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HENRY MORSE STEPHENS COLLECTION 
 
 SYLLABI 
 
 1. Knowlton, D« C, Studies in English 
 
 history. 1903 
 
 2. Salmon, Lucy M. Suggestions for the year's 
 
 study. History A, AA 1905 
 
 3. Salmon, Lucy !• Suggestions for the year's 
 
 study. History R. S. 1905 
 
 4. VVeatherly, Ulysses G. Ou.tlines of 
 
 sociology. 1906 
 
 


 vSTUDIES 
 
 IN 
 
 English History 
 
 PREPARED FOR USE IN 
 
 THE ITHACA HIGH SCHOOL 
 
 BY 
 
 D. C. KNOWLTON, A.B. 
 
 • INSTRUCTOR IN HISTORY 
 
 J 1 
 
 ^ J J , :> J 3 ) 
 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE 
 
 ITHACA HIGH SCHOOI, 
 1903 
 
Copyright, 1903, by 
 
 D. C. KNOWI^TON. 
 
 t c t >• * < 
 
 « c « «. « e 
 
 • c « t*- » « 
 
 ' « ' * . • 1 .♦ * • . • i « « - « • 
 
 PREvSS OF 
 ANDRUvS & CHURCH 
 ITHACA, N. Y. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 These studies are not meant to take the place of the text- 
 book, but are to be used as a guide to further reading. Ref- 
 erences to three of the leading text-books have been inserted 
 at the end of each reign or period. The bibliography is sug- 
 gestive rather than exhaustive. Extended references to con- 
 stitutional histories have not been given, although some of 
 the best of these have been mentioned in the bibliography. 
 It is hoped that these studies may stimulate the student's 
 interest and assist in fixing the more important facts in Eng- 
 lish History. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 ATLASES, GEOGRAPHIES, DICTIONARIES. 
 
 Gardener, S. R., Editor. 
 
 School Atlas of English History: a companion atlas to the "Stu- 
 dent's History of England," by S. R. Gardiner. New edition. Lon- 
 don and New York, 1895. Longmans, Green & Co. 
 
 Geikie, Archibai^d. 
 
 Elementary Geography of the British Isles. London and New York , 
 1888. Macmillan Co. 
 Green, J. R., and GreEn, A. S. 
 
 Short Geography of the British Islands. London, 1884. Macmillan 
 Co. 
 
 Low, S. J., and PUI.1.ING, F. S. 
 
 Dictionary of English History. Revised edition. London, Paris 
 and Melbourne, 1897. Cassell & Co. 
 
 PUTZGERS, F. W. 
 
 Historischer Schul-Atlas zur alten, mittleren und neuen Geschichte, 
 bearbeitet und herausgegeben von Alfred Baldamus jund Ernst 
 Schwabe. Bielefeld und Leipzig, 1902. Lemcke & Buechner, New York. 
 
 GENERAL HISTORIES. 
 
 Bright. J. F. 
 
 History of England, 449-1880. 4 vols. London, 18S0-1888. Riv- 
 ingtons. 
 
 CoMAN, Katharine and Kendai^i,, Ei<izabeth K. 
 
 History of England for high schools and academies. (Cited as C. & 
 K. ) New York and London, 1900. Macmillan Co. 
 
 Gardiner, S. R. 
 
 Student's History of England from the earliest times to 1885. New 
 impression. London, New York and Bombay, 1900. (Cited asGard.) 
 Longmans, Green & Co. 
 
 Green, J. R. 
 
 Short History of the English People. Illustrated edition, edited by 
 Mrs. J. R. Green and Miss Kate Norgate. 4 vols. New York, 1895. 
 (Cited as Green.) Harper & Bros. 
 
 Larned, J. N. 
 
 History for Ready Reference. 5 vols. Springfield, Mass., 1895. 
 C. A. Nichols Co. 
 
 Larned, J. N. 
 
 History of England for the use of schools and academies. Boston, 
 New York and Chicago, 1900. (Cited as Larned. ) Houghton, Mifflin 
 &Co. • 
 
Montgomery, D. H. 
 
 Leading Facts of English History. Boston, 1901. (Cited as Mont.) 
 Ginn & Co. 
 
 Oman, Chari^es. 
 
 History of England. New York, 189S. (Cited as Oman.) Henry 
 Holt & Co. 
 
 Smith, Goi^dwin. 
 
 The United Kingdom : A Political History. 2 vols. New York 
 and lyondon, 1899. (Cited as Smith. ) Macmillan Co. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORIES. 
 
 *Adams, G. B., and Stephens, H. M., Editors. 
 
 Select Documents of English Constitutional History. New York 
 and London, 1902. (Cited as Documents.) Macmillan Co. 
 
 *01d South Leaflets. 3 vols Nos. 1-75. Boston, n. d. 
 * Source material. 
 
 FeiIvDEn, H, St. Ci<air. 
 
 A Short Constitutional History of England. 3d edition. Revised 
 and in part re-written by W. G. Etheridge. Boston, 1895. (Cited as 
 Feilden.) Ginn & Co. 
 
 Hai,i,am, H. 
 
 Constitutional History of England, from the Accession of Henry VII 
 to the Death of George II. Adapted to the use of students by William 
 Smith. Student's series. New Yoric, 1896. (Cited as Hallam.) Har- 
 per & Bros. 
 
 May, Sir Thomas E. 
 
 Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George 
 the Third, 1760-1860, with a new supplementary chapter, 1861-1871. 
 2 vols. New York, 1895. (Cited as May). A. C. Armstrong & Son. 
 
 Montague, F. C. 
 
 Elements of English Constitutional History from the earliest times 
 to the present day. New edition. London and New York, 1894. 
 Longmans, Green & Co. 
 
 Stubbs, WHvI^IAM. 
 
 Constitutional History of England in its Origin and Development. 
 4tli edition. 5 vols. Oxford, 1896. Clarendon Press. 
 
 Taswei.i.-Langmead, T. P. 
 
 English Constitutional History from the Teutonic Conquest to the 
 present time. 3d edition. Revised by C. H. E. Carmichael. Lon- 
 don and Boston, 1886. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 
 
 BOOKS DEALING WITH SPECIAL PERIODS. 
 
 (a) Caesar to Accessioii of Henry II. 
 
 Freeman, E. A. 
 
 William the Conqueror. Twelve English Statesmen Series. Lon- 
 don and New York, 1888. Macmillan Co. 
 
Hughes, Thomas. 
 
 Alfred the Great. Macmillan Co. 
 
 Paui.1, R. 
 
 Life of Alfred the Great, translated from the German by B. Thorpe, 
 London and New York, 1893. Geo, Bell & Sons. 
 
 Robertson, C. G. 
 
 Making of the English Nation (B.C. 55-1135 A.D) Oxford Manu- 
 als of English History. New York, 1896. (Cited as Robertson.) Chas. 
 Scribner's Sons. 
 
 (b) Plantagenet Kings. 
 
 *ASHi.EY, W. J., Editor, 
 
 Edward III and his Wars, 1327-1360. English history by contem- 
 porary writers. London, 1887. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 
 
 ^Barnard, F. P., Editor. 
 
 Strongbow's Conquest of Ireland, English history from contem- 
 porary writers. London and New York, 1888. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 
 
 Green, Mrs. J. R, 
 
 Henry the Second, Twelve English Statesmen Series. London 
 and New York, 1888. Macmillan Co. 
 
 *HuTTON, W. H., Editor. 
 
 S. Thomas of Canterbury : An account of his life and fame from the 
 contemporary biographers and other chroniclers. English history by 
 contemporary writers. London, 1889. G. P, Putnam's Sons. 
 
 *HuTTON, W, H., Editor. 
 
 Simon de Montfort and his Cause, 1251-1266, English history by 
 
 contemporary writers. London and New York, 1888. G. P. Put- 
 nam's Sons. 
 
 JENKS, Edward. 
 
 Edward Plantagenet (Edward I), the English Justinian, or the 
 making of the English Common Law. Heroes of the Nations Series. 
 New York and London, 1902. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 
 
 NORGATE, Kate. 
 John Lackland. London and New York, 1902. 
 
 Sergeant, Lewis. 
 
 John Wyclif : Last of the Schoolmen and first of the English Re- 
 formers. Heroes of the Nations Series. New York and London, 1893. 
 G. P. Putnam's Sons. 
 
 Stubbs, Wii,i.iam, 
 
 Early Plantagenets. Epochs of Modern History Series. London, 
 New York and Bombay, 1896. Longmans, Green & Co. 
 
 Tout, T. F. 
 Edward the First. Twelve English Statesmen Series. London 
 and New York, 1893. Macmillan Co. 
 
— 8 — 
 
 Warburton, W. 
 
 Edward III. Epochs of Modern History Series. London, New 
 York and Bombay, 1896. Longmans, Green & Co. 
 
 (c) Lancastrian and Yorkist Kings. 
 
 Gairdner, James. 
 
 Houses of Lancaster and York, with the Conquest and Loss of 
 France. 8th edition. Epochs of Modern History Series. London 
 and New York, 1891. Longmans, Green & Co. 
 
 KiNGSFORD, C. L. 
 
 Henry V. The Typical Mediaeval Hero. Heroes of the Nations 
 series. New York, 1901. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 
 
 Oi<iPHANT, Mrs. 
 
 Jeanne d'Arc : Her Life and Death. Heroes of the Nations Series. 
 New York and London, 1897. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 
 
 Oman, Charles. 
 
 Warwick, the Kingmaker. English Men of Action Series. Lon- 
 don and New York, 1891. Macmillan Co. 
 
 *Thompson, Edith. 
 
 Wars of York and Lancaster, 1450-1485. English history by con- 
 temporary writers. London, 1892. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 
 
 (d) Tudor Kings. 
 BeesIvY, E. S. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth. Twelve English Statesmen Series. London and 
 New York, 1892. Macmillan Co. 
 
 Creighton, MaNDEIvIv. 
 
 Age of Elizabeth. New York, 1890. Chas. Scribner's Sons. 
 
 Creighton, Mandei^i.. 
 
 Cardinal Wolsey. Twelve English Statesmen Series. London and 
 New York, 1888. Macmillan Co. 
 
 Gairdner, James. 
 
 Henry the Seventh. Twelve English Statesmen Series. London 
 and New York, 1889. Macmillan Co. 
 
 M0BERI.Y, C. E. 
 
 Early Tudors : Henry VII and Henry VIII. Epochs of Modern 
 History Series. 4th edition. London and New York, 1894. Long- 
 mans, Green & Co. 
 
 (e) Stuart Kings. 
 
 Airy, Osmund. 
 
 English Restoration and Louis XIV, from the Peace of Westphalia 
 to the Peace of Nimwegen, Epochs of Modern History Series. New 
 edition. London and New York, 1894. Longmans, Green & Co. 
 
— 9 — 
 
 CORBETT, JUI.TAN. 
 
 Monk. English Men of Action Series. London and New York, 
 1889. Macmillan Co. 
 
 Firth, Charlrs. 
 
 Oliver Cromwell and the Rule of the Puritans in England. Heroes 
 of the Nations Series. (Cited as Firth ) New York and London, 1900. 
 G. P. Putnam's Sons. 
 
 Gardiner, S. R. 
 
 First two Stuarts and the Puritan Revolution, 1603- 1660. Epochs 
 of Modern History Series. 13th edition. (Cited as Puritan Revolu- 
 tion. ) London, New York and Bombay, 1897. lyongmans. Green 
 &Co. 
 
 Hai^e, E. 
 
 Fall of the Stuarts and Western Europe, from 1678 to 1697. Epochs 
 of Modern History Series. Eighth impression. London, New York 
 and Bombay, 1898. Longmans, Green & Co. 
 
 Harrison, Frederic, 
 
 Oliver Cromwell. Twelve English Statesmen Series. London and 
 New York, 1888. Macmillan Co. 
 
 HassaIvI,, Arthur. 
 
 Louis XIV and the Zenith of the French Monarchy. Heroes of the 
 Nations Series. New York and London, 1895. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 
 
 tLECKY, W. E. H. 
 
 History of England in the Eighteenth Century. New edition. 7 
 vols. (Cited as Lecky). New York, 1 892-1 893. D Appleton & Co. 
 
 t Also useful for Hanoverian Kings. 
 
 Macaui<ay, Lord. 
 
 History of England from the Accession of James the Second. Pop- 
 ular edition. 2 vols. London and New York, 1889. Longmans, 
 Green & Co. 
 
 M0RI.EY, John. 
 
 Oliver Cromwell. New York, 1901. ( Cited as Morley. ) Century Co. 
 
 Morris, E. E. 
 
 Age of Anne, Epochs of Modern History Series. Tenth impres- 
 sion. London, New York and Bombay, 1898. Longmans, Green & 
 Co. 
 
 *Tayi.or, W. F., Editor. 
 
 England under Charles II from the Restoration to the Treaty of Ni- 
 meguen, 1660-1678. English history by contemporary writers, Lon- 
 don. G, P. Putnam's Sons. 
 
 Traii.1., H. D. 
 
 William the Third, Twelve English Statesmen Series. London 
 and New York. 1888. Macmillan Co. 
 
lO 
 
 (f) Hanoverian Kings. 
 
 Green, W. D. 
 
 William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, and the Growth and Division of the 
 British Empire, 1708-1778. Heroes of the Nations Series New York 
 and London, 1901. G. P. Putnam's Sons, 
 
 H01.MES. R. R. 
 
 Queen Victoria, 1819-1901. New edition. London, New York and 
 Bombay, 1901. Longmans, Green & Co. 
 
 Hooper, G. 
 
 Wellington. English Men of Action series. London and New 
 York, 1889. Macmillan Co. 
 
 Lord, John. 
 
 Beacon Lights of History. Vol. VI. Modern European Statesmen, 
 New York, 1891, Fords, Howard & Hulbert. 
 
 McCarthy, Justin, 
 
 Epoch of Reform, 1830-1850. Epochs of Modern History Series. 
 New edition. London, New York and Bombay, 1898. 
 
 *McCarthy, Justin. 
 
 Short History of our own times from the Accession of Queen Vic- 
 toria to the General Election of 1880, Artist's edition, 2 vols. New 
 York, 1893. Frederick A Stokes Co, 
 
 MoRLEY, John. 
 
 Walpole, Twelve English Statesmen Series. London and New 
 York, 1889. Macmillan Co. 
 
 Morris, E. E. - 
 
 Early Hanoverians. Epochs of Modern History. 5th edition, 
 London, New York and Bombay, 1896, Longmans, Green & Co. 
 
 Morris, W. O. 
 
 Napoleon, Warrior and Ruler and the Military Supremacy of Revo- 
 lutionary France. Heroes of the Nations Series. New York and Lon- 
 don, 1896. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 
 
 Ropes, J. C, 
 
 The First Napoleon : A Sketch, Political and Military. Boston 
 and New York, 1891. Houghton, Mifflin & Co, 
 
 RosEBERY, Lord. 
 
 Pitt. Twelve English Statesmen Series. London and New York, 
 1 89 1. Macmillan Co. 
 
 Southey, Robert, 
 
 Life of Horatio, Lord Nelson, London, 1896, Dent & Co. 
 
 (g) Ireland. 
 
 Duni^op, Robert, 
 
 Daniel O'Connell and the Revival of National Life in Ireland, 
 Heroes of the Nations Series. New York and London, 1900. G. P. 
 Putnam's Sons. 
 
— II — 
 
 Joyce, P. W. 
 
 Short History of Ireland from the Earliest Times to 1608. London 
 and New York, 1893. (Cited as Joyce.) Longmans, Green & Co. 
 
 (h) Scotland and Wales. 
 
 Bradt^ey, a. G. 
 
 Owen Glyndwr and the Tvast Struggle for Welsh Independence, with 
 a brief sketch of Welsh History. Heroes of the Nations Series. New 
 York and London, 1901. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 
 
 Maxwell, Sir Herbert. 
 
 Robert the Bruce and the Struggle for Scottish Independence. 
 Heroes of the Nations Series. New York and London, 1897. G. P. 
 Putnam's Sons. 
 
 (i) Colonies and Dependencies. 
 
 Hunter, W. W. 
 
 Brief History of the Indian Peoples, 22d edition. Oxford, 1897. 
 Clarendon Press. 
 
 JENKS, Edward. 
 
 History of the Australasian Colonies (from their foundation to the 
 year 1893.) Cambridge Historical Series. Cambridge, 1896. Mac- 
 millan Co. 
 
 Johnston, H. H. 
 
 History of the Colonization of Africa by alien races. Cambridge 
 Historical Series. Cambridge, 1899. Macmillan Co, 
 
 Lucas, C. P, 
 
 Historical Geography of the British Colonies. 4 vols. Oxford, 
 1890-1897. Clarendon Press, 
 
 Macaulay, Lord. 
 
 Essays (Clive and Warren Hastings.) New York. Longmans, 
 Green & Co. 
 
 Theal, G. M. 
 
 South Africa (the Cape Colony, Natal, Orange Free State, South 
 African Republic, Rhodesia, and all other Territories South of the Zam- 
 besi.) Story of the Nations Series. New York and London, 1900 
 G. P. Putnam's Sons. 
 
 Trotter, L. J. 
 
 Warren Hastings and the Founding of the British Administration. 
 Rulers of India Series. Oxford, 1897. Clarendon Press. 
 
STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 Phj^sical geography of Great Britain and Ireland. 
 
 1. Influence of geography on history. 
 
 2. Area. 
 
 3. Temperature. 
 
 4. Rainfall. 
 
 5. Land configuration. 
 
 6. Adaptability to settlement and growth. 
 First intercourse between Britain and the continent. 
 
 1. Purpose. 
 
 2. Pytheas c. 330 B. C. 
 
 3. Gauls and Belgians. 
 
 4. Results — European knowledge of Britain. 
 References: Mont., §§ 1-5, 20-21, 25-38; Larned, g§ i, 
 
 3 ; C. & K., Chap. I, pp. 11-19 ; Gard., pp. 7-8 ; Oman, pp. 
 1-4; Gardiner, Atlas ] Geikie, Geography; Green, Geog- 
 raphy; Smith, Vol. I, pp. 1-3. 
 
 Roman Britain. 
 
 Caesar in Britain, 55-54 B. C. 
 
 1. His campaigns. 
 
 2. His account of inhabitants. 
 
 (a) Number and distribution. 
 
 (b) Manners and customs. 
 
 (c) Industries and occupations. 
 
 (d) Government. 
 
 (e) Religion-Druidism. 
 
 Conquest of Britain-Aulus Plautius, 43-47 A. D. 
 
 1. Relations with Caractacus. 
 
 2. Extent of conquests. 
 
 References: Mont. ,§§ 39-48 ; learned, pp. 5-7; Gard., 
 pp. 10-13 ; C. &K., pp. 19-20 ; Robertson, pp. lo-ii; Oman, 
 pp. 4-6. 
 
— 13 — 
 
 Snetoniiis, 58 A. D. 
 
 1. Destruction of Druidism. 
 
 2. Revolt of Boadicea. 
 Agricola, 78-84 A. D. 
 
 1. Conquests. 
 
 2. Nature of his government. 
 
 3. Roman walls. 
 
 4. Explorations. 
 Withdrawal of Romans, c. 410. 
 
 References : Mont., §§ 49-50, 53, 63 ; Larned, § 6 ; Gard., 
 pp. 13-19, 22, 24-26 ; C. & K., pp. 20-21, 26-28 ; Robert- 
 son, pp. 11-14 ; Oman, pp. 6-8, 11-12. 
 
 Results of Roman occupation. 
 
 1. Effect on inhabitants. 
 
 (a) Government. 
 
 (b) Religion — Introduction of Christianit3\ 
 
 (c) Language. 
 
 (d) Mode of living. 
 
 2. Effect on land. 
 
 (a) Roman cities. ' 
 
 (b) Roads, fc-rts, walls. 
 
 (c) Cultivation of soil. 
 
 References : Mont., §§ 51-52, 54-62, 64-65 ; Earned, § 5 ; 
 Gard., pp. 19-22 ; C. & K., pp. 21-26; Green, Vol. I, pp. 
 8-10; Robertson, pp. 14-17 ; Oman, pp. 8-1 1, 13. 
 
 Saxon Britain. 
 
 Condition of England after withdrawal of Romans. 
 Invasions of Picts, Scots, Jute-s^^anclAngles. 
 
 1. Original homes. 
 
 2. Nature of these invasions. 
 
 3. Appeal to Rome and results, 446. 
 
 4. Eegend of Hengist and Horsa. . 
 
 5. Early settlements. 
 
 6. Resistance and fate of Britons-Legend of Arthur. 
 References : Mont., i§^ 66-76 ; Earned, §§ 7-8 ; Gard. , pp. 
 
 26-29, 33-37 ; C. & K., pp. 28-32 ; Green, Vol. I, pp. 10- 
 24; Robertson, pp. 17-22; Oman, pp. 14-20; Bright, Vol. 
 I, pp. 1-3. 
 
— 14 — 
 
 Introduction of Roman Catholic Christianity. 
 
 1. St. Augustine, 597-604. 
 
 2. Synod of Whitby, 664. 
 
 3. Theodore of Tarsus, 669-690. 
 
 4. PoHtical effect of introduction of Christianity. 
 Attempts to form a united kingdom. 
 
 1. Northumbria. 
 
 2. Mercia-Penda, 626-655. 
 
 3. Wessex-Egbert, 800-836. 
 English Society. 
 
 1. Classes and beginning of feudal system. 
 
 2. Government. 
 
 (a) Central Government — King and Witan. 
 
 (b) lyocal Government — Shire, hundred, township. 
 
 3. Administration of Justice. 
 
 (a) Compurgation and ordeal. 
 
 (b) Town, hundred, shire and king's courts. 
 
 4. Religion. 
 
 5. Literature. 
 
 6. Manners and customs. 
 
 References: Mont., §§ 77-89, 112, 114-142 ; Larned, §§ 
 9-16 ; Gard., pp. 29-33, 38-55, 69-77 ; C. & K., pp. 33, 35- 
 37, 50~54 5 Green, Vol. I, pp. 1-8, 24-83 ; Pauli, Alfred, 
 Chap. I ; Robertson, Chaps. III-IV, pp. 22-26 ; Bright, 
 Vol. I, pp. 3-5, 28-39 ; Montague, pp. 2-21 ; Oman, pp. 
 20-32 ; Smith, Vol. I, pp. 3-1 1. 
 
 Alfred, 871-901. Hughes, Alfred the Great; Pauli, Alfred, 
 Chaps. II-VII. 
 
 1. Danish Wars — Treaty of Wedmore, 878. 
 
 2. Work as lawyer and educator. 
 
 3. Naval and Militar}^ reforms. 
 Athelstan, 925-940. 
 
 1. Territorial power — Brunanburh, 937. 
 
 2. Alliances with foreign princes. 
 Dunstan, 960-988. 
 
 1. Personal characteristics. 
 
 2. Early life. 
 
 3. His reforms. 
 
— 15 — 
 
 References : Mont., §§ 90-103 ; Larned, §§ 17-21 ; 
 Gard., pp. 58-69; C. & K., pp. 40-50; Green, Vol. I, 
 pp. 83-113 ; Robertson, Chaps. V-VII ; Bright, Vol. I, 
 PP- 5~i5 j Oman, Chap. IV; Smith, Vol. I, pp. 11-13. 
 
 Ethelred the Unready, 979-1013. 
 
 1. Early relations with Danes, 
 
 (a) Danegeld. 
 
 (b) Massacre of St. Brice's Day, 1002. 
 
 2. Danish conquest — Svend, 1013-1014. 
 Cnut (the Great), 1016-1035. 
 
 1. His possessions. Putzgers, 17a. 
 
 2. How he governed — Godwine. 
 
 3. Death and Division of Empire. 
 
 Restoration of the Saxon Kings — Edward the Confessor, 
 1042-1066. 
 
 1. Early life and its influence. 
 
 2. Norman policy. 
 
 3. Relations with Godwine and Harold. 
 
 4. Relations with Duke William of Normandy. 
 Harold, 1066. 
 
 1. Claims of William of Normaudy. 
 
 2. Norwegian invasion — Stamford Bridge. 
 
 3. Norman conquest. 
 
 (a) Hastings or Senlac. 
 
 (b) Changes effected by conquest. 
 
 1. In government. 
 
 2. In manners and customs. 
 
 3. In industries. 
 
 References: Mont., §§ 104-111, 113, 143-152, 175; 
 Larned, §§ 22-25, 29-30; Gard., pp. 79-100; C. & K., pp. 
 56-70, 79-91 ; Smith, Vol. I, pp. 13-20 ; Green, Vol. I, pp. 
 1 13-150; Robertson, Chaps. VIII-IX ; Bright, Vol. I, pp. 
 15-27 ; Oman, Chap. V. 
 
 Norman England. 
 
 William I, (The Conqueror), 1066- 108 7. 
 
 1. Results of Hastings. 
 
 2. Relations with London. 
 
— i6 — 
 
 3. Saxon Resistance — Hereward. 
 
 4. Relations with Scotland— Malcolm, 1072. 
 
 5. How he kept down the English. 
 
 (a) Confiscation of land. 
 
 (b) Castle building. 
 
 (c) Feudal Army. 
 
 6. How he kept down the Normans. 
 
 (a) Abolition of the great Earldoms and Scatter- 
 
 ing of Barons' Estates. 
 
 (b) Gemot of Salisbury, 1086. 
 
 (c) Militia reorganization. 
 
 7. Ecclesiastical policy — Lanfranc. 
 
 8. New Forest. 
 
 9. Domesday Book, 1085. 
 
 10. Death and Disposition of kingdom. 
 References: Mont., §§ 153-174; lyarned, §§25-28, 31- 
 33 ; Gard., Chap. VII ; C. & K., pp. 70-74; Smith, Vol. 
 I, Chap. II ; Green, Vol. I, pp. 151-166 ; Robertson, Chap. 
 X ; Bright, Vol. I, pp. 40-55 ; Freeman, William the Con- 
 queror ; Montague, pp. 22-31, 33-39 ; Oman, Chap. VI. 
 
 William II, (William Rufus), 1087-1100. 
 
 1. Financial Policy — Ranulf Flambard. 
 
 2. Ecclesiastical Policy — Anselm. 
 
 3. Reunion with Normandy, 1096. 
 
 4. Death. 
 
 References : Mont., §§ 176-184 ; Earned, §§ 34-38 ; Gard., 
 Chap. VIII ; C. & K., pp. 74-76 ; Smith, Vol. I, pp. 42-57 ; 
 Oman, pp. 81-86 ; Green, Vol. I, pp. 166-168 ; Robertson, 
 Chap. XI ; Bright, Vol. I, pp. 56-62. 
 
 Henry I, (Eion of Justice), 1100-1135. 
 
 1. Charter of Liberties. 
 
 2. English policy — Marriage with Matilda. 
 
 3. Struggle with the Church — Anselm. Montague, p. 37. 
 
 4. Financial and Judicial reforms. 
 
 5. Conquest of Normandy — Tinchebrai, 1106. 
 
 6. DisDosition of the crown. 
 
 A. 
 
 References : Mont., §§ 185-188 ; Earned, §§ 39-44 ; Gard., 
 pp. 122-131 ;C. & K.,pp. 76-77 ; Smith, Vol. I, pp. 57-71 ; 
 
— 17 — 
 
 Oman, pp. 86-92 ; Green, Vol. I, pp. 168-185, 190-192 ; 
 Robertson, Chap. XII ; Bright, Vol. I, pp. 63-76. 
 
 Period of Anarchy, (Stephen), i [35-1154. 
 
 1. Cause. 
 
 2. Results. 
 
 (a) Feudal Anarchy and Misery of England. 
 
 (b) Relations with Scotland— Battle of Standard, 
 
 1138. 
 
 (c) Treaty of Wallingford, 1153. 
 
 References : Mont., §§ 189-192 ; learned, §§45-47 ; Gard., 
 pp. 131-137 ; C. & K., pp. 77-79 ; Smith, Vol. I, pp. 71- 
 75 ; Oman, pp. 92-96 ; Green, Vol. I, pp. 190-197 ; Bright, 
 Vol. I, pp. 77-88 ; Stubbs, Early Plantagenets, Chap. II. 
 
 Plantagenet England. 
 
 Henry II, 1154-1189. 
 
 1. Checks on the power of Barons. Montague, pp. 41- 
 
 42, 50- 
 
 (a) Scutage. 
 
 (b) Reorganization of Militia — Assize of Arms, 
 
 1181. 
 
 2. Relations with Becket — Constitutions of Clarendon, 
 
 11*^4. Hutton, S. Thomas of Canterbiiry ; Mon- 
 tague, 42-46. 
 
 3. Judicial Arrangements. Montague, pp. 47-50. 
 
 (a) Curia Regis. 
 
 (b) Assize of Clarendon. 
 
 (c) Circuit Court. 
 
 4. Norman conquest of Ireland, 1166-1172. Barnard, 
 
 Strongbozv' s Conquest of Ireland. 
 
 (a) Early history of Ireland. 
 
 1. Early Inhabitants — Government — Religion. 
 
 2. Introduction of Christianity — St. Patrick, 
 
 432. 
 
 3. Golden Age, 465-795- 
 
 4. Northmen Invasion. 
 
 (b) Reasons for Norman interference. 
 
 1. Grant of Ireland to Henry. 
 
 2. Situation in Ireland — tribal quarrels. 
 
— i8 — 
 
 (c) Strongbow and Norman Knights in Ireland. 
 
 (d) Visit of Henry II. 
 
 (e) Results. 
 
 1. Henry lord of Ireland. 
 
 2. Introduction of Norman castles and method 
 
 of fighting. 
 
 3. Son John sent as Governor, 1185. 
 
 5. Famil}^ relations. 
 
 (a) Marriage with Eleanor — French possessions. 
 
 (b) War with Sons. 
 
 6. Financial policy. Montague, pp. 46-47. 
 
 (a) Saladin Tithe. 
 
 (b) Court of Exchequer. 
 
 References : Mont., §§ 209-229, 311, 319 ; learned, §§48- 
 54 ; Gard., Chap. X ; C. & K., pp. 93-107 ; Smith, Vol. I, 
 Chap. IV; Bright, Vol. I, pp. 89-114; Stubbs, Early 
 Pla7iiage7iets, Chaps. III-V ; Green, He7iry II ; ]oycQ, Part 
 I, Chaps. VI,VIII, Part II, Chaps. Ill, V-IX, Part III, 
 Chaps. I-IV ; Oman, Chap. VIII ; Green, Vol. I, Chap. II, 
 § VIII ; Vol. II, pp. 891-899. 
 
 Richard I, (The Lion Hearted), 11 89-1 199. 
 
 1. Character. 
 
 2. Richard and Third Crusade, 
 
 (a) Purpose of Crusade. 
 
 (b) Desire for money and how met. 
 
 (c) Exploits of Richard in Palestine. 
 
 (d) Captivity of Richard and plots of John. 
 
 (e) Effects of Crusade on England. 
 
 1. Financial. 
 
 2. Growlh of town liberties. 
 
 3. Introduction of Eastern Culture. 
 
 3. Richard in France. 
 
 References : Mont., §§ 230-239, 312 ; Larned, g§ 55-57 ; 
 Gard., Chap. XI ; C. & K., pp. 107-109 ; Smith, Vol. I, 
 Chap. V ; Oman, pp. 1 14-122 ; Green, Vol. I, pp. 213-218 ; 
 Stubbs, Early Plaritageiiets, Chap. VI ; Montague, p. 51 ; 
 Bright, Vol. I, pp. 1 15-125. 
 
— 19 — 
 
 John (Lackland), ii 99-1 21 6. 
 
 1. Character. 
 
 2. Loss of Normandy. 
 
 3. Quarrel with the church — Stephen Langton. 
 
 4. Magna Carta, 12 15. Montague, pp. 53-57. 
 
 (a) Opposition of clergy and Barons and explana- 
 
 tion. 
 
 (b) Council at St. Albans, its composition and 
 
 action. 
 
 (c) Provisions of Magna Carta, Old South Leaf- 
 
 lets, No. 5. 
 
 (d) Attempts to break Charter. 
 
 References : Mont,, §§ 240-255, 313 ; Larned, §§ 58-61 ; 
 Gard., Chap. XII ; C. & K., pp. 116-123 ; Smith, Vol. I, 
 Chap. VI ; Oman, pp. 122-133 i Green, Vol. I, pp. 218-245 ; 
 Stubbs, Early Plantagenets, Chap. VII : Bright, Vol. I, 
 pp. 126-140; '^ or %2X^, John Lackland. 
 
 Henry III, 1216-1272. 
 
 1. England during the minority — Reissue of Magna 
 
 Carta. 
 
 2. Personal government of Henry III. 
 
 (a) Character of the King. 
 
 (b) Relations with foreigners. 
 
 (c) Relations with Church — The Friars. 
 
 3. Simon De Montfort and King. Hutton, Simon de 
 
 Mo7itfort, a7id his cause. 
 
 (a) Early career of De Montfort. 
 
 (b) Mad Parliament and Provisions of Oxford, 1258. 
 
 (c) Barons' War, 1 263-1 265. 
 
 (i) Cause. 
 
 (2) Lewes, 1264. 
 
 (a) Supremacy of De Montfort. 
 
 (b) Beginning of Parliament. 
 
 (3) Evesham — Fall of De Montfort, 1265. 
 
 4. King's old age — Influence of Prince Edward. 
 
 References : Mont., §§ 256-267 ; Earned, §§ 62-65 ; 
 Gard., Chap. XIII ; C. & K., pp. 123-132 ; Smith, Vol. I, 
 Chap. VII ; Oman, Chap. X ; Green, Vol. I, pp. 245-246, 
 
— 20 — 
 
 266-304 ; Stubbs, Early Plantage7ieis, Chaps. VIII-IX ; 
 Bright, Vol. I, pp. 141-170 ; Montague, pp. 58-63. 
 
 Edward I, 1 272-1 307. 
 
 1. King and Barons. Montague, pp. 64-65. 
 
 (a) Statute of Quia E7nptores. 
 
 (b) Statute of De Do7iis. 
 
 (c) Statute of Q2C0 Warraiito. 
 
 2. King and Church — Statute of Mortmain, 1279. 
 
 Montague, pp, 66-67. 
 
 3. King and Commerce. 
 
 (a) Wool trade. 
 
 (b) Expulsion of Jews. 
 
 4. King and Model Parliament, 1295 — Confirmation of 
 
 Charters. Montague, pp. 68-71. 
 
 5. King and administration of Justice— Statute of Win- 
 
 chester. 
 
 6. Relations with Wales, 1 276-1 284. Bradley, (r/j/;z^ze'r, 
 
 pp. 68-81. 
 
 7. Relations with Scotland. M.2i^\M^\, Robert the Brtice, 
 
 Chaps. II-VII. 
 
 (a) Award of Norham. 
 
 (b) Conquest of Scotland, 1296. 
 
 (c) Revolt of Wallace. 
 
 (d) Revolt of Bruce. 
 
 References: Mont., §§ 268-280, 316; Larned, §§ 66-74; 
 Gard., pp. 208-224 ; C. & K., pp. 132-145 ; Smith, Vol. I, 
 Chap. VIII ; Oman, Chap. XI ; Green, Vol. I, pp. 305-368, 
 385-395 ; Stubbs, Early Plaiitage^iets, Chaps. X-XI ; Jenks, 
 Edward /; Tout, Edward I \ Bright, Vol. I, pp. 171-196. 
 
 Edward II, 1 307-1 327. 
 
 1. Edward and his favorites — Piers Gaveston. 
 
 2. Loss of Scotland — Bannockburn, 13 14. Maxwell, 
 
 Robert the Bruce, Chaps. VIII-XIII. 
 
 3. Deposition and its importance. 
 
 References : Mont. , §§ 281-286 ; Larned §§ 75-76 ; Gard., 
 pp. 224-231 ; C. & K., pp. 152-156; Smith, Vol. I, Chap. 
 IX ; Oman, Chap. XII ; Stubbs, Early Pla^itagenets, Chap. 
 XII ; Bright, Vol. I, pp. 197-21 1 ; Green, Vol. I, pp. 395- 
 411. 
 
— 21 — 
 
 Edward III, 1327-1377. 
 
 1. Scottish policy — Halidon Hill, 1333. Ashley, Ed- 
 
 wa7'd III and his wars; Maxwell, Robert the Bruce, 
 Chaps. XIV-XVII. 
 
 2. Hundred Years' War. 
 
 (a) Causes. 
 
 (b) Sluys, 1340. 
 
 (c) Crecy, 1346. 
 
 (d) Poitiers, 1356. 
 
 (e) Peace of Bretigny, 1360. 
 
 (f ) Effects on England — Growth of parliament. 
 
 3. Black Death and its effects — Statute of Labourers, 
 
 1349- 
 
 4. Church under Edward III. 
 
 (a) Statute of Praemunire. 
 
 (b) Statute of Provisors. 
 
 (c) Career of Wicliffe and results of his teaching. 
 
 5. Ireland under Edward — Statute of Kilkenny, 1367. 
 
 Joyce, Part III, Chap. XII. 
 
 6. Rise of Literature — Mandeville, Langland, Wicliffe, 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 7. Encouragement of Manufactures — Introduction of 
 
 Flemish Weavers. 
 
 References: Mont., §§ 287-300; Earned, pp. 167-178, 
 184-185 ; Gard., Chaps. XV-XVI ; C. & K., pp. 156-162, 
 164-181 ; Smith, Vol. I, Chap. X; Oman, Chap. XIII; 
 Bright, Vol. I, pp. 213-241, 266-274 ; Sergeant, Wyclif \ 
 Warburton, Edward III \ Green, Vol. I, pp. 411-461, Vol. 
 
 II, PP- 903-904- 
 
 Richard II, 1377-1399- 
 
 1. Peasant Revolt. 
 
 (a) Causes. 
 
 (b) Results. 
 
 2. Rise of Lollards and translation of Bible. 
 
 3. Tyranny of Richard. 
 
 4. Deposition. 
 
 5. Social and Economic condition of people under the 
 
 Plantagenets. Gard., pp. 165-172. 
 
— 22 — 
 
 References : Mont., §§ 301-310, 323-330 ; learned, §§ 86- 
 89, 91-96; Gard., Chaps. XVII-XVIII ; C. & K., pp. 
 109-114, 162-164, 181-184; Smith, Vol. I, Chap. XI; 
 Oman, Chap. XIV ; Bright, Vol. I, pp. 242-274 ; Green, 
 Vol. I, pp. 368-385, 461-468, Vol. II, pp. 469-512 ; Gairdner, 
 Lancaster and York, Chap, II. 
 
 Lancastrian England. 
 
 Henry IV, 1399-1413. 
 
 1. Henry's title. 
 
 2. Religions policy — Persecution of Lollards. 
 
 3. Relations with Wales— Owen Glendower. Bradley, 
 
 Gly^idwr , Chaps. III-XI. 
 
 4. Revolt of the Percies — Shrewsbury. 
 
 5. Relations with Scotland. 
 
 References : Mont., §§ 331-337, 372 ; Larned, §§ 97-102 ; 
 Gard., pp. 289-299 ; C. & K., pp. 187-191 ; Smith, Vol. I, 
 Chap. XII ; Oman, Chap. XV ; Bright, Vol. I, pp. 275-286; 
 Green, Vol. II, pp. 513-516 ; Gairdner, Lancaster a?id York, 
 Chap. IV. 
 
 Henry V, 1413-1422. 
 
 1. Trouble with the Lollards — Oldcastle. 
 
 2. Hundred Years' War ( Continued j. 
 
 (a) Causes. 
 
 (b) Agincourt, 1415. 
 
 (c) Seige of Rouen. 
 
 (d) Treaty of Troyes, 1420. 
 
 References: Mont., §§ 338-343 ; Larned, §§ 103-105 ; 
 Gard., pp. 299-306 ; C. &K., pp. 191-194 ; Smith, Vol. I, 
 Chap. XIII ; Oman, Chap. XVI ; Bright, Vol. I, pp. 287- 
 302 ; Green, Vol. II, pp. 516-525 ; Gairdner, Lancaster and 
 York, Chap. V ; Kingsford, Henry V. 
 
 Henry VI, 1422-1461. 
 
 I. Hundred Years' War (Concluded). 
 
 (a) Campaigns of Bedford and Gloucester. 
 
 (b) Joan of Arc. 
 
 (i) At Orleans. 
 
 (2) Coronation of French King. 
 
 (3) Martyrdom. 
 
— 23 — 
 
 (c) King's marriage. 
 
 (d) Loss of France except Calais. 
 
 2. Wars of Roses, 1 450-1 485. Thompson, Wars of York 
 and Lancaster. 
 
 (a) Indirect causes — State of England. 
 
 (i) Power of Nobles. 
 
 (2) Decline of Church. 
 
 (3) Decline in Parliament. 
 
 (b) Direct causes. 
 
 (i) Dissatisfaction with government — Cade's 
 
 Rebellion. 
 (2) Hostility of Houses of York and Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 (c) St. Albans, 1455. 
 
 (d) Northampton, 1460. 
 
 (e) Wakefield, 1460. 
 
 (f) Towton, 1 46 1. 
 
 References : Mont., §§ 344-356, 371 ; Larned, g§ 106-112; 
 Gard., Chaps. XX-XXI ; C. & K., pp. 194-201 ; Smith, 
 Vol. I, pp. 261-267 ; Oliphant, Jeanne d' Arc, Chaps. III- 
 VI; Oman, Chap. XVII, pp. 245-253; Bright, Vol. I, 
 pp. 303-327 ; Green, Vol. II, pp. 526-555 ; Oman, Warwick ; 
 Gairdner, Lancaster and York, Chap. VII. 
 
 Yorkist England. 
 
 Edward IV, 1461-1483. Wars of Roses (Continued). 
 
 1. Relations with Warwick, " King Maker." 
 
 2. Barnet, 1471. 
 
 3. Tewkesbury, 1471. 
 
 4. Character and government of King. 
 
 5. Introduction of printing — Caxton. 
 
 References : Mont. §§ 357-360 ; Earned, §§ 113-114, 118 ; 
 Gard., pp. 329-337 ; C. & K., pp. 200-202 ; Smith, Vol. I, 
 pp. 267-272 ; Gairdner, Lancaster arid York, Chap. VIII ; 
 Oman, pp. 254-264; Bright, Vol. I, pp. 328-340; Green, 
 Vol. II, pp. 555-584; Oman, Warwick. 
 
 Edward V, 1483. Wars of Roses (Continued). 
 
 1. Guardianship of Richard, Duke of Gloucester. 
 
 2. Murder of Princes. 
 
— 24 — 
 
 References: Mont., §§ 361-363; Larned, §§ 115 ; Gard., 
 pp. 337-341; C. & K., p. 202 ; Smith, Vol. I, p. 272 ; Gaird- 
 w&c^ Lancaster and York, Chap. IX; Oman, pp. 264-266; 
 Bright, Vol. I, pp. 341-344 ; Green. Vol. II, p. 584. 
 
 Richard III, 1483- 1485. Wars of Roses (Concluded). 
 
 1. Character of government. 
 
 2. Bosworth Field. 
 
 3. Effect of Wars. 
 
 4. Social and economic condition of people under I^an- 
 
 castrians and Yorkists. 
 
 References: Mont., §§ 364-369, 374-378; Larned, §§ 
 115-117; Gard., pp. 338-343; C. & K., pp. 202-209; 
 Oman, pp. 266-271 ; Smith, Vol. I, pp. 273-278 ; Gaird- 
 ner, Lajicaster and York, Chaps. X, XII ; Bright, Vol. I, 
 pp. 344-354; Green, Vol. II, pp. 584-587- 
 
 Tudor England. 
 
 Henry VII, 1485-1509. 
 
 1. Characteristics of New Government. 
 
 (a) Power of King. Montague, pp. 100-104. 
 
 (b) Power of Parliament. Montague, pp. 94-100. 
 
 2. Pretenders, Simnel and Warbeck. 
 
 3. Restrictions on the Barons — Morton. 
 
 (a) Livery and Maintenance. 
 
 (b) Court of Star Chamber. 
 
 4. Financial Policy — Kmpson and Dudley. 
 
 5. Foreign Policy — Marriage of Sons. 
 
 6. Henry and Scotland — Marriage of Daughter. 
 
 7. Henry and Ireland — Poynings' Law, 1494. Joyce, 
 
 Part III, Chap. XV. 
 
 8. Commerce and Discovery. 
 
 References: Mont., §§ 379-389; Larned, §§ 119-126; 
 Gard., Chap. XXIII ; C. & K., pp. 214-220 ; Smith, Vol. I, 
 Chap. XV ; Oman, Chap. XX ; Green, Vol. II, pp. 587- 
 593 > 904 ; Moberly, Early Ttcdors, Chaps. I-VII ; Bright, 
 Vol. II, pp. 355-365 ; Gairdner, He7iry the Seveiith. 
 
— 25 — 
 
 Henry VIII, 1509-1547. 
 
 1 . Character of King. 
 
 2. Relations with ParHament. 
 
 3. Early foreign policy. 
 
 4. Period of Wolsey. Creighton, Cardinal Wolsey. 
 
 (a) Foreign affairs. 
 
 (b) Oxford Reformers. 
 
 5. Reformation in England. 
 
 (a) First Stage to 1536 — Political. 
 
 (i) Character of Reformation in Europe — 
 Henry and I^uther. 
 
 (2) Beginnings in England. 
 
 (3) Execution of More and Fisher. 
 
 (b) Second Stage — Religious. 
 
 ( 1 ) Ten Articles. 
 
 (2) Suppression of the Monasteries. 
 
 (3) Part of Cromwell and Parliament. 
 
 (4) Cranmer's Reforms. 
 
 (5) King's Marriages. 
 
 (6) Results of Reformation — Pilgrimage of 
 Grace. 
 
 6. Henry and Scotland. 
 
 (a) Flodden Field, 15 13. 
 
 (b) Solway Moss, 1542. 
 
 7. Henry and Ireland. Joyce, pp. 354-388 ; Green, 
 
 Vol. II, pp. 906-916. 
 
 References: Mont., ^§ 390-412; learned, gg 127-146 ; 
 Gard. , Chaps. XXIV-XXVI ; C. & K. , pp. 220-236 ; Smith, 
 Vol. I, Chap. XVI ; Oman, Chap. XXI, pp. 296-308 ; 
 Moberly, Early Tudors, Chaps. VIII-XVI ; Bright, Vol. 
 II, pp. 366-421, 479-487 ; Green, Vol. II, pp. 593-709- 
 
 Edward VI, i547-i553. 
 
 I. Period of Somerset. 
 
 (a) Edward and Mary Queen of Scots. 
 
 (b) Progress of Reformation, 
 (i) Renewed Confiscations. 
 
 (2) Reforms of Cranmer. 
 
 (3) Popular discontent — Ket's Rebellion. 
 
— 26 — 
 
 (c) Fall of Somerset. 
 (2) Period of Northumberland. 
 
 (a) Edward and Education. 
 
 (b) Edward and Charity, 
 
 (c) Edward's Will — Lady Jane Grej'. 
 References: Mont., §§ 413-419; Larned, §§ 147-153; 
 
 Gard., pp. 412-421 ; C. & K. , pp. 236-240; Smith, Vol. I, 
 Chap. XVII ; Oman, pp. 308-313 ; Bright, Vol. II, pp. 
 422-443 ; Green, Vol. II, pp. 709-716. 
 
 Mary, 1553-155S. 
 
 1. Wyatt's Rebellion. 
 
 2. Queen's Marriage. 
 
 3. Mary and Reformation. 
 
 4. Loss of Calais. 
 
 References: Mont., §§ 420-427; Larned, §§154-159; 
 Gard., pp. 421-427 ; C. & K., pp. 240-244 ; Smith, Vol. I, 
 Chap. XVIII ; Oman, Chap. XXIII ; Bright, Vol. II, pp. 
 444-461 ; Green, Vol. II, pp. 716-731. 
 
 Elizabeth, 1558-1603. 
 
 1. Personality and Internal Government. 
 
 (a) Situation at her accession. 
 
 (b) Character of Elizabeth. 
 
 (c) Elizabeth and Reformation. Montague, pp. 
 
 109-1 10. 
 (i) Act of Uniformity. 
 (2) Act of Supremacy. 
 
 (d) Elizabeth and Commerce. 
 
 (e) Elizabeth's court and Parliament. 
 
 2. Relations with Mary Queen of Scots. 
 
 (a) Earl}^ life of Mary. 
 
 (b) Mary's claims to English Throne. 
 
 (c) Reformation in Scotland — John Knox. 
 
 (d) Character of Mary's relations w^ith the Presby- 
 
 terians. 
 
 (e) Her marriages. 
 
 (f) Mar}^ in P^ngland. 
 
 (g) Her Execution. 
 
— 27 — 
 
 3- Relations with Foreign States. 
 
 (a) Elizabeth's peace policy. 
 
 (i) Question of her marriage and its import- 
 ance. 
 
 (2) Relations with Spain, Holland and France. 
 
 (3) How and why peace was maintained. 
 
 (4) Results of peace policy. 
 
 (b) Her war policy - Spanish Armada and its re- 
 
 sults, 1588. Creighton, Elizabeth, Book VI, 
 Chap. II. 
 
 4. Relations with Ireland. 
 
 5. Growth of literature. 
 
 6. Social and economic condition of people under Tudors 
 References: Mont.. §§ 428-457, 461-466; Larned, §§ 
 
 160-182 ; Gard., Chaps. XXVIII-XXX ; C. & K., pp 
 244-265, Chap. IX; Smith, Vol. I, Chap. XIX; Green 
 Vol. II, pp. 732-931, Vol. Ill, pp. 933-966; Feilden, pp 
 288-290 ; Hallam, Chaps. III-V ; Beesly, Elizabeth ; Oman 
 Chap. XXIV ; Creighton, Elizabeth ; Bright, Vol. II, pp 
 488-580. 
 
 Stuart England. 
 
 James I, 1603- 1625. 
 
 1. Character of King. 
 
 2. King and Religion — Hampton Court Conference, 
 
 1604. 
 
 3. How King Governed. 
 
 (a) Power of Parliament — Lord Bacon. Montague, 
 
 pp. 115-117- 
 
 (b) Power of Favorites. 
 
 4. Gunpowder Plot, 1605. 
 
 5. Exploration and Colonization. 
 
 6. King and Ireland. 
 
 7. King and Spain. 
 
 (a) Thirty Years' War. 
 
 (b) Raleigh. 
 
 (c) Spanish marriage. 
 
 References: Mont., §§467-480; Larned, §§183-201; 
 Gard., Chap. XXXf ; C. & K., pp. 285-295 ; Smith, Vol. 
 I, Chap. XX ; Oman, Chap. XXV ; Piwitaii Revolution^ 
 
— 28 — 
 
 Chaps. I-II, III, § I ; Hallam, Chap. VI; Bright, Vol. II, 
 pp. 581-607 ; Green, Vol. Ill, pp. 967-1019. 
 
 Charles I, 1625-1649. 
 
 1. Period of King's personal government, 1625-1634. 
 
 Puritan Revolution, pp. 48-84; Gard., Chap. 
 XXXII. 
 
 (a) Character of Charles. 
 
 (b) His French marriage and its consequences. 
 
 (c) His need of money and how met. 
 
 (d) Relations with Parliament. Montague, pp. 
 118-120. 
 
 (i) Leaders of Parliament — Eliot, Hampden 
 and Pym. 
 
 (2) Petition of Rights, 1628. Old Soiith Leaf- 
 lets, No. 23. 
 
 (3) Question of tonnage and poundage. 
 
 2. Period of Great Civil War. Puritan Revolution, 
 
 Chaps. V-VII. 
 
 (a) Indirect Cause — Attempt to rule without Par- 
 liament. Montague, pp. 120-123. 
 
 (i) Imprisonment and death of Eliot. 
 (2) Devices for raising money — Hampden and 
 Ship-Money. Old South Leaflets, No. 60. 
 
 (b) Direct Causes. 
 
 (i) Church policy of Laud. Montague, pp. 
 123-124. 
 
 (a) Laud's idea. 
 
 (b) Laudism in England and its conse- 
 quences — Colonization of America. 
 
 (c) Laudism in Scotland and its conse- 
 quences — Bishops' Wars and Result. 
 
 (2) Long Parliament and King. Montague, 
 pp. 124-129. 
 
 (a) Attainder and execution of Strafford. 
 Old South Leaflets, No. 61. 
 
 (b) Religious measures — Party of Falk- 
 land. 
 
 (c) Grand Remonstrance. Old South 
 Leaflets, No. 24. 
 
— 29 — 
 
 (d) Case of Five Members. 
 (3) Insurrection in Ireland. 
 
 (c) I St. Stage Edgehill to Marston Moor, 1642- 
 
 1644. 
 (i) Division of England between Roundheads 
 and Cavaliers. 
 
 (2) Alliance with Scotland. Old South Leaf- 
 lets, No. 25. 
 
 (3) King and Ireland. 
 
 (d) 2nd. Stage, Marston Moor to Naseby, 1644- 
 
 1645. Eirth, Chaps. VI-VII ; Morley, 
 Book II, Chaps. I-IV. 
 (i) Cromwell's Ironsides — New Model Army. 
 
 (2) Execution of Laud. 
 
 (3) Hostility of Scots to Parliament. 
 
 (e) 3rd. Stage Naseby to Execution of King, 
 
 1 645-1 649. Morley, Book II, Chap. V, 
 Book III. 
 (i) Surrender to Scots. 
 
 (2) King's Negotiations with Army. 
 
 (3) King's Escape and vSecond Civil War, 
 1648. Firth, Chap. X. 
 
 (4) Pride's Purge. 
 
 (5) Trial and Execution. Firth, Chap. XI. 
 
 References: Mont., §§ 481-501; Larned, §§ 202-246; 
 Gard., Chaps. XXXII-XXXV ; C. & K., pp. 295-320; 
 Smith, Vol. I, Chap, XXI ; Green, Vol. Ill, pp. 1019-1204; 
 Oman, Chap. XXVI, pp. 380-402 ; Hallam, Chaps. VII-X, 
 Part I ; Harrison, Cromwell, Chaps. III-VII ; Bright, Vol. 
 II, pp. 608-687. 
 
 Commonwealth, 1649-1653. 
 
 (i) Nature of Government. 
 
 (2) Its supporters— Cromwell, Vane, and Milton. 
 
 (3) Attempts to restore Stuarts. 
 
 (a) Cromwell in Ireland — Massacre of Drogheda 
 (Tredah), 1649. 
 
 (b) Cromwell in Scotland — Dunbar and Worcester, 
 1650-1651. 
 
— 30 — 
 
 (4) Commercial policy. 
 
 (a) Navigation Act. 
 
 (b) War with the Dutch. 
 
 (5) Cromwell and Army vs. Parliament— Barebones' 
 Parliament. 
 
 References: Mont., §§ 502-506; Larned, §§ 247-257; 
 Gard., pp. 561-568 ; C. & K., pp. 321-324 ; Smith, Vol. I, 
 Chap. XXII ; Green, Vol. Ill, pp. 1 205-1 232 ; Puritan 
 Revolution, Chap. VIII ; Morley, Book IV ; Firth, Chaps. 
 XII-XV ; Corbett, Monk, Chaps. VI-VII ; Harrison, Cro7n- 
 well, Chaps. VIII-X ; Oman, pp. 402-412 ; Bright, Vol. II, 
 pp. 688-704. 
 
 Oliver Cromwell, Protector, 1 653-1 658. 
 
 1. How Protectorate was established. 
 
 2. Form of Government — Instrument of Government. 
 
 Montague, pp. 132-133 ; Old Soiith Leaflets, No. 27. 
 
 3. Character of Cromwell. 
 
 4. Foreign Policy— War with Spain. 
 
 5. Internal Policy. 
 
 6. Death and question of succession. 
 
 References: Mont., §§ 507-514; Larned, §§ 258-262; 
 Gard., pp. 568-574 ; C. & K., pp. 324-329 ; Smith, Vol. I, 
 Chap. XXIII ; Green, Vol. Ill, pp. 1233-1271 ; Morley, 
 Book V ; Firth, Chaps. XVI-XXI ; Doaunents, pp. 407- 
 416 ; Puritan Revohition , Chap. IX ; Corbett, Mo7ik, Chap. 
 VIII ; Harrison, Cromwell, Chaps. XI-XIV ; Oman, pp. 
 412-416; Bright, Vol. II, pp. 704-715. 
 
 Richard Cromwell, Protector, 1658- 1660. 
 
 1. Character of Protector. 
 
 2. Relations with army. 
 
 3. Restoration of Stuarts. Montague, pp. 133-134. 
 
 (a) Monk's part. 
 
 (b) Restoration of Long Parliament. 
 
 (c) Declaration of Breda, 1660. 
 
 References: Mont., §§ 515-518; Larned, §§ 263-266; 
 Gard., pp. 574-577 I C. & K., pp. 329-330; Green, Vol. 
 Ill, pp. 1271-1285 ; Puritari Revohition, Chap. X, §§ 1-2 ; 
 Corbett, Monk, pp. 1 12-194; Oman, pp. 416-419; Bright, 
 Vol. II, pp. 715-721 ; Airy, English Restoration, Chap. VII. 
 
— 31 — 
 
 Charles II, 1660-1685. Taylor, England tinder Charles II. 
 
 1. Period of Edward Hyde, Karl of Clarendon, 1660- 
 
 1667. 
 
 (a) Relations of King and Parliament. 
 
 (b) Religious persecution, Montague, pp. 137-138. 
 
 (i) The Non- Conformists. 
 
 (2) Corporation Act. 
 
 (3) Conventicle Act. 
 
 (4) Five Mile Act. 
 
 (c) Foreign Affairs. 
 
 (i) Sale of Dunkirk. 
 
 (2) King's marriage and results. 
 
 (3) Dutch War. 
 
 (d) Plague and Fire. 
 
 (e) Fall of Clarendon. 
 
 2. Period of the Cabal, 1667-1674. 
 
 (a) Foreign affairs. 
 
 (i) Triple Alliance, 1668. 
 (2) Treaty of Dover. 
 
 (b) Religious difficulties. 
 
 (i) Declaration of Indulgence, 1672. 
 (2) Test Act, 1673. 
 
 3. Period of Danby and closing years. 
 
 (a) Opposition to Danby — Shaftesbury and the rise 
 
 of parties. 
 
 (b) Anti-Catholic measures. Montague, pp. 141 -142. 
 
 (i) Popish Plot. 
 (2) Exclusion Bill. 
 
 (c) Habeas Corpus Act. Montague, pp. 142-143. 
 
 (d) Rye House Plot. 
 
 4. Charles II and Scotland. 
 
 5. Charles II and Ireland. 
 
 References: Mont., §§ 519-536; Larned, §§ 267-284; 
 Gard., Chaps. XXXVII-XL ; C. & K., pp. 332-347; Smith, 
 Vol. II, Chap. I ; Green, Vol. Ill, pp. 1317-1409, Vol. IV, 
 pp. 1411-1441 ; Hale, Fall 0/ Stuarts, Chaps. I-VI ; Airy, 
 Enolish Restoration, Chaps. VII-XXII ; Hallam, Chaps. 
 XI-XIII ; Oman, Chap. XXIX ; Bright, Vol. II, pp. 
 722-760 ; Puritan Revolution, pp. 190-202. 
 
— 32 — 
 
 James II, 1685-1688. 
 
 1. Character. 
 
 2. Rebellions of Argyle and Monmouth. 
 
 3. Struggle of King and Parliament. 
 
 (a) Dispensing Power. 
 
 (b) Catholic Policy. 
 
 (i) Declaration of Indulgence. 
 
 (2) Case of Fellows of Magdalen. 
 
 (3) Case of Seven Bishops. 
 
 4. Revolution of 1688 in England — Landing of William 
 
 and Flight of James. 
 References: Mont., §§537-545 1 Larned, §§ 284-295; 
 Gard., Chap. XLI ; C. & K., pp. 347-355 ; Smith, Vol. II. 
 Chap. II ; Hale, Fall of Stuarts, Chaps. VII-XII, pp. 139- 
 142 ; Montague, pp. 144-146 ; Oman, Chap. XXX ; Bright, 
 Vol. II, pp. 761-789 ; Green, Vol. IV, pp. 1441-1487. 
 
 William and Mary, 1689-1702. 
 
 1. Revolution in Ireland — Siege of Londonderry and 
 
 Battle of the Boyne. 
 
 2. Revolution in Scotland — Massacre of Glencoe. 
 
 3. Checks on the power of the King. 
 
 (a) Declaration of Rights and Bill of Rights. Doc- 
 uvients, pp. 462-469 ; Montague, pp. 146-148. 
 
 (b) Mutiny Act. 
 
 (c) Whig Junto. 
 
 4. Benefits of the Revolution. Montague, pp. 150-156. 
 
 (a) Toleration Act. 
 
 (b) Triennial Act. 
 
 (c) Freedom of Press. 
 
 (d) Bank of England. 
 
 (e) Act of Settlement 1701. 
 
 5. Struggle with Louis XIV. 
 
 (a) Causes. 
 
 (b) La Hogue. 
 
 (c) Treaty of Ryswick. 
 
 (d) Preparations for new war. 
 
 References: Mont., §§ 546-554; Larned, g§ 296-311; 
 Gard., Chaps. XLH-XLIH ; C. & K., pp. 358-369 ; Smitli, 
 Vol. II, Chap. Ill ; Hale, Fall of Stuarts, pp. 142-235 ; 
 
— 33 — 
 
 Hassall, Loins XIV, Chap. X, p. 19; Traill, William III ; 
 Oman, Chap. XXXI ; Bright, Vol. Ill, pp. 806-874 ; Green, 
 Vol. IV, pp. 1487-1545. 
 
 Anne, 1702-1714. 
 
 1. Character of Queen. 
 
 2. Growth of parties. 
 
 3. Marlborough and War of Spanish Succession. 
 
 (a) Influence of Marlborough over the Queen. 
 
 (b) Marlborough's victories. 
 
 (c) Case of Dr. Sacheverell. 
 
 (d) Treaty of Utrecht, 171 3. 
 
 4. Union with Scotland, 1707. Montague, pp. 158-161. 
 
 5. Growth of Literature. 
 
 6. Social and economic condition of people under the 
 
 Stuarts. 
 References: Mont., §§ 555-565, 569-580; Larned. §§ 
 312-319 ; Gard., Chap. XLIV; C. &K., pp. 369-374; Smith, 
 Vol. II, Chap. IV, pp. 409-410 ; Morris, ^^^ of Anne ; Has- 
 sall, Louis XIV, Chaps. XII-XIV ; Lecky, Vol. I, Chap. 
 I ; Oman, Chap. XXXII ; Bright, Vol. Ill, pp. 875-928 ; 
 Green, Vol. IV, pp. 1545-1576. 
 
 Hanoverian England. 
 
 George I, 1714-1727. 
 
 1. Effect of change in line of Kings. Montague, pp. 
 
 162-173. 
 
 2. Rising of the " 15". 
 
 3. Walpole as Prime Minister. 
 
 (a) His rise — South Sea Bubble. 
 
 (b) His method of controlling Parliament. 
 
 (c) His financial policy. 
 
 References : Mont., §§ 581-588 ; Larned, §§ 320-327 ; 
 Gard., pp. 702-718; C. & K., pp. 375-379; Lecky. Vol. 
 
 I, Chap. II, pp. 364-436 ; Morris, Early Hanoveria7is , 
 Book I, Chaps. I-XII ; Morley, Walpole, Chaps. IV-IX, 
 pp. 200-214; Oman, pp. 482-494; Bright, Vol. Ill, 
 pp. 929-965; Green, Vol. IV, pp. 1577-1596; Smith, Vol. 
 
 II, pp. 154-180. 
 
— 34 — 
 
 George II, 1727-1760. 
 
 1. Walpole as Prime Minister (Concluded). 
 
 (a) Opposition to Walpole. 
 
 (b) His fall— War of Jenkins's Ear. 
 
 (c) Methodist Revival. 
 
 2. War of Austrian Succession — Treaty of Aix-la- 
 
 Chapelle, 1748. 
 
 3. Rising of the "45". 
 
 4. Seven Years' War, 1 756-1 763. 
 
 (a) Period of Disaster and Results. 
 
 (b) The Elder Pitt as Minister. Green, /^zV/, Chaps. 
 
 III-IV. 
 (i) Conquest of Canada. 
 
 (2) Robert Clive and the Conquest of India. 
 Hunter, hidian Peoples, pp. 176-186. 
 
 (a) Black Hole of Calcutta. 
 
 (b) Plassey, 1757. 
 
 References : Mont., §§ 589-596 ; Earned, §§ 328-341 ; 
 Gard., pp. 718-764 ; C. & K., pp. 379-389 ; Eecky, Vol. I, 
 pp. 436-471 ; Vol. II ; Morris, Early Hanoverians, pp. 
 84-179 ; Morley, Walpole, pp. 214-251 ; Oman, pp. 495- 
 531 ; Bright, Vol. Ill, pp. 966-1033 ; Green, Vol. IV, pp. 
 1596-1655 ; Smith, Vol. II, pp. 181-194, 4ii~4i5- 
 
 George III, 1760-1820. 
 
 I. Personal Government of the King. Montague, pp. 
 174-184. « 
 fa) Early Life and Character of King. 
 
 (b) Party of the " King's Friends." 
 
 (c) Relations with Eords Bute and North. 
 
 (d) Evidences of Opposition. 
 ( i) In England. 
 
 (a) Career of Wilkes. 
 
 (b) Eetters of Junius. 
 
 (c) Gordon Riots. 
 
 (2.) In America — American Revolution. 
 (3) In Ireland. 
 
 (a) Irish Volunteers. 
 
 (b) Irish relief measures. 
 
— 35 — 
 
 (e) Expansion of Empire. 
 
 (i) Australia and New Zealand. 
 
 (2) India-Hastings. Macaulay, Hastings; 
 Trotter, Hastings. 
 (f ) Failure of George III and reasons therefor. 
 
 2. Period of Younger Pitt. 
 
 (a) Peace policy of Pitt. 
 
 (b) War policy of Pitt. 
 
 (i) Nature and Cause of French Revolution. 
 
 (2) Its Influence on England. 
 
 (3) Cause of English interference in the Revo- 
 lution. 
 
 (4) French in Ireland. 
 
 (5) War on Sea — Cape St. Vincent, 1797. 
 
 (6) Napoleon in Egypt — Battle of Nile, 1798. 
 
 (c) Irish Union and Resignation of Pitt, i8oor-/8(?( 
 Montague, pp. 186-188. 
 
 3. Struggle with Napoleon. Morris, Napoleon ; Ropes, 
 
 Napoleon. 
 
 (a) Rise of Napoleon and Causes. 
 
 (b) Peace of Amiens, 1802, and Renewal of War. 
 
 (c) Camp at Boulogne, 1804-1805. 
 
 (d) Trafalgar and Austerlitz, 1805. 
 
 (e) Commercial struggle — War of 181 2. 
 (f ) War in Spain and rise of Wellington. 
 
 (g) Overthrow of Napoleon — Leipzig and Water- 
 loo 1815. 
 (h) Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815. 
 
 4. England after Waterloo — Period of Castlereagh. 
 
 Montague, pp. 191-193. 
 
 (a) Corn Laws and Manufacturing Distress. 
 
 (b) Repressive Measures. 
 
 ( 1 ) Suspension of Habeas Corpus Act. 
 
 (2) Manchester Massacre. 
 
 (3) Six Acts. 
 
 References: Mont., §§ 597-614; Larned, §§ 342-379; 
 Gard., Chaps, XLVIII-LIV, pp. 875-880; C. & K., pp. 
 389-430 466-473 ; Smith, Vol. II, Chap. VI, pp. 415-423 ; 
 Lecky, Vols. III-VII ; McCarthy, Epoch of Reform, pp. 
 i-io, 12-17; SoxxiXi^y, Lord Nelson) Gr^&w, Pitt, Earl of 
 
-36- 
 
 Chatham, Chaps. V-IX ; Rosebery, Pitt ;, Hunter, Indian 
 People, pp. 187-190; Oman, Chaps. XXXV-XX XVIII, 
 pp. 633-641 ; Bright, Vol. Ill, pp. 1035-1363; Green, Vol. 
 IV, pp. 1 657-1 83 1 ; Hooper, Wellington, Chaps. I-IX. 
 
 George IV, 1820-1830. 
 
 1. Period of Canning. 
 
 (a) Cato Street Conspiracy. 
 
 (b) Relations with Holy Alliance. 
 
 (c) Relations with Ireland. 
 
 (d) Police S3^stem and reform of Criminal Law. 
 
 2. Period of Wellington — Catholic Emancipation and 
 
 Catholic Relief Measures. Dunlop, O' Connell, 
 Chaps. IX-X ; Montague, pp. 196-198. 
 References: Mont., §§ 615-621 ; Larned, §§ 380-385 ; 
 Gard., pp. 880-898 ; C. & K., pp. 430-431 ; Smith, Vol. 
 II, Chap. VII ; McCarthy, Epoch of Reform, pp. 10-12, 
 21-23 ; Oman, pp. 641-647 ; Bright, Vol. Ill, pp. 1364 
 -14.17 ; Green, Vol. IV, pp. 1831-1835. Hooper, Welling- 
 ton, Chap. X. 
 
 WilHam IV, 1830-1837. 
 
 1 . Character. 
 
 2. Reform Bill of 1832 — Russell. Montague, pp. 203- 
 
 208 ; May, Vol. I, Chap. VI. 
 
 3. Abolition of slavery. 
 
 4. Factory Laws. 
 
 5. Poor Law. 
 
 6. Change in party names and principles. 
 References: Mont., §§622-628; Larned, §§386-391; 
 
 Gard., pp. 898-914 ; C. & K., pp. 431-434, 474-475 ; Smith, 
 Vol. II, pp. 341-376 ; McCarthy, Epoch of Reform, Chaps. 
 III-IX ; Oman, pp. 647-658 ; Bright, Vol. Ill, pp. 1418- 
 1472; Green, Vol. IV, pp. 1835-1836. 
 
 Victoria, 1837-1901. 
 
 1. Character and influence of Queen. 
 
 2. Internal History. 
 
 (a) Chartist Movement, 18 38- 1848. 
 
 (b) Peel and Abolition of Corn Laws. 
 
 (c) Second Reform Bill, 1867. Montague, pp. 208- 
 
 210. 
 
— zi — 
 
 (d) Educational reform. 
 
 (e) Third Reform Bill, 1884. Montague, pp. 210-21 1. 
 
 3. Relations with Ireland. Dunlop, O'Connell, Chaps. 
 
 XIV-XV. 
 
 (a) Irish land question. 
 
 (b) " Young Ireland " movement. 
 
 (c) Fenian movement of 1867. 
 
 (d) Gladstone's Irish polic3^ Montague, pp. 200-201. 
 
 4. Relations with Foreign States(, UcCu^^^<^ ^wdLCcL-*^ ,Mu<.ciJ). 
 
 (a) The Opium War, 1839-1842. ^ 
 
 (b) Palmerston and the Crimean War, 1 854-1 856. 
 
 (c) The Sepoy Mutiny, 1857-1858. Hunter, Indiayi 
 
 Peoples, 222-230. 
 
 (d) Lord Beaconsfield's policy — Russo - Turkish 
 
 War and Congress of Berlin, 1878. 
 
 (e) England in Egypt. 
 
 (i) Suez Canal, 1869. 
 
 (2) Dual control. 
 
 (3) Withdrawal of France. 
 
 (4) Loss of Soudan — Chinese Gordon. 
 
 (5) Reconquest of Soudan — Kitchener. 
 
 (6) Fashoda incident. 
 
 (f) The British-Boer War. 
 
 (g) Relations with the United States. 
 
 (i) Boundary Treaties. 
 
 (2) Civil War, 1861-1865. 
 
 (3) Venezuelan Dispute. 
 
 5. Relations with Canada and Australia. 
 
 6. Literary and Scientific progress. 
 
 References: Mont., §§ 629-659; Larned, §§ 392-420; 
 Gard., pp. 914-972 ; C. & K., pp. 434-462, 475-494 ; Mc- 
 Carthy, History of Our Ow7i Times', John.ston, Coloniza- 
 tion of Africa, Chaps. VI, IX, XII; Oman, pp. 658-740; 
 Lord, Beacon Lights, Vol. VI, Chaps. VII, XII ; Bright, 
 Vol. IV; Green, Vol. IV, pp. 1836-1850. Holmes, Victoria; 
 Smith, Vol. II, pp. 376-409, 423-431 ; McCarthy, Epoch of 
 Reform, Chaps. X-XIV. 
 
 Edward VII, 1901. 
 
 I. Conclusion of British-Boer War. 
 

 rr^ ■^^ , 
 
 >>'*■ 
 
 
 .'^r;. 
 
 Suggestions for the Year's Study 
 
 HISTOFkY An^A. 
 
 VASSAR GOLLEGE 
 

 Suggestions vok the Year's Study 
 
 HISTORY A, AA. 
 
 VASSAR COLLEGE 
 
 " Take these hints as suggestions, not as instructions, and improve on them as 
 you grow in experience." 
 
 "Historical genius consists in an unlimited capacity for taking pains." 
 
HEN 
 
 Copyright 1905 
 
 by 
 
 l/ucy M. Salmon. 
 
SUGGESTIONS FOR THE YEAR'S STUDY 
 
 HISTORY A, AA. 
 
 VASSAR COLLEGE 
 
 I. What the student brings to the general elective 
 courses in History. 
 
 What has been gained from one 3ear's college work in history. 
 
 From the subject studied : 
 
 a bird's-eye view of Western Europe, 
 . an appreciation of historical developments, 
 an understanding of the unity and continuity of history, 
 historical prospective, 
 a background for work in other subjects. 
 
 From the study of the subject : 
 
 ability to use books, 
 
 to analyze material, 
 
 to vivify history, 
 
 to understand the difference between reading history 
 
 and studying history, 
 to appreciate the difference between history and histor- 
 ical record, 
 to understand w^hat the historian does in writing 
 
 history, 
 to connect the present wdth the past and the past with 
 the present. 
 
 " The roots of the present lie deep in the past, 
 and nothing in the past is dead to the man who 
 would learn how the present comes to be what 
 it is." — Stubbs. 
 
II. What the student should gain from Courses A, A A. 
 
 From the subject studied: 
 
 a longitudinal view of the development of America, 
 
 a knowledge of the interdependence of the history of America 
 
 and of Europe, 
 an understanding of the questions of the day, 
 an appreciation of the causes that have led to the develop- 
 ment of American literature. 
 
 From the study of the subject: 
 
 ability to prepare short topics representing a single idea, as 
 one in bibliography, biography, geography, law 
 making, treat}- making, or other topics that are 
 included in a work of historj^ 
 to understand the processes of historical investigation, 
 to discriminate in the use of books, 
 to be more independent in work, 
 to be more accurate in work. 
 
 ' ' I have watched the work of graduates of colleges 
 from Canada to the Gulf, from New York to the 
 Golden Gate, and the failing nearly all had to combat 
 was a lack of accuracv. ' ' 
 
III. Material with which the student works. 
 
 1. Books, 
 
 a. Bibliographies. 
 
 Complete, selected, classified, annotated. 
 
 b. Catalogues. 
 
 library, 
 dictionary, author, subject, title. 
 
 trade. 
 
 c. Documents. 
 
 form, 
 manuscripts, facsimiles, reprints, translations. 
 
 contents, 
 
 records, archives, papers. 
 
 d. Official publications. 
 
 charters, constitutions, laws, records, reports. 
 
 e. Publications of historical societies. 
 
 nature of societies, 
 
 general, state, local, religious, patriotic. 
 
 works, 
 
 collections, proceedings, papers, monographs. 
 
 f. Personal records. 
 
 autobiographies, biographies, correspondence, diaries, 
 journals, letters, memoirs, recollections, reports, 
 speeches, works. 
 
 g-. Descriptions by travelers. 
 
 h. Histories. 
 
 general, 
 
 special, as regards, 
 time, subject, place. 
 
 2. Periodicals. 
 
 dailies, weeklies, monthlies, quarterlies, annuals. 
 
 character, 
 
 local, general. 
 
 location, 
 
 college library, Adriance memorial librar3\ 
 
 3. Manuscripts. 
 
 Carnegie Institution of Washington, Annual Report of 
 
 the Director, 1907. 
 Putnam, Herbert, Mamiscript Sources for American 
 
 History, North American Review, April, 1904. 
 
 4. Geographical material. 
 
 maps, relief globe, patents and charters, treaties, reports 
 of surveys, bulletins of geographical and geological 
 societies, United States Census Reports. 
 
 drawing tables, 
 
 library basement, west ^^'ing. 
 
IV. Material recommencled to everj' student. 
 
 1. Books. 
 
 a. One good text-book, e. g , Thwaites, T/ie Colonies. 
 
 ' ' Without the use of a text it is difficult to hold to 
 a definite line of work ; there is danger of incoher- 
 ence and confusion. Without the text, one will lose 
 sight of the main current ; and it is the current and 
 not the eddies which one should watch." — Committee 
 of Seven. 
 
 b. One secondary work. 
 
 ' ' The secondary book has two functions ; to cover 
 the whole field, bridging over the gaps between 
 sources ; and to furnish a starting point from which 
 sources may be examined, in order to extend the 
 text-book, to check its statements, and to enliven 
 them. ' '—Albert Biishnell Hart. 
 
 Cheyney, B. P. European Background of American 
 
 History. $2.00.* 
 Dewey, Davis R. National Problems. $2.00.* 
 Osgood, H. Iv. The American Colojiies in the Seven- 
 teenth Century, 3 vols. $9.00.* 
 
 Roosevelt, Theodore. The Win?iing of the West. 
 
 Sagamore edition, 6 parts, $3.00.* 
 Smith, Goldwin. The United States. An Outline of 
 
 Political History.^ 1492-1871. $2.00.* 
 Turner, F. J. The Rise of the New West. $2.00.* 
 
 c. Collection of sources. 
 
 ' ' Historical sources are nothing more or less than 
 records made at or near the time of events, described 
 by men who took part in them, and are, therefore, 
 qualified to speak. ' ' — Albert Bushnell Hart. 
 
 Hart, A. B., editor. American History told by Con- 
 temporaries. 4 vols. $8.00.* 
 
 Hart, A. B. and Channing K., editors. American 
 History Leaflets. 33 numbers. 10 cents each.** 
 
 MacDonald, W. Select Documents. Abridged edition 
 (announced). 
 
 Mead, B. D., editor. Old South Leaflets. 190 num- 
 bers, .05 each.** 
 
 ♦List price. Nearly all books can be purchased at a discount, 
 —sometimes of 20 per cent. 
 
 **For titles, consult the library copies. 
 
d. Government. 
 
 " It is essential to note the historical development 
 of those institutions and ideas of government that 
 have become characteristic features of our system, 
 and to understand the practical organization of the 
 government as provided for by the framers of the 
 constitution." 
 
 Bryce, James, The American Commonzuealth ^ 2 vols. 
 
 54.00.* 
 Hart, A. B. Actual Government. 52.00.* 
 
 e. Guides to literature. 
 
 ' ' Bibliographies serve to guide to the best author- 
 ities on a subject ; to the best editions of books; to 
 information as to what has been wTitten by an author, 
 or on a special subject; to the author of a book when 
 only the title is known; to what has been published 
 in a certain country; to the price of a book; to the 
 value and collation of rare books, and to much other 
 important information." — Kroeger, p. 65. 
 
 " A merchant or banker, when he has taken an in- 
 ventory of his assets, is not content wath a mere enu- 
 meration of them ; he deems a bare list of no worth 
 whatever until each item has been carefully valued. 
 So, I take it, trustees of literature will enter upon a 
 doubled usefulness when they can set before the public 
 not catalogues merely, but also a judicious discrimi- 
 nation of the more from the less valuable stores in 
 keeping." — George lies. 
 
 Channing, E. and Hart, A. B. Guide to American 
 History. $2.00.* 
 
 Ivarned, J. N, Litetature of American History. 
 
 $6.00.* 
 
 f. State histories, 
 
 ' * To understand the history of America it is neces- 
 sary to study the history of its various common- 
 wealths . ' ' 
 
 The following volumes are issued in the American 
 Commonwealths series: California, Cofinecticut, 
 Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, 
 Michigan, Missouri, New Hampshire, Neiv York 
 (2 vols.,) Ohio, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermo7it, 
 Virginia. The maximum price is $1.25 per volume.* 
 * lyist price. 
 
8 
 
 g. Biograpliies. 
 
 ' 'History is the essence of innumerable biographies. ' ' 
 Aniertcaji Statesmen^ 31 vols. $1.25 each.* 
 Makers of America^ 14 vols. $1.00 each.* 
 Historic Lives ^ 7 vols. $1.00 each.* 
 
 For titles, consult the library copies. 
 
 h. Travels. 
 
 " Our knowledge of the inner life of the past is based 
 to a considerable extent on accounts by travelers of 
 what they saw while on their journeyings. Perhaps 
 it would be better to regard these books not so much 
 as descriptions of what actually passed before the 
 tourist's eyes, as descriptions of what the narrator 
 thought he saw. These books must be used with 
 the greatest caution and checked in every possible 
 way by reference to recorded fact." — Channing and 
 HarL 
 
 Select some description given of early travels in the 
 section of America in which your home is situated. 
 Consult Channing and Hart for lists and Lamed for 
 annotations. 
 
 i. Illustrative material. 
 
 ' ' Historical events and movements are frequently 
 fixed in the memory by the perusal of books which 
 may be inaccurate in themselves, especially as to de- 
 tails, but which, nevertheless, leave a permanent and 
 reasonably correct impression on the mind of the 
 reader. ' ' — Chan7iing and Hart. 
 
 For historical novels, dramas, and similar material, 
 consult Suggestive Lists for Summer Reading in 
 History. 
 
 2. Accessories. 
 
 A tin tray with library cards and guide cards will 
 be found useful for bibliographies. Price, complete 
 outfit (tray, 800 cards, guide cards), $2.75. 
 
 A camera will be useful for photographing points of 
 historic interest near Poughkeepsie. 
 
 Postal cards collected with reference to the subjects 
 taken up will lend interest and understanding to the 
 work. 
 
 * Irist price. 
 
V. General outline of w ork. 
 
 1. The first comers. 
 
 2. The lirst settlers,— 
 
 wh}' they left their native country, 
 why they came to America, 
 instructions given them, 
 reception accorded them. 
 
 3. The frontier. 
 
 "American development has exhibited not merel}' ad- 
 vance along- a single line, but a return to primitive con- 
 ditions on a continually advancing frontier line, and a 
 new development for the area. American social de- 
 velopment has been continually beginning over again on 
 the frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of 
 American life, this expansion westward ^dth its new op- 
 portunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity of 
 primitive society, furnish the forces dominating American 
 character. The true point of view in the history of this 
 nation is not the Atlantic Coast, it is the Great West." — 
 F. J. Turner. 
 
 a. The advancing territorial frontier of European 
 
 nations. 
 
 "Each intruding European power, in winning for 
 itself new realms beyond the seas, had to wage a two- 
 fold war, overcoming the original inhabitants with 
 one hand and with the other, warding ofif the assaults 
 of the kindred nations that were bent on the same 
 scheme. ' ' — Theodore Roosevelt. 
 
 ' ' The history of European civilization and institu- 
 tions on this continent can be traced ^^^th precision 
 and fullness, unless we become forgetful of the past, 
 and neglect to save and perpetuate its precious me- 
 morials."—/. A. Gai'field. 
 
 b. The advancing settlement frontier of individ- 
 
 uals. 
 
 "Land was the object which invited the greater 
 number of these people to cross the mountain." — 
 Joseph Doddridge, JS24. 
 
 ' ' French colonization was dominated by its trading 
 frontier; English colonization by its farming frontier. 
 There was an antagonism between the two frontiers 
 as between the two nations." — F.J. Turner. 
 
 ' ' The great western drift of our people began al- 
 most at the moment when they became Americans, 
 and ceased to be merely British colonists. ' ' — Theodore 
 Roosevelt. 
 
10 
 
 4. Development of the frontier. 
 
 boundary lines, 
 conditions of life, 
 internal organization, 
 external control, 
 
 the chartered company, 
 
 the crown. 
 
 Federal Congress. 
 
 5. Development of the frontier into the colony. 
 
 " Our early history is the study of European germs 
 developing in an American environment." 
 
 " The most important effect of the frontier has been 
 in the promotion of democracy here and in Europe." — 
 -F, y. Turner. 
 
 6. Development of the colony into the state, 
 a. External government. 
 
 "A practical rCvSult of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence was that from that day each colony as- 
 sumed the name of State ; and the union changed its 
 name of ' The United Colonies ' to the proud title of 
 'The United States of America.' Were the new 
 states essentially different from the colonies? This 
 is one of the insoluble questions connected with the 
 formation of the Union. Calhoun later declared that 
 the Declaration of Independence changed the colon- 
 ies from provinces, subject to Great Britain, to states, 
 subject to nobody. Lincoln in his message of July 4, 
 1861, said that 'The Union gave each of them what- 
 ever of independence and liberty it has. The Union 
 is older than any of the states, and in fact it created 
 them as States'."— ^M<?r/ Bushnell Hart. 
 
 b. Internal government, 
 
 " He that would have a true and accurate insight 
 into the institutions and political development of the 
 United States since the inauguration of President 
 Washington must first gain a thorough compre- 
 hension of the institutions of colonial days. This 
 knowledge can be best acquired by an actual perusal 
 of the legislation and records of the colonial epoch." 
 — Channing and Hart. 
 
11 
 
 7. Union of the Colonies. 
 
 Tendencies against union, 
 tendencies toward union, 
 attempts at union. 
 
 New England Confederation, 
 
 Penn's Plan of Union, 
 
 Albany Plan of Union, 
 
 Stamp Act Congress, 
 
 Continental Congress, 
 
 Articles of Confederation. 
 
 8. Separation from England. 
 
 O. Establishment of the constitution. 
 
 Origin, 
 colonial, 
 charters, 
 unions, 
 English experiences. 
 Written expression, 
 Philadelphia, 
 May— September, 1787. 
 Ratification. 
 
 10. Political parties. 
 
 Origin, 
 interpretation of the constitution, involving questions 
 in regard to 
 
 powers of the federal government, 
 relation of the powers of the federal government 
 and of the states. 
 Descriptive names, 
 
 loose, or broad constructionist, 
 strict constructionist. 
 
12 
 
 11. Steps iu the development of national history 
 
 since 1789. 
 
 Two lines of development run parallel from 1789 to the 
 present times ; — one concerns the development of the re- 
 lations between America and foreign nations ; the second 
 concerns the development of questions of internal policy. 
 
 a. First period, 1789—1815. 
 
 Partisanship in foreign affairs. 
 
 Testing the constitution in domestic affairs. 
 
 b. Second period, 1815—1829. 
 
 Monroe doctrine. 
 Political letharg3\ 
 
 c. Third period, 1829—1850. 
 
 Acquisition of territory. 
 
 Theoretical relations of the federal government 
 and of the states. 
 
 d. Fourth period, 1850—1865. 
 
 Immigration from foreign countries. 
 Practical relations of the federal government and 
 of the states. 
 
 e. Fifth period, 1865—1898. 
 
 International arbitration. 
 
 Development of powders of federal government. 
 
 f. Sixth period, 1898— 
 
 Foreign expansion. 
 Colonial dependencies. 
 
 12. Problem of the present. 
 
 13. Who is an American ? 
 
 14. What is patriotism? 
 
13 
 
 VI. Definitions. 
 
 Distinguish between 
 
 explorer, discoverer, freebooter, frontiersman, 
 backwoodsman, pioneer, settler, colonist, im- 
 migrant. 
 
 acquisition of territory, expansion, imperialism, 
 benevolent assimilation. 
 
 Pilgrim and Puritan ; Presbyterian and Congrega- 
 tionalist; Roundhead and Cavilier ; Anglican 
 and Romanist. 
 
 radical and conservative; democrat and republican; 
 
 delegated powers and implied powers. 
 
 federation and confederation. 
 
 Jefferson democrat and Jackson democrat; Cleve- 
 land democrat and Bryan democrat. 
 
 scholar and investigator ; authority and research. 
 
14 
 
 VII. Suggestions for preparation of work. 
 
 "To read the pages of historians, to remember the 
 sequence of events and their dates ; this is something- 
 indeed, but it is only the first step in the study of his- 
 tory- . The second step is to go back to original docu- 
 ments, to read the statements of writers who were con- 
 temporary with the events they record ; to pore over in- 
 scriptions, treaties, letters, charters; to place side by side 
 the statements of authorities who have accepted divergent 
 stories as to certain occurrences, and from the comparison 
 to attempt to elicit truth. The third step is to fuse the 
 collected material in the fire of the imagination, and to 
 remould it into a new whole." — Percy Gardner, New 
 Chapters in Greek History^ p. 23. 
 
 1. Introductory. 
 
 a. Read a brief account of the general field in which 
 the topic lies. 
 
 b. Supplement this by a more extended reading of the 
 same subject in an authoritative special history. 
 
 2. Questions. 
 
 a. Make a list of questions including all the points 
 3'ou wish to know about the topic. These questions serve 
 as a working analysis of the topic. 
 
 b. Your reading gives the answers to these questions 
 and therefore the material for the topic. 
 
15 
 
 3. Bibliography. 
 
 Study carefully the Ijibliographies at the beginning of 
 each chapter in Thwaites. 
 
 Underscore with red or black ink every work mentioned 
 in these bibliographes, either that you have yourself or 
 that is in the college library. Co-operation with friends 
 will make this a simple thing to do. 
 
 Study the corresponding bibliographies in Channing 
 and Hart, and in Larned. 
 
 Go to the library shelves and make out a very short 
 rough bibliography of the topic. 
 
 Enter every work on a separate slip. For making the 
 entries, follow as a guide the library catalogue cards or 
 cards in the tin trays. 
 
 Blue paper or cards may be used for works containing 
 bibliographies. 
 
 As 3-our topic grows, add to your bibliography, but in- 
 clude in it only such works as you have actually used 
 and consider valuable. Annotate your bibliography as 
 soon as 3-ou feel sure of your judgment in regard to a 
 work. 
 
 Keep a separate list of all works not in the college 
 library that presumably are of importance in the study 
 of the topic ; include these v^nth your bibliography, but 
 indicate in some way that they are for future use. 
 
 Remember that a bibliography is valuable quite as 
 much for what it omits as for what it contains. 
 
16 
 
 4. The Topic— Material. 
 
 ' ' The study of history implies a concentration upon a 
 field small enough to permit the use of various parallel 
 authorities."— C//«;/;«*«^ and Hart. 
 
 a. Put in your notes the substance of what you have 
 read. 
 
 b. Do not take notes from text-books. 
 
 c. Kxcept in the rarest instances, do not copy verbatim 
 from any author, — to do so makes one simply a copying 
 machine. 
 
 d. Give the authority at the bottom of the page. As 
 you have already given in the bibliography the name of 
 the author and the full title of the work, refer to it in the 
 briefest possible way, e. g., "Channing and Hart, Guide'' 
 for Channing and Hart, Guide to American History. 
 
 e. Do not abbreviate the names of authors. 
 
 f. If you quote an authority, quote it exacth' and use 
 quotation marks. 
 
 g. Prepare a summary that states clearly what the 
 topic has meant to 3'ou. The summary should bring to a 
 focus all the reading that has been done on the topic. 
 
 h. The topic when finished is in effect a miniature 
 chapter of a book. 
 
17 
 
 6. The Topic— ForiiK 
 
 a. Notes should be taken on single slips, and written 
 on one side only. 
 
 b. Special attention should be paid to exactness in 
 citations, reference to authorities, and use of quotation 
 marks when needed. 
 
 c. Envelopes may be used for the notes, or they may 
 be handed in with a stiff cardboard back. 
 
 d. The order in which the notes should be handed in is 
 
 a. Title page. 
 
 b. Bibliography. 
 
 c. Table of contents. 
 
 d. Body of topic. 
 
 e. Summary. 
 
 C Conferences. 
 
 Conference appointments should be kept punctualU'. 
 
 7. The Directions. 
 
 Remember that the directions are intended to be sug- 
 gestive rather than mandatory. Work out the topics in 
 your own individual way, and remember, finally, that 
 the instructor does not ' ' want ' ' anything. 
 
18 
 
 VI II. Historical Exciirsious. 
 
 Places. 
 
 New Paltz, Kingston, Ne\vburgli, New York. 
 Guides. 
 
 Consult, for New York City and the vicinity, the leaflets 
 issued by the City History Club. 
 
 IX. Historical Museums. 
 
 Poughkeepsie 
 
 Governor Clinton House. 
 New Paltz 
 
 Jean Hasbrouck House. 
 New York 
 
 Collections in 
 
 American Museum of Natural History. 
 
 Metropolitan Museum of Fine Arts. 
 
 Cooper Institute. 
 
 X. Wliy does history need to be rewritten ? 
 
 The history of 
 America, 
 the Colonies. 
 
 the relation of the Colonies and England, 
 the adoption of the constitution, 
 the Civil War. 
 the reconstruction period. 
 
XI. Relation of 
 History A, AA to 
 other Courses in 
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l-U.-C-^•j U\i p ^' 
 
 Suggestions for the Year's Study 
 
 HISTORY R. s. 
 
 VASSAR college 
 
 PART I 
 
 " Take these hints as suggestions, not as instructions, and improve on them as 
 you grow in experience." 
 
 "Historical genius consists in an unlimited capacity for taking pains." 
 
Copyright 1905 
 
 bv 
 
 Ivucy M. Salmon. 
 
 HeN??Y 1^. 
 
SUGGESTIONS FOR THE YEAR'S STUDY 
 
 HISTORY R. S. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 VASSAR COLLEGE 
 
 I. What the student brings to the advanced elective 
 courses in history. 
 
 1. From one year's college work in history. 
 
 From the subject studied: 
 
 a bird's-eye view of Western Europe. 
 
 an appreciation of historical developments, 
 
 an understanding of the unity and continuity of history, 
 
 historical prospective, 
 
 a background for work in other subjects. 
 
 From the study of the subject: 
 
 ability to use books, 
 
 to analyze material, 
 
 to vivif}' history, 
 
 to understand the difference between reading history 
 and studying history, 
 
 to appreciate the difference between liistor}- and histor- 
 ical record, 
 
 to understand what the historian does in writing 
 history, 
 
 to connect the present ^^4th the past and the past with 
 the present. 
 
 " The roots of the present lie deep in the past, 
 and nothing in the past is dead to the man who 
 would learn how the present comes to be what it 
 is." — Stubbs. 
 
2. From the elective courses in American liistory. 
 
 From the subject studied: 
 
 a longitudinal view of the development of America, 
 
 a knowledge of the interdependence of the history of America 
 
 and of Europe, 
 an understanding of the questions of the day, 
 an appreciation of the causes that have led to the develop- 
 ment of American literature. 
 
 From the study of the subject: 
 
 ability to prepare short topics representing a single idea, as 
 one in bibliography, biography, geography, law 
 making, treaty making, or other topics that are in- 
 cluded in a work of liistory, 
 
 to learn the processes of historical investigation, 
 
 to discriminate in the use of books, 
 
 to be independent in work, 
 
 to gain in accuracy. 
 
 ' ' I have watched the work of graduates of col- 
 leges from Canada to the Gulf, frpm New York to 
 the Golden Gate, and the failing nearly all had to 
 combat was a lack of accuracy." 
 
II. What the student should g-ain from Course K. 
 From the subject studied: 
 
 an understanding of one line of constitutional development 
 and through it, general constitutional development, 
 
 a cross-cut section of a single movement as affecting and as 
 affected by the history of other developments, 
 
 an understanding of the workings of the legislative, executive 
 and judicial departments of the federal government, 
 
 an understanding of the inter-relation of the federal, state, 
 and municipal governments, 
 
 an acquaintance with the political theories and practices of 
 eminent statesmen, 
 
 an appreciation of the importance of reform in the civil ser- 
 vice, 
 
 a knowledge of what constitutes good citizenship, 
 
 a comprehension of the relation of special courses to the 
 general course. 
 
 From the study of the subject: 
 
 ability to prepare one long topic which shall utilize the skill 
 acquired in preparing numerous short topics, 
 to do thoroughly one piece of work, 
 to become familiar with certain classes of technical 
 
 literature not previously used, 
 to gain equipment for doing original work in history. 
 
 " To find things out for oneself is the very essen- 
 tial of education." — Percy Gardner. 
 
III. Material with Avhich the student works. 
 
 1. Bibliographies, 
 
 Annotated, classified, complete, selected. 
 
 2. Histories, 
 
 General, special. 
 
 3. Personal records, 
 
 Autobiographies, biographies, correspondence, diaries, 
 journals, letters, memoirs, recollections, reports, 
 speeches, works. 
 
 4. Technical works. 
 
 5. Pamphlets and contemporar}- discussions. 
 
 6. Periodicals and newspapers. 
 
 7. Publications of societies, 
 
 national, state, municipal. 
 
 8. Documents, — 
 
 character, 
 
 legislative, executive, judicial, 
 scope, 
 
 federal, state, municipal. 
 
lY. Delinitioiis. 
 
 Distinguish between 
 
 Bill, resolution, joint resolution, concurrent resolution, act, 
 slip law, session laws, statutes at large, revised statutes. 
 
 Senate journal, senate executive documents, senate miscella- 
 neous documents, senate reports. 
 
 House journal, house executive documents, house miscella- 
 neous documents, house reports. 
 
 Annals of Congress, Register of Debates, Congressional 
 Globe, Congressional Record. 
 
 Concordat, convention, dispatch, instructions, memorandum, 
 note, protocol, rescript, treaty. 
 
 Ambassador, attache, consul, consul general, consular agent, 
 legate, minister, nuncio. 
 
 Bill, decree, message, proclamation, ukase, irade. 
 
 Civil code, criminal code. Reports of Decisions in the Supreme 
 Court of the United States, Official opinions of the Attor- 
 nevs-General of the United States. 
 
V. The topic. 
 
 1 . Introductory. 
 
 Read a general sketch of the field in which the topic lies, 
 
 \Yritten by a trained scholar. 
 Supplement this by a brief sketch of the topic itself. 
 Ascertain what materials exist for the study of the subject 
 
 and begin the preparation of a rough bibliography. 
 
 2. Questions. 
 
 During the preliminary reading, prepare a list of questions 
 including everything you wish to know in regard to the 
 topic ; add to these from day to day. These questions will 
 serve as a working analysis of the subject. 
 
 Read with reference to answering these questions. 
 
 In reading, follow, in general, the order indicated under III. 
 
 3. Bibliography. 
 
 Begin at once to prepare a rough bibliograph}'. 
 
 Include in it such works as you have actually used and found 
 of help. 
 
 Annotate the bibliography as soon as you feel sure of your 
 judgment of a work. 
 
 Keep a separate list of all works not in the college library 
 that presumabl}^ are of importance in the study of the 
 topic ; include these with your bibliography, but indicate in 
 some way that they are for future use. 
 
 Many valuable works, not in the college library, are found 
 in the Poughkeepsie city library. This is one of the depos- 
 itories for Government documents and hence its collection 
 is much more extensive than that of the college. The 
 librarian, Mr. J. C. Sickley, is always ready to give assist- 
 ance land the college students are always urged to make 
 the fullest and freest use of the facilities of the city library. 
 
 It is often possible to secure books from the State library, 
 from the Library' of Congress, and from the library of 
 Columbia University. When such books are desired, Miss 
 Underbill will render assistance. 
 
 Much material can be secured gratuitously on application to 
 the proper authorities. 
 
4. Objective point. 
 
 Find at the earliest moment possible the objective point of 
 
 your topic. 
 Keep this objective point constantly in mind and make it the 
 
 focus of all your study of the topic. 
 
 5. The topic. 
 
 Select a narrow field within the general subject assigned and 
 
 exhaust the resources of the library on it. 
 Keep the topic well in hand from day to day ; it can not be 
 
 left to the last moment and completed to the satisfaction of 
 
 anyone. 
 Read a newspaper every day ; every topic studied embodies 
 
 a question of present importance and current discussion 
 
 will always throw light on it. 
 
 6. The summary. 
 
 Prepare a careful summary that states very clearly your 
 
 position in regard to the objective point. 
 " Individual opinions should be subservient to demonstrable 
 
 points of view. ' ' 
 
 7. Foot-notes. 
 
 Authorit}' should be given in a foot-note of every important 
 
 statement of fact and every opinion quoted. 
 Explanatory or illustrative material may often be thrown into 
 
 the foot-notes. 
 Use extreme care in referring to all authorities quoted. 
 
 8. Conferences. 
 
 At the end of the first week after the topic has been assigned, 
 hand in 
 
 the questions prepared, 
 
 a tentative statement of what is the objectivepoint of the 
 
 topic, 
 a rough, working bibliography. 
 Keep your conference appointments punctually and have 
 something definite to bring with you ; it is difficult to give 
 help when only formless notes are presented. 
 When in doubt, ask for assistance. 
 
 9. The Suggestions. 
 
 Remember that these hints are intended to be suggestive, 
 not mandatory. The sooner you are able to discard them 
 and substitute for them a method of your own, the better 
 it will be. 
 
10 
 
 VI. Object 
 
 of the historian 
 
 in collecting material!, 
 
 in presenting material, 
 of the reader of history. 
 of the college student 
 
 in required courses, 
 
 in general elective courses, 
 
 in advanced electives. 
 of the graduate student. 
 
 VII. Methods of historical study. 
 
 Freeman, Edward A. ISIethods of Historical Study. Lon- 
 don, 1886. 
 Ivanglois, Charles V. and Seignobos, Charles. Introduction 
 
 to the Study of History. Translated by G. G. Berry, lyon- 
 
 don, 1898. 
 , Introduction aux Etudes historiques, 
 
 Paris, 1898. 
 Eernheim, Ernst. Lehrbuch der Historischen Methode. 
 
 Fourth Edition, Leipsic, 1903. 
 Altamira, Rafael. La Ensehanza de la Historia, Madrid, 
 
 1895. 
 Letelier, Valentin. La Evolution de la Historia.^ Santiago 
 
 de Chile, 1900. 
 
VIII. Relation of 
 
 History K. S. to 
 
 other Courses in 
 History. 
 
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 V.--. 1^ 
 
 
Outlines <9/^Sociology 
 
 By 
 
 ULYSSES G..WEATHERLY 
 
 * 
 
 Professor of Economics and Social Science 
 UNIVERSITY OF INDIANA 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS 
 
 THE HOLLENBECK PRESS 
 
 1906 
 
Outlines ^Sociology 
 
 ULYSSES G. WEATHERLY 
 
 Professor of Economics and Social Science 
 UNIVERSITY OF INDIANA 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS 
 
 THE HOLLENBECK PRESS 
 
 1906 
 
hi. 
 
 An inherited drill makes modern 
 
 nations what they are ; their born structure 
 bears the trace of the laws of their fathers. 
 
 Bagehot, Physics and Politics. 
 
NOTE 
 
 The study of Sociology has been liampered by lack of 
 consistent agreement as to the exact scope and content 
 of the science. Is it concerned primarily with social 
 process or with social structure? Of the two men whose 
 names stand first among the pioneers of the science, 
 Comte emphasized the philosophical element, Spencer the 
 historical and descriptive. The predominant trend among 
 recent French and American scholars has been in the 
 direction of social philosophy rather than of social his- 
 tory. Nevertheless, of all the work in the field of socio- 
 logical scholarship that of Spencer remains the most 
 fruitful, despite wide dissent from many of his conclu- 
 sions. The reason for this lies, doubtless, in the fact that, 
 while his investigation is confined to the too-narrow field 
 of the lower levels of culture, it at least attempts to deal 
 with concrete facts, and is susceptible of definite tests. 
 From the psychlogical group, on the other hand, bril- 
 liant as their individual efforts have been, it must be 
 confessed that the results thus far have been disappoint- 
 ing. The charge that the current Sociology is a com- 
 pound of a bankrupt philosophy of history and a spurious 
 psychology has had enough of the shadow of truth in it 
 to bring to the nascent science some little discredit. 
 Part of this odium, I venture to think, has been caused 
 by the adoption of a harsh, complicated terminology, but 
 more, probably, by an unnecessarily remote and abstract 
 mode of dealing with social forces. Particularly have 
 these difficulties manifested themselves in the considera- 
 tion of the pedagogical side of the subject. Political 
 Economy passed through the same troubled period, and 
 is now emerging from it by the process of blending the 
 inductive and deductive methods. No one is adequately 
 equipped for the study of Sociology, certainly not for 
 the teaching of it, who has not some definite knowledge 
 
4 
 
 of Anthropology and Culture-History, as well as some 
 correct training in Psychology. 
 
 The present outline attempts to group a few of the 
 fundamental social facts and to suggest some interpreta- 
 tion of them. Such interpretation, it is believed, will be 
 more fruitful if kept in close contact with the facts them- 
 selves than if given independently. Close association 
 with facts lessens the taste for wide generalizations, 
 while it breeds wholesome distrust of a philosophy which 
 promises too much. The ambition to create a uni- 
 versal philosophy of things human, from breakfast foods 
 to the immortality of the soul, is no doubt a laudable one, 
 but it demands an equipment of knowledge which is in 
 the nature of things impossible. The more modest task 
 of seeking to understand a limited group of facts that are 
 distinctively social in character is not so alluring, but it 
 offers less danger of final disappointment. 
 
 Bloomington, Indiana, April, 1906. U. G. W. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Part I. Nature and Purpose of Sociology. 
 
 I. Sociology and the Cognate Sciences. 
 II. Development of Sociology as an Independent 
 
 Science. 
 III. Sociological Method. 
 
 Part II. Units of Society. 
 
 I. 
 
 The Family. 
 
 
 (a) Marriage and Kinship. 
 
 
 (b) Infancy. 
 
 
 (c) The Household. 
 
 II. 
 
 The State. 
 
 III. 
 
 The Church. 
 
 IV. 
 
 The School. 
 
 V. 
 
 The Town. 
 
 VI. 
 
 International Contacts. 
 
 /II. 
 
 Other Derivative Groups. 
 
 Part III. Basis of Society. 
 
 I. Physical Environment. 
 
 II. Population and the Social Environment. 
 
 III. Embryonic Societies. 
 
 IV. The Organic Concept of Society. 
 V. The Contract Theory of Society. 
 
 VI. Sovereignty. 
 
 VII. Society and Numbers. 
 
VIIL Race. 
 
 IX. Nationality and Patriotism. 
 
 X. Language and Literature. 
 
 XL Esthetics and Recreation. 
 
 XII. Property. 
 
 Part IV. Social Forces and the Process of Socialization. 
 
 I. Social Evolution. 
 
 II. The Exceptional Man and Individual Initiative. 
 
 III. Custom. 
 
 IV. Imitation. 
 
 V. Conflict and Compromise. 
 
 VI. Selection. 
 
 VII. Mutual Aid. 
 
 VIIL Heredity. 
 
 IX. Public Opinion. 
 
 Part V. Social Pathology. 
 
 I. Type and Variation. 
 
 II. Degeneration. 
 
 III. Parasitism. 
 
 IV. The Passive Abnormals. 
 
 V. The Self-Assertive Abnormals. 
 
 VI. The Unadapted : Exaggerated Individualism. 
 
 VII. The Mob: Morbid Sociality. 
 
PART I 
 
 NATURE AND PURPOSE OF SOCIOLOGY 
 
 I. Sociology and the Cognate Sciences. 
 
 Definitions : Society, the regulated contact of men in 
 groups ; mere physical juxtaposition contrasted with as- 
 sociation. 
 
 Sociology concerned with the phenomena connected 
 with the organization and discipline of men in groups. 
 
 Etymology of the terms used. 
 
 Sociology uses much of its material in common with 
 the sciences of Biology, Anthropology, Psychology, His- 
 tory, Economics, Politics and Ethics: special relation to 
 Psychology and History. 
 
 The distinctive point of view of Sociology: the social 
 sciences and the science of society. 
 
 II. Development of Sociology as an Independent Science. 
 
 Its right to be classed as a science: the various tests 
 proposed; the physical and mathematical sciences con- 
 trasted with the several social sciences. 
 
 Not a new field of study : it has existed wherever man 
 has thought systematically on the facts of association; 
 Plato, Aristotle, political philosophy, the Utopians, Rous- 
 seau, industrial reform movements of the early nineteenth 
 century. 
 
 Comte and his classification of the sciences : the naming 
 of Sociology. 
 
8 
 
 Herbert Spencer : his method ; his contributions. 
 Le Play and his followers. 
 Schaeffle, Ratzenhofer, Gumplowicz. 
 The socialists. 
 
 Recent contributions and tendencies : De Greef, Mac- 
 kenzie, Tarde, Ward, Giddings. 
 
 , III. Sociological Method. 
 
 The question of emphasis : social structure or social 
 process. 
 
 Induction : historical and descriptive Sociology ; classi- 
 fication of facts ; sources. 
 
 The deductive method : extent of actual achievement ; 
 the value of hypotheses. 
 
 Sociology both a science and an art : "pure" and "ap- 
 plied" Sociology ; the quest of facts and the quest of laws. 
 
 The static and the dynamic method : social progress. 
 
 Special sociologies. 
 
 Wide range of subject-matter : need of strict delimita- 
 tion. 
 
 Practical utility of Sociology, and utility as a discip- 
 line. 
 
PART II 
 
 UNITS OF SOCIETY 
 
 I. The Family. 
 
 The family is the primary social unit: it is, in some 
 form, the earliest developed group, and it is the com- 
 mon ground of Biology and Sociology. 
 
 (a) Marriage and Kinship. 
 
 Improbability of an original promiscuous horde. 
 
 Group marriage : the endogamous group ; exog- 
 amy and the matriarchal system ; systems of re- 
 lationship ; totemic groups. 
 
 Marriage by capture: ceremonial survivals. 
 
 Marriage by purchase: economic value of wives; 
 the dowry. 
 
 Polygamy: polygyny, polyandry; causes which 
 produce each. 
 
 Development of paternal descent : the polygamous 
 patriarchal family; the family name. 
 
 Growth of monogamy. 
 
 The marriage ceremony: marriage as sacrament 
 and as contract; why the civil ceremony is re- 
 quired in some modern states; mixed practices 
 in the United States. 
 
 Permanence of marriage: divorce; practices 
 among primitive peoples ; the modern idea of 
 divorce ; attitude of the church ; divorce reform. 
 
10 
 
 The social position of woman : undervaluation of 
 
 female children. 
 Legal position of woman as to civil rights and as 
 
 to property. 
 
 (b) Infancy. 
 
 Filial love common to man and most animals. 
 
 Prolongation of infancy as a socializing force : 
 influence on permanence of marriage and on 
 social organization. 
 
 iVuthority of parents : the Mosaic code ; the Ro- 
 man patria potestas; legal age of majority. 
 
 Communal care of children : Sparta ; modern pro- 
 posals; poor success of institutional care of 
 infants ; childhood flourishes best under strong- 
 ly individual treatment. 
 
 Legal position of children : the state delegates con- 
 trol to parents, but may resume it in case of 
 death or failure of parents ; the ultimate author- 
 ity of the state may always be invoked. 
 
 The birth-rate and the death-rate among children : 
 infanticide ; control of population as a social 
 right ; elimination of the defective and superflu- 
 ous. 
 
 Ceremonies connected with birth and naming: 
 legal registry of births. 
 
 (c) The Household. 
 
 Relation of house-life to the form of the family 
 
 group. 
 The communal household. 
 The patriarchal group, where house-life is shared 
 
 by kindred sub-groups. 
 Dependents and slaves. 
 Domestic industry : division of labor ; the work of 
 
 women. 
 
II 
 
 Habits as to food-getting and sleeping. 
 Hospitality : marriage and funeral feasts ; the 
 
 guest and guest-friendship; modern ''dining" 
 
 and "social functions." 
 Domestic architecture : why usually inferior to 
 
 public architecture. 
 The housing problem : modern urban tenements ; 
 
 apartment houses, and family hotels. 
 
 II. The State. 
 
 Certain animal groups exhibit organization and dis- 
 cipline : man probably emerged with some definite social 
 instincts and aptitudes. 
 
 Double aspect of the state's function : ( i ) social con- 
 trol, (2) social co-operation: the first chiefly character- 
 izes the earlier periods, the second the periods of increased 
 socialization. 
 
 Origin of the state in the family and in kinship : kin- 
 ship groups : wide extent of the legend of descent from a 
 single great ancestor; survival of the fiction of blood- 
 kinship; transfusion of blood in the ceremony of adopting 
 new members ; modern naturalization. 
 
 The totemic clan : the phratry ; the tribe ; confederation 
 of tribes. 
 
 The chief and development of kingship; war as an 
 agent in developing subordination and leadership ; co-or- 
 dinate chiefs of sub-groups gradually subjected to one 
 who possesses masterful ability in war. 
 
 Classes: the elders; orders of nobility, founded on mil- 
 itary powers, later on birth ; wealth as the basis of a 
 dominant social class. 
 
 The general mass : assembly of the freemen ; demo- 
 cratic leadership. 
 
 Legislation : mythical law-givers ; tendency to personal- 
 
12 
 
 ize all social achievement ; machinery of legislation as an 
 expression of the social will. 
 
 Justice: right of the strongest; custom and conven- 
 tion ; codification ; growth of the idea of rights. 
 
 Self-government : central authority and local authority ; 
 control of lesser units by the greater; provincial gov- 
 ernors ; machinery for exercising authority of the cen- 
 tral government ; state constabulary ; state control of mu- 
 nicipal police. 
 
 III. The Church. 
 
 Place of religion in social growth : religion as the cre- 
 ator of institutions. 
 
 Ancestor-worship : influence on social progress ; rever- 
 ence for the dead ; funeral rites ; the tomb as a shrine ; 
 monuments. 
 
 Family religion : the hearth ; family gods ; religious ele- 
 ment in marriage. 
 
 Religion and national life: mysteries; initiatory cere- 
 monies; temples and shrines as centers of social life; 
 holy cities, — Jerusalem, Mecca {Lhasa) ; pilgrimages. 
 
 The priesthood : place in economic and civil polity ; 
 gradual growth of a distinct priestly caste; the shaman 
 or medicine man; oracles; influence on national life; the 
 theocratic state. 
 
 The state church : unity of creed ; variety of creed ; co- 
 ercion and toleration ; separation of church and state. 
 
 Voluntary religious groups : the principle of individual 
 judgment and of self-government ; religious orders. 
 
 Morality : question as to origin of moral ideas ; rever- 
 ence for custom sanctioned by antiquity ; influence of war 
 and the food quest ; taboo ; absence of abstract ethical ele- 
 ment in primitive religions ; slow growth of religious 
 sanctions ; ultimate merging of the religious and the 
 ethical elements. 
 
13 
 IV. The School. 
 
 Education originally an individual or family matter. 
 
 Association of education and religion : the church as 
 a pioneer in education ; early institutions of learning 
 founded by religious interests ; modern types, parochial 
 schools, denominational seminaries and colleges ; institu- 
 tions supported by special groups ( fraternal orders, etc. ) . 
 
 Emergence of the idea of the general social value of 
 education. 
 
 Public schools : the state's duty ; voluntary attendance. 
 Public schools: the state's right; compulsory attendance; 
 basis of the state's right to require school attendance; 
 is it co-ordinate with the right to require military service ? 
 
 Religious education by the state : Germany as an exam- 
 ple of such education where unity of creed does not exist. 
 
 The state's claim to monopoly of the educational func- 
 tion (France) : historical development of this position. 
 
 Public control of professional education where such 
 education is the gateway to a profession requiring social 
 control : law, pharmacy, medicine, theology. 
 
 Moral education : religion in the schools of a hetero- 
 geneous democracy. 
 
 Social aim of all education. 
 
 V. The Town. 
 
 Transition from nomadic to stationary mode of life: 
 agencies affecting the location of towns. 
 
 The horde village : the kinship village ; the village com- 
 munity ; common lands. 
 
 The city state : federation of towns. 
 
 The city as a subdivision of a larger political body : 
 the capital city ; predominantly rural and predominantly 
 urban states. 
 
14 
 
 The growth of cities : rural depopulation ; causes : 
 urban aggregation in the United States, England and 
 Germany. 
 
 Special characteristics of urban life : more contacts, 
 higher degree of socialization ; consequent necessity of 
 greater social control ; volatility of the urban mind ; 
 tendency to frenzies and revolutions; national control 
 of capital cities (e. g. Paris) ; political significance. 
 
 Municipalization of enterprise : the problem of munici- 
 pal control and of municipal ownership. 
 
 Why there is a special municipal sociology. 
 
 The theory of urban selection. 
 
 VI. International Contacts. 
 
 Primitive communities often isolated : vague ideas of 
 the rest of the world ; often they regard themselves as 
 the real population of the world, the tribal name signify- 
 ing simply "men": (Eskimo, 'Tnnuit") ; wide extent of 
 the belief that the home land is the center of the world : 
 Delphi, Mecca, China. 
 
 War, primarily working as a separating force, in the 
 end leads to agreements and treaties; intertribal agree- 
 ments ; truces ; rules of warfare ; messengers and heralds. 
 
 Treaties : peace ceremonies ; hostages ; ambassadors 
 and consuls ; arbitration. 
 
 International exchange : the merchant class ; barter at 
 the frontiers ; trading caravans, trade routes ; markets 
 and ports ; fairs ; navigation ; trade regulations. 
 
 Travel : primitive attitude of hostility to strangers ; 
 growth of comity. 
 
 Scientific and cultural association : universal character 
 of fundamental psychic facts ; international learned and 
 philanthropic societies ; growing consciousness of the 
 cosmopolitan character of culture. 
 
15 
 
 Fashions, national and international : standards of 
 dress and of conduct in relation to a world type. 
 
 Larger class interests : the class as a bond of union 
 rather than the geographical nation; the International 
 Association of Workingmen of 1864; recent attempts to 
 unite the proletariat of the nations. 
 
 International arbitration : the germ of a federated 
 world-state. 
 
 VII. Other Derivative Groups. 
 
 How voluntary groups are constituted : 
 
 (a) Groups based on inherent characters. 
 
 (b) Groups based on intelligent volition. 
 
 The caste : origin ; race, color, occupation ; orders of 
 nobility; superior and inferior races; social "sets." 
 
 Secret societies : earlier religious significance ; the fra- 
 ternal orders. 
 
 Political groups : machinery for manipulating masses 
 in political action ; party organization ; the boss. 
 
 Clubs: (a) for purely social purposes; (b) for per- 
 sonal recreation and culture; (c) for the promotion of 
 class or special interests; (d) for the advancement of 
 knowledge and research. 
 
 Economic groups : business organizations ; associations 
 for protection or promotion of economic interests ; crafts, 
 guilds, trade unions, professional societies. 
 
 Single local groups and federated groups : forms of 
 organization and government; growth of machinery of 
 management ; centralizing tendency. 
 
 Esprit de corps: means of promoting solidarity; use of 
 banners, badges, costumes. 
 
PART III 
 
 BASIS OF SOCIETY 
 
 I. The Physical Environment. 
 
 Buckle's classification of modifying agencies : climate, 
 food, soil, general aspect of nature. 
 
 Reaction of physical forces on mode of life : on migra- 
 tion ; on trade and travel ; on density of population. 
 
 The food-quest : lowest stages of co-operation ; increas- 
 ing division of labor and its consequences. 
 
 Modification of social forms accompanying change to a 
 new environment and to new modes of life : the hunting 
 and fishing, the pastoral and the agricultural stages. 
 
 Psychic reaction of environment on man : the animal 
 world, the vegetable world, physiographic features. 
 
 Supremacy of nature over man in the lowest stages of 
 culture: increasing mastery of man over natural forces 
 with advancing civilization; gradual subjugation of na- 
 ture through endless modification and adaptation. 
 
 II. Population and the Social Environment. 
 
 How specific populations are formed : genetic aggrega- 
 tion and congregation. 
 
 The natural increase of population : the natural rate ; 
 
 the Malthusian principle and its applications; defects in 
 Malthus' theory; the Neo-Malthusian movement. 
 
 Character of societies in which natural selection de- 
 termines survival : the application of intelligent guidance 
 to rate of increase. 
 
 The standard of life as affecting birth-rate: the case 
 
17 
 
 of France; birth-rate as modified by changing economic 
 conditions; a decHning birth-rate not necessarily alarm- 
 ing ; a high birth-rate may be a social danger. 
 
 Emigration : expulsive forces ; colonization ; sporadic 
 emigration ; forced emigration ( religious persecution, 
 political struggles). 
 
 Immigration : attractive forces ; varying levels of eco- 
 nomic welfare; gains from immigration; modification of 
 the social type; intelligent control of immigration; basis 
 of the right to exclude specific classes ; social assimilation 
 the ultimate standard. 
 
 III. Embryonic Societies. 
 
 Social tendencies of children : how far the result of imi- 
 tation, how far instinctive; mimic groups; gangs; what 
 determines mastery and leadership among boys ; the boy's 
 ideals of a desirable social state (Indians, cow-boys). 
 
 Anti-social tendencies among children: the child not 
 naturally completely socialized; repugnance to control 
 and discipline; truancy; the artificial restraints and con- 
 cessions only gradually acquired; period of revolt in the 
 boy's life; gradual subsidence of excessive individuality 
 and acquisition of sociality. 
 
 The socialization of new groups : the frontier ; first 
 phase of struggle ; dominance of the strongest ; informal 
 agreements as to conduct and property; rude justice, — the 
 'Vigilance committee;" clear recognition of the identity 
 of individual and common interest ; gradual transition to 
 organized social control. (California gold camps of 
 1848, and other similar groups before the coming of or- 
 ganized political machinery.) 
 
 Supplemental social action where organized machinery 
 is inadequate: private schools, volunteer care of streets 
 and roads, private fire and police protection. 
 
i8 
 
 IV. The Organic Concept of Society. 
 
 Exponents of the theory : Spencer, Schseffle, Ratzen- 
 hofer. 
 
 Hobbes : "A Commonwealth, ... in which the 
 sovereignty is an artificial soul, as giving life and motion 
 to the whole body; the magistrates and other officers of 
 judicature, artificial joints; reward and punishment, by 
 which fastened to the seat of the sovereignty every joint 
 and member is moved to perform his duty, are the nerves 
 that do the same in the body natural." 
 
 Spencer's analogy: (i) the sustaining system (indus- 
 trial organization) ; (2) the regulating system (rulers 
 and defenders); (3) the distributing system (transpor- 
 tation and exchange). 
 
 Differing forms of unity : complexity and correlation 
 not necessarily organic. 
 
 The grouping of '^organs" and ''functions" of society. 
 
 Analogies between animal and social structures and 
 functions : birth, growth, decline, death. 
 
 Value of the analogical method of thought and expres- 
 sion : real utility of the organic concept ; dangerous when 
 carried so far that analogy is confused with identity. 
 
 V. The Contract Theory of Society. 
 
 Historical development of the theory : 
 
 (i) Hobbes and absolute monarchy. 
 
 (2) Locke and limited monarchy. 
 
 (3) Rousseau and extreme democracy. 
 Political movements connected with each of these 
 
 forms of the theory. 
 
 Rousseau : "To find a form of association which shall 
 defend and protect with the public force the person and 
 property of each associate, and by means of which each, 
 uniting with all, shall obey, however, only himself, and 
 
19 
 
 remain as free as before." . . . ''Each of us gives in 
 common his person and all his force under the supreme 
 direction of the general will ; and we receive each member 
 as an indivisible part of the whole." 
 
 The individual will and the social will : permanence of 
 the social organization; in what sense individuals born 
 into a society give formal assent to any contract ; natural- 
 ized persons do so in the oath of allegiance. 
 
 Hence the theory is stronger as a possible explanation 
 of the origin of certain societies than of existing societies. 
 
 Business contracts and agreements : how different from 
 social obligations. 
 
 Yet there are many elements in social organization that 
 are based on contract: marriage, official service; use of 
 the oath, bond, pledge. 
 
 VI. Sovereignty. 
 
 Basis of social control in primitive societies. 
 
 Form of organization in relation to the social will : 
 autocracy, oligarchy, democracy. 
 
 Tendency toward personalization : consequent preva- 
 lence of monarchy; religious sanction of autocracy; the 
 divine right of kings. 
 
 Greek ideal of the paramount interest of the state and 
 effacement of the individual will. 
 
 Sovereignty in a democracy : in practice the modern 
 state is a compromise, certain rights being accorded to the 
 individual ; but in the last anaylsis the state is absolute, 
 and there are no inalienable rights (compulsory military 
 service, right of eminent domain). 
 
 The question as to a divided sovereignty: Rousseau's 
 rejection of the idea : ''For the same reason that sover- 
 eignty is inalienable it is indivisible; for the will is general 
 or it is not ; it is the will of the body of the people, or of 
 only a part of it. In the first case this declared will is an 
 
20 
 
 act of sovereignty and makes law ; in the second it is only 
 an individual will, or an act of magistracy." 
 
 Recent German opinion. 
 
 Sovereignty in a federal state : Germany, Switzerland ; 
 position of the federal and state governments in the 
 United States. 
 
 Unanimity of opinion not involved in the question. 
 
 VII. Society and Numbers. 
 
 Low degree of socialization accompanying a sparse 
 population : simplicity of early societies and of thinly-peo- 
 pled districts. 
 
 Growing complexity with increasing numbers, because 
 of more numerous points of contact : development of cere- 
 mony, custom and etiquette. 
 
 Growth of social control : history of legislation in typi- 
 cal states; why crowded centers require special regula- 
 tions ; urban growth has necessitated extension of public 
 functions; municipal control of industries as a result of 
 this. 
 
 Psychic reaction of massing of population : less intro- 
 spection ; greater degree of cooperation ; specialization of 
 taste and function ; decline of individualism ; development 
 of class consciousness. 
 
 VIII. Race. 
 
 Difficulty of defining race: does it correspond to "va- 
 riety" in Biology? Physical type and psychic tempera- 
 ment. 
 
 Anthropo-sociology (Lapouge, Ammon) : race-type as 
 related to : 
 
 (a) Distribution of wealth. 
 
 (b) Social stratification. 
 
 (c) Domicile and migration. 
 
21 
 
 Race purity practically n(3n-existent : fallibility of physi- 
 cal tests when applied to individuals. 
 
 Contact of so-called superior and inferior races : de- 
 cline of "inferior stocks" ; causes other than physical ; the 
 conflict really one of civilizations rather than of physical 
 types. 
 
 Fusion of races : resulting advantages and losses ; 
 hybrid peoples; difficulty when the types are too diver- 
 gent ; race assimilation. 
 
 Race consciousness : color or distinct physical type ; lan- 
 guage ; history. 
 
 IX. Nationality and Patriotism. 
 
 *'Our nationality is what time has made of us. in mak- 
 ing us live together through the centuries, in giving us 
 the same tastes, in leading us through the same vicissi- 
 tudes, in giving us throughout the centuries common joys 
 and common sorrows." — Thiers. 
 
 "To have a common glory in the past, a common will 
 in the present, to have done great things together, to de- 
 sire to do still more." — Renan. 
 
 National consciousness the result of sentiment and the 
 product of experience : similarity to sense of family rela- 
 tionship. 
 
 Combination of geographical and historical elements. 
 
 Assimilation of new members : why education plays so 
 great a part ; national history ; language ; songs. 
 
 National types : conflict of types ; tendency of dominant 
 types to absorb or obliterate the weaker; impossibility of 
 the coexistence of hostile types within the same unit. 
 
 Nation and state : mixed-race states possible, mixed- 
 nation states an anomaly: "Free institutions are next to 
 impossible in a country made up of different national- 
 ities."— J. S. Mill. 
 
22 
 
 X. Language and Literature. 
 
 Language an instrument of communication : sign lan- 
 guage ; articulate speech. 
 
 Community of language makes social cooperation 
 easier but is not necessary to it : examples of polyglot so- 
 cieties ; socialization requires free communication but not 
 unity of speech (Belgium, Switzerland). 
 
 Literature the expression of a deeper psychic unity: 
 national literatures in relation to national life and senti- 
 ment ; folk literature, national songs, romances, proverbs : 
 dialect and folk-speech. 
 
 Literature as an index of temperament : literary types ; 
 literature as a means of interpreting social self-conscious- 
 ness ; the literary man as a national hero. 
 
 Cosmopolitan literature : weakening of national patriot- 
 ism through a knowledge of world-literature ; literary 
 culture and cosmopolitan sympathy. 
 
 XI. Aesthetics and Recreation. 
 
 Basis of individual aesthetic pleasure : aesthetic enjoy- 
 ment, however, largely a social matter, the result of con- 
 tact of minds. 
 
 Personal adornment with relation to effect on others: 
 decoration for special occasions ; decoration for war ; cos- 
 tume. 
 
 Music, pictures, sculpture: their use in ceremonial; 
 their use in fostering national sentiment. 
 
 Commemorative art : monuments, tablets, medals. 
 
 Architecture: public buildings and grounds; temples, 
 churches; emphasis on the artistic rather than the utili- 
 tarian element. 
 
 Festivals: periodical gatherings; banquets (college 
 alumni, fraternal orders, industrial groups). 
 
23 
 
 Games : national athletic contests ; championships ; ath- 
 letic contests and national unity (Olympian games) ; 
 sports peculiar to certain peoples (bull fights, cricket, 
 base-ball). 
 
 Athletics in educational institutions: unifying influ- 
 ence; the development of "college spirit." 
 
 Mimetic games : children's games ; symbolic games. 
 
 The drama : the religious play of primitive societies ; 
 mysteries ; folk plays ; educational uses of the drama ; na- 
 tional theaters. 
 
 XII. Property. 
 
 Definition : free and economic goods. 
 
 Extent of primitive communism : beginnings of appro- 
 priation; classes of goods appropriated; the recognition 
 of individual ownership; theft and its treatment among 
 primitive peoples ; property marks. 
 
 The land: is it a free good? systems of land tenure; 
 public lands ; eminent domain ; special nature of the land 
 problem in urban communities. 
 
 Environment as affecting property : physical environ- 
 ment ; social environment ; increase of values v^ith growth 
 of society; claims of the individual and of society to the 
 increment ; the rent problem. 
 
 Public property : public buildings and equipment ; shall 
 social ownership be confined solely to goods used for ad- 
 ministrative purposes ? public ownership and operation of 
 public utilities ; society's share in all enterprise. 
 
 The socialist programme : distinction between produc- 
 tion and consumption goods; individual ownership as a 
 stimulus to progress. 
 
 Modern experiments in communism : causes of general 
 failure. 
 
 The fundamental issue between individualism and so- 
 cialism. 
 
PART IV 
 
 SOCIAL FORCES AND THE PROCESS OF 
 
 SOCIALIZATION 
 
 I. Social Evolution. 
 
 "Evolution is a change from an indefinite, incoherent 
 homogeneity to a definite, coherent heterogeneity, accom- 
 panying the dissipation of motion and integration of mat- 
 ter. . . . Like evolving aggregates in general, so- 
 cieties show integration, both by simple increase in mass 
 and by coalescence and recoalescence of masses. 
 With progressing integration and heterogeneity goes in- 
 creasing coherence. . . . Simultaneously comes in- 
 creasing definiteness." — Herbert Spencer. 
 
 ''The states are as men are; they grow out of human 
 character." — Plato. 
 
 The social mind : it is distinct from the individual mind 
 and is more than the sum of individual minds. 
 
 Socialization both a natural and an artificial process : 
 the race at any moment possesses the sum of past achieve- 
 ments and experiences ; each individual must pass 
 through the process of adjustment; Comte's statement of 
 the periods of world history ; the recapitulation theory. 
 
 Mackenzie's statement of the stages of socialization : 
 (a) subjugation, (b) liberation, (c) organization. 
 
 ''Projected efficiency" (Kidd) : the capitalization of 
 achievement. 
 
25 
 
 II. The Exceptional Man and Individual Initiative. 
 
 Conflicting views on the great man theory. 
 
 ''Universal history, the history of what man has ac- 
 complished in this world, is the history of great men who 
 have worked there. They were the leaders of men, these 
 great ones ; the modelers, the patterns, and in a wide sense 
 creators, of whatever the general mass of men contrived 
 to do or to attain." — Carlyle. 
 
 Mallock's more scientific treatment of the great man 
 theory in relation to social achievement. 
 
 Herbert Spencer's opposite view : "He (the great man) 
 is a resultant of an enormous aggregate of forces that 
 have been cooperating for ages. . . . All those 
 changes of which he is the proximate initiator have their 
 chief causes in the generations he descended from." 
 
 Personalization of achievement a universal tendency : 
 association of striking events with the names of rulers 
 or favorite heroes ; history is handed down among primi- 
 tive peoples only as it is made dramatic. 
 
 Hero worship : leaders who embody social ideals ; hero 
 myths ; types of the national hero. 
 
 The inventor : the genius. 
 
 III. Custom. 
 
 Based sometimes on physiological causes, sometimes on 
 experience and habit. 
 
 Reverence for antiquity : survival of the antique in re- 
 ligious ceremonial ; respect for ancestral practice, — rela- 
 tion to ancestor worship; survival of customs after orig- 
 inal meaning has been lost. 
 
 Why imfamiliar customs seem absurd : tendency to de- 
 spise and undervalue foreigners. 
 
26 
 
 How habits become mechanical : formulas and prac- 
 tices change slowly. 
 
 Creeds: why usually behind the real thought of the 
 times. 
 
 Manners : forms of conduct and address ; ceremonial ; 
 the canons of politeness. 
 
 Customs arising from economic necessity. 
 
 Custom as a disciplinary force : formulation of general 
 ideas into habits and rules of conduct. 
 
 Custom and law : transition from practice to legisla- 
 tion ; custom and morality. 
 
 IV. Imitation. 
 
 The repetition of social phenomena : Buckle's conclu- 
 sions as to regularity of occurrence ; Tarde's three forms 
 of universal repetition: (a) undulation, (b) generation, 
 (c) imitation, (vibratory, hereditary and imitative repe- 
 tition). 
 
 Tarde's formulas: (a) repetition, (b) opposition (c) 
 adaptation : the grouping of social phenomena ; the rise, 
 progress and decline of "movements." 
 
 Suggestion : the function of leadership ; catch-words, 
 party cries, platforms, creeds. 
 
 Fashion : 'Svhat everybody does because everybody 
 does it;" how fashions are set; fashion centers; fashion 
 as an economic influence ; fads. 
 
 Frenzies, ecstasies : the appeal to emotion in religious 
 and political movements ; legitimate uses of this appeal. 
 
 V. Conflict and Compromise. 
 
 Objective competition : war the crudest form of compe- 
 tition ; war for its own sake ; athletic contests. 
 
 Beginnings of accommodation : regulation of terms of 
 
27 
 
 struggle; acceleration of civilization when war becomes 
 the exceptional rather than the normal state. 
 
 Economic competition: the ''tooth and nail" stage; 
 "leonine society" and the mastery of the strongest; wastes 
 of industrial competition ; lessening of competition 
 through agreements ; industrial combination ; coopera- 
 tion. 
 
 Political competition : in earliest societies a single domi- 
 nant interest generally prevails, connected with a leader 
 or party ; peaceful balancing of many interests in ad- 
 vanced societies ; party and factional struggles ; equilibri- 
 um maintained by accommodation ; civil war and disrup- 
 tion where such equilibrium is impossible. 
 
 Compromise: the role of discussion; consulting bodies, 
 democratic assemblies, the representative system ; major- 
 ity rule. 
 
 Gains through competition : moderation through attri- 
 tion; variety of interests; individual self-realization. 
 
 VI. Selection. 
 
 Natural selection : ''the reasonable sequence of the un- 
 intended" (Mallock) ; the laws of selection; survival; 
 sexual selection ; evolution of favorite types. 
 
 Intelligent selection : increasing power of self-direction 
 and adaptation with growth of intelligence : natural selec- 
 tion never wholly eliminated ; organized intelligence di- 
 rected to lessening wastes of natural selection ; lower 
 birth-rate and lower death-rate in advanced societies. 
 
 Social selection through legislation : formal application 
 of known facts ; value of the social sciences as a guide to 
 legislation ; social telesis ; the demonstrated fact and the 
 ideal. 
 
 Selection and benevolence : changing ideas as to fitness 
 
28 
 
 for survival; modern philanthropy; Spencer's arraign- 
 ment. 
 
 VII. Mutual Aid. 
 
 Individualistic struggle not universal even among ani- 
 mals: examples of mutual aid (Kropotkin) ; care of the 
 young; cooperation in danger or crisis. 
 
 Among men mutual aid appears in the earliest stages ; 
 cooperation in food-getting and defense; solidarity of 
 the family, clan, state; size of the group to which sym- 
 pathy is confined ; blending of the narrow group-interest 
 with universal fraternity; influence of the greater reli- 
 gions. 
 
 Mutual aid based primarily on self-interest : associa- 
 tions of professional men, merchants, scholars; labor or- 
 ganizations. 
 
 Mutual aid based primarily on altruism : sympathy for 
 suffering ; pity ; benevolent associations ; education in phi- 
 lanthropy. 
 
 The sense of kind : broadening of the idea of "kind" ; 
 international sympathy and aid in distress. 
 
 VIII. Heredity. 
 
 Application of intelligent foresight to improving the 
 human breed. 
 
 The science of Eugenics : 'Tt deals with all influences 
 that improve the inborn qualities of a race ; also all those 
 that develop them to the utmost advantage." — Galton. 
 "The science which deals with those social agencies that 
 influence, mentally or physically, the racial qualities of 
 future generations." — Id. 
 
 The distribution of ability : geographical distribution ; 
 distribution by families; Galton's plan of subsidies to 
 couples of special promise. 
 
29 
 
 The individual and the mass : productivity of the ex- 
 ceptional man; is he worth cultivating at social expense? 
 
 Fragmentary legislation in the United States : the mar- 
 riage of near kin ; marriage of defectives and delinquents. 
 
 Heredity of acquired ch^iracters ; the Weismann con- 
 troversy. 
 
 IX. Public Opinion. 
 
 The social mind : consciousness, will, judgment. 
 
 Reaction of the mass on the individual mind : the con- 
 tact of minds ; the social mind not the mere summation 
 of individual minds. 
 
 The basis of judgment : informal consultation ; formal 
 consultation ; assemblies, the tribal house, the market- 
 place, the council chamber. 
 
 The diffusion of intelligence : the theater ; the public 
 oration ; pamphlets, books, newspapers, magazines ; party 
 organs ; the platform. 
 
 Organization of public opinion : the appeal to interest, 
 to the emotions, to the judgment; intelligent guidance of 
 opinion ; the utility of parties. 
 
 Public opinion in a democracy : dangers from uncritical 
 judgment and from volatile emotion ; gains from responsi- 
 bility and training ; the ballot. 
 
PART V 
 
 SOCIAL PATHOLOGY 
 
 I. Type and Variation. 
 
 Biological types : limited range of variation. 
 
 Psychic and social types : greater range of variation, 
 due to greater complexity of elements and greater capacity 
 for modification and combination. 
 
 The human type, physical : color, stature, proportion, 
 organs, functions. 
 
 The human type, social : range of individual peculiar- 
 ities within normal limits ; simple or complex character of 
 the society as determining probability of variation ; diffi- 
 culty of determining type and of measuring variation. 
 
 What constitutes normality : the question one of degree 
 of variation, not of absolute conformity. 
 
 Increased heterogeneity requires increased power of 
 accommodation : the scope of legislation in defining nor- 
 mality and abnormality. 
 
 II. Degeneration. 
 
 Generally the opposite to evolution, but may accom- 
 pany evolution, the function being better performed by 
 some other agency, or the organ being supplanted by a 
 better-adapted one. 
 
 Degeneration of the whole organism : degeneration of 
 particular parts. 
 
 Causes : disease, old age, disuse, absence of stimulus, 
 change of environment. 
 
31 
 
 Degeneration of societies : whole societies ; communities 
 within a normal society; ''bloom periods" and periods of 
 decline ; youth and age. 
 
 Effects of migration: normal and vigorous elements 
 often drawn off, leaving original mass at a lower level; 
 undue amount of degeneracy in stationary or declining 
 communities. 
 
 Economic conditions : influence on the creation of posi- 
 tive causes of degeneracy, and on the quality of the popu- 
 lation. 
 
 Excessive development on special lines as a cause of 
 partial or complete degeneration : genius ; over-specializa- 
 tion. 
 
 III. Parasitism. 
 
 Organic parasitism : degeneration of parasitic individu- 
 als ; influence on the host. 
 
 Analogies betw-een organic and social parasitism 
 (Massart) : (a) nutritive parasitism, (b) exploitation of 
 energy, (c) mimetic parasitism. 
 
 Possible benefits : leisure, relaxation of the struggle for 
 existence, achievement otherwise impossible; such bene- 
 fits tend to disappear within a very few generations. 
 
 Parasitic classes : fallacy of regarding as parasites 
 those not engaged in direct production; intangible social 
 services numerous in a developed society; those classes 
 parasitic which contribute less than their share or which 
 consume more. 
 
 The leisure classes : value of leisure ; leisure based on 
 special privilege ; based on wealth ; over-consumption as a 
 result of leisure ; the plea for and against luxury. 
 
 The idle and vagrant : beggars, tramps, gamblers ; the 
 overburdening of the productive through the idleness of 
 the parasitic classes. 
 
32 
 
 IV. The Passive Abnormals. 
 
 Defectives : among wild animals and in the earlier hu- 
 man stages defective individuals eliminated by natural 
 selection, or by volitional action; the weak, the old, de- 
 formed infants, the superfluous. 
 
 Physical vigor the chief requisite in savagery : small 
 range of activities open for a career; modern societies 
 offer a complex division of labor; many individuals for- 
 merly useless find a fruitful field of labor. 
 
 Certain classes still remain unproductive : the physic- 
 ally and mentally unfit; infancy and old age inevitably 
 unproductive ; human wreckage ; the cost of progress. 
 
 The test: self-direction and self-support, actual or po- 
 tential. 
 
 Social care of defectives : possible reaction of charity 
 on conscience; philanthropy as an accompaniment and 
 cause of civilization ; real weakening of the physical aver- 
 age, compensating elevation of the psychic average. 
 
 Public and private charity : conflict and co-operation ; 
 charity organization. 
 
 V. The Self-Assertive Abnormals. 
 
 Crime : what it is ; the individual and the social will ; 
 crime and the law ; growth of criminal law. 
 
 Crime and progress : law never perfectly adjusted to in- 
 telligence and ethical standards ; when a law becomes anti- 
 quated crime may be a proof of advanced thought; re- 
 formers and revolutionists. 
 
 Apparent increase of crime in highly developed so- 
 cieties : dangers of the statistical method ; increasing so- 
 cial control and lessening of personal liberty; complexity 
 of restraints necessary in densely-populated areas. 
 
 Modern penology : survival of the vindictive element 
 
33 
 
 in punishment ; the principle of reformation ; the attempt 
 to adjust the criminal mind to prevailing standards; the 
 instinctive criminal ; permanent segregation as a possible 
 remedy. 
 
 The juvenile delinquent: discipline and adjustment; 
 special methods of treatment for juveniles; juvenile 
 courts, the probation system ; occupation and stimulus. 
 
 VI. The XJnadapted: Exaggerated Individualism. 
 
 In a well-ordered society the great mass of individuals 
 are able to conform to the type: some are unadjustable. 
 
 Societies based on a single principle (military, re- 
 ligious) demand rigid conformity: the unfitted or un- 
 willing are excluded ; resulting sameness of opinion and 
 of interest; highly developed societies make possible a 
 wide divergence of tastes and interests without loss of 
 solidarity. 
 
 Changing standards : innovators in advance of their 
 time; non-conformists whose special attitude has not yet 
 received toleration ; why innovators are persecuted ; social 
 inertia. 
 
 The opposition to existing social control : anarchy ; ex- 
 treme democracy ; coexistence of radicalism and conserv- 
 atism in every society. 
 
 Necessary limitations on individual self-expression : de- 
 fects of extreme individualism as great as those of over- 
 government. 
 
 VII. The Mob : Morbid Sociality. 
 
 Analysis of the mob mind : "law of the mental unity of 
 crowds," Le Bon; contagion and suggestion; the individ- 
 ual "is no longer conscious of his acts. In his case, as in 
 the case of the hypnotized subject, at the same time that 
 
34 
 
 certain faculties are destroyed, others may be brought to 
 a high degree of exaltation. Under the influence of sug- 
 gestion he will undertake the accomplishment of certain 
 acts with irresistible impetuosity." — Le Bon. 
 
 Mobility and credulity of the mob mind. 
 
 Reversion to savage and animal types : dominance of 
 passion or impulse, submerging of judgment ; mania and 
 frenzy; lynching and other forms of mob-vengeance; 
 riots. 
 
 Beneficent aspects of the mob mind : sordid individual 
 interests may be submerged and supplanted by heroism 
 and self-surrender to a great cause; why a "cause" is more 
 effectively promoted by public meetings than by individual 
 appeals ; political rallies ; religious "revivals" ; reaction 
 following excitement. 
 
 Correlation of the individual judgment and the social 
 impulse: advantages of delay in public action; the bi- 
 cameral legislature ; conservative influence of written con- 
 stitutions. 
 
NON-CIRGULATING BOOK 
 
 868638 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
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