LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 GIFT Ot^ 
 
 3 V ItOAMJrfUVV ...... 
 
 Received , 190 
 
 Accession No. 83644 . Cla&s No. ..$&+ ^ 
 
 ~~ ~" 
 
o 
 
Park and Pavement. 
 
 BY 
 
 GEO. HANSEN. 
 
Part I. 
 
 What is a Kindergarten ? 
 
I 
 
m 
 
 WHAT is A KINDERGARTEN? 
 
 The playground of the child; 
 The home of the mother; 
 The battlefield of 
 
What is a Kindergarten? 
 
 GEO. HANSEN, 
 
 LANDSCAPE 
 ARCHITECT 
 
 BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 
 
 D. P. ELDER AND MORGAN SHEPARD, 
 
 AN FRANCISCO, 1891. 
 
COPYRIGHTED, 1901 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. AND STATIONERS' HALL, LONDON 
 
 QEO. HANSEN 
 
 LOUIS ROESCH CO. , PRINTERS, S.f- 
 
v/i ^ ]/*~*^ 
 
 
 . f. f /". 
 
 83644 
 
u Close the lid of the trunk and strap the satchels. Let 
 us turn the back to the city and run for the country where 
 dear grandfather expects his flock for the holidays !" 
 
 The last railroad station is behind us, and, through fields of 
 waving grain whence larks rise to the clouds to praise the 
 glorious summer, the way leads to the village where grand- 
 father reigns over the diocese of Jeinsen and its tributary 
 ecclesiastics. 
 
 Here is my kindergarten. Acres upon acres, with houses 
 and barns, with a walnut tree overshading the home of dozens 
 of rooms, with wasps in knot-holes, with meadows on slopes to 
 willowy brook, with cows and horses, with chickens and hay- 
 stacks, and, be sure to note such, the old family coach in the 
 shed. 
 
 And here is my kindergartner. 
 
 Behold the venerable figure as it passes along the lanes 
 greeted with bow and lift of cap by old and young alike. 
 His office, with piles of papers with foreign stamps, and with 
 instruments of all descriptions, was a veritable museum to 
 us. It never needed a bell to call us to the daily lessons. 
 We were there upon the minute to listen, now to a talk on 
 the wonders of the waterdrop, then to the descriptions of 
 
barbaric tribes in far away Isles. Oh, let me dwell upon 
 that important day when I received my first lesson in graft- 
 ing trees ! I think of him now as a saint as he knelt on his 
 crutched cane and helped me splice the scion and the stock. 
 I trust the day may come when I may pilgrim with our son 
 to that spot, as I do now in fond imagination ! 
 
 As I listen to the happy prattle of the child at my knees, 
 and, looking into its eyes see the same brightness and color 
 as the eyes of my kindergartner, why should I believe that 
 the simple sandstone monument near the bleak commons of 
 far-away Herzberg-am-Harz marks the spot where all 
 that I embraced of him rests for ever? And my kindergar- 
 ten, do I not see it now this very minute ! I walk 
 up to the portal and find him seated on the green 
 garden-bench as of old. The large rosebed spreads out 
 before him, with the Kaiser von Marocco, the Duke of Edin- 
 burgh, the Marechal Niel, the Souvenir de la Malmaison, all 
 those sturdy old-timers which we budded to the twigs of the 
 standards. There he sits, the wide screening cap drawn 
 over his face to protect the eyes from the glaring sun. And 
 the thoughts which go through his mind as he sits there on 
 the evening of his life? Oh, reader mine, I have looked into 
 his eyes so many times that I trust at last I have caught 
 these threads of thoughts and woven them in new ply and 
 new woofs. Here they are, covered by the lid which reads: 
 
 What is a kindergarten? 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE CHILDREN'S GARDEN. 
 
 Companionship of plant and man. 
 
 Sidewalk Trees. 
 
 Fruit-bearing Shrubs. 
 
 Flowering Shrubs. 
 
 Vines and Climbers. 
 
 Berries. 
 
 Perennial Border. 
 
 Bulbous Plants. 
 
 The Toy Garden. 
 
 The Vegetable Garden. 
 
 Various Plants. 
 
 The Lawn. 
 
 Our Zoological Park. 
 
 Care of Plants and Grounds. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 
 
 Kindergarten on a twenty-five foot lot. 
 Kindergarten on a fifty foot lot. 
 Kindergarten on a one hundred foot lot. 
 Planting of a Kindergarten on a fifty foot lot. 
 Planting of a Kindergarten on a one hundred foot lot. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Hips from a wayside Brier. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
A kindergarten a children's garden. We have accepted 
 the term for our language, but have not absorbed its fullest 
 meaning. With this I do not say that Frcebel, the most 
 fundamental of all reformers, understood a kindergarten to 
 consist of walks and lawn and plants with happy children as 
 the fortunate possessors. I mean more. The writer of these 
 paragraphs, who never attended an established kindergarten 
 and yet enjoyed the kindergarten in its most unrestricted 
 meaning, who developed in a profession on just such lines as 
 Froebel laid down, feels it his duty to build upon and build 
 out Frcebel's lines with the aid of his professionalism. I 
 have in mind a kindergarten which has added to all of 
 FroebeFs methods the fullest complement which nature can 
 place within a child's reach and comprehension. 
 
 This land of vast dimensions must do more than merely 
 accept Froebel's teachings. We must improve upon them, 
 and bestow upon them that liberality which is ours, as soon 
 as an occasion appeals to us. The time is drawing close 
 when the kindergartens will be made part of our free 
 school system. How will we be prepared for such 
 change? Shall we move from the empty stores and vacant 
 flats, now set aside for our children, to the basements of the 
 school buildings? Let us give the matter our most earnest 
 study, and let us realize that it is easier to direct the run of 
 a brooklet than to change the volume of a deeply bedded 
 river. The broad acres of our United States are yet com- 
 
paratively undivided, and, except where the most expensive 
 real estate demands business buildings to tower skyward, 
 none are too costly to furnish the ground upon which our 
 kindergartens shall be founded. Let us insist at the very 
 outset of our movement upon the proper reservation, and 
 nothing will prevent us from securing for our children what, 
 through them, will redound to far more benefit to the land 
 than the most gorgeous improvement we could devise. 
 
 The kindergarten as I design it is not an ideal. It is a 
 composition of everyday facts, the attainment of which is a 
 matter of principle, not of effort. One hundred foot frontage 
 of a lot of average depth is the proper size for our grounds, 
 whether such be a part of some school grounds or laid out 
 by itself. Every other lot of less acreage is a makeshift. Our 
 improvement must impress as a home, and as such, requires 
 neither a board fence nor a hedge as a barrier. The house 
 should be of rural design, perhaps with wide eaves and 
 shingled, or of plaster work. The ground floor should be taken 
 up by the schoolrooms, and the upper story, or half story, 
 by the living rooms of the kindergartner. Whoever is in 
 charge of the premises has to make her home in them. Do 
 not attempt to impress a child with the sanctity of home in 
 spaces which chill from lack of a cheering voice. I speak 
 of a woman when referring to the kindergartner. Children 
 of the age of four to six years are to be associated here, and 
 at that time they need a woman as caretaker. It needs her 
 endless patience, her ever ready care to rear the child. On a 
 one-hundred foot lot three classrooms can find accommodation 
 and playgrounds. Aside from accustomed use our grounds 
 
 10 
 
can and should serve as day nursery for the neighborhood. 
 There may not be a woman near who is forced to work out 
 and leave, during such time, the care of her children to 
 others, but many a mother would gladly embrace the op- 
 portunity to leave her little ones in such surroundings when 
 duty calls her from home. The kindergartner requires 
 assistance, and her associates, as they are trained for the 
 work, are the proper ones to attend such cases during non- 
 school hours. 
 
 I have nothing to suggest towards the teachings in the 
 schoolroom. My purpose is to exemplify how our task of 
 forming the child's mind can be rendered easier and more 
 correct. I want to do such through the agency of outdoor 
 exercise amongst plants and flowers, and I give a list of those 
 which are the most important, mentioning also some which 
 are to be avoided. The connection between plant-life and 
 human-life is fully as intimate as people demonstrate every 
 day. It is for a good reason that at the birthday of friends 
 we express our wishes through flowers. We know that 
 our sympathy for the bedridden is more tenderly worded 
 through the language of blossoms. And when the end 
 has come to those dear to us, we bedeck them with the 
 choicest flowers we are able to procure from garden and field. 
 We compare a man to an oak, a woman to a birch, a girl to 
 a lily, a boy to a weed. This surely has foundation in reason. 
 Yet, the teacher shall not attempt to explain any of 
 the habits of those plants with which I insist the child 
 should be surrounded. Some of those habits are not yet 
 understood; others are not comprehensible for q, child; 
 
 u 
 
and those which are evident in their natural simplicity 
 will reveal themselves to the child in due season. Re- 
 member, every child in your charge is an Edison, every tot 
 a Columbus, and the idealizing disposition of all of them sees 
 a Garden of Eden in a vacant lot. I insist upon mere 
 association of plants and children. Even if the habits of 
 the former are apparently overlooked by those less responsive 
 to the development of bough and leaf, the fact of having 
 been in such association will make itself manifest in after- 
 years. Through the company of plants we add an element 
 of attraction, and a stimulus for which nothing else 
 can be substituted. We should carefully discriminate in 
 what is to surround our children at this age. If we are 
 successful in our attempts, we will be able to do away with 
 the multitude of palatial reform schools and improvement 
 leagues of all descript and nondescript. If a community 
 would establish sufficient kindergartens of such type, it 
 would require only one generation to remodel the morals of 
 its population. We mold and reform in every direction, and 
 maintain the most complicated machinery for the application 
 of so-called justice ; whereas, the mere investment in simple 
 kindergartens would render unnecessary the endless ramifica- 
 tions of those institutions. The existence of jails and asylums 
 is no credit to a nation. It is, in the first place, admission 
 of the fact that the early life of its people has been neglected. 
 Give me a nation whose youth is reared in kindergartens 
 like mine, and a prophetic voice exclaims : "To forbid a 
 citizen to re-enter his home for a period of years will be the 
 worst punishment you could inflict upon a wrong-doer." 
 
 12 
 
THE 
 
 CHILDREN'S GARDEN. 
 
COMPANIONSHIP OF PLANT AND MAN. 
 
 The division of the grounds is only a part of the designing 
 of the landscape architect. Through it we are supposed to 
 be placed in full possession of and communication with the 
 attractions which the setting is to furnish. Yet, while the 
 partition of the area admits of ready correction, as the foot 
 will make the trail where its passage is justified, the setting, 
 while finished, undergoes a constant development. The 
 forms as molded are the embryo, as it were, and every 
 season's growth brings out more clearly either the mistakes 
 or the advantages of the artist's design. It is seldom that 
 we see the value of the setting placed above and beyond the 
 importance of the division, and for that very reason I take 
 the pains to positively state that the value of my booklet is 
 mainly in this part of the designing. 
 
 The principle upon which I found my doctrin is consistency 
 of association. I am forbidden to apply such throughout 
 the design of a kindergarten, because I have to select mainly 
 with the idea of associating the child with the plants, not 
 plants with plants and children. But even in this regard I 
 have assumed responsibility, the justification of which the 
 child will prove, if the grown man will remain incredulous. 
 As soon as we set out a plant, we make it a prisoner. It 
 
 15 
 
may die of want of proper condition, as it is called, of home- 
 sickness, as I dare put it. Remember, it 4s firmly bedded 
 where men placed it, not in a position of its own choosing. 
 Has it ever struck you why so many annuals have to be sown 
 and re-sown only to disappear as the new season opens? 
 You may offer dozens of reasons, all of which may prove 
 correct. But let me add one, the importance of which has not 
 appealed to everybody : the seed was sown where it could 
 not naturalize. I will illustrate by a few r instances why 
 plant-life offers such attraction to the scientist and such 
 infatuation to the poet. 
 
 The common dandelion has traced civilization wherever 
 it penetrated unexplored regions. We call it a weed, scientists 
 term it a cosmopolitan and permit it to upset all the rules of 
 plant geography. May I put the question : w r hy does this 
 dandelion follow the step of man wherever he goes? 
 
 Along the path from my home to the village grow tufts 
 and tufts of a plant very similar to dandelion (Agoseris). 
 I leave my home at an hour when the sun has risen just above 
 the tops of the pines and gum-trees overshadowing the path. 
 Why is it these dandelions all look into my face at this morn- 
 ing hour? Is it because I stand with the rise of the sun and 
 they have turned their golden faces to greet its glory? But 
 more than that. Why is it that on cloudy days this sea of 
 faces is gone, as it were, and I have to walk amongst them 
 to be able to greet them? 
 
 Let me select another everyday companion of ours for 
 illustration. Along the roadsides grows a flattened weed 
 of unpretending appearance. It belongs to the buckwheat 
 
 16 
 
family (Polygonum aviculare) and is grayish-green as much 
 in stem as in leaf. It bears insignificant blooms of whitish- 
 pink close to the prostate stem. This plant becomes the 
 more plentiful the more you approach human habitation and 
 is in its glory if trampled under foot. More than that even, 
 it will do best when in a dusty road where driven over, day 
 after day, by wagon wheels. I recollect stopping over, the . 
 eve before I reached the Calaveras Grove of Big Trees in 
 the Sierra Nevada range, in an offing along the roadside at 
 an elevation of about 4,500 feet. Even if I had not found 
 scantlings and pieces of boards along the gulch and tumbled 
 down cabins under the shelter of trees, the lawn of this 
 Polygonum weed, as it spread closely to the ground all over 
 the knoll, would have told me that man had a place of abode 
 at this spot. Further investigation did show even more. 
 Here where people had left the range and no more teams 
 traveled and no foot pressed down the sod, the plants were 
 smaller and half erect. And as it is there, so it is near your 
 front door. The further your Polygonum weed is removed from 
 the roadside, the more erect it becomes, even if in a place 
 entirely free from other herbs. And wherever you trace 
 this weed in other positions where the surroundings may 
 appear to be in contradiction to what I explain, show patience 
 and await development. Remember, that unlike seasons pro- 
 duce varying results and that it is far different for a plant, 
 especially a weed, to grow in a place, than to be naturalized in 
 that particular spot. 
 
 These examples have presented relations of plants to 
 human kind. I beg leave to illustrate an instance where 
 
insect-life is so intimately connected with plant-life that its 
 mere mentioning will justify the stress I lay^upon association. 
 Over the swamps of Madagascar, attached to trees, l |dangle 
 the air-roots of a gigantic orchid, Angrsecum sesquipedale. 
 Sideways to the flattened growth of stem and leaf stand the 
 spikes adorned with large shining stars of ebony flowers. 
 -The odor of this bloom is noticeable in day-time and strong 
 when night sets in. Truly, nothing could prove plainer that 
 there is a relationship between the odor and the insect which 
 is about in those regions at eventide only. 
 
 But let us follow this plant and insect. The monstrous 
 nightmoth has to rest upon the labellum of the starry flower 
 to unroll its long proboscis and reach down to the store of 
 nectar accumulated for its attraction in a spur of ten inches 
 and more. The sexual organs of this orchid are so constructed 
 that only cross-fertilization will satisfy its requirements. 
 Many orchids assume a rigidity after such act has been per- 
 formed, others wilt and hang lifeless over the vital organs. 
 This orchid belongs to the former class, and to further pro- 
 tect the spot where its life has reached the summit of devel- 
 opment, it folds the side wings over that place for protection 
 against further disturbances from unsought visitors. 
 
 I offer no explanation for this fact, nor have I answered 
 any of the previously put questions. I mention them to 
 prove the existence of relationship far deeper founded than 
 the general observer ever dreams of. I recite them as an 
 introduction to my list of plants for the kindergarten and I 
 will not attempt more than to suggest points of interest for 
 the child in the plants selected. 
 
 18 
 
Later on I give two illustrations how these kindergartens 
 could be planted, mention plants which are suitable, and 
 point out some which should be avoided. For any one 
 to plant promiscuously any or all of the species mentioned 
 in any kindergarten is as absurd as to take a certain number 
 of any group and try to associate them with a fraction of 
 the lists of another. Every single spot planted requires a 
 setting of its own, dependent upon surroundings, upon ex- 
 posure, upon local climate, upon the fancy of the designer, 
 and is the work of a professional. My views are expressed 
 in relation to temperate climes, and, while I indicate a few 
 kinds which will prove too tender for some localities, there 
 are plenty to select from for any requirement. 
 
 SIDEWALK TREES. 
 
 What the frame is to a picture, the sidewalk tree is to a 
 house; both are needed. The Elm should be avoided. Its 
 flowers count for little and its dimensions forbid setting on 
 a small thoroughfare. The Horse-chestnut is excellent for 
 wide avenues but will not succeed in warm climates where 
 smaller growing Buckeyes should take their place. Maples 
 are good and offer additional attraction in their seeds which 
 are ever welcome to the varied purposes the child will find 
 for them in its play. But the streets should be at least 
 eighty feet wide for a Maple. Tuliptrees are acceptable in 
 warm climates ; in cooler ones they outgrow their space. 
 Mulberries are good everywhere, in dry positions as well as 
 
 19 
 
in moist. So is the Birch, and very attractive to the child and 
 deeply impressive through its graceful character. Its 
 pendulous limbs suggest lightness and airiness. The 
 bark offers many interesting ideas, and a little scribbling 
 on its paper surface is treasured highly. The Aspen, full- 
 brother to the Birch, is decidedly to be avoided. It is irritat- 
 ing to grown persons, and for a child to be forced to see it, 
 and ever again see it, is absolutely criminal. Poplars are 
 satisfied to stand in dry or wet soil, and while their dimen- 
 sions are needful of large space, they will do well for a long 
 time in even narrow streets, as they permit of great abuse. 
 But they should be as far as possible from plantations, partly 
 on account of the suckers which they send out, partly be- 
 cause they harbor a large number of insect pests. Alders 
 will do best in wet spots, but are satisfactory also in dry 
 places. Their many charms consist in the catkins, ear- 
 liest of any in the season, and the burrs later. Their rigid 
 growth is an objection of little weight. All Locusts are 
 good, the pink one especially offers a beautiful green and 
 an attractive blossom. The commonest will do well in the 
 most disadvantageous positions. The Hawthorns are much 
 to be preferred, and, with a little judicious thinning, will 
 never assume the unclean appearance which they have in 
 warm climates. Their flowers are rich hunting grounds for 
 bees, and their berries are delightful to every child. The 
 Mountain Ash, as well as the Oak-leaved Ash, are trees which 
 we neglect too much altogether. It is surprising how well 
 this tree of northern climes will do in warm zones. Its reg- 
 ular crop of bright berries is attractive to old and young 
 
 20 
 
alike. The Maidenhair Tree (Gingko) is proper yet rather too 
 foreign for a child. Larch and Bald Cypress (Taxodium) 
 will do in some exceptional cases. Acacias should be avoided 
 inside the grounds on account of the rapid growth and the 
 dimensions which they assume. They are good sidewalk 
 trees in warm regions, their odor adding to the attractive- 
 ness of their graceful flowers. 
 
 The limited space of our grounds forbids the setting out 
 of trees. We must resort to large shrubs for the elevated 
 lines. Amongst them are the 
 
 FRUIT- BEARING SHRUBS. 
 
 of first importance, the more so, as all of them also display 
 attractive blossoms. 
 
 A Crab-apple is a child's delight. In bloom and downy 
 foliage before any other variety, it is richly hung with 
 blossom and develops a sure crop of fruit. Of the many 
 varieties those with painted cheeks are preferable. Com- 
 pare the amount of pleasure to be derived from such a 
 tree with the limited charms of a large fruited apple, 
 like the Alexander, or the massiveness of a Pound Pear. 
 The boys are sure to fight over the yet green fruit of the 
 Alexander, whereas the Crab furnishes fruit for the entire 
 school. Plums are also welcome ; the Japanese varieties 
 always produce fruit, which is acceptable and early as well, 
 as are also some varieties of Cherry, Plum and Gages. The 
 Damson is a bush which should not be missed. Its astringent 
 fruit is a boy's delight, and the amount of temptation to iin- 
 
pose upon the palate of fellow playmates or acquaintances 
 is great and permissible. Quinces are very good. Their 
 peculiar foliage, their very large bloom and, later, the fruit 
 with its unsurpassable odor are attractive in every phase of 
 development. To store away the fruit for months and let 
 the children enjoy its perfume at Christmas is much appre- 
 ciated by them. I refer also to Flowering Quinces. The 
 many varieties of vari-colored blossom are charming to a 
 child. This is the more conspicuous as the blossom is de- 
 veloped so very early in the season. If space should forbid 
 the free planting of such a shrub, it can be trained against a 
 wall and spread fan-shaped. As our kindergartens are apt 
 to be caged in amongst higher buildings, this mode of train- 
 ing espalier should be adopted for many shrubs. Every one 
 thus trained will be far more attractive in its way than 
 massive vines which render a place chilly and require more 
 attention. The Medlar is also a good tree, but of secondary 
 importance only. The Persimmon is excellent. It reminds one 
 of an Orange and will impress a child for the rest of its life 
 through the strange development of foliage and fruit, a fruit 
 as odd as it is glorious in appearance. The Hazelbush 
 should be in every yard, and, while the green f oliaged kinds 
 of any Filbert Nut are pleasing, the purple variety is better, 
 as it introduces a shade of coloring which no other shrub 
 in our selection possesses. What child would not delight 
 in the slender catkins, little streamers hanging from the 
 branches, sending forth their showers of pollen dust in 
 due time ? And then the nut hidden in its cap of frills 
 and tucks ! How much more alluring than the naked nut 
 
 32 
 
from the grocer's sack are these nuts, especially when dots 
 for eyes and mouth are added and a whole little face tucked 
 within this natural bonnet. 
 
 Of bushes of less dimensions than those enumerated which 
 bear also attractive fruit-stands, I mention the following. 
 Brier Roses are pleasing through their bloom, their bright 
 colored hips and also through their delightful odor. Rosa 
 pomifera should be resurrected from its forgottenness and 
 be set out oftener even than the Japanese Rosa rugosa. 
 Purple Fringe, or Smoke Tree, is attractive through its 
 strangeness in foliage as well as in fruit-stand, yet a child 
 will always be unconsciously impressed as if those were a 
 foreign element in its garden. Spindle-tree might well be 
 set out, though of secondary importance. Snowberries are 
 very acceptable, the more so as they fill in spaces and corners, 
 shady and forbidding, where hardly any other shrub will 
 succeed. 
 
 In the golden leaved Elder we have the best opportunity 
 of introducing a color of foliage which is permissible with 
 this variety. It forms a bright object and, aside from the 
 fruit of the bush, the pith of the boughs offers material for 
 many pretty toys. Staphylea might be mentioned as of 
 secondary value. 
 
 In the so-called Duck-plant and in Colutea we have some 
 of the most enticing objects a kindergarten should possess. 
 The former (Sutherlandia) will do well only in warm climes, 
 and in cold regions should be planted out under glass in all 
 of those places where a greenhouse can be added. Its hollow 
 fruit-bags assume the shape of a veritable duck, bill and tail 
 
 28 
 
and all, and set upon a dish with water, a child will find a 
 toy which will keep it busy for many moments, if not hours. 
 Colutea is a poor substitute for this attraction, but will do 
 well outdoors in any climate. Its inflated fruit-bag can be 
 made to burst with a loud report. 
 
 FLOWERING SHRUBS. 
 
 The bloom of early spring is the most attractive bit of life 
 with which we can brighten a child's days. The awakening of 
 nature is eagerly watched for by young and old, and the 
 earliest blossom is the dearest of any. If there be no other 
 space to set out in green or color, the assembly of the Peach 
 or Almond, the Lilac or Laburnum, the Cherry or Plum, and 
 the Pussy-willow should always be found with the children. 
 To them might be added the Snowball, and of Currants, the 
 golden or the purple. The Weigelia and Deutzia are of 
 minor importance. So is also the Forsythia, though its 
 golden shower of bloom before the foliage appears renders it 
 an attractive object, suggesting its Chinese origin without 
 oiTensiveness. A Cornelian Cherry (Cornus Mas) will find 
 room where high shrubs are called for and where little light 
 and attention can be given to them. I mention Chimonanthus, 
 Halesia, Xanthoceras and Exochorda, as beautiful and good, 
 also Calycanthus, the Soap Shrub, and the Mock Orange, 
 Philadelphus. The Spiraeas and Brooms lead the way into 
 warmer days, and there is so great a number of them that 
 their selection must be left to the detail work of designing 
 
 24 
 
any single kindergarten. The Tamarix, the rival of the 
 Heather, is the daintiest flowering shrub for summer days and 
 is very modest in expectation as to soil and care. Heathers 
 are very charming for kindergartens. Diosma, Breath of 
 Heaven, is a very good shrub in warm countries, and its 
 sweet-scented foliage does not indicate that the roughest 
 exposure will be gladly accepted by the plant. 
 
 Shrubs with sub-tropical appearance are not needed to 
 complete a kindergarten, yet, I mention those which permit 
 of use and are attractive to the child. All dwarf Magnolias 
 are objects of admiration for the young, especially the M. 
 Soulangeana. An Aralia, be it A. spinosa or Japonica, is a 
 wonder in itself as it spreads out its umbrella-shaped foliage 
 with thin flower-stands in their midst. Catalpa and Paulownia 
 are very noble trees but should be near the property-line or 
 be put out as sidewalk trees. 
 
 Shrubs with spines and thorns are to be established 
 only where no injury can happen to the child. The 
 Holly is dear to many and will fulfill the greatest of expecta- 
 tion. Where its spines are feared, put out some of the 
 evergreen Barberries, or perhaps a few of the thorny Haw- 
 thorns, which, as well as the Barberries, furnish very bright 
 stands of fruit. 
 
 We should not leave the trees and shrubs without mention- 
 ing a few which can find worthy application under excep- 
 tional conditions. I have in mind the weeping varieties of 
 trees, like Ash, Willow, Caragana, Cherry, Elm and Mulberry, 
 any one of which might be used to shape the arbor at the 
 entrance to our grounds. Also, two coniferous trees. 
 
 25 
 
Of these a Christmas Spruce should have a free stand, 
 though it would there assume dimensions which we cannot 
 forever set aside in our space. But there is no need to 
 retain such Spruce after it reaches a height of fifteen feet 
 when it should be replaced by a young one. For the children 
 to be able to decorate some kind of a Christmas tree in their 
 own grounds is a delight with charms entirely its own. I 
 mention here that these Spruces will suffer a great deal of 
 abusive treatment, and, if space should not permit a better 
 place, they may be planted where they will develop rather 
 one-sided. The other coniferous tree is the Larch. We 
 have to select far more deciduous plants than evergreen 
 ones, partly because the latter would render the grounds too 
 damp, partly on account of the charms with which the decid- 
 uous shrubs surprise us when nature again dons its green 
 dress. And at that very time the Larch is the brightest 
 green shade tree we have. In the midst of winter its slender 
 branches are as attractive as a string of beads. And these 
 purplish cones forming already on young specimens, is a 
 baby's ear shaped more daintily? 
 
 Ere I pass on to other plants of woody growth, I have to 
 mention a list of those offering characters which are either 
 meaningless to a child, or of such strange expression that, 
 for such reason only, the child will pay attention to them. 
 
 Foremost amongst them are the Fuchsias and the Lobster 
 Claw (Clianthus and Erythrina). A child will make free to 
 some extent with the former for the simple reason that it 
 meets with those blooms wherever it beholds a garden. But 
 there is chill about the flower which forbids the child to show 
 
 26 
 
affection toward it. This is truer yet wiOT'liBg uaffiy-shaped 
 Lobster Claws. The little ones may select them on account 
 of their bright color, but the build of the blossom is foreign 
 to its sympathies. 
 
 The Double Pseonies are meaningless to a child, while the 
 single ones are good, but almost too large to be acceptable. 
 The Hydrangeas, gorgeous as they are, mean very little to 
 it. We may select a specimen of them to place as a show- 
 piece near the door of our house; but the child will look at 
 the plant only with astonishment. So with the Snowball 
 whose lifeless colored leaflets lack even the character 
 of stamens. It may be taken for granted that flowers 
 which are not visited by insects are objects of no interest 
 to a child. 
 
 The golden flowered Corchorus (Kerria) from China, the 
 single as well as the double, are objects of curiosity, but 
 we seek objects with which a child will make familiar. The 
 same can be said about the Pomegranate with its shiny 
 foliage and its gorgeous bloom. Abutilons are attractive 
 enough, and the varieties of those many beautiful colorings 
 from which we can select are tempting, but how much more 
 charm does not a child derive from the Canterbury Bell? 
 
 To shrubs like Jasmine, Heliotrope, and Lemon Verbena 
 the unaffected child remains indifferent, and their strong 
 odors are no justification for associating their kind in our 
 grounds. 
 
 27 
 
VINES AND CLIMBERS. 
 
 The airy build of the trailing and climbing plants exerts a 
 powerful influence over a child. It is true that all plants 
 grow and show variation in height and vigor, but the 
 additional equipment of tendrils and the winding character 
 gives to the vines a heightened interest. The ascending of 
 the Morning Glory, and the twisting of grasping leaves of 
 the Clematis, do not need to be pointed out to the child. 
 They speak for themselves. The care which these plants 
 require in fastening their runners and rearranging what 
 became twisted will appeal to a child as the address of 
 friends. Let a child observe now and then how such care 
 has to be applied, and the little girl will make it a sacred 
 duty to look out for some certain vines, and thus be educated 
 for life's earnest duties. 
 
 I want to speak a word of warning about the careless set- 
 ting out of climbers. I mention here, as at several other 
 points, that the appointment of any grounds is work for a 
 professional, and to him should be left the perfect arrange- 
 ment of vines in the limited grounds. In none of the areas 
 I deal with is there room for a Passion Vine. Yet, if its 
 most peculiar flowers are considered needful to fascinate a 
 child's attention, plant it at the entrance or at the outside 
 fence. The same should be said about Tacsonias, either of 
 which kinds succeed only in warm climes. It is not at all 
 unlikely that in climes where the Cobsea scandens will grow, 
 such vine would be picked out first of any as the best to 
 clothe a wall or fence. I emphasize that its rapidity of t-rail- 
 
 28 
 
ing is very entertaining, and that its mode of fastening is 
 always plain to the investigating eye of a child. The flowers, 
 also, are large and bold, and the changing from pale-green 
 to purple is another feature to attract attention. But this 
 vine should be grown only as an annual and never be per- 
 mitted to chill or dirty any kindergarten with the enormity 
 of its runners. 
 
 Aristolochia, the Dutchman's Pipe, this noble leafed vine 
 with its odd flowers, as well as all Tecomas and Bignonias, 
 might well be placed against the house. Plants which are 
 trained as vines yet are only spreading, thin wooded bushes, 
 should be omitted in preference to the many other shrubs 
 we have to select from. In this class belong Tecoma Ca- 
 pensis. Plumbago, and the White Jasmine (J. officinale). 
 Akebia quinata is so peculiar a vine, and its handsome fo- 
 liage of such originality, that we should try to find a place 
 for it where its evergreen character will not chill the spot, 
 nor its spread interfere with the care which can be paid to it. 
 I do not believe in setting out any single one of our 
 garden Roses. Yet, there are a few Climbing Roses which 
 deserve a place. The single Cherokee is foremost amongst 
 them. Wichuraiana Roses are also worthy of a place, but 
 of others which display nothing but a mass of color at time 
 of bloom, I must maintain that our space is too limited to 
 waste it by permitting uncalled for gorgeousness. The 
 Wistaria is a very noble climber, and the higher we train it 
 the better will it succeed and the more will it absorb the 
 children's attention. Of Honeysuckles the deciduous variety 
 is the only one suitable. Its profusion of flowers, its over- 
 
 29 
 
powering odor and its handsome foliage, are the very 
 characters which raised it to such importance in song and 
 folk-lore. All Grapevines are desirable. Is the position ad- 
 vantageous enough to permit the setting out of fruit-bearing 
 varieties, so much the better. These vines should train high 
 around the windows of the upper story. The Wild Grapevine, 
 Vitis riparia, is so sweet in odor that it deserves a spot where 
 cultivated kinds will not thrive. Their relations, the Vir- 
 ginia Creeper, Ampelopsis quinquefolia, and the Boston Ivy, 
 A. Veitchii, should be in every kindergarten. Both are 
 handsome in foliage, both are glorious in the rich tints of 
 autumn. And while the former has a depth of color which 
 the latter does not display, the original way in which it 
 attaches itself to the walls against which it is trained makes 
 it an object which cannot be neglected. Our gardens are apt 
 to face some building at one side or other. Against such this 
 Boston Ivy should be planted to take care of itself. The 
 higher area should be reserved for it exclusively, whereas in 
 the lower, the climbing Ficus repens should find the spot 
 which it will cover. It will succeed only in warmer climates, 
 but there it forms a charming object because of its charac- 
 teristic foliage, the mode in which this spreads out, and the 
 unusual green which it shows, planted either in shade or in 
 sunny exposure. 
 
 Is it necessary to speak at length about the merits of 
 the Clematis, and is it possible to give either variety the 
 preference, large or small flowering kinds ? All of them 
 are grand for our purpose ; all of them appeal to the 
 child and its fancies. The large flowering kinds have 
 
 30 
 
faces as bright as stars, as warm as flowers, and their thin 
 wood permits of general and plentiful setting out. The 
 small flowering kinds, with their bushes and bouquets like 
 orange blossoms, are a wonderful sight. Again, they are 
 deciduous and can be placed where thick shade is needed 
 during summer-time and dryness during the cool part of the 
 year. And as their handsome runners permit cutting back 
 and trimming just as fancy dictates, the stands of fluffy seed 
 in fall are again an attraction for the child, equaled only by 
 the Smoketree. If we set out some Hop-roots, let us be 
 careful lest we overstock the place with the runners which 
 are extremely dangerous in their spreading habit. Yet, the 
 vines climb with rapidity and should be set out where little 
 else will succeed, and their handsome fruit-stands are again 
 the furnisher of many pleasant moments for our little ones. 
 Jasminum nudiflorum is a much neglected climber but a very 
 welcome one for our purposes. Could you find a more 
 pleasant duty than to point out to your children the first 
 bloom after winter has lost its severity ? No leaf is about 
 and the greenish wood is barely an indication of life. But 
 those showers of yellow bells, as they hang all over the 
 runners, will be remembered by the child for its future life. 
 Most of the annual vines should be given over to the toy- 
 gardens of our little charges. Instance the Morning-glories. 
 Could we add more description than their names indicate ? 
 Let me say only that the teacher will find great pleasure 
 and arouse renewed and lasting interest, if she will make 
 selection of the different colors and distribute the seed 
 accordingly, Let some tots also have mixed seed and let 
 
each imagine what its crop will be like. Similar charm is 
 offered by the Runners, the scarlet as well as the white. They 
 have clear and solid colors and the crop of beans to be har- 
 vested from them is the delight of the children. The little 
 girl will find a meal to take to mother, while the boy may 
 grow his supply of beans to trade for marbles when such 
 pastime is in season. Nasturtiums are good anywhere and 
 at all times. Neglect the running kinds in preference to the 
 dwarf ones and take advantage of the many varieties which 
 our seed firms now place upon the market. This vine more 
 than any other invites the child's care to lay up seed for 
 the coming season, and can we instil more noble ideas into 
 its young mind than to encourage such traits in it ? 
 
 Lophospermum scandens is a vine which will succeed in 
 warm positions only, but there it is a revelation with its 
 hundreds of flowers, each one of which, tucked away amongst 
 woolly-fleeced foliage, likens a lion's throat. 
 
 Ere I close the list of climbers, I have to mention a trailer 
 which is small as well as pretty. The Kenilworth Ivy 
 (Linaria Cymbalaria), Mother of Thousands. It should be 
 set out in many places, and as often as the rough boy may 
 destroy what the careful sister has set out, this grateful 
 vine will again produce results from the small piece the 
 intruder may have spared. 
 
 Of fruit-bearing vines, the 
 
 BERRIES 
 
 form a group by themselves, and are to play an important 
 part in our kindergarten setting. The berries should be so 
 
 32 
 
distributed that they can produce ample crops, and such 
 kinds should be selected which will assure regular returns. 
 Select proper positions and arrange your grounds that the 
 toy-gardens receive their supply of berries in preference to 
 fences and boundaries, so that the little ones may claim 
 proprietary rights in the many vines. Select of Blackberries 
 and their hybrids those which bear freely while not growing 
 too rankly. Raspberries and Currants must be represented 
 as well as a few bushes of Gooseberries. 
 
 THE PERENNIAL BORDER. 
 
 This must furnish us the greatest diversity of bloom with 
 the least amount of caretaking. There is no need whatever 
 for any spot to be without a plant, and the ground under trees 
 and along shrubbery should be amply furnished with a 
 selection of herbaceous plants. A climate like that we enjoy 
 in California should produce flowers from the first of the 
 year to the last of December, and our efforts should be 
 directed mainly to selecting those which will impress the 
 child as marking distinct periods. Again, we may associate 
 similar growth and bloom and harmonizing color-shades, and 
 yet have a wide selection. But I lay the greatest stress 
 upon the avoidance of all those plants which mean no more 
 to the child than a mass of color. Such effects confront us 
 in every garden, and while people are justified in grouping 
 and massing in places where home grounds have to rely upon 
 a wealth of color, in our limited area there must be no plant 
 
 33 
 
which means color and color only. I have already objected 
 to the Garden Roses and Hydrangeas and add now the great 
 mass of Geraniums. Not one should be planted in our 
 kindergartens unless it be a vari-colored f oliaged one, varie- 
 ties which usually lack in brightness of bloom. A bunch of 
 flowers picked by the child as it passes along the beds 
 and, surely, we do not intend to punish our charges for such! 
 should attract the eye less than the thought. Plants 
 which produce a sudden burst of color are excepted from 
 such iron-clad rule. To them belong, for instance, the 
 Gladiolus and Flags. Either of them is a stately plant and 
 the glow of the coloring of the former specially gives the 
 child a surprise which we cannot equal with other kinds. 
 
 The greatest importance is placed by me upon those 
 flowers which have faces, as it were. A child well notices 
 the difference such blossoms display when they are held one 
 way or another. And if he does not, are we not to develop him 
 through association of characters which will shapen his 
 mind and ideas? It is in days of after-years that he 
 recalls the impressions he now receives while under our 
 care. What is not understood, or realized, for years and 
 years, the mere fact that it exerted a silent influence bears 
 results no matter how irresponsive the mind appeared to be 
 at the time it was subjected to this association. 
 
 The Pansies take foremost rank amongst the flowers with 
 faces. But a Pansy is not a Pansy by any means. It re- 
 quires exactly as much care to raise a poor flower as the 
 most noble of all, and it is our sacred duty that we raise 
 nothing but the most perfect. The faces of Pansies are like 
 
 34 
 
those of humanity : all of them are interesting, and while 
 some are so exceptionally attractive as to call for universal 
 notice, others display but few qualities to redeem them 
 from the commonplace. Moreover, there are worse than 
 commonplace faces amongst the Pansies. Some are so 
 utterly vulgar that their appearance in any place is to be 
 avoided, more especially with us, who are to select the in- 
 viting, and pick from it the most appropriate only. Next 
 to the Pansies come the handsome Violas, a strain so sweet 
 and simple in their delicate tints that we may well place a 
 large number of seedlings in care of our little gardeners. 
 Then the single Violets. Perhaps some wonder that I ascribe 
 a face to a Violet. But such it has, and its sincere features, 
 its modest nobility, have won for it the admiration of poet 
 and artist through all ages. Whenever you are in doubt how 
 to fill a space here or there, put in a violet and remember 
 that it flowers the better the of tener the little tots transplant 
 it and the more bloom is picked off for bouquets. 
 
 Of other f aced-flowers I mention the long list of all Pea-vines 
 no matter of what description or sort. Be they Lathyrus, 
 the Sweat Pea, or the grand spikes of the noble Lupines, 
 they are all welcome in our garden. 
 
 Another large family is formed by the Snapdragons and 
 honey-storing Sedges. I class here the so-called Lionsmouth, 
 Antirrhinums and Linarias, as well as Pentstemons and 
 Mimulus of all kinds and almost any color. Remember, also, 
 the common wayside weed Dead Nettle, Lamium album 
 and purpureum, as they grow along hedges and pathways in 
 the old country. No bloom has a richer supply of honey, and 
 
 35 
 
what the bees do not take to satisfy their needs, the children 
 will pluck and absorb. 
 
 Leonotus Leonurus is one of the most stately herbs we 
 could set out, and their whirls on gigantic stems attract 
 through their odd color and their odd build. 
 
 The glorious Foxgloves and the Monk's Hood (Aconite) 
 have to be omitted on account of their poisonous qualities. 
 The family of Larkspurs, so rich in blue or bright in scarlet 
 (Delphinium nudicaule) should hang out their unusual colors 
 in summertime when bloom begins to be scarce. 
 
 Let us make sure lest we forget the Bleeding Heart. This 
 shrub has attracted attention and absorbed the interest of 
 young and old ever since the day of its introduction. With 
 this plant the child should learn to appreciate the individual 
 flower, and desist from plucking the long spray. Such can 
 be accomplished by inducing the child to discover all the 
 interesting parts which compose this flower. Our wild species 
 of less showy, yet very similar, build should find room some- 
 where. Their small rootstocks will produce an abundance of 
 modest blooms in any out-of-the-way place we may assign to 
 them. 
 
 The Cyclamens and Dodecatheons are a child's treasure 
 wherever it meets with them. The very name given to the 
 latter in the region about here, " Shooting Star" and 
 " Johnny-jump-up, " are so characteristic of a child's fancy 
 that we may well know that in the early spring these flowers 
 are picked by the children in great numbers. 
 
 For sake of comparison I mention the Pelargoniums, or 
 Lady Washingtons, as they are called in some parts. They 
 
belong to the class of flowers with faces. But their features 
 appear painted and the mass of color is so profusely dis- 
 played that every bloom loses its character as a flower. 
 They must be avoided in our grounds. If the kindergartner's 
 fancy takes more friendly to these flowers than mine does, let 
 me ask her to set out those varieties only which show rich 
 markings in deep contrast. I have in mind the deep-velvety 
 maroon and red kinds which are sufficiently beautiful to 
 redeem all of those vulgar magenta varieties which are so 
 repulsively displayed in ever so many gardens. Our grounds 
 are small and the number of plants from which we may select 
 so great, that we can well afford to let the children get 
 acquainted with the Pelargoniums in other gardens than 
 their own. 
 
 All other flowers in our herbaceous border may be classed 
 as mere ornaments, lacking personality. But the varieties 
 from amongst them which deserve notice are legion, and it is 
 difficult to enumerate the best only. 
 
 The Hellebore, or Christmas Rose, is really beautiful only 
 where the snow covers the ground in winter, and while we 
 may grow it to satisfaction, we must forego its dearest friend- 
 ship if we can not show the children how this flower will 
 come up through the snow. 
 
 Of Primroses we cannot have too many. Let us select 
 those only which are clear in color (Polyanthus) and well 
 defined in their marking. The old-fashioned, sweetscented 
 Cowslip should be represented, and the Primula acaulis 
 should be found in the toy-garden of every child. These 
 plants are kind enough to withstand all abusive care our 
 
 37 
 
little ones may bestow upon them. Liverwort, Hepatica, 
 and Lungwort, Pulmonaria, are other kind messengers of 
 spring. Forget-me-nots should be everywhere and those 
 varieties which require more watering should be handed over 
 to the busy hands about the toy-gardens. Likewise, Daisies 
 may be left to all the abuse the little gardeners will afflict. 
 Repeated handling seems to be appreciated by them, and it 
 will be the very plant which may be looked after every other 
 week to see whether it is making roots. 
 
 Anemones in all their glory should furnish a great amount 
 of variation in our border. While the herbaceous kinds 
 flower late in summer, the bulbous varieties may readily be 
 handed over to the little hands and a liberal supply be par- 
 celed out to the toy-gardens. They are the very flowers 
 which will amply repay with bloom, and that of such a color- 
 ing as will swell the pride of the little nursery folks. 
 
 The perennials furnish us a choice variety for summer- 
 flowering plants. All the Sunflowers and Black-eyed Susans 
 are stately and well endowed with bloom. Marguerites flower 
 all the year round. The colored Pyrethrums in their many 
 pleasing shades bring about variety and charm. The Michel- 
 mas Daisies conclude the display of their kinds in fall. 
 Some Dahlias, also, should be set out and the taking care 
 through winter of their bulbs in cooler climes places further 
 responsibility upon the little gardeners. The single blooms 
 are the most appropriate in our gardens. 
 
 The herbaceous Spiraeas and their relatives are all a sweet 
 assembly and their graceful flowerstands are an attraction in 
 any place. Spiraea filipendula is the queen of their kind and 
 
S. Ulmaria the king. Gypsophila, Baby's Breath, is unique in 
 its light, airy build. 
 
 The stately rows of Hollyhocks should find room where 
 their majestic spires may display in the full sun, and both 
 the single as well as the double are to be favored, giving the 
 preference to the former. Perchance a Mullein should be 
 thrown in to raise its golden bloom on velvety stalks. The 
 rosette of foliage of the plant in the first year is an at- 
 traction in itself and arouses great expectation for the 
 season to come. The Canterbury Bells are another biennial, 
 and their chimes will be repeated from many a little one's 
 lips as it adds the sound to the handsome bell. Phlox, Pride 
 of the Meadow, with its handsome heads of flowers and the 
 agreeable perfume, should replace the gaudy Hydrangeas in 
 our kindergarten. Columbines in all varieties are welcome 
 to ample space in our limited area, and the more they spread 
 and reach out their handsome flowers in natural array, the 
 more welcome they should be for our selection. The yellow, 
 red and white varieties are the most suitable, and buff and 
 misty colors should be avoided. 
 
 The Carnation family is an association from which we may 
 take all those forms which remind us of the state they were 
 in before cultivation and mast-culture distorted them. Hunt 
 up the oldest single pink and the little carnation so sweet 
 and so simple, with which every old-fashioned garden bor- 
 ders its beds. Refuse to plant a double carnation. Their 
 association favors ideas and conceptions which we fall into 
 only too quickly when we grow up. The more double a pink, 
 the less it is a pink. The wild Dianthus and Lychnis, the 
 
 39 
 
Red Robins and the Lychnis flos cuculi are good friends. So 
 is Silene inflata, a plant which will be endeared to every 
 child on account of the peculiarly inflated calyx. 
 
 Out of all the multitude of perennials which could be 
 mentioned with perhaps just as much justification as those I 
 have listed, there are two which I place last in the list and 
 first in importance. The St. John's Wort, Hypericum, is the 
 most interesting of all summer flowers. Their liberal display 
 of stamens makes them at once the handsomest and most in- 
 viting of all blooms in color at that time of the year. They 
 flower abundantly, need little care and their yellow is clear 
 and rich. The other plant is the old, dear old Red Top 
 Clover. The leaves are attractive as clover leaves are, and 
 the stem builds itself firmly and stately, displaying the hand- 
 some flower to wind and weather, to sun and clouds. A 
 bouquet in itself, every single bloom is a store of sweet 
 honey. This every child knows, you never need draw its at- 
 tention to it. And is there a more interesting, a more 
 idyllic picture in nature than to see the bee climb from 
 bloom to bloom, gently nodding to and fro, and spend time 
 over the rich harvest it is reaping ? 
 
 Amongst the clover sow a few seeds of Anthyllis Vulne- 
 raria and Ornithopus rativus, the Kidney Vetch and the 
 Serradella. 
 
 40 
 
BULBOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Does it need more than the mere mentioning of Snowdrop 
 and Daffodil, Anemone and Crocus to call to mind the sweet- 
 est charms with which nature has endowed us? Flora has 
 no other children alike beautiful, alike innocent, alike fleet- 
 ing. They spring up like beloved children, grow sweet and 
 charming and, as if they were too precious to be soiled 
 through contact with the world, they pass to the homes 
 whence they came. But with every new awakening of nature 
 they return as dainty as ever, brightly arrayed in their 
 heavenly robes of surpassing purity to renew their yet vivid 
 impression from the season before. And are not these the 
 flowers of the children? Why does a tot reach for the 
 Snowdrop, why does it break the Fairy-maid, why is the 
 Narcissus its companion, greeted as a friend as soon as 
 beheld ? 
 
 And if these are children of the spring-time which I have 
 named, there are also grown up and developed members of 
 the bulbous garden. Not all of them fade away like the 
 Crocus, some ripen to womanhood and charm us as the sea- 
 sons pass on. They are the Watsonias, the Gladiolus, the 
 Tigridias, the Ixias, the Montbretias, and, grandest of all, the 
 royal lineage of Lilies. Do not tell me they are too tender, 
 too easily destroyed by a child's longing hands, so that 
 they should be eliminated from our list. Emphatically no. 
 The days have passed when we were satisfied to give our 
 children the gutter and the sidewalk, the kindergarten with- 
 out the garden. It is only a question of progress when we 
 
 41 
 
shall establish all through the land the kindergartens as I 
 proclaim them, and in the most advanced of them, Lilies will 
 array themselves to be loved and adored by those most fit to 
 understand their heavenly build. 
 
 There is no Narcissus growing with flowers of average size 
 which is not a suitable object for our selection. The small 
 flowering Roman or Italian Hyacinths do well and increase 
 in size and number rapidly. Crocus of all description are 
 welcome to display their golden or silvery cloth in our beds. 
 Lilies of the Valley, with the most delightful odor of any 
 petal opening, the Amaryllis with their leafless stems, the 
 Crown Imperials with their leafy build, and the Trilliums 
 with their oddest association of foliage and flower, every 
 one of them is suited and should be considered. Also the 
 Dog-tooth-violets (Erythroniums), the Winter Aconite (Eran- 
 this) with its large golden cup, the Anemones in thousand- 
 fold glory, the Ranunculus in almost all hues of the rainbow, 
 the peculiar Salomon's Seal: indeed, it is difficult to limit the 
 enumeration. 
 
 Of those flowering in later months, the Callas, Cyclamens, 
 Watsonias, some Crocus, the Red-hot-poker plant (Tritoma) 
 and especially the Tigridias are a noble lot of color and 
 shape. The pretty Colchicums we will have to omit on ac- 
 count of the injurious sap, but the large variety of Oxalis 
 shall safely furnish us with bloom and brightness. 
 
 42 
 
THE TOY-GARDEN. 
 
 Each child should be induced to take interest in caring for 
 a little garden patch of its own. My plans provide for them, 
 and under the direction of the city-gardener and the super- 
 vision of the kindergartner they may cultivate and sow and 
 reap to their hearts' content. While all take part in the 
 plants on the entire grounds, here, in the toy-garden, every 
 one is supposed to apply its own little doctrines to the patch 
 set aside for it. Naturally, most of the plants will be an- 
 nuals and from them we should select quick growing and, if 
 possible, showy kinds. The old-fashioned Strawflowers, 
 Everlastings, should receive a place of importance in this 
 collection. The pretty Acroclinium, the bright Calliopsis, 
 the true Cornflower, the modest Mignonette, the slender 
 Linums, the dainty Gilias, the fleshy Portulaca, the august 
 Poppies, the showy Clarkias, the stately Godetia, the pom- 
 pous Asters, the diffident Love-in-the-mist, and the gorgeous, 
 openfaced Sunflower: they are all grateful objects for a 
 child's gardening. 
 
 I want to mention at this opportunity how attractive 
 plants are to a child if their development offers special fea- 
 tures which will be quickly noticed. Those which close 
 their bloom every evening and again reopen in the morning 
 are notable in this respect. The sweet Baby-blue-eyes (Ne- 
 mophila) and the California Poppies (Eschscholtzia) belong 
 to this class. It is not at all necessary that we draw the 
 child's attention to these changing conditions. We will 
 feel awkward enough by the time one or the other of our 
 
 43 
 
pupils notices such conditions and asks us why they take 
 place. We intend to educate the children through asso- 
 ciation, and must refrain from spreading before them what 
 little wisdom we older ones possess. That is the reason I 
 do not propose planting such species as Touch-me-not (Im- 
 patiens), or the Mimosa. 
 
 THE VEGETABLE GARDEN. 
 
 It depends on the space at our disposal whether we can 
 afford to endow each child with a little spot in which it 
 may grow vegetables, or whether the kindergartner has to 
 keep the different kinds of vegetables in distinct patches 
 and let the children help to cultivate and harvest. Which- 
 ever way may have to be pursued, the growing of vege- 
 tables is of prime importance for the children under our 
 charge. Let us recollect that every vacant lot in our cities 
 could well be planted after the plans of Mayor Pingree, of 
 Detroit, and here, in the kindergarten, is the place to be- 
 gin the training of the future cultivators of such useful 
 plots. Let us forbear, though, most carefully from trying 
 to point to such work as being of any cash value. The 
 children should not know the difference in price of one 
 coin from the other while they are with us in these sacred 
 grounds. But that spirit should be cultivated, to grow 
 something to receive returns. And these returns should 
 become the child's property to do with as he or she likes. 
 Do you doubt for a moment that the few potatoes will go 
 into mother's kitchen? That the handful of beans must be 
 
 44 
 
cooked for father on the coming Sunday? And what 
 mother could be so poor that she would not be willing to 
 season those potatoes with the best of butter, the beans 
 with the richest of flavors, and embrace that child of hers 
 with the fondest embrace? 
 
 Almost all vegetables are suited for our garden. Potatoes, 
 with proper selection of those ripening early, should be 
 lined with rows of Horsebeans. Do not shrug the shoulder 
 over their kind. There are thousands who appreciate them, 
 and it is well that the edges of the patches should be turned 
 into use with growth which will produce ere the main crop 
 is ready. Radishes, Lettuce, Beets, Turnips, and Carrots all 
 ripen easily and surely. Of Beans we have already runners 
 planted as vines. Let us add Bush Beans, and teach the child 
 how to pick them with the greatest of care, so that the crop 
 will not be ruined after the first handling. Tomatoes may be 
 set out after having been raised from seed under shelter. 
 We also should have a few roots of Asparagus. It is a highly 
 ornamental plant and the child should know how that vege- 
 table is produced. Corn of the early kinds must find a 
 place and kitchen herbs of all descriptions must have ample 
 room. Imagine the pleasure of a child if it can supply the 
 home regularly with all the Parsley for soup and dressing ! 
 Also rows of Strawberries to pick and put between the 
 smacking lips. They furnish a good way to train the child 
 to arrest its longing hands and wait till the sun has ripened 
 the berry, which, then, should be disposed of as the teacher 
 decides. 
 
VARIOUS PLANTS. 
 
 The grasses furnish unique effects and some of them 
 should be used in our compositions. I have in mind the 
 beautifully colored Ribbon-grass, the small - growing Bam- 
 boos, the Snakegrass (Briza), the variegated Reed (Arundo) 
 and some small kinds of New Zealand Flax (Phormium). 
 The Pampas-grass must be left out. It is of dimensions un- 
 suited for our grounds and its foliage is too sharp to be 
 placed in contact with the little hands we have to protect. 
 
 Of succulents we may put out some on the driest and 
 hottest spot in our garden. Cactus with its dazzling flowers 
 is well suited for show as well as to illustrate the peculiar- 
 ities of its genus. Hen-and-Chickens (Sempervivums and 
 Echeverias) should be set out in limited number. The chil- 
 dren may be permitted to plant and replant them as often as 
 they feel the necessity of doing so. They will outlive all the 
 trials to which they are subjected. 
 
 A half -barrel with water plants could well be sunk into 
 the ground. A small growing Water-lily and a few Water- 
 hyacinths will make their home in its boundaries. A Par- 
 rotsfeather (Myriophyllum), will also live in such company 
 and overreach the border in graceful runners. 
 
 As the space for a small rockery can not be spared, we 
 should select just two or three large boulders, so large that 
 the children cannot shake them in their place. Set close to 
 them a few Primroses, a Kenilworth Ivy and a few Saxi- 
 fragas as well as Stone Crop (Sedum). It will suggest im- 
 pressions which will grow with the child as it develops under 
 
 46 
 
new surroundings. Also a Moneywort, Lysimachia, in a 
 damper spot should spread its regularly set leaves and un- 
 fold its large, golden flowers. 
 
 Plants with large foliage are a thing of necessity with our 
 limited landscape. They suggest nobility of character and 
 the wide space to which they are entitled impresses the 
 child with a certain admiration. The most desirable plants 
 of this class are the Rhubarb and the Artichoke, both of 
 which show very noble flowers in due season. Also some 
 Elephant's Ears (Caladium) and the classic Acanthus ; a Castor 
 Bean plant and a few Cannas, carefully selected, should also 
 be included. But let us take care lest we encourage an 
 expanse of foliage which is as meaningless as the gorgeous 
 coloring of some flowering plants. A Palm, stately and 
 distant, is no friend within our walls. No bird would 
 light on its fronds, even if they were covered with bird- 
 seed. How much less should a child be insulted with a char- 
 acter which is as foreign to it as an apple-blossom to the 
 Malayan. It is neither costliness nor rarity which decides 
 with us in our selection. No Dracaena, no Camelia is en- 
 titled to any consideration. The most humble blossom which 
 furnishes food for the bee or invites the swift humming-bird 
 to a meal is far more important in our grounds than the 
 most favored leaf from under a tropical sun. 
 
 THE LAWN. 
 
 The small patches of lawn which are laid out in our 
 grounds are to provide the groundwork of green so essen- 
 
 47 
 
tial to a cheering landscape. If they were to be used by 
 the children at all time and entirely at their will, they would 
 deteriorate in short order. The kindergartner has to place 
 some restriction upon the use of them, for useful they must 
 remain, even if they require renewing once a year. 
 
 But I want to lay down a new rule for lawns in such 
 places. In the first place use that kind of grass which 
 proved to be the most resistant in your neighborhood, no 
 matter whether such is considered the most fashionable or 
 not. Let the lawn be green. In states like California I 
 wish to see the White Clover brought to the front. It is idle 
 for us to boast of blue-grass lawns when the keeping of them 
 is the cause of more expense than the result justifies. Then 
 again, the sheen of the blue-grass is less acceptable than the 
 warm green of the cloverleaf. The blue-grass rejects the 
 warmth through its glossy foliage. The white clover ab- 
 sorbs the warmth, as it were, and stores it in unlimited 
 quantity. There is no period of the season in which it looks 
 yellowish and neglected. Some people object to the white 
 and fragrant blossoms. But just in them I appreciate a 
 character which no grass possesses. In our case they will 
 furnish a new attraction for the children and invite them to 
 play upon the ground. In fact, I would sow some Dandelion 
 and many Daisies in my kindergarten lawns. If any person 
 is in doubt whether such is the right thing to do, let him 
 watch the children. It is for them that we adjust our im- 
 provements and they are the judges and directors of our 
 efforts. 
 
OUR ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 
 
 It would be unnatural to try and separate our children 
 from animal life. And what could be more harmonious than 
 their association? We older folks feel at all times called 
 upon to subject children to instruction if not to correction. 
 The association of child and animal excludes such and makes 
 the former the king of the company. A cat even, to stran- 
 gers the most perverse of domestic animals, will permit a 
 child to almost squeeze it in two. A dog is the companion 
 and full-fledged brother of the boy and the guardian and play- 
 mate of the girl. Whoever has observed the companion- 
 ship of a lamb and children will recollect how playful 
 they were in a thousand pranks, never tiring the whole, long 
 day. We, who are supposed to direct our children's ideas 
 and lead their fancies, should select the proper companion- 
 ship from amongst the animals. Let us then exclude en- 
 tirely the dog from our grounds. Only too many of them 
 are associated with our children in the streets, and no dog 
 ever displayed the proper qualities of its kind when spoiled 
 through contact with children. Neither has the cat any 
 right to be with us. There is no child which does not enjoy 
 its company at home or over at the neighbor's. But we have 
 to install a lamb in our garden. Let it assume charge of 
 the lawn-mowing and let it be fed regularly under the kin- 
 dergartner's supervision. Let the children learn, in contact 
 with all the animals which I mention, that it is unwise to 
 feed them at all times of the day. The lamb may be led 
 forth at certain hours and whichever little girl had her 
 
 49 
 
birthday last may have the privilege to decorate the lamb's 
 neck with a new ribbon. 
 
 Rabbits may be hutched with the lamb. Both will be on 
 the ground floor and both permit friendly association. Above 
 them the squirrels shall have their housing, and their caging 
 and nest-building shall be in full view of the children. Guinea 
 pigs can well be omitted from our collection. 
 
 Of other animals let the following be represented. Gold- 
 fish can be kept in a glass for years, and it is well for the 
 children to be called in when the changing of the water 
 takes place. A Turtle may be kept if the tub with water- 
 plants is level with the ground. Lizards and Horned Toads 
 should also be on hand. They do not require care nor feed- 
 ing, and if only left alone will domesticate in a short time. 
 
 Before I speak a good word for the last named animal which 
 I propose housing with us, the Toad, an animal despised 
 wherever spoken of, let me mention some facts which are 
 known to everybody but not realized in their meaning. They 
 go to prove a companionship the extension of which we 
 ought to cultivate with religiousness. 
 
 There actually are at this day of our civilization some 
 animals which refuse to be scared* when they behold us. I 
 will mention a few well-known cases. The first is the Lady- 
 bird. Whether it is that nobody harms the pretty insect, or 
 whether it is that those who were harmed did not survive 
 the ordeal to report to the others, it is a fact that they as- 
 sociate with us wherever found. They will walk back and 
 forth on our hand and take wing whenever they choose, no 
 matter how much you may finger around them. Of birds I 
 
 50 
 
know very little, being shortsighted and, therefore, denied 
 the pleasure of having acquaintance with them. But I have 
 experienced that flocks of Quail will come and live with us 
 in the woods as soon as they have found out that we do not 
 object to them. On an out-of-the-way place where I stayed 
 for years no quail was ever shot at. Neither were they fed. 
 In all of the surrounding country every little boy and every 
 grown man carried a gun as often as time and fancy would 
 permit, and even small birds fell their prey. This proves 
 that the quail would live with us if we did not force it to 
 leave us. 
 
 Behold, also, the Sea-gull as she sails the air and leisurely 
 follows the boats, indifferent to the noisiest crowd which may 
 man them. Call them scavengers of the waters, if you like, 
 but do not deny them their elegance and their stoicism. 
 Does it not look as if they would light on your hand if out- 
 stretched to welcome them? Their large and friendly eye is 
 turned towards you and a grateful recognition is made in 
 bow and flight for every particle thrown to them. I have 
 never observed that anybody entertained an inclination to 
 harm them, and would they move if you forced them to? 
 
 And now the word for my friend, the toad. This philoso- 
 pher will live at our front door half buried under the pot of 
 our most cherished house-plant, the Diogenes of the am- 
 phibia. He will take care of his cave and love life like the 
 happy artisan who sits at his steps and smokes a pipe in the 
 fullest enjoyment of life. When the toad goes forth to hunt 
 his living he picks up what annoys us and devours a great 
 number of bothersome insects. I have made pets of toads 
 
 51 
 
for years and have fed them with bluebottles and bugs till 
 they looked for their regular repast in regular places. 
 Humanity with its vicious superstitions owes a great apology 
 to this much abused animal, and it is for us to uproot the 
 senseless persecution to which it has been exposed for ages 
 past. Let us have a dozen toads in our kindergarten and let 
 it be kept clean and neat through their habits of devouring 
 the nasty worms and insects which accumulate, especially in 
 a city lot. It is needless to state that the toad is anything 
 but poisonous, and that it only needs our common sense to 
 notice that he is colored in very harmonizing tints, and that 
 his clear and bright pair of eyes are as pleasant to behold as 
 those of a pet dog. 
 
 A large cage for birds should be set up in every kinder- 
 garten, and almost any bird is welcome to our care, pro- 
 vided his captivity is not apparent to the beholder. Bird- 
 fanciers may be able to properly extend my list of birds 
 suitable for our purpose. I mention some and they will 
 prove sufficient for almost all purposes. The Canary has 
 been imbred and held captive for so many generations that 
 its caging will be only natural. It should have an oppor- 
 tunity to nest and raise broods. Doves, with their affection- 
 ate cooing, shall -be associated with us. They are of hand- 
 somely colored plumage and always the picture of neatness 
 and gentleness. Last, but not least, let us have a few Ban- 
 tams in our enclosures. If space forbid a separate housing, 
 they may go in the stalls with the lamb and rabbits. Their 
 tiny forms and independent demeanor suit well with our 
 composition, and the children will appreciate their company. 
 
 52 
 
The gathering of eggs should be left to children by turns, 
 also the feeding and watering under proper directions. At 
 time of brooding Bantams are rather more fickle than other 
 fowl, though only hens with exceptional dispositions permit 
 interfering with themselves and their flocks. 
 
 I wish to state distinctly that no parrot has any right to 
 be within our grounds. Do not let us disturb the pleasant 
 company we create with such rude intruders. 
 
 CARE OF PLANTS AND GROUNDS. 
 
 A city nursery will form part of every rightly composed 
 community. It will be an adjunct to the park management 
 of the larger municipalities and as such have charge of the 
 sidewalk trees, boulevards, squares, playgrounds, and school- 
 yards. The care of kindergarten grounds like these is the 
 most simple thing for one trained for such work. A fore- 
 man of the city nursery should have charge of all kinder- 
 gartens. He could attend to twelve in the week's time 
 and all extra work as the annual cleaning and shaping 
 would be performed by garden laborers under his super- 
 vision. The park nursery will provide all the material which 
 is of the most simple and inexpensive kind. As often as 
 a child has injured or destroyed any of our improvements, 
 they are to be re-established and no other punishment than 
 mere advice to be administered. Our improvements are for 
 use, not for ornamentation alone, and those who take care 
 of them are required to place the children in the fullest 
 possession of them. 
 
 53 
 
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 
 
If a glance at the series of plates gives the impression 
 that every one of them might as well be the appointment of 
 an area surrounding a private home as that of a kindergar- 
 ten, their objects are served. For that is the idea incor- 
 porated in my booklet, that the proper setting for a home 
 erected in the very midst of a busy city should be accom- 
 plished. We build and lay out for a family, the only difference 
 being that our family is rather numerous in the flock of 
 children. Necessarily, the buildings have restricted dimen- 
 sions and the area is divided into many playgrounds and run- 
 ways, but, aside from that, no home-builder could suit the 
 purpose of his family better than by adopting a plan on 
 lines as here laid down. It is possible to develop a mind 
 and neglect the bodily welfare of a child, but the reverse is 
 not imaginable if grounds like ours furnish the field of ex- 
 ercise for the forming body. 
 
 In attempting to illustrate the proper planning of kinder- 
 garten-grounds, I naturally fell into systematic lines. Every 
 one of the plans accompanying this book relates to grounds 
 of a level, or nearly level, area. This is unfortunate and, 
 yet, unavoidable, as I want to address the largest circle of 
 interested people, not merely professionals. I distinctly 
 state that any slope to our grounds should be welcomed, and 
 that such may reach fifteen feet on a fifty-foot lot, or twenty- 
 
 57 
 
five feet on a one-hundred-foot lot. In such cases the de- 
 signs should guarantee an absolute originality, and every 
 value in light and shade, in slope and rise, be put to fullest 
 use. Such appointments would then add further worth and 
 attraction for the benefit of our charges. For as we leave 
 the level land and flee to the mountains to spend our vaca- 
 tion, so will a child avoid the street and seek the gutter and 
 the bank on the unimproved lot to enjoy its pastime. 
 
 Originality in the designs as fitted to level areas must 
 consist in the advantage which has been gained by over- 
 coming obstacles and hindrances previously existing. I give 
 five illustrations for kindergarten-grounds on lots of one- 
 hundred-foot frontage assuming in every instance that 
 different conditions as to exposure and limitations through 
 neighboring buildings exist. No matter how many kinder- 
 garten-grounds may be established in any one community, 
 no two of them should be identical in design. 
 
 As properly chosen school grounds are of such extreme 
 rarity that it is impossible to refer to them, I have been 
 forced to confine my plans to areas separated from grounds 
 used by older school-children. I wish to state, though, that 
 concentration of school grounds would result in greater 
 benefits in so far as we secure territory which is more open 
 and impresses as more noble in its setting. Communities are 
 slow to set aside the necessary grounds for breathing spots 
 in our crowded cities, yet if all schools were set in entire 
 blocks, surrounded by useful and pleasant grounds, a great 
 problem of our economical conditions would be solved. 
 
 58 
 
For the sake of comparison, I assume that every lot as 
 illustrated is of a depth of one hundred and thirty-five feet, 
 which is about the average we meet with in the modern city. 
 
 KINDERGARTEN ON A TWENTY-FIVE- 
 FOOT LOT. 
 
 If such area be on an inside lot, it should not be improved 
 for our purposes. If owned by the school department, it 
 should be utilized as an income-bearing investment for pur- 
 poses for which it may be suitable. Plate number one shows 
 the improvement of a corner lot of such dimensions and 
 demonstrates that it is possible to get proportionate returns 
 from it. The improvements must be limited to a house 14 
 by 50 feet, the necessary shelter which may, at times, 
 during pleasant weather, serve as an extra schoolroom 
 sandcourts, swings, and teeterboards. We find room for a 
 spot of green and use the narrow strips along the property- 
 line for toy-gardens. Playtoys, and other apparatus, as per- 
 haps hammocks and the like, may find accommodation under 
 the shelter. 
 
 KINDERGARTEN ON A FIFTY-FOOT 
 LOT. 
 
 Here, as in the previous case, the lot should be on a cor- 
 ner. Light and air are essential to our purposes if satis- 
 faction is to follow our efforts. I illustrate three cases, the 
 designs of which are conditioned by the location of the 
 
 59 
 
house. Air-wells can easily give light to the building if it 
 has to be placed as is illustrated on plate number two. The 
 grounds are all in front of the house, and the setting is 
 ideal. The little lawn is halved by a pathway to admit run- 
 ning about. Yet, the green swath will impress as a whole, 
 no matter whence you look at it, as the pathway crosses 
 your view instead of paralleling it. There is plenty of play- 
 ground, the shelter serving as such as well as the area around 
 the sandcourt, swings, and seesaws. On fifty-foot lots we 
 find ourselves permitted to accommodate some of our animal 
 friends, and place them where least interfering with the ap- 
 paratus, so that the little sightseers will not be in danger of 
 being injured while watching the animals. Many toy-gardens 
 admit of a great variety of cultivation. One way of plant- 
 ing this area is described in a subsequent paragraph. 
 
 The other corner lot, plate number three, has its house 
 removed to the middle of the area. The shelter is in the 
 back so that cultivation and irrigation may be carried on 
 where the soil is exposed. The lawn is an undivided oval of 
 about 30 by 50 feet. The house, 18 by 50 feet with an L of 
 10 by 18 feet, admits of a very pretty design. It is natural 
 that the housing for the animals should be kept in the rear 
 as much as possible so as to avoid attracting the crowd on 
 the outside. We must also try not to bring them in direct 
 touch with the playground apparatus, as the sightseeing and 
 games should be kept separated. 
 
 A look at the design for an inside fifty-foot lot, plate 
 number four, shows at once the difficulty of putting such 
 location to proper use. The neighboring houses are bound 
 
 60 
 
to crowd us, and if the shadow of a tall building or the in- 
 fluence of a cold north wall should over-awe our improve- 
 ment, it may as well be given up. A potato which sprouted, 
 deprived of its full dues of air and light, may develop foli- 
 age, but it will lack in tubers and flowers. Only then, when 
 open grounds of liberal homes are at our right and left, 
 should such ground as this be improved for a kindergarten. 
 The house should then be placed forward, the playground 
 and shelter be kept in the back part, and the growing and 
 irrigating be done in front where the brightest light possible 
 can be enjoyed. 
 
 KINDERGARTEN ON A ONE-HUN- 
 DRED-FOOT LOT. 
 
 Grounds of such area are proper for a kindergarten. If 
 larger they would form school grounds, if smaller they are 
 only makeshifts. Our buildings can now stand unconnected, 
 if so desired on account of the neighboring houses, and we 
 still will have the necessary exposure. We are independent 
 of the improvements of the adjoining properties, and no 
 matter under what disadvantages we may find our holding, 
 we can accommodate our needs. 
 
 The corner lots are, naturally, the more valuable, and I 
 illustrate four instances. In the first, plate number five, the 
 house is in the middle of the grounds. It is wise to so place 
 it if the neighboring lots are open in their improvements 
 and are not apt to be built upon with high structures. The 
 house here is 23 by 44 feet with an addition of 25 by 30 
 
 61 
 
feet. It offers ideal arrangement and permits separate en- 
 trances to the schoolrooms and to the living apartments. 
 In grounds like these we also have two entrances from the 
 streets, provided the neighborhood is such that we have not 
 more than the usual intermeddling to guard against. The 
 patches of lawn are thrown in front. This serves a two- 
 fold purpose: we secure more pleasing arrangement as seen 
 from the street, and the playgrounds may be located more 
 unobserved in the shelter of the building. The lawn is laid 
 out in pieces to offer different grazing grounds for the lamb. 
 The divers holdings give the children an opportunity to re- 
 spect rights and to divide care. We have a commodious 
 shelter, 25 by 42 feet, freely placed apparatus, various toy. 
 gardens and runways galore. A may-pole is placed, and 
 strips for toy-beds and vines are encircling the entire lot. 
 It is indeed a paradise, the Garden of Eden realized. 
 
 The next illustration, plate number six, finds our build- 
 ing in the very rear. Neighboring structures with high 
 walls conditioned such, and we spread our depth so as to fit 
 snugly against it. The wide grounds are almost undivided 
 and, for those who lay more stress upon a green lawn than 
 upon separate gardens, this design must appeal with force. 
 Shelter, toy-gardens, apparatus, and animals are arranged so 
 as to divide the area as little as possible. While it is true 
 that this partition gives the impression that a very large 
 number of children can be accommodated, it must be re- 
 membered that here it is more difficult to keep the classes 
 and games separate, as will be required at times. 
 
 The next illustration, plate number seven, offers the house 
 
attached to one on the neighboring lot, selected thus be- 
 cause free circulation and light had to be made possible 
 from the other directions. If the house, 32 by 60 feet, 
 should be found in need of extension, its upper structure 
 could well overlap part of the shelter and more space be 
 given to the inhabitants. The shelter, animals, and appa- 
 ratus are kept in the corner, because a second building 
 abutted at the rear of that lot and we have to keep that part 
 as dry as possible. Lawns, toy-gardens, and apparatus find 
 their accommodation according to the room left. This is a 
 convenient arrangement and a picturesque setting of such 
 grounds. A suitable manner of planting these grounds is 
 described in a subsequent paragraph. 
 
 Plate number eight deals with grounds which are harshly 
 walled in by neighboring buildings. Good light comes only 
 from the front and all the color of green and the desirable 
 shrubbery is here located. The building, 28 by 60 feet with 
 an L of 20 by 22 feet, abutts the adjoining building and 
 springs well out into the grounds to benefit from fullest ex- 
 posure. The low shelter is kept in the corner towards the 
 street and the toy-garden against the property line where 
 the reflex from the house on the next lot warms it. The 
 animals occupy the corner ; seesaws, swings, and sandcourts 
 are before these plots. Perfect dryness and circulation of 
 air is secured in this part of the walled-in grounds. Two 
 large pieces of lawn fill the foreground and give a rich set- 
 ting to the building as seen from the street. 
 
 The last design, plate number nine, shows an inside one- 
 hundred-foot lot. We feel at once the necessity of reducing 
 
 63 
 
the area to be covered by the building and select a T-shaped 
 ground plan for the house so as to secure the greatest pos- 
 sible surface for light and air. The rear has to be kept dry 
 and, consequently, warm, and aside from the shelter for 
 animals and apparatus, we feel the need of setting aside a 
 wide strip to keep our building warm and free. Lawns and 
 toy-gardens are arranged to be under the least disadvantage 
 from the neighbors' improvements. 
 
 PLANTING OF A KINDERGARTEN ON 
 A FIFTY-FOOT LOT. 
 
 The planting refers to the design illustrated on plate 
 number two. The west and south sides are towards the 
 street. Those species set in [ ] alongside the other enumer- 
 ated kinds refer to plants which can be substituted in cli- 
 mates warm enough to winter the orange without protection. 
 
 Sidewalk trees: Locust and Mountain Ash [Locust and 
 Acacia retinoides]. Interchange the two trees mentioned, 
 plant sixteen feet apart and remove which ever kind proves 
 the least acceptable as years pass by. 
 
 Arbor at entrance: Aristolochia and Scarlet Runners 
 [Wistaria and Morning Glories]. 
 
 Alongside of house: Stretch wire-netting against the 
 house and train to it: Virginia Creeper, Clematis paniculata, 
 Sweetwater Grape, Sweet Peas and Scarlet Runners [Akebia 
 quinata, Tecoma grandiflora, Isabella Grape, Sweet Peas and 
 Scarlet Runners]. Plant in the corner a Holly of the plain 
 green-foliaged kind [Berberis Darwinii]. 
 
 64 
 
Near the animals train Flowering Quince against the wall. 
 
 Vines at the shelter: Wistaria or Japanese Morning Glo- 
 ries and Jasminum nudiflorum [Tecoma jasminoides and Lo- 
 phospermum scandens]. 
 
 Back of vegetable garden: Purple Hazel, Damson, Crab- 
 apple, and, along the street, Scarlet Peach. [Purple Hazel, 
 Double Almond, Plumbago Capensis, and, along the street, 
 Tecoma Capensis]. 
 
 Arrange the vegetable garden to suit the kindergartner's 
 ideas. 
 
 Along property-line on the south side: Quince or Medlar, 
 Spiraea Thunbergii [Exochorda grandiflora], Forsythia For- 
 tunei. 
 
 Along property-line on the west: Laburnum, Lilac, Snow- 
 berry, Colutea, Willow, Elder, Hawthorn, Briers, Heather 
 [Purple Fringe, Philadelphus, Tamarix, Persimmon, Duck- 
 plant, Hawthorn, Willow, Briers, DiosmaJ. 
 
 Bed beyond the arbor: Mulberries along the fence, Larch 
 in the corner. Strawberries and Currants, etc. 
 
 Bed near the house (north side) : Berries. 
 
 Perennial Border: Antirrhinum, Lamium, Bleeding Heart, 
 Helleborus (in cold climates only), Forget-me-not, Sunflow- 
 ers, herbaceous Spiraeas (for cool places only), Gypsophyla, 
 Columbines, Flags, Red Clover, Larkspurs. 
 
 Border along house: Pansies, Violas, Violets, Primroses, 
 Pentstemon (clear colors only), Marguerites, Asters, Holly- 
 hocks, Phlox, Hypericum. 
 
 65 
 
Bulbous plants: Daffodils, Tigridias, Lilium album and 
 tigrinum [pardalinum], Crown Imperials [Watsonias], Oxalis, 
 Erythronium, Flags, Montbretias. At the house: Crocus, 
 Snowdrops [Fairy Maids], Eranthis, Roman Hyacinths, Tritoma 
 [Callas, Amaryllis Belladonna], Lilium longiflorum. 
 
 PLANTING OF A KINDERGARTEN ON 
 A ONE-HUNDRED-FOOT LOT. 
 
 Refer to illustration on plate number seven. The north 
 and the east side of the lot face the street. 
 
 Sidewalk trees: Set out, alternating, Birch and Poplar 
 [Tulip-tree and Hawthorn] and remove in later years which- 
 ever kind gives the least satisfaction. 
 
 Arbor at east entrance: Weeping Laburnum or Elm. 
 
 Small bed next to arbor: Arundo Donax fol. var., Cannas, 
 Tritoma, Gladiolus, Montbretias, Flags. Along barren space 
 of fence train a Honeysuckle [an evergreen variety in warmer 
 climate]. 
 
 Plant Aralia, Ricinus and Elephant's Ear, underneath 
 them Violets. 
 
 In triangle at corner of lot: Willow (training it against 
 the fence in long branches), purple Hazel, Prunus Pissardii 
 and Golden Currant. At this strip along fence train single 
 Cherokee Rose or R. Wichuraiana. Rosa Rugosa and Briers 
 in corner against arbor on north side. To form arbor, plant 
 slit-leaved Birch, if Birches are along the sidewalk; other- 
 wise, select Weeping Ash. 
 
 66 
 
Back of toy-garden plot, along property-line plant: Spindle- 
 tree, Soap-shrub, Golden Elder, Double Almond, Crab-apple, 
 Colutea and Smoke-tree at corner where animals are housed. 
 Against wall of house on next lot train flowering Quince and 
 Boston Ivy [Ficus repens]. 
 
 Along shelter and against house for animals train: Wis- 
 taria, Virginia Creeper and Hop-roots. 
 
 Vines and shrubs against house, beginning at corner of 
 shelter: Jasminum nudiflorum, Riesling Grapevine, Cornel 
 Cherry (at corner), Honeysuckle, Clematis and Scarlet Peach, 
 Snowberries at the base. Little bed at front door: Magnolia 
 Soulangeana and M. stellata, Xanthoceras [Plumbago Capen- 
 sis], Aristolochia, Tecomagrandiflora, Bridal-wreath, Pseonies, 
 Barberries and Hypericums. 
 
 Horseshoe-bed surrounding swings fill with all varieties of 
 Berries. 
 
 In the larger piece of lawn, ten feet from its edge, plant 
 a Christmas Spruce opposite the seesaws and outer vegetable 
 garden. 
 
 Perennial border: Nasturtium, Flags, Single Pseonies, 
 Gladiolus, Lupinus and Lathyrus, Antirrhinum, Mimulus, Dead 
 Nettle, Leonotus, Bleeding-heart, Larkspurs, Primroses, 
 Daisies, Hepatica (not for warm positions), Forget-me-nots, 
 Marguerites, Anemones, Gypsophilas, Hollyhocks, Phlox, Can- 
 terbury-bells, Carnations, Lychnis. 
 
 Bulbous plants: Every space and spot not planted other- 
 wise may be filled in with bulbs. 
 
 The two large patches for vegetables admit of a varied 
 display, and the wide strip from arbor on north side to the 
 
 67 
 
house for animals on the west side gives ample room for 
 many little beds for toy-gardening. The division of these is 
 a matter for the kindergartner to arrange. 
 
 Glancing over the designs, as herewith illustrated, we may 
 well exclaim: A child raised in such surroundings can 
 develop as cheerful as the bird in the bush, as free as the 
 king of the desert, as perfect as the tree on a mountain 
 meadow. 
 
HIPS FROM A 
 WAY-SIDE BRIER. 
 
Discrimination in what is to surround our children is worth 
 volumes of teaching in later life. 
 
 Enlist things living to help you raise your child. A ball 
 while active is, yet, a ball from day to day. How different a 
 plant! Its slow but constant development, in bloom this 
 week, in seed the next, addresses the child in every change. 
 
 The surroundings which we arrange about . our kinder- 
 gartens feed the mind, not the fancy. These gardens must 
 offer the child an opportunity to develop. To look upon 
 them primarily as a means for instruction is abusing their 
 purpose and injuring the child. 
 
 The eye of a child is the mouth through which the brain- 
 food enters. It is for you to determine what pictures may 
 pass its absorbing vision. 
 
 Associate yourself with the best in the world, and you will 
 have thousands of allies in your onward move. Oppose the 
 good and every step you take will be a move backward. 
 
 70 
 
, B R A , 
 
 TttK 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 Men are apt to err. A plant of nature tells its own story 
 uninfluenced, unvarnished. Therefore, leave out those pro- 
 ductions of cultivation which, like some fellow creatures, 
 smack of overculture and insincerity. 
 
 Our first thoughts are true from within, our second in- 
 fluenced from without. So with our periods of life the 
 genuineness of childhood is natural, the complexity of later 
 years is an artificial product. 
 
 The problem of a kindergarten is teaching through asso- 
 ciation; that of after years association through teaching. 
 
 What a strange age is this! We display our asylums and 
 jails and hide away those few kindergartens which we suffer 
 to vegetate. 
 
 To raise a child is to live life over. 
 
 The milk of love drawn through the nipple of common 
 sense raises good kings, professors, and men-with-the-hoe. 
 
 Insight in a child's nature is to be the birthright of the 
 kindergartner. 
 
 A masculine kindergartner a goat for gardener. 
 
 71 
 
There are two kindergartners who can succeed: the one 
 because she has mastered all there is to be learned; the other 
 because she has learned nothing. 
 
 A kindergartner a sister of mercy of the holiest order. 
 
 The child is like the traveler in foreign lands: each day 
 opens new continents to his vision, each day brings vast dis- 
 coveries to him and not till after his return home does he 
 sift his observations. So should a child not enter upon the 
 age of thought till it has become accustomed to scenes and 
 changes and can rest its mind in quiet meditation. 
 
 The merry brooklet as it passes dancing from rock to 
 boulder, do you expect it to do more than furnish playground 
 for the swift finny crowd, or a mirror for the golden faces 
 of nodding flowers? Not till after it has gathered volume 
 and settled down to a quiet stream do you think of harness- 
 ing its power, and using its element to wet the thirsty gar- 
 den. So the child. Give it healthful play and joyful pas- 
 time, surrounded by the most cheering environment your 
 mind can develop and your means can employ. As age adds 
 to its strength and new fields are opening before it, it will 
 become conscious of its enlarging abilities and seek employ- 
 ment to accomplish the best in the widest influence possible. 
 
 The smile of a child is a gleam from heaven. 
 
 72 
 
Plate No. i 
 
m-w- 
 
 Plate No. 2 
 
Plate No. 3 
 
Plate No. 4 
 
Plate No. 5 
 

Plate No. 6 
 
1. 
 
 Plate No. 7 
 
Plate No. 8 
 
Plate No. 9 
 
INDEX OF PLANT NAMES. 
 
 Abutilon 27 
 
 Acacia 21 
 
 Acanthus 47 
 
 Aconitum 36 
 
 Acroclinium 43 
 
 Agoseris 16 
 
 Akebia 29 
 
 Alder (Alnus) 20 
 
 Almond 24 
 
 Amaryllis 42 
 
 Ampelopsis 30 
 
 Anemone .. 38, 41 
 
 Anthyllis 40 
 
 Antirrhinum 35 
 
 Aralia 25 
 
 Aristolochia 29 
 
 Artichoke (Cynara) 47 
 
 Arundo 46 
 
 Ash (Fraxinus) I 25 
 
 Asparagus 45 
 
 Aspen (Populus tremula) 20 
 
 Aster 43 
 
 Bald Cypress 21 
 
 Bamboo 46 
 
 Baby's Breath 39 
 
 Baby-blue-eye 43 
 
 Barberry (Berberis) 25 
 
 Beet 45 
 
 Bignonia (Trumpet Vine). 29 
 
 Birch (Betula) 20 
 
 Blackberry 33 
 
 Black-eyed Susan 38 
 
 Bleeding Heart (Dielythra) 36 
 
 Blue Grass (Phleum pratense) ... 48 
 
 Boston Ivy 30 
 
 Breath-of-Heaven 25 
 
 Brier Rose 23 
 
 Briza 46 
 
 Broom (Genista) 24 
 
 Bush Beans 45 
 
 Buckeye (Hippocastanum) 19 
 
 Cactus 46 
 
 California Poppy 43 
 
 Calla 42 
 
 Caladium 47 
 
 Calliopsis 43 
 
 Calyanthus (Soap or Spice Shrub) 24 
 
 Camellia 47 
 
 Canna (Indian Shot) 47 
 
 Canterbury Bell (Campanula). .27, 39 
 
 Caragana 25 
 
 Carnation 39 
 
 Carrot 45 
 
 Castor Bean (Ricinus) 47 
 
 Catalpa 25 
 
 Cherokee Rose .- 29 
 
 Cherry 21, 24, 25 
 
 Chimonanthus 24 
 
 Christmas Rose 36 
 
 Christmas Spruce (Picea excelsa) 26 
 
 Clarkia 43 
 
 Clematis 28 
 
 Clianthus 26 
 
 Climbing Rose 29 
 
 Cobsea 28 
 
 Colchicum 42 
 
 Columbine (Aquilegia) 39 
 
 Colutea 23 
 
 Corchorus 27 
 
 Corn 45 
 
 Cornelian Cherry (Cornus Mas).. 24 
 
 Cornflower (Gentaurea Cyanus).. 43 
 
 Cowslip (Primula vera) 37 
 
 Crab Apple 21 
 
 Crocus 41, 42 
 
 Crown Imperial (Fritillaria) 42 
 
 Currant 33 
 
 " Golden (Ribes aureum)... 24 
 
 73 
 
GurrantPurple(Ribes sanguineum) 24 
 
 Cyclamen 36, 42 
 
 Daffodil (Narcissus) 41 
 
 Dahlia 38 
 
 Daisy 38, 48 
 
 Damson 21 
 
 Dandelion (Leontodon Tarax- 
 acum) 16, 48 
 
 Dead Nettle 35 
 
 Deutzia 24 
 
 Dianthus 39 
 
 Diosma 25 
 
 Dodecatheon 36 
 
 Dog-tooth Violet 42 
 
 Dracaena 47 
 
 Duckplant 23 
 
 Dutchman's Pipe 29 
 
 Elder (Sambucus) 23 
 
 Elephant's Ear 47 
 
 Elm (Ulmus) 19, 25 
 
 Eranthis 42 
 
 Erythrina 26 
 
 Erythronium 46 
 
 Escheveria 46 
 
 Eschscholtzia 43 
 
 Exochorda 24 
 
 Fairy Maid (Leucojum vernum)... 41 
 
 Filbert Nut (Corylus) 22 
 
 Flags (Iris) 34 
 
 Flowering Quince (Pyrus Japon- 
 
 ica) 22 
 
 Forget-me-not 38 
 
 Forsythia 24 
 
 Foxgloves (Digitalis) 36 
 
 Fuchsia 26 
 
 Gage 21 
 
 Geranium 34 
 
 Gilia., 43 
 
 Gingko 21 
 
 Gladiolus 34, 41 
 
 Glycina (Wistaria) 29 
 
 Godetia 43 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Gooseberry 33 
 
 Grapevines 30 
 
 Gypsophila 39 
 
 Halesia 24 
 
 Hawthorn (Cratsegus) 20 
 
 Hazelbush (Corylus) 22 
 
 Heather (Erica) 25 
 
 Heliotrope 27 
 
 Hellebore 36 
 
 Hen-and-Chickens 46 
 
 Hepatica 38 
 
 Holly (Ilex) 25 
 
 Hollyhock (Althaea) 39 
 
 Honeysuckle (Lonicera) 29 
 
 Hoproot (Humulus) 31 
 
 Horse-beans (Vicia Faba) 45 
 
 Horse-chestnut (Hippocastanum) 19 
 
 Hyacinth 42 
 
 Hydrangea (Hortensia)...27, 34, 39 
 
 Hypericum 40 
 
 Impatiens 44 
 
 Ixia 41 
 
 Jasminum 27, 29, 31 
 
 Johny-jump-up 36 
 
 Kenilworth Ivy 32, 46 
 
 Kerria 27 
 
 Kidney Vetch 40 
 
 Laburnum (Golden Chain) 24 
 
 Lady Washington 36 
 
 Lamium 35 
 
 Larch (Larix) 21, 26 
 
 Larkspur (Delphinium) 36 
 
 Lathyrus 35 
 
 Lemon Verbena (Aloyisia citri- 
 
 odora) 27 
 
 Leonotus 36 
 
 Lettuce 45 
 
 Lilac (Syringa) 24 
 
 Lilium 41 
 
 Lily-of-the- Valley (Convallaria).. 42 
 
 Linaria 32, 35 
 
 Linum 43 
 
 74 
 
Lionsmouth 35 
 
 Liverwort 38 
 
 Lobster Claw 26 
 
 Locust (Robinia) 20 
 
 Lophospermum , . . . 32 
 
 Love-in-the-Mist (Nigella) 43 
 
 Lungwort 38 
 
 Lupimis 35 
 
 Lychnis 39, 40 
 
 Lysimachia 47 
 
 Magnolia 25 
 
 Maidenhair Tree 21 
 
 Maple (Acer) 19 
 
 Marguerite (Chrysanthemum).... 38 
 
 Medlar (Mespilus) 22 
 
 Michelmas Daisy (Aster) 38 
 
 Mignonette (Reseda) 43 
 
 Mimosa 44 
 
 Mimulus 35 
 
 Mock Orange (Philadelphus) 24 
 
 Moneywort 47 
 
 Monck's Hood 36 
 
 Montbre tia 41 
 
 Morning Glory (Convolvolus 
 
 major) 28 
 
 Mother-of -Thousands 32 
 
 Mountain Ash (Sorbus) 20 
 
 Mulberry (Morus) 19, 25 
 
 Mullein (Verbascum) 39 
 
 Myriophyllum 46 
 
 Narcissus 41 
 
 Nasturtiums (TropaBolum) 32 
 
 Nemophila 43 
 
 New Zealand Flax 46 
 
 Oak-leaved Ash (Sorbus) 20 
 
 Ornithopus 40 
 
 Oxalis 42 
 
 Palm 47 
 
 Pampas (Gynerium) 46 
 
 Pansy 34 
 
 Parrot's Feather 46 
 
 Parsley 45 
 
 Passion Vine (Passiflora) 28 
 
 Paulownia 25 
 
 Peach 24 
 
 Pea Vines (Papilionacese) 35 
 
 Pelargonium 36 
 
 Pentastemon 35 
 
 Peony (Paeonie) 27 
 
 Persimmon (Diospyros) 22 
 
 Phlox 39 
 
 Phormium 46 
 
 Plum 21, 24 
 
 Plumbago 29 
 
 Polyanthus 37 
 
 Pomegranate (Punica) 27 
 
 Poplar (Populus) 20 
 
 Poppy (Papaver) 43 
 
 Portulaca 43 
 
 Potato 45 
 
 Pride-of -the-Meadow 39 
 
 Primrose 37, 46 
 
 Primula 37 
 
 Pulmonaria 38 
 
 Purple Fringe (Rhus Gotinus).... 23 
 
 Pussy Willow (Salix Caprea) 24 
 
 Pyrethrum 38 
 
 Quince 22 
 
 Radish 45 
 
 Ranunculus 42 
 
 Raspberry 33 
 
 Red-hot-poker Plant 42 
 
 Red Robin 40 
 
 Red-top Clover (Trifolium pur- 
 
 pureum) 40 
 
 Reed 46 
 
 Rhubarb (Rheum) 47 
 
 Ribbongrass (Phalaris arundin- 
 
 acea picta) 46 
 
 Rosa rugosa 23 
 
 Roses 34 
 
 Runners 32 
 
 Salomon's Seal (Polygonatum)... 42 
 Saxifraga 46 
 
 75 
 
Sedges (Salvia) 35 
 
 Sedum 46 
 
 Sempervivum 46 
 
 Serradella 40 
 
 Shooting Star 36 
 
 Silene 40 
 
 SmokeTree (Rhus Cotinus)...23, 31 
 
 Snake Grass 46 
 
 Snapdragon 35 
 
 Snowball (Viburnum) 24, 27 
 
 Snowberry (Symphoricarpos).... 23 
 
 Snowdrop (Galanthus) 41 
 
 Spindle Tree (Elaeagnus) 23 
 
 Spiraea 24, 38 
 
 Spruce (Picea) 25 
 
 Staphylea 23 
 
 St. John's Wort 40 
 
 Stonecrop 46 
 
 Strawberry 45 
 
 Succulents 46 
 
 Sunflower 38, 43 
 
 Sutherlandia 23 
 
 Sweet Pea (Lathyrus odoratus).. 35 
 
 Tacsonia 28 
 
 Tamarix... .. 25 
 
 Taxodium 21 
 
 Tecoma 29 
 
 Tigridia 41, 42 
 
 Touch-me-not 44 
 
 Trillium 42 
 
 Tritoma 42 
 
 Tropaeolum (Nasturtium of gar- 
 dens) 32 
 
 Tulip Tree (Liriodendron) 19 
 
 Turnip 45 
 
 Violas 35 
 
 Violets 35 
 
 Virginian Creeper 30 
 
 Vitis riparia 30 
 
 Water Hyacinth (Eichornia) 46 
 
 Water-lily 46 
 
 Watsonia 41, 42 
 
 Weigelia 24 
 
 White Clover (Trifolium repens) 48 
 
 Wichuraiana Rose 29 
 
 Willow 24, 25 
 
 Winter Aconite 42 
 
 Wisteria (Glycine) 29 
 
 Xanthoceras. . . 24 
 
 76 
 
WHAT WOULD BE FAIR, 
 
 MUST FIRST BE FIT." 
 
 GEO. HANSEN, 
 
 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT. 
 
 Advisory Architect to Park Commissions, Municipalities and Cemetery 
 Associations. 
 
 ADVICE, SKETCHES, DESIGNS, OR FULL 
 
 WORKING PLANS FOR PRIVATE OR SCENIC TRACT 
 
 PUBLIC GROUNDS, SQUARES, 
 
 CEMETERIES AND PARK SYSTEMS, 
 
 DIVISION OF SUBURBAN PROPERTY BERKELEY CAL 
 
 WORK UNDERTAKEN IN ANY 
 
 PART OF THE COUNTRY 
 
 77 
 
GEO. HAN SEN, 
 
 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT, 
 
 SCENIC TRACT, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA. 
 AUTHOR OF 
 
 ZTbe rcbiD IbEbrifcs. 
 
 Enumeration and classification of all Orchid Hybrids described (about 
 3000). 334 pp., royal octavo. Price, by registered mail, $3.00. 
 
 What some readers said: 
 
 MR. W. BULL, Chelsea, London: "The amount of labor involved must 
 have been enormous. Please accept my congratulations." 
 
 MR. C. C. HURST, Hinckley, Leicestershire: "An admirable work of 
 reference * * * * a never failing help." 
 
 CURATOR W. B. LATHAM, Botanic Garden, Edgbaston, Birmingham: "I 
 must congratulate you on being the first to attempt such a work." 
 
 MR. T. L. MEAD, Oviedo, Florida: "The catalogue part of your book 
 is certainly a monumental work, and with the promised supplement will be 
 simply invaluable and indispensable to every hybridizer who wishes to work 
 intelligently." 
 
 MR. JAMES R. PITCHER, Shorthills, N. J.: " I found it of such absorb- 
 ing interest, that I did not lay it down until I had finished reading the entire 
 book. You prepared it with great care and correctness. * * * It 
 should have a large sale when it becomes known that such a book is to be 
 had. * * * The dedication of the book itself is a classic in its way/' 
 
 MR. J. E. ROTHWELL, Brookline, N. Y.: "I trust that you will keep 
 up your work, as it is a valuable aid to us, and encourages painstaking and 
 interest in the subject." 
 
 MESSRS. JAMES VEITCH & SON, Chelsea, London: "We shall warmly 
 recommend your book." 
 
 Mr. ALEX. WRIGHT, South Norwood Hill, London: "I have enjoyed 
 the reading of it. Your classification may be a little too far in advance 
 for some, but I think you are on the right road, and it must be adopted 
 sooner or later. No one can, on reading your book, but admire the perse- 
 verance and interest you have taken in your work." 
 
 78 
 
DISTRIBUTOR OF 
 
 EXSICCATE 
 
 fflora ot tbe Sequoia <3lgantea IRegfon. 
 
 Collected in the Counties of Amador, Calaveras and Alpine, California, 
 at altitudes from 300 up to 9000 feet. 
 
 Sets of about 1000 species. More than 30 Novitates. Price, $7.00 
 per century. Desiderata to any amount or of any number. 
 
 MY SETS ARE REPRESENTED IN 
 
 UNITED STATES Shaw Bot. Gardens, St. Louis, Mo.; Leland Stanford 
 Jr. University, California; Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass.; 
 Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Gal.; Dr. Geo. T. Stevens, New York; 
 Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, Tarrytown, N. Y.; Prof. Edw. L. Greene, 
 Catholic University, Washington, D. C.; Marcus E. Jones, Salt Lake City; 
 Henry Eggert, East St. Louis, Ills. 
 
 GERMANY Kgl. Bot. Museum, Berlin; Kgl. Bot. Museum, Breslau; 
 Prof. Haussknecht, Weimar; Kgl. Herbarium, Dresden. 
 
 SWITZERLAND Herbier Boissier, Chambesy; Herbier Delessert, Geneve; 
 Musee Cantonale, Lousanne. 
 
 ENGLAND Royal Bot. Gardens, Kew; Museum of Natural History, 
 South Kensington, London; Royal Bot. Garden, Edinburgh. 
 
 FRANCE Prof. E. Drake del Castillo, Paris; Museum d' Histoire 
 Nauturelle, Paris. 
 
 AUSTRIA Kg]. Bot. Museum, Wien; Boehmische Univcrsiteet, Prag. 
 
 ITALY Institute Botanico Hanbury, Genoa. 
 
 RUSSIA Imp. Bot. Gardens, St. Petersburg; Hort. Bot. Jurjevensis, 
 Dorpat. 
 
 HUNGARY Prof. Richter Laos, Budapest. 
 
 HOLLAND 's Rijks Herbarium, Leiden. 
 
 EAST INDIA Royal Bot. Gard., Sibpur, Calcutta. 
 
 79 
 
What some subscribers had to say about them: 
 
 PROF. A. BATALIN, Dir. Bot. Gard., St. Petersburg: "I express my 
 satisfaction with the excellent manner of preparation and state of preser- 
 vation of your herbar collection." 
 
 Miss A. EASTWOOD, Curator Herbarium, Academy of Sciences, San 
 Francisco, Cal.: " * * * they are perfectly satisfactory and indis- 
 pensable to every Californian Herbarium." 
 
 PROF. DR. K. FRITSCH, Dir. Herbarium, K. K. Universitaet, Wien: 
 " Ihre Pflanzensendung ist sehr reichhaltig und hochinteressant. * * * Ich 
 kann Ihre Pflanzen ruehmend erwaehnen." 
 
 PROF. JOHN Mum, Martinez, Cal.: I find them satisfactory in every 
 way; I never saw better specimens or any more neatly and carefully 
 packed." 
 
 DR. GEORGE T. STEVENS, New York: "I have never seen anything 
 like those specimens. The original green of the leaves and the fresh tints 
 of the flowers make them look as though they were just taken from the 
 field." 
 
 AUTHOR OF 
 
 TKHbere tbc 3Bfg Grees <5rovv. 
 
 Description of the flora in the Sequoia Gigantea region, from the 
 travels of a collector in the Sierra Nevada. 50 cents. 
 
 PROF. WALTER DEANE, Cambridge, Mass. " I read it with much in- 
 terest and profit. I enjoy your style, so different from most sketches of 
 the sort." 
 
 ARTHUR McEwEN's LETTER, San Francisco: "It is one of the most 
 delightful mixtures of sentiment and scholarship that could be written." 
 
4 
 
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 . Ri902slO)4 
 
 Berkeley 
 
vn i 
 
 U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES