowledge
on these points would have on the commercial aspects of the matter. I recommend
provision for special research in this direction.

CHESTER A. ARTHUR.

EXECUTIVE MANSION,

Washington, February 29, 1S84.

To the PRESIDENT:

In the President's last annual message to the Congress he announced that in
view of the action of certain foreign governments prohibiting importation of the
swine products of the United States, because of alleged danger to health from
their use, he had deemed it so important to ascertain and promulgate the exact
facts that he had designated a commission of experts to make a thorough investi-
gation of the subject.

The commission so appointed has now submitted a report to the undersigned,
which is herewith laid before the President, for transmission to Congress, if in his
judgment it be deemed advisable so to do.

The report is thorough and impartial to a degree which can not fail to com-
mend it to public consideration here and abroad. It deals mainly with the two
asserted causes of a diseased condition of the prepared food products, namely,
hog cholera, so called, and trichiniasis. As to the first, it is conclusively shown
that the flesh of swine so diseased does not enter the market packed for human
food, and it is, moreover, demonstrable that in no event is the disease communi-
cable to human beings.

As to trichiniasis in swine the report is less conclusive, because less is certainly
known of the manner in which the living trichinae or their germs are transmitted.
The need of further investigations to determine this point, on which alone can any
practicable measure for the extirpation of the disease be based, is very clear.
Admitting the fact that a percentage of the animals slaughtered (probably smaller
than in the countries of Europe) are more or less infested with trichinae, the com-
mission points out that the processes and conditions of packing and the lapse of
time between the slaughter of the animal and the consumption of the prepared
flesh abroad, are found to so diminish the vitality and propagative power of the
trichina? as to make it doubtful whether any of these parasites reach Europe in a
living state, or in a condition to develop in the human body.

So far as known, no single authentic instance, resting on competent scientific
testimony, can be adduced of a case of trichiniasis in Europe arising from the use
of American packed swine products as food, whether eaten raw or cooked. In
each instance of outbreak of trichiniasis in Germany, where the habit of eating
hog's meat in an uncooked state makes the disease more prevalent than in other
countries, the epidemic is not only distinctly traced to the consumption of the
flesh of freshly-killed native hogs, but the further significant fact is observed that
the virulence of the infection diminishes with the time elapsing between the kill-
ing of the animal and the consumption of its flesh, and that an interval of only a
few days, especially when the meat is even slightly salted, suffices to reduce the
severity of the symptoms below a fatal stage. It may not be irrationally inferred
that a still longer interval would wholly remove the danger of infection, even in
uncooked meat. Scientific research as to the duration and conditions of propaga-
tive vitality of the trichinae after the death of the animal in which they are found,
would appear to be a very necessary step toward a fuller knowledge of this aspect
of the question.

In conclusion the commissioners say that

"After carefully studying every circumstance that in any way affects the con-
dition of the American swine, from the hour of their birth to the landing of the
cured meat in foreign ports, we are free to say that our exported pork in all its
forms is fully equal, perhaps superior, in its freedom from taint of every kind,
either from disease or deterioration after slaughtering, to the pork of France or
Germany, or any other country in which the bogs are confined within a narrow
compass and do not enjoy that free run and pasturage which they get in the hog-
growing regions of the United States. There is no general prevalence of disease

712 S \\I.\K PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

among swine in any portion of this country. Microscopic examinations show that
here, as in all other countries, a small percentage of the swine is affected with
trichiniasis: probably a smaller percentage than in the countries of Europe. That
the occas onal presence of trichina- in our pork is a comparatively unimportant
fact is shown by the variety of trichiniasis among human beings, as indicated by
the returns from the State and city boards of health. Another very important
fact is the almost certain destruct'on of the trichina, when present in pork, by the
curing process before it can be landed in foreign countries. Nevertheless, while
we believe that no legitimate grounds exist for the restrictions imposed on the
importation of American pork, we are satisfied that microscopic inspection of all
pork for export can be secured at the packing houses, if such inspection should be
demanded, as we have already fully explained.''

There does not seem to be any objection in principle to such inspection when-
ever it may be required. Foreign commerce is necessarily conducted in conformity
with the demands of the local trade, and it is clearly to the interest of producers
to set such wares on a foreign market as will meet with ready and unhampered
sale. When a government imposes upon the importation qf foreign products con-
ditions no more burdensome or unreasonable than those which weigh upon native
products, conformity with those conditions is reasonable and requisite. If home
inspection with due certification will open foreign markets for our swine prod-
ucts, it will certainly pay the American exporter to submit to inspection.

It is suggested that the trust expressed in the President's last annual message be
repeated, that Congress shall find in the national and international bearings of the
matter a sufficient motive for providing for the reimbursement of the expenses
incurred by the commissioners. It seems but just to also provide some compen-
sation for the time and knowledge thus devoted by them to public interests. It
may also be advisable to make an appropriation for setting on foot the investiga-
tions suggested by the commission as to the origin and transmission of trichinae
and the means of isolating and extirpating the disease.

Respectfully submitted.

FRED'K T.. FRELINGHUYSEN.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, February 28, 1S84.

PART I.

INTRODUCTORY.

Hon. FRED'K T. FRELINGHUYSEN,

Secretary of State:

The commission appointed by the President to examine into the swine industry
of the United States, and into "the allegations as to the healthfulness of the pork
products " of this country, beg leave to report. The commissioners entered upon
the work assigned them in accordance with the following letters of instruction:

Mr. Frelinghuysen to Mr. Loring, Commissioner of Agriculture, et al.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,
Washington, July 30, 1885.

SIR: On several occasions during the last few years the importation of hog
products from the United States has been restricted or even entirely prohibited by
the legislation of several foreign States. The grounds of this action are under-
stood to be the alleged prevalence of disease hog cholera, trichinosis, and the
like among the swine of the United States, and the supposed consequent unfit-
ness of the prepared products for consumption as human food. The consequent
legislation, however, has not. in most cases, expressed the motives of the restric-
tions imposed. The prohibitory decrees of Austria-Hungary and Germany, for
instance, unqualifiedly forbid the importation into those countries of the pork
products of the United States.

This Government, from the time the intention was first observed abroad to
question the healthfulness of the pork products exported from the United States,
ha* made every effort to investigate the truth of the unfavorable statements which
came to its knowledge. It was conceived that we were more interested in
proving such charges against one of our greatest staples of food, consumed by
millions of our people, than could be any foreign country whose inhabitants are

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 713

only in comparatively small part consumers o p the American products. After
exhaustive aud impartial investigation of the subject, the conviction was reached
by this Government that the premises upon which the above legislation abroad
rested were and are unfounded, and that the exported hog products ot the United
States are in no wise the source of danger to life and health which they are alleged
to be. Wide publicity has been given to the results of the investigations under-
taken by the Department of State and by the report on trichina and triciiinosis,
prepared by the Marine-Hospital Service, and published by order of Congress in
1881. And efforts have not been spared to induce in the minds of foreign gov-
ernments a right understanding of the facts of the matter as they are ascertained
to exist here. The conviction reached by this Government has not, however, been
shared by the foreign governments to whose attention it was brought, and the
contemplated prohibitory legislation has been effected, thereby closing impor-
tant foreign markets to a food product generally used by a large proportion of our
people.

It is doubtless one of the first duties of a Government to watch over the health
of its own community. It is difficult to believe that their restrictive measures
arise from any other motive; and if foreign governments, after impartial exami-
nation, are satisfied that the pork products ot the United States are. as compared
with the like products of other countries, unwholesome to a degree which demands
their exclusion from use as human food, it behooves this Government to examine
this charge, and if it should be substantiated, to fulfill its duty as custodian of the
public health, by enacting a sys'em of sanitary laws which shall afford for its
own citizens as complete a guaranty against the evil effects of consuming the
domestic product as the statutes of foreign countries afford for their subjects.
The President has, therefore, determined to name a commission of experts of
known probity, impartiality, and competence, to make a searching examination
on the spot of all the conditions of the hog raising and packing industries of the
United States, and to follow by the most practical examination the course of this
food staple from the fields and farms to the wharf where it is shipped, or to the
shops where it is exposed for domestic consumption.

The matter presents itself to the President with such urgency that he is unwill-
ing to await action by Congress. He believes it of national importance that the
results of the investigation he contemplates should be laid before Congress at the
opening of the session in December next, in order that, if needful, legislative action
may be then taken. It is therefore the President's desire that yovt will recommend
to him the names of two competent persons to be commissioned as the representa-
tives of your Department.

The commission will embrace, in addition, one representative of the New York
Chamber of Commerce, one representative of the Chicago Board of Trade, and one
gentleman to be chosen by the President, comprising in all five members. As the
statutes prohibit the making of any contract involving guaranty of money pay-
ment, or the incurment of any obligation for the eventual repayment of expenses,
without the previous assent of Congress, the Executive is unable to promise any
positive assurance that the expenses of the commission will be repaid. It is, how-
ever, thought that the great importance of the step taken, and the magnitude of
the interest at stake, will lead Congress to recognize the justice of reimbursing
whatever outlay the commissioners shall have incurred in discharging the impor-
tant trust confided to them.

I am, etc., FREDK. T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

Similar letters to

The president of the New York Chamber of Commerce;

The president of the Chicago Board of Trade.

Mr. Frelinghujjsen to Mr. Loring, Commisxio ier of Aqricu tare, et al.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, October 3, 1883.

SIR: Daring the last few years the importation of hog products from the United
States has been restricted, and in some instances entirely prohibited, by the legis-
lation of several foreign countries. The grounds of this action are understood to
be the alleged prevalence of disease hog cholera, trichinosis, and the like among
the swine of this country and the supposed consequent unfitness of the prepared
products for food.

This Government, from the time the intention was observed abroad to question
the healthf uluess of the pork products exported from the United States, has made

714 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

efforts to investigate the truth of unfavorable statements on the subject which
came to its knowledge. The result of the investigations so made has been to show
that the premises upon which the adverse legislation abroad rests are unfounded,
and that the exported hog products of the United States are in no wise the sou. ce
of danger to health and life they are alleged to be. Althorgh efforts have not
been spared to inform foreign Governments as to this state of facts, they have
not given due weight to the representations which have been made to them on
the subject, and consequently prohibitory legislation has been extended in Europe
until many important markets there have been closed to the food products in
question, of which this country produces a large excess a hove its own consumption.

Inasmuch as the course which various foreign powers have pursued with regard
to this matter involves the charge that Ameiican citizens are engaged in the ex-
portation of an unhealthlul article of food, and inasmuch as it is believed that the
agricultural and commercial interests of this country are now suffering great
damage in consequence of misrepresentations as to the character of the hog prod-
ucts ot the United States, it has been determined to take measures for such a for-
mal and thorough investigation of the subject as will leave no doubt whatever as
to the facts.

To this end you are hereby notified that the President has designated a commis-
sion to make a searching examination of all the conditions of the hog raising and
packing industries of the United States of America. This commission is consti-
tuted as follows: (1) Dr. George B. Loring, (2) Prof. C. F. Chandler, (3) Elipha'.etW.
Blatchford.esq.: (4) F.D. Curtis, esq.; (5) Prof . E. D. Salmon.

As the statutes prohibit the making of any contract involving guaranty of
money payment or the incurment of any obligation for the eventual repayment
of expenses without the previous assent of Congress, the President is unable to
give any positive assurance that the expenses of the commission will be repaid.
It is, however, thought that the magnitude of the interests at stake will lead Con-
gress to recognize the justice of reimbursing whatever outlay the commission
may incur in discharging the important trust confided to it.

You are requested to confer with your colleagues with a view to the speedy organ-
ization of the commission, that its labors may begin at an early day.

The method of procedure and other details are left to the judgment of the com-
mission, the President desiring simply that it shall procet d in such manner as may
seem most advisable to examine into this industry and the allegations as to the
healthfu'ness of the pork products of the United States.

The commission will report the result of its investigation, as soon as practicable,
to the Secretary of State, for communication to Congress.
I am, etc.,

FREDK. T. FRELINGHUYSEN.

Similar letters to

Eliphalet W. Blatchford, esq., on the part of the Board of Trade of Chicago;

Prof. C. H. Chandler, on the part of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of
New York;

F. D. Curtis, esq., of Charlton, N. Y.;

Prof. D. E. Salmon, of the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

The commission assembled at the Department of Agriculture in Washington on
the loth of October, 1883, and assigned its work to the various members under the
following heads, viz:

1. The origin and history of the hogs which make up the market supply.

2. The conditions under which they are raised and fattened.

II.

1. Transportation of hogs from farms, or when they are fatted, to " stock yards "

or packers.

2. Condition of animals on arrival at stock yards or where they are to be slaugh-

tered and packed.

3. Manner of slaughter and effects on the meat.

4. Treatment of carcass after slaughtering, before cutting up.

5. Curing of meat, the mode and materials used.

6. Packages used for shipment.

7. Storage after packing.

8. Transportation to seaboard.

9. Inspection for home and foreign consumption by General Government, State

authority, boards of trade.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 715

III.

1. Extent of trichinae and trichinosis in America and Europe.

2. Preventive measures required.

3. Effect of salting or curing upon trichina?.

4. Effects and extent of other diseases which may exist among hogs.

In performing this duty the packing houses of the West and in the seaboard
cities and .the large swine-breeding sections of the country have been personally
examined by the commission, and an extensive correspondence has been entered
into with the packers of pork, the State and municipal authorities who have issued
regulations with regard to the trade, and with the transportation companies over
whose lines the traffic is conducted, in order to secure ail possible information on
the subject.

1. The origin and history of the hogs which make up the market supply,

2. The conditions under ichich they are raised and fattened.

The raising of swine in the United States of America is an industry so universal
that it extends to every farm. The products of the hog pork, bacon, ham. and
lard, or in their manufactured forms are consumed by all classes. Among the
farmers they constitute the chief meat food. The supply for domestic use is
obtained partly from the farmers themselves and partly from the general market,
in which the products of every State and section find a sale, and from which
foreign countries are supplied. The States which furnish nearly all the pork
products which go to foreign markets are Iowa. Illinois. Missouri, Indiana. Ohio,
Kansas, Kentucky, Nebraska, Wisconsin, and Tennessee. They are enumerated in
the order of their production. Texas. Arkansas, and Michigan. West Virginia, and
Minnesota also send to the packing houses a small amount of the great market
supply. The number of hogs in all these States, according to the returns of the
Department of Agr. culture lor 1883, was 31.955,020, while the total number in the
United States by the same report was 4H, 270,086. The Southern States produce a
large number of hogs which make superior bacon and hams. Georgia is credited
in the annual report of the Depaitment of Agriculture with 1,412,G04 hogs; North
Carolina, 1.311,821; Alabama. 1,225,534; Mississippi, 1,070,269; and Virginia,
773,864. The hogs from these States are used for domestic consumption.

In the States which supply the hogs for the foreign market corn is a leading
grain production, and it is found that the number of hogs in each State is pro-
portioned to the yield of this staple. The 15 States mentioned above produced, in
1883, 1,301,025,300 bushels of corn.

As indicating the interest in swine breeding in America, it may be stated that a
National Swine Breeders' Association has been formed, in which all the States are
represented, which, at its last session held in the city of Chicago. 111., November
14. 1883, unanimously passed a resolution which was reported by the special com-
mittee on sanitary conditions, from which we quote as follows:

''We recommend that laws should be passed in all the States placing all animals
thus affected [with cholera] in quarantine, with restrictions and severe penalties in
any case of the violation of the law. The disease of trichinosis is practically
unknown among the farmers, and we fail to see how corn, the chief food for the
hogs which make up the market supply, can in any possible way be productive of
trichinosis. The active efforts of the national administration in endeavoring to
obtain a repeal of the embargoes of certain foreign Governments against the
importation of American pork are highly appreciated, and we would approve of
continued efforts, and. as the interests at stake are so great, of radical measures, if
necessary, to the extent of a rigid governmental inspection both before the slaugh-
tering of the swine and the packing and foreign shipments of pork products."

BREEDS OF SWINE.

The breeds of hogs in the United States which are the most numerously bred
are Poland-China. Berkshire, Essex. Chester- White, Yorkshire. Suffolk, Cheshire,
Victoria, Duroc-Jersey. and Guinea. Nearly all of these breeds are represented by
a distinctive association, whose members vie with each other in endeavoring to
improve and perfect the breed of their choice. The Berkshire, Essex, Yorkshire,
and Suffolk varieties are of English origin, the others being American breeds.
The white breeds predominate in the Eastern and Middle States. These are York-
shire, large and small; Suffolk, Cheshire, Victoria, and Chester- White. The last
originated in the State of Pennsylvania, and the Cheshire and Victoria in the
State of New York. The Duroc-Jersey breed red hogs was formed by uniting

716 >WINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

the two different families, one originating in New York and the other in New
Jersey. The Guinea hogs are natives of the South. They are compact in form,
exceedingly hardy, and are black-blue and white in color. Ninety per cent of the
hogs which furnish the supply for the packers are of the bree 1 of Poland-China
and Berkshire. The Poland-China swine make up the largest proportion of this
amount. About 3 per cent of the hogs which go to the Western stock-yards are
white, and about the same number are red or crossed with red. and the rem dniug
4 per cent are crosses of white andblackan'i Es*ex. The Poland-China and Berk-
shire breeds closely resemble each other, and have the same general characteris-
tics, excepting that the Poland-China are usually larger. Berkshire blood pre-
dominates largely in the making up of this breed. Both the Poland-China and
the Berkshire are black with white spots, but when dressed the skin is white, with,
perhaps, a faint bluish tinge. Both of these breeds are as near perfect as Ameri-
can skill and experience in breeding can make them, and while they have the form
of body which gives them great popularity, they also possess the color (nearly
black) and skin which fit them for enduring the extremes of our climate.

BREEDING AND FEEDING.

The system of breeding and rearing swine is nearly the same in all the States,
with the exception that in the colder latitudes more shelter is provided. Where
the climate is milder the hogs are sometimes kept in the forests, and are protected
by the underbrush, which breaks tiie force of the winds. Away from the forests
sheds are provided, or regular houses, and straw for bedding, or the hogs are
allowed to sleep around the .straw stacks, near the farm buildings. It is manifest
that the best hogs should be bred on the farms, not only those suited to the wants
of the packer, but possessing as much physical stamina and vital power as possi-
ble. It may be suggested here that more nitrogenous food would add to the nutri-
tion of the blood and give it greater force in building up the system. The cross-
ing of breeds tends to impart greater constitutional vigor than animals have which
have been bred for a considerable time in a direct line, and on this account it may
be advisab'e for the producers of pork to infuse new blood into their herds. For-
tunately there is no lack in this country of breeds, and such cross-bred hogs can
be had without any material change of form or losing the benefits of as good skin
and coats of hair. The farmers of the West understand these principles in breed-
ing and are beginning to avail themselves of the means at hand in order to derive
the consequent benefits. While it may be for the interest of the pork producer to
fit his hogs for market in the shortest space of time, the same law does not hold
good in the rearing of breeding stock. The farmers have learned that they should
grow slower, and that the food should be of such a combination as to develop the
entire structure of the animal during the period of growth, and not the fatty por-
tions to excess. The hogs in the United States are generally allowed to roam and
feed upon grass and clover as their natural food, during those months in which
pasturage can be continued, and they are fed mainly on corn during the time in
which they are to be finished for the market. They are supplied also with an
abundance of pure water, and this mode of feeding contributes so entirely to the
health of the animals that but a small amount of disease can be found among
them. Refuse is seldom or never used in the great pork-producing regions of the
country: this being limited entirely to villages and small farms when the hogs
are confined the year through in close quarters. The breeding of swine has always
followed the lead of the market, which used to demand larger hogs than are now
required. Formerly the largest proportion of the pork was pickled in brine, and
in this form, then as now. the heaviest ho.^s were used. The more modern way
of dry-salting the sides and of making more bacon makes the demand now greatest
for medium-sized hogs, which will make hams of smaller weight. The pigs of
this kind are farrowed in the summer or in the autumn while the mothers are in
the fields or in the woods; when in the fields they live, as we have said, upon
blue grass or upon clover, as the case may be. supplemented with corn. In the
woods or on the river bottoms they subsist on mast (nuts), grass, and roots of
various kinds. In order to keep them from roving or getting wild on the bottom
ranges, as they are often very extensive, reaching for miles the hogs are fed corn
occasionally, or regularly if the owner finds it to his advantage to do so- The
pigs designed for the next year's market are wintered on corn or mast and corn,
and in the spring they are allowed to run in pastures, or they are confined to a
feeding lot where there is water, and in which corn is their food. Except the
grass and mast, which the hogs have access to in the hog-prodncing States, their
food is Indian corn. The breeding sows are wintered on it. and it is fed to them
bountifully while the pigs are suckling and to their offspring. The older hogs,
which are wintered on corn, are turned out as early as possible into a pasture lot,
as the value of succulent food, together with corn, is well appreciated.

SWINE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 7 17

FEEDING OFFAL, ETC.

The statements in regard to feeding offal at slaughterhouses have been greatly
exaggerated and convey an erroneous impression. Cases of such feeding are lim-
ited to a small fractional per cent of the number of hogs as compared with the
grand total in the country. A few hogs are kept by the butchers in the country
towns, which are fed on the offal from their small slaughtering establishments as
far as it will suffice for their food. This includes the oft'al from the sheep, cattle,
and hogs which they may kill. These hogs are always slaughtered by their owners
and sold in their own meat stores in the local markets to their customers. In
Kentucky and some other States where whisky and alcohol are distilled from grain
hogs are sometimes fed by the owners of these distilleries on the refuse. The pork
so made is soft and never purchased for the foreign market, as it does not cure
well and does not make products equal to their standard and brand. When
distillery-fed hogs are changed from the refuse of the grain and fed wholly on
corn for several weeks before slaughtering, they make excellent pork. This fact
is well understood. Butchers can always detect a distillery-fed hog after it has
been dressed, as well as one fed on mast. The fatty portion of the latter is yellow,
and both are more oily than when corn fed.

SANITARY CONDITIONS.

Not all American farmers have yet learned that hogs are really among the most
delicate of farm animals and that exposure and sudden changes of temperature
often seriously affect them. It is a gratifying fact, however, that the sanitary
conditions of the hog upon the farms have been greatly improved. Not only-
warmer quarters are provided, but the important fact is also better known and
appreciated of affording them dry beds and sleeping ground. It is getting to be
well understood that good water is almost as essential as good food to make healthy
animals, and as a result of this knowledge and the gratifying consequence of the
experience of those who have tried the experiment where there are no natural
streams or springs to furnish pure water, a resort is being extensively made to
wells, with windmills and pumps attached, to procure the needful supply. The
better care of the hogs now had and the precautions exercised by farmers to either
burn or bury all animals dying from disease has had the most salutory effect in
increasing the general healthfulness of swine. The sensational and exaggerated
theories and statements both in regard to the propagation of hog cholera and
trichinae on the farms are not in accordance with the facts as hogs are now man-
aged and fed. The disease termed "thumps."' which is one of the most fatal, is
confined to young pigs, and usually affects them while suckling. It is in no sense
contagious, and almost always attacks pigs which are farrowed early while shut
up in pens and deprived of exercise. The mortality on this account has been
materially reduced by later farrowing to give the advantage of exercise, thus
preventing excessive fatness.

SALES AND WEIGHTS.

The largest sales are made during the latter part of autumn and the early part
of winter. Sales are also made through the summer or whenever the condition of
the hogs is suitable and the prices acceptable to the owner. The average dressed
weight at t year old is about 200 pounds; at 18 months about 250 pounds. These
are the minimum averages. The spring pigs constitute another class of hogs.
They make lighter bacon, lighter dry-salted sides, and smaller hams. These pigs
are fed, as soon as they are old enough to eat, all the corn the}' will consume.
When 8 or 10 months of age they ai'e ready to be turned off with an average mini-
mum dressed weight of aLout 150 pounds. The aggregate number of hogs of all
ages now slaughtered annually in the United States is estimated at about 30,000,000,
averaging a dressed weight of 175 pounds, or 5,250,000,000 pounds of gross product,
making a total of cured meats, lard, and other products of 4,725,000,000 pounds.
The hogs are sold at the railway stations by live weight, and either driven or trans-
ported to the yards of the shipper.

PART II.
II.

1. Transportation of hogs from farms, or where they are fattened, to stock yards

or packers.

2. Condition of animals on arrival at stock yards, or where they are to be slaugh-

tered or packed.

3. The manner of slaughter and the effects on the meat.

718

8WINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

4. Treatment of carcass after slaughtering, before cutting up.

5. Curing of meat: the mode and materials used.

6. Packages used for shipment.
?. Storage after packing.

8. Transportation to seaboard.

9. Inspection for home and foreign consumption by General Government, State

authority, and boards of trade.

THE TRADE IN HOG PRODUCT-.

The pork trade of the United States has reached enormous proportions, one-half
of the world's supply of hogs being now owned and raised in this country.

THE WORLD'S SUPPLY OF SWINE.

The following table, provided by the Department of Agriculture, gives the
number of swine reported in the United States in it*83, in the United Kingdom in
1882, and in other countries having 10U.OOO or more in 1880:

United States . . .

43,270.000 Belgium

602.000

Russia .

10,332,000 Australia

567, 000

Germany

7,324,000 Denmark

501 HI to

Austria-Hungary
France .

6,995,000

Sweden . .

42<; (()

5,891,000

Holland.

352,00:)

Spain

4,352,000

Argentine Republic

342, 000

United Kingdom.

3,940,000

New Zealand

. . . 207, 000

Switzerland

2,000.000

Greece

180, 000

Italy . .

1,564,000

Cape of Good Hope . . .

.. . 132.000

British North
Provinces

American
1,419 000

Norway

101.000

Total

Roumania

837,000

91,964,000

Portugal. .

717, 000

Table shoicing the estimated total number and total value of each kind of live stock
and the average prices in January, 1883.

[From the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1883.]

Hogs.

States and Territories.

Number.

Average
price.

Value.

Maine - . . . ... .

71.41(5

811. 87

$847,708

New Hfunpsl'i'**' - -

54,511

12.13

661 218

Vermont ....

74,864

11.67

873,6t>3

Massachusetts . . - .-

80,908

14.31

1,157 T'.ti

14 405

13 39

192 883

Connecticut ... ..... .

62,406

10.38

t>47 774

New York

744,238

10.96

8,15ti 84*

New Jersey . ............. . .......... ........ . ..

214,688

12 75

2 737 XT:.'

Pennsylvania

1,060,856

9.24

9 802 3(l!

46,740

7 80

364 572

3:i">. 413

7.94

2 583 779

773 864

5 36

4 147 911

North Carolina .. . ...

1,311,821

4 15

5 444 057

South Carolina . .

584,601

4.34

2 537 Jt>8

Georgia ................ ... .. .

1,412,604

4.04

5,70(5 920

Florida -

320,000

2.75

KHI 000

Alabama ...... . ....... . .. .

1,225,534

4.34

5.ol- 818

Mississippi . -- .......

1, 070, 269

4.05

4 334 589

Louisiana . .. . .......

564,439

4.30

2.427 0*8

Texas .................. .

1,953,189

3.98

7. 77:i ii!i2

Arkansas .. .

1,250,513

3.88

4.S51 '.>

Tennessee ... . .... . ... ...

1.9MS.753

5.56

11.057,4t>7

West Virginia . ............ ... .

404.406

5.92

2 394 084

Kentucky - . ...

1,916,587

5.73

10 982 1*44

Ohio

2,714,112

8.07

21 i'irj ssi

Michigan

934,184

8.45

7,8!3 S55

Indiana ............ .... . ... ...

2,724,3*3

7.64

20 814 2Hti

Illinois ....... .. .......... ............

3,970,764

7.46

29,621 89!)

Wisconsin ..... . .. ...

1,162,238

9.76

11 343 443

1"! n.') 7

7 45

3 159 225

5,107,445

8 02

40 961 709

Missouri.... .... ............. .....

3, 892, 920

5.56

21 <144 i>35

Kansas ..

i ( .si tut;

8 57

17 008 416

Nebraska ..

1.5Jti.S23

7.96

12 153 511

California

856,000

7.14

6,111.840

Oregon ... .....

168, 954

5.49

927 557

Nevada .

12.000

11.40

13ti SOU

Colorado . .

12. 100

11.58

140 118

Arizona

9,200

8.00

78.000

Dakota...

10B.UOO

8.81

965. 576

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

719

Table shoiving the estimated total number and total value, etc. Continued.

Hogs.

States and Territories.

Number.

Average
price.

Value.

Idaho .- . .

23, GOO

$11.00

$259, 600

17 200

10 60

182, 320

New Mexico . -. .-

19,300

10.80

208,440

Utah .

22,500

12.42

279,450

Washington -

50,300

5.42

272,626

Wyoming ........ . .. .. ... .

735

10. 59

7,784

Indian. ...

Total . .

43,270,086

6.75

291,951,221

Table shoiving the estimated numbers of farm stock expressed as a percentage of the
numbers of the previous years; also, average of actual prices in January, 1883.

[From the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, November 10, 1883.]

States and Territories.

Total number of hogs
compared with that
of January, 1882.

Average price per head
under 1 year old.

Average price per head
over 1 year old.

Maine

Per ct.
99

$9.25

22.33

New Hampshire . ... .

101

11.05

23.37

Vermont

8.75

20.00

Massachusetts. . . .. . .

102

11.75

22.40

Rhode Island..

101

11.33

21.67

Connecticut . . . . .. .

101

8.54

17.75

New York

101

8.35

17.35

New Jersey . . ' .. ... . .. .

100

9.75

18.31

Pennsylvania

6.87

15.04

Delaware . . . . .

100

6.00

15.00

Maryland

5.46

12.54

Virginia

3.93

8.70

North Carolina

2.88

6.33

South Carolina, .

2.95

6.25

Georgia ..

'99

2.84

6.18

Florida

122

1.48

3.58

Alabama ... . . . .

103

3.31

6.26

Mississippi

2.87

6.36

Louisiana

2.60

6.86

Texas

103

2.69

5.92

Arkansas. .. . . .

2.46

6.00

Tennessee

4.14

9.23

West Virginia . ... .. .....

4.56

9.79

Kentucky

4.29

9.86

Ohio

6.30

13.68

Michigan ..

102

6.23

14.78

Indiana ..

5.75

12.51

Illinois

5.51

J2.46

Wisconsin..

104

8.44

12.83

Minnesota

109

5.31

12.44

Iowa

6.22

12.89

Missouri

3.90

9.44

Kansas

111

6.73

13. 57

Nebraska ...

116

6.40

11.60

California ...

5.48

10.07

Oregon .. . . . .. . . . . ...

105

2.78

7.28

Nevada

120

8.00

16.50

Colorado .. . . .

110

9.33

is. as

Arizona ....

120

7.00

20.00

Dakota

137

6.93

13.19

Idaho .... ...

100

5.00

15.00

Montana

105

9.75

19.25

New Mexico . ... .. . . .. .

110

7.00

24.00

Utah

107

11.05

21.95

Washington .

103

3.50

8.82

Wyoming.

105

8.00

25.00

Indian Territory

1.50

5.00

Hogs.

720

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The following extracts from the recent report of George B. Loring, Commis-
sioner of Agriculture, of date November in. INS:;, presents a valuable array of
facts on this subject. The returns of cattle, calves, sheep, and horses are included
in order to present comparative values.

STOCK STATISTICS.

Tlie Chicago market.

The volume of business in this great stock market is rapidly increasing. There
were l..'">S2,.'k;0 cattle, exclusive of calves, received, and 661,521 retained for home
consumption or slaughter and cutting, or shipment as dressed beet. In lb?0 the
difference between receipts and shipments was only 141,25->. The receipts and
shipments, and home consumption, for seventeen years, are thus presented:

Cattle.

Calves.

Hogs.

Sheep.

Horses.

Receipts

14,829.013

73.013

66,334,665

5,788.U20

14'.'. 778

Shipments. . .. - ......

9, 848, "54

43, t>H4

_-. -:>o.;06

2.641 171

133 655

Total

4,780,269

30,219

43,478,959

3,147,749

16 133

Of these receipts, 8,892,253, or 61 per cent of the whole number of cattle, were
handled in the last seven years. The increase has been comparatively steady,
amounting to nearly half a million since 1876, stimulated by the demand for the
packing and canning trade, and more recently the dressed-beef trade. This
increase is shown clearly in Diagram D, which displays gi ai hicaliy the receiptsof
seventeen years and the relative proportions shipped and retained. The propor-
tions year after year run in nearly parallel lines until 187(5, when the light shad-
ing indicating consumption suddenly encroaches on the dark space showing
shipments.

The receipts of sheep have doubled in ten years, and the increase in seventeen
has been about 200 per cent Formerly much the larger proportion were for city
consumption; now, while the number retained has greatly increased, the ship-
ments are about half of the aggregate.

The swine receipts have increased with still more wonderful rapidity. As
"hogs " and ' corn " are in a sense reciprocal terms, the six years of fat corn crops
nearly doubled Chicago receipts. So the poor corn year. 1881, reduced the next
year's receipts 657,340. as the bad crop of 1874 checked the tendency to increase
and made the following year's receipts less by 346,269.

Total receipts for seventeen years.

Year.

Cattle.

Calves.

Hogs.

Sheep.

Horses.

1865 (five days) ..

613

17,764

1,433

1886'

393, 007

961.746

r.'i>7 '.'.-7

1 553

1867

329, IKS

1,696,738

isn -s.-

847

1868

324,524

1,706,782

270,891

1,902

18fi

403, 102

l,r,f,i >i,!i

:(> 1)72

1,524

1870

532,904

1,008,168

349,888

3,537

1871

543.050

8,880,083

315,068

;>. '.<!:*

881,075

8,268,633

810,211

12,145

761,428

i. i:;r. -Hi

891,784

20,289

1874...

848,906

17,588

1875

920, X43

3.1H2.110

418.948

11,346

1,096,745

4, !'. i.(i

364. 095

s. l.V.i

1,088,151

4.H25.HTO

810,240

1-7-

1 IKi.i..,-

6,339.6T>4

310,420

!. 11. "

1,215,732

t;. |.-.:;:;ii

325, 119

10. 473

Issii

i 382 ;::

7,059,ai5

if*, .-Id

10,398

l.-o-l .

1, ui-.. v,o

1 4V, 048

0, 47t.SU

198,624

12.WI9

1883

1,582,530

24,965

5,817,504

888,887

18,856

Total

14,629,013

73,913

66,334,665

5,788,90

149, 778

1 Prior to 1881 calves were classed with cattle.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Total shipments for seventeen years.

721

Year.

Cattle.

Calves.

Hogs.

Sheep.

Horses.

1866

263,693

482 875

75 447

162

1867

203,580

758, 789

50 275

387

1868

215 987

1 020 329

81 634

2 185

1869

294, 717

1,086,305

108,690

1,538

1870

391,709

924,453

116 711

3 488

1871 . ...

401,927

1,162 286

135 084

5 482

1872

510,025

1,835,594

145 016

10 625

1873...

574, 181

2, 197, 557

115,235

18,540

1874

622, 929

2,330,361

180,555

16 608

1875 .

696,534

1 , 582, 643

243,604

11 129

1876

797, 724

1,131,635

195, 925

6,839

1877

703,402

951,221

155,354

6 598

1878

699, 108

1,266,906

156,727

8,176

1879 .

726, 903

1,692,361

159. 266

9,289

1880

886, 614

1, 394, 990

156 510

8 713

1881

938, 712

1 33, 465

1,289,679

253,938

11,108

1882

921,009

10,229

1,747,722

314,200

12,788

Total

9,848,754

43,694

22,855,706

2,641,171

133,655

1 Prior to 1881 calves were classed with cattle.
THE FOREIGN TRADE.

While the domestic distribution has been rapidly extending and enlarging, the
foreign trade in all farm animals has increased, and especially the exportation of
sheep and cattle. The cattle exports prior to 1878 were from Southern ports almost
entirely. When the transportation to Europe commenced from Northern ports,
the numbers increased rapidly and values enormously.

The following statement exhibits the progress of stock exportation:

Cattle.

Swine.

Sheep.

Horses.

Mules.

Year.

Num-
ber.

Value.

Num-
ber.

Value.

Num-
ber.

Value.

Num-
ber.

Value.

Num-
ber.

Value.

1870..

27,530

$439,987

12,058

$189, 753

39,570

$95,193

2,121

$177,479

995

$140,350

1871 .. . .

20,530

403,491

8,770

61,390

45,465

86,888

1,186

173,273

1,930

265,827

1873 .. . .

28,033

565,719

56,110

548,153

35,218

79. 592

1,772

2(58, 475

2,121

294,402

1873.. . .

35,455

695,957

99,720

787,402

66,717

107, 698

2,814

255,365

1,659

172, 172

1874.. . .

56,067

1,150,857

158,581

1,625,837

124,248

159, 735

1,432

169,303

1,252

174,125

1875.. . .

57,211

1,103,085

64,979

739,215

424,416

183,898

3,220

242,031

2,802

356,828

1876 .. . .

51,593

1,110,703

68,044

670,042

110,312

171,101

2,030

234,964

1,784

224,860

1877 .. . .

50,001

1,593,080

65,107

699, 180

179,017

234,480

2,042

301,134

3,441

478,434

1878 .. . .

80,040

3,896,818

29,284

2B7.209

183,995

333,499

4,104

798, 723

3.860

501,513

1879 .. . .

136,720

8,379,200

75,129

700,262

215,680

1,082,938

3,915

770,742

4,153

;->:), 989

1880

182, 756

13,344.195

83,434

421,089

209,137

892,647

3,060

675,139

5,198

532.362

1881 .. . .

185, 707

14,304,103

77,456

572, 138

179,919

762, 932

2,523

390,243

3,207

353,924

1882 ....

108, 110

7,800,227

36,368

509,651

139,676

603, 778

2,248

470, 183

2,632

320, 130

1883 .. . .

104,444

8,341,431

16,129

272,516

337,251

1,154,856

2,800

475,806

4,237

486,560

Exports of pork products.

Tear.

Bacon and hams.

Pork.

Lard.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

1873...

Pounds.
395,381,737
347,405,405
250,286,549
327,730,172
460,057,146
592,814,351
732,249,576
759, 773, 109
746,944,545
468, 026, 640
340,258,670

$35,022,137
33,383,908
28,612,613
39,664,456
49,512,412
51,752,068
58,074,433
50,987,623
61,161,205
46, 675, 774
38,155,952

Pounds.
64,147,461
70,482,379
56,152,331
54,195,118
69,671,894
71, 889, 255
84,401,676
95,949,780
107,928,086
80,447,466
62,116,302

$5,007,035
5,808,712
5,671,495
5,744,022
6,296,414
4,913,657
4,807,568
5,930,252
8,272,285
7,201,270
8,192,268

Pound*.

230,534,207
205,527,471
166,869,393
168,405,839
234,741,233
342,766,254
326,658,686
374,979,286
378,142,496
250,367,740
224,718,474

$21,245,815
19,308,019
22,900,522
22,429,485
25,562,665
30,022,133
22,856,673
27,920,367
35,226,575
28,975,902
26,618,048

1874

1875

1876...

1877

1878

1879 .. .

1880

1881

1882 . ..

1883

S. Doc. 231, pt 4-

-46

722

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

VALUE OF FARM ANIMALS.

The value of farm animals, as reported in the census of 1880, was *1 ."00, 1P>4.609.
This includes only stock on farms, exclusive of ranch cattle, sheep, ami In uses, and
stock in towns and villages. The prices have advanced since 18S3. The value of
stock, as estimated in January, 1883, was as follows:

Stock.

Number.

Average
value.

Value.

10.838,111

$70.59

$765, 04 1.:* is

Mules :

1,871,078

79. 49

l!-,:

i:i. 1 -.'.".. tv-Ci

30.21

:H; '

Other cattle . . . .

28.040,077

21.80

mi. .>'.'. n <

Sheep . ---- .

W.237,291

2.53

l:.'4.

Swine - ...... .

43,270,086

B.TE

291, 'j.)]. *_M

This makes a total value of $2,338,197.268. The numbers are intended to include
all animals on farms, ranches, or public lands.

The increase in prices in four years from 1879, the time of lowest depression in
twenty years, is very marked. According to the Department re urns this advance
amounts to 35 per cent for horses, 41 for mules, 39 for milch cows, 41 for other
cattle, 22 for sheep, and 112 for swine. Besides the general advance ot values inci-
dent to a recovery of business prosperity, there is a powerful cause at work in the
case of swine, the unexampled cheapness of corn in 1*79, from consecutive crops
of great abundance, and the high prices now prevailing in consequence of poor
yields. This increase iu values, applied to the census numbers, amounts to
1,000,000.

Average price of farm animals.

Year.

Horses.

Mules.

Cows.

Other
cattle.

Sheep.

Swiue.

1870

$81 38

$109 01

$30 12

$22 54

$2 28

-., :.

1871

78.51

101. 52

37 33

22 81

2 32

ii 1:1

1872

73.37

'.ii -.'

31.97

19.61

2.80

4.36

1873

74.21

95.15

29.72

20.06

2.96

4.09

1874

71.45

^'i -~

27.99

I'.t 15

2 61

4.36

1875

68.01

Ml.ll

28.52

18.68

2.79

5.34

1876 ..

64.96

75.33

:.N .-'.

19 04

2 60

6.81)

1877

60.08

68.91

27.32

17 Ki

2.27

6.09

1878

58.16

63.70

26.41

17.14

2. :.'".

4.98

1879

:Y.'. 41

56.06

L'1.7:!

15.39

2.07

:{ Its

IVKI, .

54.75

61.26

23.27

16. 10

2.:.'1

4.28

1881

58.44

69.79

23.95

17.33

2.39

4.70

IMt

58.52

71.35

25.89

19.89

2.37

5.98

1883

70.59

79.49

30.21

2L80

2.53

6.75

The following tabular statements present the growth and present magnitude of
this interest:

Total number of hogs packed in the West during winter seasons, according to special

reports, since 1849.

Season.

Number
packed.

Cost,
net.

Cost,
gross.

Season.

Number
packed.

Cost,
net.

Cost,
gross.

1882-83 .

6 132 212

$7 85

$C 28

1861-62

" -'.:; t;o<;

$3 03

$2 42

1 1 .-:.'

6, 747, 760

7.58

6.06

1 -f.il 01

2 155 702

6 67

4 57

1880-81

6,919,456

5.80

4.64

1859-60

X '>'*> .--:.'

5. 91

4.73

l-;:i -Ji .

6,950,451

5 22

4.18

1858-59

2 465 552

ii "i

5 (12

1878-79

7. 480, 648

3.56

2.85

1857-58

2, 210, 778

4 -ii

1877 78 ...

6,505 446

4 99

3.99

1856-57

1 818 468

5 94

4 75

1876-77 .

5 101 308

7 18

5 74

1855-56

" 4 Ml .Vr'

5 75

4 60

1875-76

4 .-*"' r.i't

8 82

7 05

1>:>4 .Vi

2 124 404

4 21

1874-75

5,566,228

8.33

6.60

1853-54

2 534,770

4.19

1873-74

ri n;r, -:i

5 43

4 34

1852-53

2 201 110

6 01

4 81

1*7:.' 73 . .

5,410,314

4.66

3.73

l-.M .">:.'

1 1*2 Mf>

4.45

3.56

1871 72

4,831,558

5 15

4 12

1850-51

1 ;?>-' N-,7

3 7.")

3 00

1870-71..

:; i ,'.:. :.'.-. l

6.58

5.26

l-l'.i ~>il

1 M- : : -ii

2 (Vi

2 13

1869-70

8.(HS,8U

11.53

9.22

1848-49

1 .V,:' <*>

4 711

3.75

IMV- .,'.( . .

8,409,873

10 22

8.18

1-17 t-

1 710 01 J

3 25

2 60

1867-68

2,781,084

7.95

6.36

1846-47

>'"! (Ml

3.55

2.85

i>v; f.7 .

2,490,791

7 22

6 78

1845-46

900 000

4.85

3.90

1865-66

L786.9G6

11.67

9.34

1844-45

790,000

3.30

2.65

lN'4 or...

L' 4:.-J 77!(

14 32

11 46

1843 44

1 245 (JOO

1863-4

3,261,105

6.70

5.36

1842-43

675,000

1862-63

4.069 520

4.20

3 36

8WUTE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

723

The following shows the number of hogs packed in the Mississippi Valley
during each year ended March 1 for the last thirty years, divided between
summer and winter packing, and also the number packed in Chicago during each
of these years:

Year ended
March 1

Number of hogs packed
March 1 to Novem-
ber 1.

Number of hogs packed
November 1 to March 1.

Total number packed
March 1 to March 1.

In Chicago.

In the West.

In Chicago.

In the West.

In Chicago.

In the West.

1854

52,849
73,694
80,380
74,000
99,262
179,684
151,339
271,805
505,691
970,264
904,659
760,514
507,355
639,332
796,226
597, 954
688,140
870,280
1,214,886
1,425,079
1,520,024
1,690,348
1,592,065
1,618,084
2,501,285
2,943,115
2,525,219
2,781,064
2,368,100
2,557,823

2,534,770
2, 124, 404

2,489,502
1,818,468
2,210,778
2, 465, 552
2,350,822
2.155,702
2,893,606
4,069,520
3,261,105
2,422,779
1, 785, 955
2,490,791
2,781,084
2,499,173
2,595,243
3,717,084
4,875,560
5,451,254
5,462,700
5,561,226
4,887,999
5,068,992
6,502,446
7,475,648
6,946,151
6,914,456
5,747,760
6,130,212

52,849
73,694
80,380
74,000
99,262
179,684
151.339
271.805
505, 6!)1
970,264
904,659
760,511
507,355
639,332
796,226
597,954
688,140
919, 197
1,225,236
1,456,050
1,826,560
2, 136, 716
2,320,846
2,933,486
4,009,311
4,960,956
4,680,637
5, 752, 191
5,100,484
4,222,780

2,534,770
2,124,404
2,489,502
1,818,468
2,210,778
2,405,552
2,350,822
2, 155, 702
2,893,666
4,009,520
3,261,105
2,422,779
1,785,955
2,490,791
2,781,084
2,499,173
2,595,243
3,832,084
5,125,560
5,956,254
6,225,616
6,761,670
6,150,342
7,376,858
9,045,566
10,853,692
10,997,399
12,238,354
10,551,449
9,340,999

1855

1850

1857

1858

1859

I860

1801

1802 . . .

1863

1864

1865

1860

1807

1808 ..

1809

1870

1871

48,917
10,350
31,571
306,536
446,368
728,781
1,315,402
1,508,020
2,017,841
2, 155, 418
1,971,127
2,732,384
1,664,957

115,000
250,000
505,000
1,062,916
1,200,444
1,202,343
2,307,866
2,543,120
3,378,044
4,051,248
5,323,898
4,803,689
8,210,787

1872 . . .

1873

1874

1875

1870 ... .

1877

1878

1879

1880

1881

1882

1883

Previous to 1871 no reliable returns were made of the summer packing; it was,
however, very inconsiderable.

Comparative statement of the last ten packing seasons, November 1 to March 1,

Season.

Number of
hogs.

Average
net weight.

Aggregate
weight.

Seasons.

Number of
hogs.

Average
net weight.

Aggregate
weight.

1873-74.. -
1874-75....
1875-76....
1876-77....

1877-78....

5,462,700
5,561,226
4,887,999
5,008,992
6,502,446

214.97
209.97
217.71
215.58
226.04

1,174,316,619
1,166,578,378
1,064,122,270
1,092,773,295
1,409,812,893

1878-79...
1879-80...
1880-81...
1881-82...
1882-83...

7,475,648
6,946,151
6,914,456
5,747,760
6,130,212

217. 14
212.94
207.71
210.16
213.62

1,623,262,206
1,479,113,493
1,436,201,655
1,207,935,077
1,309,535,887

The following table from the recently issued Report of the Department of Agri-
culture presents the itemized hog products reported inclusive of 1883:

Exports of pork products.

Year.

Bacon and hams.

Pork.

Lard.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

1873...

Pounds.
395,381,737
347,405,405
250,286,549
327,730,172
460,057,146
592,814,a51
732,249,576
759, 773, 109
746,944,545
468,026,640
340,258,670

$35,022,137
33,383,908
28,613,613
39,604,456
49,512,412
51,752,068
58,074,433
50,987,623
61,161,205
46,675,774
38,155,952

Pounds.
64,147,461

70,482,379
56,152,331
54, 195, 118
69,671,894
71,889,255
84,401,676
95,949,780
107,928,086
80,447,466
62,116,302

$5,007,035
5,808,712
5,671,495
5,744,022
6,296,414
4,913,657
4,807,568
5,930,252
8,272,285
7,201,270
6,192,268

Pounds.
230,534,207
205,527,471
166,809,393
168,405,839
234,741,233
342,766,254
326,658,686
374,979,286
378, 142. 496
250,367,740
224,718,474

$21,245,815
19,308,019
22,900,522
22,429,485
25,562,665
30,022,1*1
22,850,673
27,920,367
35,226,575
28,975,902
26,618,048

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880

1881

1882...

1883

724

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Of the 45,000,000 hojxs owned in the United States, and which are valued at
$300.000,000, from 14.000.000 to 15,000,000 find their way into the trade annually,
and are valued at $243,000,000.

The following tables show how the packing business is distributed over the
country:

Table showing the distribution of swine in the United States, of all ages, in
January, 1883 and 1882.

Department of Agri-
culture.

Ohio

1883.
2,714,118
2,724,888
8,970,784

5,107,445
3,892,930
1,984.646

i..v.v, sea

424,057
1,163,238
934.184
1,916.587
1,988,753

1882.
2,827,200
8,88!
4,136,213

r,.;v,i,57l

4.()7,811
1,787,%9
1,316,227
889.048
1,117,537
915,867
1,935,946
2,050,261

New Jersey

1883.
814,888

1,000,856
16,740
SK. 413

404.406
1,311.821

1,413,004

1,225.534
1,070.3*9

1,963,188
1,250,513

a r )6.ooo

li>.'.'M
12,000
12, 100
252,435

1882.
214.i;n.s
1,128,570
46,740
382,064
889,499
4.V.I. .V.2
1,3X41. .Nil

5! 1.506
1,426,873

1,189.839
1,163.336

li-r. 151

1,471,192
;>.V 4 Cf
160,909
10,000
10,000
165,627

Indiana

Pennsylvania ._ .

Illinois

Delaware ..

Iowa - - .-

Maryland

Missouri. ...

\ 7 irginia

Kansas . .

West Virgiir'a

Nebraska

North Carolina

Minnesota

South Carolina

Wisconsin ...

Georgia .

Mi<*h'pfa"

Florida .

Kentucky

Alabama

Tennessee

Mississippi .

12 packing States..
Maine . -

38,316,912

71,416
54,511
74,804
8$ MM

14.405
62.406
744,238

28,993,417

73,625
53,971
75,620

r,aez

14,282

61,788
736,869

Texas

Arkansas

California .

New Hampshire

Oregon

Nevada

Massachusetts . . ..

Colorado ..

Rhode Island

Territories .

Total

New York .. .

43,270,066

41,122,200

The Department of Agriculture reports of swine of all ages in the United States
in January for the years mentioned show the following totals:

1883 43,270,086

1882 44,122,200

1881 36,227,603

1880 34,034,100

1879 4,766,200

1878 32,262,500

1877 28,077,100

1876 25,726,800

1875 28,062,200

1874 30,860,900

1873 32,632,000

1872 31,796,300

1871 29,457,500

1870 26,751,600

1869 23,316,400

Receipts and shipments of hogs from 1872 to 1883, inclusive.

Chicago.

8t. Louis.

Kansas City.

Peoria.

Milwaukee.

Receipts.

Ship-
ments.

Receipts.

Ship-
ments.

Receipts.

Ship-
ments.

Re-
ceipt*.

Ship-
ments.

Re-
ceipts.

Ship-
ments.

1878
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881

1832

1883

3,252,623
4,437,750
4,268,879
3,912,110
4,190,006
4,086,970
S, 889,064
0,448,380
7,059,355
6,474,844
6,817,504

1,835,594
2,197,557
2,330,361
1, 082,648

1,131,635
951,221

l.:.V,'.o;

i, MB, an

1.394, 990
1,289,079
1,747,722

759,076
973,512
1,120,560

ri>. ;*,'.<
877,100
896,319
1,451,634
1,762,724
L, 840, 084
1,672,153

188,700
L"J4.-::i
453,710
126,729
232,870
314,287
;,>. U27
r.-.-,.nw
770,769
889,909

104,689
280,960
212,532
59,413
153,777
192,846
427,777
668,908
676,477
1,014,304

8,593
33,610
114.569
15,790
26,264
15,973
91,671
208,861
152,920
19o,5-'4

171.797
216,319
188,284

i:$9,647
163,646
104,830
235,500
267,669
304, 167
21 (5,130
161,939

119,081

129,321
116,646
OR, 260

96,044
87,470
207. U38
2:*;. >,'..:{
265.419
186,072
163,797

235,244
371,985

:VC,. lir_>

511,104
569.830
598, 560
633,503

53.6)3
><<. IKS
116,845
147,788
124,xi:i
76,284
188,841

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

725

The total number of hogs packed during twelve months ending March 1 , at
fifteen leading places, which pack in both winter and summer seasons, are as
follows:

188IJ-83.

1881-82.

1880-81.

Chicago

4,223,780

5,100,484

5,752,191

Kansas (Jity . .

813,834

800,928

579,398

St. Louis - -

532, 180

550, 379

884, 159

Cincinnati

507,316

508,548

632 981

Milwaukee

405, 510

486,066

462, 348

Indianapolis - .

388, 417

406, 894

771 928

Cedar Rapids .. ...

327,163

350,900

402. 081

Cleveland .

218,885

337,738

506 997

St. Joseph

152 365

163 066

126 000

Louisville

143, 393

161.007

245 670

Ottumwa

121, 554

140.950

123, 2(Xi

Omaha... .... ...

151, (XW

133, 781

96 149

Des Moines

90,871

112,270

144, 707

Detroit

99,155

103, 122

107, 181

Keokuk . .... .

60,446

95,662

51,881

With a view of indicating closely the total packing and marketing of hogs in all
the sections of the country during the year, we submit the following for twelve
months ending March 1, 1888, compared with the preceding year:

1882-83.

1881-82.

Packed in the West . .

9,342,999

10,551 449

Packed at Buffalo, Albany, and Troy .. .

268,734

297,563

Packed at New Haven, Providence, etc ... . . ...

316,568

250 000

Packed on Pacific Coast...... .. ..... . .. . . . ..

275,000

355,000

Receipts at four seaboard cities

3, 264, 088

3,371,810

Aggregate number

13,467,389

14,825,822

Decrease in 1882-83 . ... .

1,358,433

The weight and production of the above-reported supply of hogs for the year
ending March 1 are:

1882-83.

1881-82.

Net weight of hogs
Decrease

pounds..

2,623,511,584

215,727,923

2,839,239,457

Green meats of all kinrls -. . .

pounds

1,836,458,073

1,987,467,620

Decrease ..

151,009,517

Production of lard.. ......

. ... pounds

421,513,211

468,929,200

47, 415, 989

Tierces of lard . . ....

330 pounds ..

1,277,313

1,420,997

143, 684

The seven largest packing centers of the West, with their business for 1883-83,
are us ollows:

Number
packed.

Value.

Chicago . ... . .

4,222,780

$69,148,000

Kansas City . . .. ...

813,834

13,623,581

Cincinnati .... . - - -

507,316

*9,043,;J59

St. Louis .

532,180

* 8, 207, 313

Milwaukee . . ...... . ... -.

405,510

6,25(i,8ii2

Indianapolis .. . .. ..... . .........

388,417

5,911,391

Louisville . .. .... . .

143,393

2,548,460

* The apparent discrepancy between the number and value of hogs at Cincinnati and St. Louis
arises from the larger average weight of the hogs at the former city and the higher prices paid.

726

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The following statement from the report of the Department of Agriculture of
November 10, 1883, presents facts of interest showing changes in the movements
of hogs to the seaboard cities, page 285.

In the record for swine the most noticeable change is the remarkable movement
to Boston, which is now nearly equal to the aggregate receipts of Philadelphia
and Baltimore:

Receipts of hogs at the seaboard cities.

Year.

New York.

Boston.

Philadelphia.

Baltimore.

TotaL

Number.
901, ?25

Number.
167,553

Number.
176.200

Number.
250,516

Number.

1.49."). 999

iMTn

889,628

189,330

189,500

3IHUX10

1,508,455

1871...

1,310,280

351,307

199.610

860,000

2,211.197

1872

1.923,727

602,025

210,276

814,260

3,(F>o.s97

1873

1,958,389

854, 507

344, 300

392. 734

3,549,930

1874

1,774.221

587, 721

339,590

357, 547

8,060,079

1S75

1,888,517

331,989

243.300

279,031

2,243, ;:;7

1876

I,*"', 657

361,317

289,900

259. (Kit

2. !

1877

1,268,596

330,0(4

842,400

.'522. 945

2. lr,i.:>45

1878

1, 794. 539

510,433

882,000

260,514

2,*4;..~>r>

1879 . .

1,725,537

682,615

341,450

366,624

a.!**.-,. 120

1880.

1,719,137

691,839

846,900

3,01

1881

1,533,526

708,900

:*',', ~',i',

2, 9 1

1882 -.

1,306,848

816,636

180,800

268,811

2,63s.!'.'!

The following table presents the exports of hog products from the United States,
by countries, for the year ending June 30, 1882, taken from Commerce and Na\i-
gation Report'of United States for 1882:

2
1

4
5
1

7
1

9
10
11
II

u
u

2-i
K
88

m
.in

Countries to which exported.

Pork.

Bacon.

Argentine Republic .......... ... .......

Pounds.

Belgium . .......... .... .

591,430
52,020
l.Vi. 121
20,200
14,000
9,000
372,610
2.J7 574

$48,417
5,640
14,09
2,087
1,298
770
34,570
22,956
41,938
6,672
88,969

19,660,547

Mi. 190
19,480

$1,690. i:.0
10,343

1.093

Brazil

( Vnt nil American States .......... ...

Chile

China ... .... ......... ....

3,111

2, OUT.. 440

2, ; i L

4, 770, 0.S9
1(,0

iao

108,8831

820

381,375
10

Denmark

Danish West Indies. .. ..

France . .

French West Indies .- - .. .. ...

42!). 510
70, 150
249,715

French Guiana . .

Miquelon, Langley.and St. Pierre Islands
French Cast Indies . .

French possessions in Africa and adjacent
islands . ..... .....

1.500
50,800
1,109,000
27,032,677
1,983,017
10,000

123
4.177
92,546
2. .".- -!!
170,890
1,000

French possessions, all other

1.S03
8,482,828

%9, 840, 448
24,262,662

259
895,866

35, 871. 720
2,446,979

Germany

Scotland .

InWaiiil . ....

Gibraltar

1,879
2,432

8.074.2W
61.584
13,803
280,629

:,:.::;

194

316

694,857
8,821

i. :i>.;

5,209

Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince
Edward Island

1,979,449

18,372.222
35. U JO
5,006,100
0. 4:i5. 927
8,056,600
481,546

161,730

1,785,972

::. cc,
411,778
5'.*;. ;V!7
289, C61

43. :>io

Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and the North-
west Territory . . ..

British Columbia

Newfoundland and Labrador . ..

British West Indies
British Guiana . ... ......

British Honduras .

British East Indies

Hongkong

119,200
74,500

9,312
6,436

4,695

604

British possessions in Africa and adjacent
islands ..

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

727

2
3
4
5
(i

8
B

11
12
IB
14

it;

17
IS
18

20
21

24
25
26
27
38
29
30
31

Countries to which exported.

Hams.

Lard.

Pounds.

Pounds.
302,646
106, 776
21,200,192
3,698,462
189,017
567,560
1,940
6,533,008
225,817
31,610,618
757,288
17,639
67,944
100,000

2,000
22,390
55, 467, 728
75,210,227
5,306,937

$40,500
11,640
2,398,716
491,252
24,685
73,278
280
751,416
25,671
3,699,876
78,458
2,317
8,749
13,000

260
2,953

6,255,827
8, 786, 923
620,834

767,820
8,148
25,744
3,289
34, 912
327
75 366

$83,472
1,158
3,839
516
5, 405
40
8,669
64,344
8,977
310
1,080

Brazil .

Central American States _

Chile

China

573,622
65,800
2,950

8,274

French West Indies . . .

French Guiana .. -

Miquelon,Langley,and St. Pierre Islands
French East Indies

French possessions in Africa and adjacent
islands . . ... . -

French possessions, all other .

10,939
397, 733
27,968,209
2,968,377

1,695
44,024
3.185,044
331,755

Germany .. . ... .. .

England

Scotland .. ..... .

Ireland

Gibraltar ..

1,244
17,814

2, 156, 605
51.928
144, 178
690,185
271,796
26, 573

193
2,295

220,336
8,267
17,636
85, 284
29,671
3,494

207,700
343, 493

5, 198, 689
80, 678
27,290
2,589,700
766,767
88,500

22,959
38,795

609,305
12,234
3,188
268, 363
78, 156
9,795

Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince
Edward Island ..

Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and the North-
west Territory

British Columbia

Newfoundland and Labrador . ......

British West Indies - . . ..........

British Guiana

British East Indies ... .. .

Hongkong..

11,937

1,902

860
149,253

105
20,157

British possessions in Africa and adjacent
islands . _. .

The following statement shows the quantities of hog product exported from the
United States during the year ending June 30, 1883, and the principal countries
to whi< h the same was exported, taken from Commerce and Navigation Report of
the United States for 1888:

Countries to which exported.

Pork.

Bacon and hams.

Lard.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Groat Britain:
England .

14,770,992
1 304 724

$1,398,151
135,283
462
108, 025
10,854
13, 566
17,226

260,094,519
20,014,434

$29,230,372
2,286,015

61,982,126
5,174,940
11,487
41,872,915
31,794,241
14, 384, a59
4,384,553
5,996,373
2,078,501
21,405,360
1,315,410
2,340,899
3,753,276
1,392,134
659,956
5,859,185
288,288
3,426,275
2,484,228

1,467,132

11,280,652
535, 790
126, 636
14,400
354, 593
204,250
130,515

$7,311,925
628,242
1,362
4, 867, 142
3,727,926
1,723,355
521,873
684,410
248,625
2,471,774
181,399
298, 977
426,035
163, 797
64,865
729,537
38,665
468,874
322,532

192,821

1,363,825
61,352
19, Of HI
2,122
49,558
30,763
17,292

6,000
1,146,662
109, 400
141,025
170,400

Gormanv

14,708,832
252,891
12,864,971
2,933,206
6,914,231
5,321,868
4,433,114
142, 497
644,498
1,057,503
243,583
242,645
197,985
54,018
129,805
175,251

299,711

8,509,912
226,092
410,569
75.044
55, 138
208, 028
48,325

1,469,283
29,246
1,298,507
309,289
644,545
563.934
603,255
22, 895
91,163
146,315
37,955
31,866
31,857
8,093
17,768
28, 477

34,863

1,121,519

27,879
57, 549
13,212
7,059
S5, 199
7,837

France

Belgium . .

Denmark -

Other countries in Europe
Cuba

52,822
915, 584

5,313
113,268
570,061
206,522
743, 733
2,911
247,381
49, 693
18, 304
2,193
3,845

194,229

1,714,543
556, 864
3,885
15, 598
15,069
14,679
31,110

Haiti

5,463,330
1,828,603
7,263,172
24,284
2,458,950
466,085
177,045
20,340
30,850

1,827,212

17,021,015
6,127,322
31,200
155, 700
146,070
150,900
299,615

Other West India islands

British Guiana . .

United States of Colombia
Central American States
Brazil

Venezuela

Other South and Central
American countries
Quebec. Ontario, Manitoba,
and Northwest Territory. ..
Canadian Maritime Provinces-
British Columbia

China, Japan, and East Indies.
Africa and adjacent islands. ..
Hawaiian Islands

All other countries and islands

Total year ended June 30
1883

62,116,302
80, 447, 466
107,928,086
95,949,780
84,401,676

6,192,268
7,201,270
8,372,285
5,930,252
4,807,568

340,258,670
468,026,640
746,944,545
759, 773, 109
732,249,576

38, 155, 952
46,675,774
61,161,205
50,987,623
51,074,433

224,718,474
250,367,740
378,142.496
374,979,286
326,658,686

26.618,048
28,975,902
35,226,575
27:920,367
22,856,673

1882

1881...

1880

1879

728

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The following table shows the weekly exports of hog product from the princi
pal Atlantic ports during 1883, compiled from current weekly returns, but not
official:

Week
ended

From New York.

From Boston, Portland, Philadelphia, Balti
more. New Orleans, and Montreal.

Pork.

Bacon and
bams.

Lard.

Pork.

Bacon and
hams.

Lard.

Barrels.

Pounds.

Parrels.

Pounds.

Pounrix.

Jan. 6

4,590

11,546,863

7,346,131

1,373

r, 706, 808

8,901,748

5,480

11,852,117

1,265,884

812

1,188,616

I,9!l7.'.<xi

4,831

9,16.v.ci>

8,848,506

8,882

2,784,276

894,261

8,743

7, 47ti. :;7'.i

4,94. r >.!!ll

1.4.V,

4,575,800

2,235.210

Feb. 3

4,477

6,828,636

:t.7S4,885

400

3,642,483

1,403,345

4,470

8,555,488

3,265,028

850

4,234,884

1,930,906

3,594

6,598,480

3,666,013

608

1,813,364

2,797,572

3,500

7,297.641

2,141.7:.'7

1,705

2,111.929

1,612,880

Mar. :;

3,176

6,9*0.77'.i

4.521,478

1,177

2,080.735

1,251.858

4,056

86,877

2, 627, 330

850

3,742,729

860,601

4,185

.'.'.210

4.067.:n3

6S2

1,479.406

486,080

3. (Uil

4,790,481

2,174,608

1,026

3,497,356

216,977

2,280

3,970,000

3,033.023

1,032

1,836.166

512,798

Apr. 7

3,614

5,377,156

2,586.074

1,187

5,188,879

810,879

4,319

4,810,434

2,539, 182

1,455

2.56s,ir_'7

306,700

3,314

4,997,330

4, 167. i'c>

1,845

2.993,106

512,074

4,154

4,430,453

4,327,087

786

1.386.UW

818,418

May 5

2,401

3,576,874

2,059.772

488

2,320,150

495.601

3,144

2,466,564

2,465.679

1,202

1,338,539

643, 930

3,240

2,561,544

2,156,875

611

1,060,333

1,709,940

1,789

2,587,435

2,157,028

893

1,421.065

1,565,474

Jane 2

1,533

2,003,804

2,646,772

994

1,407.925

500,526

2,223

2,883,515

2,588.139

1,181

2,235.970

885,806

2,883

2,153.864

2,621,648

362

006,788

498,814

2,094

3,357,UU3

2,766,038

167

2.047,918

275,813

3,504

a, 31 ii. .lot;

4,376,733

994

2,996,761

620,699

July 7

2,970

2,803.531

3,825,536

1,411

2,353,600

2.624.0U9

2,950

3,114,302

7,628,762

1,107

2.64.V.I67

5,161,007

3,272

3,716,134

7,184,215

1,113

3,366.535

7,075,946

3,640

3,622,784

6,392,057

4,015

6,017,080

3,221,061

Ang. 4

3,955

5,341,871

6,788,266

2,202

3,978,045

3,857.639

2,171

4,820,687

4,836,339

301

5,094,019

2,936,286

3,089

5,596,746

5,630,870

1,473

4,577,882

1,719,875

2,271

5,447,195

5,160,990

585

3,897,556

858,491

Sept. 1

2,533

4,132.348

6,405,536

1,708

3,144,025

766,761

1,259

5,586.981

4,793,285

2,235

2,078,785

1,673,964

2,643

8,455.752

3,437,944

482

5,273.904

2,067,887

3,216

4,128,479

4,501,327

1,230

2,244,922

872, 2U3

3; 559

4,797,526

3,238,472

964

2,409,781

1,500,602

Oct. 6

3,430

3,484,373

3,083,172

1,735

2,315,349

1,327,975

2,664

3,778,950

2,754,110

1,484

2,083.335

430,690

3,829

6,62(5,658

2,646,620

1,068

1,962,993

357,465

4,328

4,803,011

2,104,206

1,330

4,064.256

608,030

Nov. 3

4,420

4,151,073

2,412,176

2,110

2,388,059

415,033

8,345

3,693,208

4,013,180

1,817

2,285,827

457,777

5,309

4,626,850

6,263,899

1,495

2,146,586

78!i. 253

4,961

4,953,031

4,119,020

672

2, 134, 700

902.499

Dec. 1

2,262

7,835.103

5,701,249

862

5,612.313

669,658

4,704

6.3K7.S33

4,892,115

1,992

4,914,888

1,520,235

5,990

9,79.->.:;n

9,285.550

846

5,645.010

2,363.217

5,424

8,961,520

2,710,976

383

2.632.806

862,119

3,768

7,372,085

2,941,404

1,250

3,770,882

1,825,991

Total exports of hog product from the principal Atlantic ports during the years

1879 to 1883, inclusive.

From New York.

From Boston, Portland, Philadelphia. Balti-
more, New Orleans, and Montreal.

Pork.

Bacon and
bams.

Lard.

Pork.

Bacon and
bams.

Lard.

Barrels.

Pounds.

Barrels.

Pounds.

1883. .

182, 167

275,670,855

208,334,821

62,533

160,616,311:

74, >:'. .1-1

18*J. ...

184,049

214, 7.-.:;. '.<} !

laO,512,147

10,821

117,924,128

53,127. n>3

1881

885,781

349,876,366

233,237,428

63,782

265,024,067

68, 188. 948

1880. ...

888,261

511,317,129

293,745,050

68,980

288,069,645

97,2K4,:$!H

1879. ...

304,880

503,867,149

243,281,844

65,206

236,460,063

84,819,335

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

729

To show the progress made in exportation of products of agriculture in a half cen-
tury or more, the following figures from the records of the Bureau of Statistics are
given, taken from the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1883, page
328:

Year ended June 30

Value of ex-
ports of do-
mestic mer-
chandise.

Value of ex-
ports of
products of
domestic
agriculture.

Per cents
of prod-
ucts of
agricul-
ture.

1820 1 ...

$51,683,640

$41,657,673

80.60

1830 >

58, 524, 878

48,095,184

82.18

I840 1 . .

111,660,561

92,548 067

82 93

1850

134,900,233

108,605,713

80.51

1800...

316,242 423

256,560 972

81 14

1870

455,208,341

361, 188, 483

79.34

1880...

823,946,353

683,010,976

82.90

1881

883,925,947

729,650,016

82.55

1882

733, 239, 732

552, 219, 819

75.31

1 Year ended September 30.

The increase in number of farms, in improved (or tillable) acres, and in the
total area of land in farms is thus shown from the records of the national census:

Year.

Number of
farms.

Improved.

Total.

1850

1,449,073

Acres.
113, 032, 614

Acres.
293,560,614

1 Si ill ..

2,044,077

163, 110, 720

407,212 538

1870...

2,659,985

188,921,099

407,7,35,041

18SO

4,008,907

284, 771, 042

536,081 835

The product of corn is nearly three times as much as in 1849, while the wheat
aggregate is more than four times as large. The progress in grain growing has
entirely outstripped the advance in population. It is shown from the census
exhibits as follows, though it should be remembered that the corn crop in 1869
was a comparative failure 25 per cent less than the acreage would have yielded
in a good year:

Year.

Corn.

Wheat.

1849...

Bushels.
592,071,104

Bushels.
1(10, 485, 944

1859

838, 792, 742

173,104,924

18H9 ...

760,944,549

287,745,626

1879

1,754,591,676

459,483,137

The nations most affected by competitive exportation from the United States
are Great Britain, France, and Germany. To show the principal American
exports to those nations the following tables have been prepared from Reports of
Commerce and Navigation, excluding the minor articles, which might extend the
list without enlarging much the volume of quantity or value.

In the past ten years the exports to France have averaged $58,457,124, a trifle
more than the imports. The exports to Germany have averaged $57,713,236; the
imports, $44,526,702. Great Britain and Ireland (the "United Kingdom") have
been the best customers, buying annually to the value of $374,088,:>f>0, and sending
in return to the United States goods worth $160,627,212, showing a difference of
over $213,000,000 per annum.

730

SWLNE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

An examination of the details of this trade will illustrate the bearing of com-
petition upon the agriculture of these countries:

Tear.

Value of all exports.

Value of all imports.

Great Britain
and Ireland.

France.

Germany.

Great Britain
and Ireland.

France.

Germany.

1873 ..

$316.861,874
31.-.. 359, 584
317,111.142
330,1)52,050
846,061,066
387, 430, 730
348,828,439
463, 796, 497
481,ia5,078
408,347,155

$33,781,506
42,9tU..lll
153. r.32. 727
39.792.7ii2
45,13!t,918
65,319.138
89,669,627
100, 003, (44
94,197,451
50,010,818

$11.590,047

U2.9it3.22.">
5ii. luii.ic".
60, ti-.lt, o72
58.Ni7.433
54,809.845
.".;.( (57, 245
57, 062. 2t 13
70,188,252
54,228,953

$237,298,218
180, 042. ,-13
155,297,944
188,873,281
113,734.258
107,200,077
108,538,812
210,01:5,694
174, 493. 7: (8
195,588,092

$33,977,200

5l.ii'.tl. sir.
5H. 773. 11*
50,959.577
47. r,.-,6. 2112
48,878,870
50. (184,601
60,844,412
OH. s< . 375
88,897,600

$(11.401,756

43,!Ml!l,*52

10,847.712
il9,4ttJ

32. ..on, :;.-)
34.790.103
35.519,818
52,211,237
52.9S9.181
66,368,542

1874...

]75 ..

l>7f> .

1877

1878

1879...

1880

1881

1882

Total...

3,740,883,604

584,571,242

577,132,300

1,006,272,127

566,069,977

445,267,028

The following statistics from the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture
for the year 1888, page 352, are necessary to a complete view of this branch of the
subject:

The value of agricultural exports of the past year (1883) is greater than those of
any previous years except 1880 and 1881. The value of manufactures exported was
absolutely greater than that of any previous year. It is a hopeful indication, as
the prosperity of the American farmer depends upon that of American producers
in other industries, and not upon the prosperity of foreign manufacturers. The
following statement of progress in exportation is from the records of the Bureau
of Statistics of the Treasury Department:

Year.

Value of ex-
ports of do-
mestic mer-
chandise.

Value of ex-
ports of
products of
domestic
agriculture.

Value of ex-
ports of
merchandise
other than
products of
domestic
agriculture.

Percent of
products
<>t agri-
culture.

1820 1

$51,683,640

$41 657 073

$10 025 967

80 60

18301

58,524,878

48,09.") 1st

10,42!) 094

82 18

1840

111,660,501

92,548,067

19,112,494

82 93

1850

134,900,233

108,005,713

26,294,520

so 51

I860 .

316, 242, 423

256, 560, 972

69,681,451

si u

1870

455,208,341

861, 188, 483

94,019,858

79 34

1871

478,115,292

368,466,011

109,649,281

77.07

1872

476,421,478

368, 790. 625

107,621.s.">3

7; 11

1873

575,227,017

446,900,004

1:>.327,013

77. 09

1874

633 339, 368

501,371,501

]31.!tti; sc,7

79.16

1875

559,237,638

430, 30*1.; ".70

12*. 931, 088

76.95

1876

594 917,715

456, 113 515

13* H (4,200

76 67

1877...

032,980,854

459, 734, 148

178,246.708

72.63

1878

695. 74U. 930

5: !0. 192, 873

159. 557.1 1:>7

'.'. (17

1879

699 538 742

646, 476, 703

153, OH2.I i7.i

78.12

1880...

823,94ti..T>3

685, 9oi. on i

137,9*5.2112

S3. :.V,

1881

883,925,947

730,391.913

1 53. 531. U 4

82. 113

1882

733,239,733

552,219,819

181.01H.H13

75. 31

1883

804,223,632

619,269,449

184, 954, 183

77.00

1 Year ended September 30.

The proportions of exports by classes of industry for the past two years are as
follows:

1882

1883

Products of

Value.

Per cent
of total.

Value.

Per cent
of total.

Agriculture

$552,219,819

75.31

$619.209,449

77.00

Mfl.nnf'vtTiro'? . . ...

103,132,481

14.07

111,890.001

13.91

Mining (including mineral oil)

'Ml. 27*. s>7

7.67

51.4U.s.-,7

6.40

Forestry

9,138,934

1.25

9,97(1. 143

The fisheries ... .. ..

6,197,752

.86

6,27(1.375

.78

All other commodities .

6,271,859

.86

5,366,807

.67

Total

733,239,732

100.00

804,223,632

100.00

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

731

Value of products of domestic agriculture exported from the United States to for-
eign countries during the years ending June SO, 1882 and 1883.

Articles.

Fiscal year

1882.

Fiscal year
1883.

Animals, living:
Hogs . .

$509,651
7,800,227
470, 183
320,130
603,778
25,147
41,266

151,575
781,292
28,845,830
994,201
298,349
946,086
28,593
112,929,718
36,375,055
664,687

655,142
199,812,644

228,945
539,543
322,229
659,681
46,274
267,643
190,170
21
1,449,737
1,456,786
6,302,828

434,124
53,736

330,260
35,970

46,675,774
6,768,881
3,902,556
2,864,570
14,058,975
200,490
28,262
28,975,902
4,208,608
131,641
7,201,270
61,299
441,816
309,891
10,109

114,683
4,104,917
4,251
4,015,798
19,067,721
32,325
67,909
37,327

6,906
12,180
170,137
10,834
271,503
4,384

$272,516
8,341,431
475, 806
486,560
1,154,856
58,099
59,103

299,137
829,281
27,756,082
980, 798
233,843
1,657,998
25,070
119,879,341
54,824,459
567,012

987, 829
247,328,721

786,800
1,085,230
447,395
686,517
62,210
438,897
261,614
76
1,220,158
5,616,370
6,061,699

353,184
64,405

216,779
34,468

38,155,952
8,342,131
3,742,282
2,290,665
11,134,526
180,505
75,080
26,618,048
4,578,902
188,172
6,192,268
44,074
428, 478
222,124
8,679

108,491
4,311,919
148.957
3,248,749
19,438,066
17,604
77,280
22,114

5,115
10,053
173,468
332
359,446
1,256
375
6,312

Horned cattle ......

Mules ...

Sheep

Bones and bone dust . .

Bread and breadstuffs:
Barley

Bread and biscuits

Indian corn . ...

Indian-corn meal

Oats

Rye

Rye flour .. .

Wheat

Wheat flour

Maizena. farina, and all other preparations of breadstuffs used
as food - _-. - -. _ _ . -

Cotton, unmanufactured

Fruits:
Apples, dried .

Apples, green or ripe

Other fruit, green, ripe, or driec
Preserved, in cans or otherwise
Glue

Hair, unmanufactured

Hay

Hemp, unmanufactured

Hides and skins other than fur

Hops

Oilcake ... .

Oils, animal:
Lard

Neat's foot, and other animal.-.

Oils, vegetable:
Cotton seed

Linseed .. ...

Provisions:
Bacon and hams .

Beef, fresh.

Beef, salted or cured. . .

Butter

Cheese . .. .

Condensed milk

Eggs

Lard .

Meats, preserved

Mutton, fresh

Pork

Onions

Potatoes

Other vegetables, raw, prepared
Rice

, or preserved

Seed:
Cotton

Clover, timothy, garden, and all
Sugar, brown

other .. .. ,

Tallow

Tobacco, leaf

Wax (bees')

Wine .. ..

Wool, unmanufactured

Unmanufactured articles:
Bladders

Bristles

Broom-corn

Bulbs

Casings

Cotton, in seed

Cotton, short ...

Feathers, crude

16,476
120
2,655
19,082
16,505
35,622
399
134

Flax, tow of

Grasses and flowers

286
27,826
36,594
54,374

Honey, unstrained

Hoofs . . ...

Horns and horn-tips

Mohair .

Nuts of all kinds . . .

691

732

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Value of products of domestic agriculture exported, etc. Continued.

Articles.

Fiscal year
1882.

Fiscal year
18&1

Unmanufactured articles:
Plants and trees

$32,705

121,172

Rennets ........... ..... ............................... .... ..

1,143

1 301

Rice-root ............

12,622

6,9110

Silk. raw

7 136

Teasels

5,608

2.404

Vine cuttings (grape)

36,759

16,804

Manufactured articles:
Blood, prepared

8,936

2,000

Butter, imitation. ............. ......... .......... .. .

312, &54

27i.r,'.io

Cider

9,810

36,466

Cotton-seed meal ... . .. .........

2, 021

247,464

Cotton-seed foots .

801

Glucose (grape sugar)

181, 411

198,114

Glue, liquid .. ...... .

604

Grease, not elsewhere specified

248,768

206,432

Grease, pulp . ........... . . ........ .. ... ... ....

4,500

Honey, strained . . .

30,592

4,907

Horn strips and horn waste...... . .. .

5,555

Linseed meal

420

Malt

12,295

21,208

Mill feed

30,665

39,990

Oil-cake meal..

58,730

7,647

Oils: Oleomargarine (the oil)

2,703,038

4, 27:i. ^l

Olive butter

12,074

Poultry, dressed

173

Silk waste and noils

21,571

9,265

Sirup

2,763

1,204

Soap stock

44,243

26,200

Sugar beet .. . .

896

Tallow, scraps .

31.746

46,730

Total value of exports of agricultural products

552,219,819

619,269,449

VALUE OF THE CORN CROP OF THE UNITED STATES.

The importance of this subject will be apparent if we look at it from another
standpoint, viz, the value of our corn crop.

The following table from the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture of
1881-82, page 580, presents the annual estimates of acreage, product, and value for
a series of years. The abnormal, extraordinary increase of recent years made it
difficult to keep pace with advancing production, as is shown by the record for
1879, which is widely at variance with the census returns for that year. In other
crops the difference is usually slight between the two records, but in the corn esti-
mate it is evident that the Department figures are quite too low. The table should
be studied in connection with the variable character of the seasons, and with the
prices per bushel, as they will in the main bear close scrutiny and afford reliable
evidence of comparative accuracy.

Calendar year.

Total produc-
tion.

Total area of
crop.

Total value of
crop.

Average
value per
bushel.

Average
yield per
acre.

Average
value of
yield per
acre.

1871 ...

Bushels.
991,898.000

Acres.
34,091,137

$478,275,900

Cents.
48.2

Bushels.
29.1

114.02

1872

1,092.719,000

35 52fi 836

435 149 290

39.8

30.7

12.24

1873...

932,274,000

39,197,148

447, 1&3, 020

48.0

23.8

11.41

1874

850, 148, 500

41,036 918

550,043 080

64.7

20.7

13. W

1875 ..

1,321,069.000

44,841,371

555,446,930

42.0

29.4

12. 38

1876

1,283,827,500

49,033,364

475,491,210

37.0

26.1

9.69

isTT

1,342,558,000

50,369,113

480,643 400

35.8

26.6

9.54

l7s ..

1,388,218,750

51,585,000

441,153,405

31.8

26.9

8.55

isn

1,547,901,75)0

53,085 450

580,486,217

37.5

29.2

10.93

INMI .

1,717,434,543

62,317,842

679,714,499

39.6

27.6

10.91

1881

1,194,910,000

64,262,025

759,482,170

63.6

18.6

11.82

Total

IH (>;:.' '.NO (K5

525 346,204

5,883 068,121

Annual average . .

1,242,087,735

47,768,746

534,824,375

43.1

11.20

SWINE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

733

The following table, from the report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for
1883, page 266, presents the summary for each State, showing the product, the
area, and the value, etc. :

Corn.

Bushels.

Acres.

Value.

Maine .- - .

904,400

30,987

$832,048

New Hampshire ._ -

870, 700

37 269

835 872

1 930 300

56 916

1 814 482

Massachusetts ..*..

1,237,200

57 120

1 175 340

277 900

12 100

255 668

Connecticut - -. -

1,155,800

57 577

1 109 568

21 187 500

769 115

16 314 375

New Jersey ._

9,942 800

343 536

7,556 528

43 518 800

1 388 245

30 463 160

Delaware -.

3, 936, 600

208, 182

2,322 594

Maryland

17 904 700

691 542

10 384 726

35 904 000

1 881 568

19 029 120

North Carolina . _ ...

34 260 700

2 446 056

18 158 171

16 356 200

1 361 256

11 122 216

Georgia

36,617,500

2,747,005

23,801,375

Florida .-

3, 708, 900

392, 073

2,967,120

31 982 :VtO

2 300 341

19 188 500

Mississippi . -- .

30,233,600

1,798,944

16, 628, 480

14 636 400

790 336

8,781 840

Texas

63, 416, 300

3,280,329

36, 781, 454

34, 485, 900

1,596,672

15,863 514

Tennessee .

75, 188, 600

3,119,371

31,579,212

West Virginia

14,927,000

588,233

8,607,660

Kentucky .. . ..

75,500,900

3,103,248

39,200,468

Ohio - -

93, 319, 200

2, 977, 680

57,857 904

Michigan -

28,581,600

929,760

16, 863, 144

Indiana --

107,484,300

3,438,332

51,592,464

Illinois . . . -

182,336,900

7,914,042

85, 698, 343

32, 201, 600

1,117,240

17, 066, 848

21,127,600

661,050

9,507,420

175, 487, 600

6,777,302

66,685,288

Missouri . .

170,037,000

5,763,102

66,614,430

144, 452, COO

4, 280, 430

53, 447, 462

82,478,200

2,364,120

27,217.806

California . -

2, 790, 900

98,634

2,372,265

Oregon. . .

130, 000

5,450

104,000

18,000

830

16,200

Colorado . .

422,400

21,076

580,160

Arizona

57,000

2,709

62,700

Dakota .... ..

4,650,000

186,247

2,371,500

Idaho .

45,000

1,580

47,250

Montana . ..

18,000

492

18,900

New Mexico,...

965,000

45,594

1,061,500

Utah

275,000

13,208

247,500

Washington

62,000

2,646

49,600

Wyoming - .....

Indian Territory

Total

1,617,025,100

65,659,546

783,867,175

The following table presents the acreage, product, and home value of the corn
crop of the United States for the year 1880, as finally estimated by the United
States Agricultural Department:

Corn.

Acres.

Bushels.

Home value.

31,000

1,108,020

$853,175

New Hampshire .. - ..

36 890

1, 401, 820

1,023,329

56,300

1,801,600

1,279,136

55,980

l,875,aSO

1, 406, 497

Rhode Island .... . . ..

1-i, 108

363, 180

326,862

55,900

1,621,100

1,215,825

801 600

27,895,680

15, 900, 538

347,200

14,235,200

8,256,416

Pennsylvania

1,374,500

55, 804, 700

29,576,491

202,120

6,467,840

3, 233, 920

678, 190

21,702,080

10,634,019

1,809,200

45, 230, 000

18, 996, 600

North Carolina . .... ...... .............

2,253,300

36,954,120

19,216,142

South Carolina ...... ....

1,263,000

11,745,900

9,044,343

Georgia .. ........... .......

2,384,700

21,939,240

15,138,076

Florida -

374,700

3,522,180

2,993,853

Alabama ................ .... .......

1,828,980

22,679,352

15, 195, 166

Mississippi . .... . .... ......

1,590,300

23,218,380

14,627,579

Louisiana. ..

784,886

14,912,720

9.096.759

734

8WINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

State.

Corn.

Acres.

Bushels.

Home value.

Texas

2,670,180
1, 94, 010

2,7S".*iii
570.!* x>
2,.v;.7m
3.1'.'- i""
866, i-o
3.42i.;m

8,810,180
LOBS, 864

412.230

6,847,180
5,650,120
3,(!2:>,::iX)
1,919,600
80,050

i,850

181,282

66,754,500

32.350,250
82,469,798
17.:iu7.<xx)
89,970
ll'.i.'.no.ixo
84,810,001
W.*29.300
2i(i, i.Y.'..-'.'o
33. 7c; . :>s2
i.v i;s.o:,o
800,192,840
160,463.408
106,21*. :;<;ii
60.607.eOO
90,800
113,006
6,274,

$35,379,885
15,851,628
22,489,125
s. 134,290
82,685,189
49,175,400
16,015,880
89,681,720
86,5ti3.i43
13,168,279
6,572,088
67,650,188
67,71
30, NO. 324
14,871!, 900
1,961,408
82,064
3,811,501

Arkansas

Tennessee

West Virginia
Kentucky

Ohio

Michigan . ....

Indiana

Wisconsin

Minnesota

Iowa

Missouri

Kansas

Nebraska

California

Oregon

Colorado, Nev
Total for

da, and the Territories

1880

62,317,842

1,717,434,543

1,547,901,790
1,388,218,750
1,342.558,000
1,283.S27.5(K)
1, 321.06!). 000
850,148,500
932,274,000
l,092,71'.i,(XX)
991,898,000

679,714,499
580, 4M ;.'.'l 7
441,l.V>.4H.j
4SO,r>43. KXI
475,491,210
655,446,860
550.M43.oso
447,183,080

435,1 ill. 2!)
478.27.VHOO

].s79 .

53,085,450
51,685,000
60,808,118

49,033,304
44, 841, 371
41, 036. 918

1S78

1877

1S70

IS") ..

1874

ls7:i

39, 197, 148
35,521'., Kf*;
34,091,137

1S72

1871 ...

In order to present the comparative value of the corn crop, the following table
is presented, showing the corn crop of the United States for the years 188 - J and
1881. This presents the estimate of the United States Agricultural Department
of the product of corn grown in the Uniled States in 1882, and the final estimate
for the same crop harvested in 1881:

1882,

1881.

Wheat.

Corn.

Oats.

Wheat.

Corn.

Oats.

Maine

512 100

904 400

1 776 750

617 000

1,064 000

2 :;.'

New Hampshire...
Vermont

Massachusetts
Rhode Island ......

148, 700
378,000
20,100

870, 700
1,930,300
1,237,200
277,900

1,030,000
3, 445, *
703, 000
155,800

176,000

378,000
19,000
260

l,2li2,(XXI
1,990.0:10..
1,406, 1 XX)
887,000

l.KiO.OOO
3,345. (XXI
7(:>.IXJO
164. (XX)

Connecticut...
New York .......

43,600
12, 14.5, 200

1,155.800

20,687 500

1,048,380
40 068,000

39,000
10,844,000

1,427,000
20, 086, (XXI

1.03S, (XX)
38, 160, (XX)

New Jersey....

2, 098. 700

9,942,800

3.808,880

2, 018. 000

7,829.0(X)

4, 052, (XX)

Pennsylvania
Delaware .....

20,300,700
1.200,600

41,518,800
3,936,600

34,721,100
891,840

18.797,000
1,044,000

34,5',)'.i. cm
2,940,000

38,579,000
316,000

Maryland

8, 655, GOO

17,904,700

1,658. '.Ml

7,213,000

16,277,000

1,823,000

Virginia

8,311,400

35,904 01)0

3,551,420

7, 165, 000

27,200,000

4, 331, 000

North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia . .

5,494.800
1,729,000
3, 812, 900

34,260,700
15,856.200
29,617.500

5, 713, 400
4,430,140
7,235,800

4,579,000

'.Ills. IX Kl

2, 933, 000

26,977,000
8,809,000
19.745,000

4,081,000
8,098.000
5, 566, (XX)

Florida

000

3,708,900

480

3,170,000

392,000

A labama

1,700,800

30,982,500

3,994,900

1,479,000

20,250,000

3,073,000

Mississippi ...

25(1, 100

28,233,000

3,080,850

197,000

17,640. (XX)

2, 185, (XX)

Louisiana

7,000

14,636 400

527, 800

5,350

9,65)3,000

364,000

Texas

4, 173, 700

63,416,300

9,239,640

3,339,000

33, 377, (XX)

8, 324. (XX)

Arkansas

1,666,100

34,485 900

3,131,580

1,017,000

21, 028. (XX)

2,337,000

Tennessee

8,971,200

73.188,600

7, 129, JrtiO

6,408,000

36,232,000

6,726,000

West Virginia
Kentucky ..

4,854,300
17,250,000

14,927,000
79,500,900

1,678,400
7,579,440

4,413,000
8, 625, (XX)

12,980,000
51,624.000

2,09s. 000
6,531,000

Ohio...

45,453,600

93,319,200

16,732,154

38,620,000

7'.i.:oi,(xx)

26,009,000

Michigan ......

33,315,400

30,081,600

18,057,000

21,220,000

25.068.ixK)

18,057,000

Indiana. ............

45,461,800

107,484,300

18,696,090

31, 353. (CO

;i>.01S,(XXJ

1">. 711, 000

Illinois
Wisconsin

52,302.900
20,145,400

187,336,900
30,201,600

99,141,000
34,324,400

26,822,000
17,987,000

176,733,000
29,040,000

66,094,000
31,204,000

Minnesota

37,030,500

21,127,600

29,700,000

15,952,000

16, 252, (XX)

23, 700, (xxi

Iowa . ............

25,487,200

178, 487, 600

44, 555, 700

18,248,000

17:>,28!UX)0

42,434,000

Missouri

27,538,600

174,037,000

30,073,560

20, 399, (XX)

93,009,000

22,783,000

Kansas ..... ...

33,248,000

150,452,600

12,780,840

19,909,000

76,377,000

8,754,000

Nebraska ......

14,947,200

82,478,200

9,417,700

13,840,000

58, 913, (XX)

6,970.(XX)

California

84,546,600

2,790,900

1,548,000

28,406,000

2,633,000

1,648,000

Oregon ...... ...

12,039,300

101,000

4,433,520

12,673,000

101,000

5, 278, (XX)

Nevada

49,400

11,700

193,800

48.000

13,000

190,000

Colorado ...

1,598,200

422,400

902,070

1,310,000

352,000

771, (XX)

The Territories

16,000,000

7,500,000

9,000,000

11, 300, 000

6,761,000

7,224,000

Total

602,789,300

1,624,917,800

475,656,794

380,280,090

1,194,916,000

416,481,000

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

735

Crops of the United States for the year 1883. Preliminary (December 1) estimate
of the United States Agricultural Department of the crops of wheat, corn, and
oats produced in 1888.

State or Terri-
tory.

Wheat.

Corn.

Oats.

Acres.

Yield
per
acre,
bush.

Product,

bushels.

Acres.

Yield
per
acre,
bush.

Product,
bushels.

Acres.

Yield
per
acre,
bush.

Product,
bushels.

Maine

43,263

11,500
21,573
1,180

14.2

15.8
16.4
16.7

614,300

181,700
353,700
19,700

30,367

38,014
58,623
58,262
12,947
57,001
761,423
346,971
1,402,127
212,346
691,542
1,919,199
2,494,977
1,388,481
2,829,415
399,914
2,277,338
1,870,902
924, 693
3,608,362
1,740,372
3,212,952
588,233
3,258,410
2,818,480
911,165
3,541,482
8,151,463
1, 122, 826
727, 155
6,980,621
5,878,364
4,708,473
2,813,303
100,607
5,504
847
21,287
2,736
270,058
1,627
502
46,506
13,340
2,672

36
31
35
32
30
. S3
28
27
18
23.5
14
11.5
8
8.7
8.5
11.5
13.5
14.2
17,5
17.5
20
24.3
24
26.1
23.5
27
25
21
20.8
24.3
27.5
36.7
36
24.5
23.5
25
25
20
18.2
20
20
20
21
23

1,062,800

1,368,500
1,817,300
2,039,100
414,300
1,710,000
17,512,700
9,715,100
37,857,400
3,822,200
16,251,200
26,868,700
28,692,200
11,107,800
24, 615, 900
3,399,200
26,189,300
25, 257, 100
13,130,600
63, 146,3(X>
30,456,5(10
64, 259, (XX)
14, 294, ( )O, >
78,201,800
73, 560, (XX)
21, 412, :-K)
95,620,000
203,786,500
23,579,300
15, 124, 800
169,629,000
161,655,000
172,800,900
101,278,900
2,464,800
129,300
21,100
532, 100
54,700
4,915,055
32,500
10,040
93C,100
280,100
61,400

84,579

29,697
102,505
23,098
5,882
37,141
1,344,637
130,873
1,247,868
21,664
100,323
628,434
593,890
362,805
780,682
51,528
427,199
274,236
34,096
416,096
223,961
586, 490
129,829
422,628
871,250
580,451
717,560
2,848,555
1,331,392
949,200
2,005,569
1,057,422
699,476
540,161
70,858
170,993
7,344
41,250

31.5

34.8
34.6
31.3
30.4
29.6
31.3
32.6
30.6
23.9
20.2
10
8.7
9.8
9
9.8
10.6
11.5
13.9
22.8
14.4
11.9
15.6
16.3
33.9
34.6
29.7
36.1
30.4
33.1
34.1
28.7
39.4
40
25.8
24.6
28.9
29.3

2,665,000

1,033,000
3,548,600
724,000
179, 100
1,100,700
42,071,400
4,265,800
38,193,200
517,600
2,023,800
6,275,600
5,142,000
3,544,000
7,018,700
504,500
4,517,300
3,142,400
475,000
9,489,300
3,225,400
6,997,700
2, 020,300
6.899,900
29,560,000
20,061,300
21,304,100
102,780,000
40,502,700
31,447,500
68,403,600
30,374,200
27,560,000
21,630,000
1,826,600
4,211,800
213, 100
1,209,000

New Hamp-
shire

Massachusetts- .
Rhode Island

Connecticut

2,171
780, 124
154,000
1, 518, 474
93, 860
626, 200
988,080
717, 100
218,500
504,900

~"276~450
49,500

15.8
10.3
13.4
13.2
10.3
12.1
9
5.9
5.2
5.1

~"5.~2
5

34,300
8,035,200
2,063,600
20,043,800
966,700
7,577,000
8,a52,800
4,230,800
1,136,200
2,574,900

"i,"437,~506
247,500

New Jersey
Pennsylvania...

Virginia
North Carolina.
South Carolina .

Florida

Mississippi

Texas

500,000
232,200
1,323,000
425, 700
1,248,390
2,588,400
1,786,506
2,735,370
2,215,000
1,593,900
2,597,940
2,435,300
2,358,350
1,534,350

8.5
6.1
5.6
10
7.7
10
14
10.4
10
12.3
13
11.3
10.1
17.5
15.5
13
16.5
18.3

4,301,000
1,416,400
7,408,800
4,257,000
9,612,600
25,884,000
25,011,000
28,447,800
22,150,000
19,604,900
33,773,200
27,518,800
23,819,300
26,851,100
27,481,300
36,322,000
13, 122, 400
99,200
2,394,000

Tennessee

West Virginia ..
Kentucky
Ohio

Michigan

Illinois

Wisconsin
Minnesota

Nebraska

1,772,990
2,794,000
795,300
5,424
114,000

California

Nevada ....

Arizona

Dakota

1,008,000

16,128,000

210,000
30,450
32,200
11,760

24, aw

62,540

42.9
37.4
37.6
17
22.7
39.7

9,000,000
1,140,000
1,210,000
199,800
546,000
2, 480, 400

Idaho . ..

57, 796
65, 195
83,1:30
170,200

16.3
15

19
18.7

942,000
977,900
1,579,400
3, 182, 700

New Mexico
Utah

Washington
Wyoming

Total

36,393,319

11.5

420,154,500

68,301,889

2.27

1,551,066,895

20,322,622

28.1

571,233,400

736

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The following statement shows the number of acres under cultivation in wheat,
corn, and oats in the State of Illinois in ixxi. by counties, also the product of each
county, in bushels, by the latest estimate of the State department of agriculture:

County.

Winter wheat.

Spring wheat.

Corn.

Oats.

Acres.

Bushels.

Acres.

Bushels.

Acres.

Bushels.

Acres.

Bushels.

Adams . .

85,125
6,853
32,327
1,456
24,454
1,553
22,118
3,149
12,934
30,000
49,182
52,323
40,1126
88,006
25,946
174
50,092
37,353

:;:.-,

8,561
22,5(10
274
47,029
28.689
50.396
62,129
509
26,955
26,644
31.623
44,082
347
a">,118
31.672
4,801
:i.:i71
804
9,823
48,983
44,146
63,456
51,747
3,887
22,164
157
2,653
137
8,269
277
1,777
55,(i23
2, 101
838
26,199
39,899
112,271
152,900
51,903
936
9,456
17,123
20,000
462
5,000
18,001
2,840
60,048
89,218
40,000
1,052
2,831
7,450
44,400
10,217
77,446
16.229

11, .v;

1,077
84,993

794,500
70,814
210,125
11,648
244.540
13,424
199, 02
15. 745
84.071
322,500
271,051
2B0.015
173,446
;Y>. :?.;
207,568
2,610
267. 157
280,147
1,875
96,311
196,875
4.110
540,833
143,445
151,188
279,580
5.090
87,604
213.152
189,738
528.984
3.470
105, aT4
348,392
33,607
2.V 3*3
7,236
88,407
MB, 881

r.)s. r,.->7

203,059
620,964
31,096
166,230
3. 140
39,795
1,370
90.959
3,462
35,540
220, (2
31,515
9,218
334,037
889,016
1,010,439
1,834,800
259 515

178

1,602

#>,239
6,488

32,591
30,610
175,577
13,964
67,168
:>.'.j-4
2<IO,000
145,634
37,497
29,171
45,140
(15. 13s
46,068
30,553
25,022
99, 7M
82,060
75,250
21.237
70,38
17.775
40, 125
47.973
125,884
19,063
80,707
8,800
41,175
68,111
2L4S!)
102.990
6,193
52,172
191.848
289,663
23. (SCi
34. 754
37.221
35.137
60,878
16,560
53,771
109,732
73.629
186.060
26. 439
837,668
28,887
140,146
268,597
140,869
127. 8)
90,982
78,600
31,606
58,761
61,515
12,911
100,000
38,830
250.000
77,049
97,397
lf.,118
107,883
101,297
61.540
107,404
98.271
14,196
66.916
79,442
22,001
11,600
28,872
23,646

2, 727, 64,s
77,868
115, (SO
1,042. 912
979,630
4,038.271
279,280

2, 01.-). (Mil

809,520
4,400,000
3.303.!MK
862,478
87,613
90,280

1.043.048
1,013.144
91,659
100,088
3,591,504
2,872,100
2. (til. 750

1.476.7C.3
3."). 550

143.919
8,897,618

25,112

7,900

5001
88,018
l.llfl

Si. 387
5,049
48,000
14,978

4.498
8,255
16.056
8,349
54,800
8,764
6,453
44,890
16. 172
12.000
20,644
5,315
l..>3
15.268
12,898
19,616
4,080
14,494
1.164
2. :
12,618
2,002
:>.-,. !;s
1.H71
12,569
36,420
46,459
2. 4(12
5,758

S. sr>3

3. 77s
32,184
1.764
25.645
a 1 ), 772
22,721
43.11111
:>. W.i
61, 178
2.728
58,110
62,667
20,200
24,244
11,112
14,150
8,725

is. (is:

6,711
1,382
25,000
22,422
80,000
10,220
89,861
6.0(13
18,738
lo. im

5!. l7:->
86,980
9,316
16,132
6,855
5,000
600
6,430
11,158

1,130.040
6,099
868.000

7til.4oo
175,035
l.:Cil.ii3n
36,927
1,331,480
212,058
1,890,000
569,088
71,968
264. 160
581,960
250,470
1,644,000
201,572
164,872
1, 346.700
663,062
:!8.om
826,700
15!). 450
49.042
51!). 112
421.r>32
702.5KI
81,000
666,266
27,696
70.170
402,981

1,007,104

IT, 180

477,622
1,274,70)
1,858.361
61,701
115,160
239,004
120.898
1,136,440
44,100
1,179,070
1,216,248
886,119
1,744,400
1,146,360
2.417.130
64,660
2.334.100

2,381.346

808.1100
1,0!)0.!I8I

444.480
453,8110
218, 125
669.219
8)1,330
84,680
800. OHO

3,3,u.ipm

4:,!). '.Ml

1,038, ? >5
150,076
730,392
668,800
883,040
1.7-1. '.'-,"
1,015.3110
814,268
806.600
8iO,216
86,000
7,800
257,300
334,740

Bond

Boone .

1,134

10,206

Brown . - .... .

Bureau

6,267

56,403

Calhoun . . .....

Carroll

2,015
452
300
401

18.135
6.7MU

2.700
2,807

Cass . .

Christian

Clark

Clay

Clinton

Coles ..

2,422

1,467
31,486

Cook

Crawford

Cumberland

Dekalb

809
1,591
441
574
140
14
41

16,180
7,955

3.!*;'.)
8,H10
1,3-XI
12t>
369

Dewltt

Douglas
Dupage

Edgar

Edwards , -

Kffingham

Fayette

Ford

101
25
3.300
17
111
23

909
BBS

19,8011
153
999
207

Franklin

Fulton .. .

2,744,03K

374. Ci'.t
1, .517. IK*)
1,498,442
31.4>!i

8,074,750

4!l.. 114
1,147,784
3,444,264
5,970,978
118,171
69,508
87,221
667.603
1,612.000
l.io.iXII)
1 73! i>72
8,748,800
1,619.838
3,916,450
634,536
4,038,911
57.774
3,363,504
6,983,522
6,070,924
3,8*5,200
2,547,496
943,500
31,606
1,762,830
1,537.875
90,377
4,000,000
931.920
9,750,000
3.236.058
2,240.131
241,770
1,073.530
4.153.177
1.415.4-.1)
3,329,524
2,435,406
14,196
2,141.312
1,668,282
264,012
127. (XX)
63.1. 184
189, 168

Qallatin

Greene ......

Grundy

Hamilton

Hancock.

2,981
7
3,172
4,151
308
85

26,829
63
15,8rt)
37. :
2,772
765

Hardin

Henderson .... .

Henry

Iroquois

Jackson .

Jasper

Jefferson

Jersey

JoDaviess

1,475

10,325

Johnson

Kane

569
360
820
1,130
1,700
2,781

5,121
4,320
8,200
9.040
17.000
27,810

Kankakee

Kendall

Knox ..

Lake

Lasalle

Lawrence ...

Lee

3,714
121

779

37,140
1,089

7,790

Livingston

Logan

Macon

Macnupin

182

1.638

Madison
Marion

Marshall ....

12,168
40,976
159,815
133,333
4,774
67,500
168,009
25,560
780,624
624,526
410,000
5,260
33,972
99. 333
242,200
lie.'. 170
542.122
81,145
91. 176
16. 155
107.481

147

852

1,470
6,816

Mason

Massac

McDonough

9,000
3,495
600
1,064
4,172

27,000
41,940
4,200
9,576
37,548

McHenry

McLean

Menard

Mercer

Monroe

Montgomery
Morgan.

2,178
78
1,919
1,600

576
19,602

7( r:
15, :J53
16,000

Moultrie ...

Ogle

Peoria

Perry

Piatt ..

476
141

4,284
1,269

Pike

Pope

Pulaski .

Putnam

1,403

7,016

Randolph ...

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

737

County.

Winter wheat.

Spring wheat.

Corn.

Oats.

Acres.

Bushels.

Acres.

Bushels.

Acres.

Bushels.

Acres.

Bushels.

40,572

277
28,203

121, 716
2, 770
155, 116

24 338

24,338
1,044,840

i.v.i. 0:4

4, 627. 957
1,442,960
1,858,280
2, 000, 000
1,910.720
714,285
2,9.i!.240
3,203,010
300, 01 '0
2,661,876
84.JBO
3,344,544

a5,ooo

6,108
14, 789
1,812
10,023
5, (188
1,278
15, 155
20,713
12, 610
41,675
29, 175
4,000
15,444
1,425
36, 731
25,000
5.825
2,404
31.028
69,295
4,327
45,420
46,100

122,160

473, 248
16, 308
390.897
198,354
48,564
636, 510
82*, 520
441,350
1,375,275
875,250
72,000
586. 872
29,925
1,285,585
625,000
151,450
43,272
1,148,036
2,425,325
90, H67
1,362,600
1,613,500

Rook Island

2,178

30,492

52,2*2
22 7*2
112,877
36, 074
80,184
100,000
68,240
54. 945
74,231
106. 767
20,000
126,756
16, 876
123,872

a5,ooo

34.208

39,930
29. Ii32
24,530

359, 370
251,872
220, 770
150,000
6, 660
1,031,179
40,514
259,085
209,448
443, 470
151,035
27,046
471,250
169,543
252, 751
3,064
12, 780
227,829
33.600
75,600

769
326
89
1,342
255
184
5,035
1,020
50
623

6. J52
2,934
801
12,078
1,275
1,656
60,420
12,240
460
5,607

Srhuvler

Scott

Shelby

50.000
444
158, 643
6,233
26,565
26, 181
44,347
27, 461
2,847
72, 500
52, 167
56, 167
681
1,278
47,964
1,680
5,670

Stark

St. O'lair

Sff phenson

Tazewell

Union . .

Vermilion .

Wabash ...

Warren

2,670

16,020

Washington
Wayne

White . ...

437

1,718
636

3,933
10,308

5,088

38,487
95, 402
113. 459
39,827
65,606
112,947

115. 461
2, 194, 246
3, 063. 393
19;*, 135
2,624.240
3,614,304

Whitesides...

Will

Williamson

Winnebago

591
951

5,910
10,461

Wood ford

Total 1881
Same estimate for :

' 1881)

2,951,668

2,970.086
2,137,063
8,032,840
1,736,301

21,586,483

53,865,505
42,041,253
30.013.147
29,510,032

90,921

286,264
303, 736
291,912
248,458

784,680
2,642,804

7,195,674

7,574.545

174,995,707
250,697,036

1,922,389

1,749,391
1,6551,139
1,757,953
1,556,194

68,844,514

62,709,002
54,664,569
53,424.555
61,145,983

1879

3,376,409
3,870,251
2,980,524

7,918,881

8,672,088
8,935,411

305,913,377
251.149,230
269,889,742

1*78

1877

The follow ng statistics regarding the consumption and distribution of corn and
wheat the latter being included in this report for purposes of comparison is of
value in the investigation of this part of the subject, and is taken from the Report
of the Commissioner of Agriculture for Ife83, page 310:

CONSUMPTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF CORN AND WHEAT.

For two years past efforts have been made for the first time to ascertain approx-
imately the consumption of the corn and wheat supplj 7 of the year on the first day
of March. The purpose is to show the rate of distribution, and to indicate the
extent of consumption at that date. The result is exceedingly interesting and
valuable. It reveals facts so numerous, so-various, and local conditions of con-
sumption so peculiar and diverse as to prove practically a revelation to local agri-
cultural writers and to commercial editors. This is especially the case as to corn.
Among the points presented are

1 . That the average stock of corn on hand at this date in a series of years is one-
third, two-thirds having been consumed on the farm or shipped away.

2. That nearly five-sixths of the corn shipped from the county where grown goes
from seven States, known as the corn-surplus States; and most of the remainder
from Kentucky and Tennessee.

3. That 44 per cent of the corn is fed to cattle and swine (for meat making) in
the counties where grown, 28 per cent is fed to work animals in the operations of
the farm, and 8 per cent used as human food. Most of the 20 per cent shipped
from the counties are also used in the East and South for the various purposes
above named. This would make the distribution nearly

Per cent.

For feeding for meat 50

For feeding for work 30

For human food _ 9

For exportation 5

For spirits, glucose, starch, seed, and waste... 6

4. That in the South about half is used for work animals and a fourth for meat,
while in the West half goes for making meat and one-fifth for farm work.

5. That the above diversities as to use in home consumption make large differ-
ence in the time of consumption. In the South 43.5 per cent remained on hand
March 1, because of the large crop and its required use for five months of spring
and summer plowing.

The smaller former average in the South, 35.9 per cent, is not because of a
change in the usage as to consumption, but because the smaller former supply

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 47

738

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

was earlier exhausted, and purchases from the West large after that date. In the
West only a third remained ou hand, because the heaviest feeding comes in autumn
and early winter.

Corn.

Proportion on hand March 1. The returns of March 1, 1883. showed that abont
36 per cent of the crop still remained in the hands of the growers, or about
558,000,000 bushels of 1,617,000,000 bushe's representing the crop of 1882. Nearly
two- thirds of this amount was in the Western States, and about three tenths in
the Southern States.

Comparing with an average of the five preceding years, one of which (1881) was
a year of great scarcity, we find that New England had less than that average;
the Middle States 37.4 per cent, the average being 36.7; the Southern States 43.5
per cent instead of 35.9; the Western States only a fraction more than such aver-
age, or 33.8 per cent in place of 32.9 per cent; the Pacific coa^t 25.1, the average
being 24.5 per cent, and the Territories 35 per cent, a very laraje increase due to
the development of corn culture in Dakota. The following statement shows the.se
percentages and the quantities they represent:

Sections.

Production.

Stock on band
Mnr.1, J883.

Average

for five
yeara.

Bushel 4.

Per

cent.

Bushels.

6,376,300
78,585,700
894,095,300

1,137, it:} t 500

29.8
37.4
.5
33.8
35.1
.35.0

1. sos, 701
89,89

171..M1.UW

38l,tv*u;<H>
741.906
2,283,552

82.6
36.7

:r,. it
:;-. 'j
3 :,
25.5

Middle

Pacific - - -

3,!).U900
6,512,400

Total

1,617,035,100

30.3

587,473,117

33.7

It is seen that the only stocks contributing appreciably to the aggregate are
those of the West, South, and the Middle States. The statement by States and
Territories is as follows:

States.

Product in
1883.

Stock on hand
Mar. 1, 1883.

Per cent for
five years.

Bushels.

Per

cent.

904,400
870, 700
1,930.300
1,237,200
377,900
1,155,800
21,187,500
9.942,800
43,518,800
:i.'-t:iO, 600
17,904,700
35,904,000
34,260,700
16,356,300
36,617,500

253,232
201,210
650,808
346,416
69,475
313,066
7, 1137,500
8,778,284
16,101,950
1,888,568
8, 05:, 115
15,7!t7,7(iO
15, 75!". iC-i
6,809, MM
18,674,'J35
1,594,827
15, .351, 600
14,209.792
5, 708, 19(5
23,464,031
14,484,078
81,579,212
6,269.340
30,!'
27,002,508
8,574,480
88,694,348
67,464,663
9,660,480
6, 137, (N 4
52,6W,3SO

28
30
34
28
25
27
36
38
37
48
45
44
46
42
51
43
48
47
39
37
43
43
42
41
29
30
86
37
80
29
30

30
33
35
32
27
:J3
37
96
86
I.-,
4:!
40
43
37
88
40
85
88
35
34
88
88
34
33
28
28
:{:}
39
28
27
36

New Hampshire . .. .... .

Rhode Island . .- ..... .

(Connecticut ......... . ..

New York .

New Jersey .. .- ..

Maryland .. ..

North Carolina

South Carolina - . . - .

Georgia . . . ......

Florida ..

3,708,900
31.982.500
30,233,(XJO
14,636,400
63,416,300
34.485,900
75,188,000
14, 927, (XX)
75,500.900
93,319,200
28,5Sl,fXX)
107,484.:iOO
182, 336, 900
33,301,600
21,127,(X)
175.487,600

Alabama

I..ouisiana . .

TexiiH

Arkansas ..... . . ....

West Virginia . ,

Kentucky ......

Ohio

Michigan . . ...........

Indiana ... ........ . ...... ..

Illinois .. . ...................

Wisconsin .. . ... . . .... .

Minnesota . ...................

Iowa...

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

739

States.

Product in

1882.

Stock on hand
Mar. 1. 1883.

Per cent for
five years.

Bushels.

Per

cent.

Missouri ...

170,037,000
144,452,600
82, 478, 200
2, 790. WX)
130,000
18,000
422.400
57,000
4,650,000
45,000
18,000
965,000
275, (100
62,000

51,011,100
47,069,858

35, 465, 62ii
725, 634
13,000
3,600
160.512
90,62)1
l,720,5nO
13,500
5,400
270. 200
85,000
22,320

30
33
43
26
10
20
38
36
37
30
30
28
24
36

28
30
38
25
10
18
33
32
25
28
28
25
22
33

Nebraska

California

Oregon

Nevada .-

Arizona -

Idaho

Utah

Washington -.

Wyoming - . -

Indian Territory

Total

1,617,025,100

587,468,843

36.3

33.7

The largest proportions on hand are those of the Southern States. This is in
accordance with intelligent expectation, not because there is any surplus for ship-
ment, nor because more is consumed than in the West. On the contrary the
requirements of that region are far smaller than of the States where pork and beef
are made. The larger portion is used for feeding the horses and mules enip'oyed
so constantly in plowing during the spring and early summer. Pork is riot made
for shipment, and only a partial supply for home consumption from mast, and the
run of the pea field, and a limited supp'y of corn toward killing time. These con-
ditions are reflected in the results of this inquiry, showing a great contrast with
Western practice.

Comtumntion. Inquiry was made as to proportions used for specific purposes,
to illustrate the rural economy of different sections of the country, under the fol-
lowing heads, viz: (A) Human food; (B) feed for work animals; (C) feed for
crttle and swine; (D) shipped out of country where produced.

In the first inquiry the percentage would be expected to vary, from two causes
the amount produced per capita, and the comparative use of maize for human
food, which differs greatly in the different States. In New England its use is quite
limited and not confined to the home product; but very little is grown, so that the
percentage is larger, though the quantity is not. In the South the quantity is
greater, but less than in the West, so that 16 per cent is required in the former
and but 5 in the latter States, though the aggregate Southern requirement is not
very greatly in excess of Western 63,000,000 bushels against 56,000,000 bushels.
The quantity of native corn reported as used for food in the South is 4.6 bushels
per capita; in the West nearly 3 bushels. In the Middle States and in New Eng-
land the native supply is supplementad by corn from other States, increasing the
consumption as reported; the population is largel} 7 in cities and towns and the rural
population small. The total reported as used for food in the country, of nearly
180.000,000 bushels, may probably be increased by 20,00;), 000 more from the column
which reports corn ''shipped out of the county" in which it is grown, making an
aggregate of 150,000,01)0 bushels, or nearly 3 bushels per capita. This is very
unequally distributed, some communities using twice this average, and others a
scarcely appreciable quantity.

In the use of corn for feed of work animals is seen a marked difference between
Western and Southern usages and rural methods. The per cent of corn used for
this purpose in the Southern States is placed at 47.2. As the supplies brought
from the West are almost entirely used for work animals or human food, the real
proportion of corn consumption is fully one-half for such feeding. In the West it
is one-fifth, or 20.9 per cent. Yet the quantity used is 285.000.000 bushels. The
larger relative use of corn for work animals in the South is due to the fact that
plowing is almost continuous from March to July, inclusive: that more horses and
mules are required in proportion to work done, and corn is the principal feed. In
the West there is less cultivation, wheat ta'cing the place of cotton, and requiring
no culture after planting, while horses teed upon hay as well as corn, and use oats
much uio e extensively than in the South. Everything in crop and cultivation,
in work and rations of animals, conspires to widen the relative requirement of
corn for work animals of these two belts of States.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The consolidation of returns makes the proportion used for feeding work animals
.'* per cent. Taking into account receipts from beyond county (and State; lines
the proportion may be stated at 30 per cent.

The third branch of consumption relates to meat production. It also includes
to a limited extent milk production. Beef, pork, and mutton all require an
increasing proportion of corn, supplementary to grass products and rougher for-
age in summer droughts and winter severities, especially in the finishing process.
Eg.irs and poultry demand a share of the maize supply. Half of the crop in the West
appears to be used as feed for cattle, sheep, and swine. Applying the percentage
to the present crop, the grand volume of 557, 000,000 bushels is indicated. As only
one-fourth is shipped from counties where grown, and little more than one-fifth
can be traced to Chicago, Toledo, New York, and all other distant markets, it is
evident that the other fourth is ample for working animals and home food. When
we recount the various uses of corn in every stage of cattle life, and for ripening
12,000.000 swine (more or less) for the packing trade, and some millions more for
farmers' use and a further requirement for sheep and poultry, it would seem that
50 per cent of the Western crop might be used for these purposes. The use of corn
for spirits has not been mentioned, because it is usually only about 1 per cent of the
crop. Seed requires not more than 1 per cent. In this calculation it is proper to
say that the entire crop is accounted for. Yet it should be remembered that the
farmers' cribs were bare of corn at the beginning of the year and that they will
not be so thoroughly exhausted at its end. However short the stock may be which
Chicago is able to drain, there will be scattered through 20 States many million
bushels more than existed there at the beginning of the year. The actual con-
sumption (exc uding exportation, seed, etc.) will not much exceed 1.450,000 bu>h-
els. This is more than an average consumption, even of recent years: but with
rapidly increasing population, a large export demand, and the necessity for beef
of earlier maturity and better qual ty, it will not be too large a quantity for the
future.

Shipped from the county. As the returns were made by counties, the portion
shipped does not necessarily mean shipped t the seaboard or beyond State lines.
It must include, however, all such shipments. The aggregate of this branch of the
inquiry is about 330,000.000 bushels, which is ample to account for exportation,
eastern and southern shipments, anil leave a margin for shipments short dis-
tances for local supply of towns and cities and the requirements of neighboring
feeders. Seven-eighths of this county surplus is in the West. The largest quan-
tity is in Illinois, and Kansas. low i, and Missouri follow in order. Iowa's portion
is greatly reduced by the very poor crop of la t ye :r. Kentucky and Tennessee
have a much larger surplus than usual.

The statement of this division of local consumption, according to specific uses,
is thus made:

Sections.

Human food.

Feed for work
animals.

Feed for cattle
and swine.

Shipped from
county.

P.ct

Bushels.

P.ct.

Bushels.

P.ct.

L.uhels.

P.ct.

Bushels.

New England ...

14
9.2
Itt
5
30.8

15.3

894.069
7,224.526
63,ls5.:s;i
56,499,3(53
898,979

996,397

29.4
32.7
47.2
20.9
24.3

43.1

1,873,651

25.755.430
186.30f..'.isT
235,227,078
701,625

2,806,844

54.2
47.3
26.3
49.4
34.6

29.2

3,457,579
37,144,8(11
1(0,953,517
5.-)7,^!7,200
1,016,506

1,966,745

2.4
10.8
10.5
24.7
10.3

11.4

150,981

8,4o.!43
41,24!i..>io
278, 97d. >.'.!!

3(6,790

7i:.'.4U

Middle

Southern

Western ...

Pacific

Nevada, Colorado, and
Territories ..

Total

129,698,615

452,671,615

43.6

704,776,348

20.4

329,878,522

Allowing for the export reserve and for a moderate filling of the usual stocks
held over (which were so depleted last year), and for the requisite c nversion of
corn into spirits, glucose, starch, and the seed for 65,000,000 acres or more to be
planted, the actual consumption of the year for man and beast may thus be stated,
after distribution of the remnant of the county surplus not required for the mis-
cellaneous uses indicated above:

Bushels.

For human food 150,000.000

For feed of work animals 520,000,000

For feed for meat-producing animals 780, 000, 000

Total 1,450,000,000

Leaving for export, seed, spirits, and surplus 167, 025, 100

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
The returns by States are as follows:

741

States.

Human food.

Food for work
animals.

Food for cattle
and swine.

Shipped from
county.

Bushels.

P.ct.

Bushels.

P.ct.

Bushels.

P.ct.

Bushels.

P.ct.

198, 968
130,605
231,636
160, b36
33, 348
138,696
2,118,750
790, 424
8,016,682
393, 660
1,611,423
5,744,640
6,852,140
4,089,050
8, 788, 200
927, 225
7,036,150
6, 349, 056

22
15
12
13
12
12
10
8
9
10
9
16
20
25
24
25

21
20
12
13
9
12
8
6
9
5
4
8
7
4
I
4
3
31
26

721,320
235,089
540,484
420,648
105,602
300,508
6, ,356, 250
3,778,264
14,361,204
1,259,712
6, 445. 692
13,643,520
13,704.280
9,159.472
16,844,050
2,114,073
16,311,075
16,023,808
8,781.840
36,147,291
19,312,104
27,819,782
5,970.800
24,160.288
25,196,184
8,860,296
25,796.2:52
32,820,642
7,084,a52
5,704,452
28,078,016
34,007,400
26, 001, 468
11,546,948
697, 725
3,900

30
27
28
34
38
26
30
38
33
32
36
38
40
56
46
57
51
53
60
57
56
37
40
32
27
31

18
22
27
16
20
18
14
25
3

416,024
487,592
1,080,968
643,344
130,171
693, 480
11,653,125
3,977,120
20,018,648
1,495,908
5,908,551
11,130,240
9,935,603
2,944,116
8,055,850
519,246
6,716,325
6,a51,392
2,341,824
15,219,912
8,966,334
25,564,124
6,120,070
32,465,387
46,659,600
15,434,064
52,667,307
83, 874, 974
18,354,912
11,408,904
96, 518, 180
91,819,980
66, 448, 196
35, 465. 626
948,906
67,600

46
-.
56
52
49
60
55
40
46
38
33
31
29
18
22
14
21
22
16
24
26
34
41
43
50
54
49
46
57
54
55
54
46
43
34
52

18,088
17,414
77,212
12, 372
2, 779
23,116
1,069,876
1,391,992
5,228,250
787,320
3,939,034
5,385,600
3, 768, 677
163, 562
2,929,400
148, ,356
1, 918,950
1,209,344
585, 456
4,439,141
1,724,295
15,037,720
1,044,890
12,835,153
15,864,2(54
1,714,896
23, 646, 546
58,347.808
4,186,208
3,535,312
43,871,909
a5, 707, 770
46,224,8152
32,991,280
279,090
24,700

2
2

4
1
1
2
5
14
12
20
22
15
11
1
8
4
6
4
4
7
5
20
7
17
17
6
22
32
13
12
25
21
32
40
10
19

New Hampshire .

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

New York

Virginia ...

North Carolina

South Carolina

Georgia

Florida

Alabama..

Mississippi . .

Louisiana

2,927,280
7,609,956
4,483,167
6, 766, 974
1,791,240
6,040,072
5,599,152
2,572,344
5,374,215
7 293 476

Texas

Arkansas

Tennessee ... .

West Virginia

Kentucky

Ohio

Michigan ....

Indiana

Illinois

2,576,128
1,478,932
7,019,504
8,501,850
5,778,104
2,474,346
865,179
33,800

Minnesota .

Iowa

Missouri ....

Kansas

Nebraska

California

Oregon

Nevada

Colorado .

50,688
17,100
604,500

30
13

215,424
28.500
1,999,500

51
50
43

80,256
11,400
1,534,500

19
20
33

76,032

Arizona

Dakota .

511,500

Idaho

Montana

New Mexico

250,900
33,000
37,200

26
12
60

463,200
85,250
6,200

48
31
10

154,400
112, 750
6,200

16
41
10

96,500
44,000
12,400

10
16
20

Utah

Washington

The corn-surplus States.

Practically we have only to consider the surplus-corn States in an inquiry con-
cerning the corn of commerce or current and prospective prices. Commercial
prices are made by the production of seven States. .In addition to these, Kentucky
and Tennessee usually add something to this surplus, ordinarily not enough to
affect prices. In two of these seven. Illinois and Iowa, the crop of 1882 was not
much superior to that of 1881, and theavailable supply of the present year actually
less than that of last year, which had a larger stock left over from the previous
year's supply. The lOvftl prices in those States are therefore comparatively high.
The following statement shows the proportion and quantity on hand in those
States March 1, 1883:

States.

Crop.

Stock.

Per

cent.

Ohio . .

Bushels.
93,319,200

Bushels.
27, 062, 568

Indiana .

107, 484, 300

38,694,348

182 336 900

67 464 653

Iowa. ..- -

175,487.600

52,646,280

Missouri __ .. - .

170,037,000

51,011,100

Kansas

144.452,600

47,669,358

Nebraska ......... _ . .

82,478,200

35,465,626

Total

955,595,800

320,013,933

742

SW1JNE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The proportion of Illinois on hand at this date is ordinarily much larger than
that of other States. In 18*1 it was 4~> per cent, or 3r>, 000,000 to 40,000,000 bushels
more than the present remainder. The percentage is about the same as that of
1882. Iowa has a smaller proportion on hand than last year, and less than half
the number of bushels remaining on the 1st of March, is.Sl. The comparison of
the stock on hand in the seven States is, in round numbers, as follows:

Bushels.

Marchl,1833 320,000,000

March 1,1882 200, 000. nun

Marchl,1881 413,000,000

PORK TRADE AT THE PACKING CENTERS.

NenrTy one-third of all the hogs which go into the trade of this country are
packed at Chicago, therefore a thorough study has been made of all that pertains
to the handling of hogs for this market from the time they are purchased in the
country until the meat is cured, packed, and shipped to the seaboard.

It will not be out of place to present here some carefully-prepared statements
of the provision business at Chicago:

Receipts and shipments of hogs (at Chicago) for twenty years.

Received.

Shipped.

Live.

Dressed

Total.

Live.

Dressed.

Total

1864

1,285,871

289.457

1,575,328

561,277

98,115

659 392

1MT>

757,072

92,239

819,311

575.511

69.034

644, 515

1866

933, 233

353. 1 >93

1 886 :;.'<;

484 793

91 306

576 '''.i!'

1867

1, 696, 689

M>. CM

LUST, i-o

7(iO, 547

15t; ml

916 I'biS

1868

1 706.592

21,923

1 (is* .")!.")

1,020 812

"20 901

1 217 7i;j

1869

1,661,86!)

L90.5U

1,862,888

1,080,305

199,050

1 2-5 955

1870

1,693,158

200,214

1.953.372

924, 483

171,188

l,li!t."i 071

1871

2, 380, (183

272, 400

2 052.519

1,162,286

inn 1:3

1 331 75!)

1872

3,252.023

235.905

3,488,528

l,si5.594

145, 701

1.9,- 1 ;95

1873

4,337.750

233,156

4 5711 '.Hlti

:.' I'.C .v>7

200,906

2 398 Hi.!

1871

4,259,629

213,038

4, 472, 007

2,330,661

197, 747

2 5"s his

1875

3,912,110

173,012

4,085,122

1,582,648

153. 523

1,730, hit;

1876

4,190,006

148.622

4,338,1)28

1,131.035

79,651

1 211 :'8<t

1877

4,025,970

164,339

4,190,309

951,221

94,648

1,015 N,U

1878

6,339,654

10.'. 512

6,442,166

1,260,906

26.039

1,292, 945

1879

6,448,300

91.1)41

0,5:!'.), 344

1.092.301

40, 024

i,7'32 :K)

1880

7,059,355

M. Kt;

7, Us, 457

1,904,990

88, m

1.42S, 184

1881

6,474,844

52, (-3.J

ti, 527,1179

1,289,679

46,819

1 330 528

1882

5,817,504

36,778

5,854,282

1,747.722

40,196

1,787 918

1883

5,640,625

56,538

5,697,163

1,319,392

44,307

1,363,759

Statement of bacon, Jiams, and dry-salted meats, pork, and lard inspected at
Chicago for ten years ending 1881.

Years.

Bacon, hams,
and dry-salted
meats.

Pork.

Lard.

1872

Pounds.

245. 288, 104

Barrels.

208,664

Pounds.

86,040,7a r >

18; :( . .

343. 90, (121

191.144

89,847 680

1874 . ..

262. '.131. 1*12

231.350

82,209,887

1875

302,111,943

818,719

115,610. ii!

1876 . .

467,289,109

31ii,314

138, 210. 376

1877

479, 920, 231

2%, 156

147,000,010

1878...

747,209,774

346,366

244,323,9:!3

1879

835, 62!), 510

&V1.255

2T>' (Ml 2!I5

1880

958,036,113

367,324

333.539. 13S

1881

782,993,729

316,999

278,531,733

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

743

PorTc packing in Chicago for the last twenty years, March 1 to March 1.

Season.

Number of
hogs packed.

Season.

Number of
bogs packed.

1863 64

904, 659

1873-74

1 826 560

18(54-65

760,514

1874-75

2, 136, 716

]S05 66

507, 355

1875-76

2 320 846

1866-67

639.332

1876-77

2, 933, 486

1S67-68

796, 226

1877-78

4 009 311

1868 69

597, 954

1878-79

4 960 956

1809-70

688,140

1879-80...

4, 680, 637

1870-71

919, 197

1880-81...

5 752 191

1871-72

1,225,236

1881-82

5, 100, 484

1872-73

1,456,650

1882-83

4,222 780

A special investigation has also been made of the methods and conditions which
obtain at each of the large packing centers of the country, and as our facts for
each of these have been drawn from different sources, and the statements care-
fully compared, it is believed that they are entirely reliable.

The members of the commission have made a personal inspection of the stock
yards, the principal slaughterhouses, the stock trains in transit, and as they reach
the respective stock yards. Carefully prepared sets of interrogatories were fur-
nished the railroad companies, the stock-yard corporations, and the packers, which
covered instructions to railroad agents, stock contracts, and care of hogs in transit,
their care and condition at the stock yards, and the slaughter, curing, inspec-
tion, and packing. The information thus obtained from different parties has been
compared and confirmed by careful reports from the officers of the boards of health
exercising supervision at the respective districts where are located the stock yards
and packing houses and the intelligent inspectors of the humane association. A
special agent familiar with the trade has also been employed to follow it through
all its intricate ramifications. In order to obtain full and trustworthy informa-
tion on the many important points connected with this subject, it has been found
necessary to gather the facts from different sources and through various channels
and to confirm and extend our own knowledge thus acquired by the aid of experts
who have long been familiar with the various branches of this business.

In all cases the statements of interested parties have been controlled by our own
observations or by the investigations of other disinterested persons, and generally
by both.

Interrogatories were prepared to cover the respective subjects of investigation,
copies of which are inserted with their respective topics.

TRANSPORTATION OF HOGS FROM SHIPPING POINTS TO STOCK YARDS.

The following interrogatories on railroad transportation were personally pre-
sented to the several railroad companies, and information covering the various
points of investigation was in all cases fully and cheerfully granted:

1. Are dead hogs ever allowed to be transported?

2. Are diseased hogs allowed to be transported?

3. If transported, to what points are they carried?

4. It has been stated that " hogs which have died of cholera have been shipped
to Chicago to be cured and packed." Are you aware of such being the fact?

5. Does the station agent examine hogs as to their condition before receiving
them?

6. Has he authority to reject any hogs?

7. Would hogs in following condition ordinarily be received for transportation?

a. Diseased.

b. Bruised.

c. Over-fatigued, feverish.

d. Piggy (pregnant) sows.

e. Hogs evidently needing food or water.

8. What is the rule as to the number of hogs to be loaded into a car?

9. What is the nature of the bill of lading given? Please give blank form.

10. Is the condition of the hogs usually specified in bill of lading?

11. Do your railroad regulations compel your employees to look after the hogs
in transit?

12. What care do hogs have while in transit?

13. Does the owner or shipper accompany the hogs?

14. What are the regulations regarding this?

744

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

15. What examinations of the bogs are made in transit for injury, bruising,
smothering, and death?

1C. What food is given them?

17. How frequent?

18. Of what quality?
lit. How much?

20. What care is taken as to condition or quality of water given?

21. How often are they watered?

22. What quantity is given?

23. Is water ever used for cooling the hogs?

24. Under what circumstances, and what regulations and arrangements have
you therefor?

25. What is the ordinary length of journey allowed?

26. How are the cars prepared for transporting hogs?

27. How often are the cars cleansed?

28. How are they cleansed?

29. Is any special care taken to disinfect cars in which diseased hogs have been
carried?

The important relations which the railroads bear to the subject under investi-
gation will appear from the following statement from page 284 of the recent
report of the Department of Agriculture, dat-d November 10, 1883:

The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad transported about one-third of
the cattle to Chicago. It runs through a corn belt perhaps unsurpassed in the
United States, which continues to maintain its superiority as a source of cattle
supply. The Chicago and Northwestern still maintains second rank as a feeder
to tbe great cattle mart. Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific is third, and Chicago
and Alton fourth, as in the previous year, while the Wabash has changed places
with the Milwaukee and St. Paul during the last year. The receipts come by the
following routes:

Total receipts by railway lines for 1882.

Road.

Cattle.

Calves.

Hogs.

Sheep.

Horses.

Baltimore and Ohio . ... ._ . .

Number.
1.260

Number.
853

Number.
22 891

Number.

Number.
176

Chicago and Alton

199,141

296

:?&.-). ~-&

m.fM

Chicago, Burlington and Quincy

491,800

2 174

I .>Vi li**

168 181

:.' 4 It;

Chicago and Eastern Illinois

26.403

636

98.439

15,013

Chicago and Grand Trunk

1,951

8<I2

UK. sn

1,300

542

Chicago. Milwaukee and St. Paul . ...

154, 873

4.067

735. 203

94.044

866

Chicago and Northwestern

223,l>7

5,42(1

1,061.616

111,:U4

880

Chicago. Rock Island and Pacific

212.884

601

>:.'. :M

42 460

1,^1

Illinois Central

95, 415

987

592, 212

36,368

1,032

Lake Shore and Michigan Southern

4,474

4,527

54,235

11,362

1,764

Louisville, New Albany and Chicago

7,611

388

18.976

3,418

Michigan Central

3,030

1,549

39,279

7,804

728

New York, Chicago and St. Louis

2,761

Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St. Louis

5,127

373

46.595

4,596

:wi

Pittsliurg, Fort Wayne and Chicago

3,286

1,834

21.071

2,763

159

Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific... .

146,104

373

351,961

54,590

1.259

Total shipments by railway lines for 1882.

Railroad.

Cattle.

Calves.

Hogs.

Sheep.

Horses.

Baltimore and Ohio

Number.

46 002

Number.
3

Number.
27 794

Number.

1 lilTi

Number.
290

Chicago and Alton

: :;r.i

837

514

2 052

Chicago, Burlington and Quincy

5,257

1,678

114

6,029

198

Chicago and Eastern Illinois .

:; -.>

212

Chicago and Grand Trunk

47 .'.< 1

22,241

47, 158

290

Chicago. Milwaukee and St. Paul

13,642

1.0S2

280

6,957

3,654

Chicago and Northwestern

16,764

1.795

3,825

6,445

2,560

Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific

21,780

1.342

1,864

181

Illinois Central

10,424

1.410

:' !.V,

3.2H3

Lake Shore and Michigan Southern

272. 778

831

*-c,.\>: i

137,602

3. US

Louisville, New Albany and Chicago

708

Michigan Central

207 1*01

559, 459

5 037

1,017

New York, Chicago and St. Louis

342

510

Pittsburtf, Cincinnati and St. Louis

5,698

222

1!K)

100

Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago

2.V* 2i(l

264,302

94,016

1,1!1

Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific

_'. :>',:

673

1,654

BWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

745

Shipments eastward.

The shipments eastward have augmented more rapidly than population. Phila-
delphia has made the largest relative gain in cattle, though the absolute increase
in n ambers is. of course, made by New York. The receipts of veals in New York
have increased from 91.529 in 181.59 to 190,582 in 1882.

The New York Produce Exchange record of these shipments is as follows:
In the record for swine the most noticeable change is the remarkable movement
to Boston, which is now nearly equal to the aggregate receipts of Philadelphia and
Baltimore.

Receipts of hogs at the seaboard cities.

Year.

New York.

Boston.

Philadelphia.

Baltimore.

Total.

1869

Nurn her.
901,725

Num ber.
167, 558

Number.
176,200

Num ber.
250 516

Number.
1 495 999

1870

889,625

189,330

189 500

300 000

1 568 455

1871 ..

1,310,280

a51,307

199, 610

350 000

2 211 197

1872

1, 923, 727

602,625

210 276

314 269

3 050 897

1873

1,958,389

854,507

344,300

392, 7134

3 549 930

1874...

1,774,221

587, 721

339, 590

a57,547

3,059,079

1875 . .

1,388,517

331,989

243,300

279,631

2,243 437

1876

1, 222, 657

361,317

289,900

259 064

2 132 938

1877

1,208.596

330,604

242,400

322, 945

2, 164, 545

1878

1,794,539

510,432

282,060

260 514

2 847 545

1879

1, 725 537

582, 615

341,450

356 524

3 006 1*6

1880

1,'.1'.,137

691,839

346,960

336,867

3 094 sui

1.-81 .

1,533,526

708,900

367,876

338,551

2.948,853

1882

1,306,848

816, 535

186,800

268,811

2,638 994

Hogs for the trade are gathered together at the various shipping points on the
railway lines. When loaded into the cars, if any have died from any cause while
awaiting shipment, which seldom occurs, the dead animals are placed in the cars
and the railroad agent notes on the way-bill the number of " live" and the number
of " dead hogs." Some railroad companies state that such dead hogs would not be
carried by them; others would carry them only to points where there are offal-
rendering establishments. We have been unable to learn, after careful investiga-
tion, of any special shipment of hogs which have died from disease to any of the
cities where hogs are packed, or even from country districts to city offal-rendering
works. Some roads, however, provide for the transportation of hogs which have
died from disease, provided they are solidly frozen.

We herewith append the "Classification on dead hogs" in use by the Chicago
and Northwestern Railway Company.

By this classification less than carload lots of dead hogs are placed in third class,
the same as in the case of live hogs; but in carload lots live hogs go in class 4,
while carload lots of 20.000 pounds dead hogs are placed in Class C. The differ-
ence in rates may be understood by the folio wing exam pie: Between Huron ( S. Dak. )
and Chicago the rate for class 3 is 90 cents per hundred; for class 4, 70 cents, and
for C, 35 cents.

In connection with the classification on hogs that have died from disease, it may
be desirable, for general information, to give the special rates on live hogs from
Western to principal Eastern points. They are made on carload lots, either ordi-
nary or refrigerator cars; in the latter case the through rates being 5 cents higher
per hundred pounds. The minimum weight of hogs per carload by the Baltimore
and Ohio classification is 22,000 pounds per double-decked car. and 16,000 pounds per
single-decked car. The winter rates (December) of this company are as follows:

Articles.

To Baltimore from

To Philadelphia f rom

Chicago.

Milford Junc-
tion.

Sandusky.

Newark.

Chicago.

Milford Junc-
tion.

Sandusky.

Newark.

Hogs:
Dressed, refrigerator cars, O. R. .per 1(10 Ibs..
Dressed, ordinary cars do

66
61

64
59

49*

44i

67
62

65
60

50*
45*

746

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Articles.

To New York from

To Boston from

Chicago.

Milford Junc-
tion.

Sandusky.

Newark.

Chicago.

Milford Junc-
tion.

Sandusky.

Hogs:
Dressed, refrigerator cars, O. R. .per 100 Ibs. .
Dressed, ordinary cars do

67
62

521

471

74
69

72
67

57*

The Pennsylvania Company's rates for December are as follows:

Chi

cago t

East S

t. LOB

is to-

Articles.

Hogs:

Dressed, common cars, O. R., C.

L . per 100 Ibs

Dressed, common cars, O. R., L.

C.L per 100 Ibs..

O. R. Owner's risk; C. L. Carload; L. C. L. Less than carload.

In inserting these and other tables the commiss'on have deemed it important
that all regulations relating to transportation of animals, to the health of the com-
munity, should be laid before the public in condensed and available form.

[1882-G. P. D. No. 398.]

CHICAGO AND NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY COMPANY,

GENERAL FREIGHT DEPARTMENT,

Chicago, December 14, 1SS2.
To agents:
The following will be classification on dead hogs:

Hogs that have died from disease, when frozen solid Third class.

In carloads of 20,000 pounds Class C.

Do not receive them for shipment unless frozen solid.

WILLIAM S. MELLEN,

General Freight Agent.
HENRY C. WICKER,

Freight Traffic Manager.

(Fill up this Form and return it at once. Do not wait to be asked for it.)

Station, No. ,

[1882. P. G. D. No. ;
, 1882.

Received copy of GK F. D. No. 398, dated December 14, 1882.

-, Agent.

To WILLIAM S. MELLEN,

General Freight Agent, C. & N. W. Rwy., Chicago,

Where hogs have died in considerable numbers, as they have sometimes done in
country districts from swine plague, etc.. they are either disposed of to be " ren-
dered as offal '' in the locality or are buried. Diseased hogs offered for shipment, if
discovered, would be refused by some transportation companies. As a matter of
fact, hogs in such condition are seldom offered for shipment, as they would be
nearly certain to die before reaching the end of the route, and would cause the
whole lot to be looked upon with suspicion and greatly reduce the amount real-

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

747

ized from them. While, therefore, it is probable that hogs in the first stages
of disease might be and possibly at times are shipped in railway lines, it must
seldom occur, for the reason it does not pay. The animal would be either dead or
too obviously sick to deceive buyers, even before it reached the city stock yards.

The following question, being No. 4 of the interrogatories in the foregoing list,
has been asked of the several railroad companies, agents of the humane societies,
and boards of health, and employees of the stock yards, viz:

"It has been stated that 'hogs, having died of cholera, have been shipped to
Chicago to be cured and packed.' Are you aware of such Reing the fact?"

This question has uniformly been answered in the negative. The skin and flesh
of such hogs is very much discolored, and if slaughtered and attempted to be
cured the meat from them would be easily and at once detected. Our special
agent, inspectors of the humane and health boards, and the packers deem it
impossible for such animals to be slaughtered. The flesh would not cure without
that incipient putrefaction taking place which produces what is known in the
trade as "soar meat."

As a rule, the station agents of the different railroads do not examine hogs for
diseases, bruises, etc., beiore receiving them 1'or transportation: if discovered,
however, they have specific instructions to reject them lor thtse causes. The
quality and condition of the hogs and number to be loaded into the car are left
almost exclus vely to the judgment of the shipper, who is generally the owner of
the hogs, subject to the rules of the railroad companies. The number shipped in
a car varies with the size of the hogs and also o: the car from 45 to 70 head, but
as a rule is from 50 to 05. The condition of the hogs is not c! early specified in the
bill of lading, and if the shipper or his agents accompany the stock the care of
this is not assumed by the railroad employees. On some roads the shipper seldom
avails himself of the privilege granted by all railway companies of allowing trans-
portation for one man to accompany every two cars of stock. On other roads the
shipper usually accompanies the animals and cares for them. Some companies
instruct their employees to be particular in examining the hogs when stops are
made, but such is not true of all the roads.

There are here inserted the ordinary forms of "live-stock contracts" in use by
the several railroads in this country.

[Form 1134 8 '83 100M. The Missouri Pacific Railway Company and leased and operated lines.
Rules and regulations for the transportation of live stock.]

No station agent of this company has any power or authority to bind this company in regard
to the shipment of live stock except by written contract in the following form; neither has such
agent any power or authority to contract to have cars at his or any other station for the ship-
ment of live stock at any given or named date, or to agree to furnish, under any circumstances,
any particular class or kind of cars.

Live stock of all kinds at the following estimated weights, first-class rates: One horse, mule,
or horned animal, 2,000 pounds; two horses, mules, or horned animals, 3,5()0 pounds; three horses,
mules, or horned animals, 5,000 pounds; each additional animal to be rated at 1,500 pounds; jacks
or stallions, 4,000 pounds each; calves, hogs, and sheep, each 300 pounds.

In case the owner or consignor agrees to save the Missouri Pacific Railway Company from
liability for any or all the causes enumerated in the following contract, and also agrees to load,
unload, feed, water, and attend to the stock himself, &c., as specified therein, the rates agreed
upon and specified in the contract will be given.

The said The Missouri Pacific Railway Company, as aforesaid, will not assume any liability
over the actual value, but in no case exceeding one hundred dollars per head on horses and
valuable live stock, except by special agreement.

For the purpose of tailing care of the stock, the owner or men in charge, in proportion to the
mimber of cars as indorsed hereon, will be passed on the train with it, and all persons thus
passed are at their own risk of any personal injury whatever, and will agree to sign release to
that effect indorsed on contract.

Way-
bill.

Live-stock contract executed at

station.

, 188 .

This agreement, made between the Missouri Pacific Railway Company of
the first part and of the second part, wituesseth:

That whereas the Missouri Pacific Railway Company transports live stock
as per above rules and regulations, all of which are hereby made a part of
this contract by mutual agreement between the parties hereto; now, there-
fore, for the considerations and the mutual covenants and conditions herein
contained, the said first party will transport for the said second party live

stock, and the persons in charge thereof as hereinafter provided, from

station, to station, at the rate of per , the same being a

special rate, lower than the regular rates, or a rate mutually agreed upon
between the parties hereto, for and in consideration of which the said
second party hereby covenants and agrees as follows:

First. That he hereby releases the party of the first part from the liability
of a common carrier in the transportation of said stock and agrees that such
liability shall be only that of a mere forwarder ?r private carrier for hire,
and also hereby agrees to waive and release, and does hereby release, said
first party from any and all liability for or on account of any delay in ship-
ping said stook after the delivery thereof to its agent, and from any delay
in receiving the same after being tendered to its agent.

748

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Way-
bill.

Second. That said second party hereby agrees to accept, and does accept,
for the transportation of his said stock, the cars tendered him by the said
first party, and agrees that he will see that they are in good and safe condi-
tion, and that they are securely fastened so as to prevent the escape of said
stock therefrom, and that he will not hold said first party responsible for
any loss or damage which may result from neglect or failure on his part, or
of his agents or employes, to do so; and also agrees to assume, and does
hereby assume, all risks of injury or loss to his stock because of any defect
in said cars, of their being wild, unruly, weak, or maiming each other or
themselves, or of heat, suffocation, or other results of being crowded in the
cars, or of being injured or destroyed by fire on any account whatever, and
especially because of burning hay, straw, or other materials used for bedding
the cars, or feeding the stock, or for any other purpose.

Third. That, at his own risk and expense, he is to take care of, feed, water,
and attend to said stock, while the same may be in the stock yards of the
said first party, or elsewhere, awaiting shipment, and while the same is
being loaded, transported, unloaded and reloaded, and to load and unload,
and reload the same at feeding and transfer points, and wherever the same
may be unloaded and reloaded, for any purpose whatever, and hereby cove-
nants and agrees to hold said first party harmless on account of any and all
losses or damages to his said stock while being so in his charge, and so cared
for, and attended to, by him or his agents or employes, as aforesaid.

Fourth. That he, the said second party, for the considerations aforesaid,
hereby assumes, and releases said first party from all risks of injury or loss
which may be sustained by reason of any delay in the transportation of his
said stock, caused by any mob. strike, threatened or actual violence to per-
sons or property, from any source, failure of machinery or cars, injury to
track or yards, storms, floods, escape or robbery of any of said stock, over
loading cars, fright of animals, or crowding one upon another, or any and
all causes, except the gross negligence of the said first party.

Fifth. That in all cases, when said first party shall furnish, for the accom-
modation of said second party, laborers to assist in loading or unloading his
stock, they shall be entirely subject to his orders and deemed his own em-
ployes while so engaged: and he hereby agrees to hold said first party harm-
lesson account of their acts.

Sixth. That for the considerations aforesaid, said second party further ex-
pressly agrees that, as a condition precedent to his right to any damages for
any loss or injury to his said stock during the transportation thereof or pre-
vious to loading thereof for shipment, he will give notice, in writing, verified
by affidavit of nis claim therefor, to some general officer of said first party
or to its nearest station agent, before said stock is removed from the poiuc
of shipment or from the place of destination, and before such stock is min-
gled with other stock, within one day after the delivery of such stock at its
point of destination, and before the same shall have been removed, slaugh-
tered, or intermingled with other stock, to the end that such claim may be
fully and fairly investigated, and that a failure to fully comply with the
terms of this clause shall be a complete bar to any recovery of any and all
such claims.

Seventh. The said second party further agrees, for the considerations
aforesaid, that in case of total loss of any of his said stock from any cause
for which the said first party will be liable to pay for the same, the actual cash
value at the time and place of shipment, but in no case to exceed one hun-
dred dollars per head, shall be taken and deemed as a full compensation
therefor, and in case of injury or partial loss the amount or damaged claimed
shall not exceed the same proportion.

Eighth. That this contract does not entitle the holder thereof, or any other
person, to ride on any train except for the purposes and in accordance with
the rules and instructions printed on the back hereof, all of which are hereby
expressly accepted and agreed to be made a part of this contract.

Ninth. This contract does not entitle the holder or other parties to ride in the cars of any
train except the train in which his stock, referred to herein, is drawn 01 taken. Neither does
it entitle him (and the party of the second part named in this contract so expressly stipulates,

admits, and agrees) to return passage from to unless this said contract is presented

within 15 days from the date hereof to the properly authorized agent of this company for
return pass, which pass, when obtained, shall be used by those only whose names are written
herein within 34 hours after the date and hour issued. Nor does it entitle any person except
the party of the second part and parties who accompany him in charge of said stock, for the
purpose of assisting him in taking care of the same, as specified in and upon this contract
(and does not include women, infants, or other persons unable to do and perform the services
required, as expressed in this contract), to such return passage within the said 15 days; the
object, purpose, and intent of the return pass being to enable the said party of the second part
hereto or his men in charge, as expressed in contract, and no other person, to return to
thereon, at any time within 15 days from date hereof, and not thereafter.

Tenth. For the considerations aforesaid the said second party hereby further agrees that the
said persons in charge of said stock under this contract shall remain in the calx>ose car attached
to the train while the sam^ is in motion, and that whenever such persons shall leave the calx >!>*<
car or pass over or along the cars or track, they shall do so at their own risk of personal injury
from every cause whatever, and that the said first party shall not be required to stop or start
its caboose cars from depots or platforms or to furnish lights for the accommodation or safety
of such persons.

Eleventh. In consideration of the rates herein named and the aforesaid covenants the shipper
hereby releases and does waive and bar any and all cause of action for damages that has accrued
to him by any written or verbal contract prior to the execution hereof.

Twelfth. And it is further stipulated and agreed between the parties hereto that in case the
live stock mentioned herein is to be transported over the road or roads of any other railroad
company the said party of the first part shall be released f rt>m liability of every kind after said
live stock shall have left its road, and the party of the second part hereby so expressly stipu-

SWINE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

749

lates and agrees; the understanding of both parties hereto being that the party of the first part
shall not be held or deemed liable for anything beyond the line of the Missouri Pacific Railway
Company, excepting to protect the through rate of freight named herein.

Thirteenth. No person other than the owner of the stock shipped, or his duly authorized agent,
in the name of the owner, shall be allowed to sign this contract.

Fourteenth. The evidence that the said second party, after fully understanding and accepting
all the terms, covenants, and conditions of this contract, including the printed rules and regu-
lations at its head and on the back thereof, and that they all constitute a part hereof, fully
assents to each and all of the same, is his signature hereto.

, Agent
for the railway Company.

Witness:

To be other than either of the contractors.

, Shipper.

[Form 123. Wabash, Saint Louis and Pacific Railway Company. Live stock contract. Rules
and regulations for the transportation of live stock.]

Live stock in quantities less than a full carload will be rated as follows:

One horse, mule, or horned animal.. 2,000 pounds, first class.

Two horses, mules, or horned animals 3.500 pounds, first class.

Three horses, mules, or horned animals 5,UOO pounds, first class.

Each additional horse, mule, or horned animal 1,000 pounds, first class.

Stallions (be sure and take release) 4,000 pounds, first class.

Calves, though in no case less than 75 cts. each ea. 500 pounds, once and half first class.

Sheep, though in no case less than 75 cts. each ea. 200 pounds, once and half first class.

Pigs and store hogs, actual weight once and half first class.

This line will not assume any liability over one hundred dollars on horses and valuable live
stock except by special agreement.

Agents are not allowed to receive and ship such valuable horse or other animal until a proper
contract or release is signed by the owner or shipper thereof.

When live stock is shipped the 9wner or his agent is to feed, water, and take care of his stock,
at his own expense and risk, and is to assume all risk of injury or damage that the animals may
do to them.selves or each other, or which may arise from delay of trains.

Stock will only be taken by the carload at the prices fixed under the table of "special rates,"
when a contract is executed by the station agent and shipper, to be loaded and unloaded,
watered, and fed by the owner, and at his risk in all respects, except as specified in form of con-
tract on receipt below.

Shippers in charge of stock will be passed on freight trains, on stock contract as follows:

One (1) man for two (2) or three (3) cars: two (2) men for four (4) to seven (7) cars; and three
(3) men for eight (8) oars or more, which is the maximum number that will be passed with stock
for one owner. All persons thus passed are at their own risk of personal injury from any cause
whatever.

Men in charge of stock will not be allowed to ride on passenger trains on their stock contract.

Mixed shipments of stock will not be allowed except by special authority of the general freight
algent.

Agents of the company are not authorized to agree to forward live stock to be delivered at
any specific time, nor are they authorized to agree to furnish cars for shippers to load at any
stated time; they will make requisition on train master for cars in the order in which shippers
have applied for them, and when cars are received, will distribute them in like manner.

Agents will ask train master for instructions as to when, and for what train, stock should be
loailed, and will not allow shippers to load their stock until such instructions have been received.

Stock pens, at stations on the line, are provided for the use and convenience of live stock ship-

Eers; but it must be distinctly understood that the company does not assume any liability for
ve stock while remaining in such pens; and no agent oi the company will receipt for or in any-
way acknowledge the receipt of live stock while in the pens, and will.not execute contract until
stock is loaded.

No. of
cars.

This agreement, made this day of , A. D. 18, between the "Wabash, Saint

Louis and Pacific Railway Company," party of the first part, and , wit-

nesseth:

That the party of the first part will, in consideration of the agreement herein con-
tained, forward to the party of the second part, men and the following freight,

to wit: from to . at the rate of per , which is a reduced

rate expressly agreed upon between the parties hereto, and in consideration of which
rate the party of the second part stipulates and agrees as follows: First. The party of
the second part agree to take care of said freight while the same is being transported,
and load and unload the same at his or their own risk and expense. Second. The party
of the second part expressly agrees that neither the party of the first part nor any con-
necting line or lines over which said freight may pass, shall be responsible for any loss,
damage, or injury which may happen to said freight, or be sustained by it, while being
loaded, forwarded, or unloaded. Third. The party of the second part agrees that as
soon as said live stock is placed in said cars, he will see that all the doors and openings
in said cars are closed and so fastened, and afterwards kept so closed and fastened 4 is
to prevent the escape of said stock therefrom, and the party of the second part in con-
sideration of this agreement, hereby releases the party of the first part and all con-
necting lines from all claims for damage or loss sustained by the party of the second
part in consequence of the escape of any of said live stock through the doors and open-
ings in said cars. Fuurtk. It is agreed that neither the party of the first part nor any
connecting line shall be responsible for any damage or injury sustained by said live
stock from suffocation while in :-aid cars, or lor any injury caused by overloading
cars, or from fright of animals, or from the crowding of one upon or against another.
Fifth. It is agreed that neither the party of the first part nor any connecting line shall

750

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

No. of
cars.

be responsible for any delay caused by storm, failure of machinery or cars, or from
obstructions of track from any cause, or for any injury caused by fire from any .
whatever. Sixth. In consideration of this agreement, the party of the second part
hereby releases thei>arty of the first part and connecting lines from all clnimsfor dam-
age that may be occasioned by the burning of hay, straw, or other material placed in said
car, or cars, for the purposeof feeding or bedding said stock. .Stivii th. The party of the
second part, in consideration of the rate named in this contract, further agrees to water
and feed said stock at his or their own risk and expense while the same is in the cars of
said first party or connecting lines, and in the event of any unusual delay or detention of
said live stock while on said trip from any cause whatever, the party of the second part
agrees to accept as full compensation for all loss or damage sustained in consequence of
such delay, the amount actually expended by him or them in the purchase of food and
water for the stock aforesaid. Eighth. The party of the second part hereby agrees to
assume all risk of injury or damage to, or escape of the live stock aforesaid, which
may happen to it while in the stock yards of the said first party awaiting shipment at any
point on any line of railroad owned or operated by it. Sinth. It is hereby further
agreed by and between the parties hereto, that the party of the first part and the con-
necting hues over which said freight may pass, shall be deemed merely forwarders,
and they shall only be responsible for such injuries to said live stock as may be caused
by gross negligence. Tenth. In consideration of the rate aforesaid it is further HX
that no claim for damages which may accrue to the party of the second part under t his
contract, shall be allowed or paid by the party of the first part, or sued for in any court.
by the party of the second part, unle.ss a claim for such loss or damage shall be ma-1-- in
writing, verified by the affidavit of the party of the second part or his or their agent.
and delivered to the general freight agent of the party of the first part at his office, in
the city of Saint Louis within five (5) days from the time said stock is removed from
said cars; and it is also agreed that if any loss or damage occurs upon a connecting line.
then such line shall not be liable unlessa claim shall be made in like manner, and deli vert- d
inline time, to some officer or general agent of the line on which the loss or injury o.-nirs,
but it is expressly agreed between the parties hereto, that said first party shall not be
responsible for any damage or injury to, or loss or detention of said live stock aft. -r
the same shall have left tne line of railroad operated by said first party, and that all
responsibility of said first party under this contract shall cease after said live stock
shall have been delivered to a connecting line to be forwarded to its destination.
Eleventh. It is agreed that neither the party of the first part, nor any connecting line,
shall be liable for more than the sum of one hundred dollars on account of the loss or
injury of any one horse or other animal received or carried by the party of the first
part under this contract. The party of the second part further agrees to release, and
does hereby release the party of the first part and connecting lines, from all claims for
damage or injury to, or loss of said live stock, from any defects in the doors of said
cars or their fastenings, and also from any injury to said stock, caused from, defects in
the slats on said cars, or from the manner in which said slats are placed on said cars,
and from all injuries which said stock may sustain from kicking or goring each other
while in said cars, or from kicking their feet through the slats or sides of said cars. It is
further agreed that the person or persons accompanying said stock under this con-
tract to take care of the same, shall be inside the caboose car attached to the train
whenever said train or caboose car shall be in motion, and that whenever such person
or persons shall leave the caboose or pass over or along the cars or track of said first
party or connecting lines they shall do so at their own risk of personal injury from
every cause whatever, and neither the party of the first part nor connecting lines
shall be required to stop or start its trains or caboose cars at or from depots or plat-
forms or furnish lights for the accomodation or safety of the persons accompanying
said stock to take care of the same under this contract.

Witness our hands in dur>'icate.

WABASH, SAINT Louis AND PACIFIC RAILWAY Co.
By , Agent.

Owner or shipper.

Two copies of this contract will be signed by both the agent of the company and the owner or
shipper one copy to be retained by the shipper and one copy to be returned to general freight
office.

(Across the face:) Not negotiable.

(2,500.)

[The Missouri Pacific Railway; Central Branch U. P. R. R; Missouri, Kansas and Texas Rail
way; Saint Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway; Texas and Pacific Railway; Inter-
national and Great Northern R. R. ; Wabash, Saint Louis and Pacific Railway. Total mileage,
9. 757 miles.]

[The Missouri Pacific Railway Company and Wabash, Saint Louis and Pacific Railway. Office
of freight traffic manager. Circular No. 20. Rules for passing men in charge of shipments of
live stock. J

SAINT LOUIS, December S3, 1883.
To Agents:

The following rales will govern the transportation of men in charge of and accompanying live
stock shipped under contract over the lines within this system. No person will be allowed to
go free with less than two cars in one shipment from one consignor to one consignee. One per-
son may be allowed to go free with two or three cars: two persons with four to seven cars, and
three persons with eight cars or more in one shipment. One person only will be allowed with
any number of cars of hogs or sheep.

RETURNING.

No return pass will be given for less than two cars in one shipment from one consignor to one
consignee. One man may return free for two or three cars, two men for four, five, six, or seven.

SWINE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. T51

and three men for eight cars or more in one shipment. Only one return pass will be given for
two or more cars of hogs or sheep. These rules will not apply on shipments between points gov-
erned by the Southwestern Railway, Iowa Trunk Line, or Colorado Traffic Associations.
This cancels all previous instructions.

GKO. OLDS, Freight Traffic Manager.

[Circular No. 20.]
J. J. ROGERS, General Freight Agent:

Circulars, numbered as above, received , 188 .

, Agent,

Station No. .

Agents receiving will detach, date, sign, and return this receipt to G. F. O. by first train.
NOTE. The agent must in all cases enter plainly the name and number of his station in proper
place above.

[The Missouri Pacific Railway; Central Branch U. P. R. R.; Missouri, Kansas and Texas Rail-
way: Saint Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway; Texas and Pacific Railway; Inter-
national and Great Northern R. R.; Wabash, Saint Louis and Pacific Railway. Total mileage,

9,757.]

[The Missouri Pacific Railway Company and Wabash, Saint Loins and Pacific Railway. Circular
No. 1(12 G. Rules for passing men in charge of shipments of live stock.]

SAINT Louis, October 31, 1883.
To Agents:

The following rules will govern the transportation of men in charge of and accompanying live
stock shipped under contract over the lines within this system. One person will be allowed to
go free with one, two, or three cars: two persons with four to seven cars, and three persons
with eight cars or more in one shipment. One person only will be allowed with any number of
cars of hogs or sheep.

RETURNING.

No return pass will be given for less than two cars in one shipment from one consignor to one
consignee. One man may return free for two or three cars, two men for four, five, six, or
seven, and three men for eight cars or more in one shipment. Only one return pass will be given
for two or more cars of hogs or sheep. These rules will not apply on shipments between points
governed by the Southwestern Railway, Iowa Trunk Line, or Colorado Traffic Association.

GEO. OLDS, Freight Traffic Manager.

[Circular No. 162 G.]
J. J. ROGERS, General Freight Agent:

Circular, numbered as above, received , 18.S3.

, Agent,

Station.

Agents receiving will detach, sign, and return this receipt to G. F. O. by first train.
NOTE. The agent must in all cases enter plainly the name and number of his station in proper
place above.

[The Missouri Pacific Railway Company. Circular No. 90. Transportation of stock.]

ATCHISON, KANS., December 22, 188S.
To Agents and Conductors:

You will give your personal attention to the handling of live stock, both at stations and while
in transit.

Agents are requested to see, personally, to loading stock at their respective stations; to exam-
ine all cars before and after loading, and know, from personal examination, that cars are in
good condition, and that doors are securely fastened and sealed on both corners or side of each
door as soon as cars are loaded.

Conductors are required to notice condition of stock when taken into train and while in
transit; to see, personally, to watering same when the weather requires, and to know, from a
personal examination, that all doors are securely fastened and sealed. In all cases where seals
are not perfect make special report to this office, giving car number and station billed from,
keeping record of such report in your book lor future refereiic<;.

W. W. FAGAN, Superintendent.
L. A. EMERSON,

General Western Freight Agent.

[Circular No. 90.]
L. A. EMERSON,

General Western Freight Agent^ Atchison:
Circular, numbered as above, received , 188 .

, Agent.

Station.

Agents receiving will detach, sign, and return this receipt by first train.

NOTE. The agent must in all cases enter plainly the name of his station in proper place above.

[1-9-84-10 M. 37. Chicago and Northwestern Railway Company. Live-stock contract.]

Live stock in full carloads will be waybilled as follows:

Horses, mules, and cattle 20,000 pounds per car.

Hogs 16,1)00 pounds per car.

Sheep and calves 13,000 pounds per car.

Less than carloads at rates and weights given in classifications.

752

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATKS.

No liability will be assumed on horsesor valuable live stock for more than one hundred dollars
per head, unless by special agreement noted hereon, and agents are not permitted to n.-ceh r
ship such valuable animals until a proper contract or release i* signed by the owner or shipper
thereof. And it is agreed between the owner and shipper of these animals and the said railway
company that in case of accident, resulting in iniury to said animal*, the value thereof shall in
no case be estimated at more than one hundred dollars for each animal so injured.

Shipments of live stock in carloads or less than carloads will only be taken at the rates named
herein, after this contract or agreement shall have been signed by the company's station agent
and the owner or shipper, by which it is agreed and understood that such owner or shipper shall
load, feed, water, ana take care of such stock at his own expense and risk, and will assume all
risk of injury or damage that the animals may do to themselves or each other, or which may
arise by delay of trains.

Different kinds of live stock must not be loaded together in the same car (except as provided
for in classifications or by special instructions). Agents are not authorized to agi ee to forward
live stock to be delivered at any specific time.

Persons in charge of live stock will be passed on the trains with and to take care of it as fol-
lows: One man with two or three cars: two men with four to seven cars: three men with eight
cars, which is the maximum number that will be passed for one owner. Mo return passes will
be given on account of shipments of stock cattle west bound.

No person will be passed with one car of live stock, except that one car of horses, mules, or
emigrant movables containing live stock will entitle theownerpr m.".ii in charge to pass one way
on the same train to take care of it, but these are the only two instant es in which a conductor is
authorized to pass any one with a single carload. Parties so passed must accompany the stock
on the same train.

Agents will permit only the signatures of owners or bona fide employes who accompany the
stock to be entered on back of contract, without regard to passes allowed by number of cars, and
run a pen through remaining lines

Such entry of persons in charge, and certificate of billing agent to that effect, will be the
authority for conductors to pass them with the stock.

All persons are thus passed only at their own risk of personal injury from whatever cause.

WILLIAM S. M ELLEN, General Freight Agent.

HENRY C. WICKER.

Freight Traffic Manager.

Received of

FREIGHT OFFICE,
CHICAGO AND NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY C.'O.MVAXY,

Station, . ;,<? .

,to be delivered at Station, at special rates, being-

dollars per car for horses or mules,
dollars per car for cattle or hogs,
dollars per car for sheep.

In consideration of which, and for other valuable considerations, it is hereby
mutually agreed that said company shall not be liable for loss by jumping from
the cars, delay of trains not caused by negligence as aforesaid, or any damau'e^aid
property may sustain, except such as may result from a collision of the train with
other trains, or when the cars are thrown from the track in course of transporta-
tion, and in this case the company upon whose road the Hccident, loss, or damage
shall occur shall be liable therefor, and no suit shall be brought or claim made
against any other company forming a part of the route for such loss or damage i it
being expressly understood and agreed that the responsibility of this railway com-
pany shall cease upon delivery of said property to its connecting line, unless other-
wise agreed to in writing and signed by the respective parties hereto), and that
the rules and regulations printed above are an essential part of this contract.

Agent.

Owner.

(Across the face:) Bead this contract.

[Form 282.]
Lire xtock contract.

Nonennmerative live stock, of all kinds, not shipped under contract, will be charged first-
class rates.

Enumeratiye live stock, in quantities less than carloads, will be charged as follows: One horse
(except stallions), mule, or horned animal, 2,000 pounds each; two animals, 3.500 pounds: three
animals, 5.000 pounds; each additional animal. 1.000 pounds, first-class rates: stallions or jacks,
4,000 pounds each, first-class rates; colts, when with their dam, 500 pounds each, first-class rates.

Live hogs, calves, and sheep, in boxes, actual weight, once and a naif first class; loose, for any
distance, calves, 500 pounds, hogs and sheep, 300 pounds each, once and a half first class, but not
less than 75 cents each for any distance; if no partition in car, or not otherwise secured, at carload
rates, of price fixed under the table of "Special rates."

At the above rates the owner is to feed, water, and take care of his stock at his own expense
and risk, and if he fails so to do, the company may, without notice, do the same if it thinks
proper, and charge the expense as additional freight; and the owner is also to assume all risk of

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

753

njury or damage that the animals may do to themselves or to each other, or which may arise
from delay of trains.

Two or three cars will entitle the owner or driver to pass on the train with the stock, to take
care of it. Four to seven cars, inclusive (one owner), two men in charge, eight cars or more,
three men in charge, to pass on stock train, which is the maximum number that will be passed
on any train from one consignor or party. All persons thus passed are at their own risk of per-
sonal injury from any cause whatever. On shipments of hogs only one man will be passed with
any number of cara

No passes will be granted on shipment of single cars.

The company reserves the right of refusing, at the discretion of their agents, passes to any
parties accompanying stock, without regard to quantity shipped.

No agent is authorized to make an agreement for the shipment of live stock, fresh provisions,
or slaughtered hogs at any particular time. Due diligence will be observed in sending them
forward.

No. of
cars.

CHICAGO AND ALTON RAILWAY COMPANY.

Station,

, 188-.

Memorandum of an agreement made and concluded this day by and between the Chi-
cago and Alton Railroad Company, of the first part, by the station agent at the above-
named station, and , of the second part, witnesseth:

That whereas the said Chicago and Alton Railroad Company transport cattle, hogs,
horses, pigs, sheep, lambs, calves, or other live stock, only as per tariff in use at this
date for stock, per carload, or when taken less than carloads as per special rates pub-
lished on the tariff of prices:

Now, in consideration that the said party of the first part will transport for the party

of the second part such live stock at the rate of dollars per carload, or cents

per 100 pounds, and advanced charges and other valuable considerations, the said

party of the second part does hereby agree to take the risk of injuries which the ani-
mals, or either of them, may receive in consequence of any of them being wild, unruly,
weak, escaping, or maiming each other, or from delays, or in consequence of heat, suf-
focation, or other ill effects of being crowded in the cars, or on account of being injured
by the burning of hay, straw, or any other material used by the owner for feeding stock
or otherwise, and for any damage occasioned thereby, and also all risks for damages
which may be sustained by reason of any delay in such transportation, and that he will
see to it that the cattle, &c., are securely placed in the cars furnished, and that the cars
are properly and securely fastened, so as to prevent the escape of the live stock there-
from.

And it is further agreed between the parties that the first party shall in no case be
held liable for damages to stock shipped under this contract in a greater sum than $100
for each horse, $75 for each bull, cow, or ox, $25 for each sheep, calf, or other animal.

And it is further mutually agreed that should loss or damage of any kind occur to the
property, or any part thereof, specified in this agreement, while such property is in
the possession of said first party under this agreement, said second party shall, within
five days after such loss or damage has occurred, make out and send to the general
freight agent of said first party a written statement of his claim for damages, if said
second party shall have any such claim; and unless such written statement is so made
and sent within said period of five days the amount of such loss or damage, or any part
thereof, shall not be payable or recoverable, and a suit thereupon shall be forever
barred, and the party of the second part hereby so expressly stipulates and agrees.

And it is further mutually agreed that any suit or action against said first party for
the recovery of any claim by virtue of this agreement for loss or damage to the prop-
erty, or any part thereof herein specified, shall be commenced within sixty days next
after such loss or damage shall have occurred, or be thereafter forever barred; and
should any suit or action be commenced against said first party after the expiration of
the aforesaid sixty days, the lapse of time shall be taken and deemed as conclusive evi-
dence against the validity of such claim, any statute of limitations to the contrary not-
withstanding, and the party of the second part hereby so expressly stipulates and
agrees.

And it is further agreed that the said party of the second part is to load and unload
said stock at his own risk, the Chicago and Alton Railroad Company furnishing labor-
ers to assist, who will be subject to the order of the owner or the agent while in that
service; and that the said party of the second part will assume all risk for damage or
injury to, or escape of, the live stock, which may happen to them while in the stock
yards awaiting shipment. And that the said second party will assume the charge of
feed and water, and take care of the stock enumerated herein, at his own expense and
risk while the same is in the stock yards of the first party awaiting shipment on board
the cars.

And it is further agreed between the parties hereto that the person or persons riding
free, to take charge of the stock, do so at their own risk of personal injury, from what-
ever cause, and that the said person or persons shall sign the indorsement on the back
of this agreement.

And it is further stipulated and agreed between the parties hereto that in case the
live stock mentioned herein is to be transported over the road or roads of any other
railroad company, the said party of the first part shall be released from liability of
every kind after said live stock shall have left its road: and the party of the second
part hereby so expressly stipulates and agrees; the understanding of both parties hereto
being that the party of the first part shall not be held or deemed liable for anything
beyond the line of the Chicago and Alton Railroad Company, excepting to protect the
through rate of freight named herein.

And this agreement further witnesseth, that the said party of the second part has
this day delivered to said Chicago and Alton Railroad Company to be trans-
ported to station on the conditions above expressed.

Station Agent.

Agents will enter the names of parties entitled to passes on the back of this contract. If pre-
sented by other than person named, conductor will collect fare.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4-

754 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

CARE OF HOGS IN TRANSIT.

When the transit requires more than one day the hojjs are fed at intervals of 16
to 36 hours, always receiving corn of good quality at the rate of 2 to 4 bushels to
each carload. They are watered at the same time with as much good, fresh water
from the company's tank as they will drink. A careful examination shows that
the water given the stock transported on the railroads is of good quality, being
taken from the tanks from which the locomotives are supplied, for which purpose
the purest quality is secured. The corn supplied is invariably of good quality.

During hot weather the hogs on all roads are cooled with water, for which pur-
pose there are special arrangements at their tanks by which as much as 50 barrels
per minute is poured over them as the train moves slowly past. The maximum
distances that hogs are carried varies with different roads from 150 to 500 miles,
the time required being usually less than 30 hours.

The cars are not always as clean as they should be when the hogs are loaded into
them; in warm weather they are not bedded but have simply a layer of sand
sprinkled over the floor, but in winter they are bedded with sawdust, straw,
or hay.

Sufficient care is not given to cleanitig the cars: with most companies the rule
is to remove the filth at the end of each trip. In no case is any special disinfection
practiced with cars on which diseased animals may have been shipped.

The following letter from C. H. Chappell, esq., general manager of the Chicago
and Alton Railroad Company, in reply to interrogations (copy of which are given
above) addressed to him, regarding the transportation of hogs and their care in
transit, is here given:

CHICAGO AND ALTON RAILROAD COMPANY,

GENERAL MANAGER'S OFFICE,

Chicago, January 24, 1884.
E. W. BLATCHFORD, Esq. ,

American Pork Commission.

DEAR SIR: Your questions respecting the regulations governing the transporta-
tion of hogs on the Chicago and Alton Railroad will be answered as numbered,
and in the order asked.

1st question. The company does transport dressed hogs, and I suppose the com-
pany will transport dead hogs for short distances to rendering establishments.
The company has no tariff rate for such transportation, and if such transportation
is desired it will be furnished upon special contract, having in view the circum-
stances, but no such hogs are ever transported to market, or undt-r circumstances
which can in any way affect the hog product of the country. It not unf requently
happens that one or more hogs die in transit to market, and such hogs are uni-
formly sent to a rendering establishment. For this purpose cars of this company
may be employed, but, in fact, I am not aware that they have ever been so em-
ployed.

2d question. The company never transports hogs or any other animals apparently
having a contagious or infectious disease. Neither this company nor any other,
to my knowledge, has an inspector to determine whether animals are diseased or
not, but if apparently infected with a contagious or infectious disease the agent
would, as a matter of course, reject them.

3d question. The company would carry them to rendering establishments only.

4th question. The Chicago and Alton Railroad Company has not transported any
hogs that have died of cholera to Chicago or any other market.

5th question. The station agent assists the shipper to pen and load his hogs, and
would notice anything unusual in their condition before receiving them.

6th question. He has authority to observe the law of the land, which I under-
stand requires him not to be instrumental in spreading contagious or infectious
diseases.

7th question. Shippers load their own hogs into cars furnished to them for that
purpose. The company does not inspect hogs any further than to know that they
are not diseased and are in fit condition for transportation. The company is sup-
posed to receive hogs for transportation in good order. As common carriers the
company considers it is not at liberty to spread infectious or contagious diseases,
and, as a matter of self-protection, it does not take property which, in the exercise
of reasonable judgment, will perish in transit Hogs are frequently driven long
distances to a shipping station. If they are heavy with fat, they will arrive over-
fatigued and feverish. If loaded into a car and cooled frequently with water
thrown from a hose, their condition will improve in transit. As a common carrier,
the company would not be protected in refusing hogs in this condition, as shippers
under their live-stock contracts with this company assume all risks of loss or dam-

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

755

age, except that for which employes of this company may be responsible. It is
for their interest to provide all needed food and water.

8th question. Hogs vary so much in size that no fixed rule can be profitably
enforced.

If a car is crowded the shipper is notified that they will not ride well, and he
must take out some before starting.

9th question. Please see contract with this.

[Extracts from special instructions to agents and conductors of the Chicago and Alton Railroad.]

57. Before loading live stock, examine the cars and see that the crossbars and doors are in
proper order. Count the stock as it is being loaded, so as to know the number of animals loaded
into each car. While our rules require the owner to load and unload his stock, agents will ren-
der all the assistance they can, consistent with their other duties. See that the crossbars are in
their proper places and the doors securely fastened before the cars leave the station. Agents
will not allow hogs or sheep to be loaded in the same car with cattle or horses. This is imper-
ative.

72. In waybilling live stock, be particular to note on the waybill the number
of animals in the car; also note the kind of stock (whether horses, cattle, hogs, or
sheep). If fine or blooded stock, note on the face of the waybill, "Company
released from liability above the value of common stock," as per stipulation in the
live-stock contract.

[10 M. 10-36-83. . Form 282. Live-stock contract.]

Nonenumerative live stock, of all kinds, not shipped under contract, will be charged first-class
rates.

Enumerative live stock, in quantities less than carloads, will be charged as follows: One
horse (except stallions), mule, or horned animal, 2,000 Ibs. each; two animals, 3,500 Ibs.; three
animals, 5,000 Ibs. ; each additional animal, 1,000 Ibs., first-class rates; stallions or jacks, 4,000 Ibs.
each, first-class rates; colts, when with their darn, 500 Ibs. each, first class rates.

Live hogs, calves, and sheep, in boxes, actual weight, once and a half first class; loose, for any
distance, calves, 500 Ibs., hogs and sheep, 200 Ibs. each, once and a half first class; but not less
than 75 cents each for any distance; if no partition in car, or not otherwise secured, at carload
rates of price fixed under the table of " special rates."

At the above rates the owner is to feed, water, and take care of his stock at his own expense
and risk, and if he fails so to do the company may, without notice, do the same if it thinks
proper, and charge the expense as additional freight; and the owner is also to assume all risk
of injury or damage that the animals may do to themselves or to each other, or which may arise
from delay of trains.

Two or three cars will entitle the owner or driver to pass on the train with the stock to take
care of it. Four to seven cars, inclusive (one owner), two men in charge, eight cars or more,
three men in charge, to pass on stock train, which is the maximum number that will be passed
on any train from one consignor or party. All persons thus passed are at their own risk pf per-
sonal injury from any cause whatever. On shipments of hogs only ono man will be passed with
any number of cars.

No passes will be granted on shipment of single cars.

The company reserves the right of refusing, at the discretion of their agents, passes to any
parties accompanying stock, without regard to quantity shipped.

No agent is authorized to make an agreement for the shipment of live stock, fresh provisions,
or slaughtered hogs at any particular time. Due diligence will be observed in sending them
forward.

No. of
cars.

CHICAGO AND ALTON RAILROAD COMPANY,

Station^ 188-.

Memorandum of an agreement made and concluded this day, by and between the Chi-
cago and Alton Railroad Company, of the first part, by the station agent at the above

named station, and , of the second part, witnesseth:

That whereas the said Chicago and Alton Railroad Company transport cattle, hogs,
horses, pigs, sheep, lambs, calves, or other live stock, only as per tariff in use at this
date for stock, per carload, or when taken less than carloads, as per special rates, pub-
lished on the tariff of prices:
Now, in consideration that the said party of the first part will transport for the party

of the second part such live stock at the rate of dollars per carload, or cents

per 100 pounds, and advanced charges and other valuable considerations, the said

party of the second part does hereby agree to take the risk of injuries which the ani-
mals, or either of them, may receive in consequence of any of them being wild, unruly,
weak, escaping, or maiming each other, or from delays, or in consequence of heat, suf-
focation, or other ill effects of being crowded in the cars, or on account of being injured
by the burning pf hay, straw, or any other material used by the owner for feeding
stock or otherwise, and for any damage occasioned thereby, and also all risks for
damages which may be sustained by reason of any delay in such transportation, and
that he will see to it that the cattle, etc., are securely placed in the cars furnished, and
that the cars are properly and safely fastened, so as to prevent the escape of the live
stock therefrom.

And. it is further agreed between the parties that the first party shall in no case be
held liable for damages to stock shipped under this contract in a greater sum than $100
fo< each horse; $75 for each bull, cow, or ox; $25 for each sheep, calf, or other animal.

And it is further mutually agreed that should loss or damage of any kind occur to the
property, or any part thereof specified in this agreement, while such property is in the
possession of said first party under this agreement, said second party shall within five
days after such loss or damage has occurred make out and send to the general freight

756

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED 8TATKS.

No. of
cars.

agent of said first party a written statement of his claim for damages, if said second
party shall have any such claim; and unless such written statement is so made and sent
within said iieriod of five days the amount of such loss or damage, or any part thereof,
shall not be payable or recoverable, and a suit thereupon shall Ije forever barred, and
the party of the second part hereby so expressly stipulates and agrees.

And it is further mutually agreed that any suit or action against said first party, for
the recovery of any claim by virtue of this agreement for loss or damage to the prop-
erty, or any part thereof heroin specified, shall be commenced within sixty days next
after such lessor damage shall have occurred, or be thereafter forever barred: and
should any suit or action be commenced against said first party after the expiration of
the aforesaid sixty days the lapse of time shall be taken and deemed as conclusive vi
dence against the validity of such claim, any statute of limitation to the contrary not-
withstanding, and the party of the second part hereby so expressly stipulates and
agrees.

And it is further agreed that the said party of the second part is to load and unload
said stock at his own riskT the Chicago and Alton Railroad Company furnishing labor-
ers to assist, who will be subject to the order of the owner or the agent while in that
service; and that the said party of the second part will assume all risk for damage or
injury to. or escape of, the live stock, which may happen to them while in tlj--
yards awaiting shipment. And that the said second party will assume the charge of
feed and water, and take care of the stock enumerated herein, at his own exp>-n>" an I
risk, while the same is in the stock yards of the first party awaiting shipment on board
the cars.

And it is further stipulated and agreed batween the parties hereto that in case the
live stock mentioned herein is to be transported over tne road or roads of any other
railroad company, the said party of the first part shall be released from liability of
every kind after said live stock shall have left its road: and the party of the second
part hereby soexpressly stipulates and agrees; the understanding of both parties hereto
being that the party of the first part shall not be held or deemed liable for anything
beyond the line of tne Chicago and Alton Railroad Company, excepting to protect the
through rate of freight named herein.

And this agreement further witnesseth that the said party of the second part has

this daydeliyered to said Chicago and Alton Railroad Company to be transported

to station, on the conditions above expressed.

Station Agent.

Agents will enter the names of parties entitled to passes on back of this contract. If pre-
sented by other than person named, conductor will collect fare.

10th question. Condition not specified unless there is doubt as to their riding
well.

llth question. The regulations of the company require the trainmen in charge
of trains transporting hogs to see that they do not suffer from heat, crowding, or
lack of food and water.

12th question. They are cooled and watered during warm weather as often as
they require it, and food is given to them daily.

13th question. The owner or his agent atten Is to the loading of the hogs, and
in case they are billed to Chicago or East St. Louis markets the owner or his agent
accompanies them. If billed to some Eastern point, each company generally takes
care of the hogs while in transit over its lines.

14th question. The owner can go or send them in charge of employes as he may
select.

loth question. Each time the train comes to a stop the hogs are looked over to
see if they are riding well or need any care.

16th question. Corn in the ear.

17th question. Always daily, often more frequently.

18th question. Good as can be obtained.

19th question. As much as they need.

20th question. The water given comes from the fresh-water lakes of the com-
pany, where it is collected from grass-covered lands, and is kept perfectly pure lor
use in the locomotives of the company.

21st question. Daily in winter: as often as they need it at other seasons.

22d question. As much as they require.

23d question. Water is frequently used for cooling, all of the water stations of
this company are fitted for cooling hogs, and as they are but 20 miles apart the
conductor can comply with his instructions. " During warm weather cool fre-
quently." As a check on the conductors, he is obliged to note in the billing sta-
tions at which he has cooled the hog.-s.

24th question. The company has fitted two hose connections to each water tank
on the line and two large streams are thrown into each car loaded with hogs.

25th question. Twenty-four hours is the limit.

26th question. The floor of each car in summer is covered with 6 inches of clean
Band. In winter straw and hay is used.

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 757

27th question. At the end of each trip.

28th question. As these cars are used on the return trip for the transportation
of many articles that would be damaged by filth, they are thoroughly cleaned.

29th question. Not having transported diseased hogs, we have not disinfected
cars.

Yours, truly, C. H. CHAPPELL,

General Manager Chicago and Alton Railroad.

CONDITION AND TREATMENT OF ANIMALS AT STOCK YARDS.

To the officers of the stock yards there were personally presented the follow-
ing interrogatories, to which full replies were in all cases given, and every
possible facility offered for the frequent and thorough personal examinations
which have been made:

Interrogatories concerning the receipt, condition, care, and disposition of hogs at
t/ie stock yards, ivith construction, conveniences care, and inspection of the yards.

1. Is any examination made, before unloading from cars, to detect diseased
or injured hogs?

2. If so, what regulations govern such examination?

3. When does "delivery" by railroad company take place?

4. Are any special instructions given in regard to care in unloading?

5. What is done with hogs found to be sick, diseased, bruised, or crippled?

6. What is done with hogs found smothered?

7. What is done with hogs dead from disease?

8. Are they sold?

9. To whom?

10. For what purpose?

11. Where are they sent?

12. How are they transported?

13. What is done with healthy hogs on their arrival?

14. When are they fed?

15. What kind of food is given them?

16. What quantity?

17. How is it furnished to them?

18. Are they watered?

19. When?

20. How is the water furnished to them?

21. What quantity?

22. In the absence of orders by owners or consignees of hogs, have you any reg-
ulations authorizing the feeding and watering of hogs?

23. How are the hogs cared for in bad weather?

24. How many hogs die in the yards?

25. From what cause?

26. What is done with them?

27. What is done with diseased hogs if discovered in the pens?

28. How are these hogs disposed of?

Construction.

29. How arranged to receive hogs from cars?

30. What is the size of the pens?

31. How are they protected?

32. Are they drained?

33. How can they be cleaned?

34. What are the regulations in regard to keeping the pens clean?

35. What measures are adopted to disinfect pens where diseased hogs have been?

36. Is there any inspection made of the sanitary condition of the yards, or the
condition and care of the hogs?

37. If so, under what authority?

38. Is such inspection sufficient and effective to secure the sanitary condition
of the premises, and prevent any hogs, diseased or in improper condition, going
into food?

39. What is the amount of business done annually?

40. What are your total receipts?

41. What is the average weight of hogs for the year?

42. What is total value of hogs received?

758

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

43. Please state what system of supervision is adopted to prevent any diseased
hogs going into food, and under what authority such supervision is exercised,
whether municipal, State, or the national or local humane society.

ARRIVAL AT STOCK YARDS.

When the loaded trains draw up to the platforms at the stock yards "delivery"'
by the railroad companies take-? place. There is no special examination before
unloading to detect diseased or injured hogs. There are more or less dead hogs
on nearly every train, the most of which have been smothered in transit. The
number varies, but will reach from ().:{ to 1 per cent, and such animals are always
sent to the otial-rendering works. We find no exceptions to this rule. The stock-
yard companies being also interested in the offal-rendering establishments, are
very particular to prevent any dead animals escaping them. The State and munici-
pal boards of health have also men stationed continually in the stock yards of Chi-
cago and most other cities to see that no animals unfit for food shall enter into
consumption.

The entrances of these stock yards are at all times carefully guarded, and no
animals are allowed to pass through without a ticket, properly signed and certi-
fied to, being given up. These tickets specify the animal, its condition, and the
exact division and pen from which it has come or to which it is being driven.

The following is a blank form of the tickets used in the Chicago stock yards:

Driven into Div.

By-

For-

Block. Pen.

-Cattle.

Calves.
Hogs.

Sheep.

-188

(Stamped:) U. 8.
Y. & T. Co.,
Jan. 10,1884.

WM. PALLON, ?
Div. Supt. <S

GATE ORUEK. DIVISION I).

Pass out for

1!.

1'.

-Cattle.

Hogs.

Cows.

alley

Calves.

Sheep.

Deliverer.

DISPOSITION OF DEAD OR INJURED HOGS.

The dead hogs at Chicago are loaded into box cars and sent to the Union Render-
ing Company's offal establishment at Globe Station. At Kansas City they are
sent in a similar manner to the Kansas City Desiccating and Refining Company.
At Cincinnati they go to fertilizer companies, and at other points they are dis-
posed of in a similar manner. Such dead animals are cut up, put into tanks, and
heated by steam for about eighteen hours, when the grease is drawn and the
residuum pressed.

There are several qualities of grease made which in the trade are known as
"white,' 1 "yellow. "and " brown" grease. All qualities of grease are put into old
tierces and sold upon their merits. The bulk of this grease is used in the manu-
facture of lubricating ois, candles, and soap. The remainder of the carcass is
manufactured into fertilizers.

At Chicago and other points the animals which are bruised or crippled are
carted to slaughterhouses and killed. They are then examined by the city health
officer, who decides whether they are fit for food.

If condemned they are rendered into grease. Such animals, if used for food,

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 759

generally enter into local consumption. The meat of animals at all feverish is
liable to become " sour." Sick hogs are always condemned and tanked with the
offal.

DISPOSITION OF HEALTHY HOGS.

The healthy hogs when unloaded from the cars are driven across the platform
and down a guarded inclined plane into the yards. They are then put into cov-
ered pens which in most yards are floored. At Chicago the pens allow 500 square
feet to each car load of hogs. At Kansas City they are 1H by 28 feet, and 24 feet
square; at St. Louis they are 16 by 44 feet, and 32 by 44 feet; at Indianapolis they
are 30 by 40 feet; and at Cincinnati, 24 feet square.

Each pen is furnished with a watering trough, which at most places is partly
covered to prevent hogs from lying in it. The pens are cleaned by a force of men,
with horse carts kept constantly at work, who go over each pen once in one or two
weeks. No disinfection is practiced beyond cleaning and occasionally washing
out the pens.

OARE OP HOGS IN THE YARD.

The hogs are fed on corn at the request of the owner, or if the owner does not
accompany them, they are fed by the stock-yard company. This is seldom neg-
lected, as the corn is furnished by the companies at a price considerably above
market rates, and it is to their interest to see that the animals are properly sup-
plied. If for any reason the animals are not led within a reasonable time the
agent of the Humane Society has power to order that this be done. As a rule the
hogs are fed as soon as yarded with good sound corn, at the rate of 2 bushels
to a car load. They are also watered at the same time with a plenty of good fresh
water which is run into the troughs from hydrants. In winter men are employed
in some yards to keep the hogs irom crowding upon and smothering each other.
The deaths in the yards are very few, not amounting to more than one in a thou-
sand hogs handled, and these are mostly from overheating, smothering, or acci-
dents.

If sick hogs are discovered in the yard 5 at Chicago, Cincinnati, or Kansas City,
the health officer has power to kill them at once. At a few points they are kept
in pens by themselves, to await results; or are sold to farmers at a low price, who
buy them on the chance of their recovery. The hogs that die or are killed as
above in the yards at once become the property of the offal rendering companies,
who pay a nominal price for them, and they are immediately taken to the render-
ing establishments.

Replies received from the stock-yard companies at Baltimore, Philadelphia,
Jersey City, New York, West Albany, Buffalo, and Boston confirm the informa-
tion obtained in the West as to the condition of the hogs when they arrive, the
small mortality in transit (less than 1 per cent), and the good care of the animals.

SANITARY SUPERVISION.

At Chicago there are both State and city health officers stationed in the yards-
at Cincinnati there are city health officers; the Indianapolis yards are visited occa-
sionally by officers of the board of health; at the City of Kansas an officer is sta;
tioned at the yards, who has power to kill diseased animals; at St. Louis and East
St. Louis there is no effective supervision at present; but one is about being estab-
lished. At Chicago, Cincinnati, and City of Kansas it is believed that this inspec-
tion is sufficient to prevent any diseased animals from being used for food products.
At Indianapolis, and particularly at St. Louis, the inspection is not at present
sufficient. We have no facts, however, showing that diseased hogs have been
packed at any place, though we have made very particular inquiries in this direc-
tion; and from the general opinion among packers that the meat of sick animals
can not be cured without '"souring," and the great care exercised by all the
packing companies to buy none but good hogs, we have every reason to believe
that this has not occurred. At the same time a more rigid inspection at some of
these points is greatly to be desired.

To show the care and scrutiny which is exercised in this department in this
country by the State and municipal health boards, there are here inserted the fol-
lowing laws and ordinances, with the penalties for their infringement. These
include only the reports obtained up to the date of making this report.

760 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

ILLINOIS.
City of Quincy, State of Illinois < tnlintntce. No. 8S,

DUTIES OF SANITARY OFFICER.

SECTION 5. It shall be the duty of the sanitary officer to keep a correct and com-
plete record of the proceedings of the board of health; to issue all permits author-
ized by the board; to direct and see that the duties of the scavenger are performed
as the board shall have provided; to report to the board all nuisances coming
under his notice: to examine, at the request of said board, or the mayor, any boat
or vessel landing at the harbor in this city, the officers, crew, or passengers which
may be supposed to be affected by any contagious or infectious disease; and in all
cases when it shall come to his knowledge that any one is afflicted with smallpox,
he shall have placed upon or near the house occupied by such person a written or
printed notice, viz, "No admittance Smallpox here;" and shall perform such
other duties as pertains to his office.

POWERS OF BOARD.

SECTION 6. The board of health shall have full power to take all steps and use
all means necessary to promote the cleanliness and general health of the city, or
any part thereof; to order the abating of all nuisances on public or private prop-
erty, but this shall not be construed to give the board of health any power to spend
money not provided for in the annual appropriation for the health department,
unless by special order of the council; to use any measure the board may see fit to
adopt to prevent the introduction or spread of any malignant, contagious, or
infectious diseases in the city; to enter or permit its officers to enter and examine,
with reference to the abatement of any nuisance, all premises and all parts thereof
within the city limits, and direct any bedding, clothing, or unsound meat, beef,
pork, fish, hides or skins of any kind there found to be destroyed, when dangerous
to the health of the inhabitants of this city.

Adopted July 19, 1880.

Ordinance No. 160.

AN ORDINANCE concerning dead animals.

SECTION 1. Be it ordained by the city council of the city of Quincy, That every
person having within his possession or control, or upon any premises owned or
occupied by him, any dead animal not proper for food, and liable to become nox-
ious and detrimental to health if not disposed of as provided in and by section 7 of
article 3 of Chapter XII of the Revised Ordinances of said city, entitled health
department, shall, within three hours after the death of said animal, give notice
thereof to the officer in charge of the police station, and such officer shall at once
cause notice thereof to be given to the board of health.

SEC. 2. That no person other than the officers of the board of health or depart-
ment of police, or person or persons thereto authorized by the board of health, by
contract or otherwise, shall in any way interfere with such dead animals in, or
remove the same from, any street or place (unless as provided by section 1) ; and
for the purpose of disposing of or removing any such animal any person so author-
ized by the board of health shall be permitted at all times during the day to enter
into or upon any premises in said city.

SEC. 3. The Quincy Fertilizing and Rendering Company, or any person, copart-
nership of persons, or corporation who shall remove the carcass or carcasses of any
dead animal or animals not slain for human food, shall give good and satisfactory
bond of two thousand dollars as a guarantee that none of the product of any such
carcass or carcasses shall be employed or utilized for human food: and that all
grease or other products rendered or manufactured or packed for use or transpor-
tation, to or from market in the city of Quincy or elsewhere, shall be branded with
a burning brand as follows: -'Product of dead animals, Quincy, Ills." And no
rendering of the aforesaid carcass or carcasses shall be done within the city limits
of the city of Quincy.

SEC. 4. Any person violating any of the provisions of this ordinance shall, upon
conviction thereof, be fined in a sum not less than twenty-five dollars nor more
than one hundred dollars for each and every offence.

Adopted September 17, 1883.

HENRY A. Dix, City Clerk.

Approved, September 19, 1883.

D. F. DEADERICK, Mayor.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 761

IOWA.
Health laws of 1880.

FRAUDULENT LARD.

[Chapter 137, Laws of 1880.]

AN ACT to prevent fraud in the sale of lard in certain cases.

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Iowa, That all
persons or associations who shall engage in the business of selling lard rendered
from swine that have died of hog cholera, or other diseases shall selling or offer-
ing to sell any such lard, plainly stamp, print, or write upon the cask, barrel, or
other vessels containing such lard the words "Lard from hogs which have died
from disease:" or, if sold without such cask, barrel, or other receptacles, the pur-
chaser shall be informed that the lard is from hogs which have died of disease:

SEC. 2. For a violation of the provisions of the foregoing section the offender
shall, on conviction thereof, be punished by a fine of not less than five dollars nor
exceeding one hundred dollars, or imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding
thirty days.

Rules and regulations for the government of local boards of health in the State of

Iowa.

DISEASED ANIMALS.

RULE. 12. No animal affected with an infectious or contagious disease shall be
bought, sold, or kept within the jurisdiction of this board. And any animal affected
with glanders shall, after notice from this board, be immediately killed and
buried deep, without removing the hide from the carcass. 1

RULE 13. No diseased animal, or its flesh and no decayed, diseased, or unfit
meat, fish, vegetables, or fruit, nor diseased, impure, or adulterated milk, nor
other impure, diseased, or adulterated article used for food shall be sold or offered
for sale as food.*

WISCONSIN.
[From the city charter of the city of La Crosse, State of Wisconsin, Laws of 1882.]

19th. To establish public markets and make rules and regulations for the con-
duct and the government of the same; to appoint suitable officers for overseeing
and regulating such markets, and to punish and restrain all persons from inter-
rupting or interfering with the due observance of such rules and regulations; to
license and regulate butchers' stalls, shops, and stands for the sale of game, poul-
try, meats, fish, and other provisions, and to regulate the sale or traffic in mer-
chandise in the city of La Crosse as they may see fit, and have power to grant
license for the sale or traffic in merchandise on such terms as they may deem
proper.

[From the city ordinances of February, 1881.]

SECTION 4. If any person shall expose for sale any emaciated, tainted, measly,
or putrid meat, fish, vegetables, or provisions of any kind, or the flesh of any sick
or diseased animal whi.h from these or other causes shall be deemed unwhole-
some, the person so offering them for sale shall forfeit the penalty of five dollars
for each offense; and such unwholesome meat or provisions so exposed for sale
shall be destroyed by the chief of police without delay.

SECTION 7. Whoever shall kill or cause to be killed for the purpose of sale any
calf less than four weeks old, or shall have in his or her possession, with intent
to sell the same, the meat of any calf killed when less than four weeks old, shall,
upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine of not less than fifty dollars; and
all such meat exposed for sale or kept with intent to make sale thereof may be
seized and destroyed by the board of health, or by the chief of police, or by any
policeman or health officer acting under his orders.

i See Code of 1873, sees. 4054, 4055, 4046, 4057, 4058.
4 See Code of 1873, sees. 4035, 4036-4057, etc.

762 8WINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

MINNESOTA.

City of Saint Paul, State of Minnesota.
[From the health ordinance of October 17, 1883.]

SEC. 96. That ever}' butcher, grocer, and milk dealer and their agents shall allow
the parties authorized by the health officer to freely and fully inspect their cattle
and milk, meats, fish, and vegetables held, offered, or intended for sale, and will
be expected to answer all reasonable and proper questions asked by such persons
relative to the condition thereof and of the places where such articles may be.

MISSOURI.
[From the act establishing the State board of health.]

SRC. 15. The said board of health shall take cognizance of any fatal disease which
may be prevalent amongst the domestic animals of this State and ascertain the
nature and causes of such disease, and shall from time to time publish the result
of their investigations, with suggestions for the proper treatment of such animals
as may be affected and the remedy or remedies therefor.

Approved, March 29th, 1883.

KANSAS.

ORDINANCES OP CITY OF KANSAS.
[Compiled and revised in 1883 from ordinance No. 84.]

SEC. VIII. The owner or possessor or agent of the owner of any dumb animal
which may die in this city shall, within twelve hours thereafter, cause the same to
be removed beyond the city limits, under a penalty of five dollars for every addi-
tional twelve hours he shall allow the same to remain in the city, or dispose of the
same as otherwise provided for in this ordinance: and no person or persons shall
sell, expose, or offer for sale in this city, to be used as food or for culinary pur-
poses, any unwholesome meat, or the flesh of any dead animal that was sick, over-
heated, or run down by dogs, or trampled upon or injured by any animal or ani-
mals, or injured by railroad cars or otherwise lefore the same was butchered or
slain, or which died a natural death, or was killed by accident, casualty, or other
means than the usual manner of slaying or butchering animals for market or food;
nor shall any person or persons sell or offer to sell, to be used as food, any animais
while living which may be sick or suffering from any of the causes above enumer-
ated or from any other cause whatever. And it shall be the duty of any and every
owner or other person interested in any such animal or meat to see that such ani-
inal or animals or meat does not pass into the hands of any person or dealer in meats
who will or shall sell or offer to sell the same for food or culinary purposes, and it
shall be the duty of said owner, agent, or person above specified to see to and
provide that said animal, animals, or meat above specified is properly disposed of
where and in such manner that said meat or animal will not and shall not be used
for food or culinary purposes and in accordance with the provisions of this ordi-
nance. The sale of any such animal or meat as herein specified by any person or
persons to a dealer in meats shall be priina facie evidence, in any. suit brought
for the violation of this ordinance, against the person so selling the same, and the
selling of any such meat by a dealer in meats to any person shall likewise be prima
facie evidence against said dealer in any suit brought for the violation of this ordi-
nance; and any animal or animals heretofore mentioned that has or have died or
l>een maimed or bruised so as to be unfit for use shall be turned over to the person
appointed by the mayor (which appointment is herein provided for) for such pur-
poses, and it shall be the duty of said party so appointed to see that said animal or
animals or meat passes into proper and safe hands, so that it may not be offered
for sale for food or for culinary purposes, as herein prohibited, and any owner,
agent, or person interested in such meat, animal, or animals shall receive just and
sufficient recompense for the same before such person appointed by the mayor, as
provided for herein, shall take or attempt to take such meat, animal, or animals,
such price or compensation for the same to be determined by the agreement of the
owner or agent of such animal, animals, or meat and the party appointed by the
mayor; otherwise, and upon the failure of both the parties aforesaid, or either of
them, to agree upon a price or compensation for such animal, animals, or meat
and the terms of payment therefor, said owner, agent, or person interested in the
same shall immediately cause the same to be removed, as heretofore provided for
in this section and ordinance. The mayor shall appoint some suitable person whose

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 763

duty it shall be to see that the provisions of this section of this ordinance are car-
ried into effect, and such person shall receive as compensation or remuneration for
his services half of each and every fine which may be assessed against any person
found guilty of violating the provisions of this section when the person is arrested
and convicted on the complaint of the said person appointed by the mayor. Such
person shall hold his office or position until his successor shall have been appointed,
or until the mayor shall remove him, and in no case shall the city be liable for any-
thing except as specially herein provided for. Any person or persons violating
the provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall,
upon conviction, be fined any sum not less than five nor more than one hundred
dollars for each offense.

*******

SEC. XI. No person shall slaughter any cattle, sheep, swine, or other animals
within this city, except it be in a slaughterhouse, under a penalty of three dollars
for each and every offense, and no person shall erect or maintain any slaughter-
house in this city without first obtaining a license therefor from the city council,
under a penalty of five dollars for every day any house, structure, or building is
used for that purpose.

SEC. XII. Whenever any nuisance shall exist, or be found on any premises or
elsewhere in this city, the mayor, city marshal, or his deputies may order the
owner or occupant of such premises, or the person occasioning such nuisance, to
remove or abate the same; and if the person so notified fail or refuse to remove
and abate the same, according to the provisions of this ordinance, then the said
officers, or either of them, may abate or remove the same at the expense of the
party so failing or refusing; but if the owner, occupant, or agent of such prem-
ises is unknown, or can not be found, then the said officers shall remove the same
at the expense of the city; provided, however, that nothing in this section shall
be so construed as to conflict with or prevent prosecution under any other section
or under this ordinance.

SEC. XIII. That if any person permit any nuisance or substance not herein-
before mentioned to remain upon his premises, or upon any private or public
grounds within this city, or shall be guilty of any violation of any of the provi-
sions of this ordinance, such person shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, on
conviction, be fined not less than one nor more than one hundred dollars.

SEC. XIV. This ordinance to take effect and be in force from and after its pas-
sage and publication in the Wyandotte Gazette.

Approved this the 21st day of February, 1878.

ELI TEED, Mayor.

Attest:

A. H. DEPP.E, City Clerk.

City of Kansas Additional ordinances Ordinance No. 216.
[First published December 8th, 1883.]

AN ORDINANCE providing for an elevated roadway, viaduct, or stock drive from the corner
of Seventh and James streets to the stock yards of Plankinton and Armours, on the north side
of Railroad alley.

Be it ordained by the mayor and councilmen of the city of Kansas, Kansas:

SECTION I. That it is deemed necessary and for the public good to build, erect,
construct, and maintain an elevated roadway, viaduct, or stock drive, commenc-
ing at a point far enough west of James street in stock yard or lot to make a
practical stock drive over James street, to be not less than sixteen (16) feet above
the established grade of said street; thence east on the south side of Seventh
street to a point opposite the alley between James and Ewing streets; thence
northerly over ?th street not less than sixteen (16) feet above the established grade
of 7th street; thence through the alley to 6th street; thence over 6th street not less
than sixteen (16) feet above the established grade of said street to Railroad alley;
thence over Railroad alley, at the same grade, into the lot now owned and occu-
pied by Plankinton and Armours as a stock yard.

SEC. II. That the stock drive, when built, shall not be less than twelve (12) feet
nor more than sixteen (16) I'eet wide, and shall not have any more than two spans
from curb to curb in crossing any street, which shall rest upon iron columns not
less than ten inches square, in center of street, which shall stand on large, flat
stones, laid at least two feet below the grade of the street, and the remainder of
the posts Tiiay be of pine or oak, not less than eight by ten inches square. The
floor shall be laid in two thicknesses, joints broken, one of one inch and one of two
inches, to prevent dust and filth dropping upon the people when passing on the

764 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

streets; and the sides shall not be less than five (5) feet high, made of two-inch
plank, surfaced on the outside.

SEC. III. All the material used in the construction of the roadway or stock drive
shall be of good, sound lumber, free from large knots or other defects, and the
work shall be done in a good, substantial, and workmanlike manner, and all mate-
rial standing in or over 6th, James, and 7th streets shall be dressed, and shall be
painted with at least two coats of mineral paint.

SEC. IV. The entire cost of building, constructing, and maintaining the elevated
railway or stock drive shall be borne and paid for by the firm of Plankinton &
Armours, and shall Deconstructed without any material hindrance or obstruction
to the traveling public, and they shall hold the city harmless from all damages to
person or property caused by any negligence on their part while building said
work or operating the same.

SEC. V. It shall be the duty of the parties using the railway or stock drive to at
all times to keep the same free from offal, mud, or other filth, and to prevent the
same from becoming a nuisance or damage to adjoining property.

SEC. VI. The above work shall be commenced within ninety days and be com-
pleted within one year from the passage and publication of this ordinance.

SEC. VII. This ordinance shall take effect and be in force from and after its pas-
sage and publication in the Kansas City Globe.

Approved Dec. 5th, 1883.

R. W. HILLIKER, Mayor.

Attest:

H. C. STOUT, City Clerk.
Ordinance No. 217.

[First published December 8, 1883.]

AN ORDINANCE to prohibit bringing into this city, or keeping therein for sale, selling, or
offering to sell, for any other than tanking purposes, any diseased or unwholesome meat, or
any animal or carcass not in a fitting condition to be used as food or for culinary purposes as
therein described, and to provide for the inspection of the same.

Be it ordained by the mayor and councilmen of the city of Kansas, Kansas:

SECTION I. No person shall bring into this city, or cause to be brought into it,
in any manner, or sell or offer to sell, or keep on hand with a view to sell, or
expose for sale (except for tanking purposes), any unwholesome meat, or the flesh
of any dead animal that was sick, overheated, or run down or trampled upon, or
injured by any animal or animals, or injured in transportation on the cars, or
otherwise, before the same was butchered or slain, or which died a natural death,
or was killed by accident, casualty, or other means than the usual manner of slay-
ing or butchering animals for market or food, or any cattle with enlarged upper
or lower jaws, having ulcers or running sores, commonly called big-jawed cattle,
or any animal fevered or emaciated from any known or unknown disease, or suf-
fering from any disease whatever; hogs suffering from cholera, or any animal or
animals, or the carcass of any animal of whatsoever kind in a condition unfit for
food or culinary purposes: Provided, however, That sows heavy with pigs may be
brought into this city and sold under the supervision of the inspector.

SEC. II. All such meat and animals described in the previous section brought
into or found at any point in this city shall be inspected by the inspector appointed
by the city of Kansas, immediately after their arrival or discovery, and if found,
on such inspection, to be unfit for food or culinary purposes, the owner or the per-
son claiming to own the same, or the person in charge thereof, shall immediately,
on the order of the inspector, remove and sell said meat, carcass, animal, or ani-
mals to any tanking or rendering establishment exclusively engaged in such busi-
ness, and if no person can be found to own or claim to own or be in charge of
such meat, carcass, or animals, then the inspector shall cause the same to be sold
to the highest bidder and removed, and the price received after deducting expense

of removal shall be subsequently paid to the owner or his agent: Proriileil, how-
ever, That said inspector may kill cattle found at any stock yards or other place
with large upper or lower jaws, commonly called big-jawed cattle, having ulcers
or running sores on them, cattle emaciated from any known or unknown diseases;
hogs affected with the cholera or other diseases, or animals with broken limbs,
that have become fevered, on the refusal of the owner, or the person in charge, or
the person on claiming to own the same, to dispose of them and cause them to be
removed after inspection, condemnation, and order of removal to a tanking or
rendering establishment by the inspector, as herein provided, and after being
killed the carcasses shall be removed as in other cases.

SEC. III. When said meat, or any of the said animals or carcasses above described,
shall be conveyed into this city, or from any point in this city to any stock yards

SWINE PEODUOT8 OF THE UNITED STATES. 765

therein, no such meat, animals, or carcasses shall be taken from any such stock
yards before inspection, and any meat, carcasses, or animals condemned by the
inspector as unfit for food or culinary purposes shall be transported by cars or
other means to a rendering establishment as soon as practicable, and in a manner
to conceal them and render their removal as inoffensive as possible to the public.
And every stock yard doing business now in this city shall, within three days
from the publication of this ordinance, designate the gates or passageways, under
instruction of the inspector, through which only said meat, animals, or carcasses
shall be taken to said cars or conveyances, and by them conveyed from the yards
after inspection, when the same are ordered to the tanking establishment. And
no stock yards, or person or employe having authority to issue an order for the
removal of any animal or carcasses from the yards, shall issue any such order for
removal, or permit any such meat, carcass, or animals as in the first section
described, to be removed or taken from the yards without first having the written
or printed statement or certificate of the inspector that the same were inspected,
and when such meat, animals, or carcasses are condemned, no stock-yard agent,
officer, or employe thereof shall permit or allow the same to be taken from the
stock yards in any manner except as hereinbefore provided. And when said
meat, carcasses, or animals shall pass through and from the stock yards, they
shall immediately and directly be conveyed to a rendering establishment.

SEC. IV. The mayor and council shall annually appoint an inspector of meats
and animals usually offered or sold for food or culinary purposes, who shall be a
practical butcher or skilled in diseases of animals. Such inspector shall hold his
office for the period of one year, and until his successor shall be appointed and
qualified, unless sooner removed for cause. He shall give bond in the sum of one
thousand dollars ($1,000), with sureties to be approved by the council, and shall
perform the following duties, viz: He shall daily attend all stock yards and other
places in this city where meats are sold or offered for sale, and where animals used
for food or culinary purposes are slaughtered or kept for slaughter or for sale, or
suspected to be kept, and shall make diligent inspection of ail meats, carcasses,
and animals so kept, found, or offered for sale at any point in the city; and any
such meat, carcasses, or animals found unfit for food or culinary purposes he shall
condemn and order to a tanking or rendering establishment; and in an especial
manner is it made his duty to make diligent search at the stock yards and other
places in the city for the classes of meat, carcasses, and animals in this ordinance
described, and to inspect the same, and make the proper disposition thereof as
provided by this ordinance to prevent the same from being sold or used for food or
culinary purposes, through avarice, fraud, or connivance of 'any parties. The
said inspector shall not, directly or indirectly, become interested in any such meat
or animals, as owner or otherwise, nor shall he receive any fee or reward from
any owner or person interested in the disposition of such carcasses, meats, or
animals.

SEC. V. The said inspector shall receive for his services an annual salary of nine
hundred dollars ($900), payable monthly in the scrip of the city at its face value.
He shall have free access to all places, yards, packing houses, or other places where
such meat, carcasses, or animals may be found; and the stock yards, its agents,
officers, and servants, when any such meat, carcasses, or animals are at its yards,
shall be diligent to direct the attention of the inspector to them for inspection, and
to give information of any failure in the discharge of his duty to the mayor of the
city; and it is made its duty to hang up at three or more of the most public places
in its yards framed copies of this ordinance.

And the said inspector is hereby authorized to make arrests on view for any vio-
lation of this ordinance, with full special police powers and authority as though
he were specially appointed and commissioned therefor, and shall bring all parties
arrested before the police judge for trial as soon as may be.

SEC. VI. All persons violating any provision of this ordinance, either by a posi-
tive act, or a failure, refusal, or neglect to act, or violating any of its provisions in
any manner in which they or any of them may be violated, shall be guilty of a
misdemeanor and punished by fine not exceeding one hundred dollars ($100) or
by imprisonment not exceeding three months, or by both such fine and imprison-
ment.

And the Kansas City Stock Yards, as far as in its province, scope, and sphere
lies, is charged with the enforcement of the provisions hereof.

SEC. VII. This ordinance shall take effect and be in force from and after its pas-
sage and publication in the Kansas City Globe.

Approved December 5th, 1883.

R. W. HILLIKER. Mayor.

Attest: "

H. C. STOUT, City Clerk.

766 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

MICHIGAN.

Laws relating to the public health, 1875.
[Chapter one hundred and fifty-nine of Revised Statutes of 1846.]

(133) SECTION 1. If any person shall knowingly sell any kind of diseased, cor-
rupted, or unwholesome provisions, whether for meat or drink, without making
the same fully known to the buyer, he shall be punished by imprisonment in the
county jail not more than six months or by fine not exceeding two hundred dollars.
(2 7726.)

A BILL to Incorporate the Butchers' Slaughtering, Melting, and Cattle Yard Association of
Detroit, and for other purposes.

SEC. 10. Said board of health, mayor, and controller of the city of Detroit are
hereby authorized to make whatever regulations may seem to them fit in order to
prevent the slaughter and sale of animals unfit for human food.

SEC. 11. Any meat brought to the city of Detroit for sale, except from the
slaughterhouse of said corporation, shall be first taken by the owner thereof to
the central market for inspection by the proper officer before the same shall l>e
sold or offered for sale. The penalty for violation of this section shall not be
less than one hundred dollars nor more than five hundred dollars, or imprisonment
in the Detroit house of correction not less than thirty nor more than sixty days.

SEC. 17. The meat inspector and members of the police of said city shall cooper-
ate with said board in all matters pertaining to the abatement of nuisances and
the preservation of the public health, and upon the requisition of said board the
superintendent of police shall cause the notices of said board to be served and
complaints to be made for violations of the health ordinances of said city.

[From the first annual report of the board of health of the city of Detroit, 1882.]

INDIANA.
Laws passed at the fifty-second regular session, 1881.

SEC. 193. Whoever overdrives, overloads, tortures, torments, deprives of neces-
sary sustenance, or unnecessarily or cruelly beats, or needlessly mutilates or kills
any animal, or impounds or confines any animal in any place and fails to supply
the same during such confinement with a sufficient quantity of good, wholesome
food and water, or carries in or upon any vehicle or car, or otherwise, any animal
in a cruel manner, or feeds cows on food that produces impure or unwholesome
milk, or abandons to die any maimed, sick, infirm or diseased animal, or being a
person or corporation engaged in transporting live stock, detains such stock in
railroad cars or compartments for a longer continuous period than twenty-eight
hours, after the same are so placed, without supplying the same with necessary
food, water and attention, or permits such stock to be so crowded together as to
overlie, wound, crush or kill each other, shall be fined not more than two hundred
dollars nor less than five dollars.

SEC. 194. Whoever knowingly permits any horse, mare, or gelding, affected with
the glanders to be taken from his or her premises or to run at large, shall be fined
not more than one hundred dollars nor less than five dollars.

SEC. 195. Whoever drives or in any manner brings Texas or Cherokee cattle into
this State at any time before the first day of October and after the first day of
April in any year, and whoever purchases such cattle sc driven or brought, shall
be fined not more than one thousand dollars nor less than one hundred dollars, to
which may be added imprisonment in the county jail not more than one year; but
nothing in this section shall be so construed as to prevent the transit of any
cattle through this State on the railroads to other States, nor shall the provisions
of this section apply to any cattle that shall have been during all the previous
winter north of the thirty-eighth degree of latitude, and in all prosecutions under
this section the legal presumption shall be that such cattle had not been during
all the previous winter north of the thirty -eighth parallel of latitude.

SEC. 220. Whoever packs, brands, or sells, or causes to be packed, branded, or
sold, any salt, beef, pork, flour, tobacco, or hay in barrels or packages, as full bar-
rels or packages when such barrels or packages do not contain the weight which
by law they are required to contain, shall be fined not more than one hundred
dollars nor less than ten dollars.

SEC. 221. Whoever alters or erases any brand or mark of any inspector appointed

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 767

by proper authority, placed on any barrel of salt, flour, beef, pork, or hogshead of
tobacco, or other article authorized by law to be inspected and branded, shall be
fined not more than one hundred dollars nor less than five dollars.

OHIO.

[From the sixteenth annual report of the health department of the city of Cincinnati, Septem-
ber, 1882. T

AN ORDINANCE to amend an ordinance entitled "An ordinance supplementary to an ordinance
to provide for the abatement of nuisances," passed June 14, 1867.

SECTION 1. Slaughtering, and slaughtering pens; how regulated. Be it ordained
by the city council of the city of Cincinnati, That it shall be unlawful for any
butcher or any other person to kill or slaughter any beeves, calves, sheep, hogs,
or other animals within said city, except in the house, yard, pen, or place where
killing shall take place shall have a perfectly water-tight floor, in which there
shall be no breaking of joints nor openings of any kind for any purpose, excepting
such as shall have a water-tight tube with grating, one-half inch holes, making a
direct connection with the sewers, and the earth beneath it made sufficiently solid
to prevent its becoming the receptacle of filth and offensive matter; also, no hog or
any other animal shall be permitted to run or remain under any slaughterhouse;
and moreover, the whole shall be washed and cleansed at the end of each day; and
further, that each slaughterhouse or place occupied for killing of animals, as afore-
said, shall be whitewashed at least once every month between the first of April
and the first of November in each year.

SEC. 3. No person shall kill any cow, sheep, or hog that is pregnant, nor shall
any animal be slaughtered while it is in an overheated or feverish condition; and
the meat of any such animal shall not be held or sold or offered for sale for human
food in any market or elsewhere in this city.

SEC. 4. No person shall bring into the city, or sell, or offer for sale, any cattle
unfit for use, or cattle which has been exposed to or that are liable to communicate
the "cattle disease," nor the meat nor milk of any such cattle. All such cattle,
meat, and milk shall be confiscated and destroyed.

SEC. 5. No cased, blown, plaited, raised, stuffed, putrid, impure, or unhealthy
or unwholesome meat, or the meat of any animal that may have died of disease or
accident, or fish, or birds, or fowls, shall be held, bought, or sold, or offered for
sale for human food, or held or kept in any market, public or private, in this city.

SEC. 6. No calf, pig, or lamb, or the meat thereof, shall be bought, held, or
offered for sale for human food in this city, which when killed was less than one
month old.

SEC. 15. No cattle shall be kept in any place of which the water, ventilation,
and food is not sufficient and wholesome for the preservation of their health and
safe condition for food.

SEC. 2137. Penalty for violating order of board of health. Whoever violates any
provision of this chapter, or any order of the board of health made in pursuance
thereof, or obstructs or interferes with the execution of any such order, or will-
fully and illegally omits to obey any such order, shall be fined in any sum not
exceeding one hundred dollars, or imprisoned for any time not exceeding ninety
days, or both; but no person shall be imprisoned under this section for the first
offense.

For a failure to comply with any or all of the foregoing rules and regulations,
the superintendent of the sanitary police is directed to cause the arrest of the per-
son or persons so offending, either on view or by warrant from the police court of
the city of Cincinnati.

Passed by the board of health November 3, 1881.

A. J. MILES, M. T)., Health Officer.
W. C. WILLIAMS, Clerk.

[From the sanitary ordinances of the city of Cleveland, 1882.]

SEC. 70. No person or persons shall bring into the city, or sell or offer for sa^
for human food in any market, public or private, any cattle, sheep, hog, or lamb,
nor any meat, fish, game, or poultry that is diseased, unsound, unwholesome, or
that for any other reason is judged to be unfit for human food. The fact that any
cattle, sheep, hog, or lamb being in any stock-yard or slaughterhouse pen shall be
considered sufficient evidence that the same is being exposed there for sale; and
the fact that the carcass of any cattle, hog, sheep, or lamb, or any part thereof, is
found in any slaughterhouse or any public or private market or place, dressed and

SWINE PRODUCTS OF TIIK INITED STATES.

prepared as such meats usually are for market, shall be deemed sufficient evidence
that the same is for sale for human food; and no animal nor any part thereof, nor
any fa'sh, game, or poultry that has been examined and condemned by the inspector
or his assistants, shall be held, sold, or offered for sale for human food in any
market or place in the city.

SEC. 71. No j>er8Oii or persons shall kill for human food any cow. sheep, or hog
that is pregnant, nor shall any animal be slaughtered for human food while it is
in an overheated or feverish condition: and the meat of any such animal shall not
be held or sold or offered for sale for human food in any market or elsewhere in
the city.

SEC. 72. No person or persons shall bring into this city, or sell or offer for sale,
any cattle unfit for use for human food, or cattle which have been exposed to or
that are liable to communicate the cattle disease, nor the meat or milk of any such
cattle.

SEC. 73. No cased, blown, plaited, raised, stuffed, putrid, impure or heated or
unwholesome meat, or the meat of any animal, fish, bird, or fowl, that may have
died of disease or accident, shall be held, bought, or sold, or offered for sale for
human food, or held or kept in any market, public or private, in the city.

SEC. 74. No calf, pig, or lamb, or the meat thereof, shall be bought, held, sold,
or offered for sale for human food in the city which, when killed, was less than
one month old.

SEC. 81. Upon any cattle, meats, birds, fowl, fish, vegetable, or other substances
and materials used for human food being found by any inspector or other officer
of said board in a condition which is, in his opinion, unwholesome and unfit for
human food, or in a condition or of a quality in any ordinance or section of an
ordinance of the city condemned or forbidden, he shall cause the same to be exam-
ined by two reputable persons, reasonably competent to judge in respect thereto,
whom he may conveniently find; and if both said persons disagree with him in
opinion in respect thereto, he shall take no action and give no order relative to
the same till he has been instructed by the health officer; and if one of said per-
sons agree with him in respect to said articles, then such inspector or officer may
forbid the same being offered or exposed for sale, or being sold for human food
till the owner or party in charge, or other proper person, has obtained the consent
of the health officer, or of said board, to their being so offered, used, or sold. If
both such persons agree with him in opinion, he may order the same to be removed,
and thereupon, or if said board or health officer shall have approved the judgment
of said inspector, it shall be the duty of the owner or party in charge to speedily
remove such articles, materials, or substances from any market, street, or place,
public or private, and not sell or dispose, or offer to sell and dispose thereof for
the purpose of human food. In default of such removal, and also in case of dis-
obedience of such order, and also in all cases where, in the opinion of the iiispector
of such articles, materials, or substances, by reason of their being in a damaged
or offensive condition would, if allowed longer to remain, be dangerous to health,
the same may be caused to be removed by any inspector or officer of said board to
some suitable place, at the expense of the party who should have removed the
same.

SEC. 82. It shall be unlawful for any person or persons to molest or resist any
member of said board or their deputies, or its health officer, in the discharge of
their duties.

SEC. 109. Upon the death of any animal in the city, the same not having been
killed for human food, the owner or keeper thereof, or person killing the same,
shall report the same to one of the police stations of this city within eight hours
after the death of such animal.

NEW YORK.
City of Buffalo Ordinances, 1882.

10. Every person who shall keep fresh meat for sale shall keep the place at
which the same shall be exposed lor sale in a cleanly and wholesome condition,
and free from all noxious or offensive odors; and every person offending against
the provisions of this section shall forfeit and pay the sum of ten dollars for each
and every offense.

S 11. Every person who shall sell or expose for sale, or cause to be sold or exposed
for sale, in this city any unwholesome, stale, emaciated, blown, stuffed, tainted,
bruised, putrid, or measly meat, poultry, or provisions, shall forfeit and pay a
penalty of twenty-five dollars for each and every offense.

12. Every person who shall sell, offer, or expose for sale, or cause to be sold,
offered, or exposed for sale in the city of Buffalo, any bruised or diseased cow,

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 769

heifer, ox, steer, bullock, hog, sheep, lamb, or calf, shall forfeit and pay a penalty
of twenty-five dollars for each and every offense.

25. The board of health shall appoint a scavenger and a cattle inspector. It
shall be the duty of the scavenger to remove to such place or places as the board
of health shall designate, all dead animals that may be found in the streets, alleys,
or public grounds of the city, and for this purpose he shall report to the street
commissioner's office and at police headquarters once each day, Sundays excepted,
to receive such orders as may there be given him for the removal of carcasses from
the streets. It shall be the duty of the cattle inspector to be present at the arrival
of all cattle trains in the city of Buffalo, or as soon thereafter as practicable.

26. He shall immediately notify the owner, agent, or consignee of any dead
cattle, hogs, sheep, or lambs that may arrive in the city of Buffalo, to take the
same to some bone yard within four hours after the train upon which they arrived
is unloaded. In case any such owner, agent, or consignee. shall refuse or neglect
to so take the same within the time herein prescribed, it shall be the duty of the
cattle inspector, and he shall have power to forthwith remove the same to some
bone yard and dispose of the same to the best advantage.

8 2i. It shall be the duty of the owner, agent, or consignee of any diseased or
injured cattle, hogs, sheep, or lambs which may arrive in the city of Buffalo, and
are unfit to be sold in the market, to cause the same to be immediately killed in
some slaughter house adjoining the cattle yards, and sent to some bone yard.

28. It shall be the duty of the owner, agent, or consignee of any injured cat-
tle, sheep, hogs, or lambs which may arrive in the city of Buffalo and are fit to be
sold in the market, to be immediately slaughtered, dressed, and prepared in one of
the slaughter houses adjoining the cattle yards when in the judgment of the
cattle inspector it is deemed necessary.

8 30. Any person violating any of the provisions of sections twenty-five, twenty-
six, twenty-seven, twenty-eight, and twenty-nine of this chapter, shall forfeit a
penalty to the city of Buffalo of not less than five nor more than twenty-five dollars.

[From the rules and regulations of the board of health, city of Albany, April, 1882.]

7. No meat, fish, birds, or fowl, or vegetables, nor any milk not being then
healthy, fresh, sound, wholesome, and safe for human food, nor any meat or fish
that shall have died by disease or accident, shall be brought within the city of
Albany, or offered or held for sale in any public or private market anywhere in
said city.

9. No cattle shall be killed for human food while in an overheated, feverish,
or diseased condition; and all such diseased cattle, and the place where found
and their disease shall be at once reported to this board by the owner or custodian
thereof.

S 15. The word "cattle" when occurring in any section or phrase of these ordi-
nances, shall be held to include all animals except birds, fowl, and fish, of which
the body or any part thereof is used for food. The word "butcher " shall be held
to include whoever is engaged in the business of keeping, driving, or slaughtering
any cattle, or in selling any meat.

14. The keeping and slaughtering of all catt'e, and the preparation and keep-
ing of all meat and fish, birds and fowls, shall be in that manner which is, or is
generally, reputed or known to be best adapted to secure and continue their safety
and wholesomeness as food. No slaughtering of cattle shall be permitted in the
city of Albany without a special permit from this board.

50. Every person who violates or refuses to comply with, or who resists any
of the provisions of this Code of Sanitary Ordinances, or any of the rules, orders,
sanitary regulations, or ordinances established or declared by this board under or
pursuant to any of the provisions of chapter 431 of the Session Laws of 1881, will
be liable to the arrest, suit, penalty, fine and punishment in said law provided
and declared, of all of which notice must be taken.

MASSACHUSETTS.

[From the Manual for the use of boards of health of the State of Massachusetts. Prepared by
direction of the State board of health, lunacy, and charity.]

INSPECTION AND SALE OF PROVISIONS AND ANIMALS INTENDED FOB SLAUGHTER.

102. The mayor and aldermen of cities, and the selectmen of towns, may annu-
ally appoint one or more persons to be inspectors of provisions and of animals
intended for slaughter. Such inspectors shall be sworn faithfully to discharge
the duties of their office, and shall receive such compensation as the city council
or the selectmen shall determine.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 49

770 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATKS.

103. Said inspectors may inspect all animals intended for slaughter, and all
meats, fish, vegetables, produce, fruits, and provisions of all kinds, found in said
cities or towns, or exposed for sale or kept with intent to sell therein: and may for
this purpose enter into all buildings or inclosures where said animals, meats, fish,
vegetable produce, fruits, or provisions are kept, stored, or exposed for slaughter
or sale. When such animals, meats, fish, vegetables, produce, fruit, or provisions
are found on such inspection to be tainted, diseased, corrupted, decayed, or
unwholesome from any cause, said inspectors shall seize the same and cause them
or it to be destroyed or disposed of otherwise than for food; but if at the time of
the seizure the owner of the property seized notifies, in writing, the inspector
seizing the same, of his desire to appeal to the board of health, said inspector shall
cause said animals, meat. fish, vegetables, produce, fruit, or provisions to be
inspected by said board of health, or by a committee thereof consisting of not less
than two members; and if said board or committee find the same to be tainted,
diseased, corrupted, or unwholesome, they shall order the same to be destroyed or
disposed of otherwise than for food; if said board or committee do not so find,
they shall order said animals, meat, fish, vegetables, produce, fruits, or provisions
to be forthwith returned to the owner thereof. All moneys received by said
inspectors or board of health for property disposed of as aforesaid shall, after
deducting all expenses incurred by reason of such seizure, be paid to the owner of
such property.

105. When complaint is made on oath to any police, district, or municipal
court, or to a magistrate authorized to issue warrants in criminal cases, that the
complainant believes that any diseased animals, or any tainted, diseased, cor-
rupted, decayed, or unwholesome meat. fish, vegetable, produce, fruit, or provi-
sions of any kind, or any veal of a calf killed under four weeks old, are kept or
concealed in a particular house or place with the intent to kill, sell, or offer the
same for sale for food, the court or magistrate, if satisfied there is reasonable
cause for such belief, shall issue a warrant to search for such animals or articles,
and all such warrants shall be directed and executed as provided in section three
of chapter two hundred and twelve of the piiblic statutes. If. upon hearing, said
court or magistrate determines that said animals or articles or any of them were
kept or concealed for the purposes aforesaid, the same shall be destroyed or dis-
posed of by the inspector, or by any officer designated by the court or magistrate
according to the preceding provisions; if the court or magistrate does not so deter-
mine, said animals or articles shall be returned to the owner.

106. Whoever knowingly sells, or offers or exposes for sale, or has in his posses-
sion with intent to sell for food, any diseased animal, or any tainted, diseased,
corrupted, decayed, or unwholesome meat, fish, vegetables, produce, iruit. or pro-
visions of any kind whatever, shall be punished by imprisonment in jail for not
more than sixty days, or by fine of not more than one hundred dollars.

109. Whoever knowingly seLs any kind of diseased, corrupted, or unwholesome
provisions, whether for meat or drink, without making the same fully known to
the buyer, shall be punished by imprisonment in the jail not exceeding six months,
or by fine not exceeding two hundred dollars.

[The gist of the offense under this section consists in the guilty knowledge or
evil intent of a party in selling what he knows to be unfit for food. The sale, of
itself, is not made criminal; but it is the sale coupled with the knowledge of the
diseased state of the thing sold which constitutes the offense.]

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES AMONG CATTLE.

143. The mayor and aldermen of cities and the selectmen of towns, in case of
the existence in this Commonwealth of the disease called pleuro pneumonia among
cattle, or farcy or glanders among horses, or any other contagious or infectious
disease among domestic animals, shall cause the animals in their respective cities
and towns, which are infected, or which have been exposed to infection, to be
secured or collected in some suitable place or places within their cities or towns,
and kept isolated; and, when taken from the possession of their owners, one-fifth
of the expense of their maintenance shall be paid by the city or town wherein the
animal is kept, and four-fifths by the Commonwealth: such isolation to continue
so long as the existence of such disease or other circumstances may render it
necessary.

144. The mayor and aldermen and selectmen, respectively, when any such ani-
mal is adjudged by a veterinary surgeon or physician by them selected to be
infected with any contagious disease, may in their discretion order such diseased
animal to be forthwith killed and buried at the expense of such city or town.

145. They may cause all such animals to be appraised by three competent and

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 771

disinterested men under oath, at the value thereof at the time of the appraisement,
and the amount of the appraisement shall be paid as provided above.

146. They may, within their respective cities and towns, prohibit the departure
of animals from any inclosure, or exclude animals therefrom.

147. They may make regulations, in writing, to regulate or prohibit the passage
from, to. or through their respective cities or towns, or from place to place within
the same, of any cattle or other domestic animals, and may arrest and detain, at
the cost of the owners thereof, all animals found passing in violation of such regu-
lations, and may take all other necessary measures for the enforcement of such
prohibition, and also for preventing the spread of any disease among the animals
to their respective cities and towns, and the immediate vicinity thereof.

148. Such regulations shall be recorded upon the records of their cities and
towns respectively, and shall be published in such cities and towns in such
manner as may be provided in such regulations.

149. They may cause every animal infected with any such disease, or which
has been exposed thereto, to be forthwith branded tipon the rump with the
letter P; and no animal so branded shall be sold or disposed of except with the
knowledge and consent of such mayor and aldermen and selectmen. A person
who. without such knowledge and consent, sells or disposes of an animal so
branded, or sells or disposes of an animal known to be affected with such dis-
ease, or to have been exposed thereto within one year previous to such sale or
disposal, shall be punished by fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by
imprisonment not exceeding one year.

150. Any person disobeying the orders of the mayor and aldermen or select-
men, made in conformity with the preceding provisions, or driving or trans-
porting any animals contrary to the regulations made, recorded, and published
as aforesaid, shall be pun'shed by fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or
by imprisonment not exceeding one year.

151. Whoever knows or has reason to suspect the existence of any such dis-
ease among the animals in his possession or under his care shall forthwith
give notice thereof to the mayor and aldermen of the city or selectmen of the
town where such animals are kept, and for failure so to do shall be punished
by fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding
one year.

152. A city or town whose officers neglect or refuse to carry into effect the
preceding provisions shall forfeit a sum not exceeding five hundred dollars for
each day's neglect.

153. The mayor and aldermen of cities and selectmen of towns, when in their
judgment it is necessary to carry into effect the purposes of this chapter, may,
within their respective cities and towns, take and hold, for a term not exceed-
ing one year, any land, without buildings other than barns thereon, upon which
to inclose and isolate any animals; and they shall cause the damages sustained
by the owner in consequence of such taking and holding to be appraised by
the assessors of the city or town wherein the lands so taken are situated; and
they shall further cause a description of such land, setting forth the bounda-
ries thereof, and the area as nearly as may be estimated, together with said
appraisement, to be entered on the recorde of the city or town. The amount
of said appraisement shall be paid, as before provided, in such sums and at such
times as the mayor and aldermen or selectmen respectively may order. If the
owner of land so taken is dissatisfied with said appraisement, he may, by action
of contract, recover of the city or town wherein the lands lie a fair compen-
sation for the damages sustained by him; but no costs shall be taxed unless
the damages recovered in such action, exclusive of such interest, exceed said
appraisement; and the Commonwealth shall reimburse to the city or town four-
fifths of any sum recovered of it in any such action.

154. The governor, with the advice and consent of the council, may appoint
a board of cattle commissioners of not more than three members, when in his
judgment the public safety may require it, and may terminate their commis-
sions when in his judgment the public safety may permit it. The compensa-
tion of such commissioners shall not exceed four dollars per day for actual
service, in addition to their traveling expenses necessarily incurred.

155. When such commissioners make and publish any regulations concerning
the extirpation, cui'e, or treatment of animals infected with, or which have been
exposed to. any contagious disease, such regulations shall supersede those made
by mayors and aldermen and se ectmen; and mayors, aldermen, and selectmen
shall carry out and enforce all orders and directions of the commissioners to them
directed.

156. Such commissioners shall have all the power and authority herein conferred
upon mayors, aldermen, and selectmen; and, in addition, may establish a hospital

772 SWLNE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

or quarantine, with proper accommodations, wherein any cattle selected by them
may l>e detained and treated by veterinary surgeons or physicians. And for this
purpose the commissioners may take any land aud buildings in the manner before
provided.

157. Mayors aud aldermen and selectmen, within twenty-four hours after they
have notice that any domestic unimal in their respective cities and towns are
infected with or have been exposed to any such disease, shall give notice thereof in
writing to the commits oners.

158. The commissioners may make all necessary regulations for the treatment,
cure, and extirpation of such disease, and may direct mayors, aldermen, and
selectmen, respectively, to enforce and carry into effect all such regulations as
may from time to time be made for that end, and any such officer who refuses or
neglects to enforce and carry out any regulation of the commissioners shall be
punished by fine not exceeding five hundred dollars for every such offense.

159. The commissioners, when in their judgment the public good requires it,
may cause to be killed and buried any domestic animals which are infected with
or have been exposed to such disease: and, except as provided in the following
sect on, shall cause such animals to be appraised in the manner provided above,
and the appraised value of such animals shall be paid, one-fifth by the cities or
towns in which such animals were kept, and the remainder by the Commonwealth.

160. In all cases of farcy or glanders, the commissioners, having condemned the
animal infected therewith, shall cause such animal to be killed, without an
appraisement, but may pay the owner an equitable sum for the killing and burial
thereof.

161. A person who fails to comply with a regulation made or an order given by
the commissioners shall be punished by fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or
by imprisonment not exceeding one year.

162. Prosecutions under the preceding section may be maintained in any county.

163. All appraisements made shall be in writing and signed by the appraisers and
certified by the mayors and aldermen or selectmen or commissioners, respectively,
to the governor and council and to the treasurers of the several cities and towns
wherein the cattle appraised were kept.

164. The commissioners may examine under oath all persons believed to possess
knowledge of material facts concerning the existence or dissemination or danger of
dissemination of diseases among domestic animals, and for this purpose shall have
all the powers vested in justices of the peace to take depositions and to compel
witnesses to attend and testify, by chapter one hundred and sixty-nine of the Pub-
lic Statutes. All costs and expenses incurred in procuring the attendance of such
witnesses shall be allowed and paid to the commissioners t rom the treasury of the
Commonwealth upon being certified to and approved by the governor and council.

165. Whenever animals exposed to contagious diseases are killed by order of the
commissioners, and upon a post-mortem examination are found tohave been entirely
free from disease, the commissioners shall cause the same to be sold under their
direction, first giving to the purchaser notice of the facts; and if the said purchaser
or any other person shall sell sad slaughtered animals, or any part thereof, he shall
in like manner give notice to the p irties to whom such sales are made, and the pro-
ceeds of the sales made by order of the^ommissiouers shall be applied in payment
of the appraised value of said animals.

166. Whoever violates any of the provisions of the preceding section shall be
punished by fine not exceeding one hundred dollars and the costs of prosecution.

167. Cattle commissioners, now or hereafter appointed, shall keep a full record of
their doings, and report the same to the legislature on or before the tenth day of
January in each year, unless sooner required by the governor; and an abstract of
the same shall be printed in the annual report of the State board of agriculture.

City of Boston, State of Massachusetts.

[From the statutes and ordinances relating to the public healths, 1878.]
INSPECTION OF PROVISIONS.

99. The mayor and aldermen of cities and the selectmen of towns may annually
appoint one or more persons to be inspectors of provisions, who shall be sworn to
faithfully discharge the duties of their office, and who shall receive such compensa-
tion as the city council of cities or the selectmen of towns shall determine.

100. Said inspectors shall have power to inspect all meats, fish, vegetables, prod-
uce, and provisions of all kinds brought into said cities or towns, or exposed lor
sale or kept with intent to sell therein, and may for this purpose enter into all
buildings where said meats, fish, vegetables, produce, or provisions are stored or

8W1NE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 773

exposed for sale. When such meats, fish,- vegetables, produce, or provisions are
found on such inspection to be tainted, diseased, corrupted, decayed, or unwhole-
some from any cause, said inspectors shall seize the same and cause it to be
destroyed or disposed of otherwise than for food: Provided, however, That if the
owner of the property seized shall at the time of seizure notify said inspector in
writing of his desire to appeal to the board of health, said inspector shall cause
said meat, fish, vegetables, produce, or provisions to be inspected by said board of
health or by a committee thereof, consisting of not less than two members, and if
said board or committee shall find the same to be tainted, diseased, corrupted, or
unwholesome, they shall order the same to be destroyed or disposed of otherwise
than for food. All moneys received by said inspector or board of health for prop-
erty disposed of as aforesaid shall, after deducting all expenses incurred by reason
of said seizure, be paid to the owner thereof.

101. Said inspectors shall have power to inspect all veal brought into said cities or
towns, or offered or exposed for sale or kept with intent to sell therein, and if said
veal is. in the judgment of the inspector, that of a calf killed under four weeks old,
he shall eeize the same and cause it to be destroyed or disposed of, as provided in
the preceding section, subject, however, to the same provisions concerning appeal
and the disposal of moneys that are therein contained.

10?. When complaint is made on oath to any police court or magistrate author-
ized to issue warrants in criminal cases, that the complainant believes that any
tainted, diseased, corrupted, decayed, or unwholesome meat, fish, vegetables, prod-
uce, or provisions of any kind, or any veal of a calf killed under four weeks old is
kept or concealed in any particular house or place with the intent to sell or offer
the same for sale, the court or magistrate, if satisfied there is reason able cause for
such belief shall issiie a warrant to search for such articles, and all such warrants
shall be directed and executed as provided in the third section of chapter one
hundred and seventy of the General Statutes.

103. Whoever knowingly sells, or offers or exposes for sale, or has in his posses-
sion with intent to sell as articles of food any tainted, diseased, corrup ed, decayed,
or unwholesome meat, fish, vegetables, produce, or provisions of any kind what-
ever, shall be punished by imprisonment in jail not exceeding sixty days, or by
fine not exceeding one hundred dollars.

MANAGEMENT OF STOCK- YARDS.

The time that hogs are held by the owner or consignee in the stock yards, before
sold to the packers, is usually very short. Frequently they are sold on the day of
their arrival, but are often held for better pricps. The cost of keeping animals at
the yards is f-o high that they can not be profitably kept for any length of time.
No animals can enter or leave the yards without a " gate order" from the company
as previously stated.

In order to ascertain the system of receipt and care of hogs in the stock yards,
the municipal regulations and modes of inspection, and also the methods adopted
by the Illinois Humane Society in enforcing the laws regarding cruelty to animals,
the following questions were addressed to George Titus Williams, esq., the gen-
eral superintendent of the Union Stock Yards; to John G. Shortall, esq., president
of the Illinois Humane Society, and Willam Mitchell, agent of the same society,
and to Oscar De Wolf, M. D., commissioner of health of the city of Chicago, and
Matthew Lamb, the meat inspector of the health department, stationed at the
stock yards:

QUESTIONS.

1. Is any examination made before unloading from cars to detect diseased or
injured hogs?

2. If so. what regulations govern such examination?

3. When does "delivery " by raiiroad company take place?

4. Are any special instructions given in regard to care in unloading?

5. What is done with hogs found to be sick, diseased, bruised, or crippled?

6. What is done with hogs found smothered?

7. What is done with hogs dead from disease?

8. Are they sold?

9. To whom?

10. For what purpose?

11. Where are they sent?

12. How are they transported?

1 8. What is done with healthy hogs on their arrival?
14. When are they fed?

774 8 WINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

15. What kind of food is given them?
1(5. What quantity?

17. How is it furnished to them?

18. Are they watered?

19. When: 1

20. How is the water furnished to them?
J 1 . What quantity?

22. In the absence of orders by owners or consignees of hogs, have you any reg-
ulations authorizing the feeding and watering of ho^s;

23. How are the hogs cared for in bad weather?

24. How many hogs die in the yards?

25. From what cause?

26. What is done with them?

27. What is done with diseased hogs if discovered in the pens?
2H. How are these hogs disposed of?

29. How arranged to receive hogs from cars?

30. What is the size of the pens?
81. How are they protected?

32. Are they drained?

33. How can they be cleaned?

34. What are the regulations in regard to keeping the pens clean?

35. What measures are adopted to disinfect pens where diseased hogs have been?

36. Is there any inspection made of the sanitary condition of the yards or the
condition and care of the hogs?

37. If so, under what authority?

88. Is such inspection sufficiently effective to secure the sanitary condition of
the premises and prevent any hogs, diseased or in improper condition, going into
food?

39. What is the amount of business done annually?

40. What are your total receipts?

41. What is the average weight of hogs for the year?

42. What is total value of hogs received?

Replies of O. Titus Williams, superintendent of the Union Stock Yards.

Question 1. In answer to your first question I have to say there isno examination
made in cars. But city and State health officers are here to examine stock after
taken from cars.

Question 2. No regulations for examination in cars.

Question 3. When stock is taken from cars.

Question 4. Yes. Employees are directed to handle all stock with care, and
State and city humane officers are constantly in the yards to see that all stock is
properly treated.

Question 5. State and city health officers condemn all diseased animals and kill
them, and they are turned over to the Rendering Company and sent to Globe. .' 1
miles from here, where they are rendered into gi ease.

Question 6. Hogs found smothered are all sent to Globe for the purposes afore-
said.

Question 7. Hogs dying from disease are treated the same way as 6.

Question 8. Yes.

Question 9. To Union Rendering Company at Globe.

Question 10. To be rendered into soap grease and oil grease.

Question 11. To Globe.

Question 12. In box cars.

Question 13. Yarded in covered and floored pens.

Question 14. As soon as yarded.

Question 15. Corn.

Question 16. About 2 bushels to a carload.

Question 17. Union Stock- Yard Company delivers it in pens from wagons.

Question 18. Yes.

Question 19. Soon after arrival.

Question 20. There is a hydrant and trough in each pen, with plentiful supply
of pure water.

Question 21. Unlimited quantity.

Question 22. Yes; all stock is fed and watered by the company when no one in
charge, or when neglected by owner or consignee.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 775

Question 23. Hogs are kept in covered pens with plank flooring in good and bad
weather alike.

Question 24. Not to exceed 1 in 10,000.

Question 25. Mostly from being overheated, and other accidents.

Question 26. All sent to Globe, where all dead animals are sent by authority of
the board of health.

Question 27. When diseased animals are discovered in the pens, the health officers
condemn and kill them as above described. A diseased hog is rarely seen in the
pens. I have not known of a single diseased hog being in these yards in two years.

Question 28. If any , would be disposed of as above stated in 27, and sent to Globe.

Question 29. Cars are sent to a platform even with the car, and a bridge fitted
in the doorway, and hogs and other animals driven over platform down an inclined
plane into the yards.

Question 30. Pens vary in size; to accommodate from 1 to 5 carloads of hogs,
allowing 500 square feet to each carload.

Question 81. By plank floor and roof.

Question 32. Yes.

Question 33. They are cleaned by men with carts and teams.

Question 34. A sufficient force of men are kept constantly at work cleaning the
pens.

Question 35. If diseased hogs should be discovered in any pen it would be
thoroughly cleaned before other hogs would be allowed to be put in.

Question 30. A State agent is stationed at the yards, appointed by the governor
for that purpose; also city officers.

Question oT. By authority of State; and city of Chicago.

Question 3S. Yes.

Question o9. Annual report shows for 1883, $201.252,772.

Question 40. For 1883, 1,878,944 cattle, 30,223 calves, 5,640,625 hogs, 749,917
sheep, 15,255 horses.

Question 41. For 1883, 247 pounds.

Question 42. For 1883, $84,609,375.

Question 43. Police officers are stationed at all the gates of the yards during
business hours, at all times while the gates are open, and prevent any person tak-
ing dead animals from the yards, and compel all such animals to be taken to the
said rendering company's platform, when they are taken by cars to Globe. No
dead animal is allowed to be taken to any other place. The police officers are
appointed by the Union Stock- Yard and Transit Company, and act in conjunction
with the State agent, who is appointed by the governor of the State, and with the
health officers who are appointed by the city of Chicago and the officers appointed
by the Illinois Humane Society.

G. TITUS WILLIAMS,
Superintendent of Union Stock-Yards and Transit Company.

Reply of John G. Shortall, president of the Illinois Humane Society.

CHICAGO, January 25, 1884.

DEAR SIR: Herewith please find the answer of this society's officer, Mitchell, in
reply to your inquiries.

I have traversed the subject with him, and have the fullest confidence in his
reliability and judgment.

Very truly, yours, JOHN G. SHORTALL,

President Illinois Humane Society.
E, W. BLATCHFORD, Esq.,

Of the American Pork Commission of Department of Agriculture

of the United States; George B. Loring, esq., Chairman.

Replies of William Mitchell, agent of the Illinois Humane Society.

1 and 2. There is no examination made of any hogs that are shipped into the
Union Stock Yards before they are unloaded from the cars.

3. The different railway companies consider their delivery perfect as soon as
their cars stop at the plat form" in the yards.

4. There are special instructions given to the men who unload the cars by John
B. Sherman, the vice-president and general manager of the yards. They must
not use any clubs or poles with spikes in them upon the cattle, and any person
that I find using them I immediately place under arrest and bring them before the
police justice, and charge them with the violation of our State laws covering
cruelty to animals, a copy of which will be found below, and which I am specially
detailed at the yards to enforce by the Illinois Humane Society.

776 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Extracts from lairs of the State of Illinois concerning cruelty to animals. Crim-

inal <</<-, rliiijiti'i- .?,v. wtinn 50.

Whoever shall be guilty of cruelty to any animal in any of the ways mentioned
in this section, shall be fined not less than $3, nor more than 200, viz:

First. By overloading, overdriving, overworking, cruelly beating, torturing,
tormenting, mutilating, or cruelly killing any animal, or causing or knowingly
allowing the same to be done.

Second. By cruelly working any old, maimed, infirm, sick, or disabled animal,
or causing or knowingly allowing the same to be done.

Third. By unnecessarily failing to provide any animal in his charge or custody,
as owner or otherwise, with proper food, drink, and shelter.

Fourth. By abandoning any old, maimed, infirm, sick, or disabled animal.

Fifth. By carrying or driving, or causing to be carried or driven or kept, any
animal in an unnecessarily cruel manner. (L. 1869, p. 115, gg 1, 2, 3, 4; p. 110.
sec. 11. See "Animals," ch. 8, g 33-36.)

SEC. 51. By railroads and carriers. No railroad company or other common car-
rier in the carrying or transportation of any cattle, sheep, swine, or other animals
shall allow the same to be confined in any car more than twenty-eight consecutive
hours (including the time they shall have been upon another road), without
unloading or rest, water and feeding for at least five consecutive hours, unless
delayed by storm or accident, when they shall be so fed and watered as soon after
the expiration of such time as may reasonably be done. When so unloaded they
shall be properly fed, watered, and sheltered during such rest by the owner, con-
signee, or person in custody thereof, and, in case of their default, then by the rail-
road company transporting them, at the expense of said owner, consignee, or
person in custody of the same, and such person shall have a lien upon the animals
until the same is paid.

A violation of this section shall subject the offender to a fine of not less than $3
nor more than $200. [L. 1869, p. 115, gS 5, 6; p. 116, 8 7.]

5. All hogs that arrive at the yards that are not dead are carted off to the differ-
ent slaughterhouses, inside and outside of the yards, and killed. The duty of the
city health officer is to examine the meat, and, if found unsound, to condemn the
same. Condemned meat is rendered at establishments for that purpose.

6. They are sent to the Union Rendering Company's establishment.

7. Sent to the same place.

8. Yes.

9. Union Rendering Establishment.

10. To be made into grease, fertilizers, etc.

11. Union Rendering Establishment, situated at Globe Station. 111., 24 miles from
the yards.

12. By rail, in box cars for the purpose.

13. They are immediately placed in covered pens, with plank floors.

14. As soon as practicable after arrival.

15. Good corn.

16. Two bushels to carload, a carload being from 45 to 70 hogs.

17. Hauled in a cart to the pens, and left on the floor for them.

18. Each pen in the yards is supplied with a water trough. There are pipes
leading from the waterworks, supplied from two artesian wells (which are situated
in the yards), to each trough, so that the water can be turned on or off at each pen
without interfering with any other, and each trough is supplied with a hole in the
bottom of it, and a plug, so that the dirty water can be allowed to run off and the
trough filled with clean water. This water is pure and good.

19. When they come in, and afterwards when needed.

20. By pipes from the waterworks into their trough.

21. All they can use.

22. There are two officers one the agent of the Illinois Humane Society and one
agent appointed by the governor of the State constantly in the yards, looking
after the feeding and watering of stock. Any stock that comes in without some
person in charge, these officers order feed for, and in case of the absence of the
officers the stock yard company will feed them.

23. They are put into good, covered pens, with plank floors.

24. A small percentage; can not answer exactly.

25. From injuries received in transportation, and from different diseases not
known to me.

26. Sent to the Union Rendering Establishment.

27. If I find hogs diseased in the pens I report the fact to the city health officer,
stationed at the yards. My duties end there.

28. If the health officer condemns them, he sees that they are put into a tank
and rendered into grease.

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 777

29. The landing platforms around the yards are built the same distance from the
ground as the car doors, so that the hogs can walk from the cars to the platform,
a little bridge beinjg placed from each car door to the platform, so that the hogs'
legs can not get in between the car and the platform. They are then driven into
the pens.

30. There are two sizes of pens 1 ,500 surface feet, and 500.

31. Fenced all around, roofed, and boarded floor.

32. Yes.

33. Scraped and cleaned by men.

34. They are always kept reasonably clean, and there are thirty carts used daily
for hauling the dirt from the pens. Each cart hauls 2 yards of dirt at a load, and
each cart hauls 12 loads per day.

35. Washed out with water from the trough supply pipe.

36. There are three health officers in the yards who attend to the sanitary
condition.

37. The board of health of Chicago.

38. There are three officers of the board of health detailed to look after diseased
animals here, but I do not think the force large enough to detect all diseased hogs
that arrive at the yards. It is true, further, that a large number of sows with
young, "piggy sows," as they are called, are sold here for food. It is my opinion
that where animals are in that condition some time should be determined upon
after which their being used for food should be prohibited.

39.

40.

41.

42.

For answers to these questions see the annual report of the Union Stock Yards
Company, which I send herewith.

No hogs of any description are allowed to be driven into or out of the yards
without an order, so it is impossible for any hogs, whether sick or sound, to get
into or out of the yards without being seen by some connected with the yards, for
they are all counted. Orders have to be given (of which I inclose forms) to the
officer stationed at the gates before they are allowed to pass in or out of the yards.
If hogs come in diseased, if alive they are sold by the owners or consignees to who-
ever will buy them; if they die in the yards they go to the render ing establishment.
No dead animals are allowed to be taken out of the yards for food.

WILLIAM MITCHELL,
Agent Illinois Humane Society, stationed at Union Stock Yards

to Enforce the Laws Regarding Cruelty to Animals.

Replies of Oscar De Wolf, M. D., commissioner of health of the city of Chicago, and
Matthew Lamb, meat inspector.

CHICAGO, February 4, 1884.
Mr. E. W. BLATCHFORD,

Of American Pork Commission.

DEAR SIR: Your circular letter of the 21st ult. only came to my hand yesterday
on my return from the East.

In reply I have the honor to inform you that I was appointed commissioner of
health in February, 1877, and have been in sole charge of the department since
that date; that it is made by law my duty to supervise the meat supply of the city,
and that 1 might properly perform this duty it became necessary to extend the
supervision to an examination of live stock arriving at the stock yards. For this
purpose there are three officers of this department on duty at the yards all of
them experienced judges of stock who are directed to vigorously cull out and
condemn all stock which, from any cause, is unfit for food.

The stock-yard authorities and large packers doing business at the yards have
always honorably and actively cooperated with this department in this work.
They have placed pens and yards at our disposal, over which the health officers
have absolute control and into which the authorities place all animals condemned
by the officers, such animals being slaughtered by the officers and turned over to
the Union Rendering Company, as explained by officer Lamb. Whenever the
force of officers on duty at the yards has been inadequate for the work, I am per-
'mitted to employ more men of my own selection, for which service the packers
and stock-yard authorities cheerfully pay.

The statute under which we are authorized to act in this direction is section 7,
chapter 38, "Revised Statutes of Illinois," 1874, as follows:

"Whoever * * * shall sell or offer to sell or keep for sale any flesh of any
diseased animal, or other * * * unwholesome provision shall be confined in

778 8WINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

the county jail not exceeding one year, or be fined not exceeding 1.000, or both,
in the discretion of the court;" and also section 1 :WJ of the revised code of the city
of Chicago, as follows:

1 :;y ). That no cattle shall be killed for human food while in an'overheated, fever-
ish or diseased condition; and all such diseased cattle in the city of Chicago, and
the place where found and their disease, shall be at once reported to the commis-
sioner of health by the owner or custodian thereof, that the proper order may be
made relative thereto.

Respectfully yours, OSCAR C. DE WOLF, M. D.,

Commissioner of Health.

By ordinance the word "cattle" includes all animals used for food.

OSCAR C. DE WOLF,

Commissioner of Health.

Replies of Matthew Lamb, meat inspector, Chicago.

\. Is any examination made before unloading from cars to detect diseased or
in j ured hogs?
No.

2. If so, what regulations govern such examinations?
None.

3. When does " delivery " by railroad company take place?
Immediately after arrival at stock yards.

4. Are any special instructions given in regard to care in unloading?

There are strict orders from the superintendent of the stock yards company as
to care; also, not to use any poles with spears. Should any employee disobey those
orders he is forthwith discharged.

5. What is done with hogs found to be sick, diseased, bruised, or crippled?
Those that are unfit for human food are condemned by health officer and con-
signed to rendering tanks.

6. What is done with hogs found smothered?
They are used for grease.

7. What is done with hogs dead from disease?
They are also used for grease.

8. Are they sold?
Yes.

9. To whom?

The Union Rendering Company.

10. For what purpose?
For rendering purposes.

1 1 . Where are they sent?

They are sent to the Union Rendering Company's establishment at Globe Sta-
tion, 111.. 24 miles from Chicago.

12. How are they transported?
By railroad, in tight boxed cars.

13. What is done with healthy hogs on their arrival?

They are put in covered pens; said pens have a floor composed of planks.

14. When are they fed?
Generally on arrival.

15. What kind of food is given them?

Corn of the best quality, which is inspected by a corn inspector.

16. What quantity?

As much as they can consume. It is a gain to feed them, as all hogs are sold by
weight.

17. How is it furnished to them?
It is fed to them in the pens.

18. Are they watered?

They are; also the water is good, healthy, and a large amount of it, as the yards
have a big supply from five artesian wells.

19. When.

The water is turned on when the hogs enter the pen.

20. How is the water furnished to them?

There is a stand pipe in the pen; also a tight trough with a plug inserted in said
trough, so when the hogs are after drinking, the plug is withdrawn and fresh
water again supplied, if needed.

21. What quantity?

22. In the absence of orders by owners or consignees of hogs, have you any reg-
ulations authorizing the feeding aud watering of hogs.

SWINE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 779

Yes; there are two humane officers at the yards who attend to such things: one
is a State officer, the other is an officer of the Chicago Humane Society; also the
stock yards company attend to such matters.

23. How are the hogs cared for in bad weather?
They are well cared for.

24. How many hogs die in the yards?
A very small percentage.

25. From what cause?

From overloading in some cases, and a few from disease, also some piggy sows,
which in my opinion should not be shipped to market.

26. What is done with them?

They go to the Union Rendering Company's tanks, for grease purposes.

27. What is done with the diseased hogs if discovered in the pens?

When killed they are'inspected by me, the health officer, and if unfit for human
food they are condemned and put into rendering tanks for grease and fertilizing
purposes.

28. How are these hogs disposed of?

Condemned and put in tanks for grease and fertilizing purposes.

29. How arranged to receive hogs from cars?
The arrangements are perfect in all divisions.

30. What is the size of the pens?

The pens vary in size from 500 s juare feet to 2,000 square feet. The first size
will contain one carload and the latter size four carloads.

31. How are they protected?

They are roofed over and well protected.

32. Are they drained?

They are well and thoroughly drained.

33. How can they be cleaned?

By a two-horse cart being driven into them and the refuse matter loaded into
said cart and it taken therefrom.

34. What are the regulations in regard to keeping the pens aean?
To be cleaned when needed.

3."). What measures are adopted to disinfect pens where diseased ho^s have been?
Thoroughly washed out wish water.

31). Is there any inspection made of the sanitary condition of the yards or the
condition and care of the hogs?
There are three sanitary policemen assigned to do duty at said yards.

37. If so, under what authority?

Those officers belong to the Chicago health department.

38. Is such inspection sufficient and effective to secure the sanitary condition of
the premises and prevent any hogs, diseased or in improper condition, going into
food?

It is.

39. Please state what system of supervision is adopted to prevent any diseased
hogs going into food, and under what authority such supervision is exercised,
whether municipal. State, or the national or local humane society.

I am stationed at the Union Stock Yards from 7 a. m. until 6 p. m. each day, to
see that no diseased, crippled, emaciated, or bruised animal is used for human
food; to condemn and. confiscate forthwith such animal or animals, and have them
consigned to the rendering tanks. I am under the supervision of Oscar C. De Wolf,
M. D., commissioner of health of Chicago, 111.

MATTHEW LAMB,

Meat Inspector at Union Stock Yards, Chicago, III.
JANUARY 21, 1884.

(See blank form of order of health officer herewith.)

HEALTH DEPARTMENT, CITY HALL,

Chicago, January 21, 1881.
Matthew Lamb, sanitary inspector, is authorized to condemn and remove

at , No. street, as being detrimental to health and unfit for human

food.

PENALTY FOR THE SELLING OP UNSOUND MEATS, ETC.

For the further maintenance of the public health it is ordered that, if any per-
son shall, on and after June 10, 1858. sell, or expose for sale, in any market house
or elsewhere in said city any emaciated, tainted or putrid meat or provisions,
which for these or other causes may be deemed unwholesome, such person shall,

780 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

on conviction, be fined not less than five nor more than five hundred dollars for
*-;ich and every offense; and it shall be the duty of the sanitary sn] erintendent or
health officer to forthwith seize and confiscate all .such meat or provisions.
By order of the commissioner of health.

OSCAE C. DE WOLF, Health OJ//C.T.

THE HOG IN THE HANDS OF THE PACKERS; THE MODE OF PURCHASE, SLAUGHTER-
ING, AND CURING.

The following questions were addressed to all the principal packers of the coun-
try, either personally or by mail, and the replies were made accordingly.

Questions submitted to packers.

1. Where and how are the hogs purchased?

2. How do you buy your hogs'?

3. In selecting hogs do you reject the following, viz:

4. Diseased?

5. Bruised or abused hogs?

6. Ruptured?

7. Still-fed?

8. Piggy sows?

9. Stags?

10. Crippled hogs?

11. Are hogs usually rejected for these reasons?

12. Is it customary to buy hogs from the general appearance, weight, and even-
ness of a lot?

13. What is done with rejected hogs?

14. How long are the hogs kept in your pens before slaughtering?

15. Why are they kept this length of time?

16. How do you care for them in your pens?

17. How are these pens constructed?

18. Do any die in the pens?

19. If so, how many and fiom what cause?

20. What is done with the dead hogs?

21. How are the hogs prepared for slaughtering?

22. How are hogs taken from the pens to the slaughtering room?

23. If hogs are unable to be driven to the slaughtering room, what is done with
them?

24. What mode of slaughter do you adopt?

25. What time is allowed the hog to bleed?

26. Is an examination made whether life is extinct before scalding?

Treatment of carcass of hog after slaughter.

27. What is the next process with the carcass?

28. What time is allowed the carcass to cool before cutting up?

29. Is the carcass thoroughly cooled before going to the cutting bench?

30. Is this rule strictly carried out?

31. Why is the thorough cooling of the carcass important before cutting up and
commencing to cure?

32. Is there any inspection made to ascertain that it is thoroughly cooled?

33. What is the rule for cutting?

34. Is inspection of meat had at time of cutting up, and for what?

35. Is such inspection sufficiently thorough to detect disease or bruises?

36. After cutting up the carcass, how are the parts treated to effect a cure!

37. How are they piled to secure thorough curing?

38. What is the temperature of the room?

39. What time is required for curing?

40. Is meat ever shipped before being cured?

41. Is it desirable to effect a cure in as short time as possible?

42. Is not the curing of the meat often forced for purpose of making it salable
and deliverable in as short time as possible?

43. Do you ascertain by inspection the soundness of your cured meat?

44. To what causes do you attribute unsound or ''sour " meat?

45. Do yon attribute it to diseased carcass?

46. Do you attribute it to a faulty treatment?

47. What quality of "sour" meat do you have?

SWINE PRODUCTS OF -THE UNITED STATES. 781

48. What is done with it?

49. What, if any changes in modes of curing are adopted for meats destine! to
markets in different climates;'

.~>0. Can as reliable results of curing be had in summer as in winter?

51. What kind or kinds of salt are used?

52. Why do you give this kind or kinds preference?

53. How is meat packed for shipment?

54. What is the quality of the packages used?

55. What is the size of packages?

56. What weight of meat is put in each box?

57. Is any salt put in?

58. How much to each box of meat?

59. What is the rule?

60. Is this rule strictly adhered to?

61. Is not less salt used than the rule calls for to save expense?

62. What is the character OL the salt used?

63. Is any care taken that the salt be clean?

64. What is your rule for cutting mess pork?

65. How many pieces in each barrel?

66. What is the weight of meat in each barrel?

67. What kind of salt is used?

68. What quantity of salt is used?

69. How is the quality tested?

70. Where is mess pork stored?

71. What are the regulations regarding its storage?

72. What is the temperature of the warehouse?

73. What examinations are made as to its conditions from time to time?

74. What number of hogs do you kill annually?

75. What is their average weight?

. 76. What parts of the hog do you use for lard?

77. What do you include as offal?

78. What is done with the head?

79. What is done with the feet?

80. What is done with the entrails?

81. What is done with the heart?

82. What is done with the liver and lights?

83. What is done with the blood?

84. What is done with the refuse from tanks?

85. Is all meat inspected before being shipped?

86. By whom?

87. Under what authority?

88. Is meat ever packed and shipped without being inspected?

89. Under what circumstances?

90. Do you ever guarantee inspection?

91. If so, under what circumstances and to what extent?

92. What course does the inspector take in examining meat?

93. Does he examine each piece?

94. What tests are made?

95. For fully or properly cured?

96. For stags?

97. For piggy sows?

98. For "soiir" meat?

99. For bruised meat?

100. For what causes is meat rejected?

101. What is done with meat rejected by the inspectors?

PURCHASE OF HOGS.

Those packing companies which do business in the large cities purchase their
hogs in the stock yards from the shippers, owners, or consignees. Packers in the
smaller cities of the country buy directly from the farmers. In all cases the buy-
ing is done by experts, who are selected because of their ability to judge of the
condition and health of the hogs. Barrows and spayed sows are preferred; "stags"
and "piggy " sows are re : ected by some, by others they are bought at a reduction
of 60 to 80 pounds on the former and 40 pounds on the latter, and cured for domes-
tic markets. Diseased, bruised, crippled, and ruptured hogs, with very few excep-
tions, are rejected. Still-fed hogs (distillery swill) are also generally rejected, the
meat being too soft and oily.

782 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

DISPOSITION OF REJECTED HOGS.

The rejected hogs are generally tanked for grease, but " stags " and ' ' piggy " sows
often go into consumption as second-quality pork. Bruised and crippled hogs
which do not seem feverish are also at times cured after slaughter, provided the
meat passes inspection as fit for food, but the injured parts are always rejected.
As a rule the larger establishments refuse crippled and bruised hogs, and these
find their way, when not tanked, into the hands of the city butchers, and, unless
condemned by the health officers, are sold for local consumption.

HOGS IN THE PACKERS' PENS.

All the packers hold the hogs alive for from twelve to forty-eight hours before
killing in order that the excitement of the journey may be allayed, and that they
may have time to rest and cool. If killed sooner than this the animals are more
or less feverish and overheated, and the meat can not be cured without danger of
a large proportion becoming " sour, "particularly about the joints of the hams and
shoulders. During this time the animals are kept in covered and floored pens,
with good water constantly before them, as this greatly assists the " cooling." and
they are fed with corn until within twenty-four hours of the time of slaughter.
Very few hogs die in the packers' pens, and these mostly from crowding and
smothering each other, but the proportion is extremely small, varying from 1 in
5,000 to 1 in 1,000 handled. Such dead hogs go to the tanks for grease.

SLAUGHTERING.

The animals to be slaughtered are driven from the pens up an inclined way to
one of the upper floors of the packing house. Those fit to be killed and too fat or
from other cause unable to walk are hoisted up to the slaughter pen. In most of
the larger houses the anima's are then lifted up by the hind legs, and killed by
sticking with the head hanging down. A considerable number of companies, how-
ever, knock the hog on the head before sticking or hoisting, as they think better
meat is made from bogs killed in this way, the struggles of the animal after being
stuck by the other method being supposed at times to cause injuries to the joints.
In any case they are allowed to hang and bleed from three to ten minutes, or until
dead, when they are dropped into the scalding vat. then scraped, and the entrails
removed, when, after washing, they go to the cooling room.

COOLING AND CUTTING.

The carcasses are allowed to hang in the cooling room from twenty-four to
forty-eight hours before cutting, and hams and shoulders are frequently cooled
twelve to twenty-four hours longer before salting. The necessity of thorough
cooling is well understood by all packers, and they are extremely particular in
regard to this part of the process. Some test the meat with a thermometer, others
rely upon hourly tests of the temperature of the room, but all agree that the cool-
ing must be thorough or the m^at can not be cured without " souring;" a careful
inspection is generally made before cutting to determine if this has been carried to
the proper point. The cutting and trimming differs somewhat according to the
directions of the boards of trade in their respective cities and the market for
which the meat is intended.

The rules established by the Board of Trade of the City of Chicago, State of
Illinois, September 1, 1883, are here inserted:

REQUIREMENTS AS TO CUT AND PACKING OF HOG PRODUCTS.

BARRELED PORK.

Mess pork.

Standard mess pork should be made from sides of well fatted hogs, split through
or on one side of the back-bone, and equal proportions on both sides, cut into strips
of reasonably uniform width, properly flanked and not backstrapped.

One hundred and ninety (190) pounds of green meat, and between March 1 and
November 1 two hundred (200) pounds, numbering not over sixteen (HS) pieces,
including the regular proportion of flank and shoulder cuts, placed four layer-; on
edge, without excessive crowding or bruising, shall be packed in each barrel, with
not less than thirty (30) pounds of coarse salt, and barrel filled with brine of full

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 783

strength, or thirty (30) pounds of coarse salt, and in addition thereto fifteen (15)
pounds of salt, and barrel filled with cold water.

Prime mess pork.

Prime mess pork should be made from the shoulders and sides of hogs weighing
from one hundred (100) to one hundred and seventy-five (175) pounds net. to be
cut as near as practicable into square pieces of four (4) jpounds each, the shank of
the shoulder to be cut off close to the breast.

One hundred and ninety (190) pounds of green meat, in the proportion of twenty
(20) pieces of shoulder cuts to thirty (30) pieces of side cuts, shall be properly
packed in each barrel, with not less than twenty (20) pounds of coarse salt and
barrel filled with brine of full strength, or twenty (20) pounds of coarse salr. and
in addition thereto fifteen (15) pounds of salt and barrel tilled with water. There
shall also be put into each barrel twelve (12) ounces of saltpeter.

Extra prime pork.

Extra prime pork should be made from heavy, untrimmed shoulders, cut into
three (3) pieces, the leg to be cut off close to the breast, and in all other respects
to be cut, selected, and packed as mess pork.

Light mess pork.

Light mess pork should be made from sides of reasonably well-fatted hogs, and
in all other respects to be cut, selected, and packed same as mess pork, except that
as many as twenty-two (22) pieces may be put into each barrel.

Back pork.

Back pork should be made from backs of hogs after bellies have been taken off,
cut into pieces of about six (G) pounds each, and in all other respects to be cut,
selected, and packed in the same manner as mess pork.

Extra shoulder pork.

Extra shoulder pork should be made from heavy trimmed shoulders, cut into
three (3) pieces, the leg to be cut off close to the breast, and in all other respects
to be cut, selected, and packed in the same manner as mess pork.

Extra clear pork.

Extra clear pork should be made from the sides of extra heavy, well-fatted
hogs, the backbone and ribs to be taken out, the number of pieces in each barrel
not to exceed fourteen (14), and in all other respects to be cut, selected, and
packed in the same manner as mess pork.

Clear pork.

Clear pork should be made from the sides of extra heavy, well-fatted hogs, the
backbone and half the rib next the backbone to be taken out, the number of pieces
in each barrel not to exceed fourteen (14), and in all other respects to be cut,
selected, and packed in the same manner as mess pork.

Clear back pork.

Clear back pork should be made from the backs of heavy, well-fatted hogs after
bellies have been taken off and backbone and ribs taken out, cut into pieces of
about six (0) pounds each, and in all other respects to be packed in the same
manner as mess pork.

Rumps.

Rumps should be trimmed with only enough taken off to make them neat and
smooth, the tails to be cut off close, and in all other respects to be cut, selected,
and packed in the same manner as mess pork.

PICKLED MEATS.
Standard sweet-pickled hams.

Standard sweet-pickled hams should be cut short and well rounded at the butt,
properly faced, shank cut in or above the hock joint; to be reasonably uniform in

784 SWI.NK I'KnlHCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

size, and to average, in lots, not to exceed sixteen (16) pounds. Three hundred
(300) pounds, block weight, shall be packed in each tierce, with either twenty-four
(24 1 pounds of salt, three (J3) quarts of good sirup, twelve (12) ounces of saltpeter,
and tierces filled with water; or tierce filled with sweet pickle, made according to
above standard.

Standard sweet-jiicl'li'd shoulders.

Standard sweet- pickled, shoulders should be well cut and trimmed, reasonably
uniform in size, and to average, in lots, not to exceed sixteen (16) pounds. Three
hundred (300) pounds, block weight, shall be packed in each tierce. Pickle the
same as used for hams.

New York shoulders.

New York shoulders should be made from small, smooth hogs, shank cut off 1
inch above knee joint, trimmed close and smooth, reasonably uniform in size, and
to average, in lots, not to exceed fourteen (14) pounds. Three hundred (ooii)
pounds, block weight, shall be packed in each tierce. Pickle the same as used for
hams.

Sweet-piclded bellies.

Sweet- pickled bellies should be made from nice, smooth hogs, well cut and
trimmed, to average, in lots, not to exceed fourteen (14) pounds. Three hundred
(800) pounds, block weight, shall be packed in each tierce. Pickle the same as
used for hams.

Branding.

The packer's name, location, number of pieces, and date of packing shall be
branded on the head of each package of pickled meats at the time of packing.

Uniformity of pickled meats.

All pickled meats should be sized when packed, the light, medium, and heavy
separately, as nearly as practicable.

Cur MEATS.
Hams.

Hams should be cut short, well rounded at the butt, properly faced, cut in or
above the hock joint.

Shoulders.

Shoulders should be cut as close as possible to the back part of the forearm joint,
butted off square on top; neck bone and spareribs taken out, blood vein lifted and
cut out, breast flap to be trimmed off, and foot to be cut off in or above the knee-
joint.

Bladed shoulders.

Bladed shoulders should be cut the same as standard shoulders, excepting the
shoulder blade to be taken out and the corners rounded.

Rough sides.

Rough sides should be made by slitting the hog through or on one side of the
backbone, and an equal proportion of both sides must be delivered on sales to
make them standard.

Short clear sides.

To make short clear sides the back-bone and ribs should be taken out. hench-bone
or breast-bone sawed or cut down smooth and even with the face of the side; feather
or blade bone not to be taken out, and sides not to be backstrapped or flanked.

Short-rib sides.

To make short-rib sides, the back-bone should be taken out, hench-bone and
breast-bone sawed or cut down smooth and even with the face of the side: feather
of blade-bone not to be taken out, and sides not to be backstrapped or flanked.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 785

Long clear sides.

To make long clear sides, the back-bone, shoulder-bones, and ribs must be taken
out, leg cut off close to the brisket, hench-bone and breast-bone sawed or cut down
smooth and even with the face of the side, and sides not to be backstrapped or
flanked.

Cumberland sides.

To make Cumberland sides, the side and shoulder should be left together in one
piece, leg cut off below the knee-joint; shoulder-ribs, neck-bone, and back-bone
taken out; blood- vein lifted and cut out; hench-bone and breast-bone sawed or cut
down smooth and even with the face of the side, and sides not to be Lackstrapped
or flanked.

Long-rib sides.

Long-rib sides should be made same as Cumberlands, except that the shou'der-
bones must be taken out and leg cut off close to the brisket.

Stretford sides.

Stretford sides should be made from hogs weighing about 140 to 160 pounds net;
back-bone and half of the ribs taken out, blade-bone taken out, knuckle left in,
and leg cut off close to the breast.

Birmingham sides,

Birmingham sides should be made from hogs weighing about 170 pounds net;
back-bone, ribs, and blade-bone ta^en out, pocket-piece cut out and pocket nicely
rounded, knuckle- bone left in, and leg cut off close to the' breast.

South Staffordshire sides.

South Staffordshire sides should be made the same as Birmingham, except loin
taken out full to top of shoulder-blade, leaving only a thin strip of lean along the
back; knuckle left in, and leg cut off close to the breast.

Yorkshire sides.

Yorkshire sides should be made the same as Cumberlands, with ribs out and leg
cut off about two inches above the knee.

Irish cut sides.

Irish cut sides should be made the same as long clear, except top of the pocket
cut off, knuckle-bone left in.

Long hams.

Long hams should be cut from the side by separating with a knife the hip-bone
from the rump, properly rounded out, foot unjointed at first joint below the hock-
joint.

South Staffordshire hams.

South Staffordshire hams should be cut short, hip-bone taken out at socket- joint,
hock unjointed at first joint below the hock-joint.

Uniformity of boxed meats.

In packing meats in boxes the pieces should be classified, the light, medium, and
heavy separately, as nearly as practicable, in packages made to suit the different
sizes.

LARD.
Choice lard.

Choice lard to be made from leaf and trimmings only, either steam or kettle ren-
dered, the manner of rendering to be branded on each tierce.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 50

786 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UMTED STATES.

Prime steam lard.

Prime steam lard shall be standard when made from the head, gut, leaf, and
trimmings, in the proportion in which the same came from the hog, but shall not
include any material which has been salted.

The rules established by the Chamber of Commerce of Cincinnati, Ohio, are
here inserted:

RULES FOE THE CUT AND MANUFACTURE OF THE HOG PRODUCT.

BAKKELED POKK.

Mess pork.

Mess pork shall be cut and packed from sides of well-fatted hogs, in strips: the
hog to be first split through the iackbone. or, if split on one side, then an equal
proportion of hard and soft sides, as they are termed, must be packed, properly
flanked, and not backstrapped. One hundred and ninety pounds of green meat,
numbering not over sixteen pieces, including the regular proportion of flank and
shoulder cuts, four layers placed on edge without excessive crowding or bruising,
must be packed into each barrel, with not less than thirty-five pounds of good for-
eign, or forty pounds of good domestic, coarse salt, and filled up with good clear
brine, as strong as salt will make it. The pork to be cut reasonably uniform in
width. The packer's name and location, the date of packing, and the number of
pieces and pounds of green meat in each barrel must be branded on the head with
a metallic brand, marking iron, or stencil brand, at the time of packing.

Prime mess pork.

Prime mess pork shall be made of the shoulders and sides of nice, smooth, fat
hogs, weighing from 100 to 160 pounds, net, regularly cut into square pieces, as
near four pounds each as possible, the shank to be cut off close to the breast; each
barrel to contain one hundred and ninety pounds of green meat, in the proportion
of twenty pieces of shoulder and thirty pieces of side cuts, and to be packed with
twenty pounds of good, coarse salt, with the addition of eight ounces of saltpeter.
The prime pieces should be cut clear of the blade-bone: the shoulder -pieces not to
exceed eighty-five pounds in each barrel.

Extra prime pork.

Extra prime pork shall be made from heavy, untrimmed shoulders, cut into
three pieces, the leg to be cut off close to the breast, to be packed one hundred and
ninety pounds of green meat into each barrel, with the same quantity and quality
of salt as mess pork.

Light mess pork.

Light mess pork shall be made from the sides of reasonably well fatted hogs,
and in all other respects to be cut, selected, and packed the same as mess pork
except that as many as twenty-two pieces may be put into each barrel.

Family mess pork.

Family mess pork shall be made from backs of hogs, after bellies have been
taken off, cut into pieces about six pounds each, and in all other respects to be
selected and packed in the same manner as mess pork.

Extra shoulder pork.

Extra shoulder pork shall be made from heavy, trimmed shoulders, cut into
three pieces, the leg to be cut off close to the breast, and in all other respects
selected and packed in the same manner as extra prime pork.

Extra clear pork.

Extra clear pork shall be made from the sides of extra heavy, well-fatted hogs,
the backbone and ribs to be taken out, the number of pieces in each barrel not to
exceed fourteen, and in all other respects to be cut, selected, and packed in the
same manner as mess pork.

SWINE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 787

Clear pork.

Clear pork shall be made from the sides of extra heavy, well-fatted hogs, the
backbone and half the rib next to the backbone to be taken out, the number of
pieces in each barrel not to exceed fourteen, and in all other respects to be cut,
selected, and packed in the same manner as mess pork.

Clear family mess pork.

Clear family mess pork shall be made from the backs of heavy, well-fatted hogs,
after bellies have been taken off and backbone and ribs taken out, cut into pieces
of about six pounds each, and in all other respects to be packed in the same man-
ner as mess pork.

Rumps.

Rumps shall be trimmed with only enough taken off to make them neat and
smooth, the tails cut off close, each barrel to contain one hundred and ninety
pounds of green meat, packed in the same quantity and quality of salt as mess
pork, and the number of pieces to be similarly branded on each barrel at the time
of packing.

PICKLED MEATS.

Standard sweet-pickled hams.

Standard sweet-pickled hams shall be cut short and well rounded at the butt,
properly faced, shank cut just in or above the hock joint, to be reasonably uniform
in size and average. Three hundred pounds, block weight, shall be placed in
each tierce.

Standard sweet-pickled shoulders.

Standard sweet-pickled shoulders shall be well cut and trimmed; shank cut in
or above the kneejoint. to be reasonably uniform in size. Three hundred pounds,
block weight, shall be packed in each tierce.

New York shoulders.

New York shoulders shall be made from small, smooth hogs, shank cut off one
inch above kneejoint, trimmed close and smooth, reasonably uniform in size, and
to average, in lots, not to exceed fourteen pounds. Three hundred pounds, block
weight, shall be packed in each tierce.

Sweet-pickled bellies.

Sweet-pickled bellies shall be made from nice, smooth hogs, well cut and
trimmed, to average, in lots, not to exceed fourteen pounds. Three hundred
pounds, block weight, shall be packed in each tierce.

Branding.

The packer's name, location, number of pieces, and date of packing shall be
branded on the head of each package of pickled meats at the time of packing.

Uniformity of pickled meats.

All pickled meats shall be sized when packed, the light, medium, and heavy
separately, as near as practicable.

CUT MEATS.
Hams.

Hams shall be cut short, well rounded at the butt, properly faced, cut just in or
above the hock joint.

Shoulders.

Shoulders shall be cut at right angles to the side, and as close as possible to the
back part of the forearm joint, butted off square on top, neck bone and short ribs
taken out, blood vein lifted and cut out, breast flap to be trimmed off, and foot to
be cut off in or above the kuee-joint.

788 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Bladed shoulder fi.

Bladed shoulders shall be cut the same as -'standard" shoulders, excepting the
shoulder Made to be taken out and the corners rounded.

Rough sides.

Rough sides shall be made by splitting the hog through one side of the backbone,
and an equal proportion of both sides must be delivered on sales, to make them
"standard."

Short clear sides.

To make short clear sides the backbone, breastbone, and ribs shall be taken out,
and hench bone sawed down smooth and even with the face of the side, feather of
blade bone not to be taken out, edges to be left smooth, sides not to be back strapped
or flanked.

Short-rib sides.

To make short-rib aides the backbone should be taken out. bench bone and breast-
bone sawed or cut down smooth and even with the face of the side, feather of blade
bone not to be taken out, and side not to be back strapped or flanked.

Long clear sides.

To make long clear sides the backbone, shoulder bones, ribs, and breastbone must
be taken out, leg cut off close to the brisket, hench bone sawed down smooth and
even with the face of the side, and the sides not to be back strapped or flanked.

Cumberland sides.

To make Cumberland sides the side and shoulder should be left together in one
piece: foot cut off in or above kneejoint: shoulder ribs, neck bone, and backbone
taken out: blood vein lifted and cut out; hench bone and breastbone sawed or cut
down smooth and even with the face of the side, and sides not to be back strapped
or flanked. Ribs must not be scribed.

Long-rib sides.

Long-rib sides to be made same as Cumberlands, except that the shoulder bones
must be taken out and leg cut off close to the brisket.

Stretford sides.

Stretford sides shall be made from hogs weighing about 140 to 160 pounds, net;
backbone and half the ribs taken out, blade bone taken out, knuckle left in, and
leg cut off close to the breast.

Birmingham sides.

Birmingham sides shall be made from hogs weighing about 170 pounds, net;
backbone, ribs, and blade bone taken out, pocket piece cut out, and pocket nicely
rounded, knuckle bone left in, and leg cut off close to the breast.

South Staffordshire sides.

South Staffordshire sides shall be made the same as Birmingham, except loin
taken out full to top of shoulder blade, leaving only a thin strip of lean along the
back; knuckle left in and leg cut off close to the breast.

Yorkshire sides.

Yorkshire sides shall be made the same as Cumberlands, with the ribs out, the
leg cut off about two inches above the knee.

Irtish cut sides.

Irish cut sides shall be made the same as long clear, except top of the pocket cut
off, knuckle bone left in.

SWINE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 789

Long hams.

Long hams shall be cut from the side by separating with a knife the hip bone
from the rump, properly rounded out, foot unjointed at first joint below the
hock joint.

South Staffordshire hams.

South Staffordshire hams shall be cut short, hip bone taken out at the socket
joint, hock unjointed at first joint below the hock joint.

Uniformity of boxed meats.

In packing meats in boxes, the pieces shall be classified the light, medium, and
heavy separately, as nearly as practicable, in packages made to suit the different
sizes.

LAHD.

Choice lard.

Choice lard to be made from leaf and trimmings only, either by steam or kettle
rendered, the manner of rendering to be branded on each tierce.

Prime steam lard.

Prime steam lard shall be standard, made from head, gut fat, leaf and trim-
mings, in the proportion in which the same come from the hog.

Current make lard. '

Current make lard shall be standard, made from head, gut fat, leaf, and trim-
mings in the proportion in which the same come from the hog; white and sweet;
steam rendered.

Rules for the regulation of the trade in cooperage.

Rule 1. The board of officers (directors) shall annually appoint a competent
inspector of cooperage, who shall inspect all such cooperage as he may be called
upon to examine according to these rules, determining with a wind bellows the
tightness of packages to hold liquids, lard, or pickled meats.

Rule 2. The certificate of such inspector shall be binding in the settlement of
any differences as to quality that may arise between the buyer and seller, but, in
the event of either party feeling dissatisfied with such inspection, an appeal may
be made to the committee on provisions or whisky inspection, as the article
inspected may properly belong to one or the other, and the decision of such com-
mittee shall be final.

Rule 3. The fees to be allowed the inspector shall be as follows:
For seventy-five (75) or a less number of barrels, half barrels, kegs, or

tierces $1

For lots exceeding seventy-five (75) packages of the same, per package.. 1| cents.
For hogsheads, half hogsheads, or boxes, per package 3 cents.

Rule 4. The fees shall in all cases be paid by the party employing the inspector.

Packages.

Cooperage shall be made of well-seasoned white oak, free from objectionable sap.

Pork barrels.

For pork barrels, staves shall be five-eighths (f) of an inch thick, thirty (30) inches
long; heads made in an eighteen (18) inch tress, one (1) inch thick in center and
three-eighths () of an inch at bevel; hoops of hickory, not more than ten on an
end; barrel to be hooped not less than eleven-sixteenths ({%)

Tierces.

Tierces for hams, shoulders, or lard shall be thirty-two (32) to thirty-three (33)
inches long, heads made in twenty-one (21) inch tress hoops and same thickness

1 Adopted August 6, 1875.

790 SWI.NK l'tt<t DUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

as for barrels: staves mayor may not be chamfered at the head, as may be agreed
upon by the buyer and seller: shall be three-quarters < ^ i of an inch, quality of
staves and hoops to be same as for barrels. Tierces to be hooped eleven-sixteenths
and to have not more than ten hoops to an end. Iron-bound tierces, for pickled
hams and shoulders, shall be classed as ' Standard" if made in compliance with
the requirements of this rule as to heading and staves, and hooped with not less
than three (3) good hoops on each end: the chime hoops to be 1J inches in width,
the quarter and bilge hoops to be 1^ inches in width, and to weigh, per set, not
less than ten (10) pounds to the tierce.

Lard kegs.

Lard kegs shall be made of same quality of timber as pork barrels and lard
tierces; staves to be 16 inches long and of one inch thick, to be made in 11*-
inch tress hoops; hoops to be hickory, and the packages to be fully two-thirds
hooped.

Half barrels.

Half barrels for pork, beef, and lard shall be made of same quality of timber as
barrels and lard tierces: staves to be 24 inches long and to f of an inch thick,
and the packages to be made in 13-inch tress hoops; all hoops to be hickory, and
packages to be fully two-thirds hooped.

Beef tierces.

Beef tierces shall be made the same as lard tierces, but to be entirely free from
sap, and the second hoop from each end to be 1^-inch iron, oiled or painted.

Slack ham tierces.

Slack ham tierces shall be made in 22-inch tress hoops: staves to be 33 inches
long, good hickory hoops, 3 hoops at the end and 3 at the bilge.

Slack and fly-tight hogsheads.

Slack and fly-tight hogsheads shall be made in 32-inch tress hoops: good hickory
hoops: staves to be 42 inches long. Slack hogsheads to be hooped with 12 hoops
and quarter bound, middle headpiece to be pine or oak. Fly-tight hogsheads to
be same as slack, but to be hooped with 16 hoops instead of 12.

Half hogsheads.

Half hogsheads shall be made in 28-inch tress hoops; staves to be 34 inches long;
good hickory hoops; packages to be quarter bound (12) hoops; middle headpiece
to be of pine or oak.

BOXES.

Boxes should be made of sound, common boards, reasonably dry, one (1) inch
thick, dressed on one side, not over two (2) strips at each end, and three (3) strips
to each side, bottom, or top; to have good, strong, hard wood, whitewood or sap-
pine stays inside each corner; shall be well nailed, and strapped with birch, oaks, or
hickory straps around each end. to lap three (3) inches on the cover. All boxes
to contain five hundred (500) pounds, net, shall have three straps. Boxes shall
be nailed together with tenpenny nails, and the stays nailed in with eightpenny
nails.

INSPECTION OP CARCASS WHEN CUT.

At the time of cutting there is generallya rigid inspection by the superintendent
of the cutting room of the packing companies, when all objectionable pieces
bruised and unmerchantable meat is rejected and either sent to the rendering
tanks or put by itself and classed as second quality. It is believed by the packers
that this inspection is sufficiently thorough to detect any diseases or bruises that
may have escaped notice before the hog was slaughtered, and it certainly would
be more profitable to tank the meat at this stage, if such diseased or bruised meat
were discovered, rather than attempt to carry it through the process of curing, to
" spur " in the end, or be detected by subsequent inspections and injure the repu-
tation of the company. The cut meats are either packed in barrels with salt and
these filled with strong brine, or they are well rubbed with salt and piled with

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 791

layers of salt between. At first they are only piled 2 or 3 deep, each lot is dated,
and they are rehandled as necessary an'd afterwards piled 4 or 5 deep, and finally
the piles are made 6 to 10 layers high. The pressure must not be too great, or the
curing is retarded. The temperature of the room is kept at 35 to 45 ' J Fahrenheit.
If too cold, the meat does not take salt well. The time for curing varies from
twenty to ninety days, according to the kind of meat, the market for which it is
put up, and the season of the year. Meats free from bone cure quicker than those
containing bone; those for Southern markets require more curing than those lor
markets farther North, and less curing is necessary in winter than in summer.

Again, English and French consumers prefer meats with less salt than is used
for home consumption or for shipment to the South or the West Indies, while cer-
tain brands of hams receive as little salt as possible.

SHIPPING WHEN PAKTLY CURED.

Meat is frequently shipped before it is fully cured, but it is believed the age is
correctly given by the seller. If thoroughly cooled before cutting, it can be shipped
within ten days in winter. Barreled pork can be shipped freshly packed, and
cures in transit. Meats are also shipped when partly cured in boxes with salt and
also in bulk, packed in cars in the same way, and the curing goes on during
transportation.

There are also said to be compounds for accomplishing the same object, but
according to our information they are seldom, if ever, used. As a rule, it is not
considered desirable to hasten the curing, and all meat put up to be transported
long distances is fully cured.

INSPECTION OF CUBED MEATS.

A thorough inspection is always made of meats when they are taken from the
curing floors for packing. Some packers make a double inspection at this time
that is, it is inspected when it is taken from the curing floors and again when
packed.

The object of this inspection is to detect any pieces that may have become un-
sound or " sour '' during the process of curing. All houses reject more or less
meats at this time, the quantity rejected varying from 0.05 to 1 per cent of the
whole.

UNSOUND MEAT.

Unsound or " sour " meat is the result of various causes. If animals are slaugh-
tered too soon after arrival in the yards: or if for any other cause they are fever-
ish; or if the carcass is not sufficiently cooled before cutting; or if there is
negligence in curing, or careless handling; or if there is an excess of moisture in
the atmosphere, a portion of the meat becomes tainted or "sour." If very bad,
this rejected meat is tanked, but otherwise it is sold on its merits, and is marketed
in the South or in the West Indies, where it is said to bring nearly as much as
sound meats.

SUMMER CURING.

Some establishments pack only in winter, but many others are operated the
whole year. Where there are proper facilities the summer curing not only equals
that done in winter, but it is believed by some to be even more reliable, as by the
use of the "refrigerator rooms" the temperature can be better controlled.

SALT USED IN PACKING.

The salts most generally used in packing in the United States are the Syracuse
solar salt, of which 2.000.000 bushels were manufactured last year; Michigan solar
salt, of which 50,000 bushels were manufactured last year, and Turks Island salt.

For rubbing hams, either the ground solar salt or the Syracuse factory-filled
dairy salt is employed.

Some years ago the War Department of the United States Government caused
some practical tests to be made by having meats packed with Turks Island and
Syracuse solar salt. The meats were afterwards sent to the different ports on the
seacoast, on the Gulf of Mexico, and in the interior.

The result of the experiment demonstrated the fact that the Syracuse solar salt
is equali n every respect for packing purposes to the imported Turks Island sea
salt, and since that time the United States Government has required that beef
and pork packed for the Army and Navy shall be packed with Turks Island or
Syracuse solar salt.

792

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

American packers fully appreciate the importance of good salt, and are very
careful in securing the best brands.

The following analyses of American and European salts show that the salts used
in this country compare very favorably with those of Europe.

Analyses of salt used in the United States.

Sodium
chloride.

Calcium
chloride.

Magnesium
chloride.

Sodium
sulphate.

1. Turks Island sea salt ..........

98.760

140

640

2. Syracuse. N. Y., solar salt

96.004

0. 092

ii-:)

3. Saginaw, Mich., solar salt

'.:,. ,<;i

.356

Hi)

4. Lincoln, Nebr. , solar salt

98.1:*

06Q

390

5. Kansas solar salt ... ... . ...

m (u\

B40

350

6. Hocking Valley, Ohio, solar salt ..

'.17. 512

.234

1 IV. I

7. Petite Anse.La.,rock salt

98.883

.004

.000

8. Syracuse, N.Y.," factory-filled dairy "

97.832

.037

026

Calcium
sulphate.

Magnesium
sulphate.

Insoluble
matter.

Water.

1 Turks Island sea salt

1 560

900

2. Syracuse, N. Y., solar salt

1.315

2 500

3. Saginaw, Mich., solar salt

.316

3 344

4. Lincoln, Nebr., solar salt

.230

1 200

5. Kansas solar salt ......*.........

1.220

0.180

4 '.Cyi

6. Hocking Valley, Ohio, solar salt

:>. 130

7. Petite Anse, La., rock salt

.782

.330

8. Syracuse, N. Y., "factory-filled dairy" .

Laos

.023

0.120

700

Analyses of European salt.

Sodium
chloride.

Magnesium
chloride.

Sodium
sulphate.

Potassium
sulphate.

9 Lisbon, Portugal, first-crop sea salt

97.075

777

10. Lisbon, Portugual, second-crop sea salt .

94.033

2. 151

11. Aveirro, Portugal, first-crop sea salt

97.251

1.134

12. Aveirro, Portugal, second-crop sea salt

98.618

.1S1

13 St. Felice sea salt

94.072

.111

14 VelicKa, Galicia, rock salt

90.23

.4. r >

1 35

15. Hall- Tyrol rock salt

91.78

.09

1 35

16 Schonebec, Prussian. Saxony

95. 40

.08

17. Dtirrenberg, Saxony ..

99.648

.719

' 307

18. Artern, Saxony

94.835

.616

.488

19. Halle, Saxony .... . . .........

92. 773

. si;:,

20. Erfvrth, Saxony

96.941

.017

.049

21. Louisenthal

96.866

.060

Calcium
sulphate.

Magnesium
sulphate.

Insoluble
matter.

Water.

9 Lisbon, Portugal, first-crop sea salt . ....

1.53*

0.565

0.045

10 Lisbon, Portugal, second-crop sea salt

1.471

2.337

.008

11. Aveirro, Portugal, first -crop sea salt

. Ur>

.903

.087

12. Aveirro, Portugal, second-crop sea salt
13 St Felice sea salt

.640
373

,lfl

060

.396
116

5 (173

14. Velicka, Galicia, rock salt

.72

.61

5.88

.86

15 Hall-Evrol rock salt . . ...

1.19

1 21

2 49

1 89

16 SchOnebec, Prussian, Saxony .... ....

.72

.47

2 90

17. Diirrenberg, Saxony

1.632

4.;i)

18. Artern, Saxony

1.001

3.000

19. Halle. Saxony

1.296

.466

4.600

20. Erfurth. Saxony ....

2.093

.900

21. Lonisenthal .

.964

.110

2.000

AUTHORITIES FOR ANALYSES.

Analyses numbered 1 to 8 of salts used in the United States were made by C. A.
Goessmann. Ph. D., professor of chemistry in the Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege, and published in a lecture on salt and its uses in agriculture, delivered before
the State de artment of agriculture in Massachusetts.

Analyses 9, 10, 11, and 12, of Portuguese salt are from the Mechanics' Magazine.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 793

No. 13 is by Von Stolba, and is from Oesterr-Zeitschrift fur Berg-u. Hutten-
wesen, 1867.

Nos. 14 and 15 are by Von Stolba, and are from Die chemische Mittheilungen,
Prag, 1880.

No. 16 is by Heine, and is taken from Knapp's Lehrbuch der chemischen Tech-
no 1 ogie. 3d ed.

Nos. 17, 18. 19, 20, and 21 are by Enders, and are from the Archiv der Pharmacie.
vol. 143, p. 20.

PACKING THE PORK.

Mess pork is packed in barrels with layers of salt around and between the pieces.
The salt used for this is usually one of the domestic brands, but the barrel is
"capped" either with Turks Island or a very tine quality of coarse salt which
comes from Louisiana. The barrel is then filled with brine of full strength. From
35 to 40 pounds of salt is used to each barrel, exclusive of that contained in the
brine. For box meats about 10 per cent of salt is used for curing and 6 per cent
for packing. A few packers are said to have their salt tested by chemists, but the
majority rely upon the brand and appearance.

The size and quality of the packages are generally regulated by the boards of
trade. Barrels contain from 12 to 16 pieces, or 190 pounds, of meat, boxes from
400 to 750 pounds, and tierces from 325 to 350 pounds. The boxes are made of
pine, th a barrels and tierces of oak.

The following are the rules regulating packages in force by the Chicago Board
of Trade:

PACKAGES.

Cooperage.

Cooperage shall be made of well-seasoned white or burr oak, free from objec-
tionable sap.

Barrels,

For barrels, staves should be five-eighths (f) of an inch thick, twenty-nine (29)
or thirty (30) inches long: heads, eighteen (18) inches, one (1) inch thick in center
and three-eighths (-) at bevel; hoops, hickory or white oak, to be hooped not less
than eleven-sixteenths (j|).

Tierces.

Tierces for hams, shoulders, beef, or lard, should be thirty-two (32) inches long
wi.h a twenty-one (21) inch head, or thirty-three (33) inches long with a twenty
and one-half (20,0 inch head: staves to be chamfered at the head. Quality of
staves and hoops to be the same as for barrels; staves, three-fourths (f) of an inch
thick: heads, same thickness as for barrels: hooded eleven sixteenths f H)- Iron-
bound tierces for lard, hams, or shoulders shall be classed as standard if made in
compliance with the requirements of this rule as to heading and staves, and
booped with not less than four good hoops on each end.

Boxes.

Boxes should be made of sound common boards, reasonably dry. one inch thick,
dressed on one side, not over three strips to each end, side, bottom, or top; to have
.-cood, strong hard wood, whitewood. or sap-pine stays inside each corner; should
be well nailed and strapped with birch, oak, or hickory straps around each end, to
ap three inches on the cover. Boxes should be nailed together with tenpenny
ii.iils. and the stays nailed in with eightpenny nails.

Mess pork is stored in warehouses at a temperature of 40 to 50' F. In cold
weather it is often left out of doors.

INSPECTION OF PACKED MEATS.

The owners of pork have examinations made from time to time by rolling the
barrels from time to time to learn if there has been leakage and loss of pickle.
The boards of trade provide for an inspection of all hog products at time of sale, and
this is made either by the regular board of trade or city inspectors, or by a private
inspector agreed upon by the parties to the transaction. In all cases it is the
privilege of the party purchasing to have a thorough inspection of the goods, and
in the regular trade this inspection is always made by skilled experts. Very fre-
quently the buyer prefers the inspection of the packers to that of public authori-

7' '4 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

ties and the meats are guaranteed down to the consumer. If in this case they are
in any way defective from the negligence of the packer, deductions are allowed or
the goods can be returned.

Generally but 2 per cent of the pork in barrels is actually inspected at this time,
though the buyer can have all inspected if he desires. Meats, either in boxes or
in bulk, are examined piece" by piece. A steel tryer is forced into every piece and
its soundness determined by the appearance and odor of the instrument on its
withdrawal.

Inspection is also made at this time for irregularly cut or oily meats, for bruises,
for the meat of " stags '' and " piggy " sows, and for any form of unsoundness, and
all such meats are rejected.

The meat from diseased animals almost invariably " sours " in curing, and can
not be made into first quality goods.

The meat of ''stags "is distinguished by the thickness and coarseness of the
skin, and that of "piggy " sows by the size of the teats and the general appearance.

The inspector is paid by the buyer, and the inspection is made according to
rules and prices adopted by the boards of trade in all the larger cities.

The regulations for the inspection of provisions of the Chicago Board of Trade
in force September 1, 1883, are as follows:

REGULATION 1. For the examination of provisions sold as standard it shall be
the duty of any inspector properly appointed by the association, on receiving
notice, to go to any packing house or warehouse in the city to examine provisions,
in such quantities as may be required, se ecting the same in such a manner from
the lots specified as in his judgment will give a fair sample of the whole.

REG. 2. If upon examination the property is found in a 1 T*. spects up to the
requirements of the classification of the grades adopted by the association, he shall
issue a certificate to that effect, which certificate shall state the number of pack-
ages, pieces, or pounds examined, and also the number of pa -kages. pieces, or
pounds in the lot to which the examination is intended to apply, and that the
packages (if any) are in good merchantable order and condition. In the case of
lard no certificate for inspection shall be issued unless every package is examined,
but on request of the owner or person ordering the inspection the inspector may
examine a part of a lot and issue a certificate of such examination, stating the
number of packages examined, and also the whole number of packages in the lot.

REG. 3. When necessary to remove property for the convenience of examina-
tion, it shall be the duty of the inspector to send for the same that a fair sample
may be obtained. In no case should a certificate be granted on samples delivered
by the seller.

REG. 4. Tne fees for inspection are established as follows: For inspection by
sampling including repacking and coopering beef and pork, for the first five
barrels, eighty (80) cents per barrel, and for each additional barrel, twenty-five (25)
cents; for inspecting S. P. meats, for the first five tierces, one (1) dollar per tierce,
and for each additional tierce, twenty-five (25) cents; for inspecting boxed meats,
for the first five boxes, one (1) dollar per box, and for each additional box, fifty (50)
cents. When the whole of a lot is inspected labor and coopering to be furnished
by the seller for beef and pork, ten (10) cents per barrel; for S. P. meats, in lots
of fifty (50) tierces or more, twelve and a half (12|) cents per tierce; in lots of one
hundred (100) tierces or more, ten (10) cents per tierce; for bulk or boxed meat, in
carload lots or more, fifteen (15) cents per one thousand (1.000) pounds; for lard, in
lots of one hundred (100) tierces or more, four (4) cents per tierce; for tallow and
grease, five (5) cents per tierce. The fees for weighing, not including breaking down
and repiling. are established as follows : Lard and grease , in lots of one hundred ( 100 )
packages or more, four (4) cents per package: tallow, in half hogsheads or smaller
packages, five (5) cents per package; in hogsheads, ten (10) cents each: bulk
meats, not including labor, ten (10) cents per one thousand (1,000) pounds; for
stripping lard or grease at regular warehouses, not less than five (5) packages,
fifty (50) cents per package. For the labor of breaking down and repiling the
inspector shall be paid three (3) cents per package, the same to be paid to the
warehouseman if replied, or to the party shipping the property if shipped without
repiling.

REG. 5. It shall be the duty of the inspector when requested by the owner, either
at any packing house, warehouse, or in yards provided by the inspector, to over-
haul and inspect provisions, according to the qualifications and classifications
authorized; two hundred pounds of meat, with abundance of good salt, to be
repacked into each barrel, and cooperage to be put in good order; each barrel
of provisions that is sound, sweet, and free from any and every defect to have
grade and date of inspection branded thereon, and the word " repacked. "as here-
inafter specified; and any portion that is defective to be branded, in like manner,

SWLtfE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 795

rusty, sour, or tainted, as the case may be; the said brand to be placed with the
inspector's brand across the regular packer's brand; such provisions, according
to the grade or quality, to be classed as "repacked 200 Ibs."

REG. 6. The inspectors shall use metallic letters and figures, marking iron, or
stencil for their dates and class of inspection.

REG. 7. It shall also be the duty of the inspector to put his metallic brand,
marking iron, or stencil on all samples of provisions in tierces or barrels that he
inspects; and he shall pass no hog products in tierces or barrels as standard unless
the real packer's name, location, number of pieces, date, and weight of the prod-
ucts contained therein are branded, according to these rules, on the head of every
package.

REG. 8. Should the inspector be called upon to inspect pickled meats, and upon
examination he should be of the opinion that the number of pounds required by
these rules had not been originally packed, he shall not pass them as standard, but
shall refer the matter at once to the committee on provision inspection, who shall
investigate, and if a satisfactory explanation can be given or arrived at, they shall
instruct the inspector to proceed and inspect and pass them; but if not satisfactory
to the committee they shall, in their judgment, make the fact known to the asso-
ciation in any way they may think most proper.

REG. 9. Contents of each package of pickled meats must show a reasonable uni-
formity in weight, according to its class.

REG. 10. It shall be the further duty of the inspectors during the packing sea-
son to visit frequently the different packing houses, to see that provisions are
properly dated and branded at the time of being packed.

REG. 11. Dry salted rough sides may be made into short rib or short clear sides,
and dry salted short-rib sides may be made into short clear sides if in all other
respects they are up to the requirements, and shall be classed as standard.

REG. 12. All the foregoing regulations and the requirements as to the cut and
packing of hog products must be justly and liberally construed, and no property
shall be rejected or condemned on mere technicalities; but this shall not be regarded
as giving license to departure from their general spirit and intent.

The rules adopted by the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce for governing the
provision trade, including inspection, dated August 1, 1882, are as follows:

Rules for the government of the provision trade.

RULE 1. The committee on provision inspection shall act as referees in all cases
of complaints against inspectors, or the inspection of any lot of provisions, or any
matters of business pertaining to the same; but the buyer shall, in all cases, have
the right to designate his own inspector; but in case the seller feels that injustice
is being done, he shall have the right to call upon the committee of inspection,
whose decision shall be final and binding. Any inspector agreed upon by parties
to a transaction shall be regarded as a regularly authorized inspector, subject to
the rules of the chamber, and the committee on provisions shall constitute the
committee of reference.

RULE 2. All appeals from inspection must be made before the property leaves
the city, packing point, or place of delivery.

RULE 3. Pork products packed between November 1st and March 1st shall alone
be classed as ' ' standard. ''

RULE 4. In sales of fully cured meats, or to be fully cured and delivered at a
specified time, the seller must deliver in good faith according to the contract, the
inspector to be the .judge, who shall always be fully informed of the conditions of
the contract before proceeding to inspect. Where sales of dry salted meats are
made without other specifications, it shall be considered that the sales contemplate
meats fully cured, the inspector to be the judge.

RULE 5. In case of no specific agreement the saltage allowed on bulk meats shall
be one (1) per cent from the 1st of November to the 1st of May; but should the
buyer or seller object, the inspector shall sweep as many drafts as he may consider
necessary, and the percentage thus obtained shall be binding on both parties.
But from the 1st of May to the 1st of November the tare shall be ascertained by
washing in cold water with a cloth, in case of no special agreement to the con-
trary. A drainage of one (1) per cent shall be allowed on pickled hams and
shoulders.

RULE 0. To determine the tare on lard the package shall first be weighed gross,
the lard then removed, and the empty package subjected to dry heat and drained,
after which the empty package shall be weighed and its weight deducted from the
gross weight. The difference thus obtained shall be considered the net weight of
the lard.

796 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

RULE 7. Three hundred and twenty pounds, net. shall be the average weight
of a tierce of lard, upon which all settlements with contractors shall be based: but
the number of packages the contract calls for must be delivered, and the differ-
ence, if any, settled at the market price on the day of delivery.

RULE M. Four hundred to four hundred and fifty pounds, net. shall constitute a
box of Cumberland middles, and four hundred and seventy-five to five hundred
and twenty-five pound*, net. shall constitute a box of all other English cuts of
middles, shoulders, and hams, and all boxes containing over five hundred pounds
of meat to have a third strap around the box. All settlements of contracts shall
be made on a basis of four hundred and twenty-five pounds per box, net, for Cum-
berland cut, and five hundred pounds per box, net, for all other English cuts of
meats.

RULE 9. If on inspection of a fair sample of bulk meats twenty (20) per cent or
over is found to be sour the buyer shall not be required to take the lot.

RULE 10. All the foregoing rules must be justly and liberally construed, and no
property shall be rejected or condemned on a mere technicality.

RULE 11. The committee on provisions shall not have power of arbitration, but
shall be empowered to consider all cases in reference to quality of meats, cooper-
age, etc., and parties refusing to abide the decision of the committee while acting
in their line of duty shall be liable to arraignment tor unmercantile conduct.

RULE 12.' In case or no specific agreement, contracts for 100 barrels of pork, 100
tierces of lard. 100 boxes dry salted meats, or for a larger amount deliveries can
be made on seller's option, or called for on buyer's option, in lots of not less than
100 packages, as above named, nor less than 100 packages of one brand.

Contracts for 50 hogsheads or 50 half -hogsheads of bacon or dry salted meats, or
more, deliveries can be made on seller's option or called for on buyer's option in
quantities of not less than 50 hogsheads or 50 half-hogsheads, and not less than
this quantity of one brand.

Contracts'for 100.0UO pounds of bacon or dry salted meats, loose, or for a larger
amount, deliveries can be made on seller's option or called for on buyer's option in
quantities of not less than 100,000 pounds.

Contracts for 100 tierces of hams or shoulders in pickle, smoked, or canvased.
or for a larger amount, deliveries can be made on seller's option or called for on
buyer's option in lots of not less than 50 tierces nor less than 50 tierces of one brand.

Payment, to be made as lots are delivered.

RULE 13. It shall be the duty of the inspector of provisions to weigh stuff when
called upon, receiving therefor a fee of five (5) cents per each one thousand (1,000)
pounds in addition to the inspection fee the party ordering the weighing to be
responsible for the fee.

RULE 14. The inspector shall keep a record in detail of every examination he
may make, that he may be qualified to testify positively in event of a dispute.

RULE 15. For the examination of provisions sold as "regular." it shall be the
duty of the inspector (or his deputed assistants ), on receiving notice, to go to any
packing house or warehouse in the city to examine provisions in such quantities as
may be required, selecting the same in such manner, from the lots specified, as in
his judgment will give a fair samp'e of the whole.

RULE 16. If upon examination it is found in all respects up to the requirements
according to the classification or grades adopted by the chamber of commerce, he
shall issue certificates to that effect.

When necessary to remove property for the convenience of examination, it shall
be the duty or the inspector to send for the same, that a fair sample may be obtained.

In no case should a certificate be granted on samples delivered by the seller.

RULE 17. The inspector shall be entitled to receive as compensation for examin-
ing provisions as follows: For beef and pork, in barrels, five dollars for the first
five barrels, the inspector f urnish ng labor and other requirements and seeing that
the property is properly repacked and rebrined. and fifty cents for each additional
barrel examined payable by the buyer if regular, and by the seller if rejected,
and cartage when removed: and for bulk bacon or boxed meats, fifteen cents per
one thousand pounds, payable by the buyer. For inspecting lard, five cents per
package, payable by the buyer if accepted or by the sel'er if rejected: and for strip-
ping lard, one dollar per package, to t>e paid by the buyer. Five barrels of pork
or tivi' tierces of lard to be sufficient to sample any lot sold, unless otherwise agreed
between buyer and seller.

RULE 18. It shall be the duty of the inspector, when requested by the owner,
either at any packing house, warehouse, or in yards provided by the inspector, to
overhaul and inspect provisions according to the qualifications and classifications

1 As amended September 27, 1875.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 797

authorized: two hundred pounds of meat, with abundance of good salt, to be
repacked in each bairel and cooperage to be put in good order. Each barrel of
prov.sions that is sound, sweet, and free from any and every defect to have grade
and date of inspection branded thereon and the word "repacked," as hereinafter
specified; and any portion that is defective to be branded in like manner "rusty.'*
"sour," or "tainted." as the case may be; the said brand to be placed, with the
inspector's brand, across the regular packer's brand, such pork, according to the
grade or quality, to be classed as "repacked. 200 pounds,"

RULE 19. The inspector shall use metallic letters and figures or marking-iron for
his dates and classes of inspection.

RULE 20. It shall also be the duty of the inspector to put his metallic brand or
marking-iron on samples of provisions in packages that he inspects; and he shall
pass no pork products as "regular" unless the real packer's name of the product
contained therein is branded, according to these rules, on the head of each package.

RULE 21. In all cases of sales of provisions as "regular, "the inspector shall exam-
ine and inspect when called on: and if the property be up to the requirements, he
shall issue a certificate simply for so many barrels or packages of product (nam-
ing it), for so many pieces or pounds of meat (naming the kinds).

RULE 22. Should the inspector be calkd on to inspect pickled meats, and upon
examination he should be of the opinion that the number of pounds required by
these rules had not been packed, he shall not pass it as " regular," but shall refer
it at once to the inspection committee, who shall investigate, and if a satisfactory
explanation can be given or arrived at, they shall instruct the inspector to proceed
and inspect and pass it: but if not satisfactory to the committee, they shall, in their
judgment, make the fact known to the provision trade in any way they may think
proper.

RULE 23. All " hog products,'' to be " regular." must be from corn-fed slaugh-
tered hogs, not frozen before cutting, and shall average not less than 14 pounds for
shoulders, or 30 pounds for sides, and must run at least bO per cent sweet.

No hogs shall be killed on the same day on which they arrive at the pens of the
slaughterhouse.

RULE 24. Where meat is in store it shall be weighed and inspected in store: where
meat arrives by river, rail, or canal, it shall be inspected and weighed at house of
buyer.

RULE 25. All bacon uncanvased, bulk meats packed between March 1 and
November 1, shall be in fly- tight cooperage.

RULE 26. In all sales of provisions for future delivery either party may call for
a margin at any time, unless it is expressly understood between the parties at the
time the contract is entered into that such call can not be made. In the absence
of special contract either party shall be entitled to a margin equal to ten (10) per
cent of the market value of the article contracted to be delivered, the same to be
kept good, twenty-four (24) hours' notice in writing to residents and forty-eight
(48) hours' notice in writing or by telegraph to nonresidents shall be given on a
call for a margin, and where a party fails to respond to such call within the said
time the property may be sold at public auction on the floor of the Merchants*
Exchange during 'Change hours on the following day "for account of whom it
may concern."

RULE 27.' In settlement of contracts (unless otherwise specified) the following
weights shall govern:

Dry salted meats or bacon:

Packed in hogsheads Pounds.

Shoulders 1,000

Rib sides 900

Clear rib sides 950

Clearsides. 1,000

Packed in half hogsheads

Shoulders 550

Rib sides - 500

Clear rib sides 550

Clear sides 575

Hams or shoulders:

Smoked and canvased, packed in tierces 340

In pickle, packed in tierces (green weight) ...-. 300

RULE 28. All barreled provisions offered for sale as "regular" in this market
must be cut, selected, and packed in all respects as to quality and condition equal
to the classification of inspection as adopted by the chamber of commerce.

'As amended September 27, 1875.

798 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATUS.

RULE 29. Unless otherwise stipulated, in all sales made of any of the grades of
provisions represented as "regular," the seller shall be bound to fulfill his sale by
the delivery of the quality called for by such sale, and which on examination by
the inspector has been certified by him to have been packed according to the clas-
sification, and is at the same time of delivery in good merchantable condition in
every respect.

Provisions from which any surplus gain has been removed can not be classed as
"regular."

RULE 30. All provisions sold in this market, in the absence of special agreement,
shall be deemed " regular," and the property must comply with the requirements
of the rules of inspection of the board. All provisions sent to this market for
sale, which are, in all respects, in conformity with these rules, shall be classed as
"regular."

ROLE 31. No original weight shall be taken out of any package of provisions
without removing the original packer's. brand entirely from the head ot the pack-
age, and the b.and ' repacked " burned in the head distinctly.

RULE 32. In all cases product should be sold " regular," but in case a particular
brand is sold, and upon examination the product will not inspect " regular," the
buyer shall elect to take another brand, or the difference in value of the special
brand shall be settled between the buyer and seller.

RITLE 33.' On sales of provisions for future delivery, on buyer's option, if the
buyer call before the expiration of the month of contract, the seller, if he so elect.
shall in case of barreled meats and lard in tierces have two working days' notice,
and for boxed meats, pickeled or smoked hams, and shoulders in tierces, or dry
salted meats, four working days to prepare property for delivery; and when, at
the option of seller, the seller tenders before the expiration of the month of con-
tract, the buyer, if he so elect, shall have the same time to prepare for receiving
the same.

RULE 34. Buyers of provisions on time contracts shall have the right to inspect
before the day of delivery, provided they send an inspector in time to allow the
inspection to be completed before the expiration of the contract: but failing to do
so the seller shall have the privilege of having the property inspected, the cost to
be paid by the buyer.

RULE 35. 2 Where the buyer of provisions fails to avail himself of the privilege
of inspection, in the absence of any special agreement upon the part of the seller
to guarantee his product, the liability of the seller shall, as to quality, saltage, and
weights cease when the product shall have left his house.

The rules for inspection of provisions adopted by the Saint Louis Chamber of
Commerce are as follows:

RULE XII.
Inspection and delivery of provisions.

SECTION 1. The board of directors shall appoint inspectors of provisions, not to
exceed three, upon the written application or indorsement of not less than five
regular dealers in beef or hog product, either on their own account or on commis-
sion, members of the exchange, who shall be authorized, when called upon, to
inspect in person or by assistants, and report the actual condition of the property
inspected. The inspectors may appoint competent assistants, said assistants in
all cases to be approved by the board~of directors, but the certificate of inspection
must be signed by an appointed inspector, though the inspection was made by an
assistant under his direction, and the inspector signing shall be accountable to the
same extent as if the property had been actually inspected by himself. Each
inspector shall give bond for the faithful performance of his duty as indicated by
the rules of the exchange, or by order of the board of directors, which bond shall
be satisfactory to the board of directors and their successors, and approved by
them before he shall enter upon his duties, for the use and benefit of any person
or persons who may be aggrieved or injured on account of his official acts.
Inspectors shall receive for their services the fees tor inspection as established and
fixed by the board of directors. The board shall also appoint five members of the
exchange as a committee on provision inspection, who shall act as referees in all
cases of complaint against inspectors for the inspection of any lot of provisions,
or any matters of business pertaining to said inspection. The buyer, however,
shall in all cases have the right to select his own inspector from the inspectors
appointed by the board of directors; but in case the seller feels that injustice is
being done, he shall have the right to call upon the committee on inspection, whose

'Adopted February 8, 1877.
* Adopted September 27, 1875.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 799

decision shall be final and binding. In the absence of such committee, arbitrators
may be substituted. Buyers of provisions shall have the right to inspect before
the day of delivery, provided they send an inspector in time to allow the inspec-
tion to be completed before the expiration of the contract; but. failing to do so,
the seller shall have the privilege of having the property inspected by an inspector
appointed by the board of directors, the cost to be paid by the buyer. All appeals
from inspe3tion must be made before the property leaves the city, packing point,
or place of delivery. The committee shall be allowed one dollar each for every
case decided by them, to be paid by the parties in default.

SEC. 2. The inspector shall keep a record, in detail, of every examination he
may make, that he may be qualified to testify positively in the event of a dispute.

SEC. 3. In case of no specific agreement, the saltage allowed on bulk meats shall
be (1 per ct. ) one per cent from the first of November to the first of May; but,
should the buyer or seller object, the inspector shall sweep as many drafts as he
may consider necessary, and the percentage thus ascertained shall be binding on
both parties; but from the first of May to the first of November the tare shall be
ascertained by washing in cold water with a cloth, in cases of no special agree-
ment to the contrary. A drainage of (1 per ct.) one per cent shall be allowed on
pickled hams, shoulders, and mess pork, and they shall be free from salt.

SEC. 4. To det> rmine the tare on lard, the package shall first be weighed gross,
the lard then removed, and the empty package subjected to dry heat and drained,
after which the empty package shall be weighed, and its weight deducted from
the gross weight; the difference thus obtained shall be considered the net weight
of the lard.

SEC. 5. Three hundred and twenty pounds, net, shall be the average weight of
a tierce of lard, upon which all settlements on contracts shall be based; but the
number of packages the contract calls for must be delivered, and the difference,
if any, settled at the market price on the day of delivery.'

SEC. 6. Pickled hams and shoulders shall be sized when packed, the light,
medium, and heavy, separately, as near as practicable. Number of pieces and
green weight, packer's name an<? location, and date of packing shall be branded
on the head of each package, the date to be branded with metallic letters, marking
iron, or stencil, at time of packing.

SEC. 7. In English meats the pieces shall be classified, and the light, medium,
and heavy packed separately as nearly as practicable, in boxes made to fit the dif-
ferent sizes. Four hundred to four hundred and fifty pounds, net. shall constitute
a box of Cumberland middles; four hundred and seventy-five to five hundred and
twenty-five pounds, net. shall constitute a box of all other English cuts of middles,
shoulders, and hams: and all boxes containing over four hundred and fifty pounds
of meat to have a th rd strap around the box. All settlements of contracts shall
be made on a basis of four hundred and twenty-five pounds per box, net, for Cum-
berland cuts, and five hundred pounds per box, net, for all other English meats.

SEC. 8. If on inspection of a fair sample of bulk meats twenty (20) per cent or
over is found to be sour, the buyer shall not be required to take the lot.

SEC. 9. Dry salted rough sides may be made into short ribs or short clear sides,
and dry salted short rib sides may be made into short clear sides, if in all other
respects they are up to the requirements, and shall be classed as standard.

SEC. 10. On all contracts for boxed meats it shall be understood that the meat
may not be fully cured, but shall have been from fifteen to twenty days in salt
before boxing.

SEC. 11. On all contracts or sales of barreled pork, not less than fifty barrels of
one brand shall be delivered.

SEC. 12. If, in the opinion of the inspector, one hundred and ninety pounds of
green meat shall have been packed in a barrel of pork, then it shall be classed as
standard, and should there be sufficient overweight to cover any irregularity of
packing, then in that case it should also be passed as standard.

SEC. 1-3. In no case should a duplicate inspection certificate be issued by the
inspector, except on sufficient evidence of the loss of the original.

SEC. 14. On all deliveries on contracts for bulk meats and pickled meats other
than barreled pork, the inspection certificate shall hold good for five days, and on
barreled pork for ten days.

SEC. 15. Pork product, to be standard and delivered on contracts, must be sound,
fully cured, and cut, as is required by the rules of the exchange. Barreled pork,
to be standard, must be packed between the first of November and the first of
March, and barreled pork and hams in pickle shall not be standard or deliverable
on contracts after the first day of January following the packing season in which
they are made. Repacked pork shall not be classed as standard or deliverable on
contracts; but this shall not apply to pork examined and repacked by an author-
ized inspector for the purpose of passing upon the condition thereof. No certifi-

SW1XK PRODUCTS OF THE rXITKD STATES.

cate of beef or hog product shall be recognized as regular unless it is signed by an
inspect r appointed by the boa d of directors.

Sr.c. iti. In ca-e property does not pass inspection, the fees shall be paid by the
seller. No original weight shall t e taken out of any barrel or tierce of provisions
without the inspectors removing the original packers brand entirely from tho
head of the package.

SKC. 17. All deliveries of beef or hog products sold for future delivery, in the
absence of special agreement, shall Le by the delivery of warehouse receipts,
issued from such warehouses or places only as shall have been declared a regular
warehouse, or other place, for the storage of such property under the rules of the
Merchants' Exchange by the board of directors. Such places of storage, in all
cases, shall be suitab e for the preservation of the property, and all deliveries shall
be accompanied by the certificate of inspection of an inspector of provisions,
appointed by the board of directors, which inspection shall conform to the rules
of the Merchants' Exchange governing such property. Any person or persons
or corporation des'ring to ha\e their warehouse or places declared regular shall
make application therefor to the board of directors, stating his or their location,
insurance, facilities for shipping, and shall furnish such other information as may
l;e required by the board of directors, and shall also give a good and sufficient
bond in such sum as the board of directors may require, that property p'aced in
his or their or its care shall have the necessary attention for its preservation.
Any place declared and designated as regular mav. for good and sufficient reasons,
satisfactory to the board of d.rectors. be declared by said board no longer a regu-
lar warehouse for the storage of provisions, nnder the rules of the exchange, pro-
vided, however, that property already in store in such warehouses shall continue
to be regular on delivery so long as it remains in such warehouse.

The meat rejected by the above inspection is selected according to its condit'on.
The worst quality, including all that may be unfit for food, is consigned to the
offal tank and the remainder sold on its merits, usually going to the markets of
the South and the West Indies.

LARD.

There are a number of grades of lard m xde at packing establishments: 1. Choice
lard made from leaf and trimmings, which may be either kettle or steam rendered,
and has the method of rendering stamped on the packages. 2. Prime steam lard
from the hog "round." which includes nearly everything from the hog not men-
tioned in No. 1, but should contain no salted trimmings. 3. "Off grade" lard
from salted trimmings.

OFFAL.

In the offal is included the blood, hair. head, feet, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys,
stomach, and intestines. The blood is boiled until coagulated. It is then pressed
for the grease, ground, dried, and sold for fertilizers, the price of this being regu-
lated by the per cent of ammonia. The hair is sold to curlers. The tongues are
pickled. The cheek meat is made into "brawn' 1 or sausage. The head, heart,
lungs, kidneys, liver, stomach, and such of the intestines as are not used for sau-
sage casings are tanked for grease. The residue from tanks is dr.ed for fertilizer.
The feet are made into glue or pickled.

In addition to the general statements received from numerous prefers in the
country, a large amount of specific information was received from Messrs. Armour
& Co., of Chicago, probably the most extensive packing house in the world.

The correspondence and the questions and replies are here inserted in full.

CHICAGO, January 22, :
E. W. BLATCHFORD, Esq., Chicago, III.

DEAR SIR: We are in receipt of your favor of yesterday, with its inclosures. all
of which have full consideration. We take pleasure in complying with yur
request and Leg to hand you with this our answers to your various inquiries. We
have endeavored to make them as explicit and comprehensive as possible, for we
fully appreciate their importance: and if you should desire further information
in connection with this matter, please be assured that our services are at your
command.

Very respectfully, etc., ARMOUR & Co.

The following are the questions and answers:

Q. 1. Where and how are the hogs purchased? A. At the stock yards, from
shippers and drovers, by careful, experienced men.
Q. 2. How do you buy your hogs? A. Through our own buyers in the yards,

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 801

whose instructions are positive concerning quality and condition, and to make
careful selections.

Q. 3. In selecting hogs what do you reject? A. They are told to reject every-
thing objectionable.

Q. 4. Diseased animals? A. Yes; invariably.

Q. 5. Bruised animals? A. Yes; they ai m e useless for our purposes.

Q. 6. Ruptured animals? A. Yes; we avoid them.

Q. 7. Still-fed animals? A. Yes; wherever it can be discovered.

Q. 8. Pregnant sows? A. Yes; if too far advanced.

Q. 9. Stags? A. Yes; unless at reduced valuation, and for special uses and
markets here.

Q. 10. Crippled hogs? A. Yes; they are always avoided.

Q. 11. Are hogs usually rejected for these reasons? A. Yes; for packing pur-
poses.

Q. 12. If not rejected, what do you do with them? A. They are usually put into
the offal tanks.

Q. 13. Is it not customary to buy hogs from the general appearance, weight,
and evenness of a lot? A. Yes, frequently.

Q. 14. What is done with rejected hogs? A. They are either resold or put into
the offal tanks.

Q. 15. How long are the hogs kept in your pens before slaughtering? A. About
twenty-four hours.

Q. 16. W hy are they kept this length of time? A. To cool off and to improve
their condition.

Q. 17. How do you care for them in your pens? A. Give them plenty of fresh
water and corn.

Q. 18. How are these pens constructed? A. They are covered and have wooden
floors.

Q. 19. Do any die in the pens? A. Occasionally, but they are closely watched.

Q. 20. If so, how many, and from what cause? A. The number is insignificant;
the cause is smothering.

Q. 21. What is done with the dead hogs? A. They are put into the offal tanks
invariably.

Q. 22. How are the hogs prepared for slaughtering? A. By being rested,
watered, and fed.

Q. 23. Is the condition of the hogs at all observed or considered before slaugh-
tering? A. It is, always.

Q. 24. How is the proper condition of the hog assured at time of slaughter? A.
By examination and general appearance.

Q. 25. How are the hogs taken from the pens to the slaughtering room? A.
They are driven a short distance.

Q. 26. If hogs are unable to be driven to the slaughtering room, what is done
with them? A. Unless healthy and in good order they are killed and put into the
offal tank.

Q. 27. What mode of slaughter do you adopt? A. They are bled to death by
cutting the main arteries in the throat.

Q. 28. What time is allowed the hog to bleed? A. Until he is dead.

Q. 29. Is an examination made whether life is extinct before scalding? A. Yes.

Q. 30. What is done with the carcass when coming out of the scalding tub?
A. It is scraped; the entrails are removed, and it is sent to the cooling room.

Treatment of carcass of hog after slaughter.

Q. 31. What time is allowed the carcass to cool before cutting up? A. From
thirty-six to forty-eight hours.

Q. 32. Is the carcass thoroughly cooled before going to the cutting bench? A.
Yes; thoroughly.

Q. 33. Is this rule strictly carried out? A. Yes; very carefully.

Q. 34. Why is the thorough cooling of the carcass important before cutting up
and commencing to cure? A. In order to remove all animal heat, and to prevent
souring.

Q. 33. Is there any inspection made to ascertain that it is thoroughly cooled?
A. Yes.

Q. 36. What is your rule for cutting? A. After hanging for forty-eight hours.

Q. 37. Is inspection of meat had at time of cutting up, and for what? A. Yes;
to detect all objectionable pieces.

Q. 38. Is such inspection sufficiency thorough to detect disease or bruises? A.
Yes; entirely so.

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 51

802 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNIT K I) STATES.

Q. 39. After cutting up the carcass how are the parts treated to effect a cure?
A. Well salted, and covered with brine.

40. How are they piled to secure thorough curing? A. In cold cellars.
11. What is the temperature of thn room? A. About 35" Fahrenheit.
!.'. What time is required for curing? A. About forty to sixty days.
jj. 43. Is meat ever shipped befoi'e being fully cure !? A. Very seldom.
>. 44. Is it desirable to perfect the curing of the meat in as short a time as pos-
sible? A. We think not.

Q. 45. Is not the curing of the meat often forced for the purpose of making it
salable and deliverable in as short a time as possible? A. We think not.

<^. 46. Do yon ascertain by inspection the soundness of your cured meat? A. We
do. always.

Q. 47. To what causes do you attribute unsound or "sour" meat? A. Negli-
gence in curing, and careless handling, and cutting before the cooling is completed.

Q. 48. Do you attribute it to a d seased carcass? A. No, not necessarily.

Q. 4!). Do you attribute it to a faulty treatment? A. Yes. usually.

Q. 50. Do you attribute it to a want of care? A. Yes, generally.

Q. 51. What quantity of ''sour" meat do you have? A. It is infinitesimal.

Q. 52. What is done with it? A. Jt is put into the offal tanks, or sold on its
merits to home inarkets.

Q. 53. What, if any, changes in modes of curing are adopted for meats destined
to markets in different climates? A. No changes; but careful selections.

Q. 54. Can as reliable results of curing be had in summer as in winter? A. Yes,
with proper care and ice facilities.

Q. 55. What kind or kinds of salt are ns?d? A. Both foreign and domestic,
coarse and fine.

Q. 56. How do you give this or that kind preference? A. Coarse for pickling;
fine for dry salting.

Q. 57. How is meat packed for shipment? A. In boxes, sprinkled with salt, and
also in brine.

Q. 58. What is the quality of the packages used? A. Pine boxes, and oak bar-
rels and tierces.

Q. 59. What is the size of packages? A. Boxes hold about 500 pounds; barrels,
200 pounds; tierces, 300 pounds.

Q. 60. Is any salt put in? A. Yes.

Q. 61. How much to each box of meat? A. About 50 pounds.

Q. 62. What is the rule? A. No special rule; the custom is from 40 to 50 pounds.

Q. 63. Is this rule strictly adhered to? A. We think it is.

Q. 64. Is not less salt used than the rule calls for to save expense? A. We think
not.

Q. 65. What is the character of the salt used? A. Fine salt.

Q. 66. Is any care taken that the salt be clean? A. Yes.

Q. 67. What is your rule for cutting mess pork? A. From well-fatted hogs;
uniform strips, according to board of trade rules.

Q. 68. How many pieces in each barrel? A. About sixteen pieces.

Q. 69. What is the weight of meat in each barrel? A. 190 pounds packed in win-
ter and 200 pounds packed in summer.

Q. 70. What kind of salt is used? A. Coarse salt.

Q. 71. What quantity of salt is used? A. About 30 pounds of coarse salt, and
the barrel filled with brine.

Q. 72. How is the quality of the salt tested? A. By analysis, and the use of the
salometer.

Q. 73. Where is the mess pork stored? A. Generally in cool cellars.

Q. 74. What are the regulations regarding its storage? A. That it shall be in
warehouse well located.

Q. 75. What is the temperature of the warehouse? A. Generally about 40" or
50 C Fahrenheit.

Q. 76. What examinations are made as to its condition from time to time?
A. Packages unrolled to ascertain about the pickle; occasionally opened, and
cooperage also examined.

Q. 77. What numbers of hogs do you kill annually? A. About one million in
our Chicago house.

Q. 78. What is their average weight? A. From 260 to 280 pounds live weight.

Q. 79. What parts of the hog do you use for lard? A. Leaf and trimmings.

Q. 80. What do you include as offal? A. Portions of the entrails and general
refuse.

Q. 81. What is done with the head? A. The meat is made into head-cheese and
the balance is put into the offal tanks.

SWINE PBODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 803

Q. 82. What is done with the feet? A. Some are thrown into the offal tank,
others are cooked and pickled.

Q. 83. What is done with the entrails? A. Some are cleaned for sausage casings,
and the balance thrown into the offal tank.

Q. 84. What is done with the heart, liver, and lights? A. Some are used for
sausages and the balance thrown into the offal tank.

Q. 85. What is done with the blood? A. It is dried and used as a fertilizer.

Q. 86. What is done with the refuse from tan cs? A. It is dried and made into
fertilizers.

Q. 87. Is all meat inspected before being shipped? A. Yes, as a rule.

Q. 88. By whom? A. By the board of trade and other inspectors, and by our-
selves.

Q. 89. Under what authority? A. Of the board of trade and mutual agreement.

Q. 90. Is meat ever packed and shipped without being inspected? A. No, except
by possible oversight.

Q. 91. Under what circumstances? A. By mistake or oversight.

Q. 92. Do you ever guarantee inspection? A. Yes.

Q. 93. If so. tinder what cir urnstances, and to what extent? A. When buyers
have our confidence and rejections can be returned.

Q. 94. What course does the inspector take in e.vamining meat? A. He goes in
person, or by deputy, by mutual consent and arrangement of buyers and sellers.

Q. 9i3. Does he examine each piece? A. Yes.

Q. 96. What tests are made? A. He uses a "tryer," made for this purpose.

97. For fully or properly cured? A. Yes, both.

98. For stags? A. Yes.

99. For piggy sows? A. Yes.

100. For sour meat? A. Yes.

101. For bruised meat. A. Yes.

Q. 102. For what causes is meat rejected? A. For the above; also for irregular
cuts, and for imperfect cure.

Q. 103. What is done with mat rejected by the inspector? A. It is selected, sold
on its merits to home markets, or put into offal tanks, according to its condition.

Q. 104. What do you say to inspection? A. We respectfully suggest that a
Government inspection of exported (or other) meats would no doubt meet with
general approval, and it could doubtless be harmonized or merged into the present
authorized systems in each important market.

Similar questions were addressed to the leading packing houses in Baltimore,
Philadelphia, Jersey City, New York, Boston, West Albany, and Buffalo. The
answers in all cases were essentially the same as those received from Armour &
Co., of Chicago.

PURCHASE AND SALE OF HOG PRODUCTS.

The ordinary course of purchase and sale of hog products is as follows:
When a purchase of these products is made of a packing firm, an order is issued
in favor of the buyer for the number of packages or pieces of meat sold; also an
order to permit the buyer's inspector to make a satisfactory inspection of the
meats. The purchaser hands the order for the meats to the agent of the railroad
company, and the order for inspection to his inspector, or the regularly authorized
inspector, as he sees fit, giving to each such instructions as will best carry out the
terms of his purchase.

The rules and regulations for the purchase and sale of provisions and their
inspection, adopted by the St. Louis Chamber of Commerce, of December 18, 1883,
are as follows:

SEC. 14. All provisions offered for sale as "standard" in this market must be
cut, selected, and packed in all respects as to quality and condition equal to the
standards established by the board of directors, and the seller shall be Lound to
fulfill his sale by the delivery of the quality called for by such sale, which, on
examination by the authorized inspe: tor, has been certified by him to have been
packed according to the established classification, and is at the time of delivery in
good merchantable condition in every respect. Provisions from which any surplus
gain has been removed can not afterwards be classed as "standard."

SEC. 15. In sales as standard of a particular packer's brand or cut, if the property
does not pass inspection, the buyer shall elect either to take the lot tendered at
contract price or require that some other brand or cut be substituted therefor that
will pass inspection, or to receive the difference in value between ttie property

804 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

tendered and such as called for by the contract: and such election shall be binding
upon, and be carried out by, both parties as a settlement of the contract.

SEC. 16. In all cases of sales of provisions as "standard" the inspector shall
examine and inspect, when called upon, and shall decide if the property be up to
the requirements; and he shall issue his certificates, stating correctly the condi-
tion and quality of the property inspected and specify the defects, if any exist
therein.

SEC. 17. In sales of fully cured meats, or to be fully cured and delivered at a
specified time, the seller must deliver in good faith, according to contract, the
inspector to be the judge, who shall always be fully informed of the conditions of
the contract before proceeding to inspect. Where sales of dry salted meats are
made without other specifications it shall be considered that the sales contemplate
meats fully cured, the inspector to be the judge.

SEC. 18. On sale of provisions for future delivery, "at buyer's option," if buyer
calls before expiration of contract the seller, if he so elect, shall have at least five
working days to prepare property for delivery, in the case of bacon and bulk
meats. Purchasers of provisions shall have three days free of storage to remove
property when in store.

The rules of the Chicago Board of Trade governing the purchase and sale of hog
products and their inspection, adopted September 1, 1883:

BULK XXV.
Provisions.

SECTION 1. The board of directors shall appoint five members of the association
as a committee on provision inspection, who shall have and exercise a general con-
trol over the inspection of provisions, and shall act as referees in case of com-
plaint against the chief inspector of provisions or the inspection of any lot of pro-
visions, or any matter of difference pertaining to the same, except as hereinafter
provided. The committee shall be authorized, in determining the correctness of
any inspection they are called upon to revise, to adopt any measures they may
deem necessary under the circumstances for the ascertainment of its true charac-
ter. The committee shall be entitled to fees amounting to $3 each for each case
of appeal decided by them, to be paid by the party against whom the decision
shall be made.

SEC. 2. The board of directors shall also appoint a suitable person as chief
inspector of provisions, who shall be required to give a bond in such amount as
may be prescribed by the board of directors for the faithful performance of his
duties as indicated by the rules of the board of trade or by order of the board of
directors. Said bond shall be satisfactory to the board of directors and be approved
by them before the said chief inspector shall be entitled to enter upon the dis-
charge of his official duties. Said bond shall be made to the president of the board
of trade and his successors in office, for the use and benefit of any parties having
legal claims for damages against said chief inspector on account of any of his
official acts.

SEC. 3. The chief inspector of provisions shall appoint, to be confirmed by the
committee on provision inspection, a sufficient number of competent deputy
inspectors, who shall be under his control and subject to his orders in all matters
pertaining to the performance of official duty.

SEC. 4. The chief inspector, through and by his deputies, shall furnish the nec-
essary labor and materials for inspection. The several deputy inspectors shall
make a report in detail of every inspection or examination they may make, which
report shall be returned to the chief inspector and be by him preserved for future
reference.

SEC. 5. The board of directors shall also appoint a competent person as registrar
of provisions, whose duty it shall be to provide and cause to be kept suitable books
in which shall be registered all warehouse receipts for beef and hog product issued
as "regular"' or for the "regular delivery'' of such property in the Chicago mar-
ket under the rules of the board of trade. Such receipts, after being so registered,
shall be stamped or written across their face with the word "registered," and the
date of such registry, and signed, in writing, by the said registrar or some person
duly authorized by him for that service. All warehouse receipts, before being
registered, shall be plainly numbered, and shall indicate on their face the number
or mark of the particular lot of property intended to be covered or represented by
such receipt. All such receipts issued from or by each warehouse or other place
of storage shall be consecutively numbered, and no receipts of duplicate numbers

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 805

issued from the same place of storage shall be registered. All property covered or
represented by registered warehouse receipts shall be plainly marked in such man-
ner as will clearly distinguish it from all other property stored in the same ware-
house or place of storage, and by such marks, numbers, or characters as may be
approved by the registrar of provisions, such marks to be so arranged as to avoid
the possibility of duplication or uncertainty as to the identity of the property so
receipted for. No warehouse receipt shall be registered until a report shall have
been received at the office of the registrar of provisions from a duly authorized
deputy that the property represented by the receipt is actually in the place of stor-
age and is marked as indicated in the receipt. Such reports shall be in a form pre-
scribed by the registrar, and shall be preserved by him for future reference. No
second warehouse receipt for the same property shall be registered unless the
original is presented at the time and its registration canceled by the registrar. In
such case new receipts, either for the whole or parts of lots, or the consolidation
of different lots, may be registered upon the report of a deputy that the property
is in the place represented and is marked as represented. All new receipts so
registered shall bear the same date, as near as may be, with the originals so can-
celed, and no receipts differing in date more than thirty days shall be consolidated
into a new receipt.

No property shall be removed from the place of storage indicated by any regis-
tered receipt issued to represent it until the registration of such receipt has first
been canceled in the office of the registrar of provisions by writing or stamping
across its face the words ' Registration canceled."

SEC. 6. The chief inspector shall receive for his services and for the compensa-
tion of the deputy inspectors employed him by the fees for inspecting as estab-
lished by the board of trade. The registrar shall receive as compensation for his
own services and the necessary expenses of his office such sum, to be paid from
the funds of the association, as may be determined by the board of directors.

SEC. 7. All claims for errors of inspection or damages resulting from improper
inspection shall be made to the chief inspector, and in case of dispute as to the
validity of any claim so made the question shall be decided by the committee on
provision inspection, or by a special arbitration, if either of the parties so prefer.
In the latter case the arbitrator shall be chosen either by mutual agreement, or
an equal number, not exceeding two, may be selected each by the chief inspector
and the claimant; and the persons so chosen shall select an additional arbitrator.
Arbitrations, either by the committee on provision inspection or special arbitrators,
shall be conducted under substantially the same form of proceedings as regular
arbitrations under the rules of the board of trade, and shall be subject to all the
provisions of regular arbitrations, except that they shall not be subject to appeal.

SEC. 8. All deliveries of beef or hog product in store, in the absence of special
agreement, shall be by the delivery of registered warehouse receipts issued from
such warehouses or places only as shall have b^en declared a regular warehouse
for the storage of such property, under the rules of the board of trade, by the
board of directors; such places of storage, in all cases, to be under cover, and such
as is suitable for the proper preservation of the property. All such deliveries shall
be accompanied by a certificate of inspection of the chief inspector of provisions,
which certificate shall state the number of packages or the number of pieces,
together with their weight, in the lot to which it applies, the place where the
same is stored, and the distinguishing marks upon it; also the number of packages
or pieces examined, and that the same was found to be in good merchantable con-
dition and of standard quality. In the case of barreled pork, the number of pieces
and the weight in each barrel shall be stated; also the date of its packing as indi-
cated by the packer's brand upon the packages. Such certificate shall be dated
within five (5) days of such delivery; the required number of days shall include
both the day of date and the day of delivery.

SEC. 9. No warehouse receipts for beef or hog product shall be registered except
such as have been issued by or from a warehouse or place of storage declared to
be a regular warehouse for the storage of such property by the board of directors
of the board of trade; and before any warehouse or storage place shall be declared
a regular warehouse for such property the proprietors thereof shall file a bond
with the board of trade for such an amount as may be deemed sufficient, and with
sureties approved by the board of directors. Such bond shall be made payable to
the president of the board or his successors in office, for the use of any person or
persons suffering damages by reason of the neglect of duty, fault, or fraud of the
proprietor or manager of such warehouse, and such bond may be prosecuted in
the name of the president of the board of trade, for the use and benefit of persons
aggrieved or damaged by the acts of such warehouse proprietor or manager. All
such bonds shall be conditioned upon the faithful and honest performance of his

8WINK I'RnlH < i- M|. TIIK I NITKI) STATES.

or their duties by the proprietor or manager of his or their warehouses, as defined
by the laws of this State, or by the rules of the board of trade not inconsistent
therewith.

RULE XXVI.

Sale of provisions.

SECTION 1. All provisions sold in this market, in the absence of special agree-
ment, shall be deemed standard, and the property delivered must comply with the
requirements of the regulations of inspection established by the association. And
all provisions sent to this market for sale which, upon examination, shall be
found to have been manufactured, handled, or packed, in all respects and to all
appearances, in conformity with those rules shall be classed as standard.

SKC. 2. All provisions sold as standard shall be cut, selected, and packed in all
re.^ects as to quality and condition conformably to the classification of inspection
as adopted by the association: and. unless otherwise stipulated, on all sales made
of any of the grades of provisions as standard the seller shall deliver the parcels of
the kind and quality called for by such sale, which any duly appointed inspector
of the association has examined and has certified to have been packed according
to the classification and is at the time of delivery in good merchantable condition
in every respect: or, failing so to deliver, he shall be bound to settle his contract
under the provisions of Rule XXIV of the association: I'mrided, That in all sales
specified as for cash the buyer shall not be bound to pay inspection fees unless he
orders the inspection of the property.

SEC. 3. Lard, hams, or shoulders may be packed in tierces, either wood or iron
bound, or bound partly with both. Provisions from which any gain has been
removed shall not afterward be classed as standard.

'SEC. 4. All hog product to be classed as standard shall comply in all respects
with the requirements of the rules of inspection adopted by the board of trade,
and if delivered on or after January 1 sha'l include only such as has been packed
on or after the first day of the previous November, and. in the case of barreled
pork, shall include only such as has been packed between November 1 and March 1.'*

SEC. 5. No original weight shall be taken out of any package of provisions which
is afterward to be offered for sale by the package without removing the original
packer's brand entirely from the head of the package, unless the property be
repacked and so branded by the party repacking.

SEC. 6. Buyers of provisions on contracts, deliverable on the demand of the
buyer within a specified time, shall have the ri^ht to inspect the same before the
day of delivery, provided they send an inspector in time to allow the inspection
to be completed belore the proposed delivery, but failing to do so the seller shall
have the privilege of having the property inspected, the cost to be paid by the
buyer.

SEC. 7. On sales of provi-ions deliverable at the pleasure of the seller within a
specified time the seller shall have the privilege of delivering at any time during
the life of the contract without previous notice to the pui chaser by the tender of
a registered regular warehouse receipt, together with a certificate of inspection
by an inspector of the association (such inspection having been made within the
last five days). Such a delivery shall be held to be regular, -and the buyer shall
receive and pay for the same, together with the fees lor inspection. If, however,
within the next forty-eight (48) hours the buyer shall produce the certificate of
the committee on provision inspection that the property so delivered is not stand-
ard, the seller shall immediately receive the property back, paying all accrued
expenses, and substitute other pro] erty that is standard: I'rm-iiii'd, That the evi-
dence of the committee on provision inspection, as herein referred to, shall be
furnished during the next forty-eight (48) hours, or as soon as said committee can
report, they having been called for such examination, and the seller so notified
within the next twenty- four (24) hours. On sales deliverable on the demand of
the buyer, if such demand be made, if the buyer calls before the expiration of
contract, the seller, if he so elect, shall, in the case of pickled meats, have twenty-
four (24) hours to prepare the property for delivery, and on bulk or boxed meats,
four (4) working days.

SEC. 8. On sales of barreled meats or lard, if more than one brand is tendered
the purchaser shall be required to pay such inspection fees only as would be proper
were it all of one brand.

SEC. 9. On sales of provisions as standard, or of a particular packer's brand, in
case the property does notf ] ass inspection the buyer shall elect either to take the
lot named at contract price, after being regularly inspected at cost of seller, or to

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 807

require that some standard lot be substituted, but the buyer shall receive the one
or the other if tendered within a reasonable time.

SEC. 10. In sa'es of fully cured meats, or to be fully cured and delivered at any
specified time, the seller must deliver in good faith, according to contract, the
inspector to be the j ndge, who shall always be informed of the conditions of the
contract before proceeding to inspect. Where sales of dry salted meats are made
without other specifications, it shall be considered that the sale contemplates
meats fully cured, the inspector to be the judge.

SEC. 11. In sales of provisions, when an article is substituted or delivered infe-
rior in quality to the sample exhibited, or which had been passed upon by the
inspector as standard, the seller shall be responsible for any damage resulting
from such exchange or substitution. All examinations or inspections are to be
made within a reasonable time, and proper care of the property is to be taken by
the owner or his agent.

SEC. 12. Joints cut from hogs that have been frozen shall not be classed as
standard.

SEC. 13. In case of no specific agreement, the saltage allowed on bulk meats shall
be 1 per cent, but should the buyer or seller object the inspector shall sweep as
many drafts as he may consider necessary, and the percentage so determined shall
be binding on both parties. But from June 1 to November 1 the tare shall be
ascertained by washing in cold water with a cloth, in case of no specific agreement
to the contrary. One per cent for drainage shall be allowed on pickled meats.

SEC. 14. To determine the tare of lard, the package shall first be weighed gross,
the lard then removed, and the empty package subjected to dry heat and drained,
the empty package to be then weighed and its weight deducted from the gross
weight. The difference so obtained shall be considered the net weight of the lard.

SEC. 15. In case lard in tierces be delivered of a weight more or less than 320 Ibs.
net per tierce, the shortage or excess shall be settled for at the current market
price, but the full number of packages contracted for shall be deliveied. In the
settlement of contracts for lard, 320 Ibs. net shall be taken as the average weight
of a tierce.

SEC. 16. Provisions, if desired by the purchaser, must be delivered at cars or on
teams, from packing house or store, free of charge. All deliveries of provisions
in store shall be free of storage to the buyer for five (5) days, or, if in packing
houses, for three (3) days, except when the first day of the month falls on Sunday
or a holiday; in which case receipts shall be regular to the buyer, if free of stor-
age, for four days, or, if in packing house two days, from the time the seller signi-
fies his readiness to deliver, and any extra expenses attending the examination of
provisions are to be paid by the party ordering the same.

SEC. 17. The standard net weight of meats packed in boxes shall be between 450
and 525 pounds for each box. and in all settlements or deliveries of boxed meats
an average of 500 pounds net per box shall be made the basis for settlement, and
the excess or shortage from said average shall be settled at the market value of the
property delivered at the time of its delivery. But in case of delivery the full
number of packages contracted for must be delivered.

SEC. 18. Long clear sides shall not average less than forty-five (45) pounds: short
clear sides shall not average less than forty (40) pounds, ana short rib sides shall
not average less than thirty (30) pounds, and dry salted shoulders shall not aver-
age less than twelve (12) pounds, to be standard and regular on delivery, either
loose or boxed.

Srcc. 19. On an examination by an inspector of dry salted meats, in bulk or for
boxing, if over twenty (2J) per cent turns out rejected he shall not be required to
take the lot in that condition.

SEC. 20. A delivery of sweet pickled hams or shoulders shall be considered regu-
lar if they average not over two (2) pieces unsound per tierce, and a deduction of
twenty-five (25) per cent on the price shall be made on the unsound.

SHIPMENT OF HOG PEODUCTS TO SEABOARD.

The railroad agent, having received the order for delivery, orders a sufficient
number of cars sent to the packing house or warehouse. When loaded, a receipt
is given by the proper officer of the railroad company in charge of the loading for
the number of packages or pieces put on board. This receipt is attached to an
invoice accompanied by a list of the individual weights and tares and handed to
the buyer. On this receipt a bill of lading in duplicate is issued, giving name of
line or lines by which shipped, date of shipment, from whom received, marks or
brands, destination, gross weight, and rate of freight per 100 pounds.

Shipments of bacon are usually made by all-rail routes to the seaboard; very
seldom in any other way.

808

SWIXK I'RODl'CTS OF THK I'MTKI) STATES.

Pork and lard are shipped by lake steamers to Buffalo, and thence by canal to
seaboard by rail.

Lard, and sometimes pork, is shipped in quite large quantities by lake steamers
to Buffalo, and thence by canal to seaboard. This method, however, is of com-
paratively recent adoption.

The lard, when it reaches the canal, is placed on flat barges, or on the decks of
canal boats, covered with an awning, and, in warm weather, frequently sprinkled
with water.

Experience shows that these products invariably reach the seaboard in excellent
condition.

On arrival at seaboard, if intended for export, the products are held in the cars
or on the boats, and the consignee or the agent of the steamship line with which
the contract has been made is notified of their arrival. If a steamer is ready to
receive the shipment, it is placed ( if in cars ) on board of lighters and towed to the
steamer's side, or the dock, and loaded.

In case no steamer is ready, the property is sent to a warehouse to await the
arrival of the next steamer. It is the custom in the trade with foreign markets
to make sales upon a price that covers the cost, freight, and insurance to destina-
tion, and orders are usually made on this basis. It is also customary for buyers
to state how and by what routes the goods are to be shipped.

As the reimbursement to the seller for export depends on all the conditions being
strictly adhered to, he is very careful to see that they are carried out; and no
documentary exchange is complete unless the original and duplicate bills of lading
and certificates of insurance and inspection accompany the draft.

The following are the usual forms of inland and foreign bills .of lading:

INLAND.
[Form 100 H.]
(N) NATIONAL LINE.

(Through freight line, owned and operated by the Pennsylvania Company. All rail. Via
C., St. L. and P. R. R. and Pan Handle route.)

[Cut.l
(N) Nat'l Line.

6,000.
Marks.

This bill of lading

from

Chicago, Ills.,
to

The rate of freight through
is to be

per 100 pounds.

per barrel.

No. .]
Received from

CHICAGO, ILL.,

, 188-.

- the following packages (contents and

value unknown) in apparent good order, viz:

Marked and numbered as in the margin, to be transported by
the National Line, and the steamboats, railroad companies, and
forwarding lines with which it connects, on the following term
and conditions, viz:

It being expressly understood and agrefed that the National
Line reserves the right, in consideration of issuing a through bill
of lading and guaranteeing a through rate, to forward said goods
by any railroad line between points of shipment and destination.

It is further agreed that tne rates given on bullc freight are
given on the understanding that not less than 34,000 pounds will
be loaded in each car, and tnat such minimum weight may, at the
option of this line, be charged for, whether that quantity is
placed in the car or not.

It is further agreed that all weight in excess of 30.000 pounds
per car will be charged double the rate named in this bill of
lading.

It is further agreed that the said National Line, and the steam-
boats, railroad companies, and forwarding lines with which it
connects, and which receive said property, shall not be liable for
leakage of oils or any kinds of liquids: breakage of any kind of
glass, earthen or queens ware, carboys of acids, or articles packed
in glass, stoves and stove furniture, castings, machinery, car-
riages, furniture, musical instruments of any kind, packages of
eggs, or for rust of iron and of iron articles, or for loss or damage
by wet, dirt, fire, or loss of weight, or for condition of baling on
hay, hemp, or cotton; nor for loss or damage of any kind on any
article whose bulk requires it to be carried on open cars; nor for
damage to perishable property of any kind occasioned by delays
from any cause or by change of weather; nor for loss or damage
on any article of property whatever, by fire or other casualty,
while in transit or while in depots or places of transshipment, or
at depots or landings at point of delivery; nor for loss or damage
by lire, collision, or the dangers of navigation while on S.MS,
rivers, lakes, or canals. All goods or property under this bill of
hiding will be subject, at its owner's cost, to necessary cooperage
or bailing, and is to be transported to the depots of the companies
or landings of the steamboats or forwarding lines, at the point
receipted to, for delivery.

It is further agreed that unless this bill of lading, properly
Indorsed, be delivered to the agent of the National Line at desti-
nation on or before the arrival there of the hereinabove described
property, the said line is authorized to deliver the said property
to the consignee, or to the party to whose care it is by this bill of
lading consigned; and after such delivery the said line shall )>e no

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

809

longer responsible for or on account of this bill of lading or for or
on account of any assignment or transfer thereof.

It is further agreed that the said National Line and the steam-
boats, railroads, and forwarding lines with which it connects shall
not be held accountable for any damage or deficiency in packages
after the same shall have been receipted for in good order by con-
signees, or their agents, at or by the next carrier, beyond the
point to which this bill of lading contracts. Consignees are to pay
freight and charges upon the goods or merchandise in lots or parts
of lots as they may be delivered to them, and upon the weight as as-
certained by the line's scales. The goods transported shall be sub-
ject to a lien, and may also be retained for all arrearages of freight
due on other goods by the same consignee or owners.

It is further stipulated and agreed that in case of any loss, det-
riment, or damage done to or sustained by any of the property
herein receipted for during such transportation, whereby any legal
liability or responsibility shall or may be incurred, that company
alone shall be answerable therefor in whose actual custody the
same may be at the time of the happening of such loss, detriment,
or damage, and the carrier so liable shall have the full benefit of
any insurance that may have been effected upon or on account of
said goods.

And it is further agreed that the amount of the loss or damage
so accruing, so far as it shall fall upon the carriers above described,
shall be computed at the value or cost of said goods or property
at the place and time of shipment under this bill of lading, except
the value of the articles has been agreed upon with the shipper or
is determined by the classification upon which the rates are based.

It is further agreed that all weights furnished by shippers aro
subject to correction.

This contract is executed and accomplished, and the liability of
the companies as common carriers thereunder terminates on the
arrival of the goods or property at the station or depot of delivery
(and the companies will be liable as warehousemen only thereaf-
ter), and unless removed by the consignee from the stations or de-
pots of delivery within twenty -four hours of their said arrival they
may be removed and stored by the companies at the owner's ex-
pense and risk.

NOTICE. In accepting this bill of lading the shipper, or other
agent of the owner of the property carried expressly accepts and
agrees to all its stipulations, exceptions, and conditions.

, Agent.

FOREIGN.

[Form 743. Foreign. N. Y. Special.]
STAR UNION LINE,

Via Pennsylvania Railroad and

from Chicago to

Shipped in apparent good order by

-, the following property, marked or numbered

as below (weight, measure, gauge, quality, condition, quantity, brand, contents, and value
unknown), weight subject to correction:

Marks and numbers.

Merchandise.

To be delivered in like good order and condition, unto

assigns, upon pay-
' " e rate of

ment in cash of freight due thereon, immediately on landing the property, at the

cents, American gold, per 100 pounds gross weight, with all charges and average accus-
tomed, without any allowance for credit or discount, one pound sterling being considered equal
to four dollars and eighty cents ($4.80) American gold, under the following terms and con-
ditions, viz:

1. That said Union Line, and its connections, which receive said property, shall not be liable
for breakage of packages of eggs, or for rust of iron and of iron articles, or for loss or damage
by wet. dirt, fire, or loss of weight, or for condition of baling on hay, hemp, or cotton; nor for
loss or damage of any kind on any article whose bulk requires it to be carried on open cars; nor
for damage to perishable property of any kind occasioned by delays from any cause or changes

810 SWINK rumnvTs OF THE UNITED STATES.

of weather: nor for loss <>r damage on any article or property whatever, by fire or other
casualty, wli ili- in transit or while in depots or places of transshipment, or at depots or landings
at all points of delivery: nor for loss or damage V>y flre, collision, or the dangers of navigation
while on sea*, rivers, lakes, or canals. All goods or projwirty under this bill of lading will be
subject, at its owner's cost, to necessary cooperage or baling, and is to bo transported to the
depots of the companies, or landings of the steamboats or forwarding lines, at the points
receipted to for delivery.

2. it is further agreed that said Union Line and its connections shall not be held accountable
for any damage or deficiency in packages after the same shall have tteen receipted for in good
order by consignees, or their agents, at or by the next carrier beyond the point to which this
bill of lading contracts. Consignees are to pay freight and charges upon the goods or mer-
chandise in lots or parts of lots, as they may be delivered to them.

3. It is further stipulated and agreed that in case of any loss, detriment, or damage done to
or sustained by any of the property herein receipted for during such transportation, whereby
any legal liability or responsibility shall or may be incurred, that company alone shall be held
answerable therefor in whose actual custody the same may IHJ at the time of the happening of
such loss, detriment, or damage, and the carrier so liable shall have the full benefit of any
insurance that may have been effected upon or on account of said goods.

4. And it is further agreed that the amount of loss or damage so accruing, so far as it shall
fall upon the carriers above deaoribecL shall be computed at the value or cost of the said goods
or property at the place and time of shipment under this bill of lading.

5. And it is further agreed that the carriers shall not be liable for any discrepancy between
the contents of the packages and the description of the same in the bills of lading, nor for any
discrepancy between the mill brands of flour, as stated in the margin hereof, and those actually
delivered.

6. And it is further agreed that from and after the arrival of said goods at the port of New
York, and while said goods remain on the wharf or wharves waiting for further conveyance,
the Union Line shall not. nor shall any of its connections inland or ocean be liable for delay,
nor shall they, or any of them, be liable in respect of said goods otherwise than as warehouse-
men. It is also agreed that the said Union Line reserves the right not to forward said goods
or property by first steamer or steamers, and to ship by any steamship or steamship line other
than the one named herein.

7. And it is further agreed that this contract, on the part of the Union Line, is accomplished,
and the liability of the Union Line as a common carrier or forwarder thereunder as limited in
and by the foregoing terminates, on the delivery of the goods or property to the steamship, her
master, agent, or servants, or to the steamship line at port of New York, when the responsibility
of the steamship or steamship line begins, and not before.

8. And it is further agreed that the above-mentioned property shall be transported from the
port of New York to the port of by the said steamship or steamship line, with liberty to
ship by any other steamship or steamship line, subject to the following exceptions and restric-
tions, viz: That the carrier shall not be liable for damages arising out of the act of God, public
enemies, pirates, robl>er8, thieves, by land or at sea, barratry of master or mariners, restraint of
princes, rulers, or peoples; loss or damage resulting from vermin, rust, sweating, wastage, leak-
age, breakage, mortality, or from rain, spray, coal or coal dust, insufficiency of strength of
packages; inaccuracy, indistinctness, illegibility, obliteration, or omission of marks, numbers,
brands, or addresses, or descriptions of goods, injury to wrappers, however caused, or from cor-
ruption, frost, decay, stowage, or contact with or smell or evaporation from other goods, or
from loss or damage caused by heavy weather, or pitching or rolling of the vessel, or from
inherent deterioration, risk of lighterage to or from the vessel, transshipment, jettison, explo-
sion, spontaneous combustion, fire before loading in the ship or after unloading, heat, boilers,
steam, or steam machinery, including consequences of defect therein or damage thereto, colli-
sion, stranding, straining, or other perils of the seas, rivers, steam and steam navigation, or land
transit of whatsoever nature or kind, nor for damage, loss, or injury arising from the perils or
matters above mentioned, and whether such perils or matters arise from the legligence, default,
or error in judgment of the pilot, master, mariners, engineers, stevedores, or other persons in
the service of the carrier; nor shall the carrier be held accountable for weight, contents, value,
length, measure, or quantities or condition of contents, nor for money, documents, gold, silver,
bullion, specie, precious metals, jewelry, precious stones, statuary, paintings, or other highly
valued goods, or beyond the amount of one hundred pounds sterling for any one package, unless
bills of lading are signed therefor and the value therein expressed, and the freignt paid accord-
ingly. The carrier is not to be liable for any damage to any goods which are capable of being
covered by insurance, nor for any claim notice of which is not given before the removal of
the goods, nor for any claims for damage or detention of goods under through bill of lad nig
where the damage is done or detention occurs whilst the goods are not in the possession of the
carrier, nor in any case for more than the known or invoiced value of the goods, whichever
shall be least. Goods of an inflammable, explosive, or otherwise dangerous character shipped
without permission and full disclosure of their nature and contents may be seized and con-
fiscated or destroyed by the carrier, at any time before delivery, without any compensation
to the shipper or consignee. In case any part of the within goods can not be found for delivery
during the vessel's stay at the port of destination, they are, when found, to be sent back by first
steamer, at ship's expense, the steamer not to be held liable for any claim for delav or sea risks.
The only condition upon which glass will be carried is that the carrier shall not be held liable
for any breakage which may occur from negligence or any other cause whatever. The goods
to be taken from alongside by the consignee immediately the vessel is ready to discharge, or
otherwise thev may be landed by the master and deposited at the expense of the consignee, and
at his risk of Are, loss, or injury, in the warehouse provided for that purpose, and the carrier to
have a lien on the goods for such charge. Parcels for different consignees, collected and made
up in single packages, addressed to one party, for the purpose of evading payment of parcel
freight, will be charged with the proper freight on each parcel. The steamer shall have liberty
during the voyage to call at any port or ports to receive fuel, to load or dischage cargo, or for
any other purpose whatever; to sail with or without pilots, to tow and assist vessels in all situ-
ations, and in the event of putting back to New York or into any other port, or being otherwiM
prevented in the ordinary course of her voyage, to transship the goods to any other steamer.
Further, subject to any other conditions and restrictions expressed in the customary forms
of bills of lading in use at the time of shipment by steamship or steamship line carrying this
property.

(On the margin:) Attention of shippers is called to act of Congress of 1851: "Any person or
persons shipping oil of vitriol, unslacked lime, inflammable matches, or gunpowder in a ship or
vessel taking cargo for divers persons on freight without delivering at the time of shipment a
note in writing expressing the nature and character of such merchandise to the master, mate,

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 811

Or officer or person in charge of the loading of the ship or vessel, shall forfeit to the United
States one thousand dollars."

NOTICE. In accepting this bill of lading the shipper or other agent of the owner of the prop-
erty carried expressly accepts and agrees to all its stipulations, exceptions, and conditions.

In witness whereof the agent signing for the said railway and steamship companies hath

affirmed to bills of lading, all of this tenor and date, one of which being accomplished the

others to stand void.

Dated in Chicago, Ills., , 188-.

Agent severally, but not jointly.

PART III.
III.

EXTENT OF TRICHINIASIS IN AMERICA AND EUROPE.

This subject being in the present attitude of certain foreign governments in regard
to American pork products the most important of all the questions th at have received
our attention, we have given it a very careful consideration. The alleged fre-
quency of trichiniasis in American hogs has been the reason insisted upon by the
various countries which have prohibited the importation of such products; for
while it is true that other objections have been advanced, particularly in France,
none of these have sufficient foundation in fact to stand the test of even a super-
ficial examination. It is. however, not a question of the prevalence of trichiniasis
here and its absence in other countries, since this parasite has been found infect-
ing the hogs and other flesh-eating animals in the most widely separated portions
of the earth. Dr. Manson examined 225 specimens of Chinese pork and found 2,
or nearly 1 percent, infected. 1 Dr. Wartable has described epidemics near the
sources of the Jordan resulting from eating the flesh of the wild boar,' 2 and in
every European country in which inspections have been made a very considerable
proportion of trichinous animals have been discovered.

Certain writers have pretended that the animals of France have never been
infected with trichiniasis,* but this conclusion seems to have been reached with-
out any investigations. A large proportion of the rats of Paris were long since
found to be infected, 4 and in 1879 a serious epidemic of trichiniasis. known as that
of Crepy-en-Valois, occurred, in which sixteen persons sickened from eating the
flesh of a native animal. 5

That trichinae also exist in America and infest a small proportion of American
hogs is a fact that must be admitted, but it is a more difficult matter to compare
the frequency of American and European infection than has usually been sup-
posed. American hogs have usually been examined by microscopists who were
competent to do the work and who would not overlook a single case, while in
Germany there has been an immense number of inspectors employed (18,581 in
1881), many of whom were utterly incompetent. An examination in 1877 showed
that many of the microscopes were useless, that glasses used were too dirty to
permit the examination, and that some of the inspectors were incapable of detect-
ing the parasite. 6 Even as late as 1881 there were complaints in regard to the
incompetency of inspectors, and the continued recurrence of trichiniasis among
people from eating inspected meats demonstrates that these complaints were not
made without reason. 1 Even the German inspections of American meats can not
be taken as a fair comparison with the average of their inspections of indigenous
animals, for the reason that our meats are examined in their larger cities and by
their most competent inspectors. It is absolutely necessary to bear these facts in
mind in considering the figures which are given as representing the results of the
microscopic examination of American and European pork.

PROPORTION OF AMERICAN HOGS INFECTED WITH TRICHINIASIS.

The hogs in Dearborn County, Ind., seem to be infected in a larger propor-
tion than anywhere else in the country, or at least were in 1874. Drs. Harding
and Robbins examined 245 animals slaughtered near Lawrenceburg, and found

1 Imp. Customs Med. Report, Shanghai XXI (1881), p. 26.

* Lancet, August 4. 1883.

8 J. Chatin, La Trichine et la Trichinose.

4 Davaine, Traite des entozoaires, etc., p. 755.

6 Gazette des Hopitaux, February 20, 1879.

6 Vierteljahrschrift f. Ger. . Med. , etc. , N. F. XXX, p. 175-181.

1 LOG. cit., XXXVII, p. 345-351.

812 SWINE PKODUCT8 OF THE UNITED STATES.

that 40, or 16fc per cent, contained this parasite. This seems to be far beyond the
average, however, even in this center of infection, for Drs. Gatch and Miller
examined 200 animals at the same place and found only 13 infected, or 0.5 per
cent. 1

In 1866 Belfield and Atwood are reported to have found 2 per cent of the hosrs
slaughtered in Chicago infected, and in 1878 an examination of 100 animals at the
same place indicated that 8 per cent contained trichinae.

From 1879 to 1881, Dr. F. S. Billings, of Boston, examined 8,773 hogs, of which
347, or 4 per cent, were reported as containing trichinae.

Dr. Deveron, of New Orleans, inspected 5,400 hogs in 1881, of which only 22, or
0.4 per cent, were trichinous." Of these animals, 529 came from St. Louis, and
among them were 18 infected ones, being 3.4 per cent; 241 came from Louisville,
and two of these, or 0.83 per cent, contained trichinae; 484 from unknown parts of
the West had but 2 infected, or 0.4 per cent, while the remaining 4,146, mostly
from the South, were free from this parasite.

Dr. C. A. Simpson examined 30 hogs at Atlanta, which were mostly from Ten-
nessee, without finding any infected, and Dr. R. W. Steger examined 180 at Nash-
ville, Tenn., all of which were also free. Dr. William flyers examined 330 hogs
at San Antonio, Tex., finding tricliin-.e in but 2, or 0.6 per ceut. :!

Dr. H. J. Detiners has examined from August to December, 1883, for the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, 3,331 at Chicago; of which 80, or 2.4 per cent, were found to
be infected. Of this number 1.126 were from unknown districts of the West; 46,
or 4.08 per cent, containing trichinae: 50 were from Michigan, among which 4 con-
tained the parasite; 831 were from Iowa, of which 19, or 2.27 per cent, were in-
fected; 50 were from Dakota, of which 1 was infected; 520 were from Illinois,
among which were 7, or 1.35 per cent, containing trichinae; 304 were from Wis-
consin, with but 2 infected, or 0.66 per cent: 350 came from Nebraska, having but
1 infected, or 0.28 per cent; 100 were from Minnesota, and were free from infection.

In the laboratory of the Department of Agriculture specimens from 300 hogs
have recently been examined, and of these 5, or 1.66 per cent, were found to con-
tain this parasite.

We have above the records of the examination of 18,889 hogs from various parts
of the CJnited States, of which 517 or 2.7 per cent, contained trichinae. It is evi-
dent from these records that a considerable proportion of the hogs from some sec-
tions of the country are trichinons, while those from other sections are practically
free from infection. Whi'e it may be difficult to outline the trichinae districts and
to trace the infected animals to the farms on which they were raised, it is believed
that such a study would do much to clear up the origin of this infliction.

In addition to the inspections detailed above, Drs. Osier and Clement examined
at Montreal 1.000 hogs from western Canada, finding 4 infected. 4 The French
inspectors report the examination of 103.528 pieces of American meat, containing
2,080, or about 2 per cent, infected. 5 The German inspectors, during the year
1880, examined 78,880 pieces of American pork, of which we have record, and found
1,265, or 1.6 percent, to contain trichinae, and in 1881 they examined 96,485 pieces,
finding trichinae in 2,414, or 2.5 per cent. 6

Taking all the examinations of American pork thus far made, both at home and
abroad, and we have a total of 298,782, during which trichinae were found 6,280
times, being 2.1 per cent, or 1 to 48.

It would seem that this number of pieces, considering the close agreement
between the results reached by American microscopists over this limited territ< >ry
and those obtained by the inspectors of American pork in Europe, perhaps repre-
sents the condition of American pork so far as examined.

In Europe there are some localities where the inspections have shown a greater
proportion of infection than the average in the United States. At Stockholm 2.000
hogs contained 58 infected ones, or 2.9 per cent; at Tannefors 300 hogs contained
10 infected ones, or 3.3 per cent, and in 112 Bavarian hams 3 were trichinous, 1
while Dr. Bine, of Linten, reported 4 infected animals in 45, or nearly 9 per cent."

'A Report on Trichiniasis as observed in Dearborn County, Ind., in 1874.
By George Sutton, M. D., Aurora, Ind.

'Report of American Health Association, vol. 7, p. 136.

1 Report of American Health Association, vol. 7, p. 138-145.

4 An investigation into the Parasite in the Pork Supply of Montreal, 1883, p. 6.

'Chatin. La Trichine et la Trichinose, Paris, 1883, p. 217.

H. Eulenberg. Oeber die im Jahre, 1881, auf Trichinen und Finnen unter-
snchten Schweine. Vierteljahrschrift, f. Ger. Med., etc., 1882.

1 Warfwinge, Nord. Med. Ark., 1875, VII, 3. No. 18.

Meissner, Schmidt's Jahrbiicher, No. 130, p. 118. Quoted by Glazier Rep., p. 68.

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 813

In Prussia, where the only really effective inspection is made, the proportion
found infected with trichinae was, in 1876, 1 to 2,000; in 1877, 1 to 2,800; in 1878, 1
to 2,000; in 1879, 1 to 1,632; in 1880, 1 to 1,460; in 1881, 1 to 1,839; in 1882, 1 to
2,056.' The number of inspectors in 1882 is placed at 20,140. Several inspectors
at Erfurt were removed on account of incapacity, and complaints were made as to
the condition of the microscopes. Indeed, it seems that the village barber is
usually trusted with the inspection of hogs in the smaller towns and villages, and
that he is required to make but three preparations from each animal.

Frequently, or generally, the specimens for examination are taken from the
hams and hard muscles, where the trichinae are least abundant, instead of from
the pillars of the diaphragm and tenderloin, where they are most easily found.
Since the great epidemic of trichiniasis in Saxony it seems to be admitted that
these inspections are totally inadequate, and in order to make them more efficient
the magistrates have awarded sums varying from 15 to 80 marks for each trichinous
animal discovered. As a result of the rewards, and possibly of the fear excited by
the recent terrible outbreaks of the disease in people, an increased number of
infected hogs seems to have been discovered. 2 These facts, as well as the extraor-
dinary number of people recently infected from eating pork which had been
inspected, are sufficient to demonstrate that large numbers of trichinous hogs pass
the inspectors without being discovered, and that consequently the figures given
above are not a correct representation of the proportion of hogs which are infested
with this parasite.

In nearly every country of Europe hogs have been examined and a certain
number found to contain trichinae, but the records do not.seem to have been care-
fully kept; the data are not fully given, and there is reason to doubt the accuracy
of the work. It is difficult, therefore, to reach any satisfactory conclusion as to
the proportion of infected hogs. We may safely assert, however, that no country
can with reason claim that its hogs are free from trichinae, while the probability
is that European hogs generally are infected in a much larger proportion than is
at present admitted.

In some parts of Europe rats seem to have been examined more carefully than
pigs. Thus in Saxony one-half of the rats from flayers contain trichinae, and 20
per cent of all those caught are similarly infected; in Moravia, 16 out of one lot
of 20 rats were infected, 9 of a second lot of 12 were infected, 7 of a third lot of
8 were infected. In Klederling, a suburb of Vienna, 7 out of 47, and at Unter-
meidling 2 out of 31 were infected. 3 In France, where the authorities now deny
the existence of trichinae except as imported, and where one of the reasons for
prohibiting American pork is the alleged fear of scattering this parasite over the
country, 4 the only outbreak of trichiniasis on record was caused by the flesh of a
native hog; and the rats from the ditches and sewers of Paris, examined by Drs.
Goujon and Legros, were infected in a very large proportion, one lot of 32 containing
3 with trichinae, and of 72 rats, 5 were full of these parasites. 5

EFFECT OF THE CUBING PROCESS ON THE TRICHINJE.

If we admit that about 2 per cent of American hogs contain trichinae, it becomes
a matter of the greatest importance for us to inquire into the condition of the
parasite after it has been subjected to the action of salt a sufficient time to enable
the pork to be carried from the packing houses in this country to the consumers
abroad. And here the effect on the consumers is entitled to more weight as a
matter of evidence than those scientific experiments which are simply designed
to prove the life of the parasite; for the trichinae may sometimes still be living
but not have sufficient vitality to develop and reproduce itself. Such trichinae
would be perfectly harmless, even though the pork were eaten without previous
cooking.

In France it is said in the report of Academy of Medicine of Paris that 95,000,000
kilograms or 200,000,000 pounds of American pork products had been consumed
from 1876 to 1881 without causing a single case of disease. And notwithstanding
the fact that large quantities of such pork have been consumed for a number of
years, the one outbreak of trichiniasis at Crepy, which was clearly traced to a
French hog, is the only instance of the appearance of the disease among people
that is recorded in that country,

'H. Eulenberg, Vierteljahrschrift f. G-er. Med., 1877 to 1883.
* Dispatches of A. A. Sargent, American minister at Berlin, to State Department,
dated October 26 and November 12.

3 Dr. Glazier, Report on Trichinae and Trichiniasis, Washington, 1881.
4 J. Chatin, Trichine et Trichinose, p. 153, footnote.
'These de Paris, 1866, and Davaine Traite des Entozoaires, p. 755.

814 SWINE PRODUCTS OK THK I.MTKI) STATES.

In Germany, where it is the habit of the people to eat pork without cooking,
trirhimasis among people is common, and it has been very frequently asserted in
some quarters that many of the.-e cases were due to American pork. During the
recent terrible epidemic at Emersleben and neighboring towns. Dr. Brouardel, of
the Paris Academy of Medicine, went to Prussia to investigate the origin and
nature of the disease and learn what he could in regard to the healtht'ulness <>f
American pork. Not only did he find that these particular cases of trichiniasis were
due to German hogs, but such eminent and well-known authorities as Professors
Virchow and Hertwig, who have charge of the pork inspection at Berlin, asserted
most positively that no case of trichiniasis in Germany had ever been clearly traced
to American pork, although the people, as is their haiiit. persist in eating it raw.'

The so-called outbreak of trichiniasis on board the English reformatory school-
ship Cornwall has been much quoted as illustrating the danger of American salted
pork; but when closely investigated it proves to be an illustration of jumping
at conclusions without evidence, as always seems to have been the case where tri-
chiniasis has been attributed to our meats. This outbreak of disease occurred
between September 23 and October 23, 1879, and 43 hoys were attacked out of a
total of 262 boys and 15 officers on the ship. The idea that the disease was trichi-
niasis seems to have been an afterthought, for the only examination made was of the
body of one of the boys two months after it had been buried. Drs. Powell and C'ory
thought they found trichinae in the muscles, and concluded the disease must have
originated from the American pork which was used on board the ship; but no
examination of this pork appears to have been made, and we are not at all certain
that English pork was .not used as well. Fortunately, specimens taken from the
corpse were submitted for examination to that well-known scientist. Dr. Charlton
Bastian, and he pronounced the worms not trichina at all, but a hitherto unknown
nematoid which he classed with the genus Pvlodera, calling the species YV/<W<-m
setigera. Dr. CobLold. who is one of the very best authorities on this subject,
asserts very positively that the worm was the Pelodera frvc.s, and had probably
invaded the body after death." As this worm has never been known to exist as
a parasite in the hog. the assumption that the disease was produced by eating pork
is an entirely gratuitous one, and the further assumption that it was due to the
American pork is evidently w.thout the least foundation. 3

England has been one of the largest consumers of American bacon, hams, and
pork, taking even in 1880 and 1881, when this trade reached its largest proportions
abroad, five times as much as either France or Germany. Belgium has also been
a large consumer. The Comite consul tatif d 'hygiene publique de France said in a
recent official report that in order to determine the danger 1 rom the use of Ameri-
can pork they had recently made new inquiries in England and Belgium. In Eng-
land they were told that trichiniasis was so completely unknown that it was never
m-ntioned, either in the newspapers, the hospitals, or in teaching medicine. And
this was also the case in Belgium. 4

We may conclude, therefore, that notwithstanding the enormous quantity of
American pork which has been consumed in Europe there is no reliable evidence
that any cases of trichiniasis have ever originated from its use.

We can now consider more intelligently the conflicting testimony in regard to
the condition of the trichinse in American salted meats when they reach Europe.
In 1879 it was stated in the German reports that although a very considerable
number of examinations had been made at Minden, no living trichinse had been
demonstrated in preparations of American pork. ' This stntement was repeated
in 1880 by the same authority.' 1 In France Colin and most others who have exper-
imented with the trichina? of American meats have found them dead and incapa-
ble of producing any injurious effects when fed to other animals. It was also
found that even slight salting killed all the trichinte within two months. Colin
concludes, therefore, that the danger from eating American pork, considering the
time that it must have been in salt before it can reach Europe, is slight or inap-
preciable. 1 Fourment" and Chatin 9 have contested these results, but their opin-

'P. Brouardel L'Epidemic de trichinose d'Ermesleben. Bui. de 1'Acad. de Med.,
Paris, 1883, p. 1501.

8 Veterinarian, 1884, p. 4.

8 W. H. Power. Outbreak of Fever proved to be Trichiniasis on Board Reforma-
tory School-ship Cornwall. Rep. Med. Off. Local Go v. Bd. , 1879. London, 1880.

4 H. Bouley, Bui. de 1'Acad. de Med., Paris, 1884. p. 33.

5 Eulenberg, Vrtl jhrscht. f . ger. Med. , 1879.

Loc.cit.,1880.

' G. Colin, Comptes Rendus. xcvi ( 1882) . H8G-888.

8 L. Fourment, Comptes Rendus. xciv (1882), 1211-1213.

J. Chatin, La Trichine et la Trichinose, Paris, 1883, 164-190.

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 815

ions are so extremely radical as to lose much of their force on this account. It is
not impossible that in certain very rare cases the capsules containing the trichinae
may have become so dense or so impregnated with lime salts as to protect the
parasites for a longer time than usual against the action of the brine; but the com-
plete innocuousness of our pork as demonstrated by its use on so large a scale in
England, France. Belgium, and Germany, with no cases of disease clearly traced
to it, is the strongest possible evidence of the destruction of the trichinae during
the process of curing.

Dr. Brouardel, of the Paris Academy of Medicine, who investigated the recent
outbreaks in Ermsleben, has furnished new and very important evidence on this
point. 1 He learned that the meat of the diseased hog was chopped and mixed
with sufficient salt to preserve it, and those who ate of this meat soonest after the
killing of the animal were not only more severely affected, but their symptoms
appeared in a shorter time. The animal was killed the 12th of September, and of
those who partook of this meat on the 13th 33 per cent died, while of those who
did not eat of it until the 18th and 19th none died. In fact, there was a very reg-
ular gradation in the intensity and fatality of the cases when they were classified
according to the number of days which had elapsed between the killing of the
animal and the eating of the meat. It was very evident that the parasites were
rapidly losing their vitality and their power to produce disease. M. Colin thought
this was due to the effects of the slight salting, and M. Brouardel seemed willing
to admit this.

If, then, so marked a result is produced in a single week by the slight salting
which this chopped meat received, it is very plain that the high degree of salting
to which our packed meats are subjected must be sufficient in the vast majority of
cases to completely destroy all trichinae and to make the meats perfectly safe. The
question can not be narrowed down for this reason to a comparison of the propor-
tion of animals affected with trichinae in America and Europe, even if this were
actually determined, which is not the case, but it necessarily turns on the health-
fulness of the meats of these countries at the time when they are offered for con-
sumption. And when the matter is viewed from this standpoint, the very great
superiority of American salted meats over even the inspected German hogs is too
apparent to be questioned by unbiased scientific men.

In the latest discussion on this subject in the Paris Academy of Medicine,
M. Proust said:

"The question is not a determination if American meats contain trichinae, but
in what condition these trichinae are found; if they are alive or dead; if they are
injurious or not; in a word, if the consumption of American salted meats is dan-
gerous or not to the public health.

" In this connection I ask permission of the academy to read a passage from a
most interesting letter that I received this morning from Dr. Gibert, a health
officer and distinguished sanitarian of Havre:

'"In 1881,' says M. Gibert, 'American salted meats entered largely into the food
supply of the working class of Havre; but in regard to this it is important to
divide the consumers into two classes

'"1. The people buying American salted meat for family consumption, always
cooking it and never eating it raw. The inhabitants of the quarters of Eure and
St. Francois nourished themselves exclusively with it.

"'2. The workmen employed in handling the packages of salted meat, who,
during fifteen years, continued to eat this meat raw. MM. Bouley and Chatin
could easily have seen in their walks on the wharves of Havre workmen break-
fasting on a piece of bread and a slice of raw bacon, eating not only the fat but
all parts of the meat. Anyone could repeatedly see these workmen day after day,
even when at work, eating pieces of raw salt pork without fear.

'"It is certain, then, that at Havre, for more than fifteen years, hundreds of
workmen consumed salted meats, trichinous as well as not trichinous, and never
during this long period of years has a single workman been incommoded by this
food.

" 'No physician in Havre has seen a disease resembling in the least the Erjns-
leben disease described by MM. Brouardel and Grancher. Such an assertion
demands some proofs, which it is easy for me to give.

" ' 1 would remark, in the first place, that if the meat consumed raw had affected
the health of the workmen employed in such large numbers handling salted meats
the directors would have soon discovered the vacancies in the ranks of the workers.
After an investigation carefully made by me, and which it is easy to make anew
officially, it was found that never had there been a knowledge of such a fact in
any of the large importing houses of Havre.

Brouardel, Bui. de 1'Acad. de Med., 1883, 1501

816 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

'"The workmen, after the arrival of the Paris savants, took pleasure in eating
the pieces themselves that were pronounced trichinous. so certain were they of
their perfect harmlessness. And neither during the stay of these gentlemen at
Havre nor afterwards was there a single case of disease or even a simple indispo-
sition.

" 'In the second place, I would remark that during this period of fifteen years
we have had no serious epidemic of typhoid fever. That of 1880-81, the only one
at all serious which has occurred in our city, affected the quarters occupied by the
well-to-do or rich people, while the quarters where the American meat was con-
sumed suffered very little. There was then no possibility of an error on the part
of the physicians, even if such a gross error could have been committed.

" ' It follows, from the facts that I have just related, that the salting of Ameri-
can pork is sufficient to kill the trichinae; and if, in addition to this cause of
security which has been experimented upon by the workmen of Havre for fifteen
years, we add the cooking as it is practiced everywhere in France, the conclusion
is forced upon everyone not prejudiced in advance that American salted meats
are absolutely incapable of producing trichinosis in the consumers.'"

In the same discussion M. Leblanc said:

"The discussion appears to me exhausted. However. I ask permission of the
academy to communicate in support of the note of Dr. Gibert the foil owing obser-
vation. It was furnished to me by the principal meat inspector of Paris:

"The veterinarians under his direction examined during six months in 1881
5,000 kilograms (11,000 pounds) of American salted meat per day. Sixty thousand
kilograms were seized as trichinous, and a large part was shipped to England.
During these six months the employees and draymen of the dealers in salted meats
who came to the station of Batignolles ate meat in presence of the inspectors
which was notoriously infected with trichinae. Not one of them became sick.

" One of these, M. R., employed by Caiman, 11 Rue Bergere, was accustomed to
this, and took pleasure in eating the parts of the pork in which the microscope
had demonstrated the presence of trichinae. To-day, atter three years, he is well;
more than this, having been received at Beaujon as a patient of our colleague M.
Tillaux, for a fractiired arm, and having related his bravado, he was the subject
of a special examination; his muscular tissue was recognized to be healthy, and
no trichinae could be found in it." 1

EFFECT OF COOKING ON TRICHINA.

If the trichinae in American pork are destroyed by the curing process in a time
much shorter than is necessary for such meats to be shipped from our packers to
any of the consumers in Europe, it may seem superfluous to go into a consid-
eration of the effect of cooking, and yet it is not wholly so. Under certain
conditions it would appear that the trichinae do resist the curing process for a
considerable time; and though these conditions occur so seldom that uninspected
salted meats are much safer than inspected fresh ones, it is still worth our while
to inquire if perfect safety against infection can not be guaranteed where a rea-
sonable degree of cooking is practiced.

There is some conflict of opinion as to the temperature necessary to destroy
trichina?, and yet the results of experiments do not differ so widely. Vallin* con-
cluded that a temperature of 54 to 56 C. (129 to 133 : F. ) kills most of them, and
that 60 C. (140 F.) is safe. Fiedler's experiments show that trichinae are quickly
killed at 62.5 C. (144.5 F.). Fjord's investigations show that the interior of a
ham weighing 8 pounds reaches 65' C. (149 3 F.) after boiling two hours and sev-
enteen minutes; one weighing 10 pounds, after three hours and six minutes; one
weighing 14| pounds, after four hours and eleven minutes; and one weighing 16
pounds, after four hours and thirty-seven minutes. Vallin found that a ham
weighing 12 pounds had an interior temperature of 6-1 C. after three and a half
hours' boiling. These results, therefore, correspond very closely. Hein ' found
that a 2.2 pound roast reached a temperature in its interior of 69 C. after one and
a half hours. Rupprecht observed that rapidly f ried sausage only had an interior
temperature of 53.5 C., and was still capable of producing infection. Colin 4 had
a steak weighing half a pound boiled for ten minutes, when its appearance on

1 Bulletin de 1 'Academy de Medecine, 1884, No. 6 (February 5) . pages 241 and 247.

*E. Vallin. De la resistance des trichines a la chaleur et de la temperature cen-
trale des viandes preparees. Rev.d'hyg. Paris. 1881. Ill, 177-1*,'.

3 C. Hein. Rep. of a case of trichiniasis, with remarks on diagnosis and prophy-
Jasis. Mitth. d. ver. d. Aertzte in Nied Pest, 1883.

GK Colin. Sur lee trichines. Bulletin de 1'Acad. de Med., 1881, 243.

SWINE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 817

cutting was white, without any red points. It still contained living trichinae,
however, which, being fed to a bird, were afterwards found developed in the
intestine.

The indications from these experiments are that while fresh meats may not
always be cooked sufficiently to kill trichinae, salted meats are almost invariably
cooked for more than the necessary time. This conclusion seems also to be borne
out by the experience of people in all parts of the world. Trichiniasis from cooked
meats is an exceedingly rare disease. In the United States, where pork in its
various forms is consumed to as large an extent as in any part of the world, and
where more than one-fourth of the hog product of the world is eaten, it is seldom,
indeed, that we Lear of any infection among our native population, because the
habit of eating raw meats, particularly when fresh, does not prevail. The few
cases which occur from time to time are nearly always among Germans, and are
traced to the ingestion of pork in some form which has not been cooked at all.

In this connection Dr. Brouardel brought out a very interesting fact in his
investigation of the epidemic at Ermsleben. No cases of disease occurred there
except with those who ate the meat raw. The family Of Herr Heine, the mayor
of Ermsleben, consisting of five persons, consumed some of this same meat in the
form of sausage on the 15th of September. The sausage was cut in pieces about
1-J- inches in diameter and was cooked by placing in boiling water for only five
minutes. Not one of this family suffered in the least degree, but the cook, who
ate a small piece of the sausage before it was cooked, contracted the disease. Boil-
ing for so short a time has never heretofore been considered sufficient to destroy
this parasite, and yet in this instance it undoubtedly protected the consumers
from the infection.

At the session of the Paris Academy of Medicine, January 29, 1884, a report was
presented by the special committee appointed to consider (1) the report of M.
Brouardel in regard to his mission to Ermsleben, (2) the communication of
M. Grancher on the symptoms and pathological anatomy of the epidemic of Erms-
leben, and (3) a letter from the minister of commerce asking the advice of the
academy in regard to the question of trichiniasis. In this report appear the
following points of interest:

"A considerable invasion of German rats has been noticed of late years after
the freezing of the Rhine, and M. Brouardel no longer sees the same species of
rats at the morgue that he formerly found there. M. Laboulbene and M. Colin
had occasion to observe quite a large number of trichinous rats that had been
found in the sewers of Paris. Finally, we are also invaded by the trichina? which
penetrate France with the German hogs, which are infected in the proportion of
1 to 1,000 to 1 to 2,000.

"Without doubt we do not know precisely, scientifically, the degree of activity
of the trichinae according to the time that they have been encysted in American
meats, their vigor, the condition of the meat, and the stage of the curing desid-
erata which future experiments can alone supply.

' ' The same ignorance exists in regard to our own hogs. Are any of them trichi-
nous? If so, what proportion? What is the condition of those in the suburban
zone surrounding Paris which, nourished like the sewer rats, may be trichinous
like them?

"It remains for us to speak of the action of American salted meats in the pro-
duction of the epidemics of trichiniasis in Germany which have been observed at
Dusseldorf , Rostock, and Bremen, but our information in this respect is entirely
insufficient, and according to the indications that M. Brouardel has alread)* pre-
sented to the academy the exotic origin of these epidemics is denied by several of
the principal German savans. and particularly by M. Virchow. Our Government
might address the German Empire in regard to this in order to have official docu-
ments; but the results of such an inquiry have for us, from the standpoint now
under discussion, an almost secondary importance. If in fact we, like the English
and the Belgians, have been free from epidemics of trichiniasis, although we
received salted trichinous meats and even fresh or slightly salted pork of German
origin more dangerous than that which comes from Chicago or Cincinnati, since
it had only to cross the Rhine and the Vosges, this is because our culinary habits
are entirely different. Let us remark also that in America it is above all the Ger-
mans who are affected witn trichiniasis an additional proof of the effect of culi-
nary habits.

" But already we can conclude from the developments which precede that no
case of trichiniasis having been noticed either in France or in England from the
consumption of American salted pork, the importation of these meats may be
authorized in France. This decision has been reached by the commission by a
vote of 5 to 1."

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 52

818

SWIXK PRODUCTS OB' THE UNITED STATES.

At the same eession of the academy M. Lanier presented the following table,
showing the importation of salt pork products for eight years in kilograms:

Year.

United States.

England.

Germany.

Other coun-
tries.

Total.

1876...

3,069,960

703. 530

1,047,920

7,896 148

1877

12,462,078

1,078.505

16. 4-' t ;:.*J

1878

28,102,290

!f_M.l7

l,:ui i:;r

:il 7!2 778

1879 ,

31,7*4.'.U:t

l.lOT.i.'.H

l.i >:r.u;7:{

1, T ;

35,675,131

1880

:, >i,1 '.).")

.-!<>. 17 1

2, 387, en

38. 713 208

1--1 . .. .

17,12

686,525

7L*:i 4T.fi

1,182 474

lit ?Hi !1

1882

4,611

1,109,870

l,i .",.;.<{

l,074.i"9

3,244 ,YJ5

1883

62,396

2,091 779

3 274 966

" It follows from this table that the importation of American salted meats, which
had augmented rapidly.from 1870 to is^o. began to diminish in 1881, after the
decree of February 18, 1881 , which prohibited the importation of salted meats from
the United States into all the French territory. The 4.<>l 1 kilograms which appear
in the year 1882 came from a stock taken from the warehouses December 31. 1882.
The 52,396 kilograms of 1883 were introduced after the promulgation of the decree
of November 27. 1883. which removed the interdiction.' 1

The same gentleman presented the following table, which shows the number of
live hogs imported into France in the years L877 and 1882, and the countries from
which they came:

Countries.

1877.

1882.

Germany

15,983

16,165

pAlgiiipi . .......... .. .. .,

W,808

68,716

Spain

4,234

2,204

Italy . ... .... . ..

<;<. :v<;

n .v.7

Switzerland . .

9(54

1,586

Other countries

941

913

Total

146,294

99,148

In this connection he remarked, "It is, then, to-day, Belgium and Germany
which furnish us the greatest number of living hogs. Is it not from this direction
that there is reason to fear the invasion of trichina? and trichiniasis? " 1

TRICHINIASIS IN AMERICA AND EUROPE.

The number of cases of trichiniasis occurring among people in the United States
is actually very small. The records of these have not been brought together in a
thorough manner, bnt, as far as we have been able to ascertain, the disease has
never occurred in more than three or four localities in a single year, and during
the last twenty years there does not appear to have been more than thirty different
outbreaks. In none of these outbreaks have a sufficient number of people been
attacked to allow of the term epidemic being applied to them in any proper sense
of the word. Usually but two to four people have been affected at a time, and
never, so far as we have been able to learn, more than ten. All have resulted from
eating raw or very imperfectly cooked meat, and in very few of the instances had the
pork undergone any preliminary curing. Some of the cases reported as trichiniasis
were never demonstrated to be this disease, but seem to have been the result of
poisoning by meat which had been preserved without sufficient salting until it
had undergone partial decomposition.

It has long been known that extremely virulent poisons are produced during
putrefaction of flesh, and the effects of these have been observed so often in Ger-
many when sausages were eaten that they have received the special name of
wurstgif t or sausage poison. This does not seem to be understood by many Ameri-
can physicians, and so nearly every case of sickness arising from the consumption
of the raw or imperfectly cooked flesh of hogs in the various forms in which it is
preserved is reported as trichiniasis. So that while it may be true that some
cases have not been reported or brought to our notice, it is equally true that not
all the cases reported as trichiniasis were really due to trichinte.

1 Bulletin de 1'Academie de Medecine, 1884, pp. 189-211.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 819

In the debate which occurred in the French Senate June 20, 1882, M. Festelin
referred to seven epidemics produced by American pork. 1 One of these so-called
epidemics consisted of a single case of the disease which occurred in New York.
Another was the disease on the English ship Cornwall, which was at first sup-
posed to be typhoid fever, and was only decided to be trichiniasis when a body was
exhumed two months after burial and worms, which the examining physician took
to be trichinae, were found in the muscles. But we have it on the very best
authority that these worms were not trichinae, and there is no evidence even that
they caused the disease. The most probable theory is that they gained access to the
body after burial. No trichinae or other parasites were found in the American
meat consumed on this vessel.

Another epidemic he referred to as having occurred at Bremen, in which 40 per-
sons became diseased from eating an American ham. M. Chatin has mentioned
this outbreak again and again and insists that it is a demonstration of the danger-
pus character of American meats. The charge was so serious that it has been
investigated as carefully as possible. M. Testelin does not give the authority who
is responsible for this statement, nor does he so much as say in what year the out-
break occurred. M. Chatin is more definite, however, and says the disease was
observed in 1875. 2 He refers to the Traite d'hygiene publique et privee, by Pronst,
published in 1877, as his authority for asserting that 40 persons were affected at
this place as the result of eating an American ham. By consulting the yearly
health report of Bremen for 1875 we find that no cases of trichiniasis in man are
recorded during that year. There is simply a statement that two trichinous hogs
(native animals) were discovered near Bremen. The outbreak of trichiniasis
referred to by Testelin and Chatin seems to have been one that occurred at Has-
tedt, near Bremen, in 1874, during which 42 persons suffered, but all recovered.
The epidemic was first announced August 15, and was caused by eating the flesh
of a hog that was slaughtered July 31. The diagnosis was confirmed by micro-
scopic examination of apiece of muscle from one of the sufferers. 3 There had
been a habit here, as in most other parts of Germany, of attributing all cases of
this disease to American pork without investigation, and this may have been the
origin of the story so industriously circulated by M. Chatin. At all events this is
the only extensive epidemic of trichiniasis which is recorded as occurring at or in
the vicinity of Bremen from 1873 to 1877, inclusive, and there is no question but
that this was caused by a native animal.

One .of the other epidemics referred to occurred in Madrid, and another in Liege,
in Belgium. It is doubtful if, in either case, the trouble was traced to our pork;
but no facts in regard to them have yet been obtained.

M. Chatin, in his recent work on trichinae and trichiniasis, states that " such is
actually the frequency of trichiniasis in the United States that the newspapers
consider themselves happy if they have but a few deaths to record each week."
Whether anyone in France believes this remarkable exaggeration may be con-
sidered questionable, but still it is seriously advanced by a scientific man as a
reason for prohibiting our pork. Those who see the American papers know very
well that not only weeks but months elapse when no deaths are recorded from this
cause. And if it were not for our foreign population, who have brought with
them their dangerous habits of eating uncooked pork, America would be as free
from trichiniasis among her people to-day as is France.

When we examine the records of Germany, however, we find that, in spite of the
small proportion of infected hogs which they admit, in spite of the inspection, there
occur a very large number of cases of this disease. In 1877 there were 16 in Kon-
igsberg, 1 in Potsdam, 6 in Berlin, 98 in Stettin, 1 in Oppelu, 61 in Merseberg, and
52 in Minden. In 1878 there were 27 in Konigsberg, 8 in Marienwerder, 102 in
Potsdam. 50 in Stettin, and 30 in Merseberg. In 1879 there were 55 cases in Kon-
igsberg, 93 in Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 82 in Berlin, 7 in Marienwerder, 3 in Schles-
wig, 60 in Erfurt, 7 in Merseberg, and several in at least three other places. In
1880 there were 149 in Merseberg, 83 in Erfurt, 49 in Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 3 in
Marienwerder, 29 in Konigsberg, and 16 in Berlin. In 1881 there were 3 in Marien-
werder, 15 in Berlin, 10 in Frankfort-on-the-Oder, an indefinite number in Posen,
4 in Stettin, 148 in Merseberg, and 58 in Erfurt. In 1882 there were 3 cases in
Berlin, 60 in Cologne, 4 in Merseberg. 4 in Heiligenstadt, and several in Posen. 4
In 1883 the remarkable epidemic in Saxony occurred from eating pork which had
been slaughtered and inspected in the town of Ermsleben. In Ermsleben 257 per-

1 Chatin, La Trichinee, etc., p. 210.
8 Chatin, La Trichine, etc., p. 165.

8 Dritter Jahresbericht liber den off. Gesundheitszustand, etc., in Bremen, in
Jahre 1874.
"Eulenberg, Vrtljrscht. f. ger. Med. N. F., XXVIII-XXXVII.

820 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

sons contracted the disease, and 50 died. 1 In Deesdorf there were 40 cases and 9
or 10 deaths; in Nieuhagen. 80 cases and 1 death. There were a number of other
epidemics during the year, the statistics of which have not yet been published, but
we have already recounted sufficient to show that trichiniasis is incomparably
more frequent in Germany than in America.

Indeed, for the seven years from 1877 to 1883, inclusive, the very incomplete
statistics given above show that 1,835 people contracted the disease, being an
average of 262 cases per annum. When in addition to this we consider that the
United States is really the greatest pork-eating nation in the world, that we con-
sume more than four times as many hogs as are raised in Prussia, that a consider-
able portion of our population consists of Germans who retain their habit of eat-
ing raw pork, the wonder is, not that we have a half dozen or a dozen cases of
trichiniasis in a year, but that we do not have many times this number; and we
see no way of explaining the comparative immunity which our people enjoy
except by the conclusion that our pork, even when fresh, is not so much more
dangerous than the German article, as the results of microscopic examinations
thus far published would lead one to suppose.

REPORTS OF BOARDS OF HEALTH.

The commissioners prepared and forwarded copies of the following circular
letter to the various State and city boards of health:

"With a view to ascertaining the extent to which trichiniasis prevails in the
United States, the following questions have been formulated, to be addressed to
the secretaries of the various State and city boards of health.

" As it is desirable that the report of the commission should be presented to Con-
gress at once, the undersigned would beg as speedy a response as possible.

" 1. How many cases of trichiniasis have come to the knowledge of your board?
Please give dates as far as practicable.

"2. In how many cases was there a microscopic identification of the trichinae
in the human subject and in the suspected meat?

" How many of the cases were fatal? "

Responses have been received from 39 of these boards. Of this number 22 give
negative replies. They were as follows: Alabama, Arkansas, California, Delaware,
District of Columbia. Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland. Minnesota. Missouri,Albany
(N. Y.), Ohio, Pennsylvania. Rhode Island, Tennessee, and Virginia.

The secretary of the State board of Alabama says that no case has ever occurred
in that State, though infected meat has been reported.

The secretary of the health department of Maryland says that after an exami-
nation of the records from January 1,1834, to December 31, 1883, covering a period
of fifty years, he finds no cases of trichiniasis reported.

The health officer of Cleveland, Ohio, says that in 1872-73 there were some cases
of trichiniasis reported in that city, but no definite record of them can be found.

CASES OF TRICHINIASIS REPORTED.

Cases of trichiniasis are reported by the following boards, via.

Connecticut. Three in 1882; all from the same pork and at the same time. The
suspected meat was examined by Mr. C. W. Chamberlain, of Hartford, secretary
of the board, and others. No deaths resulted.

Illinois. The registrar of vital statistics for the city of Chicago says:

"Three deaths from trichiniasis have occurred in this city within the last ten
years. Two of these occurred in December, 1880. and the last one in January, 18s:>.
There was a microscopic identification in the two first cases and, probably, also
in the last."

The secretary of the State board of health says:

"Between 1866 and 1881 there had been seven outbreaks of trichiniasis in Illinois,
resulting in 11 deaths out of some 70 or 80 cases. Since 181 there have been 2
deaths in Chicago; three outbreaks, resulting in 3 deaths, and some 25 or 30 cases
in 1883, and 1 in Fulton County in 1884. details of which have not yet been received.
In 9 of the fatal cases the disease was identified by microscopic examination of the
human subject, and of the suspected meat in all cases."

Iowa. The secretary of the State board of health reports at follows:

"Since 1880, in compiling deaths, I have found 3 recorded as from trichiniasis;
in 1880, 2 in Adams county, probably genuine cases; in 1881, 1 in Butler County, a
very doubtful case. None of the cases were identified by microscopic examinations. "

'Deutsche Med. Woch., 1884, No. 1, p. 7.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 821

Massachusetts. The health officer for the State board of health for Massachu-
setts says:

"The number of cases of trichiniasis that have come to the knowledge of the
board are as follows:

Cases.

In SaxonVille, Mass., February, 1870. 3

In Lowell, Mass., March, 1870 6

In Framingham, Mass., December, 1872 3

In Becket, Mass., May, 1873 4

In Wakefield, Mass., March, 1880 3

Total number of cases 19

"One death occurred in the outbreak at Saxon ville.

"Identification of trichinae was made in the fatal case at Saxonville by post-
mortem. In the Lowell cases trichinae were identified in the pork, as also in the
Framingham cases. In the seven remaining cases at Becket and Wakefield the
evidence was symptomatic and by exclusion, i, c., members of families who had
not partaken of uncooked pork were exempt from infection. The evidence, how-
ever, was satisfactory to the board."

Michigan. The secretary of the State board of health of Michigan gives the
following detailed report of ten outbreaks of trichiniasis in that State since Decem-
ber, 1866:

"1. A fatal case of trichiniasis occurred in Detroit, Mich., in December, 1866.
Upon post-mortem examination large numbers of trichinae were found in the abdo-
men and a lesser number in the muscles of the leg. (Dr. Herman Kiet'er.)

" 2. Five cases occurred in Port Huron, Mich. , in January, 1874, with two deaths.
The cases occurred in one family, and were caused by eating salted smoked ham.
(Reported by Dr. M. Northup, Port Huron, Mich.)

"3. Several cases of trichiniasis occurred near Flint, Mich., in the fall of the
year 1875. Cases also occurred there in June, 1876. In the last outbreak, at least,
trichinae were found by microscopic examination in the meat and also in a particle
of muscle of the leg of one of the patients. (The cases were in the practice of Dr.
A. B. Chapin, of Flint, Mich., now of Detroit.)

"4. Five cases occurred in Otsego Township, Allegan County, Mich., in Febru-
ary, 1877. All recovered. All were in one family, the members of which had
eaten raw ham. Members of another family ate a small quantity of the meat, and
were also sick, but recovered without medical attendance. Trichinae were found
in the meat by microscopic inspection.

"5. Three cases, with one death, occurred in the city of lona, Mich., in 1878, in
the family of Mrs. Strunck. The meat was eaten raw. A microscopic examina-
tion of the meat was made, and, I believe, trichinae were also identified in the
human subject.

"6. I am informed that cases, and one or more deaths, occurred in the vicinity
of lona, Mich. , in the summer of 1880 in the practice of Dr. H. B. Barnes. Trichinae
were found in the pork and also, I believe, in the muscles of those who died.

"7. Five cases and two deaths occurred in the family of a German named Rum-
sock in Lansing, Mich., in the last of January, 1881, and the first of February,
1881. The cases were in the practice of Dr. Dolan, of Lansing, who has since died.
Great numbers of noncapsuled trichinae were seen by Dr. George E. Ranney,
myself, and others in the muscles of a boy who died. (I still have slides showing
the trichinae as taken from the muscles of a person in the family who died. ) Part
of the meat was eaten raw. It was not examined for trichinae; but the hog was
sick and was killed to avoid loss of the animal.

" 8. Five cases of trichiniasis occurred in Vickeryville, Montcalm County, Mich.,
in December, 1883. All resulted from eating the flesh of one hog. One death
occurred. The boy who died had at different times eaten small pieces of pork only
partially cooked by holding them on a fork before the tire. He had also eaten raw
on several occasions little bits of sausage made from the flesh of the hog. Two
others had eaten the meat cooked, but probably rare done. The other person had
eaten raw a little bit of sausage, perhaps half an ounce, but the rest of what he
ate was well cooked. Trichinae in abundance were found in the pork, specimens
of which are now in this office. (Reported by Dr. J. Tennant, Carson City, Mich. )

"9. Four cases occurred in January, 1884, in the city of Niles, Mich. One death
has occurred and three persons are now seriously sick. The pork contains great
numbers of trichinae, as determined by observations made at Niles, Ann Arbor,
and in this office. .

"Further details as to the five cases occurring at Port Huron and also of the

822 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

case at Detroit are given in the published report of this board for the year 1875,
and of those occurring in Otsego in the report of this board ior the year 1877.

'Such answers as I am able to give to the four questions asked by your com-
mission have been summarized from the foregoing particulars, and are given with
each question, as follows:

"'Question 1. How many cases of trichiniasis have come to the knowledge of
your board? Please give dates as far as practicable.

" 'Answer 1. I am able, at this time, to send you facts concerning ten outbreaks
of trichiniasis occurring in Michigan. In three of these the number of cases was
not stated. In seven outbreaks there was a total of twenty-eight cases. The
dates are given in most instances, in the report accompanying this.

"'Question 2. In how many cases was there a microscopic identification of the
trichina? in the human subject and in the suspected meat?

'"Answer 2. In two outbreaks the observer did not state whether any micro-
scopic examination was made. It is believed that the human muscles were exam-
ined in five of the outbreaks, and in each of them trichina? were found; in three
of these it is positively known that trichime were found present. In seven out-
breaks the pork was examined, and in each of the seven trichime were found in
the pork. In the other outbreak, micro-copic examination was made only of the
muscles of the human subject, in which trichinae were found.

" ' Question 3. How many of the cases were fatal?

'"Answers. In one outbreak it was stated that there were no fatal cases; in
one outbreak, where fatal cases occurred, the number was not stated; in one out-
break it was not stated whether any fatal cases occurred; in another outbreak,
now in progress, one death has already occurred; and in six other outbreaks seven
deaths were reported; making in all, in which the number was reported, eight
deaths.'"

New Jersey. The records of the State board of New Jersey extend from Jan-
uary 1, 1875, to date, a period of about nine years. During this period but one
death from trichiniasis has been reported. This was in May, 1881, and was a
female. The method by which the diagnosis was determined is not known.

New York. The following report is furnished by the secretary of the board of
health of New York City:

"A few cases of alleged trichiniasis have come to the knowledge of the board,
but there is no record of the number or dates.

"In two families, during the past eighteen years, there has been, within the
knowledge of this board, microscopic identification of trichina in the human
subject.

" During the past ten years five deaths attributed by attending physicians to
trichiniasis have been reported to this board, one in 1875, one in 1878, one in 1880,
and two in 1881."

The secretary of the board of health of Brooklyn, N. Y., says that five cases of
trichiniasis have occurred in that city, of which a full history may be found in
the proceedings of the Medical Society of Kings County for l s ?'..

North Carolina, The secretary of the State board says that an equivocal case
of trichiniasis occurred in Wilmington in that State, but no microscopical exam-
ination was made. It was in the person of a boy of German parentage, habituated
to using raw ham.

West Virginia. The health officer of the city of Wheeling reports five cases
father, mother, and a child of same aged 2A years, and two females of other
families. All ate of same meat raw, smoked ham on March 4, 1870. No micro-
scopic identification was made in the human subject.

Wisconsin. The secretary of the Wisconsin State board of health says that
some cases of trichiniasis have occurred in Milwaukee, but does not give the
number or dates.

CAUSE AND PREVENTION OF TRICHINA IN SWINE.

The worm know n as the trichina spiralis has no stage of its existence outside of the
animal body, and can not multiply or even remain alive for any considerable time,
so far as has ever been ascertained, after it quits its host. Every infected animal
must become infected either by eating the muscular tissue of another animal
which has previously obtained the parasite in the same way, or possibly by taking
food which has been soiled by the excrement of an animal recently infected. It
is generally admitted that eating flesh which contains the parasite is the most
frequent, if not substantially the only way in which trichinae find their way into
the body. A few cases have been advanced to show that pastures and feeding
places may be infected and be dangerous for a considerable time; but, according

SWINE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 823

to onr present knowledge of the natural history of this parasite, it may be doubted
if many instances of this kind occur.

' When meat containing trichinae is taken into the stomach the capsule or cyst
which surrounds the worm is dissolved by the digestive liquids, the parasite is set
free, develops into its mature form, the females are impregnated, and each give
birth to 1,000 or more young. The young trichinae penetrate the intestinal walls
and find their way into the various muscles of the body while the mature worms,
and doubtless many of the young as well, are voided with the excrement. Now,
it may be admitted that a large number of the mature parasites will be passed
from the bowels before they have brought forth their young, and that if taken
into the stomach of another animal the act of reproduction would continue: but
it seems doubtful if enough of such mature worms would be consumed in this
manner to cause any serious infections. We do not know, however, how long the
worms are able to live outside of the body in this developed condition; if they
can exist but a few days the danger from them would be very slight, but if this
period can be prolonged for weeks or months the danger would be more serious,
and we might have at least a partial explanation of the many cases of infection
occurring where the condition of life among the hogs seems to be all that could
be desired.

The young trichinae or larvae which are produced in such enormous numbers in
the intestines within a few days after infected meat has been eaten, and many of
which are doubtless voided with the excrement, are practically incapable of
dangerously infecting grounds or feeding places. These can not reproduce them-
selves until they have found their way into the muscular system, and have been
encysted for a time, so that even a considerable number of such larvae taken into
the stomach would produce no appreciable effects.

In the present condition of knowledge the tendency is to conclude that by far
the larger part of trichinous hogs are infected by eating the flesh of some animal
which has previously been infected in the same way. Trichinae can not develop
or live for any considerable time in the bodies of insects, cold-blooded animals, or
birds, and, consequently, the infection must result from some of the warm-blooded
animals, which either habitually or occasionally eat flesh. Among these cats,
cats, rats, and mice are the ones most frequently suspected; but an inquiry into
the conditions under which hogs are raised in the West has led us to doubt if the
infection could occur in any considerable number of cases in this way. Hogs are
usually kept in grass fields, where rats and mice are not common, and where cats
certainly do not abound, and in no part of the hog- raising country is it a custom, so
far as could be ascertained, to run the hogs in cornfields, where there would be an
opportunity of their finding rats and mice.

It has been charged that there was a custom of feeding the hogs which died
from disease to the well animals, and that this accounted for the trichinous infec-
tion. After an extensive investigation, however, we feel authorized to state that
this assertion is not correct. Such a practice seems to have been followed to some
extent a half dozen or more years ago, but as the contagious character of hog
cholera became better understood, and as the demand increased for the cheap
grease rendered from such dead animals, they were more generally sold to render-
ing establishments at a price considerably beyond what they would be worth for
animal food. The trichinae of to-day must therefore be acquired from some other
source than the hogs which die upon the farms.

The French and German authors have not hesitated to assume that our hogs
were infected by feeding upon offal from the slaughterhouses, but this assump-
tion could only have been made in complete ignorance of the actual condition of
affairs in the hog-growing sections of the country. Practically all of the hogs
which go to the packing houses are raised upon farms miles, and generally hun-
dreds of miles, from any large city where offal could be obtained, and they are never
fed upon anything but vegetable food. The blood and offal at the large packing
houses is dried at a high temperature and sold for fertilizers, and is never fed to
the hogs even in the stock yards. The foreign microscopists have the proof of
this in their own hands, if they would only give the matter a little consideration
before accepting the absurd statements of ignorant and prejudiced parties.

During the killing season as many as 60,000 hogs are received at the Chicago
stock yards in a single day, and it is evident that it would be impossible to furnish
accommodations for holding this enormous number for any considerable time
before killing. Now, the trichinae which are found in American pork are in the
vast majority of cases encysted, and for this condition to be reached time is
required, and much more time than it is possible to hold hogs in the cities where
alone offal for feeding them can be obtained. It is four weeks after infection
before cysts are formed, and it is six weeks to two months before they reach the
condition in which they are generally found by the microscopic examination of

824 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

our meats. While we know from our own observation in all the i cities where hogsare
packed that the animals are not fed upon offal previous to killing, we have here
in the condition of the trichinae themselves the best and most incontrovertible
evidence that the animals were not infected by offal fed while they were held at
the packing houses before slaughter.

It is evident from what has just been said that we are unable at present to give
a satisfactory explanation of the manner in which Western hogs become infected
with trichinae, for the conditions of life, at least so far as we were able to see, appear
in the vast majority of cases to be all that can be desired. The infected hogs must
be traced to the counties from which they come, and even to the farms on which
they are raised, and the conditions studied as they exist on known infected prem-
ises before it will be possible to give a solution to this difficult question. And
until this is done no effectual rules for prevention can be formulated further than
in a general way to recommend that the hogs have no access to any animal matter
except what has been thoroughly cooked.

ORIGIN, NATUBE, AND EXTENT OP SWINE PLAGUE OE HOG CHOLERA IN THE UNITED

STATES AND EUROPE.

All cases of sickness among the hogs of this country, as a rule, are spoken of as
cholera, and the deaths from all causes are grouped together in the statistics as
the results of this disease. Hogs, however, like other animals, are subject to the
various diseases which arise from meteorological conditions, from exposure, from
improper food and surroundings, from parasites, and from injuries; but farmers
are unable to discriminate between many of these conditions, and therefore all are
classed together. There is no doubt that there exists an infectious malady of
hogs, which at times is very destructive, and to which the terra swine plague can
be properly applied, but the statistics as at present compiled give an exaggerated
idea of the ravages of this plague.

The disease known as hog cholera or swine plague appears to have had a com-
paratively recent origin in this country, and there is no direct evidence to show
that it originated, or that it now originates, de novo. On the contrary, hogs were
raised in large numbers under conditions substantially the same as now for many
years before the appearance of this disease. It was not until some time between
1850 and 1860 that hog cholera, so called, first appeared in the States of North and
South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, and then it was clearly traced to droves
from Kentucky and Tennessee. If we go back a few years earlier we find the
malady seems to have been unknown even in the Western States, and consequently
there were many years during which our farmers enjoyed an immunity from this
the principal infectious disease of the hog. Now, however, that the infection has
been widely disseminated over the country there are many outbreaks which can
not be traced to their origin, and hence the theory of its spontaneous generation
becomes more and more popular with a large class of our population.

It is the old story over again which it seems must be fought out separately for
each of the contagious diseases.

Rinderpest was believed to arise spontaneously on the steppes of Russia until
an investigation was made, and then it was found that the originating point
drifted farther and farther toward the east, but could never be found. Lung
plague for many years was said to occur spontaneously in many countries of
Europe, but as more determined efforts were made to exterminate it and to trace
the outbreaks to their origin there were fewer and fewer who accepted this belief,
until now it has but a handf uJ of adherents in the whole of Europe. Glanders
was thought to arise very frequently from badly ventilated stables and overwork,
but to-day he who was the most eminent advocate of the theory admits that these
conditions are powerless to produce the disease unless the virus has been intro-
duced from an affected animal. And this we believe is also true of swine plague.
If it was unknown in America it has existed from time immemorial in the various
countries of Europe, and might easily have been introduced with the improved
animals brought from there. Indeed, its appearance in this country dates from
about the time when the first earnest efforts were being made to improve our hogs
by infusing the blood of pure-bred animals from abroad; and the fact that this
disease is known in at least one instance in recent years to have been imported in
this way is sufficient evidence that the same may have occurred in earlier years.

The fact that hog cholera exists in a country is therefore no evidence that the
hogs are improperly fed or cared for; but it rather indicates that the people do not
sufficiently appreciate its contagious character, and do not enforce sufficiently
stringent measures in regard to it. The investigations made under the direction
of the United States Department of Agriculture during the past five years have
thoroughly convinced our hog growers that this trouble arises from contagion,

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 825

and the precautions which they have observed to prevent the infection of their
herds have had an extraordinary effect in lessening the amount of this disease.
In fact, the malady has hardly existed in an epizootic form since 1879, and the
comparatively few outbreaks which have occurred have been far apart and have
not covered any great extent of territory. The ravages of the disease appear to
be steadily decreasing, and it is believed that, with the continued observance of
the precautions against infection, it will never again assume the importance that
it has in the past.

There seem to be no accurate records of the extent of swine plague or hog cholera
in any of the nations of Europe with the exception of Great Britain. That it is
frequently very destructive in most parts of the Continent is shown by the veteri-
nary literature and by the recent attempts in France to confer immunity on the
hogs by vaccination. In Great Britain a record is now published of the number
of animals affected and the number which die, and we learn from this that during
the first twenty-one weeks of the year 1883, 3,607 animals were attacked and 731
died. As there are about eighteen times as many hogs in the United States as in
Great Britain, this would be equivalent to about 65,000 cases here in the same
time, providing our hogs were diseased in the same proportion. It is evident from
these figures that the disease is by no means confined to the United States, and if
it has caused more discussion here than abroad, this was occasioned by the deter-
mination of our fanners to learn some way of preventing its ravages.

The conditions under which our hogs are generally raised are so good that the
origin of diseases can not be explained by them. They run upon large grass fields
and are fed largely upon indian corn and other vegetable food; and it is difficult
to see how any substantial improvement can be made upon this mode of feeding.

It has been frequently suggested that our pork would be firmer and of better
quality if part of the corn now fed were replaced with pease or similar concen-
trated food containing a large proportion of nitrogenous constituents. That such
a change would have a desirable effect upon the quality of the pork is scarcely to
be doubted, for we know that mast-fed hogs, the nuts constituting the food of
which contain but a very small proportion of nitrogenous matter, produce soft,
oily meat, which shrinks very much more in cooking than corn-fed pork. The
proportion of the nitrogenous to nonnitrogenous constituents in the nut which
forms the food of the mast-fed hogs is about 1 to 15, in that of the corn-fed hogs
it is about 1 to 8, and if a further change in this direction could be made until the
nutritive ratio reached 1 to 6 the quality of the pork would, according to prevail-
ing opinion among scientists, not only be improved, but the hogs would gain more
rapidly in weight. Barley is said to make remarkably fine pork, and this is evi-
dence in favor of the view just mentioned, for in this grain the nutritive ratio is
1 to 6. While, therefore, it is not necessary to recommend a change in the pres-
ent manner of feeding on the ground of healthfulness alone, it is probable that a
change in the direction suggested above would have a desirable influence on the
hardiness of the animals, cause them to lay on flesh more rapidly, and improve the
quality of the pork. Whether such a change can be economically made or not is
a question which every farmer will have to decide for himself.

RELATION OF SWINE PLAGUE TO HUMAN HEALTH.

While swine plague is a disease apparently common with the hogs of all nations,
it has been brought forward, particularly in France, as one of the reasons for
rejecting American pork. It has been asserted that the disease was communi-
cable to mankind; that it is caused by a micro-organism, which develops spores,
and in that state resists the most unfavorable condition for an indefinite time,
and that our pork is dangerous to human health abroad because of infection with
this parasite.

In regard to the first point, there is no evidence that the two or three cases of
diphtheria referred to as occurring in the West were produced by the ice from the
creek where dead hogs had been thrown, or that this had any connection whatever
with the malady affecting the animals. Diphtheria among children has become a
very common disease in most parts of the country, and in most parts of the civi-
lized world, in fact, and there was no more reason for concluding that these two
or three isolated cases originated from swine plague than there would be in
attempting to trace the measles and scarlet fever of the Western States to the
same source.

In the second place, the disease is not caused by a bacillus, as was so confidently
asserted, but by a micrococcus, which does not form spores, and this organism
very soon loses its virulence outside of the living animal body, and is very sensi-
tive to heat and other unfavorable conditions of existence. It is doubtful if this
parasite could survive a single day in salted pork, and it is very certain that the

826 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

slightest degree of cooking would destroy it, as it is unable to resist a temperature
of 140 F. for fifteen minutes.

A review of all the evidence satisfies us that the virus of swine plague is not in
the least degree injurious to human health. Both English and American investi-
gators have frequently made post-mortem examinations of hogs dead from this
disease, when cuts and abrasions upon their hands were covered with this virus in
the most virulent form, and in no case has any discomfort resulted. It would
seem that no more severe test could be made of the dangerous qualities of a virus
than this, and in connection with the lack of evidence that any disease among peo-
ple has ever originated from the sick or dead hogs it is sufficient to show the
absurdity of such baseless rumors.

Again, it seems to be impossible for the flesh of diseased hogs to enter the market
for human food. There are health officers in nearly all stock yards, whose duty it
is to see that such animals are not killed for food. The skin and flesh of diseased
animals is so discolored that it would be detected at once, either before or after
curing; and packers are unanimous in their testimony that the meat of feverish
or diseased animals can not be cured without its developing a disagreeable odor,
which at once reveals its character. There are, consequently, many substantial
reasons for asserting that the fears so vigorously expressed abroad in this connec-
tion are groundless, and that the trade inspections which every buyer has the
privilege to order to be made by his own experts are sufficient to protect the
consumer.

COST AND PRACTICABILITY OF INSPECTION.

Although many objections have been urged against the use of American pork,
the only one of these that has sufficient weight to be used as a reason for prohi-
bition is the fact demonstrated by microscopic examination that a small propor-
tion of our hogs contain trichinae. The only form of inspection that can remove
this cause of complaint and make our meat satisfactory to foreign governments is,
therefore, a microscopic inspection of the hogs that are to be packed for shipment
to those countries which have placed restrictions upon this trade. This would
doubtless be an undertaking of considerable magnitude, considering the largo
number of animals to be examined: but there is nothing impossible about it. It
is simply a question of expense. If the profits in shipping hogs to the countries
are sufficient to pay the cost of inspection and leave a balance that will induce the
trade, then it would undoubtedly be an advantage to the pork industry to estab-
lish such a system of inspection, providing this remains necessary to secure the
admission of our pork products.

We have already demonstrated that American pork without inspection is safer
when it reaches Europe than are the native hogs which have undergone inspection
there; and it is our opinion that this fact should be sufficient to secure the free
admission of our pork to every part of the world without the expense of a micro-
scopic examination. But if this free admission can not be obtained without such
examination, then it would be desirable to consider if a microscopic inspection can
be made practicable under the conditions which exist in this country, and partic-
ularly at the packing centers. The inspection need cause no delay in any of the
processes of packing, since the carcasses in any case should be allowed to hang
from twenty-four to forty-eight hours in the cooling room before cutting, and this
would be amply sufficient for the inspection. It is probable that certain packers
would make special arrangements for packing and snipping to countries that have
now prohibited our pork as soon as they were assured that the inspection required
by the United States Government could be made at a reasonable sum per head and
in guaranteeing the meat free from trichinae would satisfy foreign governments
and restore the trade.

CONCLUSION.

In conclusion, we would say that after carefully studying every circumstance
that in any way affects the condition of the American swine, from the hour of
their birth to the landing of the cured meat in foreign ports, we are free to say
that our exported pork in all its forms is fully equal, perhaps superior, in its free-
dom from taint of every kind, either from disease or deterioration after slaugh-
tering, to the pork of France or Germany, or any other country in which the hoga
are confined within a narrow compass, and do not enjoy that free run and pastur-
age which they get in the hog-growing regions of the United States. There is no
general prevalence of disease among swine in any portion of this country. Micro-
scopic examinations show that here, as in all other countries, a small percentage
of the swine is affected with trichiniasis; probably a smaller percentage than in

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 827

the countries of Europe. That the occasional presence of trichinae in our pork is
a comparatively unimportant fact is shown by the rarity of trichiniasis among
human beings, as indicated by the returns from the State and city boards ot health.
Another very important fact is the almost certain destruction of the trichinae when
present in pork by the curing process before it can be landed in foreign countries.
Nevertheless, while we believe that no legitimate grounds exist for the restrictions
imposed in some foreign countries on the importation of American pork, we are sat-
isfied that microscopic inspection of all pork for export can be secured at the packing
houses, if such inspection should be demanded, as we have already fully explained.
Respectfully submitted.

G-EO. B. LORING,

E. W. BLATCHFORD,

C. F. CHANDLER,

F. D. CURTIS,

D. E. SALMON,

Commission.

THE PRODUCTION OF SWINE

TRANSPORTATION, CONSUMPTION, AND EXPORTATION OF HOG PRODUCTS,

WITH SPECIAL EEFERENCE TO THE

INTERDICTION OF AMERICAN HOG PRODUCTS

FEOM

FRANCE AND GERMANY,

BEING A

SUPPLEMENT TO THE QUARTERLY REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS

ON THE FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE

THREE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1883,

JOSEPH NIMMO, Jr.,

CHIEF OF BUREAU OF STATISTICS.

829

TREASURY DEPARTMENT,
Bureau of Statistics, February 12, 1884.

SIR: I have the honor to submit to you the following report in regard to the
production of swine in the United States and the transportation, home consump-
tion, and exportation of hog proiucts. This office has for several months been col-
lecting and collating data upon these subjects, with the special object of meeting
inquiries from various sources.

The subject of trichinae and trichinosis has already been investigated and offi-
cially reported upon, in a somewhat exhaustive manner, by an officer of the Marine-
Hospital Service, a branch of the Treasury Department, in compliance with a res-
olution of the Senate. The results of this investigation are hereinafter set forth.

The information recently obtained by this office touching the general subject of
the present report has been secured chiefly through agencies at the command of
this Department, viz, officers of the customs and persons employed as experts in
connection with the internal-commerce branch of this Bureau. In view of the fact
that the Governments of Germany and France have interdicted the importation of
American hog products into those countries, statements are hereunto appended
showing somewhat in detail the commerce between the United States and those
countries. The scope of the present work has been somewhat enlarged, and it has
also been expedited and brought to a close at the present time, in compliance with
a communication from the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the
Senate requesting the Secretary of the Treasury to transmit to that committee all
such information at the earliest practicable moment.

Swine are raised in every State of the Union. According to the census, the num-
ber of hogs on farms in the United States increased from 25,134,569 in 1870 to
47,681,700 in 1880, an increase of 89.75 per cent.

The net weight of hogs annually slaughtered in the United States is estimated
by Mr. J. R. Dodge, statistician of the Department of Agriculture, at 5,250,000,000
pounds. 1 and their value at $393,750,000. The annual exports of hog products from
the United States during the last five years have averaged about 1,000,000,000
pounds, or about 19 per cent of the production.

According to Mr. Charles B. Murray, editor of the Cincinnati Price- Current, a
recognized authority upon such matters, the annual pork product of the United
States is nearly one-half of the annual pork product of the world. (See Appen-
dix A.)

The United States, however, by far surpasses every other country in the expor-
tation of hog products. The growth of this trade is exhibited in the following
table:

Value of the exports of hog products from the United States during each year ended
June 30, from 1860 to 1883.

Year ended
June 30

Bacon and hams.

Pork.

Lard.

Total
value.

1860...

Pounds.
25,844,610
50,264,267
141,212,786
218,243,609
110,886,446
46,054,034
37,588,930
25.648,226

Dollars.
2,273,768
4,848,339
10,290,572
18,658,280
12,323,327
10,536,608
6,269,796
3,291,176

Pounds.
40,956,680
31,305,810
61,830,910
65,576,075
63,519,400
41,790,990
30, 056, 788
27,374,877

Dollars.
3,132,313

2,609,818
3,980,153
4,334,775
5,838,030
6,850,808
4,788,484
3,597,690

Pounds.
40,289,519
47,908,911
118,573,307
155,336,596
97, 190, 765
44,480,136
30,110,451
45,608,031

Dollars.
4,645,831
4,729,297
10,004,521
15,755,570
11,260,728
9,134,858
5,970,651
6,634,556

Dollars.
9,951,912

12,187,454
24,275,246
38,748,625
29,412,085
26,522,274
17,028,931
13,523,477

1861

1862

1863

1864

1865

1866

1867...

1 Mr. Dodge estimates as the equivalent of this 4,725,000,000 pounds of cured meats and lard.

831

832

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Value of the exports of hog products from the United States, etc. Continued.

Year ended
June 30

Bacon and hams.

Pork.

Lard.

Total,
value.

1868...

Pound*.
43,659,064
49,228,1(15
:;-. '.;-<. ?*;
71,446,854
246,208,143
896. 381,737
347,405.406
250,286.549
327.730,172
460, 057, 146
592,814,351
733. 849.678
759, 773, HO
746,944.545
4f*.(C'.i.t>4(i
340,258,670

Dollars.
6,476.998
7,482,000
6, 123. 113
8,126,683
21, 1*5.592

a-. 022, 137

33.383,908
28,612,613
39,661,456
49,512.412
61,752,068
51,074,433
50,987,623
61,161,205
46,675,774
38,155,952

Pound*.
28,690,133
24,439.832
24,639,831
39,250,750
57,169,518
64, 147. 401
70,482.379

M, 188,881

64,195,118

n,an,8M

n, 889, 255
84,401,676
95,949,780
107,928,086
80,447,466
62,116,302

Dollar*.
3.267.ir,2
3. 4.'. !CS
3.25:t.i:i7
4,302,320

5,007,035

5,808,712
5,r,71.4!<5
5,744.022
0.2W.414
4.!'lS.t;-,7

7. -'III. 27(1
6,192,208

P-i'inds.
->>. 462
41,
85,806,680
80.037,297
199,651,660
230.534, 207
-'7.471
166,869.393
168,403,839
234,741.233
842.766,284

374,9!

1'.'.498
8611,867,740

^4,718,474

Dollars.
9,427,831
7,443,948
5,9:B,397
in. 563, 020
20,177,619
81,246.818
19,3(18,019
x.<.**\.:>>

22. 4-lt. 4*5

2:.. rutf. >*':>
3o.o22,i;
82,868,071
27,920,367
86,226,678
88,975,1108
26,618,048

Dollars.
18,17-'. 1-1
18,848,086

15.3(!MU7

22,98

45.4-V..51!)

(il . ::'.
0,830
57. ls4.tk)
r,7.*!7.'.f.3
81,371. 4'.H
86,687,858
78,738,674
84, S
104,660.or
82.852,946
70,966,268

1869

1870...

1871

1872 ..

1873

1874...

1875

i>:<; .

1877

!-:< .

1879

1X.-0

1881...

I*-.'

1883

It appears that during the year ended June 30, 1881, the year of greatest expor-
tation of hog products, the value of such exports amounted to 10 1. ('.Go, <(>.">, and
stood third in the order of magnitude of exports from the United States, being
exceeded only by breadstuff s and cotton.

At this point the fact must be clearly stated that the total exportation of hog
products of the various kinds from the United States to foreign countries depends
mainly upon the demand for home consumption, as such demand is related to the
supply. This demand is the chief factor m the determination of prices. It was
mainly the increasing home demand, with its consequent increase of prices in th : s
country, which caused the total exports of bacon, hams, pork, and Jard to Great
Britain to fall from 704,846,010 pounds in 1880 to 363,357,222 pounds in 1883.
Usually exportation falls off as prices in the United States appreciate, and vice
versa. The general relation of prices in this country to exports is illustrated very
clearly in the following table:

Average price at Chicago
of

Total weight
of bacon,
hams, lard,
and pork
exported.

Mess pork.

Lard.

1878. ~

Per barrel.
10.00
9.54
13.08
16.47*
19.42
15.14J

Per 100 Ibs.
feW
6.16}

IQ.SSt
11.47
9.16f

Pounds.
1,138,109,904
1,186,685,121
1,333.049,082
9ti9, 5Hi.sil
651,109,210
776,361,776

18T9 .

1880

1881...

1888

1883

Sir months January to June, 1883 .

18.181
12.09)

11.13|
8.17|

348,901,760

427,460,007

fiix mnpt h Jply t*> Tieninhtr, 1883 _ r _ T

The high prices which have prevailed for Western hog products during the last
four years have been very largely the result of the rapid growth of population in
our Western and Northwestern States, with its constantly increasing demand for
food.

Without going into any labored dissertation upon the point to which attention
has here been directed, the fact will be clearly appreciated from the foregoing data
and from subsequent statements that, although the home demand for hog products
is the chief element in the determination of prices, yet that the foreign demand
for such products constitutes always an exceedingly important element in the
profitableness of the raising of swine in the United States, inasmuch as it provides
markets for our surplus product. Open foreign markets are of special importance
at times when, owing to an unusually large production in the United States or to
other causes, prices fall in this country. Foreign markets then serve to prevent a
disastrous decline of prices. The recent fall of prices in the United States, and
the consequent increased tendency toward the exportation of hog products to for-

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

833

eign countries, renders that trade a subject of great public interest at the present
time.

As hereinafter shown, the exportation of hog products to foreign countries is of
especial importance to the Western and Northwestern States of this country, and
to the commercial and industral interests which are connected with the pork trade
in that section of the country.

The following table, compiled from data supplied by the Department of Agri-
culture, gives the number and value of the hogs on farms in each State and Ter-
ritory in the year 1882, in the order of the magnitude of value:

Table showing the estimated number and value of hogs on farms in the United
States during the year 1882, stated in the order of magnitude of value.

[From Special Report No. 56, Department of Agriculture.]

State.

Number of
hogs.

Value of
hogs on
farms.

Iowa . . ...

5,107,445

$40, 961, 709

3, 970, 764

29 621 899

Ohio .

2,714,112

21,902,884

Missouri - ... ...... . ..

3,892 920

21 644 635

Indiana.

2,724,383

20, 814, 286

Kansas - .. ..

1,984,646

17,008 416

Nebraska

1,526,823

12,153,511

Wisconsin .

1,162,238

11,343,443

Tennessee ., -

1,988,753

11,057,467

Kentucky . . . ..

1,916,587

10, 982, 044

1,060 856

9 802 309

New York . .

744,238

8, 156, 848

Michigan . ..... . .....

934 184

7,893 855

Texas .... .... ...

1, 953, 189

7, 773, 692

California . . . . .

856,000

6 111 840

Georgia .. . ... . .

1,412,604

5, 706, 920

North Carolina

1,311,821

5 444 057

1 225 534

5 318 818

Arkansas

1,250,513

4,851,990

Mississippi .

1,070,269

4, 334, 589

Virginia. . .. . ....... ...

773,864

4, 147, 911

Minnesota . .

424,057

3,159,225

New Jersey . .. - ..... ...

214,688

2 737 272

Maryland

325, 413

2,583,779

>.-,

South Carolina .. ....... . ..

584, 601

2, 537, 168

?r>

Louisiana

564,439

2,427,088

West Virginia - ... . .....

404,406

2, 394, 084

Massachusetts

80,908

1, 157, 793

Dakota Territory .. .. .. .. . . .. .

109,600

965, 576

Oregon

168,954

927,557

Florida.. .. ....... . .....

320,000

880,000

Vermont

74,864

873,663

Maine ... . .

71,416

847, 708

New Hampshire

54,511

661,218

Connecticut ... . ....

62,406

647. 774

3fi

Delaware .. .. ..... .. ,

46,740

364,572

Utah Territory

22,500

279,450

Washington Territory . .

50,300

272,626

Idaho Territory '.

23,600

259,600

New Mexico Territory . ... .. .. ...

19,300

208,440

Rhode Island..

14,405

192,883

Montana Territory .

17.200

182,320

Colorado .

12,100

140, 118

Nevada

12,000

136,800

Arizona Territory

9,200

73,600

Wy<">"V"g Territory ___ , ...... . ....

735

7,784

Total..

43,270,086

291,951,221

From this table it appears that the State of Iowa stands first in the raising of
swine; Illinois, second; Ohio, third; Missouri, fourth; Indiana, fifth; Kansas,
sixth; Nebraska, seventh; Wisconsin, eighth; Tennessee, ninth, and Kentucky,
tenth.

The annual hog product of quite a number of the States is less than the quantity
of such products consumed therein, and the comparatively small surplus in cer-
tain other States is sold in home markets and consumed in this country.

The deficiency of such products in the various States and sections of this country

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 53

834 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

is supplied almost entirely by the surplus product of the Western and North-
western States.

By means of our unequaled system of internal transportation, pork products
are carried from Chicago to New York, a distance of 900 miles, for only about one-
third of a cent per pound. The rate from St. Louis to New York is about the
same. The average ocean charge from New York to Bremen during the last year
was also about one-third of a cent per pound. On direct consignments hog prod-
ucts can be shipped from Chicago or from St. Louis to Bremen for a little more
1 li;:n one-half a cent per pound. The rates from Cincinnati to the seaboard and to
Bremen do not differ materially from those above stated from Chicago and St.
Louis.

The existence of such facilities of transportation, in connection with the almost
unlimited capacity of our Western and Northwestern States for the production
of swine, has built up a great industry and a great trade, which are now seriously
affected by the action of the Governments of Germany and France in forbidding
the importation of American hog products into those countries.

PORK PACKING AT THE WEST.

It is estimated by Mr. Charles B. Murray that 95 per cent of the exports of hog
meats, 86 per cent of the exports of lard, and 93 per cent of the total exports of
hog products from the United States during recent years have consisted of the
surplus products of the States of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky,
Tennessee, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.

The pork packing of the West for commercial purposes is carried on chiefly at
the towns and cities mentioned in the following table, which shows the number
of hogs packed at each point during the year ended March 1, 1883:

No. of hogs.

Chicago. Ill 4,222,780

Kansas City, Mo 813,834

St. Louis, Mo 532,180

Cincinnati, Ohio 507,316

Milwaukee, Wis 405, 510

Indianapolis, Ind 388,417

Cedar Rapids. Iowa 327,163

Cleveland, Ohio 218,885

St. Joseph. Mo 152,365

Omaha, Nebr 151,086

Louisville, Ky r 143,393

Ottumwa, Iowa 121,554

Detroit, Mich 99,155

Des Moines, Iowa . _ 90, 871

Keokuk, Iowa 68,446

All other points 1,100,044

Total ..: 9,342,999

From this it appears that 45 per cent of the total number of hogs packed in the
Western and Northwestern States are packed at Chicago.

[The fact must be carefully observed that the above table and the following
tables, showing production, do not include the product of hogs slaughtered on
farms and in villages for domestic consumption in the immediate localities where
such slaughtering is done, nor, to any great extent, the slaughtering by city
butchers for local consumption. The product of the pork packing included in the
above table is marketed in all parts of the United States and also in foreign
countries.]

The percentage which the exports of hog products from the United States con-
stituted of the whole quantity packed at the West during the last ten years is
exhibited in the following tables, compiled by Mr. Charles B. Murray, editor of the
Cincinnati Price-Current:

SWINE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

835

Exports of pork, bacon, and hams for the years ended October 31, from 1873 to 1SS3,
inclusive, as compared ivith the Western yearly production.

Year ended October 31

Meats exported.

Production of
meat.

Percent-
age ex-
ported.

Pork.

Bacon and
hams.

Total.

1873...

Pounds.
63, 805. 821
66,481.1:52
57,247.971
57,838,184
68,839,074
7T,868,081
93,324.250
94,557,703
101,460,298
69, 711, 127
73,181,801

Pounds.
415,239,087
332, 449, 497
264,225,246
388,237,246
444, ISi. 016
634, 678, 301
773,305,316
778,291,729
692,676,987
374, 648, 953
407,099,371

Pounds.
479, 104, 908
398, 930. 629
321,473,217
446,075,430
512,962.690
711,940.868
866,629.566
872, 849. 432
794, 137, 285
444,360,080
480,281,172

Pounds.
968,021,941
914, 666. 521
927, 656, 785
991, 556, 881
1,057,421,041
1,401,543,129
1,578,584,510
1,642,118,570
1,551,331,161
1,184,421,921
1,380,302,000

49.49
43.61
32.50
44.20
48.51
50.80
54.90
53.15
51.19
37.52
34.80

1874

1875 . ....

1876 ..

1877

1878

1879 .

1880 . .

1881 ..

1882 .... .. ....

1883

N. B. The exports include products of pork packing in Eastern cities each year.

Exports of lard for each of the following years ended October 31, compared with the
Western yearly production.

Year ended October 31

Lard ex-
ported.

Production
of lard.

Percent-
age ex-
ported.

1873 . ...

Pounds.
234, 901, 511

Pounds.
247 967 565

94 73

1874

184, 100, 226

223, 943, 684

82 58

1875

167, 579, 377

226 195 822

74 08

1876

198,008,212

243, 057, 560

81 46

1877

237,744,307

259, 242, 066

91 71

1878

345,693,527

365, 143. 000

94 67

1879

343,119,208

424,333,030

80.86

1880

4( '5, 436, 658

415, 636, 942

97 55

1881

3o'5,001,686

400,976 439

83 55

1882...

239,904,657

308,050.355

77.88

1883

273, 236, 610

344,485,000

79 32

N. B. The exports include products manufactured in Eastern cities each year.

Exports of pork, bacon, hams, and lard for each year ended October 31, compared
with the Western yearly production.

Year ended October 31

Production of
meats and
lard.

Total produc-
tion exported.

Percent-
age ex-
ported.

1873...

Pounds.
1,215,989,506

Pounds.
714,006 419

58 72

1874 . .

1,137,610,205

583 030 855

51 25

1875

1,153,852,607

489, 052, 594

42 38

1876

1,234,614,441

644 083 642

52 17

1877

1,316,663,107

750, 706, 997

57 02

1878 ....

1,766,686,129

1,057,633,889

59 87

1879

2,002,917,540

1,209,748,774

60.40

1880 ..

2,057,755,512

1,278,286,090

62 12

1881

1,952,307,600

1,129,138,971

57.84

1882...

1,492,472,276

684. 264, 737

45 84

1883

753,517,782

N. B. The exports include products manufactured in Eastern cities each year.

From these tables it appears that during the year ended October 31, 1880 the
year preceding the interdiction of American hog products from France and Ger-
many the exports of such products from the United States constituted 62.12 per
cent of the hog products of the Western and Northwestern States for commercial
purposes, and that the exports of pork, bacon, and hams constituted 53.15 per cent
of such products of those States.

In view of the foregoing statements, it is evident that the success of the pork-
packing business of the West depends mainly upon the foreign trade. Any serious

836

> \VINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

obstruction to this trade must very injuriously affect the agricultural interests of
our Western and Northwestern States and the commercial and industrial interests
of the several cities which are largely engaged in the pork-packing business. Such
obstruction must also in a marked degree affect the trade interests of the cities of
New York, Boston. Philadelphia, and Baltimore, which, as shown in Appendix B,
are the cities from which hog products are chietty exported.

Appendixes C, D, E, F, and G show, respectively, the exports of bacon, hams,
pork, lard, and total hog products from the United States to each foreign country
during the years ended June 80, 1831, 1882, and 1883.

THE INTERDICTION OF AMERICAN PORK PRODUCTS FROM FRANCE AND GERMANY.

The following table shows the value of the exports of bacon, hams, lard, and
pork from the United States to France and Germany during the last nineteen
years:

Value of bacon, hams, and pork exported to France and to Germany during each
year from 1865 to 1883, inclusive.

Exporl

-ed to

Export

ed to-

France.

Germany.

France.

German y.

1865

*-" 4*1

367,106

1875...

$454,717

$2, 45s -^*>

5 209

3,850

187>i .

435 505

2 (k>! 1-.7

1867 ...

139,188

59,559

1877

:.' i i.V >4 :X i

2,-t-

186K

257,992

89.391

ls>

4.203,991

2,251.169

1869

31. 759

:*m .Y>

187H . .

3. 388. 872

2 103 993

1870

7.142

177. on .

1880 ...

3,953,259

1.865.85S

1871

287,804

""1,862

18*1

4, 987, 673

3 _'

1872

1,150,737

1, 708, 576

1 >

4-v-. '.:.'.

4SJ.428

1873

L 982.004

5,596,884

1883

40,100

1,577,308

1874

985,480

3,071,::>

Appendix H shows the value of the exports of hog products of each kind from
the United States to France and Germany during the ten years from 1874 to 1883,
inclusive.

The regulations of the Governments of those countries in regard to such products
relate exclusively to meats viz, bacon, hams, salted pork, canned pork, and sau-
sages and not to lard.

Sausages and canned pork meats are also prohibited from being imported into
either France or Germany from the United States, but the quantities or values of
these two commodities can not be stated, as in the returns made by customs offi-
cers such commodities are included in preserved and canned meats generally.
Canned meats of all kinds are packed in large wooden cases, and it is difficult to
ascertain whether their contents are pork or beef.

From the above table it will be seen that the exportation of bacon, hams, and
pork to both France and Germany has been a trade of comparatively recent growth.
Those engaged in the business at the great centers of the pork trade at the West
were cultivating it by improvements in the modes of preparing and packing pork
products, in order to meet the demand in those two countries, and its develop-
ment to much larger proportions was confidently expected. Such expectations
appeared to be justified by the fact that the total value of similar exports from the
United States to Great Britain amounted during the year ended June 30, 1881, to
$48,319,897.

GERMAN EDICTS IN REGARD TO AMERICAN PORK PRODUCTS.

On the 25th of June, 1880, the German Government issued an edict prohibiting
the importation of American salted pork meats into that country. (See Appen-
dix J.) This edict in terms exempted bacon " and " hams; " but on the 21st of
February, 1883, the German Bundesrath adopted a resolution prohibiting the
importation of American hog meat of every description into that country. Upon
this point, attention is invited to a letter addressed to this office by Messrs. Armour
& Co., of Chicago, under date of January 29. 1883. (See Appendix K. )

In a communication addressed to this office by the firm just mentioned, under
date of February 2, 1884. it is stated that the exclusion of canned hog products
from Germany is to them a serious cause of complaint.

That pork meats continued to be exported to Germany during the year ended

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 837

June 30, 1883, was due to the fact above stated, that until the edict of February
21, 1883, took effect "bacon" and "hams" were admitted at the ports of that
country, and also to the fact that American hog products are allowed to be entered
at the ports of Hamburg and Bremen for exportation therefrom to foreign conn-
tries.

It appears, however, that the German Government favors, or at least permits,
the use of American pork and other hog products by German seamen on board of
German vessels trading at her ports.

For a while Hamburg and Bremen, which are free ports, admitted American
hog products for consumption in those cities: but more recently they have reluc-
tantly, it is said followed the example of the Imperial Government in pursuance
of the policy '"si omnes consentiunt, ego non dissentio." A copy of the decree of
the board of trade and navigation of the city of Hamburg is hereunto appended,
(See Appendix L. )

Perhaps the most irritating feature of the restrictive measures adopted by Ger-
many regarding American hog products is the fact that that country forbids the
transportation of such products across her territory in transit and in bond to other
countries, notwithstanding the fact that abundant provisions exist throughout
Europe for the security of merchandise so transported over railroads.

THE FRENCH EDICT IN REGARD TO AMERICAN PORK PRODUCTS.

The French Government, on the 18th of February, 1881, prohibited the importa-
tion of all hog meats from the United States to that country. (See Appendix I.)

Prior to the interdiction of American hog products from France, that was a
valuable and rapidly growing trade. The value of the exports of bacon, hams,
and pork from the United States to France increased from 267,804 in 1871
to $4,987,673 in 1883. The American merchants and packers engaged in this trade
regarded it as one of great promise, but, as stated, it has been utterly broken
down.

Aside from the direct results of the action of Germany and France in regard to
American hog products, it is believed that the moral effect of such action has
worked serious injury to the agricultural interests of the Northwest and the com-
mercial interests of the country, by creating a prejudice against American hog
products, thus inducing other countries to take like action. Portugal appears to
be among the latest to follow the example of France and Germany in this direction.

TRICHINAE AND TRICHINOSIS.

Hog products in their various forms and in the different modes by which they
are prepared as food by the culinary art, constitute articles of food for persons
in all classes and conditions of life. It is a fact generally known that such prod-
nets are especially suitable for food in the temperate and colder climates, and
that the quantity thereof consumed during the summer months is much less
than during the remainder of the year. An experience of centuries in many coun-
tries has proved pork meats to be a nutritious and sustaining article of food,
especially for persons performing vigorous physical labor, and more particularly
for those engaged in outdoor employments.

The annual consumption of hog products in the United States amounts to about
4.200,000,000 pounds, or five times the quantity exported to all foreign countries.
These products are also largely consumed in Great Britain and in the countries of
Continental Europe, but not to the extent of their consumption in the United
States.

Notwithstanding the fact that hog products are to a greater or less extent con-
sumed by almost the entire population of the United States, the instances of dele-
terious results from their use as articles of food have been very tew and isolated,
and the evidences appear to be incontrovertible that all the cases of trichinosis
which have occurred have been directly traceable to eating uncooked pork meats.
There appears to be no authenticated case on record of trichinosis resulting from
eating such meats when cooked. Trichinae are said to be found in the flesh of
many of the lower animals, and without any apparent impairment of their health.
That these parasitic animalculse are sometimes found in the hog appears simply
to proclaim the fact that such products in an uncooked state are not proper
articles of human food. It would appear, however, that this fact ought to be
generally understood for other and manifest reasons.

It seems passing strange that canned hog products should be interdicted from
any foreign country, for. as stated by Messrs. Armour & Co. , of Chicago, the most

838 SWIXK PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

extensive pork packers in the United States, in a communication to this office,
such products " are subjected for several hours to a temperature always above
boiling point, and in many cases to 240 F., destroying all life beyond perad-
venture."

It is believed that a careful investigation would reveal the fact that the eating
of a number of other staple articles of food causes more sickness and a greater
number of deaths than does the eating of hog products.

Dr. Z. T. Sowers, a physician of large practice in the city of Washington, has
stated it as his opinion that more sickness ensues and more deaths occur from
eating fish and oysters in bad condition and stale vegetables than from eating
unwholesome pork, and this opinion is confirmed by the chief health officer of
New York City.

Attention is invited to a statement by Mr. Sidney D. Maxwell, superintendent
of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, and who has for several years been
employed as an expert in connection with the internal-commerce branch of this
office. (See Appendix M.) In this statement Mr. Maxwell shows that swine for
exportation are raised in this country under circumstances peculiarly favorable
to their healthfulness. In regard to trichinae in hogs, he says: " In this city (Cin-
cinnati), which may be regarded as the home of pork packing in this country,
where for well nigh half a century this has been a great industry, and where large
quantities are consumed, there does not appear on the records a single well-
authenticated case of trichinosis."

The secretary of the Illinois State board of health, in a report made January
18, 1884, says: "As a sanitarian, I regard the danger to human life from trichinae
as practically amounting to nothing, it being so easily prevented by thorough
cooking."

Mr. George H. Morgan, secretary of the St. Louis Merchants' Exchange, and
Mr. Charles Randolph, secretary of the Board of Trade of Chicago, both employed
as experts in connection with the internal-commerce work of this office, having
recently given like testimony as to the wholesouieness of Western hog meats,
which, as before stated, constitute almost the entire exports of such meats to
foreitrn countries. Mr. E. H. Walker, statistician of the New York Produce
Exchange, under date of January 18, 1884, gives like tetsimony.

Dr. J. B. Hamilton, Supervising Surgeon-General of the Marine-Hospital Service
of the United States, in a letter to this office, under date of February 1, 1884, states
that the total number of persons treated by that service during the last ten years
was 234,353, and that the total number of deaths of persons under its care was
4,234; but that no case of trichinosis has been reported during that time, nor since
the organization of the service, notwithstanding the fact that seamen, the class of
patients treated, subsist largely upon salt pork. ( See Appendix T. )

No case of trichinosis has ever been reported in the District of Columbia. (See
letter under date of February 2, 1884, from Dr. Smith Townshend, health officer,
Appendix U. )

From information just received from the chief health officers of the cities of
Boston. New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, it appears that the total number
of deaths in those cities during the last five years was 3oO.O?'-2. and that the num-
ber of deaths resulting from trichinosis was only 6, viz. 3 in New York and 3 in
Philadelphia. (See Appendix V. ) This fact, in connection with a statement pub-
lished by Mr. E. H. Walker, superintendent of the New York Produce Exchange,
showing that during the last five years there were 14.701,230 live hogs received at
the four cities above mentioned, almost all of which were consumed there, would
appear to constitute conchisiye evidence as to the healthfulness of American hog
meats. The chances of injurious results from the eating of pork meats appear to
be infinitesimal, and to be limited to the condition of eating raw pork.

The foregoing facts appeal to the common sense of the country, and they can
neither be reinforced nor refuted by microscopic analyses.

It may be remarked, also, in this connection, that in various parts of Germany
and France vigorous protests have been made, both by commercial bodies and by
prominent individuals, against the interdiction of American pork meats upon the
broad ground that no necessity exists for such measures, and that they are opposed
to the true interests of the people of those countries. The monthly consular
reports published by the Department of State furnish abundant evidence of this
sort.

No city or State in this country has as yet, in the exercise of its police powers,
attempted to restrain the use of pork meats, nor has any suggestion been raised in
any part of the United States as to the need of any such action upon sanitary
grounds or for any other reason. A line of policy of which such action might
fairly be regarded as an example would paralyze commerce and arrest many
important industries. Although in clearly attested cases the disease known as

SWINE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 839

trichinosis may have been traced directly to trichina? in hogs, yet so few and far
between have been those cases, and so clearly has the cause of the sickness which
has ensued been traced to eating raw pork meats, that any attempt to restrain the
use of hog products as human food would have become a subject of popular deri-
sion; for it would have been regarded as in the nature of an attempt to shield the
people against their own indiscretion and against the accidents of life. In a word,
the people of this country are fully convinced, from an experience long continued
and almost universal, that no valid objection can lie against American hog products
on account of their supposed unwholesoineness, and it is in the light of this con-
viction that the interdiction of such products from foreign ports is generally
regarded.

The whole subject of the existence of trichinae in hogs and the disease known as
trichinosis has, however, already been fully considered and reported upon by
another branch of the Treasury Department, with special reference to the grounds
upon which the Governments of Germany and of France have excluded American
hog products from those countries.

In compliance with a resolution of the Senate, the Secretary of the Treasury, on
the loth of December, 1880, transmitted to the President of the Senate a report
on trichina? and trichinosis, prepared under the direction of the Supervising Sur-
geon-General by Asst. Surg. W. C. W. Glazier, of the Marine-Hospital Service.
Dr. Glazier's report was the result of an extended and thorough investigation of
the literature of the subject. It was the most valuable treatise upon that sub-
ject which had appeared. He brought to his task abilities of a high order and
attainments which give him distinction as a scientist. '

He made such analyses as were necessary in order to determine the nature of
the parasite known as trichina and the pathology and history of the disease known
as trichinosis. He clearly proved by his historical researches that the disease had
existed in Germany and France even so far back as the year 1830. This was long
before it was known in the United States, and before American hog products
were imported into France or Germany. Dr. Glazier showed, also, that great
doubt exists as to whether the cause of any of the more recent c ases of trichinosis
in Germany and in France is or is not traceable to the use of American hog prod-
ucts. He stated, generally, that "whatever may be said of the number of trichi-
nosed hogs found in the United States, the epidemics of Germany are almost
uniformly traced to the ingestion of freshly killed German pork. " He also asserted
that the occurrence of trichinosis in Germany has been directly traceable to eating
raw pork in its various forms as smoked and salted meat.

The correctness of Dr. Glazier's conclusions is fully attested by the statements
of consular officers of the United States in Germany and in France, and those
conclusions are believed to be incontrovertible.

American hog products are largely consumed in the United States at the pres-
ent time by more than 2,000,000 persons of German birth, and probably by five or
six million persons of German birth and parentage. Such products are also con-
sumed in this country by a large number of persons born in France and their
immediate descendants, and without injurious results. It seems strange, there-
fore, that these products should be regarded as unfit articles of food for the people
of Germany and France residing in their own country.

It has been stipposed that a considerable quantity of American pork finds its way
into France and Germany through the ports of Great Britain. This appears to be
a misapprehension, as the total weight of pork products of all kinds exported from
the United States to Great Britain during the last three years amounted to
1,580,847.902 pounds, whereas the quantity of pork products of all kinds, both of
foreign and colonial production, exported from Great Britain during the years
1880, 1881, and 1882 to France amounted to only 2,456,832 pounds, and the quan-
tity exported to Germany to only 16,997,568 pounds. (See Appendix N.)

TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH FRANCE AND GERMANY.

The interdiction of the importation of American hog products from France and
Germany has given rise to inquiries in regard to the general subject of the com-
merce of the United States with those countries. In order to meet all of such
inquiries, and at once, the following statements are presented.

1 Dr. Glazier died of yellow fever at Key West. Fla. , December 12, 1880, while
there engaged in the discharge of his official duties. In his death the public service
lost one of its ablest and most efficient officers, and the profession to which he de-
voted his life lost one of its brightest ornaments.

840

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH FRANCE.

The following statement shows the total value of the commerce of the United
States with France during each year from 1867 to 1883, inclusive:

Value of merchandise imported into the United States from France and of mer-
chandise exported from the United States to France.

Exp

arts.

Total ex-

Total

Domestic.

Foreign.

ports.

exports.

1867..

$33.834,460

$582,708

$34,417,166

$29,386 239

$63 803 405

1868 . ...

25. 890, 759

526 232

26,416 991

25 315 605

51 732 5%

1S69

32,747,919

366,489

33, 114, 408

30 28-1 ~::i

63 398 939

1870

45,053 886

502 361

45 556 247

4" 7.i] i.is

88 287 385

1871.

26.482,263

170, 345

26,652.608

28 (>'.

54 751 887

1872

30,939 206

492 912

31,432 118

43 140 156

74 57 274

1873

33,220.620

560,886

33, 781, 506

S3 977 200

67 758 706

1874

42 326 187

638 124

42 964 311

51 691 8%

94 656 207

1875

33,172.387

460.340

33,632,727

59,773 148

93 405 875

1876

39,022.829

769,878

89.792.7ii2

50, 959, 577

90 752 "79

1877..

44,098.343

1,041.575

45, 139, 918

47,556.292

92,696 210

1878

54,289,918

1,029,220

55,319,138

43,378 870

its 098 IK)S

1879.

88,194,041

1,475. .">**;

89,669,627

50,684,601

140,354 228

]SSI)

98,899,209

1,173,886

100,063,044

69,344 412

169 41 >; t-v;

1881

89,844,100

4,858,851

91,197,451

69, 8 Hi, 37.">

164, INI.') -2t>

1883 . .

47,401,923

2,608.895

50,010.818

88,897,606

138, 908. 424

1883

55,965,191

2,717,032

58,682,223

97,989,164

156 6

From the foregoing table it appears that the exports of domestic merchandise
from the United States to France fell from $98,899,209 in 1880 to $55,965,191 in
1883, a decrease of 42,934,018, or 43.4 per cent, but that the imports of merchan-
dise into the United States from France rose from $69,344,412 in 1880 to 97,989,164
in 1883, an increase of $28,644,752, or 41.3 per cent.

Attention is invited to Appendix O, which shows in detail the exports of mer-
chandise from the United States to France and the imports of merchandise from
France into the United States during the year ended June 30, 1883, distinguishing
between merchandise free of duty and dutiable.

The principal articles imported from France were, in the order of magnitude of
value, as follows:

Or-
der.

Commodities.

Value.

Free of duty
or dutiable.

Manufactures of silk .......... ..

$22.054.666

Dutiable.

Wool and manufactures of . ..... . ...

1 16, 299 966

Manufactures of cotton ............ .. .. .

8,787,412

Do.

Wines, spirits, and cordials .............

6,615,577

Do.

Leather, and manufactures of... ... ...

" 6, 238,050

Do.

Precious stones . . . .

3, 885. 191

Do.

Silk, raw

3,607.958

Free.

Wfttch*>, wftt.f>V> mnvftrnftnts, and materials

2,166,588

Dutiable.

Fancy goods

2, 075, 529

Do.

1 The value of raw wool included is only $706,857.
a The value of leather included is $4,506,206.

The imports of manufactures of silk goods, cotton goods, woolen goods; wines,
spirits, and cordials; watches, watch movements, and materials, and fancy goods
from France compete with similar manufactures in the United States. According
to the report of the secretary of the Silk Association of America for 1883, it appears
that the percentage of silk goods manufactured in the United States, as compared
with the whole consumption of such goods in the country, increased from 13 per
cent in 1860 to 38 per cent in 1880. The total value of the manufactures of wool
in the United States during the census year was 1907,868,918; the total value of
the manufactures of cotton goods was $210.950.383: the total value of the manu-
factures of leather was $154.969,870, and the total value of the manufactures of
watches, watch movements, and materials was $4,889.509.

Special inquiry has been made in regard to the imports of wine into the United

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

841

States from France. The following table shows the imports of wine into the
United States from that country during the last ten years:

Quantity and value of urine imported from France into the United States during
each year from 1864 to 1883, inclusive.

Year ended June 30 In casks.

In bottles.

Total.

Gallons.
1864. 4,231,712

$2, 198, 835

Dozens.

$2,198,835
727,591
2,801,904
2,776,011
2,313,004
3,090,936
3,852,240
2,749.159
3, 729. 960
4,044,842
3, 980, 025
3,427,743
2,800,586
2,564,472
2,450,059
2,311,464
3,034,080
3,470.955
3,963,877
5,295,856

1865 1,147,025

367.518
1, 639, 447
1,728,031
1. 201. 712
1,299; 133
1,779,671
1, 726, 408
1,769,535
1,976,048
1,870,781
1, 540, 624
950,025
951, 055
885, 138
947, 767
970,223
979, 870
1,126,169
1,349,617

153,282
1121,334
1 105, 070
1 104, 810
262, 7-iS
456,251
281,590
321,298
347,625
324,082
307, 617
267,650
237, 842
224,648
184, 083
257,736
286,995
329,664
417,642

$360,173
1,162,457
1,047,980
1,111,292
1,791,803
2,072,569
1,022,751
1,960,425
2,068,794
2,109,244
1,887,119
1,850,561
1,613,417
1,564.921
1, 363. 697
2,063,857
2,491,085
2, 837, 708
3,946,239

1866 .. 5,891,720

1867 5,288.587

1868 . . 3,5*3.373

1869. 4,123,561

1870 .. 5,834, 0'.H

1871.. 6,205,516

1872 5,972,423

1873.. . 6,210,064

1874 5,076,928

1875 4, 226, 886

1876 ! 2,696,856

1877.. 2,726,803

1878 ! 2,154,097

1879 2,294,775

1880 . . 2,110,635

1881 ... - 1,942,379

1882 . 2,088,351

1883 .. . 2,511,982

1 Sparkling wines only.

From this statement it appears that the total quantity of wine imported into
the United States from France during the year ended June 30, 1883, amounted to
about 3,514,323 gallons, the total value of which was 5.295,856. According to
the estimate of Mr. Charles Loeser. of New York, president of the Wine and
Liquor Dealers' Association of the United States, the wine product of this country
for the year 1883 amounted to 17,487,000 gallons. About $3,000.000 were collected
from duties on wines imported into the United States from France during the
year ended June 30, 1883.

TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH GERMANY.

The following table shows the total value of the commerce of the United States
with Germany during each year from 1867 to 1883, inclusive:

Value of merchandise imported into the United States from Germany and of mer-
chandise exported from the United States to Germany.

Year ended June 30

Exports.

Total ex-
ports.

Imports.

Total
imports and
exports.

Domestic.

Foreign.

1867...

$20,578,510
29,641,606
36,924,931
- 41,250,530
34,352,022
39,867,604
60,124,410
61,668,381
49,232,648
49,161,752
57,456,120
53,991,387
56,164,394
56,292,106
68,858,571
55,790,056
64,340,490

$1,489,868
1,548,716
958,321
1,038,347
638,385
766,294
1,465,637
1,324,844
1,233,377
1,467,320
651,313
818,458
892, 851
770,157
1, 329, 681
1,438,897
1,829,439

$22,068,178
31,190,322
37, 883. 252
42, 288, 877
34, 990, 407
40,638,868
61,590,047
62, 993, 225
50,466,025
50,629,072
58,107,433
54,809.845
57,057,245
57,062.263
70,188.252
54,228.5)53
66,169,929

$26,581,208
22,377,761
25,087,987
27,015,321
25,093.635
46,243,748
61,401,756
43,909,852
40,247,712
35,319.462
32,509.365
34, 790, 103
35,519,818
52,211,237
52, 989. 181
56,368.542
57,377,728

$48,649,386
53,568,083
62,971,239
69,304,198
60,084,043
86,877,616
122,991,803
106,903,077
90,713,737
85,948,534
90,616,798
89,599,948
92,577,063
109,273,500
123, 177, 433
110,597,495
123,547,657

1868 -

I860

1870

1871

1872

1873

1874

1875

1876 -

1877

1878

1879

1880

1881

1882

1883

842

SWIM: PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Attention is invited to Appendix P. which shows in detail the articles of mer-
chandise exported from the United States to Germany and the imports of mer-
chandise from Germany into the L'nited States during the fiscal year ended June
30. 1883.

The chief articles imported from Germany during the year were, in the order of
magnitude of value, as follows:

Or-
der.

Commodities.

Value.

Dutiable or
free of duty.

Manufactures of cotton ... ......

$8, 710 077

Wool, and manufactures thereof. ........................... ..

16.4'X.W.t

Manufactures of silk . . ....

4 2-J7 In!)

Iron and steel, and manufactures thereof . ... .

:> i:>s !i::i

Leather, and manufactures thereof

"3,114. '.isl

Do.

Buttons and button materials . . ..

~' :CB,OHO

Fancy goods ....... . .

2,008,684

Do.

1 The value of the wool imported from Germany amounted to only $8,960, the value of the
Imports of manufactures of wool from that country having been $6,489.039.

'The value of leather imported from Germany was $1,104,909. and the value of manufactures
of leather, .(00,072.

The imports of all the manufactured commodities mentioned in the foregoing
schedule to a greater or less extent, came into competition with similar articles
manufactured in the United States.

The quantity and value of wine imported from Germany into the United States
during each year from 1864 to 1883, inclusive, is shown in Appendix Q.

Attention is also invited to the following documents, appended hereunto:

(a) The American pork question; a letter addressed to the minister of foreign
affairs of France by Leon Chotteau. a citizen of that country. (See Appendix E.)

(b) A letter addressed to the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics by Dr. Emmons
Clark, secretary of the health department of New York City. (See Appendix X.)

(c) A statement showing the duties imposed by the French and German Govern-
ments upon hog products when imported into those countries. (See Appendix Y. )

(d) A statement by Mr. Charles Randolph, secretary of the Board of Trade
of Chicago, in regard to prices and the exportation of hog products to foreign
countries. (See Appendix W.)

I am, sir, very respectfully, yours,

JOSEPH NIMMO, Jr.,

Chief of Bureau.
Hon. CHARLES J. FOLGER,

Secretary of the Treasury.

APPENDIX,
APPENDIX A. The world's supply of swine.

The following table is taken from the Cincinnati Price-Current, published by
Mr. Charles B. Murray, and shows the number of swine reported in the United
States in 1883, in the United Kingdom in 1882, and in other countries having
100,OUO or more in 1880:

Countries.

Number.

Per cent
of total.

Countries.

Number.

Per cent
of total.

United States

43,270,000

47.08

Belgium .......

602,000

.f5

in :;:;. 000

11 33

Australia

567,000

7.324 (KKI

7.96

Denmark .....

5m IHMI

.55

6 995 000

7 61

Sweden

426 OIK)

.46

5,801,000

6.31

Holland .

a52,OI)0

.18

Spain .

4, 35:.'. IKK)

4.73

Argentine Republic ..

.37

United Kingdom ......

3, 940, 000

4.28

New Zealand . ...

207 IKK)

Switzerland

2,000,000

2.18

Greece

180,000

.20

Italv

1,564,000

1.70

Cape of Good Hope ..

132. (KK)

.14

British North American

Norway ......

101,000

.11

1 419 000

1 54

Roumania

887,000

,91

Total

91,964,000

100

Portugal

717,000

.78

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

843

APPENDIX B. Value of the exports of hog products from the principal and all
other parts of the United States during the years ended June 30, 1881, 1882, and
1SS3.

Year.

1881.

1882.

1883.

Baltimore, Md ......

$5, 910, 910

$784 468

$1,117,261

Boston and Charlestown, Mass _ .

19, 042, 646

14,942,708

10,307,310

New York N f

69,558.806

54,427 578

47, 695, 921

Philadelphia, Pa

6,034,147

8,345,754

6,321,269

Portland and Falmouth, Me

770, 919

750,760

779, 459

Port Huron, Mich. 1

2, 156. 530

2,037,578

3,426,461

All other ports .

1,186,107

1,564,100

1,318,590

Total .

104,660,065

82, 852, 946

70,065,268

1 The exports from Port Huron were to Canada.

APPENDIX C. Value of the exports of domestic bacon from the United States to
each one of the principal foreign countries for the years ended June 30, 1881,
1882, and 1883.

Years.

1881.

1882.

1883.

Great Britain and Ireland

$38, 651, 946

$38 318 699

$26 845 784

Germany .. . ..

2,982,852

295,856

1,374,432

Belgium . . ..

4, 583, 807

1,696 150

1,239 123

728 201

704 987

938 364

Denmark . ...

458, 181

163,382

644 545

Sweden and Norway .

457,666

562, 618

Netherlands . ... -

555,241

236,969

289 516

Cuba ..

342,113

240,745

284,202

British West Indies .

22,669

28,086

31. 181

All other..

4,732,305

439,728

72,986

Total

53,616,981

42,134,602

32,282,751

APPENDIX D. Value of the exports of domestic hams from the United States to
each one of the principal foreign countries for the years ended June 30, 1881,
1882, and 1883.

1881.

1882.

1883.

$5 853,920

$3 516 799

$4 670 603

Cuba ... - . . .. ...

251,486

227,933

319, 052

British 'NVn-th ATT^irfln Pnsspssinns .

175, 666

248, 534

268 583

Germany

172,655

44,024

94.851

58,355

65,128

83 241

British West Indies

71,604

85,284

79,836

Belgium . .

348,348

83,472

59,384

British Guiana

25,469

29,671

31,697

15, 718

21,444

29,597

United States of Colombia ' . ....

16,723

19,654

29 028

Hawaiian Islands . -. . _ -.

15,088

19,629

28,320

35,013

18,875

27,734

Haiti

29,927

25,682

22,809

Netherlands . . . ... . ....

37,765

10,006

19,773

All other - .... .........

436, 487

135,037

108,692

Total .

7,544,224

4,551,172

5,873 201

Years.

844

SWIXE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

APPENDIX E. Value of the exports of domestic pork from the United States to
each one of the principal foreign countries for the years ended June 30, 1S81,
1882, and 1883.

Years.

1881.

Is-:. 1 .

1883.

British North American Possessions

<\ ;*-.' '.a-;

|2 302 915

$2 274 7'.2

:> -H ikil

2 470 131

1 .> ><;

.v.r T!I<.I

596 537

till Ms

Haiti ..

:>:'.< :iT

t/i:t nt>n

5T(i (;l

British Guiana . _ . .........

181, 765

:>'.t tun

247 381

Porto Rico . .

i'.<7 I.'-M

211 460

lit; :."'

Dutch Guiana ... .......

*L'. 1:4

M I:. 1 *;

lit >7ii

Cuba

90,967

89.668

113 2fi8

Germany - .- .-

108,218

92,546

His ir_>5

British Honduras

4'.'. i;:.>7

43,510

M Ml

French West Indies . . . ... .

78,522

41 li:is

5t; .>s

United States of Colombia

23 262

30 789

49 693

Danish West Indies ... .... . ... .... ..

37,100

;;t 570

Miquelon,Langley,etc . ... . .. . ..

10,349

:.-.' '.-.-,:{

:.':> 117

ftantml America.?! fitfttfts

8.442

14 622

Is 314

All other

273,585

181,884

134 KG

Total

8,272,285

7,201,270

6, 192, 268

APPENDIX F. Value of the exports of domestic lard from the United States to each
one of the principal foreign countries for the years ended June SO, 1SS1, 1882,
and 1883.

Years.

1881.

1882.

1883.

Great Britain and Ireland

$10,808,193

$9,407,757

$7, 941. 521

Germany . .. ............. .

8,018,932

6,255.827

4,8(17 142

France....... - . . ....

5,567,030

3,<i'.<

3,727.!26

Cuba ....

2, 449, 865

i,e;

2,471 ',', 4

Belgium

2,913,709

2,398,716

1,723,356

British North American Possessions.... .....

662,028

r,.ti :.:*>

1.444 177

United States of Colombia .

4os si ;7

852, 083

7x".i. 537

Denmark .

963.044

751, 416

Netherlands..... . . . - . ........

800.986

513,110

521,873

Brazil

547,679

491,252

468,874

Venezuela ... . - . . ..... ...

405. 476

416,662

822.532

Porto Rico ....

250,496

880,026

29*. 977

British West Indies

248.144

268,363

848,181

Hayti

170,014

151.398

181,399

Mexico

182,507

145,293

163,797

French West Indies . ............ .......... . .

77,803

7s 4.X

88,864

Peru ..

19,089

187, 006

70,nu

British Guiana

61,030

78,156

64,X< 1 i

All other ........ ........ .........................

721,593

711,843

599,-:;.!

Total

35,226,575

28,975,902

26,618.048

APPENDIX G. Value of the exports of hog products from the United States to each
one of the principal foreign countries for the years ended June 30, 1881, 1882,
and 1883.

Yt'iirs.

countries.

1881.

1882.

1883.

Great Britain and Ireland

$59.128,087

$53,7i:!.:;sr,

$40.'.'

Germany . .

n,2x.'.c,57

6, 6'.M.. :.">:{

6,441. t.Vi

British North American Possessions

4.^4.11(4

5.92MI12

France. ... .. .. .. ...... ....

10, 554.; i(3

4,168,651

8,768,088

Cuba..

3,134,431

L',-':H,998

8,188,297

Belgium

7,860.483

4,2^C..7:>5

6, i:.'s

]f)TiTrm.rlr

1,434,211

915. 608

1,828,956

Netherlands

1,404,486

770,348

561,719

.Vi; . -.'7>

AH othnr

5,015,244

5.236.821

4,864,022

Total

104.660,065

82,852,946

70,966,268

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

845

APPENDIX H. Quantities and values of exports of hog products from the United
States to France and Germany during each year from 1874 to 1883, inclusive.

FRANCE.

Year
ended
June 30

Bacon and hams.

Lard.

Pork.

Total.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

1874..

1875....
1876....
1877....

187s ....

I87vt

1880
1881
1882 ...

11,550,574
3,916,811
3,484,772
23, 167, 336
55,280,439
53,593,720
66,357,041
68,105,887
5,350,311
353,891

$959, 851
382,908
412,114
2,041,530
4,161,468
3,248.214
3,848,930
4,855,932
445,719
39,246

9,937,387
6,437,958
10,059,487
23,788,669
50,465,990
42,360,456
55,462,701
61,908,551
31,610,618
31,794,241

$882,513
897,730
1,346,504
2,462,330
4,274,074
2,877,630
3,941,971
5,567,030
3,699,876
3,727,926

379,108
724,075
221,199
179,500
599,969
2,168,614
1,608,545
1,896,969
257,574
109,400

$35,639
71,809
23,391
14,700
42,523
140,658
104,329
131,741
22,956
10,854

21,867,069
11,078,844
13,765,458
47,135,405
106,346,388
98,122,390
133,428,287
131,911,407
37,218,503
32,156,532

$1,867,993
1,352,447
1,782,009
4,518,610
8,478,065
6,266,502
7,895,230
10,554,703
4,168,551
3,768,026

1883

GERMANY.

1874...

30,917,017

$3,918,849

64,436,920

$5,967,604

1,961,028

$152,889

97,314,965

$9,039,339

1875

21,269,791

2,384,587

49,873,431

6,589,229

757, 133

73.635

71,900,355

9,047,451

1870 .. ..

16,146,345

1, 959, 757

47,894,522

6,242,432

845,686

93,380

64,886,453

8,295,569

1877 .. ..

23,715,093

2,286,914

58,038,751

6,108,520

1,251,166

117,870

83.005,010

8,513,304

1878 . ..

28,023,987

2,201,208

85,419,191

7,419,237

702,900

49,961

114,145,078

9,670,406

1879 . ..

37,508,897

2,051,712

89,710,334

6,163,503

919,817

52,281

128,139,048

8,267,496

18H> . ..

36,843,862

1,786,494

85,509,388

6,379,894

5,259,417

79,364

113, 612, 667

8, 245, 752

1881 . ..

41,549,770

3,155,507

88, 127, 893

8,01gf932

1,455,646

108,218

131,133,309

11,282,657

1882 . ..

3,380,356

339.880

55,467,728

6,255,827

1,109,000

92,546

59,957,084

6,688,253

1883. ..

14,708,835

1,469,283

41,872,915

4,867,142

1,146,662

108,025

57,728,409

6,444,450

APPENDIX I. Tlie President of the French Republic on the report of the minister
of agriculture and of commerce.

In view of the advice of the consultative committee of public hygiene of France,
considering that the introduction into France of salt pork notoriously infected
with trichina? presents great dangers to the public health, decrees:

ARTICLE 1. In all the territory of the French Republic the importation of salt
pork coming from the United States of America is forbidden.

ARTICLE 2. The minister of agriculture and of commerce and the minister of
finances are charged, each in that which concerns him, with the execution of the
present decree, which will be inserted in the Journal Officiel and published in the
Bulletin des Lois.

Done at Paris, February 18, 1881.

JULES GREVY.

By the President of the Republic:

P. TlRARD,

Minister of Agriculture and Commerce.
J. MAGNIN,

Minister of Finances.

APPENDIX J. Decree of June 25, 1880, regarding the prohibition of the importa-
tion of pork and sausages into Germany from America.

We, William, by the grace of God Emperor of Germany and King of Prussia,
etc., decree, in the name of the Empire, the consent of the federal council having
been obtained, as follows:

1. The importation of chopped or in a similiar manner divided or otherwise
prepared pork and of sausages of all kinds from America is prohibited until fur-
ther notice. This prohibition does not include the importation of hams and bacon.

2. The imperial chancellor is authorized to make exceptions to this prohibition
and to adopt the measures necessary for this purpose.

?' 3. This decree takes effect on the day of its publication.

Witnessed under our high signature and the affixed imperial seal.

Given, Bad Ems, the 25th day of June, 1880.

[SEAL.I WILLIAM.

[SEAL.] PRINCE V. BISMARCK.

846 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

APPENDIX K.

CHICAGO, January 29, 1SS4.

DEAR SIR: We are in receipt of your esteemed favor of the 26th instant with
inclosures, and have given them our careful attention. Our experience proves
that bacon and hams, as well as pork, are actually excluded from both France and
Germany. There is not, so far as we know, any restriction on the importation of
American lard into France or Germany. As to the French edict referring only
to salted meats, we may say the prohibition has to our knowledge been operative
against all other forms of hog product (lard excepted) not covered by the expres-
sion ' salted meats. " The term pork as used in the edicts is in our opinion designed
to cover more than the commodity known here as "pork, "and really includes
" bacon " and ' ' hams. " Such certainly is the interpretation which those intrusted
with the execution of the respective edicts have seen fit to put upon it.

To come to the next point in your letter, we would say that the German prohi-
bition applies equally to Bremen and Hamburg with the rest of the Empire, so far
as consumption in these cities is concerned, but it is permitted to ship all hog
products to Bremen and Hamburg, provided these ports are used merely as points
of transshipment to other countries.

There is no doubt that the direct effect of the French and German prohibitions
was mitigated and at times entirely neutralized by commercial causes, and that
the high prices ruling here, as a consequence, presumably, of reduced production
of hogs in the United States, encouraged an increased production in the countries
excluding our product. It is very difficult, therefore, to state or to show just
what loss was inflicted on our trade by the action of France and Germany; but
that it has suffered, and materially, too, we have no doubt. Neither do we doubt
that the action of these countries has created in some other countries a decided
prejudice against American hog products, and has influenced other countries (of
which Portugal is the latest example) to imitate their prohibitory policy.

We shall await your report with patience, and shall deem it fortunate if what
little information we have been able to impart conduces in your hands to the result
which we desire, viz, the final recall of the prohibitory edicts.
Yours, very respectfully,

ARMOUR & Co.

JOSEPH NIMMO, Jr., Esq.,

Chief of Bureau of Statistics, Washington , D. C.

APPENDIX L. Edict of the Board of Trade and Navigation of Hamburg respecting
the importation of American hog products at that port.

[Notice respecting the prohibition of the import of pigs, pork, bacon, and sausages of American

origin.]

The masters of vessels arriving at this port having on board as cargo or provi-
sions pigs, pork, bacon, and sausages of American origin are hereby informed that
such import is prohibited, and that goods of that description being of other than
American origin are only allowed to be discharged with the permission of the
proper authorities (Declarations- Bureau).

Pork and bacon of American origin which are intended for reexport to foreign
countries or as provisions for seagoing vessels lying in this harbor may be dis-
charged under the direction and superintendence of the proper authorities (Admin-
istration of the Quay).

The masters, who are also responsible for their crews, are recommended to inform
themselves at their arrival here from their agents or brokers as to the strict obser-
vation of the directions under which pigs, pork, bacon, and sausages may be landed.
For neglecting to do so they incur heavy penalties and the confiscation of the goods
discharged without permission.

Hamburg, the 21st of April, 1883.

THE BOARD OF TRADE AND NAVIGATION.

APPENDIX M. Statement made by Mr. Sidney D. Maxwell, superintendent of the
Chamber of Commerce of Cincinnati, to the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, in
regard to the quality of American hog products, in a letter dated January 21, 1884-

The hogs of this country are generally raised under circumstances the most favor-
able to produce healthy meats. They are almost universally allowed to range at
large in the fields and wooded lands, where they have ample air and water. They
are fattened from corn, and under the rules of the chamber of commerce of this
city only meats from corn-fed hogs are recognized as regular. The circumstances

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

847

tinder which pork is produced are such as to reduce the liability to diseased meats
to the minimum. So remote a possibility is this that in this city, which may be
regarded as the home of pork packing in this country, where for well-nigh half a
century this has been a great industry and where large quantities are consumed,
there does not appear on the records a single well-authenticated case of trichinosis.
In relation to the hog cholera, it may be remarked that it is well known to hog
raisers that cholera usually attacks the young swine, which are not such as are
acceptable to our packers, who use the heavy hogs; and where there is an excep-
tion to this rule the packers are aware that meats made from diseased hogs will
not only not cure properly, but will contaminate good meats; so that if a curer
were prompted by no other than a mercenary motive the public would find the
amplest protection against bad meats from this cause. Under our municipal reg-
ulations we have regular inspectors, whose duty it is to visit the stock yards and
slaughterhouses daily, with a view to protecting the public against hogs being
slaughtered for food that are diseased. Hogs that die from disease go to the desic-
cating companies, whose wagons are alone authorized to remove them. The work
of our packing houses is done in an open and public manner and under the most
improved methods for killing the animals and handling and curing the meats.
Then, at last, if meats were sought to be cured from hogs diseased, bruised, or
maimed, they would be liable to be detected by our inspectors of meats. I doubt
if in the whole range of articles for human food of large consumption there is a
better record than that which is furnished by the curers of the hog product. I
say this much because in my statistical work I have good opportunities of know-
ing something about the matters involved in the discussion and because your
inquiry and my relations to your Department have made it suitable for me to go
beyond the immediate bounds of your inquiry. It is not difficult to see that the
outcry against the meats made from the hogs of this country is the result of igno-
rance in relation to the subject or because foreign governments have sought to
protect themselves against the growing commercial and industrial importance of
this country by resorting to a miserable subterfuge; and the former, with all the
agitation since the foreign raid against the hog product of this country was inau-
gurated, and with the opportunities of information which existed at this stage of
the inquiry, seems so improbable as to be unworthy of consideration.
Yours, very truly,

SIDNEY D. MAXWELL,

Superintendent.

APPENDIX N. Quantities and values of exports from Great Britain and Ireland
of pork products of foreign and colonial production to France and Germany
during each year from 1873 to 1882, inclusive.

[From the annual statement of the trade of the United Kingdom.]
TO FRANCE.

Year ended De-
cember 31

Bacon.

Hams.

Lard.

Pork, salted.

Quantity.

Value.

Quan-
tity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quan-
tity.

Value.

1873...

Pounds.
3, 708, 768
2,124,976

$308,127
173,510

Pounds.
219,520

89, 712
145,264
370,496
818,944
977,536
688,912
729,568
498, 176
182,224

26,902
12,531
23,345
S3, 298
99,715
109,686
75,333
90,040
78,623
33,126

Pounds.
556,192
343,056

$50,018
36,966

Pounds.

1874

1875....

1876

1, 105, 776
2,257,136
1,118,208
867,552
757,904

113, 020
183,769
79,509
57,128
59,206

712,208
670,544
125,664

87,996
71,382
12, 122

1877...

1878.

1879...

1880 ..

1881

1882

288,960

40,329

TO GERMANY.

1873

1, 892, 464

$230,906

95,760

811,972

2,907,520

$265, 078

148,064

$11,811

1874

1 179 024

100, 610

1, 734, 320

205,887

1875...

973,616

119,015

1876

541,072

49,667

1, 899, 296

204,349

1877...

1,130,528

117,823

1878 .

2,231,488

173,009

1879

1 971 312

114,650

3,391,024

217, 946

1880.

4,268,320

337,842

216,272

26,196

3, 458, 896

284, 491

1881

2,443,728

226, 852

3, 452, 288

400,036

1882

489,328

45,998

2,668,736

341, 181

848

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

APPENDIX O. Commerce of the United States with France during the year ended

June SO, 1SS3.

IMPORTS OF MERCHANDISE FROM FRANCE,
[n. e. s. : Not elsewhere specified.]

Articles.

Quantities.

Values.

FREE OF DUTY.

Silk, raw pounds..

Argols do

Hides and skins, other than fur

Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines, n. e. s

Bolting cloths .

Wood, unmanufactured

Articles, the produce or manufacture of the United States,
brought back

India-rubber and gutta-percha, crude pounds. .

Household and personal effects and wearing apparel, old and in
use, of persons arriving from foreign countries

Oil, volatile 9r essential pounds..

Paper materials do

Paintings, statuary, and other w^i-ks of art of American artists.

All other free articles

671,330
9,776,538

2(35,612

150,996

2,887,253

Total free of duty

SUBJECT TO DUTY.

Silk, manufactures of:
Dress and piece goods. .
Other manufactures of

Total .

Wool, and manufactures of:

Unmanufactured pounds..

Dress goods square yards. .

Cloths and cassimeres

Shawls

Other manufactures, n e.s

Total

Cotton, manufactures of

Wine, spirits, and cordials:

Spirits and cordials, in casks proof gallons..

Spirits and cordials, in bottles dozen..

Wine, in casks gallons..

Wine, in bottles dozen..

5,798,992
44,974,881

345,776

79,127

,511,982

417,642

Total.

Leather, and manufactures of:

Leather of all kinds pounds..

Gloves of kid and all other skin or leather dozen pairs..

Other manufactures of

6,828,225
251,464

Total.

Precious stones

Watches, watch movements, and materials

Fancy goods

Paintings, chromo lithographs, photographs, and statuary, n. e. s.

Furs and dressed fur skins

Earthen, stone, and china ware

Fruits of all kinds, including nuts

Buttons of all kinds, including button materials partly fitted

for buttons exclusively

Flax, manufactures of

Straw and palm leaf , manufactures of

Glass and glassware

Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines, n. e.s

Breadstuffe and other farinaceous food

Provisions

Fish, not of American fisheries

Iron and steel, and manufactures of

$3,607,958

1,647,523

1,260,717

515,433

li'.to.o-jy

299,675

291,601
187,545

170,941
118,715
112,058
80,223
1,944,952

10,632,670

13,233,887
8,820,779

22,054,666

706,867

10.885,227

2, l.M.:iw{

497,350

2,055,169

16,299,966

8,787,412

803,004

516, 717

1,349,617

3,946,239

6,615,577

4,506,206
1,488.423

6,238,050

3,885,191
2,166,588
2,075,529
1,623,582
1,594,484
1,:2,048
1,250,748

1,227,711

1,196,984

1,084,357

917,047

875,926

786,836

721,841

691,672

629,845

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

849

APPENDIX O. Commerce of the United States ivith France, etc. Continued.

IMPORTS OF MERCHANDISE FROM FRANCE-Continued.

Order of mag-
nitude.

Articles.

Quantities.

Values.

SUBJECT TO DUTY continued.
ivTAt*>-is Tpfltfti compositions, find ounnifacturoBaf, n. e.

$421 130

Clothing (except of silk, and except hosiery, etc., of cotton or

379 087

Perfumery and cosmetics . . ..

368, nas

Jewelry, and all manufactures of gold and silver, n. e. s

366, 471

?fi

Oils

355,547

917

Books, pamphlets, engravings, and other publications, n.e.s

335,950

Paper, and manufactures of -

238,748

Wood, manufactures of .

236,487

212 559

Brass, and manufactures of

171,974

3' ?

Bristles . - ...... pounds

144,622

148 078

Paints . ....

144,298

Seeds . .. ... -_.._.

132 664

Hair, and manufactures of . ...

12H.075)

All other dutiable articles .................

1, 611. 281

Total value of dutiable merchandise ,

87, .356 494

Total value of merchandise free of duty

10,632,670

Total value of imports of merchandise .......

97,989 164

EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC MERCHANDISE TO FRANCE.
[n. e. s. : Not elsewhere specified.]

2
3

Cotton, and manufactures of:

Ibs

214,414,623

$22,703,670
13,027

22,716,697

Manufactures of . ..... ..

Total

Bread and breadstuff s:
Indian corn .. .. ..... .... .. .

bush

1,617,903
127
15, 096, 712
63,223

1,077,000
495
17,178,486
355, 672
825

1,850

Indian-corn meal . ..

bbls..

Wheat

bush

Wheat flour

bbls

Other small grain and pulse

Maizena, farina, and all other preparations of breadstuffs
used as food . . .. - --

Total

18,614,328

Provisions:
Bacon . ... . . . .

. .Ibs .

114,281
138,610
296,350
118,596
9,481

11,815
17,431
23,932
25,250
1,597
300
16, 433
3, 727, 926
26,606
1,188
27
10, 854
1, 175

Ibs

Beef , salted or cured - ....... ... .

. Ibs .

Butter

Ibs

Cheese _ . . . . .

Ibs .

Condensed milk . ...

Fish, other cured . .. ..

Lard . - ........

Ibs

31,794,241

Meats, preserved

Oysters . . .... .... .

Pickles and sauces

Pork .... .

Ibs .

109, 400

Vegetables, prepared or preserved

Total

3,864,544

Oils:
Mineral, crude ... ...

galls

33, 570, 402

4,890,492
2,122,804
613, 725
14,221

2,373,472

372,074
162,002
165,819

43,757

Mineral, refined
Naphthas, benzine, gasoline, &c
Illuminating ,

...galls..
galls..

Lubricating (heavy paraffine, &c.) ..

galls..

Residuum (tar, pitch, &c. )

bbls

Total mineral - .... .... ....

3, 117, 124

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 54

850

-WINK PRODUCTS OF TIIK r.NlTKl) STATKS.

( ). ('ninini r<-i< nf flu' I'niti'il slnd'x irllli France, etc. Continued.
EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC MERCHANDISE TO FUAXCE-Continued.

- -J
>-
: =

Articles.

Quantities.

Values.

Oils Continued.
Animal.
Lard . ---. galls

;s. 1-1

Neat's-foot and other animal - - . K^lls

1 Mil

1 IV)! 1

Whale and other flsh

Total animal

U Hi ~M7

Vegetable -
Cotton-seed . . galls

94,000

4!i OU)

Volatile or essential

1 ~l 1 1*"'*

Total vegetable ...

Gl 083

Total oils

3,^

Tobacco:
Leaf Ibs

:>7.'."

e.ow. ix'7

Manufactures of

Total...

3,091,599

Copper, manufactures of..

991,161

Wood, and manufactures of:
Boards, clapboards, deals, plan ks, joists, and scantling . M f t . .
Shocks, staves, and headings

1 :.'.'.' 8

124,420

All other lumber . .

:.' i :.':.'

Logs, masts, spars, and other whole timber

69,496

Timber, sawed and hewed. cu. ft

1,008,431

]:;i --'.MI

Household furniture .

Wooden ware

2,117

All other manufactures of wood.n.e.s

Total

Agricultural implements:
Mowers and reapers ... . No

2.."> 17

197836

Plows and cultivators /

Ufl

l)308

All other, n.e. s

204,666

Total

403,708

Seeds:
Clover - Ibs

3 547 935

Timothy, garden, and all other

Zl)289

Total

'I'lil Ml

Tallow . .. Ibs

2,988.1)8;!

Whalebone Ibs..

245,421

Iron and steel:
Iron, manufactures of ' '
Sheet, band, and hoop

151

Castings, n.e. s

1 :;-:,

Stdves. and parts of ... . . .

610

Steam engines, stationary No..

:;:.:>

Machinery, n.e. s ..'....'.

83,2=J9

Nails and spikes Ibs

15,000

466

Printing presses and type

Scales and balances'

" KH

Sewing machines, and parts of

7-' o;t

All other manufactures of iron, n. e. s

Steel, manufactures of
Cutlery

879

Edge tools

Files and saws . .

'.M

Firearms

All other manufactures of steel, n.e. s

" .V-7

Total.

.-.in i'.; i

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

851

APPENDIX O. Commerce of the United States with France, etc. Continued.
EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC MERCHANDISE TO FRANCE Continued.

Order of mag-
nitude.

Articles.

Quantities.

Values.

Spirits, distilled:

756,643

8151,634

Total .

151, 724

1*1

Hides and skins, other than fur ._ .

!;. 9 1 . it

282 458

12.i Ii90

Drugs chemicals, dyes, and medicines ... .

77, 932

Naval stores:
Rosin and turpentine .. . .bbls

30,012

61,289

3 003

8,642

Total

69 931

Fruits:
Apples, dried _ ............ .... Ibs

1,272,780

58,041

Apples grp,Or *"'pe , t -IU-VT--, bush

204

Other fruit, green, ripe, or dried

2,855

Preserved., in cans or otherwise . .... ..... ..

1,770

Total r ....

62, 870

,Hair:
Unmanufactured

42,887

Manufactures of .. . '....

', 3,886

Total

46, 773

Varnish ".'.".'. ^..1 gals.-

11,095

46^563

Hernp, manufactures of:
Cables and cordage . , __ cwt -

177

All oth^r manufactures of ,, .---,.-

45,436

Total

45, 613

Paintings and engravings rr ,-,, ..,

38,650

Jewelry and other manufactures of gold and silver

So, 739

Wearing apparel ^ , ,

26,973

915

Bark for tanning

26,057

9 6

India-rubber and gutta-percha manufactures .'.

22,732

Rooks, maps, pamphlets, a.nrl ot.hov publications

20. 615

Fancy articles

19..782

Pfl

Glass and glassware , ,

12,442

Paints ana painters 1 colors

11,478

All articles not enumerated:
All otlier unmanufactured articles

57,041

All other manufactured articles ,,,.,,,

225, 185

Total not enumerated ..:..,-,-

282,226

Total value of exports of domestic merchandise

55,965,191

RECAPITULATION.

Imports of merchandise

Exports of domestic merchandise
Exports of foreign merchandise. .

Imports of specie

Exports of specie ...

$97, 989, 164

55,965,191

2,717,033

104,438

1,381,214

Total commerce with France ,

852

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

APPENDIX P. Commerce of the United States irith Germany during the year

ended June 30, 1S8S.

IMPORTS OF MERCHANDISE FROM GERMANY.
[n. e. s.: Not elsewhere specified.]

Articles.

Quantities.

Values.

FREE OK DUTY.

Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines

Articles the produce or manufacture of the United States

brought back

Hides and skins, other than fur

Paper materials - Ibs.

Fur skins, undressed -

Hair, unmanufactured .... Ibs..

Household and personal effects and wearing apparel, old and in

use, of persons arriving from foreign countries

India rubber and gutta-percha, crude ,-Jbs..

Guano - tons..

Books, n. e. s

Eggs ...doz..

All other free articles

32,520,678

418,997

256,127
943

251,903

Total free of duty .

$1,870,723

1,1 nil. 'US

241.H4S
141,837

132,478

121,978

56,843

66,848

54.166

1,693,180

7,936,189

SUBJECT TO DUTY.

Cotton, manufactures of

s, no, 077

Wool, and manufactures of:

Wool, raw Ibs.

Dress goods s<j . yds .

Other manufactures of _

10,671
5,116,953

8,960
1,414,478
5,074,581

Total.

6.497.W.I

Silk, manufactures of

Iron and steel, and manufactures of

Leather, and manufactures of:

Leather of all kinds Ibs.

Manufactures of

4.227.11)11
8,168,978

1,644,330

l.lOt.'.HC.I
2, OH LOT-'

Total.

8,114,981

Buttons of all kinds, including button materials partly fitted for

buttons exclusively

Fancy goods

Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines

Glass and glassware

Flax, manufactures of

Musical instruments

Earthen, stone, and china ware

Paper, and manufactures of

Bristles Ibs..

Books, pamphlets, engravings, and other publications, n.e.s

Sugar, brown Ibs.

Motals, metal compositions, and manufactures of. n.e.s

Zinc, spelter, or tutenegue, and manufactures of

Furs and dressed fur skins...

699,059

16,285,489

2,332.0!HI

l,4:i'.. tl'.
1,158,000

I,d!iil.li74

928,64(1
907,208

768|688
681,668
664,661

Wines, spirits, and cordials:

Spirits and cordial s, in casks proof galls .

Spirits and cordials, in bottles doz.

Wine, in casks galls.

Wine, in bottles doz.

37,202
9,971

29,481

89,178
179,895

Total

629,861

Tobacco, and manufactures of:

Leaf

Manufactures of

.Ibs.

591,606

Total

MB. eei

L8.2M

Fruits of all kinds, including nuts.
Precious stones.

24 i Clothing ^except of silk.and except hosiery, &c., of cotton or wool).

390, 132

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

853

APPENDIX P. Commerce of the United States with Germany, etc. Continued.
IMPORTS OF MERCHANDISE FROM GERMANY-Continued.

Order of mag-
nitude.

Articles.

Quantities.

Values.

SUBJECT TO DUTY continued.
Paintings, chromo-lithographs, photographs, and statuary, n. e. s

$390, 424

Wood, manufactures of ..

384, 994

Jewelry, and all manufactures of gold and silver, n. e. s

321,552

250,225

Watches and watch movements and materials . .

237,590

Paints

207,608

Rfinr, aTo, prvrtpr, anrl ot.her malt, liqnnrs .. , galls

484, 188

147,231

Breadstuffs and other farinaceous food

126, 788

Seeds

116,468

Fish, not of American fisheries:
Herring, pickled. . ..bbls

9,958

96,844

All other . . .

18, 989

Total

115,833

Brass, and manufactures of ... .. . . .

97. 417

All other dutiable articles

2,435.815

Total value of dutiable merchandise ..

49,441,539

Total value of merchandise free of duty

7,936,189

Total value of imports of merchandise . .. . . . .

57,377,728

EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC MERCHANDISE TO GERMANY.
[n. e. s.: Not elsewhere specified.]

Cotton, and manufactures of:
Un manufactured

IbS--

269,291,378

$29,542.185

Manufactures of . .. - ....

144,953

Total . ..

29, 687, 138

Oils:
Mineral, crude ... - . ...

galls

2, 613, 524

178,927

Mineral, refined or manufactured:
Naphthas, benzine, gasoline, &c

galls

2,367,177

154,829

Illuminating

galls

118,781 859

9 219 609

Lubricating (heavy paraffine,&c.)

galls..

1,321,345

265,218

Total mineral

9,818,583

Animal: .
Lard .. . ........

galls .

8, 956

8,412

Sperm ,

galls..

4,687

5,831

Whale and other fish

galls..

160

TW.a.1 animal

14 341

Vegetable:
Cottonseed ............ .. .....

galls

35 126

23 497

Volatile or essential

105 608

Total vegetable

129,105

Total oils ;..

9, 962, 029

Provisions:
Bacon ...

Ibs

14 004 017

1 374 432

Hams. .. .. .

Ibs

704 815

94 851

Beef.salted or cured

-. Ibs

1,982,054

170, 673

Butter

Ibs

870 043

132 827

Cheese . .

Ibs

185 713

17 117

Eggs

doz

19,200

3,456

Fish, pickled . .. ..

bbls

1,105

Fish, other cured...

84. 199

SNVINK I'Kohr-.-lJSrOF THE 'I'NITKD STA'I';-.
APPENDIX P. Gommeree^f -the- Half "I .sV^/tv^.-T// (;>/>, m in/.

EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC MKiM li AXDIHB TO

Articles.

Quantities.

Values.

Provisions Continued-
Lard

Lard ^v* Ibs..

M'-ats.yres.er.y.ed ,v--- - ;

Oysters >,,.,,...-. ,,.--.

Pickles and sauces ^j.. ,-i..- -..J.L

... - -ll.S.

Potatoes and all other v< i

Total

Bread and breadstuffs:

Bread and biscuit Ibs..

Indian corn ~y..bush..

H.V.- --.,.-,. ..,,bu<h.-

Wheat ,..., ,. ,,... bii -li..

Wheat flour. bbls

All other, and preparations of ... ..

Tobacco, and manufactures of:
Leaf

Manufactures of . .

.Ibs

Total

Seeds:

Clover Ibs.

Timothy, garden, and all other

Total

Iron and steel:

Machinery, n.e.s

Sewing machines, and parts of . .
All other manufactures of iron .
Steel , manuf actu res of

Total

Furs and fur skins

Wood, and manufactures of:

Boards, clapboards, deals, planks, joists, and scantling. .M ft.

Shocks, stavesja^d headings

All other lumber

Logs, masts, spars, and other whole timber

Timber, sawed and hewed on. ft.

Household furniture .-_ .'

All other manufactures of wood, n.e.s

Total

Oilcake... ...Ibs.

Leather, and manufactures of:

Sole, upper, and all other Ibs.

All other, and manufactures of

Total

Naval stores, rosin-, turpentine, tar, and pitch ..... :;: ....... bbls.

Drugs, chemicals, dyestuffs, and medicines

Fruits:

Apples, dried Ibs.

All other, green, ripe, dried.Tind preserved

Total.

Spirits of turpentine .-.--. ..galls.

Whalebone -.-.. :. ...Ibs.

1,11'

10,790

1,860.271
6!M.7I5

41,810,092

15,079,758

.......

3,125

423,824

55,687,968
2,481,629

$4.807.142

i.'i! m

108,0*8
6,678

7,018,061

837

1.277.527

'43ti.:W7

1,610,127

l!l. L'td

64,376

8,609.604

2. !;. i.v
89,784

3.(.1.7*4

1,746,670

32ii. -K\

"(>.(tt

22S.:i2;
814, '.78

58, ir,n

MS-HI

67J482
43J675
61J684

243J594

ii;<. IM;

TW^WS

522. riT4

5s:j

253,127
3,696,119

546J87

526 i'-;r

j,i>ro

680, 551
680,551

4f4

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

855

APPENDIX P. Commerce of the United States unth Germany, eo. Continued.

EXPORTS OP DOMESTIC MERCHANDISE TO GERMANY -Con tinned.

Order of mag-
nitude.

Articles.

Quantities.

Values.

Agricultural implements:

1,043

$97 761

All other

185, 297

Total

283,058

152 334

Paintings and engravings

148, 692

<>n

136 020

Spirits, distilled -. galls..

125,043

124,063

Ofl

Hides and skins, other than fur . ...

116 016

Copper, and manufactures of:
Ore cwts

6,454

65,449

Manufactures of . . ...

39 562

Total

105 Oil

9 <1

94 099

Clocks, and parts of .... .

90 601

81 200

Vessels sold to foreigners, sailing. . . tons

3, 245

78 234

Books, pamphlets, maps, and other publications

73 195

Paper and stationery i. ..

67 765

Fancy articles

66,161

?-1

Zinc, manufactures of . . .

58 323

39!

India rubber and gutta-percha, manufactures of

55 551

Hemp, manufactures of .

54 927

Mathematical and philosophical instruments

49,480

3't

Hair, and manufactures of

42 168

Brass, and manufactures of _

36, 496

Carriages, carts, cars, and parts of

33 879

Boneblack. ivory-black, and lampblack . .

29 739

Starch .. Ibs

674, 723

28 778

Sjiprmanrit.i . . , Ihg

142, 639

24 200

Glass and glassware

24,145

Jewelry, and other manufactures of gold and silver

22,652

Marble and stone, and manufactures of

21, 993

All articles not enumerated
All other unmanufactured articles ._

218 017

All other mapufactured articles

423 363

Total value of exports of domestic merchandise . .

64 340 490

RECAPITULATION.

Imports of merchandise $57,377.728

Exports of domestic merchandise 64,340,490

Exports of foreign merchandise 1,829, 43i

Imports of specie 2,570^717

Exports of specie n 36s.i>5r>

Total commerce with Germany 126,486,429

856

SWINE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

APPENDIX Q Quantity and value of urine imported from Germany into the United
States during each year from 1S64 to 1883, inclusiri>.

Year ended June 30

In casks.

In bottles.

TotaL

1864

Gallons.
107,286
64,277
834,880
804,958
235| 168
580,418
860,686
603,685

$58,564
23. .V.O
153,020

1M, 142
ll!i. 100
215, 781

.;i:>..->oo
238,054

:ioi mi

Dozens.

""398"
1,682
1,891

3,440
12,201
12,188
10,910
15,145
17,640
7,967
15,872
12,666
11,017
11,401
11,785
12.898
12,950
21,081
29,481

$2.460
11,7:)
13,428
84.139
88,074

52,864

90,094
127,578

52,277
107,019
99,075
93, 177
85,124
&~>, 471
87.2H
85,307
140,320
179,895

$58,504
26,010

IHI./VH

179,604
L3(i,3B8

;.!. N>->
880,841
278,918
441,608

21!.:!<J7

243. -'44

804,705

215. (114
212,04<l
234.123
242,289
:>.<). (!.
567, 114

l-r,:>

1866 ...

1868

1869

1870

1871

1872

1873

687.047

42!. !:;2

2f>s, :.1H)
107,090
135,628
179,270
111,526
m. -.:>
126.560

14<;.!HK!

156,062
229,872
387,219

1874

1875 . .

.".C. :.",Y,
274,855
178,210
204,084
184,618
812,683

*.w

318,928
508,033

1876...

1877

1878 ..

1879

1880

1881 .

1882

1883 . .

APPENDIX R. The American pork question in France.

The following letter has been addressed to Mr. De Freycinet, minister of foreign
affairs, president of the French cabinet:

PARIS, February 5, 1882.

DEAR SIR: The important question of the American salted pork meats, which
your predecessors often examined and always postponed, is not yet resolved.

The decree of prohibition was signed on February 18, 1881. Its object was to
struggle against a danger which science declared did not exist.

Such a measure suppressed at once in our seaports a branch of trade amounting
annually to about 40,000,000 francs ($8,000,000) and deprived the working classes
of a wholesome food at a cheap price.

After February 18 the French Republican Government saw that it had gone too
far; for it was said to General Noyes (at that time American minister at Paris)
and to French importers, who had in prospect nothing less than ruin:

"Do not provoke any agitation; make no noise; be quiet; the decree is only a
temporary one, and we are going to repeal it."

General Noyes wrote the following reply on April 8, 1881, to the Government
at Washington:

"I have some reason to think that the French Government is more favorably
disposed than heretofore towards our application, and I am confident that
within two months, perhaps within one month, the order will be annulled."

The two months are now long past, but up to the present date nothing has
been done, though the preceding cabinets have made an effort to lull the vig-
ilance of interested people. Recently, I believe, these promises, made in March
and April, were renewed to Mr. Levi P. Morton, successor of General Noyes
at Paris. Such is my opinion. I can not, however, interrogate Mr. Morton on
the subject, nor can he show me his reports.

A project establishing the rules of the microscopic inspection that is to say,
offering an impossibility to the trade was introduced at the Chamber of Dep-
uties by the minister of commerce on November 5, 1881. That project, elabo-
rated with care, was a perfect one; unfortunately, it was unpractical. Then
the bill was retired by a decree of the President of the French Republic.

Another project was presented to the Chamber by the minister of commerce
on January 14 last. This second project proposes to take the place of the pro-
hibitory decree of February, a system of inspection which is neither practical nor
logical, but which, however, has the advantage of suppressing the microscope.
It was accepted, though imperfect, at Havre, Bordeaux, Marseille, and Lyons
just at a time when the minister who proposed it resigned.

At present interested people are afraid that, with a new state of things, the
question of microscopical inspection will again be agitated, although recognized
impossible by the second project. Should that second project be retired and a
third one introduced, but to share the fate of its two predecessors, men of good

SWINE PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 857

common sense will ask themselves when the result so anxiously desired will be
obtained definitely. The American people have been patient up to this time, but
that patience is now nearly exhausted. .

In 1867 Mr. Bigelow, then American minister at Paris, received one day the
official order to say to the Imperial Government:

" Withdraw your soldiers from Mexico, or we immediately interfere."

The French soldiers were immediately withdrawn.

If you, sir, do not soon repair the mistake committed during the last year, Mr.
Morton, faithful interpreter of his Government, will probably before long say
to you:

" Repeal the decree of February 18, 1881, or we will prohibit the introduction
to the United States of your wines and silk fabrics, " etc.

This, sir, is the impression I received during my last trip in America.

You will be able, I am sure, enlightened by your wisdom and patriotism, to save
our French trade from the imminent retaliations of the United States.
I am, dear sir, very respectfully,

LEON CHOTTEAU.

APPENDIX S.

[Telegram.]

NEW YORK, February 1, 1884.

Merchants here engaged in export trade state there is a strict prohibition of hog
product, even in bond in transit for other countries, in both France and Germany.
Switzerland imports through Italy. At Hamburg and Bremen it is permitted,
when taken by the same vessel that brought it, if final destination is a Baltic
point outside of Germany; but no transshipment permitted.

E. H. WALKER,
Statistician, N. Y. Pr. Ex.
JOSEPH NIMMO, Jr.,

Chief of Bureau of Statistics.

APPENDIX T.

TREASURY DEPARTMENT,
OFFICE SUPERVISING SURGEON-GENERAL

U. S. MARINE- HOSPITAL SERVICE,

Washington, February 1, 188 fy.

SIR: In accordance with the request contained in your letter of January 30, 1884.
I have to inform you that the total number of seamen treated by the Marine-
Hospital Service for the ten years from 1874 to 1883, inclusive, was 234,353. The
total number of deaths from all causes during that period was 4,234. There were
no cases of trichinosis reported during that period, or since the organization of the
service, so far as the records of this office show.

In apswer to your inquiry as to whether the class of patients who are treated by
this service do not subsist very largely upon pork meat I have to say that they do
subsist largely upon that class of food, and it is for the most part salt pork.
Very respectfully,

JOHN B. HAMILTON,

Surgeon-General, Marine Hospital Service.
Mr. JOSEPH NIMMO,

Chief of Bureau of Statistics.

APPENDIX U.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, HEALTH DEPARTMENT,

Washington, February 2, 1884.

DEAR SIR: Referring to yours of January 30, 1884, asking certain information

relative to sickness or death caused by eating certain articles of food, I have the

honor to state that the records of this Department show no fatal case of sickness

caused by the eating of pork meats in the District of Columbia.

In so far as the question of the relative merits of pork meats compared with

858

SWINF. PRODUCTS OF TIIK I'MTKl) STATES.

other articles of diet is concerned, the only way we have of jndging is by the con-
demnations of unwholesome food. I send you herewith a marked copy of my last
published report, which will give you the facts in tabular form. It will be seen
ihat, during the ten years covered, the condemnations of bacon, bain, and pork
form but a comparatively small proportion. See pages 13 and 1(5 of report.
Very respectfully, etc.,

SMITH TOWNSHEND, M. D.,

Health ({///<<;-.
JOSEPH NIMMO, Jr.,

Chief Bureau of Statistics*

APPENDIX V. Statements from the chief health officers of New York, Boston,
r/iildili'lfthiti, ninl Ihtltiinore in regard to the total itinnbt-r f <li-ittli* in //M.S-.
cities and the number of deaths from trichinosis.

OFFICK OF THE BOARD OF HEALTH,
REGISTRATION DEPARTMENT, No. 604 SANSOM STREET,

Philadelphia, February 1, 1884.
SIR: Your telegram this date to hand. In reply:

Years.

Number of Deaths from
deaths. t

1879...

15, 47:i

1880 .. .

17.711

1881 --..

I'.i.r.ir,

1882 . .

80,069

1883

20.UM)

Total ,

92,704

Yours, respectfully,

JOSEPH NIMMO, Esq.,

Washington, D. C.

G. E. CHAM HERS.

Registrar,
Per TURNEY.

Number of deathd in the city of New York during the ten years 1874-18S3, and the
number of deaths attributed to tricliinonifi during the same period.

Years.

Number of
deaths.

Deaths from
trichinosis.

1874

28,727

None.

1875

30,7<KI

1876

:.".i. l.V.'

None.

1877

26,203

None.

187S

^'7. m is

187H

None.

188<>

:>I.!>:!7

1881 .

38, (524

1883 .

:i7. '.'.'

None.

1883

84,01]

None.

Total -

170,838

Correct:

FEBRUARY 1, 1884.

EMMONS CLARK,
Secretary Health Department, New York City.

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

859

[Telegram.]

BOARD OF HEALTH,
Boston, Mass., February 1, 1884.

SIR: Total number of deaths reported to us last five years, 43,680. No deaths
reported from trichinosis.

Respectfully, A. H. DURGIN,

Chairman.
To JOSEPH NIMMO, Jr.,

Washington, D. C.

HEALTH DEPARTMENT,
City Hall, Baltimore, February 1, 1884.

DEAR SIB: Your telegram to Dr. Benson has been placed in my hands. I en-
deavored to reply by telephone, and now write to verify my statement. I have
just completed a statistical table, covering a period of fifty-four years, in regard
to zymotic diseases and the mortality of children under 5 years of age in the
city of Baltimore. Have also made a very thorough examination of the reports of
this department from January 1, 1834, to December 31, 1883, a period of fifty years,
and have been unable to find a single case of ' trichinosis" reported. I have also
consulted some of our ablest as well as oldest physicians. Their testimony is,
that they never heard of a case in Baltimore. I have resided here nearly fifty-seven
years, and consider myself a close observer; have a good memory also. I never
heard of a case in our city, notwithstanding a vast amount of pork is consumed
by our citizens. I therefore feel quite confident in asserting that this city lias
been absolutely free from this disease. I find by my table that the total number
ol deaths in Baltimore have been as follows:

Yeai-3.

Total
deaths.

Years.

Total
deaths.

lS3<i

2,086

1S57

5 1"0

1831

2,308

1858

5,41)7

188!!

1 3. 572

LS.V.I

4 647

1S33

2,4U5

lb(JO

4 866

1834

2,747

18,31

4,790

1X35

2,050

1862 . .

5,173

!;-;;{(>

2, 192

1863 __

5,551

1H37

2,518

1864

5 568

18:58 . . .

2, 376

186.)

4 695

1X5!)

2, 2()

1866

5 623

1S40 .. ..

2,045

1867

5 211

1.-41 ,

2,448

18J8 ..

6,178

]8t2

2, 454

1869

6 497

1843

2,333

1870

7 262

1844 . . .

2,665

1871

7,141

1845

2,890

1872 ..

2 7, 546

] 84ti . .

2,1.94

1873 .

8 7, 817

1847

3,414

1^74 ..

7,401

181,-

3, 801

1875

7,382

1849

4 165

1876

7 317

185<l

4,210

1877 ..

9,0^2

1851

4,169

1878

1852

4,965

; 1879

7,618

185!)

4,717

1880

8,043

isr.j

5,416

1881... ,

8,816

1855

5.075

1882 ..

4 8, 993

185!J

5,229

1883

5 9, 380

1 853 from cholera.

2 8!'6 from sma.lpox.

3 617 from smallpox.

4 551 from smallpox.

6 633 from smallpox.

Making a grand total of deaths during fifty-four years. 264,324, of which number
12."), 874 were children under 5 years of age, 17,982 having died from cholera
infantum.

Respectfully submitted. A. R. CARTER,

Secretary Health Department,
JOSEPH NIMMO, Jr., Esq.,

Cui"f of Bureau of statistics, Washington, D. C.

860 SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

APPENDIX W. Letter addressed to the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics by Mr.
Charles Randolph, secretary of the Board of Trade of Chicago.

BOARD OF TRADE,

Seen -/r//7/\ otjifi-, Chicago, January 30, 1884,

DEAR SIR: Yonrs of the 20th and 28th instants are received, the first with inclo-
sures, which 1 herewith return. I have read over your letter (copy) to Mr. Murray.
I quite agree with you that it would be " a perversion of the truth to represent that
the total falling off in our exportsof hog products has been due entirely to the action
of Germany and France. " The Geman general interdiction did not take effect until
March, 1883.

The decree of June 25, 1880, a copy of which you inclosed me, did not cover any-
thing but sausage, and had little effect in this country, as we had sent but an insig-
nificant quantity previously. In March, 1883. a new order was issued, the text of
which I have not got. This covered all forms of pork meat when designed for
consumption in Germany, and. by the statement of Consul Mason, at Basle.
Switzerland, was also held to prohibit the transportation, even in sealed cars, of
American pork from other countries through German territory to countries beyond.
This, perhaps, was the nio.-t unfriendly act that has grown out of the whole busi-
ness, and one that it seems to me ought to have called out a vigorous protest from
our Government. The State Department was. I think, informed in May last of
this prohibition, the circumstances of which were detailed in correspondence sent
the Department by Consul Mason. There is no prohibition on the importation of
lard in Germany; but the authorities have. I understand, seized some lard alleged
to be mixed with water, and confiscated it at the German border (I think Aix-la-
Chapelle). In France the prohibition is held to cover all forms of pork meat, but
not lard. I think there is a still later decree than that of February 18, 1881, copy
of which you sent. This one, however, would doubtless be held to cover all forms
of pork meat, whether salted in barrels or otherwise, smoked or not. These pro-
hibitions are understood in the trade to cover all forms of pork except lard, in
both France and Germany, with the exception that pork in barrels is allowed into
German ports if to be used on shipboard, and is held under Government control
until taken for shipment by sea.

The great falling off in exports of hog products from this country has been far
more on account of the high price at home than from any of these prohibitions,
the high prices made by home demand of course being possible of attainment on
account of that demand being largely increased on a diminished supply, resulting
from the causes alluded to in your letter to Mr. Murray. Mess pork in barrels is
perhaps the best standard to estimate all values by. That averaged in this market
in 1878, 9 per barrel: in 1879. $8.54; in 1880, $13.06; in 1881. $16.474; in INV>.
$19.42; and in 1883, $15.12^; but up to July, 1883, very much higher than the
average of the whole year. That the price (here) has had more to do with the
falling off in exports than any prohibition is clearly shown in the falling off in
lard exports, on which there has been no prohibition, and also in the large decline
in exports to Germany prior to March, 1883, when there was no prohibition except
as it relates to sausages.

I can not say positively as to whether or not the action of France and Ger-
many has discredited our pork products in Great Britain to an extent that has
diminished our exports there, but I do not think it has had any such effect. Those
exports have been reduced, as 1 think, on account of our high prices for home
consumption, the same as corn exports were diminished in 1882 from the same
cause. I do not see how you can arrive at a percentage of total exports of hog
products that falls under the prohibition in any satisfactory manner. 5Tou might
take the total exports of any given year prior to the prohibitions, and, arriving at
the percentage of that year which went to those countries, state that to be the per-
centage that under a similar volume of exports would now be the percentage fall-
iiiT under the prohibitions: but even that would not be a very satisfactory way
of stating it. because under a different range of prices, changed home supplies,
etc. . it might be quite different.

I do not think of anything else in this connection that can be of value to you.
Yours, truly,

CHAS. RANDOLPH, Secretary.

Hon. Jos. NIMMO, Jr.,

Chief of Bureau, of Statistics, Washington, D. C.

SWINE PKODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 861

APPENDIX X.

HEALTH DEPARTMENT,

No. 301 Mott Street, Neiv York, January 31, 1884.

DEAR SIR: I have examined the article inclosed in yours of 30th instant on " Tri-
chinae and trichinosis," and confidently certify to the correctness of the state-
ments therein. That more deaths occur and more sickness prevails from eating
fish and oysters in bad condition, and from eating stale vegetables, than from
eating pork, can hai'dly be questioned.
Yours respectfully,

EMMONS CLARK, Secretary.
JOSEPH NIMMO, Jr.,

Chief Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department,

Washington, D. C.

APPENDIX Y. Duty imposed by the French Government under provisions of the
general tariff promulgated May 8, 1881, on hogs and hog products when imported
into that country.

[From the new tariff, translated from the Journal Official by the U. S. State Department.]

Pigs 3.00 francs each =57.9 cts. each

Sucking pigs .50 francs each = 9.7 cts. each.

Meats, fresh, butchers' 3.00 francs per 100 kilos =26. 3 cts. per 100 Ibs.

salted .. 4.50 francs per 100 kilos=39.5 cts. per 100 Ibs.

preserved in cans 8.00 francs per 100 kilos=70.2 cts. per 100 Ibs.

extracts of 4.00 francs per 100 kilos=35.1 cts. per 100 Ibs.

Animal fat, except fish oil. Free.

Other raw animal products Free.

Duties imposed by German Government on hogs and hog products, July 15, 1879.
[U. S. State Department, Commercial Relations, 1879, vol. 2.]

Meat, slaughtered, fresh or pre-
pared, game and poultry, fowls,
not living, meat extracts 12.00 marks per 100 kilos=$l. 298 per 100 Ibs.

Lard of swine and geese. -. 10.00 marks per 100 kilos= 1.082 per 100 Ibs.

Hogs . - .- .- 2.50 marks each. = 59.5 cts. each.

Sucking pigs, weighing less than 10
kilos. 30markseach = 7.14 cts. each.

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Paris, February 8, 1884.

SIR: I beg to inclose a copy of a telegram which I had the honor to address to
you. * * * I am happy to add that the French Academy of Medicine has with
but one dissentient voice voted that the Government may without injury to the
public health withdraw the decree prohibiting the importation of American salted
meats. Herewith you will find a printed slip giving the substance of their answer
to the questions propounded by the Government. I was informed by a member
of the academy some days since of the probable result of the inquiry.

Mr. Ferry also made renewed inquiry regarding steps whiclj had been taken to
inaugurate American Federal inspection, the adoption of which system he believed
would be the most satisfactory solution of the controversy.
I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

LEVI P. MORTON.
Hon. FRED'K T. FRELINGHUYSEN,

Secretary of State.

8G2 SWIXK I'KoIHTTS ol- TIIK 1 MTED STATES.

[Extract from Morning News, February 7, 1884.]
THE LATEST VIEWS ON PORK.

The following are the answers of the French Academy of Medicine to the ques-
tions of the minister of commerce on the subject of the importation of foreign
taeat:

I. The symptoms of typhoid and trichinosis are so dissimilar in every respect
that one epidemic could never be mistaken for the other.

II. The importation of foreign salt pork may be fearlessly authorized by the
French Government, as it is clearly proved that no danger to public health has
been caused by such importation.

III. Special international laws ought to be enacted by which guarantees against
the importation of diseased meat may be hud.

IV. Positive instructions should be distributed to all venders of foreign pork,
who ought to be forced by law to hang up in their shops, in the same way that
wine-shop keepers exhibit the statutes, " Loi dlvresse Publique."

March 24, 1884.

[Senate Report No. 345, Part 2.]

Mr. Vance, from the Committee on Foreign Relations, submit t<'l
tin- following views of the minority:

The undersigned is not able to concur in the report of the com-
in ii tee, and is constrained by the impoi -lance of the subject to present
'the reasons for his nonconcurrence.

The matter complained of, and which the bill is designed to remedy,
is the exclusion of our hog products from entering Germany for sale
on the ground that they are unwholesome. In my opinion, Germany
lias Hie right to do this if she deems it proper, and that we are not
justified in impeaching her motives in so doing.

If it be true that our pork is to any extent unwholesome, we should
endeavor by a rigid system of inspection to remove the cause of
complaint.

If it be that fear of trichinosis is only a pretext, and that the real
reason for excluding our hog products is the desire to protect their
own producers, then we are the last people on earth who ought to
complain. After surrounding ourselves for more than twenty years
with a protective tariff wall so high as to exclude virtually all the
products of Germany which compete with ours, it is rather late for us
to advocate i-etaliat ion against a government which merely follows our
example. In fact Germany's action is retaliation, and the cry of
"Stop thief" can not change the true condition of things. We have
got to learn that we are not so great and independent as to enable us
to defy the laws of political economy and the amenities of interna-
tional trade with impunity.

We have been told again and again that our true policy was to shut
up our manufactures from the competition of the world, and that all
the nations thus excluded would be compelled, nevertheless, to buy
our breadstuffs and provisions that they could not do without them.
We are greatly surprised and indignant when one important customer
says he can get along with out our hog products, and forbids their
coming in; and we propose to retaliate! For what? For simply and
frankly forbidding them to be imported. Suppose, instead of doing
this, Germany had imposed a duty of 100 per cent on them, which as
effectually prohibited their importation, what then? Where would be

SWINE PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 863

our so-called retaliation? The undersigned can see no difference
whatever in the two methods of prohibition, so far as results are con-
cerned, only that the one is manly and direct, while the other is
indirect and based on false pretenses;

Our great meat industry must indeed be cared for. It, with kindred
agricultural industries, furnishes nearly all of our foreign trade, and
they deserve all that Congress can do for them. But this bill does
not propose the true way to do it. This way is to remove as far as
possible all restrictions upon trade, and to enlarge the markets
for our farmers' products all over the world by liberal treaties and
tar i if laws.

The last section of the bill is especially objectionable, not only in
the proposed retaliation, but in the relegation of the whole matter to
the Executive. We propose thereby to arm the Chief Magistrate of a
constitutional republic with the same arbitrary power over commerce
that is now exercised by the prime minister of a feudal European des-
potism, in order that on equal terms they may inflict mutual injuries
on their people until one or the other gives in. This, too, while Con-
gress is in session, and the representatives of the people are present,
ready to say if they wish to begin this war, and on what articles of
commerce they prefer the fight to be made. The section, in effect, is
an abdication of the powers and duties of Congress and a delegation
thereof to the better judgment of the President. If such measures of
so-called retaliation toward Germany, or any other nation, should be
deemed necessary or advisable, imprimis let Congress. say so; and let
it likewise prescribe all the details of such measure, and the articles
on which the struggle is to be made. It is the President's business to
execute the laws, not to make them; it is as certainly the duty of
Congress to make them, and not shift the task upon somebody else.

Those sections of the bill which provide for an inspection of meats
designed for exportation, and which forbid the importation of adul-
terated and unwholesome articles of food or drink, constitute proper
legislation, and while not regarded as sufficiently thorough, are yet
in the right direction. When perfected by experience and the sincere
desire to give the world wholesome food, which it is not doubted all
our producers entertain, in the opinion of the undersigned all will
have been accomplished that is desired by the friends of the bill.

Z. B. VANCE.

IISTDEX.

[NOTE. For all subjects connected with Nicaragua Canal, see Nicaragua Canal, this index, and Inter-
oceanic Canals, Vol. VIII.]

Page.

Alaska, to facilitate development of 140

Alert, authorizing return of steamship 44

Algiers, Americans captive in 5, 6, 8

frigates for Dey of 6

protection of commerce against cruisers of 6, 8

American captives in Algiers 5, 6, 8

commerce in Mediterranean 6, 8

conference to promote commerce 136

Medical Congress, delegates to 409

Nations, assembly of 12

navigation, to promote 526

seamen, for protection of 6, 8, 526

Anderson, Richard C. (See Nominations. )

Argentine, present to American minister from 44

Assembly of American nations at Panama % . 12

Authority to accept decorations 43, 47, 49, 56

medals 42,55,57,69,75

position 37

presents 44, 51, 63, 68

return steamship Alert 44

Baltimore, medals for crew of U. S. S 75

Barbary powers, for protection of commerce against 6, 8

Bark Lammerlaw, medal for aid to 42

Bartholdi Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World 57

Belgium, charge d'affaires to. (See Nominations. )

Bernadou, J. B. , vases from Government of Japan for 68

Bolivar, Simon, statue to : 43

Boundary commission with Great Britain 503

Mexico (see Nominations) 33

British vessels, embargo against 518, 523, 524, 528

Cable, Pacific 490

Canada, water boundary between United States and 503

Canals, Nicaragua (see Nicaragua Canal) . . 105, 107, 135, 139, 141, 187, 402, 410, 415, 457

Tehuantepec 81

Captives in Algiers, American 5, 6, 8

Cassard, Augustus J. , medal from French Government for 42, 57

Charge d'affaires to Belgium. (See Nominations.)

S. Doc. 231, pt 4 55 865

866 INDEX.

Page.

Chesapeake, attack by British ship Leojard on frigate 514

Chicago, International Exhibition of lS!o at 407

Chile, medal to D. W. Mullan from Government of 55, 69

China, decoration to D. Pratt Mannix from Government of 56

Citizens of United States in captivity in Algiers 5, 6, 8

Colombia, authority to Lieutenant Lemly to accept position with 37

John W. Phillip to accept present from 51, 63

Colonial possessions of foreign nations, commerce with 507, 528

Commerce, American conference to promote 36

in Mediterranean, for protection of 6, 8

Oriental 532

protection against Barbary powers for 5, 6

restriction of 507, 511, 539

spoliations on 5, 514

suspension of 512,513,514,518,523,524,528

with foreign colonial poK-essions 507, 528

nations. 507. 5d, 511, 512, 513, 518, 523, 524, 525, 52(5, 528, 532

France, suspension of 512, 518, 523

Great Britain, suspension of 518, 523, 524, 528

Santo Domingo, suspension of 512, 513

Commission, Canadian boundary 503

Conference, Pan-American Medical 409

to fix common prime meridian 134, 138

promote commerce, American 136

Congress of American nations at Panama 12

Pan-American Medical 409

Consuls, defining and regulating duties of 508

Conway, John R. (See Nominations. )

Council, orders in 514

Crimes against neutrality of United States, punishment of 532

Darien, Isthmus of. (See Nicaragua Canal.)

Decorations, from Government of China 56

France 43,49

Russia 47

to Cassard, Augustus J 42

Howard, O. O 49

Mannix, D. Pratt 56

Rawicz, Joseph 47

Vignaud, Henry 43

Decrees of Berlin and Milan 514

Development of Alaska, to promote the 140

Dey of Algiers, frigates for 6

Diversion of waters between United States and Canada 503

Duties of consuls, defining and regulating 508

on French vessels, remission of 511

tonnage 507

Embargo on vessels of France 512

remission of penalties under acts of 526

removal of oil, 528

Envoys. (See Nominations.)

INDEX. 867

Paga

Exhibition at Chicago, International, 1893 407

Havre, International Maritime 95

Paris, 1889 158

Firearms, traffic with New Hebrides in 533

Foreign nations, commercial intercourse with 507,

508, 511, 512, 513, 518, 523, 524, 525, 526, 528, 532

tariff discriminations of 532

Forfeitures under embargo acts, remission of 526

France, decorations from Government of 43, 49

medals from Government of 42, 57

statue of Liberty Enlightening the World from citizens 57

suspension of commercial intercourse with 512, 518

vessels of, embargo on 512

remission of duties on 511

Frigates for Dey of Algiers 6

Gallatin, Albert. (See Nominations. )

Government, decoration from China 56

France 43, 49

Russia 47

medals from Chile 55, 69

France 42,57

Great Britain 42

Sweden 75

position with Colombia 37

present from Argentina 44

Colombia 51, 63

Great Britain 42

Japan 68

Spain 37

statue from France 57

Venezuela 43

Great Britain, boundary commission with 503

envoy to 12

medals from 42

minister to 30

presents from 37

return of steamship Alert to 44

suspension of commerce with 518, 523, 524, 528

Hagxie, minister at the 11

Havre, International Maritime Exhibition at 95

Hawaii, cable to 490

Howard, Gen. O. O., decoration from France for .' 49

Importations of meats from United States, prohibition of 532, 539

Intercourse with foreign nations, commercial 507,

508, 511, 512, 513, 518, 523, 524, 525, 526, 528, 532
diplomatic 507

868 INDEX.

Pare.

Intercourse with France, suspension of nuimicrrial 512,513,518,523

Great Britain 518,523,524

Santo Domingo 512, 513

International American conference to promote commerce 36

boundary commissions 33, 503

conference of American nations 136

to fix common prime meridian 134, 138

exhibition at Chicago, 1 893 407

Havre, maritime 95

Paris, 1889 158

Intoxicants, traffic with New Hebrides in 533

Isthmus of Darien. (See Nicaragua Canal.)

Nicaragua. (See Nicaragua Canal. )

Tehuantepec. (See Nicaragua Canal) 105

Japan, present to J. B. Bernadou by Government of 68

Jearnette, recognition of services to survivors of crew of steamer 45

Lammerlaw, medals for aid to crew of bark 42

Legare', Hugh S. (See Nominations. )

Lemly, Lieut. Henry R., position with Government of Colombia 37

Leopard, attack on frigate Chesapeake by man-of-war 514

Liberty Enlightening the World, statue of 57

London, minister at 11

Longitude, conference to fix common prime meridian of 134, 138

Mannix, Lieut. D. Pratt, decoration from Government of China for 56

Maritime canals. (See Nicaragua Canal and Tehuantepec Canal. )

exhibition at Havre, international 95

Meats, restriction of importation from United States of 532, 539

Medals, permission to accept from Government of Chile 55, 69

France 42, 57

Great Britain 42

Sweden 75

to Cassard, Aug. J 42, 57

crew U. S. S. Baltimore 75

Mullan, 1). W 55,69

Stream, Albert T 42

Medical Congress, delegates to Pan-American 409

Mediterranean, trade and commerce of United States in 5, 6, 8

Meridian of longitude, conference to fix common prime 134, 138

Mexico, boundary commission with. (See Nominations.)
Ministers. (See Nominations. )
Monroe, James. (See Nominations.)

Morocco, to secure recognition of treaty with 5

Morris, Gouverneur. (See Nominations. )

Mullan, D. W., medal from Government of Chile to 55, 69

Munitions of war, neutral trade in 532

INDEX. 869

Pa.ee.

Navigation, to promote American 526

Neutrality, to prevent violation of 532

New Hebrides, traffic with natives of 533

Nicaragua Canal 105,-107, 135, 139, 141, 187, 402, 410, 415, 457

Administration of canal work 238

Advisory board of engineers 381,458

report, 1889 293

Alaska, products of 334, 487

American citizens, employment of 109

American Isthmus, canal across, early ideas in relation to 188, 208

first survey for 208

historical review of 187

lowest continental divide 108, 187, 209

Aqueduct, Greytown 341

Atkins, Thomas B. , statement of 321

Atrato-Napipo canal route 131

Australia, commerce in 1888 327

Belize, British settlement at 191

declared a British colony, 1862 191

legislative assembly of, 1853 191

Bonds for canal, guaranteed by United States 110, 202, 205, 467, 471

application of proceeds of . 205, 472

cancellation of 205, 469

duration of 205, 412, 471

interest on. . 204, 412, 467, 471, 472
issue to Maritime Canal

Company 204, 469, 470

limit of amount 110, 205, 412

suspension of issue of 472

not guaranteed by United States, amount not limited . . . 200

outstanding .. 469

interest on 349

market price of 200

negotiation of 348, 379

Boundary between Nicaragua and Costa Rica 377

Breakwn ter at Brito 21 6, 217, 366, 367

Greytown 339,376

Brito, breakwater at 216, 217, 366, 367

harbor construction at 367

Business of canal, estimated 350, 352, 358

California Bankers' Magazine on.. 271

Canal work, administration of 238

Capacity of 217

Capital, foreign 201,354,460

Charter to Canal Company 410, 411

Clay, Henry, as to advantages of canal 188

Clay ton-Bui wer convention 189

British action under 190, 191

Central America under, control of 189

inapplicable now 191

negotiation of 189

provisions of 189, 190

870 INDEX.

Nicaragua Canal Continued. Page.

Climate 237,252,269

effect on Northern men of 360

Commerce of Australia 327

France 326,486

Germany 1 327,486

Great Britain 326, 486

Lake Superior Canal 231

New South Wales 328

New Zealand 327

United States, total foreign 326

Victoria 328

Commercial importance of canal 108, 109

Commissary arrangements for employees 238

Completion of, time necessary for 357, 364

Concessions from Costa Rica 193, 309-320, 378, 384, 461

history of 378

protest of Nicaragua against 378, 392

Nicaragua 112, 113, 146, 192, 296, 308, 378, 383, 461

lands under 461

transfer from Canal Association to Construction Company... 384,

391,392

Construction Company to Maritime Canal Com-
pany 384, 387, 393, 400

value of 461

Condition of work on 457

Congress, action of 459

Construction Company. (See Nicaragua Canal Construction Company.)

materials 1 217, 376

Contract, Construction Company with Maritime Company, permanent. . 247, 377,

294, 396, 398, 401

cancellation of. 470

temporary . . 200, 374,

381,386,393,397

Convention of 1850. (See Clayton-Bulwer treaty.)

1859, Great Britain and Guatemala 191

Correspondence as to report of Charles K. Harvey 222

Costa Rica, concessions of 193, 309-320, 378, 384, 392, 461

protest of Nicaragua against 378, 392

navigation rights of 378

Nicaraguan boundary with 377, 392

protest of Nicaragua against concessions of 378, 392

stock of Maritime Company to 204, 41 1 , 469

Costof canal, estimated actual. 199, 219, 220, 287, 347, 348, 349, 357, 358, 380, 45s, 4(i(i

without Government aid 34t, 409

maintenance 489

Dams, Ochoa 19ii, L'.Jii

San Francisco Valley 361, 363

San Juan River 361 , 363

Darien, isthmus of. (See American isthmus.)

Davis, Frank P., report as to work prior to October, 1890 243

Deseado Swamp, engineering work in 197

Des Moines Canal 119

Dimensions of 217

sections of.. 218

INDEX. 871

Nicaragua Canal Continued. Page.

Diplomatic view of construction 468

Directors Maritime Canal Company 373

Government 205, 411, 413, 471

Distances, table of 108,109,133,207,259,263,336

Dividends of Nicaragua Canal, estimated 412, 472, 473

Suez Canal 110,466,467

Earnings of canal, estimated 258, 273, 350, 412, 467, 472, 473

Earthquakes 364

Employees, commissary arrangements for 238

health and comfort of 197, 238

Engineers, advisory board of 381, 458

report of, 1889 293

division, reports of 222, 243

Government inspecting board of 472

Engineering News, articles on Nicaragua Canal 260, 265

difficulties 361

Environments of 232

Excavation of rock and earth, estimate of 267, 357

Expenditures of Maritime Canal Company 370, 376

Explorations for canal, 1870-1876 209

Financial provisions of Senate bill 1481, Fifty-second Congress 470, 472

Forests of Nicaragua, value of 367

France, commerce of 326, 485, 486

Freight rates, bulk, long haul 263

on lumber, New York to Greytown 353

( iateway of communication between North and South America 193

( icology of Nicaragua Canal route . 232

Germany, commerce of 327, 485, 486

< iovernment, aid of 198, 410, 411, 459, 460, 467, 469

control of, advantages of 144, 381, 467

public opinion as to 460

treaty rights under 468, 469

surveys, purpose of 210

Great Britain, commerce of 326, 485, 466

interest in Nicaragua Canal 467

Suez Canal 467

settlement at Belize 191

treaty with Guatemala, 1859 191

Greytown aqueduct 341

Harbor 338,340

breakwater to 339, 376

dredging of 340

restoration of 216

size of 340

Guatemala, treaty with Great Britain, 1859 191

Harbor, Brito, construction of 216, 366, 367

Greytown 338-340

breakwater to 339, 376

dredging of 340

restoration of 216

size of 340

Harvey, Charles E., C. E., report of 222

Health of employees, care of 197, 238

Historical view of canal 187

872 INDEX.

Nicaragua Canal Continued. Page.

Hitclirork, Hiram, president Maritime Canal Company, statement of 369

Hospital service 248, 341

Importance to American republics of 193

Income of canal, estimated 258, 273, 412, 472, 473

Indebtedness of Maritime Canal Company, liquidation of 469, 470

India-rubber industry of Central America 488

Influence of canal on trade 482

Inspecting engineers, board of Government 472

Interest on bonds guaranteed by United States 205, 412, 4>7, 471 . 472

not guaranteed 200, 350

Interoceanic communication 350

Isthmus of Darien. (See American isthmus.)

Laborers, American, number employed 344

pay of 344

Nicaraguan, general character of 344

Labor supply 238, 269

Lake Nicaragua only practicable passage 188, 356

rise and fall in 360

swamps and lowlands of 361

Superior basin, canal facilities and traffic of 224

ship canal 22 1-231, 241

commerce of 231

construction of, 1852 224

cost of construction 225

locks of 226

obstacles overcome in building 225

traffic and development of 228

Lands, concessions of 461

Length of canal 353, 356

Liabilities of Maritime Canal Company, liquidation of 469, 470

Location of 253, 338, 356

Lockage 219, 273, 358

Locks, Nicaragua Canal 365

Louisville and Portland Canal 118

Lumber freight rates 353

trade, Pacific coast 352,488

Machine shops, construction of 345

Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua 116, 143

Business outlook of 350

Capital stock of, bonus from 200

cancellation of 205, 469, 470

for Canal Association 384

Construction Company 384, 387, 393

Costa Rica 384

Nicaragua 204,384,412,468

holders of 372,403,470

issue of 349,370,372,384,400

limit to 200,204

outstanding * 469

ownership of 204, 354, 377

Meetings of 395

Report on 222

Statement of treasurer of 373

Work accomplished by 251

INDEX. 873

Nicaragua Canal Continued. Page.

Mason, Alexander T., statement of 391

Menocal, A. G., chief engineer Construction Company, statement of 208, 356

Merry, William L., statement of 271

Miller, Warner, president Construction Company, statement of 337

Mines 368

Morgan, Hon. John T., report from Committee on Foreign Relations 457

Mortality, percentage of 342

Mortgage, foreclosure of 414, 472

Mosquito Coast. (See Belize. )

Maintenance, cost of 489

New South Wales, commerce of, 1888 328

Zealand, commerce of, 1888 327

Nicaragua Canal Association, concessions to - 192, 251, 378, 383, 392

expenditures of 338

members of 385

organization of 192, 251, 378, 383, 392

purpose of 391

stock of 384

transfer to Construction Company 384, 391

work prior to Nicaraguan concession 338

Construction Company, capital stock of 347

ownership of ... 377
contract with Maritime Com-
pany. . 200, 347, 377, 380, 386, 393, 470

expenditures of 469, 470

financial plan of 348, 354

status of 383

incorporation of 391

issue of stock by 400

meetings of 395

members of 385

relations with Construction Com-
pany 384, 391

Maritime C o m -

pany 377

report on location of canal of... 275

work performed by 243, 376

Lake only practicable passage 188

rise and fall in 360

swamp and lowlands of 361

Mail Steam Navigation Company, purchase of 344

Republic of 251

appeal to the United States in 1825, of 188

boundary between Costa Rica and 377, 392

climate of 253,269,342

concessions from 296-308

forests of 367

lands granted by 461

products of 253

protest against Costa Rican concession of 378, 392

rainfall of 269

scenery of 253

stock in Maritime Canal Company of ... 204, 384, 412, 468
temperature of * 253, 342

874 INDEX.

Nicaragua Canal Continued. Page.

Nitrate trade, facts concerning 330

North Sea Canal 119

Ochoa Dam 1 W, 2tt>

Panama Canal l:U), 240,410

Railway 209

Police organization for 2: :s

Policy of United States, President Hayes as to 2(:>

Secretary Evarts as to 203

Political advantages of 272

President of Nicaragua, statement of 4">9

Products of Alaska 334

Nicaragua 253

Pacific coast 271

Proposed route 21 1 ,::.">;

Public opinion on Government control 4>0

Puget Sound lumber trade 352

Queensland, commerce of, 1888 .'527

Railway, Deseado Swamp 197

Nicaragua Canal .'512, 376

Panama 20S

transcontinental 464

Rainfall of Nicaragua 363

Report advisory board of engineers, 1889 293, 295

Committee on Foreign Relations, Forty-seventh Congress, special

session 105

Forty-seventh Congress, firstses-

sion 107

Forty-seventh Congress, second

session 135

Forty-ninth Congress, second

session 139

Fiftieth ('(.nirn^H. lir-t session . 141
Fifty-first Congress srom.l ses-
sion 187, 402

Fifty-second Congress, second

session 410,415

Fifty-third Congress, second ses-
sion 457

division engineers 222, 243

Maritime Canal Company to Secretary Interior, 1889 .!<;

1892 47:;

1893 480

Menocal, A. G., chief engineer 275

Resolution of Senate authorizing inquiry 187, 4">!)

Resources of country adjacent to canal 272. ::r,7

Revenue, annual estimated 258,273,350,412,4(17,472

Rio Lajas route 120

St. Marys River dam and improvements 118, 226, 412

Salmon industry of Northwest 488

San Carlos River dam 120

Francisco Valley dam 361

Juan River dam 363

Sault Ste Marie Canal, transit through 261

INDEX. 875

Nicaragua Canal Continued. Page.

Scenery of Nicaragua 253

Seasons in Nicaragua 253, 362

Secretary of Interior, transmitting report of canal company, 1892 473

1893 480

Senate bills, financial provisions of 204, 411, 460, 470, 472

Sherman, Hon. John, reports by 187, 410

Shipping tonnage of the world 255, 260

Soil, character of 265

Spanish canal proposition of 1551 188

Stock. (See Maritime Canal Company, Nicaragua Canal Association, and
Nicaragua Canal Construction Company.)

Strategic view of canal 463, 464

Stubbert, J. Edward, report on hospital service of 248

Suez Canal, administration of 126, 239, 240, 350, 466

British control of , 190

capitalization of 465

cost of construction 465

dividends of 110,466,467

length of 239, 353, 465

revenue of 1 26, 240, 258, 353, 466

toll rate of 351

tonnage of 258, 351, 466

Survey commission, 1872 209

preliminary, cost of 338

United States 196, 210

Swamp, Deseado Eiver 197

Lake Nicaragua 361

Tehuantepec Canal 81, 108, 109, 124, 129

Telegraph and telephone lines along caiuil 343, 376

Temperature of Nicaragua 253, 342

Toll rates on wheat, lake and canal 262

Nicaragua Canal 201 , 330, 353, 489

Tonnage dues of 472

prospective 463

report on 321

tributary to canal 256, 331

world's shipping 255, 260

Topography of route 233

Towage of sailing vessels 353

Trade of United States, coastwise 257, 487

and lake 334,487

Traffic capacity of canal 255

classification of 331

report on tonnage of 321

Suez Canal 257

tributary to Nicaragua Canal, aggregate 489

entirely 331,333,335,483

partially 332, 333, 335, 484

Transcontinental railways 464

Transit, time occupied in , 219, 358

Treaty, 1859, Great Britain and Guatemala 191

1850, Great Britain and United States 189

1867, United States and Nicaragua 114, 192, 380

876 INDEX.

Nicaragua Canal Continm-il. Page.

Treaty, 1884, 1'iiitf 1 States and Nicaragua, cause of withdrawal 203

negotiation of 192

right*! under 469

United States coasting trade 257

control of canal 198, 410, 411, 459, 460, 467, -4fi9

foreign commerce, 1889 1526

stock in Maritime Canal Company 468

treaty with Great Britain, 1850 189

Nicaragua, 1867 114,192,380

1884 192, 203, 469

Victoria, commerce in 1888 of 328

Water required for lockage 219, 358

supply 219

Welland Canal 108

Wheat of Pacific coast 271

rates, lake and canal 262

Work, estimated cost per yard - 268

on canal, general features of 254

proposed 253

Nomination of Anderson, Richard C 12

Conway, John R 33

Gallatin, Albert 12

Legare", Hugh S 29

Monroe, James 11

Morris, Gouverneur 11

Pickering, Thomas 11

Runnells, Hiram G 33

Russell, Jonathan 11

Sergeant, John 12

Short, William 11

Stevenson, Andrew 30

to be boundary commissoners with Mexico 33

charg6 d'affaires to Belgium 29

minister to France 11

Great Britain 11,12,30

Netherlands 11

Panama Congress 12

Russia 12

Sweden 11

Secretary of State 11

Orders in council 514

Oriental commerce 532

Osborn, Thomas O., present from Government of Argentina 44

Pacific cable 490

Panama, Assembly of American Nations at 12

Pan-American Medical Congress 409

Paris, World's Exhibition of 1889 at 158

Permission to accept position with Government of Colombia 37

Philip, John W., present from Government of Colombia for 51, 63

Pickering, Thomas. (See Nominations.)

INDEX. 877

Page.
Pinckney, Thomas, presents from Governments of Great Britain and Spain for. 37

Poor, Henry V., compilation by 533

Presents from Government of Argentina 44

Colombia 51, 63

Great Britain 37

Japan 68

Spain 37

to Bernadou, J. B 68

Osborn, Thomas O 44

Philip, John W 51, 63

Pinckney, Thomas 37

Prisoners in Algiers, Americans 5, 6,8

Proclamation prohibiting importations, authorizing 532

Protection of American commerce 5, 6, 8, 532, 539

Railroad to Alaska 140

Ransom of American captives in Algiers 5, 6, 8

Rawicz, Joseph, decoration from Government of Russia 47

Regulation of commerce 511, 532, 539

Removal of embargo 511

Reports by Mr. Anderson 12

Bibb 8

Bingham 6

Brown 55, 56, 63

Buchanan 33

Burnside 105, 106

Clay 30

Edmunds 49

Frye 57

Giles 11

Goldsborough 11

Langdon 5, 6

Lapham 43

Macon 12

Mason 81

Miller -12, 43, 44, 45, 107

Payne 47, 69

Sedgwick 37

Sherman 51 , 57, 08, 75, 76, 77, 78

Smith 6

Strong 11

Sumner - 95

Tazewell 29

Wilson 42

Windom 37

Restrictions on trade of United States by foreign tariffs 532, 539

Runnells, Hiram G. (See Nominations.)
KiiHsoll, Jonathan. (See Nominations.)

Russia, decoration from Government of 47

minister to 12

services to survivors of Jeannette of citizens of 45

878 INDEX.

Tut:*-

San Domingo, suspension of intercourse with 512, 513

Seamen of United States, for encouragement of 6, 8, 526

Secretary of State. (See Nominations. )
Sergeant, John. (See Nominations.)

Shield from Government of Argentina to Thomas O. Osborn 44

Ship canal across Isthmus of Darien. (See Nicaragua Canal.)
Short, William. (See Nominations. )

Spoliations on commerce 5, 514

Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World 57

to Simon Bolivar 43

Steamship Alert, return to Great Britain of 44

Jeannette, services to survivors of crew of 45

Stevenson, Andrew. (See Nominations.)

Stream, Albert T., medal from Government of Great Britain 42

Sweden, minister to. (See Nominations.)

Swine products of United States, restrictions on importation of 539

Tariff restrictions of foreign nations 532, 539

Tehuantepec, canal across Isthmus of 81

Trade in Mediterranean 5, 6

Traffic with natives of New Hebrides 533

Treaty with Morocco, to enforce 5

United States, boundary of, northeastern 503

southwestern 33

commerce of 5,

6, 8, 507, 508, 511, 512, 513, 514, 518, 523, 524, 525, 526, 528, 532, 539
crimes against neutrality of 532

Vases presented to J. B. Bernadou by Government of Japan 68

Venezuela, statue of Simon Bolivar from Government of 43

Vessels of France, embargo on 512, 518, 523

Great Britain, embargo on 518, 523, 524, 528

San Domingo, embargo on 512, 513

United States, for protection of 6, 8, 526

Vi^naud, Henry, decoration from Government of France for 43

War, trade in munitions of 532

Washington, erection of statue of Bolivar at 43

Waters between Canada and United States, diversion of 503

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