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BIOLOGY 
 LIBRARY 
 
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 |YIome$ Academy of Science, 
 De$ Borneo, Iowa, 
 
 U. O. 
 
 Exchange Solicited. 
 
0,3 
 
 BIOLOGY 
 LIBRARY 
 
/ 
 
 BULLETIN ' 
 
 OF THE 
 
 DES MOINES ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
 
 CONTENTS: 
 
 ARTICLE I.-INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 ARTICLE II. A GEOGRAPHIC CATALOGUE OF 
 
 THE UNIONID^ OF THE MISSISSIPPI 
 VALLEY. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY. 
 
 VOLUME L NUMBER I. 
 
 DES MOINES, IOWA, 
 MARCH, 1885. 
 
BULLETIN 
 
 OF THE 
 
 of 
 
 VOL. I. MARCH, 1885. No. I. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 The DBS MOINES ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, in presenting to the scientific public 
 this, its first, contribution to the literature of science, hopes to initiate a series 
 of publications which will ultimately cover, more or less completely, the natural 
 history of the entire State. To this end a number of gentlemen, specialists 
 in science, some of whom are residents of Iowa, have been invited to prepare 
 papers on topics of general interest or value. Succeeding numbers of its BULLE- 
 TIN will present the results of investigations conducted in other branches of 
 science. 
 
 The immediate occasion for the publication of matter of this kind rests in the 
 utter dearth of a natural history literature pertaining to Iowa. It is believed 
 that many persons, intelligently interested in studies of this character, do not- 
 become actual students because there are no publications devoted to the natural 
 history of the state. To all such it is hoped these Bulletins will commend them- 
 selves as intended to foster an intelligent observation of the unrecorded facts 
 abounding on every hand. To facilitate the accomplishment of this purpose, 
 objects of natural history, of whatsoever kind, are earnestly desired by the 
 Academy. Collections of such a character will serve, first, to enable the insti- 
 tution of a well selected and carefully preserved museum, and second, to enable 
 the placing of the objects collected in the hands of competent students for study 
 and report. 
 
 M171456 
 
BULLETIN OF THE 
 
 The BULLETIN will be published at irregular intervals, and the time of its ap- 
 pearance will be governed by the amount and character of the material at hand. 
 The greatest care will be exercised in determining what contributions are to be 
 admitted to its pages, inasmuch as the information it may convey should be ac- 
 curate and permanent in value 
 
 The Academy of Science is desirous of placing within the reach of its mem- 
 bers, through its library, the results of investigations conducted by sister socie- 
 ties and published in their journals, and hence presents itself to their attention in 
 the hope that an exchange of publications, subject to the usual conditions, may 
 be made. There are now in preparation, papers upon the Musci and Lichens, 
 and upon the Ornithology of the region about Des Moines. An extended paper 
 upon the Mites will probably be the first contribution in the science of entomol- 
 ogy, and others may be expected to follow as rapidly as the exigencies of publi- 
 cation will allow. 
 
DBS MOINES ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
 
 A GEOGRAPHIC CATALOGUE 
 
 -OF THE 
 
 UNIOMD^E OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 
 
 BY R. KLLSWORTH CALL. 
 
 The incompleteness of this first attempt to succinctly present the geographic 
 distribution of the Unionida' of the drainage system of the Mississippi river 
 will be conspicuous to those who may have given the subject any careful study. 
 The causes of such incompleteness are to be referred to the dearth of a special 
 literature and to the absence of complete collections made over all portions of 
 the included area. For the same reason, there may be question whether the dis- 
 tribution of many of the species herein included shall not need future modifica- 
 cation. The states west of the Mississippi river yet remain to be fully searched, 
 and their molluscan fauna carefully studied. Aside from a fragmentary knowl- 
 edge of the shells of Texas, Louisiana, Indian Territory, Kansas and Iowa, 
 almost nothing is known of this area. 
 
 Then, again, the continually recuning problems in synonomy have necessarily 
 modified the statement of the extremes of distribution. It has been difficult to 
 decide just where any individual member of a widely spread group, for example, 
 like that of Unio rubiginosus, ceased and another replaced it. In certain cases 
 the intermingling of closely related forms appears to be indicative of identity 
 rather than of specific distinctness, and it is often a question whether to state the 
 limits of distribution of each form separately or to unite them and point out the 
 
BULLETIN OF THE 
 
 distribution of the combined forms as a unit. In this respect, the treatment of 
 species has not been uniform. Where identities have appeared to be fairly well 
 established, comparisons have been instituted and the results positively stated, 
 though in the great majority of cases there has been no attempt to critically fix 
 the species synonomy. The evidence which is not inconsiderable by which 
 such treatment is justified will, it is hoped, appear in a future synonymic cata- 
 logue designed to cover the same area with this. It is proper to state, in this 
 connection, that the extremes of distribution and such synonomy as is positively 
 asserted, are based upon the private collections of the writer, except in those in- 
 stances where shells are cited as occurring in British America. The statements 
 of distribution in these few instances, are based upon material to be seen in the 
 collections of the Smithsonian Institution. 
 
 In anticipation of the results' of a further study of synonomy it is suggested 
 that the elimination of a large number of forms, herein included as species, is 
 probable. Many others, when studied in connection with the peculiar environ- 
 ments imposed by wide geographic range, will be found devoid of even a racial 
 value, while still others will rank as mere varieties. In the case of several 
 widely distributed groups it has been found that the extremes of differentiation 
 are co-ordinate with the extremes of distribution, and that the differences become 
 less appreciable as the various intervening localities furnish their quota to the 
 geographic series. Such, notably, is the fact in connection with the pustulate 
 group of Uniones in which the northern Unto pustulosus graduates insensibly 
 into the southern Unio asperatus, U. vallatus and U. splicericus. Bearing this 
 fact in mind the co-ordination of species on the basis of resemblances rather than 
 their specific separation on trivial variant characters, appears to be most useful as 
 a preparation for a complete synonomy. Thus, in this paper, well known and 
 common forms are taken as the types of groups in which are placed all those 
 species which present close resemblances, and which are conceived to be if good 
 species genetically related to the type. In general, the first described species 
 of a natural group has been selected as the type, so that on the completion of 
 the synonomy of any individual group the arrangement would be chronologic. 
 
 It has not appeared desirable to institute subgenera for the reception of such 
 forms as approach closely to the type of any group. Several such attempts have 
 been made, (1) but the limits imposed by these devices appear to be no more 
 constant than the characters of the specimens themselves. It is believed that, for 
 the North American Unionidce at least, no more characteristic grouping than 
 that implied in the adoption of the genera Anodonta, Margaritana and Unio 
 \vill be found really serviceable. Even in the adoption of certain typical groups, 
 
 (1) By Raflnesque, L. Agassiz, Swainson, Stimpson, Chenu, H. and A. Adams, and 
 others. 
 
DES MOINES ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
 
 as herein, the type does not always plainly suggest the affinities of certain forms 
 grouped with it as subordinate members. Thus the pustulate group, typified by 
 Unin pustulosus, contains species which, like Unio Uoitstuneiwls. are non-pus- 
 tulate. But, since there is an essential agreement in all other characters, and 
 since individuals of usually pustulate forms are sometimes fcund free of pus- 
 tules, no real violence is done any scientific principle of classification. Indeed, 
 the presence or absence of pustules often appears to afford a no more reliable 
 basis of classification or grouping than does color, which, as has long been recog- 
 nized, is by no means a constant factor. 
 
 Collections from every sub-drainage area within the Mississippi valley are 
 generally important in order to understand the geographic range of characteristic 
 forms and as an aid in the determination of suspected synonomy, and particu- 
 larly important in connection with the chronologic history of the family in these 
 waters. The existence of various species of TJnlonidw in the Laramie beds of 
 Wyoming, probably genetically related to certain widely spread types in the 
 Mississippi basin, as shown by White (2; point to regions adjacent to the great 
 valley, as the locality of probable origin. When investigation of this phase of 
 the subject is carried further, so that actual genetic relation be demonstrated, an 
 important fundamental problem, that underlies the fact of synonomy, will be 
 solved. 
 
 In brief, then, the intention of this tentative catalogue is to place within the 
 reach of students, a convenient geographic resume of the Unionidce of the Mis- 
 sissippi valley, and at the same time to prepare the way for an intelligent discus- 
 sion of the biologic and geologic problems which their numbers and distribution 
 suggest. The greater fullness of the notes which pertain to certain groups, is to 
 be considered indicative of the opportunities the writer's private cabinet presents 
 and the extent to which he -has been aided by the generous help of a numerous 
 list of correspondents, while the paucity of notes in certain other instances will 
 serve to indicate those species either good or nominal concerning which infor- 
 mation is most earnestly desired. A failure to point out the possible affinities of any 
 form, is sometimes the result of positive ignorance of its true relations consequent 
 upon inability to examine authentic specimens. '1 he element of uncertainty which 
 attaches to all mere descriptions and to most figures, is too great to warrant a 
 suggestion of possible relationship. It could, at best, be no more than mere 
 conjecture. Those suggestions which involve a probable synonomy are advanced 
 with some degree of trepidation due both to the inherent difficulties of the sub- 
 ject and to its delicacy. But the desire, which every honest investigator has, to- 
 render strict justice to the work of his predecessors needs also to be judiciously 
 
 (2) Am. Jour, of Sci., Vol. XX, Pp. 44-49. 
 
DES MOINES ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
 
 exercised in the interests of his special science lest a greater injustice be done 
 the student who shall follow him. 
 
 Bibliographic matter would be inappropriate in a paper of this character, and 
 but little such matter has been admitted. ' A simple reference to a figure of each 
 form where one is known to exist, in most cases the original has been deemed 
 useful. In general, descriptions will be found in connection with the plates in- 
 dicated in the several references. 
 
CATALOGUE. 
 
 FAMILY [TN1ONID/K. 
 
 (RIVER MUSSELS.) 
 
 GENUS ANODONTA. 
 
 Gills free; eggs received throughout the gill; anal opening not fringed. 
 
 Shell equivalve, ovate, usually thin, auriculate, inequilateral, closed' 
 lx'<ilis small. Hinge ivithout teeth, but furnished with a lamina; ligament 
 external, linear. Pallial impression simple. (H. and A. Adams.} 
 
 lAnodonta argentea. Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phi!. Soc. 2nd Ser., Vol. VIII, PI. XIX, Fig-. 41.) 
 This species was described from Stone's river, Tennessee, and has been re- 
 ported from no other locality. It forms a member of the group of which Ann- 
 dnnta fcrusxaciana. Lea, is the type. 
 
 ! Anodonta arkansensis, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Son., 2nd Ser., Vol. X, PI. XXIX, Fi. 50.) 
 
 Described from the Little Arkansas river. The most northerly locality re- 
 ported is Mill Creek, near Alma, Kansas. The form is, lerhaps, properly .to' 
 be regarded as a synonym of Anodonta- edentula. Say, which see. 
 
 J Anoilonta bealii. Lea. 
 
 (Jouv. Acad. Nat. St-i. Phila. 2nd Series, Vol. VI, PI. IX, Fig-. 25.) 
 Distributed from north-eastern Kansas to Texas. The original locality is in 
 Leon county, Texas. 
 
 * f Anodonta hiichanensis. Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc , Vol. VI, PL XIV, Fig-. 45U 
 
 Buck Creek and Grand river, Ohio. Not reported elsewhere. This species 
 Lrnmps with Anodonta ferussaciana, Lea, and is suspiciously close to it. 
 
[0 CATALOGUE: FAMILY 
 
 f AiitMftnita carinifera r Conrad. 
 
 IN fit fig-viral.) 
 
 Nothing further Is known of this species than that ft canoe from Kentucky, ami! 
 was described on the cover of No-. , Connid's- Monograph of Unioni&ce. 
 
 Anodonta corpulenta, Cooper. 
 
 (Not figured.} 
 
 " Upper Mississippi river and Lake of the Woods." Shells referable to this 
 species have been supplied from Aledo, Illinois, and Mwscatine r Iowa. It is; 
 doubtful whether it is more than a very obese variety of Anodouta gra-ndis, 
 Say. 
 
 t Anodwita danicisii, Lea, 
 
 (Jour. Aoad. Nat. Sci-, Phila., 2nd Series, Vol. IV, PI. LXII. FT;. 19ff.) 
 
 Described from Topeka, Kansas. Specimens have been 'taken in Dodirc 
 county, Nebraska, and Fremont county, Iowa. It belongs to tlie gromp of which 
 Anodonta yrandis, Say is the type, 
 
 * Anodonta decora, Lea. 
 
 (Trains. Am. F. il. Soe., Vol. VI, PI. XX. Fig-. 631) 
 
 Ranges from Western New York to Iowa, it belongs to the grandis groirj>, 
 between which, this form, and Anodonta plana. Lea, exists a relationship 
 which must be regarded as genetic unless they are positively identical. 
 
 tAiioilwita dejecta, Lewis. 
 
 (Not figured.) 
 
 This species was described from imperfect specimens obtained by the U. S. 
 Geog. and Geol. Survey W. of the 100th meridian, credited, by Dr. II. C. Yarrow, 
 the collector, to " the Arkansas river or Tributaries west of the 100th meridian." 
 Nothing further is known of its geographical distribution. (Vide U. S. Geog. 
 Sur. W. of 100th Medidian, Vol. V, Pp, 952953. 
 
 t Anodonta denigrata. Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2nd Series, Vol. X, PI. XXV, Fig-. 45.) 
 
 Described from Campbell county, Tennessee, the only locality yet reported. 
 The species groups with Anodonta ferussticiana, Lea, which see. 
 
 * Auodonta edcntula, Say. 
 
 (Nat. Hist, of New Vork, Zoology Vol. V, Pi. XVI, Fig. #M.) 
 
 Ottawa, Canada, south to Central New York, North Carolina and Tennessee; 
 West to Iowa; north to Lake Winnepeg, British America. This is an exceed- 
 
 CATAl.OOUE '2. 
 
DES MOINES ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
 
 ingly variable form, and its synonomy is correspondingly large. A peculiar 
 quadrate form from Michigan received, at the hands of Mr Anthony, the name 
 of Alasmodonta rhowbloa. The figure to which reference is made does not 
 well illustrate the species. It is believed the following will prove to be syno- 
 nyms: Anodonta arkanseniste, Lea, A. ferrugiriea, Lea, A. tctrctfjonci, Lea, 
 ;uul A. shaffoeridna, Lea. The species is not far removed from A. undulata, 
 Say of the Atlantic drainage. Specimens are frequently found with a thicken- 
 ing on the dorsal margin which si mulates the cardinal tooth of MyrgaTticma* 
 Mi . Ainbony'-s specimens probabJy presented that feature, 
 
 f Anodonta ferruginea, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2nd Series, Vol. VIIII, PI. XIX, FIjf, 4S.J 
 "Simon's Creek, Indiana." See under A- edentula, 
 
 * A nodonlsi ferussaciana, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. V, PI. VI., Fig. 15.) 
 
 Ranges from Montreal, Canada, to Kansas; to Vermillion river, Dakota. The 
 form has been erronously attributed to Western New York. It is the type of a 
 group of An(jdo'Hl<v which includes A. -argentea, A. denigrata, A* biicti* 
 nneusis, and A. nblita, and which is not altogether free from synonomy. 
 
 1 A notion* it footiana, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2nd Series, Vol VIII, PI. XX, Fi-;. 44.) 
 The only locality, within the Mississippi basin, in which this form is known 
 to occur, is Chautauqua Lake, in Western New York, It abounds in very many 
 of the small Jakes in Wisconsin and Michigan, but, apparently, in those only 
 which are tributary to the Great Lakes. The most northerly recorded range 
 is Fort Winnebago, to Ottawa river, Canada. 
 
 Anodonta gigantea, Lea, 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI, PI I, Fi-. 1.) 
 
 This species was described from a single valve obtained in the vicinity of Port 
 Gibson, Mississippi. . It is a member of the grandis group, to which it is ver v V 
 closely related. 
 
 * Anodonta grand is, Say. 
 
 (Not ftyuredo 
 
 Described from the ' Upper Mississippi." Its range is very considerable 
 from Ohio to Texas; west to Nebraska and north to Minnesota. Throughout its 
 range it exhibits a very considerable diversity of form which is to be regarded as 
 
 CATALOGUE 3. 
 
CATALOGUEFAMILY U 
 
 a biologic expression of differences in environment. The specific distinction ho- 
 tween this and several other forms is not clearly established. It is the type of a 
 group including A. decora, A. virens, A. linnc&intt, A. corpulenta, A harpt- 
 thenxis, and A. plana, some of which are certainly synonymous. Lea's figure 
 of A. plann, (which see) is a very good illustration of gmndis. 
 
 t Anodonta liarpethensis, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. So?.. 2nd Series. Vol. VIII, PI. XIX, Fir. 4?.> 
 Harpeth river, Tennessee, the only locality yet reported. See under yraiulin. 
 
 * Anodonta imbecillis, Say. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil.Soc., Vol. V, PI. VI, Fig. 6. Figured as Anodonta, incerta, Lea.) 
 Ranges from Central New York to Georgia, to Texas, to Iowa. The great 
 fragility of this species and its brilliant green epidermis will serve to readily dis- 
 tinguish it from all other Anodontcc. 
 
 \ Anodonta limiu'iina, Lea 
 
 /Trans. Am. Phil.Soc. 2nd Series, Vol. X., PI. XXVII, Fi. .">] ) 
 
 "Lake Concordia, Louisiana." This species is a member of the tjrinidis 
 group. Its specific value is questionable. 
 
 \ Anodonta oblita. Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phi!. Soc. 2nd Series, Vol. X, Pi. XXV11I, Fig. 5.'.' 
 
 Campbell county, Tennessee. This form, which is a member of \\\v fcrrutsa- 
 ciana group, is certainly synonymous with A. denigratn, Lea 
 
 \ Anodonta opaca, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soo. 2nd S?r:es, Vol. X.. PI. XXV, Fi<r. W.> 
 
 Near New Orleans, Louisiana, and Little Rock, Arkansas. This and ./I. # f <- 
 Lea, are synonymous. 
 
 \ Anodonta ovata, Lea. 
 
 (Tran>. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI. PI. II, Fiji. 2.i 
 
 Ranges from Ohio and Wisconsin to Jackson. Mississippi. Specimens doubt- 
 fully referred to this species have been taken in Lake Okobodji, nortliwewtein 
 Iowa. This form groups with yravulin. 
 
 + Anodonta pavonia,, Lea 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI PI. XXI, Fijr. ">.) 
 
 Ohio and Indiana. 'Ibis species is a member of the cdcntnln grouj), from 
 CATAT.HJUK 4. 
 
DES MOINES ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
 
 which it is not far removed, and synonymous with A. ivar<l'ni)i. Lea, which 
 
 see. 
 
 I Anodonta pcpiniana. Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil Soc., Vol. VI. PI. XVI. Fig. 51. \ 
 Lake Pepin, Ohio, No further information is accessible. 
 
 : ~ Auodonta plana Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. S >e., Vol. V, PI. VIE. Pig. 18.) 
 
 Montreal, Canada. From Ohio to Kansas and Indian Territory. The original 
 locality was near Louisville, Kentucky. See Ano. grandis. 
 
 I Anodonla plicata, llaldeman. 
 
 (Figured ?) 
 'Cumberland river. Kentucky." I know nothing more of the species. 
 
 | Anodonta salmonia, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soo., Vol. VI. PI. XIV, Fig. 41.) 
 
 Ohio and Michigan to Illinois. Abundant in Winnebago county, .in the last 
 mentioned state, and near Indianapolis, Indiana. 
 
 t Anodonta shaiferiana, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am Phil. Soc., 2nd S?ri; s, Vol. X, PI. XXVI, Fijr. 50.) 
 Horn Lake creek. Tennessee, and Flat Hocic creek, Indiana. See Ano. eden- 
 
 tul<t. 
 
 Aiuidontti stenartiana, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. See., Vol. V, PI. VI, Fig. 17.) 
 
 Near New Orleans, Louisiana. This form and Ano. opaun, Lea, are un- 
 doubtedly synonymous. Both forms are very local in distribution and are from 
 localities if not the same i ot far removed. 
 
 * Anodonta suborbiculata, Say. 
 
 (Descriptions of the Shells of North America. PI. XI ) 
 
 Indiana, Illinois. Iowa, and Kansas. The species is considered somewhat 
 rare, though it is abundant locally; near Springfield, Illinois, and Muscatine, 
 Iowa. A single specimen has been submitted by the Natural History Survey of 
 Kansas, taken near NVosho Falls, in that State. 
 
 C A'l AI.Otil'K 5. 
 
14 CATALOGUE FAMILY 
 
 t Anodontai tetrar^ona, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., ::n<l Series. Vol. X, PI. VIII, Fig. 25.) 
 
 "Alexandria, Louisiana/' A member of the group typified by Ano. edentnla 
 Say, to which it is- closely related. 
 
 J Anodonta Tirens, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2d S: ries, Vol. X, PI. XXVIII, Fig. 53.) 
 Ked River, Louisiana, near Alexandria* Synonymous with Ano. linniniuu . 
 Lea, which see. 
 
 f Anodonta wardiana, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI, PI. XIV, Fig-. 42.) 
 
 Scioto river, Ohio, and White river, Indianapolis, Indiana. Synonymous witfo 
 Ano. pavonia, Lea. whieh eonsult. 
 
 GENUS MARGARITANA, 
 
 Gills generally free from the abdominal #ac T mid their posterior 
 ity not united to the mantle; anal openinr not fringed, branchial mostly 
 fringed. 
 
 Shell transverse, oblong, equivalve, covered with an olivaceous epidennix. 
 Hinge with a single cardinal tooth in the right valve, broad, erect, and 
 grooved at its apex; twin teeth of left valve strong, the hinder denticulated* 
 the front narrower, entire, pointed; lateral tef,th not developed. (II. & A, 
 Adams. ) 
 
 * Margaritana calceola. Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am, Phil, Soc., Vol. Ill, PI. Ill, Fiji-, 1, MS Unto calcfiithi*.) 
 Ranges from Ohio to Iowa and north to Michigan. It varies but little through- 
 out its limits of distribution. It is most abundant in creeks, rather than in 
 rivers, in which respect it simulates the habit of Marg. hildrelhiama, Lea. c<il- 
 ceola is the type of a group which includes M. deltoldea, M. minor, and M. 
 quadrata, all of which are believed to be synonymous with it. 
 
 CATALOGUE G. 
 
BES MOINES ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
 
 r * Mar^aritana eoiiiplanata, Barnes. 
 
 (Am. Jour. Sol. and Arts, 1st Series Vol. VI, PL XIII, Fig*. 17a, 17b.) 
 Western New 'York to Alabama; to Kansas; north to Lake Wkinepeg. It is 
 usually an abundant species in the north and west central states and especially 
 so IB those contiguous to the Mississippi. This species is very readily recog- 
 ui/cd by its flattened aaid somewhat circular outline and alate dorsum. It is our 
 .largest 
 
 *Margaritaiiii confragosa, Say, 
 
 (Descriptions of tire Shells of North America, PI. XXI. As Alatmodonta, canfragosa.) 
 
 \Vestern Indiana k> Iowa,. Specimens liave also been received from Trinity 
 
 river, Texas, but fro-in no intermediate stations. It appears to be very abund- 
 
 ant near Springfield, Illinois, but is elsewhere somewhat rare and local. Des- 
 
 cribed from Fox river, a tributary to the Wabash. 
 
 f Margaritaiia euiTeyana, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2d Series, Vol. VIII, PI. XIX, Fig-. 41.) 
 Stone river, Tennessee, and Tennessee river in North Alabama. These are 
 the only localities yet reported. Groups with and probably a synonym of 
 Marg. fabula, Lea. 
 
 f Jttargaritana th'hiseens, Say. 
 
 (Descriptions of the Shells of North America, PL XXI, as Unio dehiscem.) 
 This species, which Is rare aixl local, was described from the Ohio river from 
 which it ranges to Illinois. Specimens have been received from the Holston 
 river, in East Tennessee, taken by Mrs. Geo, Andrews. 
 
 *XL argaritima deltoidea, Lea. 
 
 <Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI, PL XIII, Fig. 38.) 
 
 This form has the saire geographic distribution as Marg. calceola with which 
 it is certainly synonymous. It is very abundant at numerous localities in Illi- 
 nois and Indiana. 
 
 rMarsaritanafalmla, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI, PL XIII, Fig. 39.) 
 
 Described from the Cumberland river, Tennessee, See under Marg* currey- 
 ana* 
 
 CATALOGUE ?* 
 
CATALOGUE FAMILY UNIONID^S. 
 
 * Margaritana hildrethiana, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. V, PI. Ill, Fig. 8, as Unio liitdrethiana.) 
 Originally described from the Ohio river, near Cincinnati.' Specimens have 
 been taken in the Des Moines river, in Central Iowa, and at numerous interven- 
 ing points. It is one of those forms which, like Marg. calceola and Marg. 
 Iwlstonia, abound in creeks. The localities of greatest abundance yet reported 
 are near Iowa City, Iowa, and Indianapolis, Indiana. (Lehnert.) The species 
 varies little throughout its range. 
 
 t Margaritana holstonia, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI, PL XIII, Fig-. 3T.> 
 
 Though credited to the Holston river. East Tennessee, and bearing the name of 
 that stream, no authentic specimens are known from that location. His, how- 
 ever, a form exceedingly abundant in creeks and brooks in East Tennessee that 
 are tributary to the Holston. Marg. georgiana, Lea, similarly abundant in 
 the streams of North Georgia, and Marg. etowahcnsls, Lea, from the Etowah 
 river, also in northwest Georgia, are synonymous. The most southern limit 
 thus far known is Coosa river, and Shoal Creek, Shelby county, Alabama. 
 
 IMargaritana margaritifera, Linnaeus. 
 
 (Nat. Hist, of New York, Pt. I, Vol. V. Mollusca. PL XIV, Fig-. 224, as Alasmodonta 
 
 arc tata, Barnes.) 
 
 This species has a very eccentric distribution. A common form in the rivers 
 of Europe, it also occurs in both eastern and western North America. In the 
 northern states it abounds at some points in Vermont and Massachusetts, its 
 western limit over this area being near central Pennsylvania, but still within the 
 Atlantic drainage. In our area it occurs in the Gailatin river, and headwaters 
 of the Missouri but not east of these points ranging westward to British Col- 
 umbia and California. In portions of Nevada, Idaho and Utah, it is an exceed- 
 ingly abundant species, and in parts of California is used to some extent for 
 food purposes by the Indians. Anodonta nuttalliana, with a similar distribu- 
 tion, but limited eastward by the Wahsatch range, is the only other member of 
 the Unionidaz which is now known to subserve a similar use. 
 
 * Margaritana marginata, Say. 
 
 (Nat. Hist, of New York, Pt. I. Vol. V, Mollu sea. PL XIV. Fijf. 2,T>.) 
 Ranges from New Hampshire to Iowa and Kansas; to Georgia, in the Etowah 
 river, at Home; north into Canada in Itideau- and Ottawa rivers. This species 
 varies considerably at different points through its area of distribution, but is not 
 easily confused with any other. The figure cited above is a very poor one. 
 CATALOGUE 8. 
 
DKS M01XKS ACADEMY <>F SCIENCE. 17 
 
 f Manairilanu minor, J 
 
 < 'I runs. MU. I'hiL S< <-.. :.'<! Series, v. 1. X. I':, viil. I';-. iT>.> 
 
 This isti Temu-M-t -.j.rries, but is found also in North Alahainu in stream- 
 tributary to the Tennessee river. It irroups with Marg. calceohi Lea, which 
 
 M c. 
 
 I Jlargaritana inoiiufloiifa, Say. 
 
 (Descriptions of the Shells (if North Atm-rica, 1M. VI as r/no mortodom/ 
 
 This >iK>ri's \vas described from tlie Wabash river. It ranges from Ohio to 
 the Ilolston and Tennessee rivers, and west to the Mississippi, in Mercer county, 
 Illinois. It is not a common species, and appears to occur locally and not gen- 
 erally between the limits Ivere indicated. It is usually considered to be and dis- 
 tributed .as a Utiio, 
 
 f Marii'arilaua qmidnita, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Phila. A ad. Nut. Sci.. ~M Series, Vo\ V, PI, XXXII, Fi;j-. 27i.) 
 
 Credited only to east Tennessee. The form groups with 3//rrr;. ctilceolu. 
 which see. 
 
 f Mai'j^aritaua ravcneliana, Lea, 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. V, PI. XVII, Fig-. 50.) 
 
 This form has been credited only to the French Broad and u Swananoe" riv- 
 ers. North Carolina. It appears to be rare and local. Its affinities are uncer 
 .tain, unless it be related closely to Marg. marginata, which is suspected, 
 though the only specimens seen were badly eroded and hence likely to mislead. 
 
 * Margaritana rugosa, Barnes. 
 
 (Am. Jour, of Sci. and Arts, 1st Series, Vol. VI, PI. XIII, Fi-s. 21, :.Mh.) 
 Flanges from Kideau ajid Ottawa rivers, Canada, to Eastern New York; to 
 Georgia and Alabama; to Neosho river, Kansas, and north to Wisconsin. Not- 
 withstanding so wide a range the species is very constant in all its characters. 
 It is usually a very abundant form, but west of the Mississippi much less so 
 than eastward. The specimens from north Alabama, (at Tuscumbia) are the 
 largest which have passed in review. 
 
 rATALOGUK '.. 
 
CATALOGUE FAMILY VXIOXLD.E. 
 
 GENUS UNIO, 
 
 Outer gillunitcd to tfic mantle as far as its extremity: inner (fill' not united 
 to the foot. 
 
 Shell cquivalve, inequilateral, variable in shape, covered with an olivace- 
 ous epidremis; beaks usually eroded (1), Hinge with primary teeth, and 
 with elongated laterals; ligament external, more or less elongated. Pallia f 
 impression simple; muscular scars conspicuous. (H. and A. Adams.) 
 
 f Unio abacus, Ilakleman, 
 
 (Figured?) 
 ''Tennessee. No further information is at present attainable. 
 
 \ Unio aberti, Conrad. 
 
 ( Figured ?) 
 Described from the ;< Verdigris river, Arkansas.'' 
 
 f Unio aciUMis, Lea. 
 
 (Observations on the Genus T'nio, Vol. XIII, PI. VIII, Fi.jj. 24.) 
 
 Holston and Clinch rivers, east Tennessee. This species groups with Uui<f 
 clavus, Lam. 
 
 * Unio a}sopns, Green. 
 
 (Figured '/> 
 
 Ohio to central Iowa and south to the Tennessee river in north Alabama. 
 Holston river, east Tennessee, at Knoxville, is the most eastern locality re- 
 ported. This is one of the few species the animals of which tire rubiginose, or 
 salmon colored. 
 
 f Unio aflinis, Lea, 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Sot 1 .. -<1 Series. Vol. X, P;. XIX, Fiir. 26.) 
 
 Described from the lied river, at Alexandria, Louisiana. This is the only 
 information recorded concerning the distribution of the species. 
 
 (1) An eroded beak is certainly not a generic- character, and it is not to be presumed 
 the author .so considered it. It i- usually quite impractical to observe the character 
 of the beaks, since they are eroded and this is probably the meaning intended. Com- 
 pie: ing this portion of the generic diagnosis it would stand "licahs m.dtdate concentri- 
 c-ally or rugosely apiculate, sometime* smooth." 
 
 CATALOGUE 10. 
 
DES MOINKS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
 
 * I'uio alatus. Say. 
 
 ; Am. .Jour. Sci. :ui<1 Arts. Nt Scries, Vol. XIV. Fi<r. 17a, 171). Originally figured in 
 Nicholson's Eneyc., Vol. IV, PI. IV, Fiir. 2.) 
 
 Ifangfs from Ottawa river. Canada, to Central New York: to Michigan and 
 St. IVier's i Minnesota) river, in Minnesota; to Big Sioux river, Nebraska; 
 Kansatt to east Tennessee, an<l North Alal>ania. at Tuscumbia. Very slight dif- 
 ferences are presented by this species notwithstanding its wide distribution. It 
 i> the type of a group which includes U. hrvissismus, and U. yraciUs, all 
 three forms being bialate, and wide in their distribution, but all are very distinct. 
 
 i A single valve is reported by Mr. T. II. Aldrich, to have been been found at 
 Troy, New York, but no living shells are known from that point.) 
 
 i 1'iiio aiiHrmis, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Sue., :M Series, Vol. VIII, PI. X, Fig-. 13,) 
 
 No information concerning this species is accessible beyond that contained in 
 the original descry tion, which locates it in the Holston river, east Tennessee. 
 
 I rnio andwsoiKMisis, Lea. 
 
 (Ol.sei \ations on thetlcmis Unio. Vol. XIII, PI. XII, Fig-. 33.) 
 Holston and Clinch rivers, east Tei riesssee. This form is a member of the 
 group of which U. edfjarUinKx, Lea is the type. 
 
 - 1'iiio anodontoides, Lea. 
 
 iTnins. Am. Pttil. Soc., Vol IV, PI. VIII, Fig-. 11.) 
 
 Distributed commonly from western New York to Flint and Chattahoochee 
 rivers, Georgia: to Trinity river, Texas: north to Kansas, Iowa and Michigan. 
 This is one of the most beautiful Unioiies in our waters. Its light straw colored, 
 beautifully rayed epidermis serves to distinguish it from all others of similar 
 form. I do not understand exactly how the specific name came to be applied. 
 It resembles an Anodon'a in no respect whatever. 
 
 * Unio apicnlatiis, Say. 
 
 (Descriptions of the S'.iells of North America, Plate LII.) 
 
 Bayou Teche, Louisiana: the original specimens were obtained from a large 
 pile of the shells, of Giuithotlnn vuncatux (R<i)iyi<t cyrenoides) from Lake 
 Ponehnrtrain. Specimens of the closely related U. axjjcr, Lea, from Alabama, 
 have been received bearing the name ol this species. U. apecioKu* and ?' 
 fnrxhcyi also group here. I am not sure that these are all specifically distinct. 
 
 CATAUMil K 11. 
 
20 CATALOGUE FAMILY UN1OMILK. 
 
 f Unio appressiis, Lea. 
 
 ; vations on the Gmus Qnio, Vol. Kill. PI. III. Fig. s.i 
 
 Tennessee and Ilolston rivers, at and above Tuscumbia, Alab;iiJia and easi 
 Tennessee. 
 
 | Unio approximiis, Lea. 
 
 (Trims. Am. Phi'. Soc., :M Scries. Vol. X, PI. V. Fig. i:*... 
 
 Red River, Louisiana. This is a member of the lutcoln* gronp: it is ven 
 close to IT. hydianus, Lea. 
 
 f Unio arca'formis, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Six-., Vol. IV. P . XVII. Fig. 44.) 
 
 Clinch, Ilolston and Cumberland rivers, Tennessee, the last named being the 
 original locality. 
 
 t Unio arctior, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Foe., Vo'. VI, PI. IV, Fi-. 10.) 
 
 Ohio and Coosa rivers. This so-called species is synonymous with U. gil>- 
 hosus, Barnes, from the type of which it differs only in the white nacre. 
 
 t Unio argeiiteiis, Lea 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., ^nd Series, Vol. VIII, PI. XXV, Fi. 57.) 
 Holston river and Conasanga Creek, east Tennessee, and Armuchee and 
 Swamp creeks, northwest Georgia. This species is a member of a very numer- 
 ous group illustrated by U. rjldndaceus, U. verus, U. infttructux. U. oviform ix. 
 U. estabrooManus, U. troschelianus&RA others. This, together with the rnbiy- 
 iiwsus, cla-vns and novi-eboraci groups, presents a very considerable portion of 
 the synonomy of our UH'IOUC*. 
 
 \ Unio arkaiiKCiisis, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phil., r<l Series. Vol. V., F'l. XXX, Fig. :.'7. ; ',.) 
 
 "Hot Springs, Arkansas." This is the only information at present attainable 
 regarding this species, which appears to be rare. 
 
 I Unio ar<]iia1 us, Conrad. 
 
 i Figured ?i 
 "Wabash River, Indiana." No specimens have passed under notice. 
 
 f'ATAUWUK \'l. 
 
DBS MO INKS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. O] 
 
 * Tnio asperrijnus. Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. IV., PI. V. Fi-. 3,) 
 
 Kanges from Ohio to the liig Sioux Iliver, Nebraska, south to Trinity river, 
 Texas. The form is synonymous with / " laclirymoxus, whicli see. 
 
 * Tnio alrofostatu*, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., :.'(! Scries. Vol. X. PI. II, Fijr. 5.) 
 
 Alabama and Coosa rivers, Alabama, to Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory 
 and Ked river, at Alexandria, Louisiana the last mentioned being the original 
 locality. It groups with 1~. ninlnl^t.tiifi (the type of the group) //. lattco status. 
 /'. i>lic<itns, I'. pcri>lit:<itiiH, F. liippoptrus, and others, some of which are cer 
 tainly synonymous. 
 
 t Unio barnesianns, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI, PI. X., Fig. 26.) 
 
 Cumberland river, Tennessee. A species belonging in the group typified by 
 / ". 7m//>i/fN.v/.v. 
 
 I Unio bellulus, Lea. 
 
 (Observations on the Genus Unio, Vol. XIH, PL XVII, Fig. 48.) 
 llolston and Tennessee rivers, from Muscle Shoals upwards. Belongs to a 
 UTOUP which includes U. m?i7id?t.s- and similar closely related forms. 
 
 f l r nio bian^ulatiis, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Sec.. 3d Series. Vol. VIII, PI. IX, Fi. 8.) 
 
 Caney Kork, llolston and Elk rivers, Tennessee. In the Holston the speci - 
 is very abundant. It is a member of a very large group, of which 17. liytniH..'- 
 tinnt< may be considered the type. 
 
 f Unio biemarginatiiSf Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phi'a., :M Scries, Vol. VI. PI. XVI, Fife'. 4').) 
 Tennessee river, at Florence, northwest Alabama, tiie only locality yet re- 
 ported. The species is apparently ^synonymous with /'. pt.r/>/c..nf.v, Lea the 
 type of the grouj) \\it!i which it belongs. 
 
 j Unio bi^Jjyeiisis, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phi!. Poe. 2nd Seriee, Vol. VI II, p.'.XXIl, Plr. 61.) 
 Central (Maury county), and south (Elk river), Tennessee. 
 
CATALOGUE FAMILY UNIOXID/K. 
 
 t Unio bourniamis, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. 2nd Series. Vol. VIII.. PI. XV, Fig. 2S. 
 
 'Scioto river, Ohio." This species belongs in the group typified by /'. cd~ 
 tja-ri-anus, Lea. 
 
 f Unio brevidens, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.. Vol. IV. PI. VI. Fig. 6j 
 
 Clinch, Cumberland, Powell's, Holston and Tennessee rivers, Tennessee. It 
 is the type of a group including U. compact UK, r. penitu* and r. Icinor, 
 among others. Described from the Cumberland. 
 
 f I'nio brevis, Lea. 
 
 (Observation son the Genus Unio. Vol. XIU. 1*1. XII, Fig. :.) 
 Conasauga creek, east Tennessee, and Tennessee river, north Alabama. 
 Groups with 77. argenteus. 
 
 t Unio ceelatus, Conrad. 
 
 (Am. Jour, of Sci. and Arts, 1st Series. Vol. XXV, PI. I, Fig. 2.) 
 Powell's, Clinch, Holston, Elk, and Tennessee rivers, Tennessee. 
 
 t Unio caliginosna, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soe.. 2nd Series. Vol. X, PI. VII, Fig. 21.) 
 
 Red River, Louisiana the original locality; Arkansas to Devil's river, 
 Texas. 
 
 f Unio callosus, Lea. 
 
 fTrans. Am. Phil. Soe. 2nd Series. Vol. VIII., PI. XXIII. Fi-. 54- .) 
 Described from the Ohio canal, at Columbus. No other localities yet reported. 
 
 f Unio camelopardilis, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Vol. IV, PI. LIX, Fig. ISd.i 
 Tennessee drainage of north Alabama. Rare and local. 
 
 t Unio ('.ameliift, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soe.. Vol. V, PI. XV. Fi^. 45.) 
 Ohio to north Alabama. Probably synonymous with r. plicixcolu.*-, which see. 
 
 CATALOGUE 14. 
 
DES MOIXKS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 23 
 
 *Unio camptodon, Say. 
 
 descriptions of Ihc shells of North America. PI. X.LI1.) 
 
 Ohio to Alabama: to Little Wachita river, Texas; north to Kansas. This 
 species is not far from I', inunutiinx, Gould, if indeed it be not indentical. It is 
 t he type of a group which includes I.T. tetralasmux, U. symmetricus, and /.". 
 </ct'/rrJ.s-, the first named being, probably, a synonym. Say's figure, to which 
 reference is given above, does not well represent this species as it is usually 
 found. 
 
 '*Umo capax, Green. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. V, PI. IV, Fig 1 . 12, as Symphynota gloltosa, Lea.) 
 Ohio river, near Cincinnati, to eastern Iowa, in the Mississippi river, at Mus- 
 ratine. This form groups with 17. ventricosus, Barnes, which see. 
 
 f Unio caix'ratus, Lea, 
 
 (Trans. Am Phil. Soc., 2nd Series, Vol. X, PI. V, Fig. 14.) 
 
 Powell's, Clinch and Holston rivers, Tennessee. It groups with U. drown i*. 
 Lea. 
 
 I Unio rapillaris. Lea, 
 
 iTrans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. V, PI. II, F\: i.t 
 ' ; Ohio.'' No further information is attainable* 
 
 { Unio capsjvforinis, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.. Vol. V, Pi. II. Fiir. 4. The specimen figured is a male.) 
 Aslunille, North Carolina; Holston, Clinch, Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, 
 Tennessee. This form groups with 1\ jwrplc.ru*, and is not far removed from 
 it. 
 
 f Unio chjittanooii'aeiisis, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. A cad. Nat. Sci. Phi]., 2nd Series. Vol. IV, PI. XXV. Fiir. '. .; 
 Tcuncsstii 1 river, at Chattanooga: Etowah ami Oostanaula rivers, at Kom\ 
 <;'orgia: Coosa. Cahawba. and Alabama rivers, Alabama. This is a member of 
 Hit- rifiruN gronj). Hie s\ nonomy of which is very great. See under I'nio 
 'l<irux. Lea. 
 
 I Unio ciiii'iiiiiationsis. Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. :.'nd SM-.. Vol. VllL PL Vlll. Fi.-. L) 
 
 This, a member of thegrouji of /". pcriik.ni^ with which it is probably synony- 
 
 CATAi.o<;rK l.'i. 
 
v>4 CATALOGUE FAMILY UNIONISE. 
 
 mous, was described from the Ohio river, at Cincinnati. No other locality has 
 been reported. 
 
 f Unio eirculiis, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. Ill, PI. IX, Fig 1 . 14.) 
 
 Kitchie county, West Virginia, to Indiana; south to Tennessee, in the Hols- 
 ton at Kuoxville. This species is the type of a group which includes J\ uni- 
 eoJor, IT. cashmeus, and IT. lens, all of which are believed to be synonymous. 
 
 | Unio cirriiiiiactns, Lea. 
 
 (Observations on the CJenus Unio. Vol. XIII. PI. IV, Fig. 11.) 
 
 Tennessee and Holston rivers. A member of the thonttG'nil group of 
 1'nioiies. 
 
 t Unio clarkiamis, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am Phil. Soe., 2nd Ser., Vol. X, PI. XXI. Fig. 30.) 
 
 u Willianisport, Tennessee," and in Chattooga river, north-west (Jeorgia. 
 I', (jerhardtil is probably synonymous. Tlie species is a member of the group 
 of 77. ligamentinus. 
 
 t Unio clavus, Lam. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. Ill, PI. XII, Fig. 20, as U. patulus, Lea.) 
 This species has a very wide distribution east of the Mississippi river, ranging 
 from Illinois to western Pennsylvania, and south to Alabama and Tennessee. 
 It is a very variable form and typifies a group which includes some being 
 synonymous 77. decisus, 77. concolor, U. consanguineus. 77. pallidofulvus, 
 U. interventus, 77. crebrivittatus, 77. chdttanoogaensis, 77. anaticulus and 
 77. curtus. Unio patulus, Lea, is certainly synonymous, and reference has 
 been given to Lea's figure of that species as a good illustration of U. clarux as 
 usually received from correspondents. 
 
 f Unio elinclicnsis. Lea, 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei. Cnd Scries Vol. VI, PI. XXXVII, Fig. 91.) 
 Clinch, French Broad, Holston and Duck- rivers. Tennessee. It forms a mem- 
 ber of the cuneolus groun. 
 
 t Unio cordiHMis, Hildreth. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Sot;., Vol. VI, Pi. V. Fig. !;>.) 
 
 Ranges from western New York to Kansas: south to the Holston river. Ten- 
 nessee. It is frequently confused with flattened forms of riihiyiruHstiK, by col- 
 1 '-tors. A variety from the Ohio river was described as / '. ^ould'uinu*. Ward. 
 
 <AT A LOG UK 16. 
 
DES MOINES ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 25 
 
 I Tnio compressissimiig, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., :M S rics, Vol. X. Pi. VI II. Fi-. 23.) 
 Holston river. Tennessee. Is this more than a variety of Unio 
 
 j Unio eonasaugensis, Lea. 
 
 (Observations on the Genus Unio, Vol. XIII, Pi. X, FL, r . 30.) 
 
 Coiiasauga creek, in east Tennessee, and Swamp creek, Whitfield county, 
 (Georgia. Very close to U. argenteus Lea. 
 
 f Unio con radian us. Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. V, PI. IX, Fig. 23.) 
 
 Southeastern Virginia; Asheville, North Carolina; Powell's and Holston 
 rivers, Tennessee. This species belongs to the group of which U. acutissimus 
 is the type. U. pcnicillatus and U. rubellinus also group with this species. 
 
 The species was described and figured as U. conradicus. 
 
 *Unio cuoperianus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. V, PI. VIII, Fig. 21.) 
 
 Ohio river, near Cincinnati, to Mississippi river, near Muscatine, Iowa; south 
 to the Holston and Tennessee rivers. This species belongs to the group typified 
 by U. piistnlosiis, Lea. 
 
 fUiiio copei, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 2nd Series, Vol. VI, PI. XLVII, Fi-. 120.) 
 "Holston river, Smyth county, Virginia," is the only locality reported. The 
 species is very close to U. pybasli, grouping with it and 77. obscurus. 
 
 fUnio cor, Conrad. 
 
 (New Fresh Water Shells of the United States, PI. Ill, Fig-. 3.) 
 Elk and Flint rivers, Tennessee. 
 
 *Unio cornutus, Barnes. 
 
 i \m. Jour. <>r S:-i and Arts, 1st Series. Vol. VI, PI. IV, Fig., 5a, 5b.) 
 
 Ohio to Etowali rivers, Georgia; Coosa river, Alabama, at Wetumpka; Ala- 
 bama river, atSelma; to Trinity river, Texas; north to Kansas, Iowa, and Min- 
 nesota. This species constantly maintains its own well known characters 
 throughout its wide distribution. There is no other form closely resembling it. 
 
 CATALOGUE 17. 
 
CATALOGUE FAMILY UXIOXID^E. 
 
 * Uuio crassidens, Lamarck. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2nd Series, Vol. VIII, PL XVI, Fig-. 34. This is Lea's Unie in*- 
 crassatus, which is believed to be equivalent to the crassidens of Lamarck.) 
 
 Al'leghany river, Pennsylvania, to Iowa; to Tennessee, in the Holston, at 
 Knoxville; Etowah, Oostanaula and Ghattahoochee rivers, Georgia; Alabama,. 
 Tennessee, Cahawba and Black Warrior rivers, Alabama. In the last named 
 stream the species is very abundant at Tnscaloosa, and also at the Jefferson coal 
 mines, in Jefferson county. The largest specimens seen came from the Ala- 
 bama, at Selma, and the Ohio, at Cincinnati. 
 
 f- Unio creperu^ Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. P. 11. Soc., Vol. VI, PI. X. Fig-. 28.) 
 " Tennessee." There is nothing further on record concerning this form. 
 
 f Unio crudus, Lea. 
 
 (Observations on the Gt-nus Unio, Vol. XIII, PI. IV, Fig-. 10.) 
 
 Clinch river, Tennessee, and Chattooga river, north Georgia. Groups with 
 those forms which are typified by 17. argenteus. 
 
 fUnio ciimberlandicns, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI, PI. VII., Fig-. 19.) 
 
 "Cumberland river, Tennessee." This species belongs to the group of 77, 
 iris, which see. 
 
 t Unio cnneolus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.. 2nd Series, Vol. VI II, Pi. VII, Fig-. 3. i 
 
 Powell's, Clinch and Holston rivers, Tennessee. Belongs to the group of 77. 
 bigbyensis. 
 
 *Unio rylindriciis, Say. 
 
 (Am. Jour, of Sci. and Arts, 1st Series, Vol. XIV. PI. I, Figs. 13a, 13'j.J 
 Ohio to Kansas; Tennessee, in the Holston; Alabama, in the Tennessee river. 
 
 near Florence. This is a very persistent type of a group of curiously tubercu- 
 
 late Uniones which includes 77. met,anevrus, 77. wardii, and 77. tnbcroxnx. 
 The species was originally figured in Nicholson's Encyc. American edition, 
 
 Vol. IV, PI. IV, Fig. 3. The figure given in Barnes' paper, and referred to 
 
 above, is very characteristic of the form. 
 
 CATALOGUE 26. 
 
DBS MOINES ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 27 
 
 fUnio fylindrelliis, Lea. 
 
 (Tr.ins. AMI. I'hil. Soo., 2nd Series, Vol VI, PI. XL VIII, Fig. 121.) 
 Duck Creek, 'IVmirssrt', northwest Georgia, and north Alabama. This is a 
 member of the group of U. glans, with which it is synonymous. 
 
 f Unio dae tylus, Lea 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2d Series, Vol. VIII, PI. IX, Fig. 7.) 
 " Caney fork, Tennessee? " Can add no further information. 
 
 * Unio declivis, Say. 
 
 (Descriptions of the Shells of North America, PI. XXXV.) 
 
 Shoal creek, Alabama, to Bayou Teclre, Louisiana. See under 17'. campto- 
 don. 
 
 t Unio depygis, Conrad. 
 
 (Figured ?) 
 
 "Harpeth river, Tennessee." Further information upon this species is very 
 much desired. 
 
 t Unio deviatus, Anthony. 
 
 (Figured ?) 
 
 "Tennessee." lean add no information concerning this species except that 
 it belongs to the group of perplexus. 
 
 t Unio diffidlis, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.Phil., 2nd Series, Vol. VI, H. XLlX, Fig. 124.) 
 Headwaters of the Holston river, in Virginia. ; and north Georgia. 
 
 t Unio dispansus, Lea. 
 
 (Observations on the Genus Unio, VoK XIII, PI. VI. Fig. 16.) 
 East Tennessee. Doubtfully attributed by Mr. Lea to the Holston rivet. 
 
 t Unio dollahelloides, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., ^nd Series. Vol. VIII, PI. XV, Fig. 31.) 
 "Holston river, Tennessee." Ihis species is a member of the cuneolus 
 group. 
 
 *Unio donariformis, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. Ill, Pi. IV, Fig. 3.) 
 Ranges from Ohio to Kansas, and north to Michigan and Wisconsin. This is 
 
 CATALOGUE 19. 
 
28 CATALOGUE FAMILY UNIOXIDvE. 
 
 the type of a group which includes 77. zigzay (its synonym,) 7*. Heywi^ and 
 IT. lamarckianus. 
 
 \ Uiiio dorfeuillianns, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.. Vol. VI, PI. XVII, Fig. 54.) 
 
 From the Ohio river to Kansas river," at Topeka; south to Trinity river. 
 Texas. This species is a member of the piislulosux group of Unirmcs from the 
 type of which it is not far removed. 
 
 f Unio druniiis, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Pliil. Soc., Vol. V. PL X, Pig-. 29j 
 
 Cumberland and Holston rivers, Tennessee. It is very close to 77. capcratus, 
 with which it groups. 
 
 * Unio ebeims, Lea. 
 
 (Trans, ^m. Phil Soc., Vol. IV, PI. IX, Fig. 14.) 
 
 Ohio to Alabama river, atSelma; to Kansas; to Minnesota, Mississippi river. 
 77. globatus, 'U. snbglobaliis, II. leseucrianus, and 77. subrotundus, among 
 others, group with this form, and of them some may prove to be synonymous. 
 
 t Unio edgarianus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Plril. Soc., 2nd Series Vol. VIII, PI. XV, Fig. 30.) 
 Clinch, Powell's and Holston rivers, Tennessee. This species may be consid- 
 ered the type of a rather large group which includes, with others, 77. obunc-us, 
 77. andersonensis, 77. flavidvs, and 77. tuscumbicnsis. The group apparently 
 offers some interesting synonomy. 
 
 * Unio elegans, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. IV, PL IX, Fig. 13.) 
 
 From western New York to Nebraska; to Neosho and Verdigris rivers, Kan- 
 sas. It is a fairly common species at all points where it occurrs. Some of the 
 Kansas specimens are the largest and finest seen Groups with II. dotmciformis. 
 
 * Unio ellipsis, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. Ill, PL IV, Fig. 4.) 
 
 Ottawa river, Canada; western New York; to Kansas; north to Minnesota. 
 The original specimens, forming the basis of description, came from the Ohio 
 river. 77. peulii groups here, and is a synonym. 
 
 CATALOGUE 20. 
 
DKS MOIXES ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
 
 I Unio estabrookianus, Lea. 
 
 (Trnn-. Am. I'hil. Boc.. 2ml Series Vol. A', PL VI, Fijr. 17.) 
 
 Clinch. Holston, and Elk rivers. Tennessee. Groups with I'. <mjcnt<-nx, 
 \\ hich see. 
 
 f Unio fahalis, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. IV, PI. X, Fig. 16.) 
 
 Ohio. Indiana, and Tennessee. Say's 7'. lapillus is synonymous with this 
 species. 
 
 
 t U. fascinans, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 2nd Series, Vol. VI, PI. XL VII, Fig. iis.) 
 Holston river, Virginia and Tennessee; Chattooga river, north Georgia. 
 This species is a member of that very extensive group typified by 77". aryentcu*. 
 
 f Unio fat in is, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Hoc., 2cl Series, Vol. VIII, PI. XI, Fi<i. U.) 
 "Holston river, east Tennessee. Groups with U. iris, which see. 
 
 1 Unio fiavidus. Lea. 
 
 (Observations on the Genus Unio, Vol. XIII, PI. 9, Fig-. 23.) 
 
 Clinch, Holston and Tennessee rivers. This so-called species is very close to 
 /'. tu.wicnibiensis being a member of the same group. See under 77. edgariu- 
 
 n MX. Lea. 
 
 t Unio florentimis, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Ai-ail. Nat. Sci. Phil.. 2d S<-ri's. Vol. V., PI. V, Fig. 2113. > 
 Tennessee river, Alabama, near Florence, probably Muscle Shoals. A female 
 of this form, from the Cumberland river, Tennessee, bearing the identification 
 of the author of the species, has passed in review. It groups with /*. i>n-f)tc.i'us, 
 Lea. 
 
 I Unio folintus, Hild. 
 
 (Figured?) 
 
 Described from the Ohio river. Specimens have been submitted from the 
 Holstnn river, at Knoxville, Tennessee. 
 
 21. 
 
30 CATALOGUE FAMILY UNION ID J 
 
 * Unio forsheyi, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d Series, Veil. V PI, LX, Fig. 182.) 
 Indian Territory to Texas ; east to Big Prairie creek, Alabama. See under 17. 
 lachrymosus, Lea, with which the species groups. 
 
 * Unio fragosns, Conrad. 
 
 (Mongraph of Unio, PI. VI, Fig. 2.) 
 
 Ranges from the Ohio river to Fall river, Elk county, Kansas. The species 
 is often received as U. asperrimuf, Lea, to which it bears a close resemblance. 
 It groups with U. lachrymosus, Lea. 
 
 f Unio fucatns, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., PL LIX, Fig. 178.) 
 
 "North Alabama," the original locality; Elk river, a tributary to the Tennes- 
 see, but whether in the Alabama portion of its course is not known. Belongs 
 to the group of which U. iris is the type. 
 
 t Unio fnlgidns, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2nd Series, Vol. X, PL IV, Fig. 10.) 
 
 This species, a member of the tumescens group, was described from the Red 
 river, at Alexandria, Louisiana, the only locality yet known. 
 
 t Unio gibber, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI, PL X, Fig. 30.) 
 
 Caney Fork, Tennessee, a tributary to the Cumberland. Is this more than a 
 variety of U. crassidens, Lamarck ? 
 
 * Unio gibbosns, Barnes. 
 
 (Am. Jour, of Sci. and Arts, 1st Series, Vol. VI, PL XI, Fig. 12.) 
 Ottawa river, Canada; central New York, Mohawk river; south to Bluestone 
 river, Virginia, and Tuscumbia, Alabama; Kansas; north to Minnesota. See 
 under U. arctior, Lea. The species is frequently received bearing the name of 
 U. rectus, Lamarck, from which it is readily to be distinguished by the coarse 
 character of the undulations on the umbones. 
 
 CATALOGUE 2:2. 
 
DES MO1NES ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 31 
 
 f- I'nio glaher, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI, PI. X., Fig. 29.) 
 
 This is a member of the irix group, was described from the Holston river, 
 Tennessee, and has not been reported from elsewhere. 
 
 * Unio glamlaceiis, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Vol. V, PI. IX, Fig. 2^6.) 
 
 This species \vas described from the Cahawba river, Alabama. Specimens 
 credited to Arkansas, by Dr. Lea, and collected by Prof. B. Powell, have passed 
 in review. See under U. argenteus, Lea. 
 
 f Uiiio uluns Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. IV., PI. VIII, Fig. 12.) 
 
 Ohio and Indiana, south to the Kentucky and Green Rivers, and Tennessee 
 drainage system. 77. corvunculus, Lea, of Alabama and Georgia, appears to be 
 closely related to this species 
 
 t Unio global us. Lea. 
 
 (Observations on the Genus Unio, Vol. XIII, PL I, Fig-. 1.) 
 
 Credited to the Holston river, in east Tennessee and to the Etowah river, in 
 north Georgia. See under 77 ebenus. Lea. 
 
 * Unio gradlis, Barnes. 
 
 (Figured ?) 
 
 This species has a wide range from Ottawa river, Canada; to Centra) New 
 York; Tuscumbia, Alabama, in the Tennessee river and Spring creek; to Michi- 
 gan : Kansas; and south to Texas. It is one of the few alate species of Unio. 
 See under U. (flatus, Say. 
 
 :}: Unio graudidens, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliil., Snd Series Vol. V, PI. XXX, Fig. 274.) 
 Hot Springs, Arkansas, the only reported locality. It belongs to the vustu- 
 inxiiN group, and is not far removed from 77. cooperianus, Lea. 
 
 *Unio prranifcrus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI, PI. XIX. Fig. 60.) 
 
 Ohio to Iowa, Mississippi river. The species been often received under the 
 immp of 77. vcrrucosus, Barnes, but is an entirely distinct form. Both ait- 
 related to the pustulosus group, but distinguished readily by their purple nacre. 
 
 CATALOGUE 23. 
 
30 CATALOGUE FAMILY UNIOX1IXK. 
 
 \ Unio habetatus, Conrad. 
 
 (Figured?) 
 
 "Missouri." No further information is at present accessible. 
 
 * Unio haleianns, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2nd Scries, Vol. VIII, Pi. XXVII, Fig. (53.) 
 
 Described from the Mississippi river, at New Orleans. Specimens have been 
 received from Mr. Lea credited to the Indian Territory. 
 
 t Unio hnysiamiN, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. V, PL III, Fig'. 7.) 
 
 Described from the Cumberland river, Tennessee. It occurs also, in the Ten- 
 nesse, Powell, Clinch, and Holston rivers. U. noiverbyawus, Lea, is probably 
 synonymous. 
 
 \ Unio higginsii, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d Series, Vol. V, PI. XXIV, Fig. 258. 
 Described from the Mississippi river, at Muscatine, Iowa, ranging thence to 
 the Little Blue river in Kansas. If U. orbiculatus, Hildreth, and this form be 
 identical, which is believed to be the case, then Mgginsii is a synonym, and the 
 range of orbiculatus considerably increased. Say also described this form under 
 the name of U. ahruptns. See "Descriptions of the Shells of North America," 
 PI. XVII." 
 
 f Unio holstonensis, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.. 2d Series. Vol. VIII, PI. XV, Fig. 27.) 
 
 This form which groups with U. cuneolus, was described from the Holston 
 river, in east Tennessee, and has been reported from no other locality. 
 
 \ Unio hydianns, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil, foe., Vol. VI, PI. VI, Fi;>. 14.) 
 
 This form, originally described from the Bayou Teche, Louisiana, ranges west 
 to the Indian Territory and south to Trinity river, Texas. It is synonymous 
 with U. luteolus, Lamarck, which see. 
 
 t Unio iiiterincdiiis, Conrad. 
 
 (Monograph of Unio, PI. XXXV. Fig. 2.) 
 Described from the Nolachucky river, Tennessee. It occurs also in the Clinch 
 
 CATALOGUE 24 
 
DES MOINES ACADKMV OF SCIENCE. 33 
 
 ami Ilolston rivers, Tennessee, and in the Tennessee river, near Tuscumbia, 
 north Alabama 
 
 f Unio interrnptus Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI, PI. VI, Fig-. 15.) 
 
 llarpeth river. Tennessee. This species is a member of the litjd.nu'nthinN 
 group. 
 
 f Unio iris, Lea. 
 
 Trans. Am. Phil. Sue., Vol. Ill, PI. IX, Fig. 18.) 
 
 This species ranges from western New York to Michigan; to Illinois; and 
 south to Rock Castle creek, Kentucky. 77. novi-eborad, Lea, is probably a 
 synonym, but not the sole one. The form may be considered the type of a con- 
 siderable group which, among others, includes U. novi-eboracl, U. muhlficltli- 
 (tuus, U. simus, U zeiyleriunus, and 77. cumberlandiainLS. The type came 
 from the Ohio river, near Cincinnati. 
 
 t Unio irroratus, Lea. 
 
 (Tra'.is. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. Ill, PI. V. Fig. 5.) 
 
 The type upon which this species is based came from the Ohio river, near Cin- 
 cinnati. Thence it ranges to Illinois; south to Tuscumbia, Alabama, and Hols- 
 ton river, east Tennessee. 
 
 t Unio jonesii. Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Vol. IV, PL LlV,Fi-. 1H4.) 
 
 The locality of the type of this species is Euharlee creek, Georgia. It occurs 
 in Swamp creek, north Georgia; at Asheville, North Carolina; in creeks, Mon- 
 roe county, Tennessee; and in the Elk river, north Alabama. It is a member of 
 the iris group. 
 
 f Unio kirtliindianus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. S :>c., Vol. V, Pi. XIV, Fig-. 41.) 
 
 The type of this species which is closely related to U. coccineus, Ilildreth 
 was derived from the Mahoning river, Ohio. Examples have been seen credited 
 to Grand river, Michigan, and Waukesha, Wisconsin. 
 
 fUnio laclirymosus, I.ca. 
 
 (Tnuis. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. Ill PI. VI, Fig. 8.) 
 Ohio river, near Cincinnati, to Kansas river, at Topeka. ' The most northerly 
 
34 CATALOGUE FAMILY UNIONIML 
 
 locality noted is the lied river of the North at Pembina. U. asperriYnus, Lea, is 
 
 a synonym. Here, also, group U. fragosus, U. spcciosus, U. forsheyi, and 77. 
 aplculatus. 
 
 *Unio laevissimns, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol III, Pi. XIII, Fig-. 23. As Symphynota Icevissima.) 
 Ohio to Nebraska; Kansas; to Trinity river, Texas. See under U. (jracllis. 
 Barnes. 
 
 f Unio lamarckianus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2nd Series, Vol. X., PL XVII, Fig. 20.) 
 Caddo and Washita rivers, Arkansas. Belongs in the group of 17. irrora- 
 
 fM8. 
 
 t Unio lawi, Lea. 
 
 (Observations on the Genus Unio, Vol. XIII. PI. 2, Fig. 4.) 
 
 East Tennessee and North Alabama. This species is a member of the clavus 
 group, and is confined to a comparatively small area in the Tennessee drainage 
 system. 
 
 t Unio leuior, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2d Series, Vol. VIII, P . XII, Fir. 18.) 
 This, a member of the perplexus group, was described from Stone river, Ten- 
 nessee, and has not elsewhere been found. 
 
 t Unio lens, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am Phil. Soc., Vol. IV, Pi. VIII, Fig. 10) 
 
 Ohio and Indiana; Elk river, Tennessee. This form is a synonym of U. cir- 
 culus* which see. 
 
 t Unio lenticnlaris, Lea. 
 
 (Observations on the Genus Unio, Vol. XIII, PI. IX, Fig. 27.) 
 Described from the Tellico river, east Tennessee. Specimens have been re- 
 ceived from Coal creek, Anderson county, Tennessee. The species groups with 
 r. (trycnteus. 
 
 t Unio leslej i, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phila. 2nd series, Vol. TV, PI. LVIII, Fig. 177.) 
 Kentucky and Tennessee. Groups with 77. clavus. 
 
 CATALOGUE 26. 
 
DES MOINES ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. ;jf> 
 
 t I'nio losoiH'rianiis, Lea. 
 
 (Tnins. Am Phil. Soc.. 2nd Ser., Vol. VIII, PI. VIII. Pig. ;.,' 
 
 The type of this species came from the Holston river, east Tennessee. It 
 ranges from Ashcville, North Carolina, to near Tuscumbia, Alabama. See 
 under U. chant*. Lea. 
 
 * Unio ligaiiieiitimis, Lamarck. 
 
 (American Conehology, P,. Vil I, as U. crassus. Say. Am. Jour, of Sci and Arts, N 
 Series, Vol. VI, PI. XI, Fig. 20 As U. carinatu^ Barnes.) 
 
 This species has a wide distribution and is the type of a rather large 
 group. The extremes of distribution, noted thus far, are western New York 
 to North Alabama; to south-western Kansas ; north to St. Paul, Minnesota. In 
 almost every considerable stream throughout this vast range ft is a very common 
 shell. A very peculiar dwarfed form occurs abundantly in the Holston river, 
 Tennessee, and in the Tennessee river, Muscle Shoals, Alabama. It is also ex- 
 tra-Iimital, being found at Racine, Wisconsin, in streams flowing into Lake Mich- 
 igan, and hence in the Atlantic drainage. Among the forms belonging to tiie 
 group of which this species is the type are U. pictus, 77. menkianus, U. linds- 
 leyi, U. clarkianus, U. biting ulatus, U. punvtatus, U. pulcher, U. interrup- 
 tus, 77. upsoni, and 77. psrdix, some of which do not appear to be far enough 
 removed from one another to take specific rank. 
 
 * Unio limlsleyi, Say. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phi'.a.. 2nd Series, Vol. IV, PI. LV1II, Fig. 176.) 
 "Tennessee," See under 77. ligament-inus, Lamarck. 
 
 \ Unio Hngneformis, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Ph'hi.. 2nd Series, Vol. L V, PL LVI, Fig-. 170.) 
 
 French Broad river, Tennessee, and Chattahoochee river, Georgia. It is very 
 close to 77. tener, Lea, forming a member of the same group. 
 
 Unio lunnlatiis, Pratt. 
 
 (Prop. Davenp rt Ac id. Nat. Sci., Vol. I, PI. XXXI, Fig. 1.) 
 
 This form was described from the Mississippi river, at Davenpert, Iowa. It 
 groups with 77. lachrymo&us, and is, perhaps, synonymous. 
 
 * Unio luteolus, Lamarck. 
 
 (Nat. Hist, of NLW York, Vol. V, Part I, Moll t. sea. Pi. XX, Fijr. 241. Also. 
 in Am. .Jour, of Sc:. and Arts, 1st Series. Vo'. VI, PI. XIII. Fir. 15. As t*. .sfhV/t/oi- 
 deus, Harnes. 
 
 CATALOGUE 27. 
 
36 CATALOGUE FAMILY UNIONIDyE. 
 
 This is probably the most widely distributed Unio in North America. The 
 extreme northeastern stations, from which specimens have been seen, are the 
 Kideau canal and Ottawa river, Canada, near Ottawa. It ranges thence to west- 
 ern and central New York, to West Virginia. The most southwestern localities 
 reported are the San Antonio and San Saba rivers, in Texas. The most north- 
 ern localities authenticated by specimens are the Red river of the North, atPein- 
 bina, Lake Winnipeg, and Moose river, near Hudson's Bay, A depauperate form 
 was collected abundantly by Lieut. Beale, in Texas, which presents a greater de- 
 gree of variation than exists between many other Uniones known under various 
 specific names. A beautifully rayed variety, occurring in the Ohio, in northern In- 
 diana and in the smaller lakes of Michigan and Wisconsin was made the subject 
 of specific diagnosis by Mr. Anthony under the name of Unto distans. A more 
 cylindrical and somewhat larger form, common in Ohio. Illinois, Iowa and Kan- 
 sas, received from Mr. Barnes the name of Unio siliquoideus. The range of 
 variation which this species presents is more than paralleled by others which are 
 types of groups of wide distribution notably U. pustulosun, U. rubiginosus, 
 IT. undulatus, and U. complanatus. This last named form ranges from Nova 
 Scotia to southeastern Alabama, is peculiar to the Atlantic drainage, and is 
 known by some sixty names between these limits. It presents some of the 
 most remarkable synonomy in the whole family. In this, more than in any 
 other group of Uniones, perhaps, have species been multiplied by the exaggera- 
 tion of supeificial differences and by a failure to recognize the equally or more 
 apparent important resemblances. 
 
 t Unio lyonii, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat Sei. Phila.,2nd Series, Vol. VI, PI. XXX 1 1, Fiir. 74.) 
 
 This, a member of the nryenteus group, has been reported only from east 
 Tennessee. 
 
 t Unio niaciilatiis, Conrad. 
 
 (New Fresh Water Shells of the Tinted States, PI. IV, Fiff. 4.) 
 ''Elk and Flint rivers, tributaries to the Tennessee/' 
 
 f Unio iiisustiis, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phi'. Sue., 2d Series, Vol. VIII, PI. XXVI, Fiy. (!;).) 
 ''French Broad river, east Tennessee." 
 
 t Unio men kian MS. Lea. 
 
 (Tnu s. Am. Phil. Sot;., Vol. VI. PI. XIX, Fi>r. ">J.) 
 This species, which is a member of the ligcLTtiintinux group, was described 
 
 CATALOGUE 28 
 
DES M01XKS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
 
 from tin- Ilarpcth river, Tennessee aiul no other localities have yet occurred. 
 See under I'nio li<j<nni-ntinuN, Lamarck. 
 
 t Unio inemlithii, Lea. 
 
 tOhsf rvaiim.s on the (Jenus I'nio, Vol. VIII, PI. VI, Fig-. 214.) 
 The original locality of this species was the Tennessee river, near Tuscumbia. 
 Alabama. Specimens have been taken in Spring creek, at Tuscunibia. It be- 
 longs to the group of <ir<n'.nt<'itx, and is rather close to estctbrooManus. 
 
 * Uisio inctaiiever, Ilafinesque. 
 
 (Am. Jour, of Sci. and Arts, latteries. Vol. VI, PI. VI, Figs. 7a, 7b. as L'tn'o ncKtotnx. 
 
 Barnes.) 
 
 The orthography of this word is unsettled, usage often sanctioning mct<n\cv- 
 n/.s-. This shell is a member of the group which includes 77. t N/KTOXUX, U. 
 irnrdii. and 7". i:ijlin<1i"lcus. Its range is from the Ohio south to the Coosa 
 and Alabama rivers, Alabama; to Neosho and Elk rivers, Kansas; and north 
 to Lake Pepin, Mississippi river. 
 
 * Unit) inississippiensis, Conrad. 
 
 (Figured ?) 
 
 This form was described from the lower Mississippi. It is synonymous with 
 r. suhrostratus, Say, which see. 
 
 f Unio nionodoiitiis, Say. 
 
 See under Mg/rgaritana monodontd, Say. 
 
 f Unio iiiooresiiiiiiis. Lea. 
 
 (Jou . Acad. Nut. Sci Philn. Vol. VI. PI. XI V T , Fig. 37.) 
 
 Clinch, Holston and Tennessee rivers, above Tuscunibia, Alabama. This 
 form belongs to the group represented by r. tlwrnKniii, and is possibly synony- 
 mous with the type of the group. 
 
 I Unio imihliiehlianus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Sue.. Vol. VI, Pi. XII, Fi.j-.3B.) 
 "Cumberland river, Tennessee." This is a member of the irix group, which 
 
 JI 
 
CATALOGUE FAMILY UNION1D.E. 
 
 * Unio multiplicatus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. IV. Pi. IV, Fig. 2. Soft parts figured in Jour. Aead. Nat. 
 Sci. Phila., 2nd Series, Vol. IV, PI. XXX, Fig-. 105.) 
 
 Ohio river to Alabama river, at Selma ; to Trinity river, Texas ; to Neosho, 
 river, Kansas; to Mississippi river, at Davenport, Iowa. This is the type of a 
 group which includes, among others, U. eightsii and 77. boyMnianus, botli of 
 which should be considered synonymous with it. Indeed, it is a matter of doubt 
 whether all of the plicate forms should not group under plicalus as the type of 
 the group. See under U. plicatus. 
 
 f Unio mnltiradiatns, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. III. PI. IX, Fig-. 15.) 
 
 Ranges from Ohio to Michigan and Illinois ; south to Green river, Kentucky 
 and Duck river, Tennessee. In east Tennessee, at Asheville, North Carolina, 
 and at Tuscumbia, Alabama, occurs a form, probably synonymous, which has 
 received the name of 77. perradiatus, Lea. 
 
 f Unio mimdus, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2nd Series, Vol. VI, PI. XIV, Fig. 38.) 
 
 Tuscumbia, Alabama, in Tennessee river. See under 77. clavus, Lamarck, 
 with which it groups. 
 
 * Unio mytiloides, Rafmesque. 
 
 (Am. Jour, of Sci. and Arts, 1st. Series, Vol. XXV, PI. I, Fig. 7.) 
 Ohio river at Marietta, to the Mississippi river, at Muscatine. Iowa. This is a 
 member of a group of wide distribution embracing 77. plenus, 77. pyrainidatus, 
 77. okliqwis, and 77. solidus. 
 
 *Unio nashvillensis, Lea. 
 
 <T.an-. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. VI., PL XIV, Fig. 43 ) 
 t 
 Described from the Cumberland river, at Nashville. Tennessee. It is synony 
 
 rnous with 77. subrostratus, Say, which see. 
 tUnio neglectus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2d S.-iies, Vol. IX, PI. XLII, Fig. 10.) 
 North Alabama." No other information has been attainable. 
 
 CATALOGUE 30. 
 
DES MOINES ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. ;>ij 
 
 * Unio iiigcrrinius, Lea. 
 
 .Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2nd Series, Vol. X, PL XVIII, Fig. 23.) 
 Described from the Red river, at Alexandria, Louisiana. See U. svbniNtm- 
 tiix, Say. 
 
 f- Unio iiitens, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2nd Series Vol. VIII, PI. XII, Fig-. ]'.).) 
 "Long creek, Cocke county, Tennessee." This form appears to group with 
 U obscurus and U. pybasii. 
 
 f I'nii* uotatiis, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI, PI. VIII, Fig. 22.) 
 
 This species a member of the iris group was described from the Cumber- 
 land river, Tennessee, and has not yet been found elsewhere. 
 
 f Unio iiovi-eboraci, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI PI. XXIV, Fig. 114. Also Natural History of NV\\- 
 York, Part I, Vol. V, Mollusca, PI. XX, Fig. 240.) 
 
 Ranges from central New York to Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois. See 
 under U. iris, Lea. 
 
 * Unio obliqmis, Lamarck. 
 
 (Figured ?) 
 
 This form is the type of a group of Uniones, which includes U. mytiloides 
 and the other species named in connection therewith. It is rather commonly dis- 
 tributed from the Alleghany river to Tuscuinbia, Alabama, Muscatine, Iowa, and 
 St. Peter's river, Minnesota. 
 
 t Unio obsenrus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil Soc., Vol. VI, PI. Ill, Fig. 7.) 
 
 Cumberland river, at Nashville, Tennessee. Groups with U. nilens, Lea, and 
 V. pybdsii, Lea. 
 
 t Unio obiini'iis. Lea. 
 
 (Ohscrvationa on the Onus Unio, Vol. XI11, PL II. Fig. 5.) 
 
 The distribution of this form, which is a member of the edgartttnns group, is 
 quite local and confined to the drainage of the Tennessee at and below Knox- 
 ville to Muscle Shoals. 
 
 CATALOGUE 31. 
 
40 CATALOGUE FAMILY UNIOXID^E. 
 
 * Uiiio occidens, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. s O c., Vol. Ill, PI. X, Fig. 16.) 
 
 This species has a very wide range, is common wherever it occurs, and is a 
 member of the large group typified by U. ovatvs, Say. It ranges from Ottawa 
 river, Canada, to Western New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio; southwest to 
 Indian Territory and north to Nebraska and Minnesota. ' In the belief that this 
 form is synonymous with 77. ventricoxns Barnes, that name has been affixed to 
 all specimens distributed by the reporter. Say evidently so regarded it inas- 
 much as his figure of ventricosus (Descriptions of the shells of North America, 
 PI. XXXII.) appears to be identical with Lea's figure of occidtns. The beau-, 
 tifully rayed specimens, such as served for the illustrations oi both Say and Lea, 
 are exceptionally rare, and do not represent the form as commonly found. 
 With this form group 77. capax and 77. canadensis. 
 
 \ Unio oceidentalis, Conrad. 
 
 (Monogiaph of Unio, PI. XXXVI, Fig-. 1.) 
 " Currant river, Arkansas." 
 
 *TJnio orbiculatus, Hildreth. 
 
 (For illustration reference see 77. hiaginsii, Lea.) 
 
 Eanges southwest from the Ohio to the Cumberland, west to Davenport, Iowa, 
 and Blue river, Kansas. See under 77. Myginsii, Lea. 77, pinyuis groups here, 
 and is probably synonymous. 
 
 t Unio ovatus, Say. 
 
 (Am. Jour, of Sci and Arts, 1st Series. Vol XIV, PI. I, Fig-s., 21a, 21b. Also well figured 
 by Lea as 17. excavatus.) 
 
 This is the type of a very large gioup of widely distributed Unirmcs. It 
 anges from the Alleghany river to Central New York and south to the Tennes- 
 see and Holston rivers. In the Black Warrior, Alabama, Cahawba and Coosa 
 rivers, Alabama, is a very closely related form, which passes under the name of 
 77. excnvdtus. 
 
 tUnio oviformis, Conrad. 
 
 (New Fresh Water Shells of the Unit< d Stti'os, PL III, Fig-. 6.) 
 Clinch river, Tennessee. It belongs to the gvcup of argmtius. 
 
 CATALOGUE 32. 
 
M:s MOFNKS ACADEMY <>F SCiKNCE. 41 
 
 *tlnio parvns. names. 
 
 ( lour. Acii'l. Nsit.Sci. Phil. .Vol. IV., PI. XXIX, Fijrs. l<r.'. Kr.'a; soft |>;. 
 hcr<- fijnired.) 
 
 Western New York to Tusenmbia, Alabama; to Jackson, MissMsijtfH: 
 <lian Territory and Kansas: to Lake Pepin. Mississippi river. This species is 
 ihc type of a -group. t\vo members ol' which are / '. rrfmiwcUii, and 7..". imulitN. 
 
 f Unio patnius, Lt^a. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Sot-., Vol. Ill, PI. XII 4 Fijf*a0.f il. ; 
 
 Alh'U'liany, Ohio and Scioto rivers: Holstoii river, Tennessee. Tliis form i> 
 identical with T. c///r.v, Lamarck, \vliicli see for further syn.-momy. 
 
 I Unio pattinoides, Lea. 
 
 (Observations on the Genus Unio, Vol. XIII, PI. VJJ1, f%. ::;.. :.< 1 
 
 Clinch and Holston rfve"rs, east Tennessee. This form is a member of the 
 group, and is close to U. nuiiHlu*, Lea. 
 
 \ Unio pealii, Lea. 
 
 (Oliscrvations-ftn the Genus Unio, Vol. XIII, PI, VII i, Fi^. ^;!j 
 
 Kansas river, at Topeka. Belongs with /". eiiipsis, from which it is quite 
 eiearly wot*dis-tinct. 
 
 f Unio pectorosus, Conrad. 
 
 (New Fresh Water Shells of the United States. Pl."Vl,-Flv*.)' ' 
 A species of the owitns group, frolii the Klk and Tennessee rivers, Tennessee. 
 
 f Unio perdix, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. V, PI. XI, FIgi'Slv>- ' .^IHI->J >.ln ! . 
 Harpeth and Elk rivers, Tennessee. This rnio is a member of the I'ujinncn- 
 Uniix group, and is very close* to -P. piotus and U. rnenltliituix. whicli see. 
 
 Unio pornodosns, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. i<oc.. :.jid Seriee. l^Ql. X, PI. IIJ. Fi^. 8. 
 
 From western North Carolina. This shell gi'oups with r. i>n1nl<,*us, and 
 has many points of resemblance to T<T;>coopciri<m'ii8^ Lea. 
 
 
 f Unio porplexus. Lea. 
 
 <Trsms. Am. 1 Phil. Sot-.. V)|. IV, PI. XVII. Fi-r. [*-.) ' - 
 
 Ohio and Indiana to the Clinch, Ilolston and Tennessee rivers. This is rhe 
 type of a considerable group, most forms of which are probably synonymous, 'HI- 
 
 CATALOGUE 33. 
 
42 CATALOGUE FAMILY 
 
 eluding U. Cdpscrfonnix, 77. tnrr)i<lul.tts. r. r<tn(ji<nu<s, 7". xnnipwinii, /'.. 
 stewardsonii and others. 
 
 t ITnio perpietus, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phil.. Vol. IV. PI. LVIII, Fi^. J75.) 
 Holston and Bull rivers, Tennessee. This is a member of the Iris group, ami 
 
 appears to be synonymous with its type. 
 
 . 
 
 *Unio pprpliratiis, Conrad. 
 
 (Figured ?) 
 
 This form, which ranges from Jackson, Mississippi, to the lied river, in Ar- 
 kansas, is a member of the midulutus group, which see. 
 
 f Unio perpurpiireus, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fhila.. :."d Series. Vol. VI. PI. XVI. Fi<r. ^4 i 
 " Tennessee." No other information is available. 
 
 t Unio pprradiatiis, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Aetul. Xat. 1- ci.. Phila.. 2nd Series, Vol. V. PI. VI. Fiu. M5.) 
 French Broad river, North Carolina, Holston and Tennessee nveis, Tennessee, 
 and Tennessee river, near Tuscumbia, Alabama. See under 7 T . ninUir(nliutu*. 
 Lea. 
 
 t Unio personatus, Say. 
 
 (Fifi-ur.'d ';) 
 "Wabash river, Indiana." A member of the i>erijh.niH group. 
 
 | Tnio potriniis. (Jould. 
 
 (Fi'-nuv<; V) 
 Southeast Kansas to Trinity ai d Bra/os rivers. Texas. 
 
 *Uiii pliaseolus, Hildictli. 
 
 (Traiis. Am. Phil. Soc.. Vol. III. PI. IX. Fi>r. K5. as r. planu'atu*, F.ca: ; iso 
 Descriptions of ll:e Shells oi Xorth America. Say, PI. XXII.) 
 
 Western New York to North Carolina, in the French Broad river; Tennessee 
 and Alabama, in the Elk, Clinch, Holston and Tennessee rivers: Indian Terri- 
 tory, Kansas. Minnesota, Michigan, and intei veiling states. The Clinch river 
 form is Lea's / '. came.!!!*, which see. This species is the type of a group which 
 includes T. r<ninl*. I'. triii(U:rix, I', it <>(lir<irUi<niii>>, ami /'. f<.i-nntn'mnn.K. 
 
DES MOINKS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 4;; 
 
 The specimens seen from Indian Territory and Kansas are beautifully ornamented 
 with numerous irreen rajiillan rays. The soft parts of phasroln* are. finely 
 timired in Jour. Acad. Nat. SH. I liila..!2nd Series, Vol. IV. PT. XXIX, Fig. 101, 
 
 I Unio ]>!iilli{isii. Conrad. 
 
 (Moniirji-ph of I'nio. PI. V. Fi>r. I.) 
 "Ohio river." I 'Hongs to the group of f. nictuntvcr? 
 
 I Unio pictus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans, Am. Phil. Sot.-., Vol. V. PI. XI, F;jr. :.) 
 Harpetli rivei 1 . Tennessee. See under V. ligament-inns, Lamarck. 
 
 f Unio pilaris, Lea. 
 
 (Trs.ns. Am. Phil. S c., 2nd Series, Vol VIII, PL XIV, Fi;,'. 24.) 
 
 French Broad river, North Carolina, and Holston river, Tennessee. See under 
 U. ebcnitK, Lea. 
 
 f Tnio pilens. Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. ?oe., Vol. IV. PI. XVIII, Fi. 47.) 
 Oliio river, Cincinnati. Ohio. 
 
 * Unio pinguis, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phi!.. 2nd Series, Vol. IV, I 1. XV. Fijr. 58.) 
 St. Peter's (Minnesota) river, Minnesota, and, doubtfully, Ohio river at Cin- 
 cinnati. Groups with U. tirbiculdtua, Hildreth. 
 
 t Unio planieostatus, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 2nd Series, Vol. IV, PI. MX. Fi.u-. iT'.t.) 
 Clincli river, Tennessee, and in Tennessee river, near Tnseumbia, north Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 t Unio planior, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Ac.-Ml. Nat. Sci. Phila. :nd Scries Vol. VI. J>]. I,. Fio-. i-.'i., 
 South-west Virginia and east Tennessee, in the headwaters of the Holston 
 river. The species belongs with the nnn'tth ux jrroup. 
 
 t Unio pleniis. Lea. 
 
 (Trims. Am. Phil. Soc.. 2nd Seiies. Vol. VIII, Pi. XIV. F:-J. u 
 Ohio river lo Holston. Tennessee and Alabama rivers. See under /;. mtftil- 
 
 CATAI.tx.I K 85, 
 
44 ( ' A TA 1 ,0< JU !<:- -FA M I LY UNION ID.K. 
 
 *Unio piiculiiv. Le, Sueur. 
 
 (Fijrmvd ?i 
 
 Tliis is a widely distributed form belonging to the group of which IT. undnltt 
 fu,s, Barnes, is the type. It ranges from the Ohio to the Cumberland, to Kansas. 
 to the Red river of the North, at Pembina. r. piiuciplictitu*. Lea. from Texas, 
 groups her^, and is a closely related form. 
 
 \ (Jnio popenoi, Call. 
 
 (Bull, of the Wasliburn Coll. Laboratory of Nat. Hist. Xo. II, Pi. IT, Fifs. 14.) 
 
 Fall and Verdigris rivers, soutlieast Kansas. A member of the irrorutux 
 group. 
 
 t Unio powellii, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. S<x-. :,'nd Scries. Vol. X. I' . XIX, Fiji'. :';">.> 
 
 Thi,- sjiecies, a member of the hitcoltt* group, has been reported only froiu 
 the original locality the Saline river, Arkansas. 
 
 *Unio pressus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Sor.. r.Vl Spri;>s. Vol. 111. PI. XII. Fi\ 'Jx'. as S////i/>/J//'fa 
 co)nprea. Lea.) 
 
 Rideau river, Canada, to central New York, to Nemaha river. Nebraska, to 
 Wisconsin and Michigan. 
 
 f Unio propuiqiuis, Lea 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sri. Phi.'a,, L'nd S.-rit-s. Yi.J. V, PL V, Fiu-. ;-'1:3.) 
 
 Clinch. Holston and Tennessee rivers, to Tuscnnibia, Alaltama. This is a 
 member of the perple.rn* srroup. from some forms of \vhichit may not prove- 
 specifically distinct. 
 
 il iiio piulicns. Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Xat. Sei. 1'hiln., 2d St-ries, Vi!. IV PI, LVI. Ki-. 171. i 
 
 Elk River, Tennessee and north Alabama. Very dose to /m//>]/n.v/x. whicti 
 si^e. 
 
 I I'nio pulolier, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.. Vol. VI, PI. III. Fi< i; > 
 
 Nashville. Tennessee, in the Cunibcrlftiid river. (Jroups with ligament inns, 
 Lamarck. 
 
 CATALOGUE 3<), 
 

 * I'lii" jHiIvinnly-. Lea. 
 
 Tn*.A, Ptai 
 
 Murray county. Tennessee. Thi- api- 
 louioons with U. eiir*!**, Lea. 
 
 %*mr. Ac-vi. Xat. Ski 'Phi la. 24 0trfeK*'*t. r j. PI. ;- 
 Elk and Caney-fork ifms. Texmenee, and 
 
 ' '.. 
 f uiee**, JTil^cpifi 
 
 - HfekMi riret. Tea 
 
 in. PL VTJ. PI*. *. *. n'ter 
 
 - - . 
 
 cg*s tte ^rfN i <TWfeto ferfihtoL Bia^K 
 
 the Bl** Waimr. Cahawba. 
 
 nvtE, Mtfcwe*t GcMgia. 
 
 ithate 
 
 of r. jiailMfj ! i. Lea wfcfc wMtfc it omp* avi taw vMcav 
 
 
 - : r - ::'.- - . - - 
 
 -*aa ar> 
 a- 
 
 "cr*i fiwm *f 
 Crfifltw^^. ::*** :*-^->: rr*tet 13^ aaafc* 'X !>&, 
 
4(j CATALOGUE FAMILY UNIONIM?. 
 
 ties have been severally called' U. sph^ricus, IT.hvustonensls, U. wimolcniftii.. 
 U. prasinus and U.vullatus, all of which group in a natural assemblage with. 
 the early described U. pustulosits as the type. 
 
 f Unio pybasii, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Aead. Nat. Soi. Phila., Vol. V. PI. VI. Fiy. 21ii.) 
 East Tennessee and North Alabama. Groups with /'. obscunis, and {'. tcncr. 
 
 * Unio pyramitlatiis, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. IV, PI. XVI. Fig. 39.) 
 
 Ohio to the Alabama river, at Selma; to Kansas: to Rock river, Wisconsin. 
 See under U. obliquus, Lamarck. 
 
 f Unio radiosus, Lea. 
 
 (Observations on the Genus Unio, yo!. XIII, PI. Ill, Fig-. 5>.> 
 Holston river, Tennessee, and Tennessee river, north Alabama. 
 
 f Unio rangianus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. PhiL Soc., Vol. VI, PI. XVIII, Fig. 56.> 
 
 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan. Belongs to the group of piT/>/<.n/.v. 
 which see. 
 
 fUnio ravcnelianns, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. V, PI. Ill, Fig. 5.) 
 
 Asheville, North Carolina, and Black Warrior river, Jefferson county, Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 * Unio rectns, Lamarck. 
 
 (Am. Jour, of Sci. and Arts, 1st Series. Vol. VI PL XIII, Fig. 11, as Unio 
 prcelongus, Barnes.) 
 
 This is one of the most widely distributed species in the United States. It 
 ranges from the Rideau and Ottawa rivers, Canada, to western New York; Ala- 
 bama river, at Selma; to Texas; to Kansas and north to the Red river, at Pem- 
 bina, Its characters remain quite constant over all this vast area. It appears to 
 group with Unio anodontoid< s, though totally different in color and ornamen- 
 tation. It is often confounded with U. gibbosiis, but the latter has less fre- 
 quent and much coarser undulations on the umbones, and much heavier lateral 
 teeth. The species, as it usually occurs, has an in idescent, deep purple nacre, 
 but individuals entirely or partially white, in respect to thv j nacre, occur abund- 
 antly 
 
 CATALOGUE 38. 
 
DKS MOINKS ATADKMY OF SCIENCE. 47 
 
 f Unio recnrvatns. Lea. 
 
 !<>hs( rxiitions oil the (Jeinis I'nio. \'ol. XHI. PI. II, Fig. 6.) 
 
 Tennessee and Holstoii rivers, above Tuscumbia, Alabama. This is a mem- 
 ber of the <'I>cintx group, and piobably synonymous \vith I', ijlohntns and U. 
 xiilnjlulHrtiix. which see. 
 
 {: Unio rcevianus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.. id S rles, Vol. X, PI. XX, Fiji- 2K.) 
 lied river, at Alexandria, Louisiana. A member of the Intcolus group. 
 
 f Unio regiilaris, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.. ;,'d Series, Vol. VIJI, PI. XXV. Fig. ^U 
 "French Broad river, east Tennessee." 
 
 t Unio rctustis, Lamarck. 
 
 (Figured '.') 
 Oliio to Illinois in tlu 1 Mississippi river: south to the Holstoii river, Tennessee. 
 
 tl.'nio rotundatiis, Lamarck. 
 
 (Figured ':) 
 
 'I'lie only specimens \\hicli have come under notice were from Louisiana. No 
 authentic record of this form, vero, is known outside that state, though Lea 
 credits it to the Ohio river. (Synopsis of the Family Unionidje, 4th Ed. P. 100.) 
 While this is a true I'nio it lias a greater resemblance to a very large Cyr< ha 
 than to any other familiar shell. The epidermis is velvety and jet black. Con- 
 rhologists appear to have confounded oval forms of U. ebtnus, of the Ohio 
 drainage with Lamarck's species, which is unique among American 1'ninniiltr. 
 
 * Unio nilriu'iiiosiis. Lea. 
 
 (Trai.s. Am. Phil. Snc., Vul. III. PI. VIII, Fig. 10.) 
 
 Kanges from central New York, in the Erie Canal at Mohawk, to Jackson. 
 Mississippi ; to Trinity r.\ er. Texas : north to Indian Territory, Kansas : Nebraska ; 
 lo Minnesota and Wisconsin. There is a very instinctive synonomy in the group 
 which this species typilies embracing, among others, J'. rabid nx, I'. /H(////.y, 
 r.cluinii I', riddcllii and I'. <-lii<-kx<tirrnxix. This species is a very varia- 
 ble one due probably to the diverse physical conditions imposed by its extensive 
 distribution. It is usually a very abundant species. 
 
 c \r.u.o<;rK 39. 
 
48 CATALOGUE-FAMILY UN IOXIDJE. 
 
 f Unio sampsonii, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat Sei. Phila.,3ml Series, Vol. V. PI. XXV. Fisr. ~ ; (>l.i 
 Wabash river. Indiana. This is a synonym of / '. in-ri>lf::rus, which sec. 
 
 \ Unio satur, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2nd Series, Vol. X, PI. XVII, Fig. 19.) 
 Alexandria, Louisiana, in the Red river. A single specimen labelled Games 
 Creek, New Mexico, lias passed under review. Thi* is a member of the rcntri- 
 coxus group, and very close to the female of U. occ'xlen*. 
 
 * Unio schoolcraftii, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.. Vol. V. PI. [Ji. Fig. '.t. H a I'.wlioolcra-ftengis.) 
 Ohio to the Des Moin.es river, Iowa; to .Wisconsin and Michigan. See under 
 U. pustulosus, Lea. This is Conrad's U. prasimi*. 
 
 t Unio scitulns, Lea. 
 
 (Jou .-. Acad. Xat. Sei. L'hila. Vol. IV. 1'i. LV. Fig. JU7-) 
 
 "Tuscumbia, Alabama." Groups with an assemblage of small and beautiful 
 Uniones of which U. radians and U. plancus are typical. f 
 
 * Unio securis. Lea. 
 
 (Tijans. Am. Phil. So-,. Vol. Ill, PL XI. I'i^. 17. An.l S:iy's " J)e H~: iptions ,f t he- 
 Shells of Xoi-th Am Tiea, PI. XLV1II, a r. liun>l<itux. Ratines inc.) 
 
 ! !,~I ;!ti ,-.;. Mf.iii" f fCirfltJ 
 
 Ohio .lo Kansas, in the Xeosho river: to (Georgia, in the .Etowah river: to 
 Ala!;.m : u in the Coosu. Black Warriou and Alabama rivers; to Iowa and Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 : i -I., / iiu'urrn '" 
 
 t Unio simus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI, PI. VI H. Fi^. ;^i.; 
 
 Cumberland riveiy Tennossee, :awd) Swamp Creek, Whitfield county, Georgia. 
 Groups with !'. i,'i, l.ca. 
 
 . ,.' 
 
 * Unio soliilns. Lea. 
 
 - 
 
 (Tnm>. Am. Pnil. S .e.. Vol. VI. P.. V. Fig. i;jj 
 Ohio to Kansas. G-roups with r. ohliquiis, Lamarck, which >ee. 
 
 t Unio sowerbianus 9 Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. V. PI. X, Fig. 28.) 
 
 Hlk and Powell's rivers. Tennessee, and Tennessee river, north Alabama. 
 CATALOGUE 40. 
 
DKS MOIXKS ACADEMY OF SCIKNVK. 4<) 
 
 lUnio sparsus, Lea. 
 
 (Tram. Am. I'hil. S<.<-., :.M Series, Vol. VIII. PI. XXV. Fig. :,s., 
 Ilolston river. 
 
 I Unio spams, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Ara.l. Nat. Sri. Fhihi.,:.'ml Series, Vol. VI, PI. XLV11, Fig. 11!).) 
 Kentucky, east Tennessee, and northwest Georgia, in Whitfield county, 
 Swamp creek tlic last named being the locality of the original specimens. 
 
 ;: I'nio spatiilatus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2nd Series, Vol. X, PL VIII, Fig. 23.) 
 
 Western New York to central Iowa; to Wisconsin, Minnesota and Michigan. 
 This species usually occurs abundantly. 
 
 * Unio sphaericus, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2nd Series, Vol. VI, PI. LI, Fijr. 1:52.) 
 Alabama and Cahawba rivers, Alabama, to Indian Territory and south to 
 Trinity river, Texas. See under U. pustulosus, Lea. 
 
 t Unio stewardsonii, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2nd Series, Vol. X, PI. XXIII, Fig. 38.) 
 'Chattanooga," Cumberland, and Hoi ston rivers, Tennesssee, and Tennessee 
 river, north Alabama. This is a member of the group of perplcxus, which see. 
 
 f Unio stonensis, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2nd Scrios, Vol. VIII, PI. VIII, Fig. 5.) 
 " Stone's river, Tennessee; " a tributary to the Cumberland. 
 
 + Unio suberoceus, Conrad. 
 
 (Figured ?) 
 "Canadian river. Arkansas." No further information has been accessible. 
 
 t Unio snbg-lobatus. Lea. 
 
 (Observations on the <J<MMIS [Jtilo, Vol. XIII, PI. I, Fir. y.i 
 
 Centra] and east TeniK-see, and north Alabama. This is a member of the 
 i-ltcimx s:nnj. and synonymous with U. glubatiix, which see. 
 
 CATALOGUK 41. 
 
50 CATALOGUE FAMILY UXION1IXE. 
 
 t Unio siibovatus, Say. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. IV, PI. XVIII, Fig-. 4(j.) 
 
 This form was described from the Ohio river, whence it ranges' west to the 
 Mississippi an/1 north to the Rideau Canal, Ottawa. Canada. See under U. occi- 
 dens. Lea. 
 
 * Unio subrostratiiSy Say. [If 
 
 (Figured as U. toptkaensis, U. nasJiviHensis, and U. rutersvillcnsis. which see.) 
 
 The occnrence of this species in Kansas was originally reported, in the publi- 
 cation below referred to in Bull. No. II, under the name of U. topckacnsis, Lea, 
 It is without doubt that species, but it is equally certain that it has been recog- 
 nized elsewhere under at least four other names. Some time since, in collecting 
 the material for a careful study of certain groups of TJnioncs, questions of 
 synonymy presented themselves on every hand. The group to which this form 
 belonged was in a most unsatisf actor y condition and one of its elements was 
 wanting. The collections submitted for study by the Washburn College Survey 
 have supplied some of the missing data and a review of all the material, the 
 comparison of descriptions and plates and the certainty attaching to authentic 
 specimens have led to the following conclusions: 
 
 The shell was first described as Unio subroxtrntus by Thomas Savin 1831. 
 Three years subsequently Mr. Lea obtained specimens from near Nashville. Ten- 
 nessee, in the Cumberland river, and described them specifically as U. naxh- 
 rille'iixi* (originally U. nashvillifuuis.) The species is figured in Trans. Am. 
 Phil. Soc. Vol. V, PI. XIY, Fig. 43, and appears to have been a male of U. sub- 
 rostratiis. Say. Mr. T. A. Conratl, in Vol. I, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1850, des- 
 ribed, from the " lower Mississippi " this same species as U. mississipplenste. 
 Later, in 1852, Mr. Lea again described specimens sent to him from Alexandria. 
 Louisiana, under the name of U. nigerrimus^ and figured it in Trans. Am. Phil. 
 Soc., 2nd Series, Vol. X, PI. XVII I, Fig. 23. Again, in 1850, he obtained 
 other representatives from near Rutersville, Texas, and described and figured it 
 as 77. rwtcrsvillensls, in Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phi la. 2nd Series, Vol. IV, PI. 
 LX, Fig. 181. Once again did this widely distributed form occur in collections 
 submitted from Kansas, and was re-described and figured in the Jour. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci. Phila., 2nd Series. Vol. VI. PI. XLIX*, Fig. 12li, as U. tnjwlxicnsiis. Three 
 
 LI] The remarks herein presented concerning this form were originally, plinted in a 
 vaper by the author, which appeared in the Bulletin <>f tlie Waslilnirn Collcyc Labora- 
 tory of Natural History, No. Ill, March, 1SS5. It is moperto add here, that the major 
 portion of the references to distribution in Kansas was rendered possible by the 
 collections made under the auspices of the Biolryic Survey <>!' Kansas, conducted by 
 that institution. 
 
 CATALOGUE 42. 
 
DES MOINKS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 5} 
 
 .' iincs have the sharp posteriorly pointed mules received a specific name, and to 
 an eipial number of specific diagnoses have the more swollen and posteriorly 
 emarginate females been subjected. J cannot see that the shell varies consider- 
 ably from the original description of Say who did not. as many appear to have 
 surmised, have before him the male of U. wr.sufKx, a tranp-Alleghany species- 
 t hough occurring occasionally in the northern portion of Ohio in rivers which 
 discharge into Lake Krie, The synonomy of this species will therefore stand 
 as follows: 
 
 Unio subrostratus, Say, [1831. j 
 r/iio nashrUlensis, Lea, [1834.] 
 / 'nlo miss'mippiensis, Con., [1850.] 
 Unio nigerrimus, Lea, [1852.] 
 Unio rtitersviilensis, Lea. [1859.] 
 Unio topekaensis, Lea, [1868,] 
 
 i Unio siibrotiiudns, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am Phil. Soc., Vol. IV, PL XVIII, Fig. 45.) 
 
 Ohio to Illinois. Specimens have been received under the name of V. poli- 
 tics. Say. See under U. ebenux, with which it groups, 
 
 I Unio Niibtentus, Say. 
 
 (Am. Jour, of Sei. and Arts, 1st S?rie<, Vol. XXV, PL I, Fig. 3.) 
 Green and Salt rivers, Kentucky, and Elk, Clinch and Holston rivers, Tennes- 
 see. 
 
 I Unio Kiilcatns, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.. 2nd Series, Vol. Ill, PL Vltt, Fig. 12.) 
 
 Ohio and Indiana south to Tennessee. Described originally from the Ohio 
 river. 
 
 \ Unio syinmetricus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2d Series, Vol. X, PL IV, Fi >-. 11.) 
 
 This species, which was described from the Red river, Louisiana, belongs to 
 the group of which I', fttniptodoii, Say, is the type. No other localities Ivave 
 
 been reported. 
 
 f Unio tellieoensis, Lea. 
 
 << >lts<Tva1ions on the (Semis Unio, Vol. XIH. PI. X, Fi^. '-' s . - 
 " Tellico river, east Tennessee," 
 
 CATALOCJI K 4o. 
 
CATALOGUE FAMILY UN IOXID7E. 
 
 t Unio tener. Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Sue. 2nd Scries, Vol. VI If., PL X. Fi. 10. > 
 Pigeon river, Tennessee. This form groups with 77 pi//x/maml 77. 
 
 t Unio teniiesseeiisiN, Lea, 
 
 (Trans. Am, Phil. Soc., 2nd Series. Vol. VT1I, PI. X. Fiu. 11.) 
 Stone river, Tennessee a tributary to the Cumberland. 
 
 * Unio tounissimiis. Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.. Vol. IH. Pi. XI, Fig-. 21, as Sytnplnjnota tcnu i>sima. Lea.) 
 
 Ranges from the Ohio to the Tennessee river, in north Alabama, and west t> 
 the Neosho river, Kansas. 
 
 t Unio tesserulse, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acacl. Xat. Sri. Phila., 2nd Series. Vol. VI, PI. XV, Fig. 39. > 
 Nolachucky river, Tennessee. This form is very close to 77. <tc-ucns, Lea. 
 
 * Unio tetralasmns, Say. 
 
 v (Descriptions of the Shells of Xortli America. PI. XXI.ll.) 
 
 Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. Probably synonymous with 77 ctni>- 
 todon, which see. 
 
 I Unio texasensis, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Vol. IV, PL LX1, Fijr. 1W.) 
 
 Indian Territory, Red river drainage, to Dewitt county. Texas. This is -,\ 
 member of the parvus group, together with 77. ben III and 77. birirdidnus with 
 both of which it appears to be identical. 
 
 t Unio thorntonii, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. . 2nd Series, Vol. VI, PL XIV. Fig-. 36.) 
 Tennessee river, near Tuscumbia, Alabama, and Clinch river, Anderson 
 county. Tennessee. See under 77. ni.oorcxidiuix. Lea. 
 
 t Uiiio topekaensis, J^ea. 
 
 (Jour. Aca 1. Nat. Sci. Phi!a.. 2nd Seiies. Vol. VI. PI. XLIX. Fig'. I2.) 
 See under 77. subrostratus, Say, with which this form is synonymous. Orig- 
 inally described from the Kansas river, at Topeka. 
 
 CATALOGUE 44. 
 
DES MOfNES ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
 
 *rnio trape/oides, Eea. 
 
 (Trsms. Am. Phil. Soe., Vol. ]V, PI. Ill, Fig-. 1.) 
 
 Alabama and Coosa rivers, Alabama: lower Mississippi river to Trinity rive'-. 
 Texas, r. xlixithuuix. of tlie Chattahooehee river, Georgia, is very close to this 
 form. 
 
 *Unio triaiiinilaris, Barnes. 
 
 (Am. .Jour, of Soi. and Arts, 1st Series, Vol. VI, PI. XIII, Figs. 17a, 17b.) 
 \Vestern New York to Michigan and Iowa; south to Tennessee river, in north 
 
 * Unio trigomis. Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. IV, PI. XVI, Fig. 40.) 
 
 Tiiis species ranges from western New York to Minnesota and Iowa. It is a 
 member of the group typified by 77. rnb'ujinosus,, which see. Very turgid spec- 
 imens of the latter have been occasionally received as trigonus. 
 
 t Unio troostii 9 Lea. 
 
 (Tram. ATI. Phil. Soc., Vol V, PI. X, Fig-. 30, as 77. troostensis.) 
 Rock Castle river. Kentucky, and Cumberland, Clinch and Powell's rivers, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 * Unio tuberoulatus, Barnes, 
 
 (Am. Jour, of Sci and Arts, 1st Series. Vol. VI, PI. VII, Figs., 8a, 8b. Also finely 
 fis'urerl in Poulsen's translation of Ratinesquv's "liivulvo Shells of 
 th<> river Ohif)," in frontispiece, as U. verrucosa.) 
 
 Ohio to Eto wall rivers, Georgia; Coosa, Alabama, Cahawba and Black War- 
 rior rivers. Alabama; to Minnesota and Kansas; south to Trinity river, Texas. 
 Notwithstanding the wide distribution of this well-known species it presents lit- 
 tle variation. The specimens from the Alabama streams are largely character- 
 ized by a purple nacre while the more northern forms are usually white. 
 
 t Unh> tubd'osus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2ml Scries, Vol. VIII, PI. XIV, Fi. ;!:>.> 
 
 Caney Fork and Cumberland rivers, Tennessee, and Tennessee river, north 
 Alabama. Groups with U. ynetanevTUS, Ratinesque. 
 
 t ATALOGUK 4*>. 
 
54 CATALOGUE FAMILY UXIOXID.E. 
 
 * Uiiio tumescens, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 2nd Series, Vol. X, PI. Ill, Fig. 7.) 
 
 Described from Alexandria, Louisiana, whence it ranges to the Tennessee 
 river, in north Alabama, and to the Clinch river, east Tennessee. 
 
 f Ijnio tnrgidnlus, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,2nd Scries, Vol. V, PI. V, Fig-. 211.) 
 Cumberland and Duck rivers, Tennessee. Groups with U. perplexus. Lea. 
 
 \ Unio turgidus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil Soc., Vol. VI, PI. V, Fig. 11.) 
 
 This form, which groups with IT. pustulosus, ranges from Louisiana, near 
 New Orleans, to Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory. 
 
 f Unio tuscumbiensis, Lea. 
 
 (Observations on the Genus dnio, Vol. XIII, PI. Ill, Fig-. 7.) 
 
 Tennessee and Holston rivers, Alabama and Tennessee, and Poplar Creek, 
 Roane county, Tennessee. Groups with U. cdyariunus. Lea. 
 
 * Uuio u n<l uliil us. Barnes. 
 
 (Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1st Series, Vol. VI. PI. IT, Fig. 2a, 2l>.) 
 This form has a wide range, throughout which it presents many local varieties. 
 It occurs, usually as a very common species, from Western New York to Ten- 
 nessee river, Alabama; to Michigan and Kansas; to San Saba river, Texas. It 
 is the type of a rather large group embracing U. latecostatus, U. atrocostotu.x. 
 U. pauciplicatus, U. neislerii, U. hippopwus, U. plicatus, U. perplicatax and 
 IT. elliottii. It is doubtful whether these forms should not be included in the 
 group of U. muttiplicatus. 
 
 fUnio npsoni, Marsh, (Mss.) 
 
 (Not figured.) 
 
 This form was described by Mr. Marsh in a paper read before the Mercer 
 county, Illinois, Historical Society. The types came from the Mississippi river. 
 on the western border of Mercer county. A careful examination of the types 
 in the cabinet of the author of the species leads to the conclusion that it is not a 
 good species, but will fall under the synonomy of U. ligamentinus. It appears 
 to be a depauperate form of that species. The four specimens examined do not 
 present constant characters. 
 
 CATALOGUE 46 
 
DES MO INKS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 55 
 
 I I'nio validns. Lea. 
 
 >b--t>rvatii>i]s on the (ienus fiiio. Vol. XIII, PI. 1. Fig. :.'.) 
 
 Huck river, Tennessee. Nothing more is recorded of this species, which ap- 
 pears to be close to 7'. />i;//>iy<j.si.v, Lea. 
 
 I Unio vaiiiixeinii, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI, PI. XI, Fig-. 31, as U. vanuxemensis.) 
 Cumberland river. Tennessee. 
 
 t Unio varicosus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. IV, Pi. XI, Fig-. 20.) 
 Ohio river, Cincinnati, Ohio. Local, and rather rare. 
 
 * Unio ventricosiis, Barnes. 
 
 (Am. .lour. ..I 1 Sci. and Arts, 1st Series, Vol. VI, PI. XIII, Fig. 14.) 
 Senvca river. New York, to Kansas river, at Topeka; north to Wisconsin and 
 Michigan. The species has been doubtfully credited to Lake Champlain. See 
 under U. occldens, Lea. 
 
 $ Unio veiiii&tus, Lea, 
 
 < I'rans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI, PI. II., Fig. 4.) 
 
 " Potosi, Missouri.'' in a tributary to the Mississippi. Very closely resem- 
 bles the young of U. Uynmentluus, Lamarck. 
 
 "" Unio vernieosiis, Barnes. 
 
 (Am. Jour, of Sci. and Arts, 1st Series, Vol. VI, PI. V, Figs. tin. fib. 
 
 Ne\\ river, Virginia, to Tusciunbia, Alabama; to Iowa; to Michigan. Fre- 
 quently confounded by collectors with U. cratiifernx, but from which it is en- 
 tirely distinct, though grouping with it. 
 
 f Unio vircsrens, Lea. 
 
 (Jou \ Acini. Nat. Sri. Pbila. Vol. IV, PI. LV, Fig. Ifiti.i 
 sprinir creek and Tennessee river, north Alabama. A member of the group 
 
 Unio wiirdii, Lea. 
 
 (Jour. Ac.i<l. Xat. Sei. Phila., 2d Series, Vol. V, PJ. XXI V. Kig. :^'>.) 
 Kane's from \\Y-t Virginia to central Iowa. The s]iecies is dose to V. met,- 
 iK'rni*. into \vlii<-li it ai)])ears to graduate. It groups with U. cy/iinlrii'ii*. 
 Say. 
 
 CATALOGfE 47. 
 
CATALOGUE FAMILY UNIONID.E. 
 
 f Unio zeiglerianus, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI, PI. X, Fig-. 27.) 
 Cumberland river, Tennessee. See under V. irix. with which it groups. 
 
 * Unio zigzag, Lea. 
 
 (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. III., PI. XII, Fi<r. 19.) 
 
 Ohio to Coosa river, Alabama; to Indian Territory and Kansas; to Minnesota 
 and Wisconsin. Synonymous with U. donaciforrnis, which see. Groups 
 with U. elegans, Lea. 
 
 The following species have been erroneously cited, by various authors, as oc- 
 curring within the Mississippi drainage area: 
 
 Unio complanatus, Solander, Unio nasntns, Say, 
 Unio ochraceus, Say, Unio cariosus, Say, 
 
 Unio radiatiix. Lamarck, Unio nharcensis, Lea. 
 
 The first and last of these belong to a group which is not represented at all in 
 western waters. Two others 77. cariosus and U. ochraccus belong in the 
 lutcolus group; possibly, also, will so group U. radiatus. The western ana- 
 logue of 77. iKtxHtiis is the U. subrostrntns. Say, which is mentioned at length 
 above. These species are all, so far as authentic information goes, confined to 
 the Atlantic drainage. The presence of certain western forms in the Erie canal 
 and Mohawk river, in central New York, on the Atlantic slope, and in waters 
 directly connected with the western drainage system presents an explanation of 
 their occurrence that is not paralleled by the possible presence of the eastern 
 forms in western waters. The western species thus far recognized east of the 
 Atlantic divide in the state of New York are the following: 
 
 T'nio rnltiyinosi'X, Lea. Uniu (jiltlioxnx. Barnes, 
 77mo lutcolus, Lamarck, Unio P/TX.S-NS, Lea. 
 
 All four are forms of wide distribution, but in the case of the species erro- 
 neously cited as-occuring west of the Appalachian system and in waters belong- 
 ing to the Mississippi drainage area, all save one U. complanatus are com- 
 paratively limited in their geographic areas. The extent to which these proposi- 
 tions will be modified can be determined only when very full and complete col- 
 lections shall be made in all streams, flowing in either direction, which rise in 
 the Appalachians. 
 
 In the preceding catalogue those forms which are common to both sides of the 
 Mississippi are indicated by an asterisk [*], those found on the east side alone. 
 by a dagger [f], and those known only from the streams to the westward are 
 indicated by a double dagger Ft], The results of this study of geographic dis- 
 tribution maybe seen in the following recapitulation: 
 
 CATALOGUE 48. 
 
DKS MO INKS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
 
 57 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 
 J ob tc.^ . 
 
 a. "~" S T jr '5! _i-" ; "3 
 'so O m s> ! ^ *" -2 
 CENEKA. ^ ^Z'Z f r i ? l 
 
 8 
 
 ti 
 
 
 B 
 
 ! 
 
 5 o^ M 5^ a 
 55 C w C c O = ! 
 
 
 1 
 AXODONTA. 33 7 14 9 4 
 
 1 1 
 
 3 
 
 MAIH;ARITAXA. i 7 s i 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 UXIO. :248 69 152 25 53 
 
 1 
 
 TOTAL. :^7 83 174 35 C:J 
 
 1 4 
 
 (1) By this term are designated those species which also occur in waters with- 
 out the drainage area of the Mississippi river system. 
 
 (2) This term will serve to indicate those species which are described from 
 Louisiana without explicit local reference and concerning which, in the absence 
 of local specimens, it is impossible to decide as to their occurrence east or west 
 of the Mississippi. 
 
 CATALOGUE 35. 
 
YOL i. 
 
 PRICL. 
 
 fJo. 4 
 
 BULLETIN 
 
 WASHBURN COLLEGE 
 
 LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 KDITK1) BY 
 
 1:01 KSSOI: OK NATI I:AI, IMSTOHY IN \VASII i;ri;.\ coi,M:(;i:. 
 
 TOI'KKA, KANSAS: 
 
 H. K. MARTIN ^ ( 1 o. } I'KINTF.KS \NU BINDKIJS. 
 OCTOMKH iss:,. 
 
BULLETIN 
 
 OF THE 
 
 WASHBURN COLLEGE LABORATORY 
 
 OF 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY 
 
 Published by Washburn Colle^.] [Edited by F. W. Cragin. 
 
 VOL. 1. TOPEKA, KANSAS, OCTOBER, 1885. NO. 4. 
 
 FOURTH REPORT ON THE PROGRESS OF THE WASHBURN 
 COLLEGE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KANSAS.* 
 
 [LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.] 
 
 WASHBURN COLLEGE, TOPEKA, KAS., ) 
 October 18, 1885. j 
 
 To the Board of Trustees of Washburn College: 
 
 Hereby introduced, to be printed and distributed within the present 
 month, and at the same time submitted for your approval, is the Fourth 
 Report of Progress of the Washburn College Biological Survey of Kansas ; 
 in submitting which. I am 
 
 Very respectfully yours. 
 
 F. W. CRAGIN. 
 
 In charge of the Survey. 
 
 * We occupy this entire number of the liulletin with the current Report of the 
 Washburn Biological Survey. [Enrroit]. 
 
114 
 
 Third Contribution to the Knowledge of Kansas Mosses, 
 BY EUGENE A. EAT;. 
 
 The mosses herewith reported have been contributed to the .Wash burn 
 Biological Survey, in the main from nearly extreme northeastern and north- 
 western portions of the State ; the Labette Co. specimens having been 
 collected about Oswego, and those from Brown Co. near Netawaka. 
 
 A. SPECIES NOT PREVIOUSLY REPORTED. 
 
 Fissidens osmniidioides, Hedw. Brown Co. ; collected for the Survey 
 by Miss Mara Becker. 
 
 Dicrannm scoparinm, Hedw. Labette Co. ; collected for the Survey 
 by Dr. W. S. Newlon. 
 
 Webera albicans, (Wahl.) Schimp. Brown Co. ; collected by Miss Becker. 
 
 Bryum biimim. Schreb. Topeka, growing in the south side of a well ; 
 collected by Prof. F. W. Cragin. 
 
 Bartramia pom i form is. Hedw. Labette Co. (Dr. Newlon). 
 
 ii.Ypiniiii (Eiiriiyiicbiiim) stri^osum, Hoffm. Wabaunsee Co.. Decem- 
 ber; from Mr. S. A. Baldwin. 
 
 II.vpniiiH (Amblystegium) riparium. Linn. Brown Co. (Miss Becker). 
 
 1 1. \piui m < ;im p.yl in m chrysopbyllum, Brid. Labette Co. (Dr. New- 
 lon). 
 
 B. NEW LOCALITIES FOR SPECIES PREVIOUSLY REPORTED. 
 
 Physcomitrinm pyriforme, Brid. Brown Co. ( Miss Becker), Labette 
 Co. (Dr. Newlon). 
 
 Barbnla unguiculata, Hedw, Brown Co. ( Miss Becker). 
 
 Funaria hygrometricn, Hedw. Labette Co. ( Dr. Newlon). 
 
 Atrichnm ang-ustatum, Brid. Male plants, in fruit also, Labette 
 Co. (Dr. Newlon). 
 
 .>i mum cuspidatiim, Hedw. Wabaunsee Co.. December (S. A. Bald- 
 win), and Brown Co. ( Miss Becker). 
 
 Tbelia asprella, (Schimp.) Sull. Brown Co. ( Miss Becker). 
 
 Leskea polycarpa, Ehrh. Brown Co. ( Miss Becker). 
 
 Anomodon obtusifolius, Br. Eu. Brown Co. ( Miss Becker). 
 
 Cylindrothecinm sedutrix, (Hedw.) Br. Eu. Brown Co. f Miss Becker). 
 
 Hypnum (Brachytheciuin) la-ium. Brid. Wabaunsee Co., Deceaiber 
 (S. A. Baldwin), and Labette Co. (Dr. Newlon). 
 
 1 1. > pit ii m (Brachythecium) acuminatum, Beauv. Brown Co. (Miss 
 Becker). 
 
 Hypiinm (Rhynchostegium) serrulatum, Hedw. Wabaunsee Co., De- 
 cember (S. A. Baldwin). 
 
 Hypnum (Amblystegium) serpens, L., var. Brown Co. ( Miss Becker). 
 
 Hypniim (Campylium) hispidulum, Brid. -J3rowri Co. (Miss Becker). 
 
771 ~ 
 
 115 
 
 Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fresh-water Mollusca of 
 Kansas, IV, 
 
 (Constituting the Fourth' Report of Progress of the Washburn College Biological 
 Survey of Kansas in the department of Fresh-water Mollusks.) 
 
 BY R. ELLSWORTH CALL. 
 
 ^ 
 
 In this contribution there are added to those already enumerated two 
 genera Pi*idiumAnd Ancylus and twelve species. Three species whose 
 names were previously given with doubt are now for the first time posi- 
 tively recorded from Kansas. Some of the new forms occur abundantly, 
 as is indicated by the numbers submitted. The discovery of Uniopusfulntus 
 in the Verdigris River places this species far to the westward of any hith- 
 erto recorded locality Davenport, Iowa, being the most western station 
 known hitherto. The minute corbiculid genus, Pitidium, also occurs for 
 the first time in the Survey collections, but is represented by few individuals 
 of the species abditum. The curious liinnseid genus Ancylus has also ap- 
 peared, and may be expected to occur in not inconsiderable numbers when 
 proper search is instituted. 
 
 All portions of the State do not appear to be equally favorable to either 
 the development or the maintenance of molluscan life. In notes accom- 
 panying several parcels from south-central Kansas, Prof. Cragin mentions 
 certain features of a geologic character which the field conchologist always 
 recognizes as inimical to the development of the objects of his search. Of 
 Barber Co., he remarks as follows : " I found shells very scarce. The trib- 
 utaries of the Medicine River from the north have few shells, except in 
 the headwaters. Most of the tributary streams on the south side seem to 
 be entirely destitute of bivalves." It appears, from the notes submitted 
 by him, that the country is largely of a sandy and clayey formation, and 
 that limestone is absent almost totally, except in the form of the sulphate 
 i. e.< gypsum. In Barber and Harper counties the streams have a simi- 
 lar bed of sand, with the addition of considerable quantities of iron, prob- 
 ably in the form of the sesquioxide. Where either iron or gypsum occurs 
 in some abundance, experience has demonstrated that shell-life is reduced 
 to a minimum. It is highly desirable that such notes as these should ac- 
 company all collections, together with some statements as to the nature of 
 the bed where mollusks occur either abundantly or sparingly. Studies of 
 this sort are of inestimable value from a biologic standpoint, and by too 
 many students are utterly neglected. It is important, too, to observe care- 
 fully the conditions of springs in which mollusks occur. But few obser- 
 vations of this character are on record; yet many chalybeate, saline and 
 sulphuretted springs contain mollusks, and these always in number or in 
 size showing the biologic effects of the station. 
 
 In this place only the usual record of species will now be made. Some 
 considerations on geographic distribution and synonymy have been included, 
 but full discussion of these questions must await returns from all portions 
 of the State, an(J receive proper treatment in a final report. 
 
116 
 
 A. SPECIES NOT PREVIOUSLY REPORTED. 
 
 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 
 
 Family UNIONIDJE. 
 
 Genus UNIO. 
 
 Unio asperrimns, Lea. Verdigris River at Coffeyville (Snow);* Mill 
 Creek, Wabaunsee Co., and Soldier Creek, Shawnee Co. (Quintard). 
 
 This form and U. lachrymosus. Lea, are probably synonymous. A 
 closely related form is U. fragosus, Con., also of nearly the same geo- 
 graphic distribution. The largest and finest specimens the reporter has 
 ever seen are those from near Wichita, collected by Mr. J. R. Mead, and 
 reported under the name of U. lachrymosm, which see. 
 
 riiio pienus, Lea. Verdigris River ( Snow). 
 
 i uio pitstnlatus, Lea. Verdigris River at Coffeyville (Snow). 
 
 This form is a member of the pustulosus group, and was described from 
 the Ohio River in the vicinity of Cincinnati. It is readily distinguished 
 from its near relative in the group as well as by name, U. pustulosns, 
 Lea, by its much less numerous but larger pustules, arranged in two di- 
 verging series from umbones to margin. In this respect it differs materi- 
 ally from pustulosus, which has smaller pustules generally distributed over 
 the whole disk but most numerous on the posterior half. In the details 
 of the hinge-teeth and adductor cicatrices they also present differences. 
 Pustulatus ranges from New York to Kansas, but is nowhere abundant, 
 though formerly common in the vicinity of Cincinnati. 
 
 Genus ANODONTA. 
 
 Anodonta edentulata, Lea. Soldier Creek. Shawnee Co. (Quintard ). 
 See under A. arkansensis, p. 1^J2. 
 
 Anodonta imbecillis, Say. Verdigris River at Coffeyville (Snow); 
 Little Arkansas River at Wichita (Mead). 
 
 Ic is not difficult to distinguish this Anodonta from all others of the 
 genus by its brilliant green epidermis, the small but beautifully undulate 
 umbones, and its exceedingly fragile shell. In geographical distribution it 
 rivals the range of all other forms, extending from Canada to Kansas ; to 
 Texas; to Georgia; to New England. 
 
 CORBICULID^E. 
 Genus SPHyERiUM. 
 Spheerinm partmneium, Say. Cedar Creek, Mt. Ida (Snow); brook 
 
 *The courtesy of Prof. F. H. Snow, of the Kansas State University, has al- 
 lowed the use of the collections contained in that institution. These are credited 
 above under his name. They were all collected by Mr. E. P. West, and have been 
 of great use in helping to understand the nature of the shell life of southeastern 
 Kansas To Mr. J. B. Quintard and to Mr. J. R. Mead, the Survey is also in- 
 debted for numerous examples of some very fine Uiiionidse, all of which are cred- 
 ited above. Others who contributed largely to the material embraced in preceding 
 contributions were prevented from doing much work in this department during 
 the past summer by the unusually high water that has prevailed in the rivers of 
 southern Kansas. R. E. C. 
 
117 
 
 in Silver Lake township, Shawnee Co. (Quiniard); western Barber Co. 
 ! (Yagin); Oswego (Dr. Newloi). 
 
 This species is now reported for the first time from Kansas, and appears 
 to occur not uncommonly. It is readily distinguished from the very 
 abundant S^lnrrimn striatinum, Lam., by the absence of striation and 
 uTCMU'r fragility. It has nowhere occurred abundantly. 
 
 sjkh.,-1 iiim Ktaiiiiueum, Conrad. Elm Creek, Barber Co. ( Cragin) ; 
 Kansas River, at Topeka (Quintard). 
 
 This very beautiful shell is of rather rare occurrence, and does not ap- 
 pear to be generally distributed geographically. Its globose or obese ap- 
 pearance, dark epidermis with fine striae, light straw-colored ventral mar- 
 gins, and smooth beaks, will serve to distinguish it from other forms 
 reported hitherto. 
 
 Genus PISIDIUM. 
 
 pisidium atxiitum, Haldeman. Wabaunsee Co. ( Miss Lillian A. Bald- 
 win). 
 
 These minute bivalves --the smallest genus represented in American 
 waters, are now first reported from Kansas. They are easily distinguished 
 from young Sphseria by the position of the beaks, which are in Sphserium, 
 nearly or quite central, while in Pisidium they are prominently inclined 
 anteriorly, and are entirely forward of a line drawn from the hinge to the 
 ventral margin. At least one other species of this genus may be expected 
 to yet occur in the collections which are to be carefully made the coming 
 summer. 
 
 It may not be out of place to suggest, at this point, that these minute 
 shells, and others of the minute gasteropods, Amnicola, Somatogyrm, and 
 the like, should be sought by scraping the muddy banks of streams or the 
 surface of muddy submerged bars. The mud, and whatever material it 
 may contain, should be carefully sifted, using a fine flour sieve, and shak- 
 ing it gently to and fro under the water. The shells may be assorted at 
 the leisure of the collector. In this manner a thorough examination may 
 be made, and, when a favorable locality is found, large quantities may be 
 taken in a comparatively brief time. These small forms should always be 
 thrown into alcohol for a day or two and then dried. They may be cleaned 
 by shaking in a test-tube with sand and water. 
 
 GASTEROPODA. 
 
 RISSOID^E. 
 Genus AMNICOLA. 
 
 Amnicoia < in< innatioiisis. Anthony. Vesser Creek, Shawnee Co. (Quin- 
 tard); a small creek near Wabaunsee (Miss Lillian A. Baldwin). 
 
 Two species have been contributed by Miss Baldwin, both from the 
 same locality. The second of these species was reported under the name 
 of Amnicoia limosa, Say, in the second of these contributions. It is a 
 somewhat globose and short form, differing ve*-y greatly in this particular 
 from the species here catalogued for the first time. A. cincinnatiensis is 
 the largest species of the genus, and has probably the widest range. Speci- 
 
118 
 
 mens are before the writer from Albany, New York, San Antonio, Texas, 
 Salt Lake City, Utah, (quaternary fossils), Des Moines, Iowa, and over 
 thirty intermediate localities. The species is a remarkably constant one. 
 and the easiest to determine of any of the group. 
 
 Amiiicola porata, Say. Cross Creek, Jackson Co. (Quintard), a small 
 creek near Wabaunsee (Miss Baldwin). 
 
 This form and the preceding are nearly co-equal in geographic distribu- 
 tion. It is quite readily distinguished from the preceding by its propor- 
 tionately larger body-whorl, shorter spire, and less number of whorlf. It 
 appears to be more abundant than Amnicola cincinnatiensls. 
 
 LIMJSLEID^E. 
 Genus LIMNOPHYSA. 
 
 Limnophysa bulimoides. Lea. Marshy draws, Belle Meade, Ford Co. 
 (Cragin). 
 
 The specimens submitted, twenty-two in all, are enough to settle any 
 doubt which may arise as to the validity of the determination. In appear- 
 ance, size, and all characteristic markings, they agree almost perfectly with 
 specimens of Lea's L. bulimoides, received from Oregon, and also with 
 specimens personally collected in northwestern Nevada in 1883. Binney, 
 in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, No. 143, page 56, figures a form 
 from Grindstone Creek which not only resembles L. bulimoides but is also 
 our shell. If found away from the water or draws, it is quite likely that 
 many collectors would imagine they had happened upon a new Bulimus, 
 so closely does it resemble that genus. In the reference to Mr. Binney 's 
 figure only the first and last the two smaller of the four figures are 
 indicated as probably new, and as being examples of this form. There is 
 no tendency whatever to malleation, a feature rarely wanting in L. catas- 
 copium. There is no other known American Limnophysa with wi.ich it 
 is at all comparable. The shell is perfectly smooth, with bright, shining 
 epidermis. 
 
 Limnophysa caperata, Say. Elm Creek, Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 This species was originally described from Indiana. Its range is very 
 great, from Massachusetts and Rhode Island to Hudson's Bay, and west 
 to Utah. In some portions of Iowa and Illinois it is very abundant and 
 attains a great degree of perfection. 
 
 rimiioph.vsa desidiosa, Say. Silver Lake, Shawnee Co. (Quintard). 
 
 Mr. Quintard has submitted a number of very fine examples of this 
 species from the locality named. It is usually an abundant shell, and 
 ranges throughout the whole of the United States, and northwest into the 
 British Possessions. It is, in habit, quite similar to L. hvmilis, Say. be- 
 fore reported. 
 
 Genus ANCYLTTS. 
 
 Ancylus ri vularis. Say. On inner surface of valves of dead Anodonta 
 grandis, in tributary to Soldier Creek, Silver Lake Township, Shawnee 
 Co. (Quiutard); Cedar Creek, Mt. Ida (Snow), discovered in same situa- 
 tion. 
 
 One specimen of this form was found, accidentally, while examining the 
 
119 
 
 Uiiionidse. submitted by Prof. Snow. It was subsequently lost. In a later 
 consignment of shells, from Mr. Quintard, there were included a number of 
 examples of this interesting limnaeid, all but two being immature. Care- 
 ful search upon submerged sticks, leaves, stones, bark, and especially dead 
 bivalves, will no doubt bring to light abundant specimen?. This species 
 forms one of a group of univalve rnollusks concerning which at least so 
 of American forms liitle satisfactory information can be given. In Proc. 
 Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. for 1883, pp. 214-240 and plate X, Dr. Benj. Sharp 
 has done for certain European Forms* a work which is urgently needed for 
 our own. If Kansas collectors will collect, in alcohol, some of these mol- 
 lusks, a beginning may be made. 
 
 B. NEW LOCALITIES FOR SPECIES PREVIOUSLY REPORTED. 
 
 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 
 
 Family UNIONID^. 
 
 Genus UNIO. 
 
 Unio ai.-Hus. Say. Mara is des Cygnes River at Malvern ( Snow). 
 
 Unio anodontoides, Lea. Verdigris River at Coffeyville (Snow); 
 small stream at Wellington (Snow); Marais des Cygnes River, Chippewa 
 Hills, Indian Reservation (Snow); Elk River at Howard (Snow); White- 
 water River (Mead); Cowskin Creek ( Mead) ; , Lirtle Arkansas River 
 near Wichita (Mead); Soldier Creek, Shawnee Co. (Quintard). 
 
 From these data it will be seen that this form is probably of general dis- 
 tribution throughout the State. It is one of the most widely distributed 
 forms of the eastern United States, ranging from New York to Georgia, 
 to Texas, to Michigan. It is also the least variable of the Utu'ones. 
 
 Unio camptofloii, Say. Lake Thayer, and Mumm's Creek, Thayer 
 (Snow); in a tributary to Soldier Creek, Shawnee Co. (Quintard); Cow- 
 skin Creek ( Mead ), and Turkey Creek, Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 The examples of this form which have been seen are not numerous, but 
 the species is probably quite generally distributed in the eastern and south- 
 ern portions of the State. It is known from Ohio under the name of U. 
 xayii. Ward, and from trie southern States as U. declivis, Say, and U. man- 
 nbius, Gould. It is remarkably constant in its characteristics when its 
 wide distribution is considered. 
 
 Unio coccineiis, Hildreth. Verdigris River at Coffeyville, and Spring 
 River at Baxter Springs (Saow). 
 
 This form has proven to be of somewhat rare occurrence within the 
 limits of Kansas. It is generally abundantly distributed throughout the 
 Mississippi Valley. 
 
 Unio coriiutus, Barnes. Mill Creek, Wabaunsee Co. (Quintard). 
 
 Unio cyiindricus. Say. Neosho River ( Dr. Newlon) ; Spring River, 
 Baxter Springs ( Snow). 
 
 One entire shell and two odd valves are all that have been hitherto sub- 
 mitted by the Survey. It ought to be found, not uncommonly, on gravel 
 
 *Ancylus fluviatilis, Muell., and Ancylus lacustris, Geof. 
 
120 
 
 beds; for it usually occurs abundantly in such situations when found at 
 all. The finest and largest examples of this remarkably beautiful Unio 
 come from the Cumberland River, Tennessee. 
 
 Viiio ebemis. Lea. Neosho River at Burlington (Snow). 
 i.'nio elegans, Lea. Spring River. Baxter Springs, and Prairie Creek. 
 Jefferson Co. (Snow); Whitewater River (Mead). 
 
 Unio frag-osus, Conrad. Neosho River at Burlington (Snow): White- 
 water River in' Butler Co. (Mead). 
 
 This form is a member of a small group which is typified by Unio a.s- 
 perrhnus, Lea. It often attains a great size larger, far, than that reached 
 by any other member of the group. 
 
 inio g-ibbosus, Barnes. Ottawa Creek at Garnett. Marais des Cygnes 
 River at Malvern, and Spring River at Baxter Springs (Snow). 
 
 linio g-raciiis, Barnes. Verdigris River at Coffeyville (Snow); Little 
 Arkansas River near Wichita (Mead). 
 
 This form is very abundant and attains a high degree of perfection in 
 the last-named locality. 
 
 inio ia inviiiosus. Lea, Prairie Creek. Jefferson Co. (Snow); Cow- 
 skin Creek and Little and Big Arkansas Rivers, near Wichita (Mead). 
 
 Unio Itevissimus, Lea. Silver Lake, Shawnee Co. (Quintard); Little 
 Arkansas River near Wichita (Mead). 
 
 This, one of the alate Uniones, is distributed from New York to Texas. 
 It appears to be generally distributed throughout Kansas, but is of some- 
 what rare occurrence. 
 
 Unio ligamentinns, Lamarck. Spring River at Baxter Springs (Snow) ; 
 Neosho River (Dr. Newlon). 
 
 This form is ? (fften confounded with the following, from which, however, 
 it is very distinct. The character of the umbonal undulations, the heavier 
 cardinal and lateral teeth, tendency to pink color of nacre, and generally 
 more numerous green rays will serve to distinguish it from Lamarck's other 
 species. It is not so widely distributed as the next species. 
 
 Unio luteolus, Lamarck. Marais des Cygnes river, creek at Moline, Ot- 
 tawa Creek at Garnett, Elk River at Howard (all Snow) ; Soldier Creek. 
 Shawnee Co. (Quintard). 
 
 This is probably the most widely distributed Unio in North America. 
 It is also exceedingly variable. Various forms have been described under 
 the names of U. siliquoidcs, Barnes, U. liydianux, Lea, and U. r//.s7^/>,s. An- 
 thony. 
 
 Unio metanevrus, Rafinesque. Spring River, Baxter Springs (Snow). 
 Unio occidens, Lea, Verdigris River at Coffeyville, Marais des Cygnes 
 River at Malvern, Spring River at Baxter Springs (Snow) ; Mill Creek, 
 Wabaunsee Co., and Soldier Creek, Shawnee Co. (Quintard) : Whitewater 
 River, near Towanda, Butler Co. (Mead). 
 
 This form is properly a syuonym of Unio ventncotuSj Barnes, under 
 which name it is usually known to collectors. 
 
 Unio parvus, Barnes. Canal at Hutchinson, and Turkey Creek, Barber 
 Co. (Cragin) ; Ellis (Dr. Watson). 
 
121 
 
 This form typifies a group which numbers among its members some of 
 the smallest species of the genus. It does not appear to be abundant in 
 the State, though it will probably be found more commonly, if sought along 
 the muddy banks of deep streams. 
 
 I'nio iM'trimiK. Gould. Mill Creek, Wabaunsee Co. (Quintard) ; Cow- 
 skin Creek and Little Arkansas River, near Wichita (Mead). 
 
 In Contribution Number III this Unio was listed with a mark of doubt. 
 Further specimens have been received from the above localities, and there 
 is no longer doubt but that the form is true petrinvs. The specimens ob- 
 served place the species in the group of Unio pustuloiu*, Lea, though non- 
 pustulate usually. Two of the specimens now in the cabinet of the reporter 
 show an occasional pustule, though in all other respects there is a most 
 accurate agreement with Gould's description. The species has never been 
 figured. 
 
 Unio phaseoius, Hildreth. Spring River, Baxter Springs (Snow). 
 
 The soft parts of this species are well figured in Jour. Phila. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci., Vol. IV, 2d Series, pi. 29, fig. 101. The species has a rather large 
 synonymy. 
 
 Hiiio piicatus. Le Sueur. Neosho River near Burlington, Ottawa Creek 
 at Garnett, and Verdigris River at Coffeyville (Snow) ; Whitewater River 
 near Towanda (Mead). 
 
 Another undulate Unio. but much flatter, with plications much less ob- 
 lique, more numerous and generally distributed over the major portion of 
 the valves, is often confounded with this species. They do not, as some 
 collectors appear to have imagined, grade each into the other, when num- 
 erous specimens of each, of aU ages, are examined. The related Umo in- 
 dicated, U. undulatus,is more widely distributed than this form, and attains, 
 in the Cumberland and Buck Rivers. Tennessee, its maximum size. While 
 members of the same group, these forms nevertheless should be held as 
 quite distinct. 
 
 Uiiio purpuratus, Lamarck. Kansas River at Topeka (Cragin) ; Ver- 
 digris River at Coffeyville, and Spring River at Baxter Springs (Snow) ; 
 Whitewater River near Towanda. Cowskin Creek and Little Arkansas River, 
 near Wichita (Mead) ; Neosho River (Newlon). 
 
 Unio purpuratus is of quite general occurrence in all parts of Kansas 
 yet explored, which are favorable to Uuiones. Mr. Mead has contributed 
 some of the largest and finest specimens and in the greatest numbers from 
 the Little Arkansas at Wichita. These specimens further contribute ad- 
 ditional data to the synonymy of this genus in that some of the larger 
 Kansas specimens grade into almost or quite typical forms of Unio colura- 
 ftoc.Hsis, Lea, from Texas. The facts all seem to make necessary this dis- 
 position of the last-named Unio. U. ater is also a synonym. 
 
 rnio pnsniiosus. Lea. Verdigris River at Coffeyville, Maraisdes Cygnes 
 near Malvern, and Spring River at Baxter Springs (Snow). 
 
 A Unio which is generally distributed, under various names, from New 
 York to Texas, and northward to Minnesota and Wisconsin. It is the type 
 of an extensive group affording a most fruitful and instructive synonymy. 
 
 Unio rectus, Lamarck. Cow Creek, Hutchinson, Verdigris River at 
 Coffeyville, Solomon River, and Spring River at Baxter Springs (Snow). 
 
122 
 
 sns. Lea. Marais des Cygnes River, and Ottawa Creek 
 at Garnett (Snow). 
 
 Unio subrostratiis, Say. Ellis (Watson) ; Soldier Creek. Silver Lake 
 township (Quintard) : Little Arkansas River near Wichita (Mead) ; 
 Mumin's Creek, Elk Creek and Lake Thayer, Thayer, Cedar Creek at Mt. 
 Ida, creek at Moline. Marais des Cygnes River at Malvern, arid Ottawa 
 Cr^ek at Garnett (Snow). 
 
 This name will include, also, those specimens which appear in the Sur- 
 vey's and State University's collections under the name of Ukio fopekaensis, 
 Lea. See Contributions to a Knowledge of Kansas Mollusca, No. III. It 
 will be seen from these localities that this species is probably found in all 
 parts of the State. 
 
 I'nio tnberciiiatus, Barnes. Whitewater River at Towanda (Mead) ; 
 Verdigris River at Coffeyville (Snow). 
 
 Unio undnlatus, Barnes. Neosho River (Newlon) ; Mission Creek, 
 Shawnee Co. (Quintard); Cowskin Creek (Mead); the following localities 
 are all certified by material in the Snow collection : Deer Creek, Lawrence ; 
 Walnut Creek, El Dorado; Cedar Creek, Mt. Ida; Marais des Cygnes 
 River at Malvern ; Elk River at Howard ; Verdigris River at Coffey ville, 
 and Spring River at Baxter Springs. 
 
 A very common, usually abundant form, often confounded with U. pli- 
 catiis, which see. 
 
 Genus MARGARITANA. 
 
 Margaritana complaiiata, Barnes. Soldier Creek and Silver Lake. 
 Shawnee Co. (Quintard); Neosho River (Nev\lon); Cowskin Creek and 
 Little Arkansas River at Wichita (Mead). 
 
 Ranges from Lake Winnepeg; to New York, to Texas, and Kansas. This 
 is the only symphynote or alate form in the genus, and is readily distin- 
 guished by this character. 
 
 Genus ANODONTA. 
 
 Anodonta arkaiisensis, Lea. Ottawa Creek at Garnett ; Ninnescah 
 River at Reno (Platt and O'Hara); Whitewater River at Towanda, and 
 Little Arkansas River at Wichita (Mead). 
 
 This species is a member of the group typified by Anodonta edentul'i, 
 Lea, from which ic is certainly not specifically distinct. It, is described and 
 figured in Vol. X, 2d Series, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., pi. IX, fig. 56. The 
 specimens contributed by Mr. Mead are from near the typical locality, 
 " the Little Arkansas, where the road to Santa Fe crosses it." 
 
 Anodonta bealii, Lea. Little Arkansas River at Wichita, and Cowskin 
 Creek (Mead). 
 
 The southernmost known range of this shell is central Texas, where it 
 was originally collected. It groups in that extensive natural series which 
 may be headed by Ano. grandis, Say. and is close to certain forms of Ano. 
 piano, and Ano. opaca. The succeeding form is a member of the same 
 group, and offers, in some Kansas specimens, so close resemblance to many 
 forms of Ano. beUi as to make specific identity questionable. 
 
 Anodonta danielsii, Lea. Elk Creek, Thayer, and Marais des Cygnes 
 
123 
 
 River at Malvern (Snow) ; Smoky Hill River at Wallace (Col. N. S. Goss) ; 
 Ellis (Watson); Turkey Creek, Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 This shell originally came from a point near Topeka. See the preceding 
 species. 
 
 Aiiodonta K-raiidis. Say. Verdigris River at Coffeyville and creek at 
 Moline (Snow) ; Cowskin Creek and Little Arkansas River near Wichita 
 (Mead). 
 
 A full discussion of this extensively distributed form, the type of a large 
 group of ponderous Anodontse, is reserved for a separate paper. It can 
 now be stated that very many so-called species must fall under grandis as 
 synonyms. It ranges from Lake of the Woods to Texas, and east to New 
 l^ork. Anodonta plana. Lea, is plainly a highly colored or ornamented 
 variety. 
 
 Anodonta ovata. Lea. Lake Thayer at Thayer (Snow). 
 
 These specimens settle plainly the identity of this variety, and permit 
 its appearance in this Contribution without the mark of doubt that has ac- 
 companied it heretofore. 
 
 Anodonta plana, Lea. Cedar Creek, Mt. Ida. and Elk River at How- 
 ard (Snow) ; in tributary to Soldier Creek, Shawnee Co. (Quintard). 
 
 See preceding note under Ano. grandis. 
 
 Anodonta suborbiculata, Say. Silver Lake, Shawnee Co. (Quintard). 
 
 Mr. Quintard has supplemented the single valve submitted by Col. Goss, 
 from Neosho River, by a single specimen from the above locality. The 
 form is everywhere considered a rare one, and does not generally appear in 
 collections. It is, however, abundant near Muscatine, luwa, and at Spring- 
 field, Illinois. 
 
 CORBICULIDJE. 
 
 Genus SPH^RIUM. 
 
 spiia i iinii striat {num. Lamarck. Brook in Silver Lake township, 
 Shawnee Co. (Quintard) ; Neosho River (Newlon) ; Little Arkansas River 
 near Wichita (Mead); Wabaunsee Co. (Miss Lillian A. Baldwin); and 
 the following localities certified by material contributed by Prof. Snow : 
 Mumm's Creek, Thayer; Cedar Creek. Mt. Ida; Elk Creek, Thayer; Ver- 
 digris River at CoiFeyville. 
 
 GASTEROPODA. 
 
 LIMN^EID^E. 
 Genus HELISOMA. 
 
 ii <i iso ma Mcarinata, Say. Cedar Creek, Mt. Ida (Snow) ; Barber Co. 
 (Cragin); McDowell Creek, Riley Co. (Cragin); drift-wood on shore of 
 Kansas River (Quintard). 
 
 From the amount of material submitted, this does not appear to be a 
 very common form. It will doubtless be found in all portions of the State. 
 
 Helisoma trivolvis. Say. Silver Lake, Shawnee Co. (Quintard) ; Sedg- 
 wick Co. near Wichita (Mead) ; Cedar Creek, Mt. Ida (Snow). 
 
124 
 
 Genus PLANORBIS. 
 
 Planorbis lentus, Say. Labette Co. (Newlon) ; Barber Co. (Crania). 
 
 In Contribution II, this species was doubtfully recorded under ffeli'soma, 
 which is usually considered as a submenus of Planvrbis. It is a matter of 
 grave doubt whether such a division of American forms has any substantial 
 basis of fact. The specimens submitted and herein reported upon allow 
 the species to stand without mark of doubt. 
 
 Genus LIMNOPHYSA. 
 JLimnopliysa catascopium, Say. Oswego (Newlon). 
 
 l.imiiopli.vsa reflexa, Say. Arkansas Valley at Wichita (Mead). 
 
 These were very poor specimens, but the largest yet received from any 
 portion of the State. 
 
 Genm PHYSA. 
 
 Physa aiiatiua, Lea. Wabaunsee Co. (Miss L. A. Baldwin) ; lieno Cen- 
 tre, (D. H. Platt and L. A. O'Hara); Kansas River and Silver Lake 
 (Quintard). 
 
 P. awttina was originally collected by Maj. F. Hawn, in a "northern 
 tributary of the Arkansas Iliver," and described by Dr. Lea in Proc. Acad. 
 Nat. Sci., Phila., 1864, p. 115; also in Jour. Acad. Nat. Sui., Phila., 2d 
 Series, Vol. VI, p. 171, pi. XXIV, fig. 94. It is very close to Pliysn hawnii, 
 Lea, which was collected by the same gentleman in the Verdigris Iliver, 
 Kansas. A critical revision of the American forms is needed, when, as the 
 facts seem to indicate, both these forms will fall into the synonymy of the 
 ubiquitous and exceedingly-variable Physa heterostropha, Say. 
 
 Physa syriaa. Say. Cedar Creek. Mt, Ida (Snow) ; Ellis (Watson) ; 
 Barber Co. (Cragin) ; Labatte Co. at Oswego (Newlon) ; Wichita (Mead). 
 
 From the last locality came specimens of the var. hildrethiona, which 
 was raised to specific rank by Dr. Lea. No sufficient data have been ob- 
 served to justify the retention of the latter as a species, and it is here 
 ranked as a variety under the species gyrini. This and P. heterostropha 
 will include most of the American so-called species, 
 
 riiysa hawnii, Lea. Cedar Creek at Mt. Ida (Snow) ; Labette Co. at 
 Oswego (Newlon) ; a, pool at Arkansas City (Cragin) ; Shawnee Co. (Quin- 
 tard). 
 
 The reader is referred to the preceding remarks, under Physa au'itina. 
 This form was described as a preliminary description, in Proc. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci., Phila., 1864, p. 115, and finally, with figure, in Jour. Phila. Acad. 
 Nat. Sci., 2d Series, Vol. VI, p. 165, pi. 24, fig. 84. It is often difficult, 
 even impossible, to separate this form from (in'itina on the one hand and 
 heterostropha on the other. In the Arkansas City locality the specimens 
 were found in midwinter not an unusual but by no means a common oc- 
 currence. 
 
 Physa heterostropha. Say. Silver Lake, Shawnee Co. (Quintard). 
 
 See remarks under this species in Contribution II. 
 
125 
 
 First Contribution to a Knowledge of the Orthoptera of Kansas, 
 
 BY LAWRENCE BRUNER. 
 
 [The subjoined paper constitutes the first report of the Washburn Col- 
 lege Biological Survey of Kansas, on the order Orthoptera. It is based 
 upon the material collected by the Survey, and also partly upon material 
 collected by the undersigned before the Survey was organized. It makes 
 no pretense to completeness, as it is the policy of the Survey to publish 
 from time to time such partial reports as shall best represent its progress, 
 the fuller and more general results to be reserved for a final report to be 
 drawn up whenever the same seems warranted by the completeness of the 
 work. 
 
 The present report includes eighty-eight species, many of which have 
 never been previously recorded from this State, and several of which are 
 new to science. Of some of these our reporter will have more to say in a 
 future paper. 
 
 Upwards of seventy species, not thus far included in the Survey's col- 
 lection*, have been recorded in Kansas by eastern and European authors ; 
 but we omit here any enumeration of these species, as we expect ultimately 
 to record them in such a way as to throw much more light upon their dis- 
 tribution and abundance in Kansas than could be given by collating the 
 existing references. 
 
 The Orthopteran fauna of Kansas doubtless includes upwards of two 
 hundred species. F. W. CRAGIN. Director of the Surrey.] 
 
 BLATTIDJE. 
 
 1. Peripianeta orieiitalis L. A single specimen received from Labette 
 Co. (Dr. W. S. Newlon). 
 
 2. Ischnoptera pennsylvanica De Geer. Topeka ; found in woods un~ 
 der logs and the loose bark of trees (Prof. F. W. Cragin). 
 
 MANTID^E. 
 
 3. Phasmomaiitis Carolina L. There are specimens of this Mantid 
 from Labette Co. (Newlon) ; Topeka (Miss Mara Becker, Mrs. J. K. Pitts, 
 Mr. 11. T. McKinney. and Mr, 0. II. Bilger,). arid Medicine Lodge. Barber 
 Co. (Dr. E. H. Lockwood). 
 
 I'HASMIDyE. 
 
 4. Diaphcromera femorata Say. Several immature specimens from 
 Barber Co. (Cragin) ; Ellis (Dr. Louis Watson). 
 
 QRYLLIDJS. 
 
 5. Oryllotalpa Columbia Scudd. Labette Co. (Newlon). 
 
 This is the species first described as G. /'/m//y>r/////x by Mr. Scudder, who 
 afterwards changed it to the above because the name longi/n-imfx had already 
 been used in the genus for an East Indian species. 
 
126 
 
 6. Gryllotalpa ponderosa n. sp. (?) There is a single specimen of a 
 second species of mole cricket contained in the collection, from the same 
 gentleman. This insect is greatly damaged, having the entire head and 
 part of the front edge of the pronotum missing. It is the largest speci- 
 men of the genus that has ever come under my notice, and may prove to be 
 new. I have labeled it Gryllotnlpa ponderosa. Its distinguishing char- 
 acteristics, so far as can be seen, are its great size, length of tegmina and 
 wings, the venation of the former, and the evenness of the dactyls or claws 
 of the front legs. Length of body still remaining, 40 mm. ; of tegmina, 
 21 mm. ; of wings, 41 mm. ; of pronotum, 12 J mm. ; width of pronotum. 
 8 mm. 
 
 7. Oryiius luctuosiiH Serv. Several specimens of immature insects from 
 Barber and Shawnee counties (Cragin). 
 
 8. Gryiius neglectus? Scudd. Several specimens from Topeka (Cragin) 
 and McPherson Co. (Dr. John Rundstrom) are referred here with some 
 doubt. 
 
 Most of our so-called North American species of this genus appear to 
 run together, the only characters upon which some of the species are es- 
 tablished being the variation in the length of the ovipositor io the females, 
 and a few other such unreliable characters. 
 
 9. Oryiius personatus Uhler. A few immature specimens collected in 
 McPherson Co. (Rundstrom) are referred to this species. 
 
 Mr. Saussure, in his great work on the Gryllidse., says this insect is 
 probably a variety of the Grylms domesficus of Europe. 
 
 10. Nemobins vittatus Harr. Topeka (Miss Mara Becker, Cragin.) ; 
 McPherson Co. (Ruridstrom) ; Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 The genus Nemobius, like Gryllus, is composed of insects so closely re- 
 lated that it is with the greatest difficulty the species are separated from 
 one another. 
 
 11. moiius sp. Topeka (Cragin). 
 
 There is a single specimen of a second species of Nemobius among some 
 recently received material. This cricket is much smaller and lighter colored 
 than N. vittatus, and is also somewhat irregularly mottled with very dark 
 brown or black. It occurs in the woods among fallen leaves and other 
 debris, and is very active. This may be one of Mr. Scudder's species, but 
 I will reserve decision upon it for a future report. 
 
 12. <Ecanthus niveus Serv. This species, which is one of the common- 
 est of Gryllids, in Kansas, is represented by but a few specimens from 
 Topeka, Great Bend, and the Gypsum Hills. Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 The genus (Ecanthus is also one in which the species are very variable, 
 and pass into one another almost imperceptibly. 
 
 LOCUSTID^E. 
 
 13. ceuthophiius maciiiatus Say. Represented by a pair of defective 
 specimens from McPherson Co. (Rundstrom). 
 
 14. Ceuthophilus pallidus Thos. A single male from Topeka (Cragin) 
 is referred here. 
 
 15. Ceuthophilu* sp. Topeka (Cragin). 
 
127 
 
 There are eight specimens of a third species of these "stone crickets" 
 which I am unable to refer to any of the described North American forms. 
 It may be that they are new, and if this be the case, I will give them the 
 name of Ceuthophilus silveistris, or Ceuthophilus of the forest or woods. 
 The specimens before me are very small not more than 7 45 mm. in 
 length, but appear to be fully matured, for the females have well developed 
 ovipositors. Professor Cragin writes me that they were obtained under 
 logs in the woods. 
 
 This insect belongs to the same group with C. macul'itus, but differs 
 from that species in the arrangement of the markings. The general color 
 is a dull light-brown, with all the segments above bordered posteriorly 
 rather broadly with piceous ; posterior tibiae armed with four pairs of rather 
 long divergent spines. 
 
 16. Vdeopsyiia rotmsta Hald. ^ single female specimen from the 
 Gypsum Hills of Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 17. Daihiiiia gig-antea n. sp. The collection contains a single male 
 specimen of a species belonging to the genus Daihinia which may be new. 
 I label it D. giganten, but will not describe it fully until I have had an 
 opportunity to compare it with the types of D. brevipes of Haldeman, 
 which latter species also occurs in Kansas. The specimen before me is of 
 a very dark mahogany-brown color, with an interrupted dorsal line of a 
 somewhat lighter shade. There are a few irregular mottlings of the same 
 color along the sides of the pronotum and other lobes of the body. Pos- 
 terior femora very heavy and clumsy, furnished beneath with a row (9) of 
 short spines. Posterior tibiae more bowed than in brewpes, and furnished 
 with four alternating spines upon each of the two upper edges ; lower edge 
 also spined on the apical half. Length of body, 29 mm. ; of posterior fem- 
 ora, 24.5 mm. ; of posterior tibiae, 25 mm. Labette Co. (Dr. Newlon). 
 
 18. Microceiitrum lanrifoliiim L. Topeka (Cragin) ; Labette Co. 
 (Newlon) ; Reno Co. (L. A. O'Hara). 
 
 19. Arettuea gracilipes Thos. Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 This is one of the few southern species that extends northward into 
 Kansas and Colorado in its distribution. 
 
 20. Scuddcria curvicanda De Geer. Barber Co. (Cn'.gin) ; McPherson 
 Co. (Rundstrom). 
 
 21. Scuddcria furcata ? Brunner. Barber Co. (Crajjin) ; Labette Co. 
 
 (Newlon). 
 
 Until quite recently (1878) it was supposed that we had but a single 
 species of this group in this country, hence it has become a matter of great 
 difficulty to decide just what insect is meant when we see an account of, or 
 reference to, Phaneroptera cnrvicnudo. Harris described a second species 
 (Phaneroptera angwt! folia) in his -'Report on Insects Injurious to Vege- 
 tation" ; but this was also afterwards placed as a synonym of curvicauda 
 by Dr. Scudder. There have been six species described thus far and I 
 have a seventh from California; and when the country of the interior shall 
 have been carefully gone over, and everything in this group brought to- 
 gether, I am confident there will be still others. 
 
128 
 
 22. Conocephalus crepitans Scudd. Reno Co. (L. A. O'Hara) ; Bar- 
 ber Co. and Garden City (Cragin) ; Ellis (Watson); Labette Co. (New- 
 Ion). 
 
 This large conocephalid appears to be quite abundant throughout the 
 valleys of the Arkansas and Kansas rivers. Like several other species of 
 the genus inhabiting th .> central and eastern portions of the United States. 
 it occurs in two colors; viz , bright grass-green and dull straw-yellow. It 
 approaches more closely C. robustus than any other of our species, and is 
 to be distinguished from that insect by its somewhat shorter fastigium, or 
 cone between the eyes, which is devoid of all black marks on the under 
 surface. 
 
 23. Xiphidium strictum Scudd. Reno Co. (L. A. and H. P. O'Hara) ; 
 Barber Co., Great, Bend, and Topeka (Cragin); McPherson Co. (Rund- 
 strom); Topeka (C. W. Lane). 
 
 This is our largest very short-winged species, and occurs throughout the 
 entire eastern and central portions of the United States. In Texas the 
 specimens are somewhat larger and have longer ovipositors than they do 
 as far north as West Point, Neb., the northernmost point at which I 
 have taken them. 
 
 24. Xiphidium saltaiis Scudd. Topeka and Barber Co. (Cragin); 
 McPherson Co. (Rundstrom). 
 
 The collection contains several specimens of what 1 take to be this 
 species, although Mr. Scudder in his description states that its wings are 
 much shorter than those of X. brevipennis. In the present specimens the 
 females possess wings fully 18 mm. in length, but aside from this they 
 agree with Mr. Scudder's description in every particular. 
 
 25. Xipliidium fasciatiim De Geer. Topeka (Cragin and Lane). 
 
 This species occurs very numerously along the margins of streams and 
 ponds, among, the rank grasses, in the stems of which its eggs are de- 
 posited. 
 
 26. Orcheliimim g-laberriimim Burm. Topeka (Cragin). 
 
 I have never determined this species to my own satisfaction, and am of 
 the opinion that a great many references to it are erroneous. There an; 
 at least three or four of the Orchelimums to be found at almost every lo- 
 cality in the United States, and any of which might be taken for glubcrri- 
 muni or either of the other species. The characters by which they are 
 separated are not always constant, arid in some of their variations become 
 difficult to recognize. Orchetiniuni nigrljH's, ;is the name implies, has black 
 feet: but this characteristic sometimes becomes erased to a considerable ex- 
 tent, while occasionally specimens of one or two other species are found 
 that also show dark feet and tibiae. 0. htnyij tennis has very long wings, 
 while in 0. ndcjarc. which is a rather clumsy insect, the wings are quite 
 short and of equal length with the elytra. Again, 0. gldberrimum is dis- 
 tinguished from vnlgare. by having the dorsal band cf the pronotum edged 
 with black, as is the outer edge of the sonorous apparatus of the male ; 
 the antennae in both sexes are very long, and the ovipositor slightly ex- 
 panded in the middle. Again, 0. ngih\ an insect resembling the last two 
 in form, is to be distinguished from them in having "a very narrow dark 
 median streak down the face " ; and its pronotum is shorter than in i-ulgnri-. 
 
129 
 
 I have given the above notes in order that every student who does not 
 happen to have access to the works containing the original descriptiono 
 may determine these different species for himself. 
 
 27. Orchelimum nigripes Scudd. Topeka < flragin) ; Wakarusa (Wash- 
 burn Senior Nat. Hist. Excursion, Class of 1882). 
 
 28. Orchelimum longripennis Scudd. Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 The collection contains a single male of this species the first specimen 
 that I have ever seen. 
 
 29. Orchelimum vulgrare Harr. Shawnee Co. (Cragin). 
 There are three specimens in the collection which I place here. 
 
 30. Orchelimum agile De Geer. Topeka (Cragin). 
 
 [ also find a single male among the others that comes very close to the 
 characters given for this species. 
 
 31. Thyreonotus Cragini n. sp. The collection contains a single speci- 
 men (female) of an insect that is evidently undescribed, and which falls in 
 the group of Dect!.ci<ies in which the prosternum is armed with two spines. 
 In this group are contained the following two genera, to either of which 
 the insect in question might belong: Pterolepis and Thyreonotus. Not 
 having seen typical specimens of either of these genera, it is difficult for 
 me to decide in which, if either, of these genera it belongs, without further 
 study and a cnr^ful comparison of the descriptions of all the described 
 species of our North American Decticids that have appeared from time to 
 rime, and are scattered throughout various Government reports and pro- 
 ceedings of scientific societies. These described species twenty-two in 
 all are sadly in need of a thorough revision, and until this is accom- 
 plished, but little additional work can be done that will stand the test of 
 time. In order to do this, a large amount of material from all parts of the 
 country is absolutely necessary ; and that is what I do not possess in my 
 limited collection. Until I have had time for further study and compari- 
 son, I will label this specimen Thyreonotus Cragini. It can be known by 
 the following characters which are quite striking: Pron^tum large and 
 wide, broadest in front and below, rounded above, without carinse, slightly 
 flattened back of the middle, with the posterior margin evenly rounded. 
 Abdomen rather slender, gradually tapering posteriorly, with a slight carina 
 or ridge along the dorsum. Posterior femora nearly as long as the entire 
 body, without spines and considerably enlarged on their basal half; tibiae 
 as long as femora, thickly crowded along both edges on their apical three- 
 fifths with spines; also a few minute spines along their lower side. The 
 general color is dirty yellowish-green, with two rather broad stripes of brown 
 along the top of the pronotum. These bands become almost black upon 
 the posterior margin where they follow down the sides, as a sort of border 
 to the lower angle. Length of body, 34 mm.; of pronotum, 11.5 mm.; 
 of posterior femora, 31 mm.; of tibiae, 31 mm.; of ovipositor, 31 mm. 
 Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 32. Thyreonotus Scudderi n. sp. There are also two males and two 
 females of a second and smaller species, which also appears to be new. I 
 will call it Thyreonotus Scudderi in honor of Prof. S. ^i. Scudder. who 
 
130 
 
 has done more toward describing and systematizing our North American 
 Orthnptera than any other individual. 
 
 This species is a much smaller and slenderer insect than the preceding. 
 The vertex of the head is also much more rounded and more produced in 
 front of the eyes, which latter are fully as large as they are in that species. 
 The pronotum is not so swollen, nor has it the sides of the dorsum flattened 
 here as there; posterior margin nearly straight. Abdomen as in T.Cryini. 
 but more plainly carinated. Ovipositor rather short, curved upward and 
 tapering to a fine point. Posterior femora and tibiae as in tlm preceding 
 species. Cerci of the male forked, the inner finger slightly the shortest. 
 Purplish brown above, mottled and banded with ochraceous; brownish- 
 yellow below. Face yellow with a dark-brown streak commencing at the 
 base of each antenna and curving outward and downward upon the cheeks. 
 Prouotum with the front edge and sides bordered rather widely with yel- 
 low. Posterior femora with a dark-brown streak along the upper edge of 
 the basal half in some specimens, absent in others. Length of body 
 male, 18 mm., female, 24 mm.; of pronotum male, 5.65 mm., female, 
 8 mm. ; of posterior femora male 19 mm., female. 22 mm. ; of oviposi- 
 tor, 15 mm. Barber Co. and Great Salt Weil. Crooked Creek Valley. 
 Ford Co. (Cragin). 
 
 33. Anabrus coloradus Thos. (?) Garden City (Cragin). 
 
 There are two larvae of what I make out to be this insect, but which 
 may belong to some allied species, several of which occur in the same 
 vicinity. 
 
 The foregoing families have been but sparingly studied in this country, 
 as will be seen by a comparison of the number of species in each, as found 
 here and in Europe. Of the Decticidinse, the group comprising the large 
 wingless Locustians that live above ground upon plants we have but 
 twenty described species, while in Europe there are upwards of eighty. 
 Other groups show equally irreat contrasts. Therefore it should be the 
 aim of collectors to work with a view of remedying this deficiency in par- 
 ticular directions. 
 
 ACRIDID.E 
 
 34. Oxyeor.vplms obscurus Thos. Several specimens from Shawnee 
 and Barber Cos. (Cragin). 
 
 This locust usually occurs where the grasses are short and the climate 
 arid, and as a consequence, is to be met with most frequently upon the 
 plains, where the grasses are of the genus llouteloua and allied forms. 
 
 35. >i i IIMI ia neo-mexicana Thos. The collection contains specimens 
 from Barber Co. (Craiiin) ; McPlierson Co. (Rundstrom) ; and Shawnee 
 Co. (H. J. Adams and R. E. McCampbel'). 
 
 This locust frequents high hills and other localities where vegetation is 
 scattered. 
 
 36. Mermiria bivittata Serv. A pair from Sun City, Barber Co., at 
 which locality a great many specimens of the locusts herein mentioned 
 were taken by Prof. Cragin. 
 
131 
 
 37. Syrbula leucocerca Stael. Barber Co. and Topeka (Cragin) ; Mc- 
 
 Plierson Co. (Rundstrom). 
 
 This is probably but a variety of the next species from which it differs 
 only in color. The malrs of both species are indistinguishable, and there 
 a i- e intermediate specimens to be found, in which the colors are not those 
 of typical specimens of either species. Saussure has described a third 
 species Oxycrtryphus montezuma from Mexico (Rev. et Mag. Zool., 
 Vol. XIII (1861), p. 316) which Dr. Stael says also belongs t,o this genus. 
 From the description. I should judge that this species may also be but a 
 variety of admiraiilis, or rather the reverse, since Saussure's description 
 has priority. 
 
 38. Syrbula admirabiiis Uhier.-- This locust is represented by speci- 
 mens from Barber Co. (Cragin) ; Topeka (Mrs. Cragin) ; McPherson Co. 
 (litindstroin), and Labette Co. (Newlon). 
 
 Dr. Newlon 's specimen was incorrectly labeled Tragocephala viridi- 
 f'lsciata. This latter insect belongs to the OEdipodini the subfamily or 
 group to which the colored winged locusts belong, while Syrbula admira- 
 biiis is a member of the Trux'ilini group, or those with cone-like heads. 
 
 39. Chrysochraon viridis Scudd. Topeka (Mrs. Cragin) ; Barber Co. 
 (Cragin). 
 
 Both the brown and green varieties are represented in the collection. 
 
 40. stenobothrus coioradus Thos. The collection contains but a single 
 specimen, a female, from Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 This species docs not properly belong in this genus, but has been placed 
 there by Dr. Thomas, and has remained there ever since. It was first de- 
 scribed (Geol. Survey Terr., 1871, p. 465) as St. bicolor, a name which 
 was already used in the genus, and was accordingly changed to the present 
 name. 
 
 41. sK'iiobothms requaiis Scudd. McPherson Co. (Rundstrom) ; To- 
 peka (Miss Becker, Mrs. Cragin, Prof. Cragin); Labette Co. (Newlon); 
 Shawnee Co. (Cragin); Reno Co. (L. A. and' H. P. O'Hara); Barber Co. 
 (Cragin). 
 
 Dr. Newlon's specimen was labeled Chloealtis conspersa. As will be 
 noticed by reference to the specimens, this species occurs in two colors, 
 and is also very variable in size and general appearance. 
 
 42. Steiiobothrus maciilipennls Scudd. Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 43. Arphia tenebrosa Scudd. There are several larvae of this species 
 in the material collected in Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 44. Arphia carinata Scudd. Topeka (Miss Becker. Mrs. Cragin) J 
 Shawnee Co., Barber Co. (Cragin) ; McPherson Co. (Rundstrom). 
 
 45. Arphia simplex Scudd. Labette Co. (Newlon) ; Topeka (Cragin). 
 
 46. Chimarocephala viridifasciata De Geer. The collection contains 
 specimens of this much described locust, from Labette Co. (Newlon), and 
 from Topeka (Cragin). 
 
 There are examples of variety virginiuna and also of infuscata. both of 
 which occur throughout its entire range, which extends from Manitoba to 
 Central America, The farther northward we go, the fewer mottlings do 
 
132 
 
 we find upon the specimens taken of either variety, these being often either 
 plain green or dull brown throughout. Even in central Nebraska, speci- 
 mens of the typical virginianns are of rare occurrence, while in the southern 
 part of the State it is by far the commonest form. I have noticed that 
 the form infuscata is generally found early in spring while the green ones 
 are more common later in the year. This I can only account for by the 
 larvae wintering over and imitating the color of the dead leaves, etc.. among 
 which they conceal themselves a trait very common among different mem- 
 bers of the order Orthoptera. 
 
 Dr. Saussure, in his recent work on the (Edipodini of the world, has 
 erected a new genus for this and two allied species, which he calls Chorto- 
 phiga. I see no need for this, as it was separated from the balance of the 
 (Edipodse, by Mr. Scudder, and made the type of the genus Tmgocepli'da, 
 which last name, being preoccupied in the Coleoptera, was replaced by the 
 present. 
 
 47. Encoptoloplms sordidus Burm. McPherson Co. (Rundstrorn) ; 
 Topeka (Miss Becker, Mrs. Oagin, Prof. Cragin). 
 
 48. Hippiscus i n-osus Scudd. McPherson Co. (Ruridstrom) ; Topeka 
 (Miss Becker, Prof. Cragin); Labette Co. (Newlon) ; Finney and Barber 
 Cos. (Cragin). 
 
 49. Hippiscns discoideus Serv. Several specimens of this species are 
 in the collection from Topeka (Cragin). 
 
 Dr. Saussure, in his late work on the (Edipodini, places this species as 
 a synonym of the H. phcenicopterus of Burrneister, and makes the insect 
 which we always have relegated to the last name, If. tuber culatus Pal. 
 de Beauv. In this he may be correct, as he has the facilities for examining 
 the types of these various authors; and if this be true, hereafter we shall 
 be obliged to drop Serville's name for that of Burmeister, which has 
 priority. 
 
 Hippiscus discoideus and H. phoenicopterus have always been considered 
 as separate species by me. I also have specimens of what I take to be H. 
 tuberculous in my collection. These latter are from Florida, while my 
 supposed discoideus and plioenicopterus both occur here, and belong to the 
 same subgenus with a fourth species that I have taken in the Big Horn 
 Mountains of Wyoming. This last species has been referred to Prof. 
 Thomas' (Edipoda paradoxa, and if I am correct in this determination, 
 will hereafter be known as Hippiscus paradoxus Thos. With us in cen- 
 tral Nebraska, discoideus and phcenicopterux winter in the larval state in a 
 similar manner with Tragocephala viridifasciata and several of the Arphias. 
 H. phoenicopterus always has the disc of the wings red, while in discoideus 
 there are occasional specimens with yellow wings ; there is also more of a 
 contrast in the sizes of the sexes in the latter than in the former species, 
 where there is but little difference. 
 
 I think there will be no harm, while speaking of the species belonging 
 to this particular group, to say a few words in reference to Dr. Saussure's 
 arrangement of all the large mottled (Edipodini native to this continent. 
 He divides them as follows : 
 
 HIPPISCUS. Antennae thread-like, but little compressed or flattened in 
 the male, of medium length. 
 
133 
 
 XANTHIPPUS. Antennae graceful in the female ; in the male somewhat 
 flattened, with the apex curved outward and pointed, quite long. 
 
 LEPRUS. Antennae slender ; posterior femora remarkably broad ; pos- 
 terior tibiae caerulean. 
 
 PYCNODICTFA. Antennae as in Hippiscus; lateral lobes of the prono- 
 tuin narrow, parallel above as in Hadrotettix. 
 
 The last named genus he does not include in the North American fauna, 
 but I add it here to receive the large and beautiful (Edipoda Wheeleri of 
 Thomas, which occurs in the mountain regions of Colorado Prof. Thomas 
 himself states (Wheeler Geog. and Geol. Surv. W. 100 Merid.) that this 
 locust agrees with the description of the genus Pycnodictya, and that he 
 has a notion to place it there at once, "otherwise a new genus will neces- 
 sarily have to be formed for its reception." Saussure includes (Edipoda 
 neglecta Thos. in his genus Xanthippus, which I think is an error on his 
 part, since the locust in question does not agree with the characters upon 
 which he founds his genus. It is distinct from all other North American 
 species with which I am acquainted, save one from California, in its gen- 
 eral appearance, and in my opinion should be referred to a new genus, and 
 be placed near Arphia. 
 
 50. Dissosteira Carolina L. Topeka (Cragin) ; Labette Co. (Newlon) ; 
 McPherson Co. (Rundstrom). 
 
 This is the common species of our roadsides, with yellow-bordered black 
 wings. It is one of the most widely distributed species in America, and 
 occurs throughout all of the United States, Canada, British Columbia, 
 Central America, and the West India Islands. It also occurs as far north- 
 ward along the Pacific ooast as southern Alaska. 
 
 51. Dissosteira long-ipennis Thos. Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 This locust, which resembles no other species in this country, differs in 
 its habits from its congener, D. Carolina, which rather prefers to 
 hang around cities, farm-yards, and dusty roadsides, to going off into the 
 interior, away from the habitations and works of man. It is met with only 
 in waste places where the soil is clayey and stony, and when disturbed takes 
 rather long flights, being very difficult to capture. (Edipoda nebrascensis 
 Bruner, is a synonym, and was described from a stray specimen found at 
 West Point, Nebraska, whither it must have drifted with the winds from 
 Kansas with Melanoplus spretus, which was flying at that time. 
 
 52. S|iiai;ii: moii baitoatiim Scudd. Barber Co. (Cragin); Labette 
 Co. (Newlon). 
 
 Dr. Newlon's specimen was labeled (Edipoda xanthoptera, an error on 
 his part, as that insect belongs to the genus Aiphia as now limited. Dr. 
 Saussure now includes all the species of this genus in Dissosteira as a sub- 
 genus. This I hardly think proper, when he has gone to the trouble of 
 subdividing some of the other genera in which, according to my notion, 
 there is less difference among the members than there is here. He also 
 removes Scudder's Trini<rotropis picta to this genus under the subgenus 
 Scirtetica on the same footing with (Edipoda marmorata Uhler, a second 
 species of the same group. 
 
 53. Spharag-emoii aequale Say. Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 These specimens are rather more ferruginous in color than the species 
 
134 
 
 usually is; but this is easily to be accounted for when we take into consid- 
 eration the character of the soil upon which they lived and wore taken. 
 In fact, generally, species collected upon the " red soil of the Gypsum 
 Hills" of Barber Co. show a tendency to ferruginous hues even in insects 
 that it would be supposed never occur in that color. I have often noticed, 
 while collecting insects at various localities in the Rocky Mountain region, 
 that where the soil was light colored, the insects were also light colored, 
 and where the soil was dark, the prevailing hues of the insects found in 
 the locality were likewise dark. 
 
 This species is an aberrent form, when compared with the other species 
 of the genus to which it belongs, and resembles the members of the genus 
 Trimerotropis to a great extent. 
 
 54. Trimerotropis vinculata Seudd. A single specimen from Barber 
 Co. (Cragin) is referred to this species. 
 
 The species appears to be very common wherever found, and I have re- 
 ceived specimens from various portions of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona 
 and California. I have never collected it myself, but from its appearance, 
 I should say that it frequents localities where vegetation is somewhat scat- 
 tered and dwarfed, and the soil alkaline. 
 
 55. mestobregma plattei Thos. Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 Saussure suppresses the genus Mestobregma of Scudder, of which this 
 species is the type, and includes all of its species in the genus Psinidia. 
 This he has evidently dene on the authority of Dr. Siael, who describes 
 several closely allied forms from Texas, under the generic name Psinidia. 
 
 56. Mestobregma cincta Thos. Topeka, Shawnee Co., (Cragin). 
 
 Thi species is somewhat more slender, and has much narrower elytra 
 than the preceding. It is somewhat closely related to M. Kioiva Thos., 
 from which it can readily be distinguished by colored wings with a fuscous 
 band, while in Kiowa the wings are perfectly hyaline throughout. A 
 fourth species occurs in Montana, which is confined to Eurotia lanata as a 
 food plant. This latter species I call Mestobregma pidchella, from its 
 beautiful colors. 
 
 57. Haclrotettix trifasciata Say. Ford Co. ; Sun City, Barber Co., 
 and Garden City (Cragin). 
 
 This locust is a very variable one indeed, and it is a great wonder that it 
 has not been described oftener than it has. I have specimens from as far 
 north as Ft. McLeod, on the South Saskatchewan, where I collected quite 
 a large series of locusts of different species. It also occurs in Texas, where 
 it is much larger than in the north. CEdtpoda pruinosa and CE. Hoff- 
 mnni are synonymous of this species. 
 
 58. Bractiystola magna Girard. Barber Co. (Cragin); Reno Co. ( H. 
 P. O'Hara). 
 
 This is one of the most clumsy insacts that I know, and occurs through- 
 out the great plains, from the Mississippi River westward to the Rocky 
 Mountains, where it is popularly known as the "lubber grasshopper," the 
 'buffalo hopper" and by several other equally appropriate names. How- 
 ever clumsy and dull it may appear, it seems to know enough to keep in 
 the shape during the heat of the day, and at such times can be found com- 
 
135 
 
 fortably settled in the shadows cast by weeds, etc., but never so comforta- 
 bly but that it follows the shadow as the latter shifts. 
 
 59. Roopedor mibilum Say. Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 This very variable insect is found throughout the entire country, from 
 the British line southward to Texas, and from the eastern portion of Ne- 
 braska and Kansas, westward t> the Rocky Mountains. It seldom occurs 
 in numbers, and as a rule, is rather rare than otherwise. During the past 
 summer, however, while I was passing through the valley of the Lower 
 Yellowstone in Montana, I was surprised to find it by the hundreds upon 
 the borich lands a few miles back from the River. It was represented in all 
 shades, from deep, shining black, to pale yellowish brown, and also varied 
 greatly in size. It appeared to be feeding upon sunflowers and several 
 other weeds that had been left almost untouched by the various other spe- 
 cies of locusts chat were swarming throughout the immediate neighbor- 
 hood. 
 
 60. Aulocara Elliottii Thos. Garden City, (Cragin). 
 
 This species was first described by Prof. Cyrus Thomas as Stauronotus 
 Elliotti, arid afterwards by Scudder as Aulocara coeruleipes. It does not 
 belong to the genus Stauronotus, and therefore must be placed in the new 
 one created for the reception of it and a closely allied species. 
 
 61. Aulocara? sp. Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 The survey collection contains specimens of a locust which I have never 
 been able to place satisfactorily to myself, but which is so common through- 
 out the central portion of the United States that there can be no doubt of 
 its having been described. In its general appearance it comes close to the 
 genus Aulocara as limited by Scudder, but also differs from that genus in 
 several important characters. It also appraches the genera Stenobothrus 
 and Gomphocerus, and appears to connect the two groups. I will send 
 specimens of it to Prof. Scudder for determination, and will report the re- 
 sult in a future paper. 
 
 62. Phlibostroma ? quadrimaculata Thos. Garden City (Cragin). 
 
 I place this insect in the above named genus with some hesitation, be- 
 cause I have only glanced at the types of P. picta, the insect upon which 
 the genus was founded, and that at a time when I had no specimens of my 
 own with me to label. The members of this genus also resemble the Steno- 
 bothri in their general appearance, and, if I am correct in my present de- 
 termination, several species that belong here have been placed in the genus 
 Stenobothrus by both Thomas and Uhler. 
 
 6$. Acridimn frontaiis Thos. Garden City and Barber Co. (Cragin) ; 
 Shawnee Co. ( H. J. Adams and R. E. McCampbell). 
 
 This is the Pezotettix xpeciosa of Scudder (U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., 
 1872, p. 250). 
 
 64. Acridium rubigiiiosum Harr. Labette Co. (Newlon). 
 
 This and the following species generally occur in regions where oak 
 abounds, and in such localities can be found very early in spring as larvae 
 and pup^e. Especially is this true of the present species. In the vicinity 
 of Washington. I). C., I have taken it throughout the entire winter in 
 company with Chimarocephla viridifasciata and Hippiscus discoideus. 
 
136 
 
 65. Acridinm alntacenm Harr. Labette Co. (Newlon). 
 
 The specimens of this species in the present collection vary slightly from 
 the typical eastern form in the presence of a pretty well defined dorsal 
 stripe. This, however, is a characteristic mark belonging to the genus, and 
 is present to a greater or less degree in all the species with which I am ac- 
 quainted. 
 
 66. Acridium obseurum Burm. McPherson Co. (Rundstrom) ; Bar- 
 ber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 67. Schistocerca americana Drury. Labette Co. (Newlon) 
 
 This large and beautiful insect is very closely related to the Egyptian lo- 
 cust, Schistocerca peregrina, that often appears as a plague; and it too, 
 frequently becomes quite numerous at various points in the south, when it 
 also shows a tendency to migrate and does injury to vegetation. In Yuca- 
 tan and the neighboring portions of Central America and Mexico, as well 
 as portions of South America and the West India Islands, either thie or a 
 closely allied species does much injury to crops, and at times becomes a 
 plague, 
 
 68. Pezotettix aeutipennis Scudd. McPherson Co. (Rundstrom); La- 
 bette Co. (Newlon); Topeka and Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 69. Pezotettix laKinus Scudd. Garden City (Cragin). 
 
 Mr. Scudder described the species from specimens taken at Lakin, Kas , 
 on Sept. 1; and at Pueblo. Colorado. It, was also collected by H. K. Mor- 
 rison in some part of Colorado east of the mountains at an elevation of 
 5,500 feet above sea level. Aside from these references, I know of no 
 other record of its occurrence. It must therefore be rather limited in its 
 distribution, and if the matter were carefully investigated, I think it would 
 be found partial to some special food-plant that occurs in tt.is limited area 
 only. 
 
 70. Pezotettix album Dodge. Topeka (Cragin). 
 
 This species, as the name indicates, is white, or whitish green, in imita- 
 tion of the plant upon which it feeds (the common Cudweed, or White Sage 
 of our meadows). I have never found this locust upon any other plant, 
 and have met with it wherever I have found the plant. There are speci- 
 mens in my collection and that of the Department of Agriculture at Wash- 
 ington, D. C., from Wyoming, Montana, Dakota and Minnesota, and I am 
 also aware of its occurrence in Manitoba. Here in Nebraska it is one of 
 our commonest species when one knows where to look for it. 
 
 71. Pezotettix Scndderi Uhler. Labette Co. (Newlon). 
 
 The collection contains a single specimen which I refer to this species 
 with some doubt, as it ;ippears to vary somewhat from typical specimens 
 taken in the vicinity of Washington, D. C. 
 
 72. Pezotettix tinieolor Thos. Topeka (Mrs. Cragin). 
 
 Among the material collected at Topeka I find a single female which evi- 
 dently belongs to this species. I have always thought that unicolor is but 
 a variety of P. Scudderi ; but, perhaps, if a male specimen of the former 
 could be examined, the two would prove to be distinct. 
 
 73. Pezotettix iiebraseensis Thos. Topeka (Cragin). 
 
 The collection contains a specimen of this species which differs so much 
 
137 
 
 from till our other North American Pezotettigi that I am of the opinion it 
 should be separated from them and placed in a genus by itself. It has 
 been described by Dodge as Pez. autumnalis and also as Caloptenus volucris. 
 The latter name was given to a long-winged variety that occurs at various 
 points in Nebraska, but especially along the valleys of the Platte and its 
 tributaries. 
 
 This peculiarity of variation in length of wing is not confined to this 
 species alone, but belongs to quite a number of other grasshoppers or 
 locusts, both in this country and in Europe. In most instances where this 
 variation occurs, the species have been described under several names, and 
 not unfrequently are the two forms of the same species placed in different 
 genera, as for example the present species. The form of the male cerci 
 and that of the spine on the prosternum, as a rule, will indicate the rela- 
 tionship of the two forms, even if all the other members have become so 
 differentiated, through either lack of use or new uses, as not to be recog- 
 nized. 
 
 74. Dactyiotum pictiim Thos. Barber Co. and Great Salt Well of 
 Crooked Creek Valley, forty miles southwest of Dodge .City (Cragin). 
 
 This is our most beautifully colored locust, and can well be styled the 
 "Union or Patriotic Grasshopper" since it wears the stripes, if not the 
 stars, of the most glorious flag that floats. It occurs at various localities 
 in Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, and Kansas, but usually prefers the slopes 
 of rather high hills somewhat devoid of vegetation. I found it by far the 
 most numerous at Golden, Colorado, at an altitude of about 7,000 feet above 
 sea level. 
 
 75. n< SJM i ..i, < n x x ii i, MS Thos. Barber Co, (Cragin). 
 
 This insect is common throughout the region known as the plains, and 
 appears to prefer certain plants upon which to rest and feed. Among these 
 I have noticed more particularly a small composite flower near the Bigelovia 
 yraveolem or Rabbit Bush. This locust also occurs as far eastward as 
 Iowa, and westward to the Salt Lake Valley, where it is replaced by another 
 species that is undescribed. 
 
 76. M.I;. n..,. IMS femiir-rubriim Do (Jeer. Reno Co. (L. A. and H. P. 
 
 O'Hara); McPherson Co. (Rundstrom); Topeka (Cragin). 
 
 This is one of our most widely distributed locusts, and wherever found 
 appears to be rather common at times even numerous.* It has been re- 
 corded as occurring in Mexico, Florida, Canada, British Columbia, Cali- 
 fornia, and all intermediate points. It also occurs at Great Bear Lake, 
 British America. Nowhere are there specimens to be found with other 
 than red tibiae. 
 
 77. MeiaiiopiuM aiiaiii* Riiey. Labette Co. (Newlon) ; Topeka (Cragin) 
 This is the lesser migratory locust of the United States and adjoining 
 portions of British America. It, like fem/ur-rubrum, is very widely dis- 
 tributed over North A.merica, specimens occurring as far southward as the 
 Gulf of Mexico and northward to Alaska, and from ocean to ocean. Un- 
 like the preceding, it is not everywhere present, but appears to occur in 
 
 *It is, this season at least, our most common species at Topeka. [F. W. 
 
 CltAGJN. 
 
138 
 
 isolated areas over which it is common. These localities are more frequent 
 in mountainous and hilly regions than in open country. Atlanu is the species 
 that often occurs in hurtful numbers throughout the New England States. 
 and also at various other localities throughout the interior. In general 
 appearance and habits, atlanis approaches sprehis more closely than it does 
 femur-rub-rum or any of our other North American M<'l>i<>[>li. of which 
 there are upward of fifty described species. 
 
 78. Melanoplus spretus Thos. McPherson Co. (Rundstrom). 
 
 There is but a single specimen of the much dreaded Rocky Mountain 
 Locust contained in the collection before me, which would indicate an un- 
 usual freedom from its presence throughout the State at this time. At 
 any rate, this is true in reference to the localities from which the various 
 portions of the collection came. As there has so full a history of this 
 locust been written at various times in the past, and it is familiar to every 
 one, I will not say anything further of it here. Should anyone wish to 
 read what lias already been said on the subject, I would refer him to the 
 three reports of the U. S. Entomological Commission relating to this and 
 several other injurious insects that have attracted general attention on ac- 
 count of their great destructiveness. 
 
 79. *i<'i;iEBO|in* devastator Scudd. (iarden City (Cragin). 
 
 There is contained in the material from the above-named locality a single 
 pupa of a locust that I refer to this species, although the insect in ques- 
 tion has not heretofore been recorded from that immediate locality, but has 
 been taken at Morrison, Col. This is the locust which does much injury 
 to crops in California and adjoining portions of Oregon. It also occurs 
 throughout Montana and in northern Dakota, and I have taken it in Idaho 
 and northwestern Wyoming. 
 
 80. Melanoplus luridus Bodge. Reno Co. (L. A. and H. P. O'Hara); 
 Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 This species belongs to one of the groups in which the cerci of the males 
 are forked, M. collinas, M. tenebrosus, M. nigre>ccns and M. delator being 
 the other species of the present group. It was firsr described from Dodge 
 Co., Nebraska, but occurs on uplands throughout all of eastern Kansas and 
 Nebraska, as well as in Iowa and Missouri, with perhaps a more extended 
 range. 
 
 81. IVIelanoplus angustipennis Dodge. Barber Co. and Topeka (Cragin). 
 This species belongs near M. cinereu* Scudd., a species found throughout 
 
 the Sage-brush regions of the West and Northwest, where it (J/. cinereut) 
 feeds upon and lives among the foliage of the different species of Arti'inisi<i. 
 M. angustipennis, likewise, has the habit of hanging about plants of a sim- 
 ilar nature and, like that species, this is more "arboreal " than otherwise, 
 preferring to jump from plant to plant rather than to alight upon the ground. 
 I have the species from as far south as Dimmit Co., Texas, and from Kt. 
 Buford, Dakota. It also occurs at Anaheim, California. 
 
 82. Melanoplus flavidus Scudd. Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 These are the first specimens of the species that I have seen. It was 
 described from specimens taken at Morrison, Col., and is evidently re- 
 stricted in its distribution to the plains of Colorado and Kansas. 
 
139 
 
 s:$. Melanoplus Paekarclii Scudd. Barber Co. and Garden City (Cra* 
 gin). 
 
 This is the locust which was described as Caloptenus fasciatus, Scudd., 
 but afterwards changed to the above name by the same author to avoid 
 conflicting with the CaL fasciatus of Walker, a species found at St. Mar- 
 tin's Falls, Hudson Bay. This is an upland insect and may be met with 
 throughout the western half of the United States and British America at 
 all suitable localities. It bears some resmblance to M. bivittatus Say, but 
 never leaves the open country for timbered or low localities where the veg- 
 etation is rank, as does this and several of our larger species of this genus. 
 
 *4. Heiaiiopius Mvittatus Say. Labette Co. (Newlon); Topeka. Gar- 
 den City and Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 This is the common two -striped locust of our meadows and fields, and 
 usually occurs where vegetation is rankest. It is found from ocean to 
 ocean, and from the Gulf of Mexico northward to the Saskatchewan River 
 in the British possessions. Mr. Scudder says that the variety with red 
 posterior tibiae is the Caloptemis femoratus of Burmeister, and considers 
 it a distinct species. 
 
 r. Meianopius difterentialls Thos. Labette Co. (Newlon); Topeka, 
 Garden City and Barber Co. (Cragin.) 
 
 This is our largest species of the genus and occurs in suitable localities 
 throughout the central and eastern portions of the United States, where it 
 also frequents low grounds among the rankest of vegetation. M. rolustus 
 and M.ponClerosw are allied species which occur in Texas. 
 
 H. Meiauopitis Turiibuiui Thos. Garden City (Cragin). 
 
 This species is one of the few that is partial to some particular food-plant 
 or set of food-plants, and in this instance it is the members of the Chen- 
 opodiacew, and especially the different kinds of pigweeds. It occurs at 
 various points throughout Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, Wyo- 
 ming and Montana. Scudder's Pezotettix plagosus is a synonym of this 
 insect, at least this is what Mr. Scudder himself states. 
 
 87. Tettix granulata Say. Topeka (Cragin). 
 
 The small Grouse Locusts, of which there are quite a number of species 
 in the United States, are very difficult to identify, and appear to vary so 
 much that I have never done much toward trying to separate the material 
 in my collection. They all winter over as larvae, pupae or mature insects, 
 and are to be found on sunny hill slopes throughout winter. Their favor- 
 ite haunts are the edges of groves and the margins of streams. Closely 
 browsed pastures are also frequented by them during the warm days of late 
 fall and early spring, where they appear to congregate for sunning them- 
 selves. They never become so numerous as to injure crops, and but seldom 
 enter cultivated grounds, except where these are low and damp, or lie along- 
 side of meadows or groves near streams. 
 
 88. Tettigiclea polymorpha Burm. Barber Co. (Cragin). 
 
 The members of this genus, like those of the preceding and also those 
 of Batrachidea, are found in like localities with them, and are also similar 
 in general appearance and habits. 
 
140 
 
 Preliminary Catalogue of the Crayfishes of Kansas, 
 BY WALTER FAXON, A. B., Sc. I). 
 
 1. Cambarus siimiiaiis Faxon. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci.. XX. 
 112, 1884, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. X., No. 4, p. 48, PI. I., fig. 12 ; 
 PI. VIII., figs. 3,3', 3a, 3a',1885. 
 
 Tributary of Medicine River, Barber Co. Messrs. Williams and Cragin. 
 Fort Hays (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.). 
 
 2. Cambarus gracilis Bundy. Bull. 111. Mufe. Nat. Hist., No. I., p. 5, 
 
 1876. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., V. 182, 1882. Geol. Wis., Surv. of 1873- 
 79, I. 403, 1883. Faxon, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. X., No. 4, p. 56, 
 PI. VIII., figs. 4, 4', 4", 1885. 
 Labette Co, W. S. Newlon. 
 
 3. Cambarus Diogenes Girard. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 88, 
 1852. Cambarus obesvs Hagen, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III., p. 81, 
 PI, L, figs. 39-42; PI. III., fig. 163 ; PL IX., 1870. 
 
 Leavenworth (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool,). 
 
 4. Cambarus immunis Hagen. 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III., 
 p. 71, figs. 101,102; PI. III., fig. 160; PI. VlIL, fig. 6, 1870. Camlarm 
 signifer Herrick, Tenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn, for 1881, 
 p. 253, 1882. 
 
 Leavenworth (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). Ellis (Coll. C. H. Gilbert). 
 
 4a. Cambarus immunis Hagen, var. spinirostris Faxon. Proc. Amer. 
 
 Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 146, 1884. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. X., 
 No. 4, p. 100, PI. L, fig. 5, 1885. 
 
 Ward's Creek, Shawnee Co. ; F. W. Cragin and J. B. Fields. When I 
 described this variety in 1884, I had not seen the first form of the male, 
 which is included among the specimens collected by Messrs. Cragin and 
 Fields. The lateral spines of the rostrum are distinct as in the second - 
 form male and in the female ; the setae on the second pair of legs are well 
 developed; the first abdominal appendages are shaped exactly as in the first- 
 form male of the typical C. immunis. 
 
 5. Cambarus Xais. sp. nov. Male, form I. Rostrum long, concave 
 above, lateral margins converging from the base to the lateral spines, which 
 are small but distinct; acumen of moderate length, acute. Post-orbital 
 ridges provided with a minute anterior spine. Carapace smooth and light- 
 ly punctate above, granulate on the sides ; lateral spine small, acute; cervi- 
 cal groove sinuate, ending anteriorly in a small branchiostegian spine ; sub- 
 orbital angle not prominent; areola very narrow, punctate, the margins 
 parallel from the anterior to the posterior triangular fields ; the length of 
 the areola is equal to one-half the distance from the tip of the rostrum to 
 the cervical groove. Abdomen as long as the cephalothorax. Proximal 
 segment of the telsonj bispinose on each side, distal segment shorter than 
 the proximal. Antennae longer than the body ; laminae a little longer 
 
141 
 
 than the rostrum, broad, broadest at the middle, subtruncate at the end, 
 with an external apical spine. Third raaxillipeds densely setose within and 
 below. Anterior process of the epistoma with very convex sides. Chela 
 broad, flattened above, punctate, external border marginate; inner margin 
 of the hand short, with a double row of dentiform tubercles; fingers long, 
 movable one tuberculate on the external border, toothed on the internal 
 border ; external finger flat above, internal margin toothed, and bearded at 
 the base. Carpus armed with a row of small tubercles on the upper side, 
 with a strong and acute internal median spine and a small one at the base ; 
 on the lower side the carpus is provided with a prominent median spine and 
 an external one at the point of articulation with the chela; in some specimens 
 there is a small spine on the lower face of the carpus, between the median 
 spine and the large one on the internal margin. Third pair of legs armed 
 with a hooped tubercle on the inner margin of the third segment. First 
 pair of abdominal appendages of moderate length, twisted, deeply bifid, 
 very broad in the middle; rami slender, styliform, strongly recurved, the 
 inner one a little shorter and more curved than the outer one, the outer 
 one corneous. Length from tip of the rostrum to the end of the telson. 
 61 mm. Length of antennae, 67 mm. 
 
 The second form of the male differs from the first form in having smaller 
 chelae, the tubercles on the third pair of legs less developed, the first ab- 
 dominal appendages less deeply cleft, the rami stouter, blunter, and not 
 corneous. 
 
 In the female the chela is similar to that of the second form of the male, 
 the sternum between the fourth pair of legs is smooth, the annulus ven- 
 tralis triangular with a median longitudinal fissure. 
 
 Labette Co.; W. S. Newlon. 5 males form I., 5 males form II., 7 fe- 
 males. 
 
 This species much resembles O. virilis, especially the form called variety 
 A by Dr. Hagen. It differs in the shape of the first abdominal append- 
 ages of the male. In (7. JV'm the rami of these appendages are shorter and 
 more strongly curved than in C. virilis, but not so much recurved as in C. 
 immunis. The areola is narrower than in (\ vh'ili*. The first abdominal 
 appendages are very like chose of C. Palmer i, as far as can be seen by a 
 comparison of the second-form males alone ; but the areola is not obliter- 
 ated in any part of irs course in C. Nais and the rostrum is more tapering 
 than in C. Palmm'. 
 
 6. r:niil:irns virilis Hagcn. 111. Cat. MuS. Comp. Zool., No. Ill p. 
 
 63, PI. I. figs. 23-28, PI. II. figs. 128-132, PI. III. fig. 155, PI. VIII., 
 1870. Camluni* ,1,-hilu Bundy, Bull. 111. Mus. Nat. Hist. No. I. p. 24, 
 1876. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. V. 181, 1882. Geol. Wis. Surv. 1873-79, 
 I. 403, 1883. Camlani* cnu^l Streets, Bull. II. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. 
 Terr., III. 803, 1877. 
 
 Tributary of Kansas River, Shawnee Co. F. W. Cragin. Ward's 
 Creek, Shawnee Co. J. B. Fields and F. W. Cragin. Wabaunsee Co. J. 
 B. Fields. Garden City, F. W. Cragin. Leavenworth (Coll. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci. Phila.) Manhattan, (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) Republican River, 
 northwest of Fort Riley (Coll. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila.) Ellis, (Coll. Pea- 
 body Acad. Sci. Salem.)* 
 
142 
 
 ?. Cam burn* iteglectus sp. nov. Male, form I. Rostrum broad, sub- 
 excavated, with a median longitudinal carina; sides nearly parallel from the 
 base to the lateral spines, which are very small, brown, and horny; acumen 
 of moderate length. Post-orbital ridges with very small anterior spines, or 
 none. Carapace oval, flattened above, punctate, lightly granulate on the 
 sides, lateral spine obsolete, HD tern-lateral border augulated below the eye ; 
 areola of moderate width, dilated anteriorly and posteriorly. Abdomen 
 equal to the cephalothorax in length; basal segment of the telson two- 
 spined on each side. Antennae shorter than the body ; lamina as long as 
 the rostrum, broadest toward the distal end, apical spine of moderate 
 length. Anterior process of the epistoma long, subtruncate. Third pair 
 of maxillipeds hairy within, naked below. Chelipeds short; chela broad, 
 punctate above and below, inner margin furnished with a double row of de- 
 pressed squamous tubercles ; fingers of moderate length, more or less gap- 
 ing at the base, with a row of round tubercles on their opposed edges, outer 
 margin of the movable figer furnished with low tubercles. Carpus broad, 
 punctate above, with a strong median spine on the internal border and a 
 small one near the base ; there are no spines below. Superior border of 
 meros armed with two obliquely-placed ante-apical spines; the lower face 
 of the meros presents two rows of spines. Third segment of the third 
 pair of legs hooped. First pair of Abdominal appendages nearly straght, 
 terminating in two long, slender, pointed, horny styles ; the anterior style 
 (outer part of the appendage) a little longer than the posterior and slightly 
 recurved. 
 
 In the second form of the male the first abdominal appendages are cleft 
 but a short distance. The terminal part of the appendages is stouter and 
 not corneous, and the tips of the rami are rather blunt. 
 
 In the female the annulus ventralis presents a deep transverse fossa. 
 bounded on all sides by a prominent wall, which is bituberculate in front. 
 
 Length of a male, form II., 74 mm. Lenth of areola 13 mm. Breadth 
 of areola in the middle, 3 mm. 
 
 Mill Creek, Wabaunsee Co.; F. W. Cragin and J. B. Fields. '2 males 
 f. I., 1 female. 
 
 This is the species mentioned, but not named, in my Revision of the 
 Astacidae, page 94, under C. propwquus. When that work was written I 
 had seen but three specimens of this crayfish, all of them second-form 
 males, without locality. I then forbore to present a complete description 
 of it. The collection of Messrs Cragin and Fields supplies the first-form 
 male and the female. In general appearance this species nearly resembles 
 C. propiHqum, but the sexual appendages are quite different, resembling 
 those of C. rusticus, var. placidus. 
 
 The tips of the fingers are orange-colored, preceded by a dark-colored 
 annular band. 
 
 -'The Peabodv Academy specimens from Kills were collected some years airo 
 by Dr. L. Watson. 
 
143 
 
 First Contribution to a Knowledge of the Myriopoda of Kansas, 
 
 By F. W. CBAGIN, Sc. B. 
 
 The present Contribution does not cover a moiety of the Myrwpodfi of 
 Kansas, nor does it even embrace all of the genera contained in the collec- 
 tions of the Survey. It will be followed shortly by supplementary Con- 
 tributions. 
 
 CERMAT1D.K. 
 
 Ormatia forceps, Raf. This lively "wall-sweeper" is certainly distrib- 
 uted throughout the State. 1 have met with it frequently in Shawnee and 
 Barber counties, and have received several Labette Co. specimens from Dr. 
 W. S. Nevvlon. Irs abundance, in connection with its bizarre appearance 
 and " promptness" of action, make it, an object of popular observation and 
 dread. It seems to feel equally at home in houses, in woods, and in shady 
 ravines. 
 
 UT1IOB11D.K. 
 
 XeolitliobiiiK inordax, L. Koch. Six specimens from the bluffs of Mul- 
 berry Creek, near Sun City, and one from a high hill about ten miles south- 
 west of Medicine Lodge; all found under stones. 
 
 SCOLOP15NDRIDJE. 
 
 Kcolopemlra heros, Grd. A specimen of this large centipede, taken sev- 
 eral years since in Turkey Creek valley, in the northeastern part of Barber 
 county, and measuring 7.25 inches in length, has been presented to the 
 Survey by Mr. C. H. Douglass. A specimen 8 inches in length, loaned the 
 Survey by Dr. S. M. Kessler, was taken in the Indian Territory nut fa/ 
 south of the Kansas line. 
 
 From all the testimony that I have been able to gather, it set'ms that 
 the bite of this centipede is sometimes fatal, but that its more common ef- 
 fect is a bad sore, resulting in a sloughing of the fllesh from the affected 
 part and leaving a more or less cavernous scar. It was a large centipede, 
 and probably a specimen of this species, whose bite resulted in the death of 
 Mr. Crouch, south of Dodge City two or three vears since. The circum- 
 stances, which were as follows, are vouched for by various residents of 
 southwestern Kansas: Mr. Crouch was one of a party in pursuit of a 
 criminal. Sitting down to rest in the shade, arid being somewhat warm, 
 he had taken off his hat. when a centipede dropped upon and bit the top 
 of his head, causing his death within less than an hour. 
 
 This seems to be an exceptional case, as it. is not a very unusual thing in 
 the southwestern territories to meet with a man who bears a great hollow 
 scar which he asserts is the relic of a centipede's bite. 
 
 Fortunately L. IKTOX is not of general di.-tnbuuon in Kansas, and ap- 
 parently finds its northern limit in our south-central and southwestern 
 counties. Old settlers of Barber county say that large centipedes are less 
 
144 
 
 common to-day in that region than formerly. They are reported as rather 
 common in the Cimarron valley; and thence through the southwestern ter- 
 ritory and Mexico, they are a characteristic feature of the fauna, a con- 
 stant bugbear to the inhabitants of adobes and dug-outs. 
 
 The species is extremely variable. 
 
 Scolopendra heros, Grd., var. castaiieiceps, AVood. This beautiful va- 
 riety of heros, deep-shining green with orange-colored head, is not uncom- 
 mon in Barber Co., where I obtained several specimens from beneath blocks 
 of gypsum. I have seen a single specimen over six inches in length. 
 
 Scolopeiidra heros, Grd., var. nov. prismatica. Under this name may 
 be recorded an interesting variety of this species from the vicinity of Medi- 
 cine Lodge, contributed to the survey by Mr. G. L. Johnston. It is re- 
 markable for its strongly bicarinate scuta. The superior surface of each 
 scutum, except the first and last, may be said to be bounded by three planes, 
 one horizontal and two sloping from either side of the same and making 
 with it a clearly-cut angle, giving the appearance of a double bevel. The 
 general color of the specimen in alcohol is deep purplish-black, in sharp 
 contrast with the bright orange-brown of the head and first body segment; 
 feet greenish-yellow, the hist pair concolorous with the body, and a little 
 stouter than in the typical species. 
 
 Scolopeiidra polymorpha, AVood. llice, Finney, and Barber Cos., in 
 the last named county, common in the debris of the gypsum rock. Mrs. 
 J. K. Pitts has contributed a specimen whose exact locality is now lost, 
 but was probably in the vicinity of Topeka. 
 
 This is the common Scolopendra of Kansas. The largest specimens 
 exceed four inches in length. One specimen has the joints of the antenna,* 
 30, 29; another, 30, 28 in number. 
 
 Scolopendra morsitans, Linn., var. nov. coerulesceiis. A centipede with 
 antennae 20-jointed, I refer here provisionally, though it differs in some 
 respects from the characters given by Newport and Wood for this species, 
 and though the latter author has expressed his belief that 8. morsitanx is 
 not an inhabitant of the United States. The color is a uniform light blue, 
 or greenish blue, pale, almost to translucence, the legs being nearly color- 
 less and transparent. The mandibles are dark green, in sharp contrast 
 with the light-bluish hue of the other mouth-parts, which are concolorous 
 with the head and body. The entire animal is of a more delicate structure 
 than is usually seen even in small specimens of the genus. The reflexed 
 antennae co v er about four segments of the body. The length is a little 
 over an inch. These characters will suffice to distinguish this variety of 
 morsitans, if I am right in referring it to that species; but I shall elsewhere 
 give the details of its form and armature. 
 
 Newport states that the range of S. morsitans includes the tropical and 
 subtropical portions of the New World, arid an unknown portion of China. 
 In view of the many subtropical features in the fauna of southern Kansas 
 that have already come to light, the discovery of this species in that region 
 need be hardly a matter of surprise. Our specimen was found under a 
 stone on the summit of a high hill in Barber Co., about 500 feet above the 
 Medicine River at Medicine Lodge. 
 
145 
 
 GEOPHILID^E. 
 
 <.< opiiiins bipnncticeps, Wood. Two specimens of this distinctly 
 marked species were recently collected by the writer in Jefferson Co. One 
 of these specimens has sixty-five pairs of legs. 
 
 , . Specimens of lulus are abundant in Shawnee Co., 
 but I shall not be able to report upon any of them in the present Contri- 
 bution. 
 
 spii ohoius nncigerns, Wood (?) A specimen of this genus from Topeka 
 I refer to uncigerus, as it agrees better with that species than with any 
 other. It seems to present important differences, however ; and \ will 
 withhold final decision upon it for a later paper. 
 
 POLYDESMIDJE. 
 
 Polydesinns Virginiensis, (Drury) Wood. Two specimens from the Kan- 
 sas Valley woods, Shawnee Co., are both clearly referable to this species, as 
 is shown by the very characteristic genitalia. One of them agrees in full 
 with Wood's description; the other differs considerably in color, but chiefly 
 in its much paler and less distinct color pattern. 
 
 Polydcsmns floridns, Wood. Two specimens, collected near Thompson- 
 ville, Jefferson Co., by the writer. A third from near the same locality is 
 contributed by Miss Daisy McCampbell. I think that I have taken the 
 same species in Shawnee Co., but have none in hand from this county at 
 the present writing. 
 
 First Contribution to a Knowledge of the Arachnida of Kansas, 
 By F. W. CRAGIN, Sc. B. 
 
 This short list is but a precursory fragment of a series of observations 
 which the Survey is making upon the spiders of Kansas. 
 
 The distribution and abundance of the species herein given will be more 
 fully stated in later Contributions. 
 
 Mygale Hentzii, Grd. : TRAP-DOOR SPIDER. Barber Co. (A. J. McCabe); 
 Chautauqua Co. (C. H. Hosford). 
 
 This spider is known in southern Kansas a "Tarantula" and "Bird 
 Spider;" but the name, '-Tarantula," is more properly applied to species 
 ot the genus Lycosa, and the true Bird Spider is a much larger species, 
 M. avicularia, confined to the American tropics. The females of M. Hentzii 
 are probably the largest specimens of genuine " Jayhawker" spiders ex- 
 tant. Both sexes are represented in these specimens. 
 
 Since the above specimens of Hentzi.i were recorded in our list, numer- 
 ous specimens have been seen by the writer, and several collected ; chiefly 
 from Barber Co. and westward. It varies in color from reddish-brown to 
 black. 
 
146 
 
 Lycosa fatifera, Hentz. : TARANTULA. Three specimens from Shawnee 
 Co., June to September, and one from Brown Co. They present the fol- 
 lowing characters not mentioned by Hentz : Cephalothorax with an incom- 
 plete dorsal stripe of pale red ; sides and ventral surface of abdomen light 
 reddish -brown, speckled witli black; legs reddish-brown and fuscous in sub- 
 dued contrast. The color of the body above is dark blue-brown. The 
 phase thus characterized may be provisionally designated as var. centralis, 
 its exact relation to fatifera being as yet uncertain. 
 
 The Topeka specimens were collected by Messrs. L. T. Matthews and A. 
 Tucker, and the writer; that from Brown Co. by Miss Mara Becker. A 
 specimen has been recently contributed from Reno Co. by Mr. L. A. 
 O'Hara. 
 
 Lycosa piiosa, Grd.^ One male taken in Shawnee Co., in September, by 
 the writer. The general grey color has a pinkish shade. The specimen 
 differs from Girard's description only in having a subrectangular area of 
 black, not sharply defined upon the upper surface of the abdomen anter- 
 iorly. The black dentoid processes on the distal end of the chelicera are, 
 on its upper (anterior) margin one, and on its lower margin three in num- 
 ber, and nearly equal. The fourth leg is about 1.55' in length, the others 
 averaging about . 1' successively shorter in the order peculiar to the genus. 
 Cephalothorax .44' in length by .31' in breadth. 
 
 Lycosa riparia, Hz. Shawuee Co., August; entering an outbuilding. 
 Though the single specimen which I refer to this species was not taken 
 near waier, it differs in no important respect from Hentz's description and 
 figure. It has, however, the two rows of dots on the abdomen yellow in- 
 stead of white. The two black spots and line, often present in this species 
 at the base of the abdomen inferiorily. is in this instance lacking. 
 
 Agelena nsevia, Bosc. Shawnee Co. As elsewhere in the United States, 
 the commonest of spiders, building its geometric web in corners of houses 
 and outbuildings, aud less commonly in the lee of bushes. 
 
 Epeira domiciliorum, Hz. (?) Topeka, cellars and dark rooms. 
 Epeira cliadema, Hz. Shunganunga and Wakarusa valleys. 
 Epeira riparia, Hz. Shawnee and Barber Cos., frequent. Appar- 
 ently not partial to margins of waters in Kansas, nor even to bottom-lands, 
 but commonly stretching its web in gardens and beside bushes or weeds 
 in shady places. It is perhaps more generally distributed in this ( 1885) 
 than in dryer seasons. 
 
 Specimens have been contributed to the Survey from Labette Co. by Dr. 
 W. S. Newlon, and from Reno Co. by L. A. O'Hara. 
 
 Epeira fasciata, Hz. I have taken this species only in the valleys of the 
 Medicine River and Turkey Creek, Barber Co. It is doubtless also com- 
 mon in eastern Kansas. 
 
 Epeira septima, Hz. A single female specimen taken in Shawnee Co. 
 in August, descending from the top of a door. 
 
147 
 
 Miscellaneous Notes, 
 
 While collecting for the Survey in McPherson county, in the summer 
 of 1884, the director found the curious and interesting Azolla Americana 
 growing abundantly upon the shallow water and mud at the margin of 
 Lake Inman. It seems not to have been hitherto recorded from Kansas. 
 Later it has been sent to us from Neosho River at Oswego by Dr. W. S. 
 Newlon. 
 
 Butlius Carolinianus appears to be generally distributed in Kansas, but 
 is evidently not common in our northern and eastern counties. I have 
 found it abundant in stony places on the Gypsum Hills of Barber county. 
 A specimen from south of Emporia has been contributed by Mr. Frank 
 Kizer. and a number <f young from McPherson Co., by I)r, John llund- 
 strom. Scorpions (which are probably of this species) are reported as oc- 
 curring commonly in the vicinity of Wallace, in the northwestern part of 
 the State, and, less commonly, as far northeast as Douglas county. 
 
 A specimen taken near the fire, in a house in Medicine Lodge, in cold 
 weather, lias been contributed by Mr. G. L. Johnston. 
 
 Dr. H. C. Wood first recorded this species from Kansas, and appears to 
 have been also the first to recognize the peculiar subtropical affinities of the 
 fauna of Kansas. (See his monograph of , the North American Pedip<dpi, 
 under B. Caroliniana.) 
 
 Elevation above sea-level having a marked influence upon the distribu- 
 tion of insects, it may be interesting tc note, in connection with Mr. Bru- 
 ner's report on Orthoptera, the elevations of the respective localities which 
 furnished the specimens. They are ss follows, the numbers usually refer- 
 ring to the elevation at the depot grounds of the A. T. & S. F., U. P.^ and 
 S. K. railroads : 
 
 Toivn. County. Elevation. 
 
 Ellis Ellis (western) 2,117 
 
 Garden City Finney (formerly Sequoyah) 2,827 
 
 Great Bend Barton 1,841 
 
 Lindsborg McPherson 1,332 
 
 Medicine Lodge Barber 1,449 
 
 Oswego Labette 895 
 
 Reno Center Reno 1,525-1,550 
 
 Sun City Barber (?) 1,750 
 
 Topeka.*. Shawnee 884 
 
 Many of the Barber Co. specimens were collected on the Gypsum Hills, 
 200-500 feet above the valley elevation above given for Medicine Lodge. 
 
 Prof. E. D. Cope, of paleontological and herpetological fame, has twice 
 paused in his passage across the continent to note the progress of our work 
 and bestow a word of cheer. In one of these brief visits, he discovered 
 among some unstudied material recenrly collected by the director of the 
 Survey in Barber county, a specimen of Rhinocheilus LeContei, B. and 
 G., which shows some remarkable variations from the typical species. A 
 brief note upon this specimen will appear from the pen of the Professor in 
 our next Report. 
 
 The specimen was brought, living, to the director of the Survey, by Mr. 
 Chancy Smith of Medicine Lodge, who captured it in a garden in that 
 
148 
 
 town. It has previously been reported from southern Texas and California 
 only, and it is therefore needless to say that the discovery of this rare and 
 beautifully colored serpent in southern Kansas greatly extends its known 
 range and adds yet one more emphatic link to the already strong chain of 
 evidence which asserts that the fauna of southern Kansas has many features 
 usually regarded as sub-tropical. 
 
 The genus Pinus has never appeared on any of the local lists relating 
 to the flora of Kansas. 
 
 Dr. J. H. Oyster, of Paola, who recently passed through Topeka, and 
 stopped long enough to glance at the Wasburn'cabinet and the work of the 
 Biological Survey, called our attention to the fact that a species of Pinus 
 has been ascribed to Kansas by Prof. Sargent in his "Report on the Forest 
 Trees of North America." On referring to that work, we find (p. 200) 
 Pinus mitis, Mich., the Short-leaved Yellow Pine, given as native to south- 
 eastern Kansas. It is certainly not common, even in that favored section 
 of the State. 
 
 During a brief trip to Cherokee county, Dr. Oyster learned that large 
 pines had been felled in that county by the settlers, but could learn of none 
 still standing, save a few saplings, the locality of which he was unable to 
 vidt. He was, however, informed by reliable .parties that there exists a 
 small group of pines at a point almost exactly on the line between Kansas 
 and Indian Territory, while a considerable grove of the same exists but a 
 very few miles further south. 
 
 We would gladly record any more definite observations as to tne past or 
 present occurrence of Pinus in Kansas; and those able to furnish such are 
 respectfully requested to communicate with the director of the Survey. 
 
 The expense of publishing the first t.vvo Bulletins having, for various 
 unforeseen reasons, proved relatively greater than it will henceforth be, the 
 occasion for issuing Bulletin 3 arrived and found the funds available for 
 that purpose temporarily exhausted. To avoid an interruption which would 
 have been in many ways detrimental to the work of the Survey, we issued 
 a call to various friends of the Suryey for aid. The following responded 
 and became the Patrons of Bulletin 3, by contributing sums of one to 
 five dollars, thus enabling us to keep the publication abreast of the work: 
 
 George J. Angell, Esq., 
 S. A. Baldwin, Esq., 
 Miss Mara A. Becker. 
 George Brink man, Esq., 
 Jerry M. Fields, Esq., 
 L. L. Jewell, Esq., 
 Lucius T. Matthews. Esq., 
 Ralph E. McCampbell, Esq., 
 Angus McMillan, Esq., 
 
 J. R. Mead, Esq., 
 
 W. S. Newlon, M. D. 
 
 Andrew Sabine, M. D. 
 
 B. B. Smyth, Esq., 
 
 William Tweeddale, Esq., 
 
 Louis Watson, M. D.. 
 
 And three friends of the Sur- 
 vey, whose names are with- 
 held. 
 
 We take this opportunity to return our sincere thanks to these kind 
 friends for their prompt assistance, and we trust that we shall have no need 
 of making any further call for aid. other than such as they are now 
 giving by way of specimens and observations. 
 
JOHN RlTCHIF, - T R 
 BOX 2/2., BOSTO::, MAS:. 
 
 Reprint from 
 
 Proceedings Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, 
 Volume V. 
 
 3. 
 
 ON CERTAIN RECENT, QUATERNARY, 
 AND NEW 
 
 FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA 
 
 BY R. ELLSWORTH CALL. 
 
 Read before the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, February 26th, iSSb. 
 
 THE area which has contributed most of these forms is little known 
 conchologically. All the knowledge gathered concerning its molluscan 
 fauna is fragmentary, and, for the most part, scattered through many 
 publications, rendering a collation of their information an imperative 
 need. Such a collation has been for some time in progress, and the 
 present writer hopes soon to present a summary of the results. 
 
 Of the six species herein described, four have hitherto been charac- 
 terized by me, two of which were, in deference to authority, given 
 only varietal rank. It is now proposed to recognize the varietal names 
 as of specific value, and to republish the original descriptions as ap- 
 plicable to the specific name. This disposition is made in the light of 
 continued and careful study of these forms in conjunction with well- 
 preserved specimens of the species of which they were formerly re- 
 garded as varieties. 
 
 [PROG. D. A. N. 8., VOL. V.] 1 [April 15, 1886.] 
 
 APR 26 1883 
 
2 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. 
 
 RISSOID^E. 
 
 Genus AMNICOLA Gould & Haldeman (1841). 
 Amnicola dalli, sp. nov. 
 
 (Plate I., Fip-s. 4-6.) 
 
 Amnicola dalli, Call. Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur., No. n, p. 45, Plate VI., Figs. 
 4-6 (1884). 
 
 Shell narrowly umbilicate, obtusely conical, shining, slightly striated, 
 brown or greenish horn color; whorls four, convex, gradually increasing 
 in size; suture regularly impressed, somewhat deep; aperture rounded 
 before, somewhat angular behind, bluish white within ; lip simple, sharp, 
 margins joined by a thick callus, columella rather reflexed. 
 
 Length, 3.50; breadth, 2.30'". 
 
 Habitat and Station. Mountain streams tributary to Pyramid Lake, 
 North-west Nevada. 
 
 For the diagnosis of the lingual dentition I am indebted to Mr. 
 Charles E. Beecher, who has prepared the following description and 
 illustrations : 
 
 "Jaw thin, membranaceous. 
 
 "Odontophore i.io mm long, . i3 mm wide. In a full-grown example 
 the odontophore has 94 transverse rows of teeth, with the formula 
 
 3 i 3- 
 
 "Rhachidian tooth short and broad, with the inferior lateral angles 
 produced. Cusp with seven denticles, of which the central one is the 
 largest. The anterior lateral faces are each furnished with a short, 
 strong, conical denticle, and the adjacent lateral margin of the tooth 
 is thickened and slightly produced. Formula for rhachidian tooth : 
 
 3 + 1 + 3 
 
 "Body of intermediate tooth quadrate; infero-interior angle some- 
 what produced : furnished with a large bullation, into which the infero- 
 interior angle of the succeeding tooth appears to fit as if for articula- 
 tion. Peduncle long and straight. Cusp with seven strong angular 
 denticles, arranged according to the formula 2 + 1 + 4. 
 
 "Body of the first lateral tooth elongate-triangular, oblique to the 
 direction of the broad peduncle. Cusp inflected, and carrying twenty- 
 three slender denticles. 
 
 "Outer lateral tooth hamate, with no marked distinction between the 
 body and peduncle. Free extremity incurved and bearing thirty-four 
 minute denticles. The denticle formula is, therefore, 
 
CALL ON NEW MOLLUSCA. 3 
 
 3 + 1+3 
 
 34-23-7 i ^ 7-23^34. 
 
 "The apparent articulation of the intermediate teeth, as described 
 above, was observed in a fragment of an odontophore which presented 
 a lateral aspect under the microscope. It is not known that this feat- 
 ure has ever been noted in any other species, although it very proba- 
 bly occurs in many which have foraminated or bullate teeth. This 
 disposition of the teeth would allow great flexion of the odontophore 
 without their displacement." 
 
 FIG. i. Lingual dentition of Amnicola dalli, Call x 400. Beecher. 
 
 a. Two of tlu transverse rows of the odontophore, showing- the normal position of the teeth. 
 The teeth are considered as opaque. 
 
 Analysis: b. Outer laterals, c. First laterals, d. Intermediate teeth, e. Rachidian 
 teeth. 
 
 FIG. 2. Intermediate teeth ( x 400), showing mode of articulation. Beecher. 
 
4 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. 
 
 This quite distinct form was collected in considerable numbers at 
 Symon's Stage Station, near the foot of Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Its 
 nearest congener is A. porata Say, from which it differs in elevation, 
 sculpturing, and dentition. Since this last character is the one of chief 
 importance, the description of the dentition is here given. Comparing 
 the denticle formulae of the two forms, thus : 
 
 A. porata. 
 
 q 1 i I o 
 
 30-18-5- ^ "*" -- 5-18-30,* 
 
 4 + 4 
 
 A. dalli. 
 34_23-7- -7-23-34, 
 
 the dissimilarity is strongly marked. Specimens may be seen in nu- 
 merous private collections, and in the cabinets of the Smithsonian In- 
 stitution, the New York State Museum of Natural History, and the 
 Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences. 
 
 VALVATID^E. 
 
 Genus VALVATA Miiller (1774). 
 Valvata utahensis, sp. nov. 
 
 (Plate I., Fi^s. 1-3.) 
 
 Valvata sincera, var. utahensis. Call. Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur., No. n, p. 44, Plate 
 VI., Figs. 1-3 (1884). 
 
 Shell operculate, narrowly umbilicate, conical, with minute trans- 
 verse striae, shining, somewhat pellucid, yellowish horn color at apex, 
 white below; spire obtusely elevated, flattened at tip; suture well im- 
 pressed ; whorls four, convex, regularly increasing, the uppermost ones 
 with a single well-marked carina, which becomes obsolete on the last 
 whorl ; last whorl equals one-half the whole length of the shell ; aper- 
 ture circular, slightly angled posteriorly; peristome simple, continuous, 
 joined to the next whorl above by a very slight calcareous deposit ; 
 within white. 
 
 Operculum light horn color, corneus, spirally multivolute, slightly 
 produced posteriorly to conform to the shape of the aperture. Denti- 
 tion unpublished. 
 
 Length, 4.80; breadth, 3.2o inm . 
 
 Habitat. Lakz Utah, Utah. 
 
 * After Ctimpson, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., No. 201, p. 14, Fig-. 6; also ibid., No. 144, p. 80, 
 ff. 158- 
 
CALL - ON NEW MOLLUSCA. 5 
 
 This form was dredged by the writer, in August, 1883, in great num- 
 bers in Utah Lake, near Lehi, not far from the head of the River 
 Jordan. It is intermediate between Valvata sincera Say and V. virens 
 Tryon. From the first it differs in the unicarinate upper whorls, in 
 being more elevated, in possessing a very much smaller umbilicus, and 
 in its greater size. From the second it differs in color, size, carination, 
 and form of aperture. It resembles, in some respects, V. unicarinata 
 De Kay (= V. tricar inata Say), but differs in size, ornamentation, and 
 form of aperture. Specimens may be seen in the Smithsonian Institu- 
 tion, in the New York State Museum of Natural History, in the Daven- 
 port Academy of Natural Sciences, and in the private collections of 
 Beecher, Stearns, Dall, Aldrich, and the writer. 
 
 Genus RADIX Montfort (i8ioj. 
 Radix utahensis, sp. nov. 
 
 (Plate I., Fiffs. 7-9.) 
 
 Radix ampla, var. ^tta/lensis, Call. Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur., No. n, p. 47, Plate 
 VI., Figs. 7-9 (1884). 
 
 Shell .globose, somewhat umbilicated, irregularly costate, light horn 
 color, nearly pellucid; spire rather small, conical; whorls four to four 
 and one-half, convex, somewhat flattened above, giving rather a shoul- 
 dered appearance to the whorls, rapidly increasing in size, the last 
 whorl being inflated, with numerous rather marked transverse costse, 
 minutely wrinkled; suture somewhat deep, regularly impressed; aper- 
 ture elongately ovate, effuse, approaching patulous, pearly white within ; 
 outer lip simple, the margin connected by a slight calcareous deposit; 
 columella somewhat twisted, but straight in front. Dentition unpub- 
 lished. Length of largest specimen, i6.82 mrn ; breadth, 8.88 mm . The 
 average of nine specimens gave a length of 13 4o lllm , breadth 7. io mm , 
 with about the same ratio for corresponding measurements of aperture. 
 
 Length, 13. 40'"'"; breadth, 7.io mm . 
 
 Length of aperture, 9.00'"; breadth of aperture, 5.90""". 
 
 Habitat and Station. Lake Utah, Lehi, Utah. 
 
 This is a rare form in Utah Lake, its only locality so far as known. 
 Its nearest affinity is Radix ampla Mighels. In the preceding refer- 
 ence its relation to Polyrhytis kingii Meek has been noted. It was 
 associated with abundant specimens of the Valvata herein described, 
 and with Fluminicola fusca Haldeman and Sphcerium dentatum Halde- 
 man. Specimens may be seen as above. 
 
DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. 
 
 Genus LIMNOPHYSA Fitzinger (1833). 
 Limnophysa bonnevillensis, sp. nov. 
 
 (Plate I., Figs. 10-13.) 
 
 Limnophysa bonnevillensis, Call. Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur., No. n, p. 48, Plate 
 VI., Figs. 10-13 (1884). 
 
 Shell umbilicated, elongate, ventricose or bullate, somewhat solid, 
 faintly striate and very minutely reticulated below the suture, the last 
 whorl bearing faint longitudinal ridges or costae; spire elevated, acute; 
 suture deeply impressed; whorls 4 to 4^2, very much rounded, some- 
 times tending to geniculation above, the last whorl equal to three- 
 fourths the whole length of the shell, rapidly increasing in size, much 
 swollen, somewhat expanded at base; columella somewhat plicate, 
 slightly callous, regularly arcuate; columella and peristome continu- 
 ous; peristome simple, margins joined by a heavy callus, which is con- 
 tinuous and so reflexed as to partially close the umbilicus; aperture 
 broadly ovate, often patulous, equal to one-half the entire length of the 
 shell, oblique, angled slightly behind. 
 
 Fossil, Quaternary. Bonneville Lake beds, Kelton, Utah. 
 
 The four largest specimens of the many in the collections give the 
 following dimensions : 
 
 SPECIMEN. 
 
 LENGTH. 
 
 BREADTH. 
 
 1 
 
 mm. 
 
 15 00 
 
 mm. 
 
 7 80 
 
 2 
 
 11 00 
 
 5 80 
 
 3 
 
 9 40 
 
 5 20 
 
 4.. 
 
 18.50 
 
 6.00 
 
 STREPOMATID^E. 
 
 Genus GONIOBASIS Lea (1862). 
 
 Goniobasis stearnsiana, sp. nov. 
 
 FIG. 3. 1 
 
 GON. STEARNSIANA. 2 
 
 Shell globose, not very elongate, 
 excavated in umbilical region, but not 
 umbilicated, usually coarsely and ob- 
 liquely costate on upper whorls; spire 
 conical, not much elevated; whorls 
 5/^-6^, scarcely convex, appressed 
 at the suture, body-whorl very large, 
 more than equalling one-half the en- 
 tire length, often angulate at periph- 
 
CALL ON NE\V MOI.LTSCA. 7 
 
 ery, above which it is flattened, many-banded and smooth, or bandless 
 and coarsely multistriate, the striae cord-like and variable in number, 
 coarsely and obliquely wrinkled by the well-marked lines of growth; 
 suture well but irregularly impressed; aperture oblique, trapezoidal, 
 twice as long as broad, effuse, white or creamy-white within, often 
 banded with broad purple bands, slightly retuse at columellar region; 
 peristome simple, sigmoid, a little thickened, somewhat rerlexed at 
 base of columella; columella thickened, always white, twisted ; parietal 
 wall usually with a thick deposit of callus, which is sensibly thickened 
 near the posterior angle of aperture. 
 
 Operculum black, otherwise as usual in the genus. 
 
 Habitat and Station, This shell occurred only in a limited area in 
 Dyke's Creek, a clear and cold mountain stream tributary to the Etowah 
 River, Floyd County, Georgia. Associated with it were numerous speci- 
 mens of Margaritana georgiana Lea, two species of undetermined Unio, 
 Goniobasis vittata Anthony, and Goniobasis bella Conrad. It has the 
 habit of Anculosa, and is to be sought only in the most swiftly flowing 
 and deepest portions of the stream, on rocks. It is not abundant, the 
 most painstaking examination revealing some two hundred individuals. 
 
 The characters given are those which appear to be most constant, 
 though some of these are variable. The variations, as usual in this 
 family, range through wide limits. Thus, occasional specimens of the 
 smooth and banded type depart so far from the figure that the whorls 
 are loosely coiled and very much rounded; this does not appear to be 
 of varietal value, but is pathologic. The color, again, ranges from light 
 yellow to dark olive, and the peripheral angle becomes almost a carina. 
 The average dimensions of seventeen individuals are, for length, 21. 14'"'" ; 
 for breadth, I2.o2 mm . The largest specimen has a length of 26.o8 mm 
 and a diameter of 14.00""". 
 
 Specimens may be seen in the United States National Museum, 
 Cornell University, New York State Museum of Natural History, 
 Amherst College, Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, and in the 
 private collections of C. E. Beecher, T. H. Aldrich, and the writer. 
 The species is named in honor of Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, so well known 
 for his researches on the Pacific Coast mollusca. 
 
8 
 
 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. 
 
 CORBICULID^:. 
 
 Genus SPH^ERIUM Scopoli (1777). 
 Sphserium uintaense, sp. nov. 
 
 Shell thin, small, globose, ventricose, slightly 
 inequilateral, posterior and anterior margins well 
 rounded, very slightly produced posteriorly; um- 
 bones large, subcalyculate, full, rounded, dark, 
 retaining embryonic shell, approximate; basal 
 margin rounded, thus giving a circular outline to 
 shell; epidermis shining, dark straw or olive col- 
 ored, substriate, light yellowish on basal margin ; 
 cardinal teeth microscopic, slightly in advance of 
 the middle region of the umbones, not widely 
 separating; lateral teeth small, short, somewhat 
 upcurved. 
 
 Viewed in profile from in front, the point of junc- 
 tion of lower portion of valves with the embry- 
 onic shell appears as a well-marked obtuse angle. 
 Length, 4. 76 mm ; diameter, 4.o2 nim ; number of 
 specimens, eight. 
 
 Habitat and Station. A lake in the Uinta 
 Mountains, Utah, at an elevation of 10,500 feet. 
 The specimens were communicated by Prof. 
 Orson Howard, of Salt Lake City, and were 
 collected by him in August, 1885. 
 This species is remarkable for its small size, all the specimens seen 
 being mature, and one with fry, and for the great elevation at which it 
 occurred. This is by far the greatest hypsometic range recorded for 
 any lamellibranch. The lake is snow-fed, and therefore its normal 
 temperature must be far below that of waters in which the Corbicu- 
 lidce usually occur. Its extreme fragility and small size, it is believed, 
 must be coordinated with these features of its environment. Specimens 
 are in the collection of Prof. O. Howard and of the writer. 
 
 It may not be altogether improper, in this connection, to advert to 
 the lax usage of naturalists in connection with the terms habitat and 
 station. They are used as though strictly synonymic, while possessed 
 of a definite and precise meaning. It is proposed, therefore, that the 
 term habitat be used in the sense of geographic distribution, while sta- 
 tion should be used always and alone to indicate the immediate phys- 
 ical environment of the form considered. Such is the sense herein con- 
 templated. 
 
PLATE I. 
 
 FlGS. 1-3 Valvata utahensis. 
 4-6 Amnicola dalli. 
 7-9 Radix ittahensis. 
 1013 Limiiophysa bonnevillensis. 
 
PROCEEDINGS DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES VOL. V. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 11 
 
 CALL ON NEW MOLLUSCA. 
 
(From Proceedings Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences^ Vol. V. ) 
 
 ON PYRGULOPSIS, A NEW GENUS OF RISSOID 
 
 MOLLUSK, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF 
 
 TWO NEW FORMS. 
 
 BY R. ELLSWORTH CALL AND HARRY A. PILSBRY. 
 Rtad before the Academy, February sbth, i88b. 
 
 IN September, 1883, Mr. R. E. C. Stearns described a rissoid mol- 
 lusk from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, under the name of Pyrgula neva- 
 densis. His description was based, in part, upon material furnished 
 by one of the present writers, which was, at that time, inconsiderable 
 in amount. In the following year the form was collected in almost 
 incredible numbers in the original locality, and studied by Messrs. 
 Call and Beecher in as complete a manner as rather unfavorable cir- 
 cumstances would admit. At that time the generic reference of the 
 species appeared to be unquestionable, and, in the absence of speci- 
 mens of European Pyrgula for comparison, was agreed upon as prob- 
 ably correct. Since this later study of the Nevada form, in which the 
 dentition was illustrated and found to be rissoid, additional data have 
 accumulated, which appear to render impossible the original generic 
 reference. These data consist, in the main, of a careful study of the orig- 
 inal bibliographic matter concerning the institution of Pyrgula as a 
 genus, of the discovery of at least two additional forms which seem to be 
 congeneric with Pyrgula nevadensis, neither of which agree with typical 
 Pyrgula, either in station or understood hypsometric range, and of 
 certain conchologic features that appear in the following diagnosis. In 
 the further absence of any generic group which will include these shells, 
 it has seemed proper to institute for their reception a genus that would 
 do no violence to their conchologic affinities or to their geographic 
 distribution. We therefore propose the name of Pyrgulopsis for these 
 forms, and define the genus as follows : 
 
 PYRGULOPSIS, gen. nov. 
 
 (Etymology: Pyrgula, and opsis = aspect of.) 
 
 Type, Pyrgulopsis nevadensis Stearns. 
 Pyrgula nevadensis Stearns.- Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1883. 
 
 Generic characters: Shell minute, conically turreted, somewhat 
 elongated, imperforate, unicarinate; apex acute; aperture ovate; peri- 
 treme continuous. 
 
 [Puoc. D. A. N. 3., VOL. V. | 2 [May 25, 1888.] 
 
10 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. 
 
 Operculum ovate, thin, corneous, spiral, with polar point well forward 
 and approximating the^columella. 
 
 Jaw thin, membranaceous. 
 
 Odontophore with teeth arranged in transverse rows, according to 
 the formula 3 + 1 + 3. Formula for denticles of rhachidian : 
 
 1 + 1. 
 
 Distribution : Western and South-western United States, in fresh or 
 brackish water. 
 
 So far as known to us, the typical European Pyrgula are bicarinate 
 or multicarinate. The type of the genus is the species described by 
 Michelin* as Melania helvetica. The founders of the genus, Christoforo 
 and Jan, described the same form as Pyrgula annulata, from a locality 
 in Switzerland. Figures n and 12 of Plate II. are drawn from Switzer- 
 land specimens of this form. 
 
 As above defined, this genus will include the form described by Mr. 
 John Wolf as Pyrgula s c alar if or mis. ^ Although the first described 
 species, it was not considered advisable to constitute this form the type 
 of the genus. Being a post-pliocene fossil, it was impossible to indi- 
 cate those characters in the animal itself which are desirable in framing 
 an intelligible diagnosis. These have, so far as the opercukim and 
 dentition go, been studied in the Nevada form only. The remaining 
 species to be included are, besides the type, P. mississippiensis, sp. 
 nov., and P. spinosus, sp. nov. 
 
 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES OF PYRGULOPSIS. 
 
 Pyrgulopsis nevadensis Stearns. 
 
 (Plate II., Fig-s. i-io.) 
 
 Pyrgula nevadensis Stearns. Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 173, figure (1883). 
 Call and Beecher, Am. Nat., Sept. 1884, Vol. XVIII. , pp. 851-855; from 
 this paper the present account of the dentition is copied. Call, Bull. U. S. Geol. 
 Survey, No. n, 1884. 
 
 Shell small, somewhat elongated, variable, turreted, imperforate; 
 whorls 4/^-5^2, strongly unicarinate on periphery, otherwise smooth; 
 epidermis shining, light straw color or whitish, white at suture; suture 
 deeply and regularly impressed, made conspicuous by the approximat- 
 ing carina; aperture very oblique, roundly ovate, with an angle on 
 outer edge corresponding to the excavated carina, posteriorly sharply 
 
 *Ma#azin de Zoologie, p. 37, Plate xxxvii. (1831.) 
 
 \Vide American Journal of Conchology, Vol. V., 1869, p. 198, Plate xvii., Fig". 3. 
 
CALL AND PILSBRY - ON PYRGULOPSIS. II 
 
 angled, well rounded before; peritreme continuous, almost rimate, 
 closely appressed to parietal wall. 
 
 Operculum light corneous, spiral, closely fitting the aperture. 
 
 The following account and illustration of the dentition is by Mr. 
 Charles E. Beecher, who has devoted much attention to the dentition 
 of this group : 
 
 "Jaw thin, membranaceous. 
 
 "Odontophore .62 mm in length, and .i5 mm in width. There are usu- 
 ally fifty-five transverse rows of teeth, arranged according to the for- 
 mula 3 i 3, which is common to the family Rissoida. 
 
 "Rhachis distinct, occupying one-fourth the width of the ribbon. 
 Rhachidian tooth (Fig. i) short and broad, with the infero-lateral angles 
 produced and slightly arcuate. On each side of the anterior face is a 
 strong, short, conical process or basal tooth projecting outward and 
 somewhat downward. Basal margin trilobate; central lobe truncate. 
 Cusp curved forward, and extended into a strong denticle with four 
 smaller ones on each side. The formula of the denticles for this tooth 
 would, therefore, be : 
 
 1 + 1 
 
 "Body of intermediate tooth* subrhomboidal, with the infero-interior 
 angle slightly produced and with an angulation in the margin above. 
 From this point there is a thickening or ridge extending toward the 
 fixed end. Peduncle longer than the body of the tooth. Upper mar- 
 gin abruptly curved forward and marked by seven denticles, of which 
 the third inner one is usually the largest; the formula for this tooth 
 may be written 2 + 1 + 4. 
 
 "Inner lateral tooth (Fig. 3) spoon-shaped, with the infero-interior 
 margin angular. Upper anterior margin marked with a fringe of about 
 twenty-four denticles, decreasing in length from the interior extremity. 
 Peduncle straight, wider than the body. 
 
 "Outer lateral tooth (Fig. 4) falciform, straight along the peduncle. 
 Anterior margin and extremity denticulated with thirty minute denti- 
 cles, usually decreasing in length toward the distal extremity, but 
 subject to some variation. The denticulate margin extends more than 
 one-third the length of the tooth. Peduncles slender and nearly 
 straight. 
 
 "The formula for the denticles is: 
 
 30-24-7- -7-24-30. 
 
 "There is a marked variation in the character of the denticles on the 
 intermediate and lateral teeth. On the intermediate they are large, 
 
 * It is proposed by Mr. Beecher and the senior writer to give to this tooth the name of 
 admedian. In a forthcoming' monograph of the Rissoida that name will be constantly so em- 
 ployed. 
 
12 
 
 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. 
 
 angular, and somewhat irregular. The lateral teeth are uniformly 
 marked by a regular fringe of slender denticles, which are much 
 smaller on the outer lateral. 
 
 "Some portions of the membrane and different specimens show con- 
 siderable variation in the length and strength of the denticles on the 
 lateral teeth, and sometimes their number seems subject to some 
 mutation. The numbers given in the formulae were averaged from 
 several enumerations, and represent the comparative denticulation of 
 the teeth." 
 
 DESCRIPTIONS OF FIGURES. 
 
 (All figures enlarged to 500 diameters.) 
 
 FIG. i. Rhachidian teeth. 
 " 2. Intermediate teeth. 
 " 3. Inner laterals. 
 " 4. Outer laterals. 
 " 5. A portion of the odontophore, representing- the teeth in their natural position. 
 
CALL AND PILSBRY ON PYRGULOPSIS. 13 
 
 This species has a limited distribution, occurring only, so far as 
 present information goes, in North-western Nevada, in Walker and 
 Pyramid Lakes. Living forms have been collected only in the last- 
 named locality. 
 
 The description of Dr. Stearns has been amended to form a diag- 
 nosis as complete as very extensive series would permit. The shell is 
 exceedingly variable, ranging from short and stout to long and slender, 
 and from strongly carinate to entirely smooth. Figures 6, 7, and 8 of 
 Plate II. show the smooth forms and the variations to which they are 
 inclined. 
 
 Pyrgulopsis mississippiensis, sp. nov. 
 
 (Plate II., Fig-s. 14-16.) 
 
 Pyrgula scalar if ormis, var. mississippiensis Pilsbry. Am. Nat., Jan. 1886, p. 
 75. No description. 
 
 Shell minute, pupiform, elevated, imperforate; whorls 5/^-6, flat- 
 tened, with a well-marked carina on lower third, which becomes cen- 
 tral on periphery of last whorl, body-whorl equal to one-half entire 
 length of shell and bluntly angulated at position of carina; epidermis 
 ; suture distinct, deeply impressed only at commencement of 
 last whorl and below, above last whorl covered by carina; aperture 
 narrowly ovate, broadly rounded before and narrowly rounded behind, 
 very oblique; peritreme continuous, almost rimate, slightly reflected 
 over the parietal wall ; lip simple, sharp. 
 
 Animal unknown. 
 
 This form has hitherto occurred only in the Mississippi River, near 
 the mouth of Rock River, on the Illinois side Rock Island County, 
 Illinois. Many dead specimens have been taken, but, as yet, no living 
 ones. It differs in important particulars from the P. scalar if or mis, 
 Wolf, which is "carinate its entire length," has a different aperture, 
 and is markedly different in the character of the sutures. Our species 
 is ecarinate on all whorls above the body-whorl, the carina being de- 
 pressed and filling entirely the suture. The outlines of the apical 
 whorls are wholly unlike the figured type of Wolf's species. The aver- 
 age measurements of the four specimens upon which the preceding 
 description is based' are, for length, 4.66 mm ; for breadth, i.6i inm . The 
 proportions of length and breadth, while variable, do not vary within 
 so wide limits as the P. nevadensis. The individual measurements are 
 as follows: 
 
 Specimen i. Length, 3.58"; breadth, i.6o mm . 
 2. 3-38 mm ; 1.56". 
 
 j. 3-5o mm ; i. 64". 
 
 4. " 3.40"""; " 1.64""". 
 
14 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. 
 
 Pyrgulopsis spinosus, sp. nov. 
 
 (Plate II., Figs. 17-19.) 
 
 Shell minute, imperforate, turreted, unicarinate, carina modified 
 into spinous processes on last three whorls, darker colored than 
 balance of shell; whorls 5-5^2, first two rounded, destitute of spines 
 or carina, the last three somewhat geniculate, angled at location 
 of carina, body-whorl large, sometimes with an occasional spine 
 below the carina; epidermis light horn color, nearly white at apex, 
 with microscopic longitudinal revolving striae, shining; aperture roundly 
 ovate, slightly longer than broad, rounded anteriorly; peristome not 
 continuous, sharp, simple, slightly reflected near the columella, sug- 
 gesting a faint umbilicus ; suture slightly impressed. 
 
 Operculum spiral, reddish horn color. 
 
 Specimen i. Length, 3.86"""; breadth, 2.34 mm . 
 2. 3.oo mm ; i.88 mm . 
 
 j. 3.o6 mm ; 1.52""".' 
 
 Habitat. Comal Creek, a clear stream at New Braunfels, Texas, 
 on rocky bottoms. It was associated with numerous specimens of 
 Goniobasis pleuristriata Say, Amnicola (species undetermined), and 
 Bythinella (species undetermined). 
 
 In some particulars this form may be compared with Stimpson's 
 genus Potamopyrgus. It differs radically, however, in the character of 
 the spinous processes, which in that type are epidermal, while in our 
 form they are true testaceous products. It is the only spinous rissoid 
 described from the United States. 
 
 Pyrgulopsis scalariformis Wolf. 
 
 (Plate II., Fig-. 13.) 
 
 Pyrgula scalariformis Wolf. Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V., p. 198, Plate xvii., 
 Fig. 3 (1869). 
 
 "Shell turreted, slender; whorls 6, chalky white; suture deeply im- 
 pressed; carinate its entire length on the lower edge of the whorls; 
 mouth small, ovate, but slightly connected with the last whorl. Length, 
 one-half inch. 
 
 "Post-pliocene; abundant on the Tazewell shore of the Illinois 
 River." (Wolf.) 
 
 No other locality has been recorded, and no living specimens have 
 ever been taken. The figure is a copy of the original, and has been 
 the main reliance in referring the species to this genus. We have not 
 been able to procure from the author either the types or authentic 
 specimens for examination. 
 
PLATE II. 
 
 All original figures except 14 b, 14 c, and 17 a are enlarged three diameters. 
 
 FIGS. i6 P. nevadensis, carinate forms. 
 7-8 smooth var. 
 
 9 operculum. 
 
 10 Outline of Stearns' figure 
 
 in Proc. Phila. Ac. Nat. Sci., p. 173, 
 (1883). 
 II 12 Pyrgula helvetica Mich. 
 
 13 P. scalariformis Copy of Wolf's figure 
 in Am. Jour. Conch., Vol. V., pi. xvii., 
 fig- 3- 
 
 14-16 P. mississippiensis. 
 17-19 P. spinosus. 
 
 All figures except 10 and 13 are drawn from specimens in the authors' cabinets. 
 
PROCEEDINGS DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES VOL. V. 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 A 
 
 * * 4 * 
 
 .4 
 
 %^7 
 
 /f 
 
 CALL AND PILSBRY ON PYKGULOPSIS. 
 
1887.] PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 497 
 
 ries edged with the color of the back, the throat pale ochraceous, and 
 the breast and upper belly narrowly streaked with ochraceous. 
 
 3. Dendrocincla minor PELZ. 
 
 Dendrocincla minor Pelz., Om. Bras., 1871, 42, 60 (S. Vicente, Brazil). 
 
 U D. supra -olivaceo brunnea, pileo nuchaque striis scapalibus augustis 
 ochraceis, stria ab oculo versus nucham ducta ferruginea valde distincta, 
 uropygio et tectricibus caudre superioribus paruin rufescentibus, tectri- 
 cibus, alarum superioribus et remigum limbo augustissimo dorso con- 
 coloribus, remigibus cinnamomeo runs, niajoribus apicibus brunneis, 
 tectricibus alarum inferioribus pallide ferrugineis, cauda cinnamomeo 
 rufa, gula et capitis lateribus pallide griseis, scapis plumarurn ochra. 
 scentibus, gastrteo reliquo color! dorsi, plumarum pectoris scapis 
 ochraceo, rostro corneo nigro, pedibus corneis. Lougit. 7J", alae 3" 
 S'", rostri a fronte 9'", a rictu 14'", caudae 3" 3'", tars. 9'". 
 
 " The only specimen of this species, an old female, was shot in the 
 woods at St. Vicente in December by Mr. H. Sochor. 
 
 " It is similar to I), meruloides LAFR., but is smaller than both of the 
 species with which D. meruloides (of which no measurements have been 
 published) has been compared. The yellow streak behind the eye is 
 also very prominent, as in D. fumigata. 
 
 " D. olivacea Lawr from Kew Granada seems to be larger; it 
 
 shows a blackish line from the upper mandible to the eyeand an oblong 
 spot of the same color beneath the eye ; the lower mandible is whitish."* 
 (Translation.) 
 
 This species is also unknown to me. 
 
 * This is an error, only a streak on the gonys being whitish. The supposed blackish 
 streaks also have no existence in fact, although mentioned both by Mr. Lawrence, in 
 his original description, and in remarks quoted by him from Dr. Sclater. They ap- 
 parently consist of mere shadows, caused by the feathers standing on end, thus giving, 
 the appearance of dark markings unless carefully examined. 
 Proc. N. M. 87 32 
 
 JOHN RiTCHfj^R 
 
 BOX 272:, D?3^x5y, f:\ 
 
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS UNIO, 
 FROM THE OZARK REGION OF MISSOURI. 
 
 By R. ELJLSWORTH CALL. 
 
 (Plates XXVII, XXVIII.) 
 
 The collections in which these forms occurred were made in July, 1886. 
 The associated species were Unio iris Lea, Margaritana deltoidea Lea, and 
 abundant, though as yet undetermined Strepomatidcc, of the genus Gonio- 
 basis. The streams were characteristic of mountain areas, being shal- 
 low, swift, and limpid, with rocky bottoms. In occasional ponds, occupy- 
 ing depressions which were filled at seasons of floods, were found nu- 
 merous examples of Unio subrostratus Say, and Anodonta grandis Say, 
 both of which were remarkable for their large size and perfect condi- 
 tion. It should be further noted that the streams from which these 
 shells came, form a portion of the southern drainage of the Ozarks. 
 
 Unio ozarkensis, sp. nov. (Plate xxvii, Figs. 1-3 <?, 4 $). 
 
 Shell smooth, elliptical, somewhat compressed laterally, inequilateral, 
 thick, but thickest anteriorly; epidermis thin, striate towards the 
 margins, yellowish-brown or olivaceous, marked with numerous obscure 
 narrow green rays disposed regularly over the central portion of the 
 disk ; lines of growth rather numerous, dark, well marked ; dorso-pos- 
 terior margin curved ; posterior umbonal slopes always eradiate, more 
 or less biangulate, which angulations continued posteriorly mark the 
 siphonal area and render the posterior margin triangular ; umbones 
 small, triangular, scarcely prominent, approximating, marked in non- 
 eroded specimens by two or three rather coarse undulations; liga- 
 ment short, thick, light brown ; cardinal teeth disposed to be double 
 in both valves, short, oblique, thick, unequally bifid, striated, the pos- 
 terior division generally thickest and heaviest ; lateral teeth rather 
 short, slender, slightly curved, crenulate at extremities, in general di- 
 rection forming nearly a right angle with a line drawn through the tip 
 of the umbo and the anterior division of the cardinal tooth ; anterior 
 cicatrices deep, pit-like, striate, confluent, though in occasional speci- 
 mens the > protractor -pcdis impression is distinct from the adductors and 
 deep ; posterior cicatrices distinct, that of the adductor muscle being 
 usually well impressed, that of the retractor-pedis muscle circular, pit- 
 like, impresed at extreme end of lateral tooth ; pallial cicatrix well im- 
 pressed throughout, but especially marked anteriorly ; dorsal cicatrices 
 irregularly crowded and placed near the inferior edge of the plate which 
 connects the lateral and cardinal teeth ; nacre usually silvery white, 
 occasionally salmon or warm pink, iridescent posteriorly. Length 
 5450mm. breadth 15.28 mm ; height 32.7G mju . 
 498 
 
1887.] PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 499 
 
 Common in Currant river, Shannon county, Mo., and in Jack's fork 
 and Big creek, tributaries to it. 
 
 In general form this shell resembles Unio lenticularis, Lea, and Unio 
 connasaugemis, Lea, from Tennessee, with which species it groups. 
 Owing to the degeneration of the alcohol in which a number of speci- 
 mens were collected it is impossible to give any account of the soft 
 parts, which were destroyed. My note-book, however, shows that the 
 ova are pinkish, and that the general characters of the ctenidia are 
 similar to those exhibited by Unio rubiginosus, Lea, which species this 
 shell in no other particulars at all resembles. 
 
 A single individual among the hundred or more found exhibited the 
 cardinal teeth normally disposed, but the lateral teeth were reversed ; 
 i. e., single in the left and double in the right valve. Instances of a 
 similar partial reversion are not uncommon, while complete reversion, 
 though rare, is exemplified in a number of common species. 
 
 Unio breviculus, sp. nov. (Plate xxviii, Figs 1, la, Ib male ; 2, 2a, 2b female). 
 
 Shell smooth, ovate elliptical, inequilateral, subiuflated, biangular 
 posteriorly, circularly rounded before, somewhat incrassate ; umbones 
 slightly elevated, so much eroded that minute characters are inde- 
 terminate ; ligametit large, thick, black, or dark brown ; epidermis yel- 
 lowish horn-color, smooth, polished, rayed with dark green over the 
 whole disk, the rays often interrupted by the lines of growth, which are 
 numerous, but somewhat indistinct; umbonal slope rounded, depressed 
 in the male, slightly elevated in the female 5 posterior outline emargin- 
 ate in the female ventral of the siphonal area, dorsal outline rounded ; 
 cardinal teeth double in the left and single in the right valve, short, 
 erect, triangular, solid, smooth, or scarcely crenulate ; plate connecting 
 laterals with cardinal teeth thick, somewhat arched ; lateral teeth 
 rather short, thick, slightly curved, smooth ; anterior cicatrices dis- 
 tinct, large, deeply impressed ; posterior cicatrices confluent, well im- 
 pressed, that of the retractor pedis muscle at tip of base of lateral tooth 
 but not on it ; dorsal cicatrices numerous and deeply impressed in the 
 cavity of the umbones ; nacre salmon colored, occasionally white. 
 Length 71.00 mm ; breadth 27. 20 mm ; height 45.50 min . 
 
 Animal dirty yellowish white ; labial palps short, ovately triangular, 
 adherent at base, laterally united so as to form an oval groove, midway 
 from the extremities of which is placed the mouth. In the specimens 
 examined only the anterior one- third of the external branchiae contained 
 ova. This portion was characterized by the heavy deposit of pigment- 
 ary matter at the apex of the chambers, while the remaining margins of 
 the branchia) were uniform in coloration with the mass of the animal. 
 The posterior borders of the mantle were, as usual, differentiated into 
 a series of tentacular folds ; those surrounding the incurrent and ex- 
 current orifices were yellow and brown the remainder were black. 
 
 There is no well-known Unio with which this form is comparable. 
 
500 NEW SPECIES OF UNIO. 
 
 While the males sustain a general resemblance to Unio clarkianus, Lea, 
 and Unio gerliardtii Lea, the emarginate character of the female form 
 is utterly unlike anything exhibited by the females of Lea's types. 
 
 This form occurs abundantly in the same streams as the preceding, 
 outnumbering the other forms found combined. The specimens fig- 
 ured, while not the largest, are of average dimensions. Specimens of 
 both species may be seen in the United States National Museum. 
 
 DBS MOINES, IOWA, October 12, 1887. 
 
Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. X, 1887.- Call. 
 
 PLATE XXVII. 
 
 Vnio ozarkcnsis, sp. nov. Fijrs. 1-3, male ; 4, female. ? d7. 498J 
 
Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. X, 1887. Call. 
 
 PLATE XXVIIL 
 
 Vnio breviculus, sp. nov. Fi?s. 1, 1, 16, male; 2, 2a, 2&, female.; 
 
On the Gross Anatomy of Campeloma- 
 
 BY E. ELLSWORTH CALL/ 
 
 [From the June number of the AMERICAN NATURALIST.] 
 
On the Gross Anatomy of Campeloma, 
 
 BY B. ELLSWORTH CALL. 
 
 [From the June number of the AMERICAN NATURALIST.] 
 
Gross Anatomy of Campeloma. 491 
 
 ON THE GROSS ANATOMY OF CAMPELOMA. 
 
 BY R. ELLSWORTH CALL. 
 
 fTHE collection of a large number of specimens of Campeloma 
 * subsolidum Anthony, in the Des Moines river, Iowa, in early 
 August, presented opportunities to somewhat carefully study the 
 coarser anatomy of the genus as exhibited in this species. The 
 results of this study are herein given. It may be noted, as intro- 
 ductory, that an unexpected closeness of structure to that of the 
 foreign^ genus Paludina was developed, and, further, that the gen- 
 eral diagnosis given by Dr. Stimpson 1 will need some slight emen- 
 dation, particularly in respect to certain external characters, and in 
 respect to the lingual teeth and the branchial lamina. 
 
 External Characters. In the living and recently dead animal 
 the color of the foot-mass is light lead or bluish white. Viewed 
 from above, the cervical lappets, foot, operculigerous lobe, tentacles 
 and proboscis are further enlivened by irregularly scattered bright 
 orange-yellow dots. These dots are, on the tentacles and proboscis^ 
 arranged in somewhat regular transverse rows, giving a barred 
 appearance to each. These last-named organs are, moreover, marked 
 by an abundant deposition of black pigment immediately under 
 the cuticular membrane. The under surface of the foot, the crawl- 
 ing disk, shows, in living specimens, the large longitudinal pedal 
 muscles. When these muscles contract, in the act of withdrawal 
 into the shell, the anterior margin of the disk is reflected upwards 
 and backwards over the proboscis and tentacles. This reflected 
 portion is, as a whole, then bent backwards and downwards to be 
 finally covered by the posterior portion of the foot, the upper sur- 
 face of which carries the operculum. The whole mass is then with- 
 drawn into the shell. During the period of reproduction, when 
 the organs devoted to that function are in a condition of marked 
 activity and distension, the animal, especially of the female, cannot 
 be wholly retracted. In this respect it resembles most of our large 
 Helices. 
 
 Sexual Features. The sexes are readily distinguished^ in life, by 
 means of the right tentacle, which, in the male, is very much larger 
 than its fellow and rather more curved outwards (Plate VII., Fig. 2, 
 
 1 Smithsonian Misc. Coll., No. 144, p. 35, 1865. 
 
492 Gross Anatomy of Campeloma. 
 
 and VII. of Fig. 1, in the text). Again, as appears below, the shells 
 differ in certain particulars of corresponding dimensions. 
 
 The male seminal duct is displayed throughout nearly its whole 
 length by clipping the mantle along the extreme left of the branch- 
 ial chamber. The vas defer ens superior (IV., Fig. 1) arises from 
 a point on the anterior left third of the testis (II., Fig. 1). This 
 latter organ is placed immediately under the 
 right duodenal fold of the intestine (I., Fig. 
 1). It is about three times longer than wide, 
 _ w and whitish in color. The vas deferens supe- 
 rior after passing anteriorly to a point near the 
 anal extremity of the intestine is suddenly bent 
 * obliquely backwards and traverses the floor of 
 the branchial chamber for a short distance, 
 but soon turns forward again at a somewhat 
 acute angle. At this point (III., Fig. 1) is the 
 prostate. The vas deferens inferior (V., Fig. 
 *' 1) is rather long, narrow, and nearly straight,. 
 
 and is continued along the floor of the right 
 tentacle to the verge (VI., Fig. 1). The right tentacle thus becomes 
 an intromittent organ in the process of copulation. This tentacle 
 is somewhat flattened above, presenting, in cross section, an elon- 
 gated ellipse. It is somewhat less in length than its left fellow,. 
 and is rather more curved outwards. 
 
 In the gravid female the gestatory sac (Plate VII., Fig. 5, c) oc- 
 cupies the greater portion of the body whorl on the right side. It is 
 readily distinguished in the living specimen by the greater deposit 
 of black pigmentary matter in its thin outer walls. Anteriorly the 
 sac opens into a rather small duct, the mouth of which is prolonged 
 into the branchial chamber about 2 to 2.5 millimetres (b, Plate VII.,. 
 Fig. 5). This duct is guarded at each extremity by rather power- 
 ful sphincter muscles. Anteriorly the walls of the gestatory sac 
 are slightly thicker and are modified into longitudinal folds or 
 rugse leading towards the duct. These possibly are of use in 
 guiding the extrusion of the young. 
 
 During the summer and fall months, and often also in hiber- 
 nating specimens, the gestatory sac is crowded to distension with 
 young, in various stages of development (Plate VII., Fig. 5, c). 
 Those most anterior are, in early August, nearly or quite through 
 their prenatal growth, and are less closely crowded upon one another 
 
Gross Anatomy of Campeloma. 
 
 493 
 
 than are those in the rear portion of the sac. All the young in 
 the anterior portion possess shells. The shell of the young at 
 
 FIG. 2. 
 
 this stage is devoid of colored epidermis, is crystalline white, and 
 possesses from 2 to 2J complete whorls. The apex is very short 
 and blunt, the first whorl being nearly uniform in diameter 
 throughout its length, while the body whorl is very large, com- 
 prising fully nine-tenths the entire bulk of the shell. The darker 
 tentacles and the black eyes at their outer base are readily seen 
 through the substance of the shell. The average dimensions of a 
 dozen or more young examined were, for length 3.5 mm., for 
 diameter 2.96 mm. The embryonic whorls never, so far as exper- 
 ience goes with mature specimens with completely preserved 
 apices, acquire the characteristic green epidermal coloring. 
 
494 
 
 Gross Anatomy of Campeloma. 
 
 The number of young is variable, the large mature specimens 
 containing, as might be expected, the greater number of young 
 shells. Twenty specimens were carefully examined with a view to 
 this feature, with the following result : 
 
 Speci- 
 men. 
 
 Young. 
 
 
 Speci- 
 men. 
 
 Young. 
 
 Speci- 
 men. 
 
 Young. 
 
 
 Speci- 
 men. 
 
 Young. 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 
 6 
 
 59 
 
 11 
 
 29 
 
 
 16 
 
 47 
 
 2 
 
 42 
 
 
 7 
 
 52 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 
 17 
 
 42 
 
 3 
 
 51 
 
 
 8 
 
 32 
 
 13 
 
 49 
 
 
 18 
 
 64 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 14 
 
 58 
 
 
 19 
 
 63 
 
 5 
 
 41 
 
 
 10 
 
 38 
 
 15 
 
 34 
 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 These twenty individuals, therefore, present an average of forty- 
 three young. 
 
 Aside from the tentacular differences which exist between the 
 male and female, both tentacles of the latter being uniformly sub- 
 ulate, a further sexual difference appears in the greater size and 
 somewhat more globose character of the female shell. Coordinated 
 with this difference in dimensions is the more shouldered character of 
 the whorls in the female specimen, a difference connected with the 
 position and necessarily large size of the gestatory sac. The males 
 are more regularly conical, with rather less oblique aperture, and 
 are of considerably less globose appearance than are the females. 
 This difference was supposed to be of value in determining the sex 
 when only the shell was at hand. To test it as a sexual differen- 
 tial character, thirty-six of the largest males and an equal number 
 of the largest females were selected from a finding of more than a 
 gallon of C. subsolidum, taken on August 6, 1887, and were care- 
 fully measured. The results appear in the following : 
 TABLE OF DIMENSIONS. MALES. 
 
 No. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 No. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 No. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 
 mm. 
 
 mm. 
 
 
 mm. 
 
 mm. 
 
 
 ram. 
 
 mm. 
 
 1 
 
 25.88 
 
 12.80 
 
 13 
 
 24.94 
 
 12.92 
 
 25 
 
 24.22 
 
 12.36 
 
 2 
 
 26.00 
 
 13.00 
 
 14 
 
 24.52 
 
 12.38 
 
 26 
 
 25.14 
 
 13.00 
 
 3 
 
 27.25 
 
 13.32 
 
 15 
 
 26.10 
 
 13.51 
 
 27 
 
 23.90 
 
 12.70 
 
 4 
 
 26.06 
 
 13.31 
 
 16 
 
 30.76 
 
 15.00 
 
 28 
 
 26.62 
 
 13.12 
 
 5 
 
 27.22 
 
 12.90 
 
 17 
 
 27.34 
 
 14.00 
 
 29 
 
 23.94 
 
 12.86 
 
 6 
 
 26.80 
 
 13.14 
 
 18 
 
 24.95 
 
 13.36 
 
 30 
 
 25.84 
 
 12.92 
 
 7 
 
 27.47 
 
 15.08 
 
 19 
 
 27.32 
 
 13.04 
 
 31 
 
 26.16 
 
 13.29 
 
 8 
 
 25.50 
 
 12.66 
 
 20 
 
 26.86 
 
 14.20 
 
 32 
 
 25.16 
 
 12.92 
 
 9 
 
 24.48 
 
 12.54 
 
 21 
 
 25.76 
 
 13.62 
 
 33 
 
 25.50 
 
 13.60 
 
 10 
 
 25.54 
 
 12.90 
 
 22 
 
 25.20 
 
 13.61 
 
 34 
 
 23.36 
 
 12.24 
 
 11 
 
 26.28 
 
 13.40 
 
 23 
 
 24.82 
 
 13.50 
 
 35 
 
 24.95 
 
 12.88 
 
 12 
 
 24.14 
 
 12.50 
 
 24 
 
 28.32 
 
 15.22 
 
 36 
 
 24.00 
 
 12.64 
 
 TT 
 
 f\ i o rvi 
 
Gross Anatomy of Gampeloma. 
 TABLE OP DIMENSIONS. FEMALES. 
 
 495 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 No. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 No. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 
 mm. 
 
 mm. 
 
 
 mm. 
 
 mm. 
 
 
 mm. 
 
 mm. 
 
 1 
 
 36.44 
 
 18.40 
 
 13 
 
 35.50 
 
 17.72 
 
 25 
 
 29.20 
 
 16.22 
 
 2 
 
 30.00 
 
 15.68 
 
 14 
 
 30.30 
 
 16.29 
 
 26 
 
 . 29.10 
 
 15.80 
 
 3 
 
 29.80 
 
 15.16 
 
 15 
 
 32.37 
 
 16.40 
 
 27 
 
 32.88 
 
 16.34 
 
 4 
 
 32.12 
 
 16.00 
 
 16 
 
 30.50 ! 15.56 
 
 28 
 
 30.24 
 
 16.60 
 
 5 
 
 32.92 
 
 16.88 
 
 17 
 
 28.50 1 15.68 
 
 29 " 
 
 23.94 
 
 12.86 
 
 6 
 
 30.26 
 
 16.21 
 
 18 
 
 33.14 
 
 16.80 
 
 30 
 
 25.84 
 
 12.92 
 
 7 
 
 30.44 
 
 15.50 
 
 19 
 
 29.49 
 
 17.32 
 
 31 
 
 26.16 
 
 13.29 
 
 8 
 
 33.62 
 
 18.62 
 
 20 
 
 30.00 
 
 15.50 
 
 32 
 
 25.16 
 
 12.92 
 
 9 
 
 35.28 
 
 17.62 
 
 21 
 
 31.64 
 
 17.36 
 
 33 
 
 25.50 
 
 13.60 
 
 10 
 
 29.88 
 
 15.72 
 
 22 
 
 33.14 
 
 16.16 
 
 34 
 
 23.36 
 
 12.24 
 
 11 
 
 33.50 
 
 16.60 
 
 23 
 
 35.40 
 
 17.32 
 
 35 
 
 24.95 
 
 12.88 
 
 12 
 
 32.50 
 
 17.00 
 
 24 
 
 30.42 
 
 16.56 
 
 36 
 
 24.00 
 
 12.64 
 
 I. length in mm. II. = diameter in mm. 
 
 A comparison of ratios shows the numerical values of differ- 
 ences, as follows: Length of male to its diameter, -ff-Jf-f ; length 
 of female to its diameter, f-|- ffy ; length of female to length of 
 male, f^ ff-g- ; diameter of female to diameter of male, -J-f $.. 
 The differences of lengths is 5.561 and of diameters 2.893. It 
 would appear, then, that this degree of difference may be of diag- 
 nostic value in the matter of sex. The diagram, Fig. 3, is designed 
 to present this sexual peculiarity in a graph- 
 ic form. The marginal numbers represent 
 millimetres. The ordinates represent the 
 lengths, and the abscissas, which have the 
 same scale, represent diameters. The cir- 
 cular conventional sign represents the male 
 and the triangular character the female spec- 
 imen. The average dimensions of each 
 group are represented by the open conven- 
 tional sign with its distinguishing sex mark 
 conjoined. It will be seen that while the 
 dots fall into two pretty well-defined groups, 
 
 the range of greatest variation follows the ordinates, and tha* this 
 range is comparatively greater for the female than for the male form. 
 In other words, the males are more constant in lengths and vary less 
 in diameter, while, for the female form, differences in length are 
 measurably compensated by corresponding increase in diameter. 
 
 In connection with this character it may not be altogether amiss 
 to call attention to certain so-called species which have been based 
 upon the males of C. subsolidum. They are Campeloma milesii Lea, 
 
496 Gross Anatomy of Campeloma. 
 
 C. coarctatum Lea and C. exilis Anthony. The same unfortunate 
 cause of synonomy has led, in the genus Unio, to the erection of 
 more than a hundred spurious species, in certain cases the females 
 serving as a basis for not less than five specific names. The form 
 of a shell in so extremely variable a group is certainly a very mis- 
 leading character. 
 
 Digestive Organs. The buccal cavity opens on the middle side 
 of the rather short proboscis near its base. Near the oesophagus 
 (III., Fig. 3) and upon the floor of the buccal mass lies the radula. 
 This is a small, narrow, chitinous organ, beset with numerous trans- 
 verse rows of teeth, arranged according to the formula 3.1.3 (Fig. 
 3, Plate VII., and Fig. 4). The dentition is therefore tsenioglossate. 
 On either side, near the posterior end of the buccal cavity, open 
 the ducts of the salivary glands (II., Fig. 3). These are small 
 racemose paired glands, dirty white in color, and lie close upon the 
 oesophagus. Including their ducts, they are about 1.5 mm. in 
 length, and nearly or quite .25 mm. in width. The oesophagus is 
 long, irregularly winding, placed upon the floor of the branchial 
 cavity, and opens, into a somewhat capacious stomach (IV., Fig. 3), 
 near the middle of the whorl next the body-whorl. The intestine 
 is of nearly the same size as the oesophagus, and does not enlarge 
 until the opening of the biliary duct is passed (V. and VII., 
 Fig. 3). At this point it is coiled upon itself to the left, forming 
 what may be called the right duodenal fold, immediately under 
 which lies the testis, as stated above. Turning again to the right, 
 it is there directed forward, becomes slightly enlarged, forming the 
 rectal portion of the intestinal canal (VIII., Fig. 3), which opens 
 into the branchial cavity near the margin of the mantle on the right 
 side (IX., Fig. 3). The liver (VI., Fig. 3) is a very large gland- 
 ular body, completely filling the first two and a half to three whorls 
 of the shell. Its contents are discharged into the duodenal portion 
 of the intestine near the position of the heart. In color it is orange- 
 red, and is somewhat larger and darker in the male than in the 
 female form. This organ, like all other portions of the animal 
 which lie next the shell, is in versed by a thin membrane, contain- 
 ing pigmentary matter, the membrane itself being a continuation 
 of the mantle. 
 
 Respiratory Apparatus. The branchial cavity is large, extend- 
 ing backwards throughout nearly the whole length of the body- 
 whorl. It opens towards the right side, its left margin being just 
 
(jhrotts Anatomy of Campeloma. 497 
 
 above the base of the left tentacle. The chamber is somewhat less 
 in size in the gravid female than in the male, a fact the explanation 
 of which probably lies in the distension of the gestatory sac and 
 its consequent encroachment upon the branchial space. The cham- 
 ber narrows rapidly posteriorly, and becomes laterally constricted. 
 From its upper and left side walls is pendant the ctenidium 
 (Plate ? Fig. 5, Br). This organ consists of a single row, contain- 
 ing a great number of thin elongately triangular plates, connected 
 above with the branchial vein. The right edge and lower extrem- 
 ity of each plate is free, and each is constantly bathed with water. 
 The plates become smaller as the rear end of the chamber is reached; 
 they are yellowish white in color, and are furnished with abundant 
 cilia. The blood, which is aerated in these plates, is white. 
 
 The attention of students with proper appliances at command is 
 directed to these molluscs in respect to their embryology, nervous 
 system, minute anatomy of the reproductive organs, myology and 
 circulatory system. Only the crudest observations on these points 
 were possible under the conditions which were presented to me, and 
 such facts as were ascertained are repressed in the hope that some 
 other one will be able to complete the work here outlined. 
 
 Explanation of the Plate. X f. All the figures, save Fig. 2, 
 are drawn from the female. The mantle is clipped along the left 
 margin of the branchial cavity. 
 
 Fig. 1. Female, Fig. 2, male individual. 
 
 Fig. 3. A single transverse row of teeth. 
 
 Fig. 4. Odontophore, natural size and very greatly enlarged. 
 
 Fig. 5. Anatomy of the branchial cavity with related organs. 
 
 a. Rectum and anus. 
 
 b. The opening of the gestatory sac, c. 
 br. The ctenidium. 
 
 The figures on the plate were drawn by Mr. H. A. Pilsbry 
 from dissections made by him. Those in the text are drawn, some 
 what diagraminatically, by the author, from nature. 
 
PLATE VII. 
 
Sporadic 
 
 mpers 
 
 DJ-UJLU^ 
 
 Library 
 
 
 JVL M ma 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 ^x 
 
 M171456 
 
 03 
 
 - 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY