USEFUL REFERENCE SERIES No. 17 
 
 The Practical Use 
 
 of 
 Books and Libraries 
 
 (THIRD EDITION) 
 
The 
 
 Practical Use 
 
 of 
 
 Books and Libraries 
 
 An Elementary Manual 
 
 By 
 
 Gilbert O. Ward 
 
 Technical Librarian 
 
 formerly 
 
 Supervisor of High School Branches 
 Cleveland Public Library 
 
 THIRD EDITION 
 REVISED AND ENLARGED 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 The Boston Book Company 
 1917 
 
Copyright, 1911, 1914, 1916, by 
 The Boston Book Company 
 
 The River dale Press, Brookline, Boston, Mass. 
 
Preface 
 
 The object of this Manual is twofold first, to 
 provide very elementary instruction for young persons, 
 such as high school students and library apprentices, 
 who do not know how to use books and libraries, and 
 second, to serve as an outline for teachers or librarians 
 who have to give such instruction. It is not to inform 
 the trained student or librarian. For these reasons, the 
 selections from the indexes, the examples of catalogue 
 cards, the various lists, etc., are chosen not as models, 
 but as typical illustrations. For the sake of clearness 
 and compactness, I have purposely left out details and 
 exceptions whenever it seemed that their absence would 
 not be practically misleading. 
 
 The order of study and method of instruction recom- 
 mended for high school classes is given in the Teaching 
 Outline which accompanies the Manual. 1 
 
 I owe thanks to numerous teachers and librarians for 
 criticism of the Manual in manuscript and to Messrs. 
 The Century Company, Funk & Wagnalls Company, 
 and G. & C. Merriam Company, for permission to repro- 
 duce selections from their respective dictionaries. As to 
 sources, I have made particular use of Dana's Bookbind- 
 ing for Libraries, and Kroeger's Guide to the Study and 
 Use of Reference Books. 
 
 1 NOTE. The Teaching Outline is not issued to accompany the third 
 edition of this book, but will be superseded by a forthcoming work of 
 somewhat broader scope to be published in the early part of 1917. 
 Publisher. 
 
 345370 
 
Preface to the Second Edition 
 
 In this edition, the chapter on Reference Books and 
 that on Magazines have been revised to bring their con- 
 tents down to date, and the former has been considerably 
 enlarged; explanatory lists of common abbreviations 
 relating to books or found in library catalogues have been 
 added and many minor changes made. 
 
 June, 1914. 
 
Preface to the Third Edition 
 
 The whole text has been gone over and carefully 
 revised wherever it seemed to demand greater clearness, 
 simplicity, brevity, or point. This has meant the 
 rewriting of many passages, and, in some cases, the 
 rearrangement of matter. Some non-essential material 
 has been dropped and a somewhat greater amount of 
 new material has been added. 
 
 The changes are too many to mention in detail, but 
 some of the more important are as follows : The maga- 
 zine list has been made more representative of what the 
 student encounters in using the general magazine indexes 
 and has been arranged so as to give prominence to those 
 periodicals of most general interest Certain sections 
 on debate work of which the subjects seemed as well or 
 better treated in debating text-books have been replaced 
 by detailed directions for making a working bibliography. 
 The chapter on book buying has been prefaced with a 
 description of some of the principal sources of informa- 
 tion about books with especial attention to the subject of 
 book reviews. Finally, the entire work has been reset. 
 
 Despite numerous changes, however, the general plan, 
 intention, and method of presentation remain as in the 
 first and second editions. 
 
 September, 1916. 
 
Contents 
 
 Chapter Page 
 
 Preface v 
 
 Preface to the Second Edition .... vi 
 
 Preface to the Third Edition .... vii 
 
 I. The Structure and Care of a Book ... 1 
 
 II. The Printed Parts of a Book 5 
 
 III. The Arrangement of Books in Libraries . 1 7 
 
 IV. The Card Catalogue 21 
 
 V. Reference Books 30 
 
 VI. Magazines and Magazine Indexes ... 59 
 VII. Reference Work: Bibliographies, Notes, 
 
 Debating 73 
 
 VIII. Sources of Information about Books; 
 
 Book Buying 85 
 
 Appendix: Specimen Extracts from the 
 
 Dictionaries 99 
 
 Index Ill 
 
Chapter I 
 
 The Structure and Care of a Book 
 
 1. The structure of a book. In learning to use 
 books, the first thing to know is how to care for them. 
 To do this intelligently, it is necessary to understand 
 something of the way a book is built. 
 
 If we look through a new book carefully to see how 
 it is put together, we discover that it is made up of a 
 number of sections, and that each section in turn is made 
 up of several pages. At the middle of each section in 
 the fold between the two pages we find several long 
 stitches. 
 
 In the process of binding, these sections are sewed 
 together usually by machine, each section being caught 
 by the thread to its neighbor. A piece of thin cloth is 
 glued or pasted over the back to reinforce the sewing, 
 and is allowed to overhang a little on each side. Over 
 the cloth is pasted a strip of paper, which, with the cloth 
 and the glue, helps to keep the book together and in 
 shape. The book is then inserted in its covers or ''case," 
 which has been made and finished separately, and is 
 pasted into the case by the overhanging edges of cloth. 
 In a finished book the cloth can be seen showing through 
 the paper on the inside of the cover. A book with its 
 covers attached in this way is said to be "cased" (not 
 "bound"), and most modern books are thus treated. 
 
 Sometimes, especially in the case of expensive books, 
 the sewing is done by hand. In this case, the sections 
 are sewed to a set of two or more cords or tapes running 
 
2 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 crosswise of the back of the book. The points at which 
 the stitches at the middle of each section enter the paper 
 show the position of the cords; and in an old book, 
 where two sections have worked apart, the cords can 
 be seen. The cords are laced into or pasted to the lids 
 and the book then receives its covering of cloth or 
 leather. A book which is thus treated is said to be 
 "bound". Bound books are stronger than cased books. 1 
 
 2. Enemies of books. The commonest enemies 
 of books are rough handling, heat, moisture, and dirt. 
 
 All the ways of mishandling a book are too many to 
 mention. Dropping or throwing, however, usually 
 strains and weakens the cloth strips by which an ordinary 
 book is glued to its covers, and may jolt the inside loose 
 from the covers completely. Laying an open book face 
 down tends to deform and may break its back, that is, 
 crack the coating of glue, cloth, and paper which keeps 
 the book in shape. When the latter happens, a per- 
 manent hinge is formed at the place where the book was 
 opened, and the stitching at that point is always there- 
 after overworked as the book will naturally open there. 
 Other things which strain a book are tight strapping, 
 leaning on it when open, or using it as a holder for any- 
 thing such as notes. To fold a leaf or turn down its 
 corner cracks and spoils the paper permanently. 
 
 Heat dries and thus makes glue more likely to crack. 
 It also warps covers, causes leather binding to rot, and 
 paper to become brittle. For these reasons, a book 
 should not be laid near a hot stove or radiator. 
 
 Wetting, as by a shower or being left in a damp place, 
 tends to soften the glue, favors the growth of mildew, 
 
 1 The processes described in this brief and incomplete way apply to 
 the original binding of a book. The rebinding of public library books 
 often differs in important respects from the original process. 
 
The Structure and Care of a Book 3 
 
 and ruins covers and paper. If a book is wet by accident, 
 it should be put in a dry but not warm place until it 
 dries out. 
 
 Dirt, dust, and grease not only spoil the looks of a 
 book and make it unpleasant to handle, but offer a home 
 to disease germs. For this reason, a book should not 
 be read with soiled or sweaty hands, nor laid upon any 
 but a clean surface. Neither should leaves be turned 
 by fingers moistened with the tongue. For sanitary 
 reasons, likewise, one should not cough nor sneeze into 
 a book. 
 
 3. The common care of a book. In reading, a 
 book should be touched or handled just enough to support 
 it firmly and keep it open. To turn a leaf, apply the dry 
 forefinger to the outer, upper corner. No marks or 
 notes should be made in a borrowed book. 
 
 When not in use, a book should be kept closed and 
 out of harm's way on bookshelf, desk, or table. For a 
 bookmark, use a slip of paper; anything thicker such 
 as a pencil or a handkerchief strains the binding. 
 
 Books on a shelf should stand loosely enough to let 
 any one be easily withdrawn, and closely enough to hold 
 each other upright. A good rule is, always to leave 
 space for one more volume. 
 
 To ease a new or a stiff book, hold it with the back 
 down on a table, letting the lids lie open so that they 
 also touch the table. Open the leaves a short distance 
 from the front and then an equal distance from the back, 
 gently pressing them down; open a few more leaves at 
 the front and again at the back, and so on uatil the 
 middle of the book is reached. Do this several times 
 if necessary. Never try to force a book to stay open 
 by seizing the two halves tightly and bending them 
 backward; such handling is almost certain to break 
 
4 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 the back. For cutting leaves, use a paper cutter or a 
 knife, never the finger. 
 
 If a book borrowed from a library becomes damaged, 
 do not try to mend it. To mend a book properly usually 
 takes some skill and sometimes the services of a book- 
 binder, hence amateur mending is likely to make matters 
 worse. Call the attention of the librarian to any damage 
 when the book is returned and let the library take care 
 of it. 
 
Chapter II 
 
 The Printed Parts of a Book 
 
 4. The printed parts of a book. The principal 
 parts of an ordinary book in the order in which they 
 usually come are as follows: (1) title-page, (2) copyright 
 date, (3) preface, (4) table of contents, (5) list of illus- 
 trations, maps, etc., (6) introduction, (7) the body of the 
 book, (8) appendix, (9) index. 1 Anyone or all of these 
 excepting (1) and (7) may be wanting in a given book; 
 for instance, novels seldom have (8) or (9). 
 
 5. The pages preceding the body or text of a book 
 are customarily numbered with Roman numerals (i, ii, 
 iii, iv, etc.), but beginning with the first page of the text, 
 the pages are numbered with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 
 etc.). 
 
 6. The title-page. The title-page generally con- 
 tains (1) the title, (2) the author's name, (3) the edition, 
 if different from previous ones, (4) the place of publica- 
 tion, (5) the publisher's name, (6) the date of publication. 2 
 
 7. The TITLE of a book usually gives some notion 
 of the subject treated. It also often indicates the view- 
 point or scope of a work ; for instance, Guerber's ' 'Myths 
 
 1 Other parts often met with at the beginning of a book are: Half 
 title (preceding the title-page), publisher's announcement, frontispiece, 
 dedication, and sketch of the author. At the end of a book are sometimes 
 found a "bibliography" or list of works written by the author, or of au- 
 thorities consulted by him; "glossary" or explanatory list of unusual 
 words; and notes. 
 
 2 Other facts often found on title-pages are the names of editors, 
 translators, compilers, and illustrators, kind and number of illustrations, 
 number of volumes if a work is in more than one volume, and the name 
 of the series if the book belongs to one. 
 
6 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 of Greece and Rome Narrated with Special Reference to 
 Literature and Art", Rhodes 's "History of the United 
 States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Final Restoration 
 of Home Rule at the South in 187 f\ It frequently gives 
 a clue to the treatment, or to the class of readers for 
 whom the book is written; for example, Botsford's 
 "History of Rome for High Schools and Academies". 
 An introductory phrase such as Elements of, Introduction 
 to, or Principles of, is likely to indicate a text-book; 
 Story of, Romance of, a more or less popular treatment; 
 and How to, practical directions in non-technical style. 
 In the case of novels and works of the imagination in 
 general, the title is much less likely to be useful as a 
 guide to the reader. 
 
 8. The AUTHOR'S NAME is particularly important 
 because the value of what is said so often depends on 
 who says it. It is often followed by the names of other 
 books which the author has written or of learned socie- 
 ties, institutions, etc., to which he belongs, degrees 
 received from universities, etc. These facts help to 
 fix the standing of a writer. Thus, if a man has written 
 several books on the same subject or on kindred subjects, 
 and belongs to a society which admits only workers who 
 are interested in that subject, his words are likely to 
 carry weight. If he is writing on something outside 
 his field, his work is less likely to be valuable. If he 
 has written on many, widely different subjects, and 
 nothing else is said of him, he is likely to be simply a 
 professional writer without a thorough knowledge of 
 any one of them. 3 
 
 3 In critical study, for instance, in debate work, the student often 
 needs to know more of an author than appears on a title-page. Thus 
 he will wish to know rather fully whether the author's experience fits 
 him to deal with a subject, and whether the author's point of view is 
 peculiar in any way so that it must be allowed for. For detailed infor- 
 
The Printed Parts of a Book 7 
 
 9. "REVISED EDITION", "ENLARGED EDITION", 
 "SECOND EDITION", 4 or some similar phrase on the 
 title-page usually means that a book has been corrected, 
 rewritten or otherwise changed. 
 
 10. The PLACE OF PUBLICATION tells whether a book 
 is published in the United States or abroad, and thus 
 often betrays the nationality of the author. This 
 information becomes important when the nationality 
 of the author might affect the value of the contents of 
 the book; for instance, an English book on locomotives 
 is likely to be of little use in this country, because English 
 locomotives differ from American. It should be noted 
 that many English books are imported and sold over 
 the names of American publishers without showing 
 on their title-pages their foreign origin. 5 
 
 11. PUBLISHER'S NAME. A publisher like any other 
 business man gains a reputation for the quality of his 
 work. The name of a good publisher on a title-page 
 means, therefore, that a book is likely to have real value, 
 and that there will be few or no printer's mistakes. If 
 a book is a new issue of a standard work, it means that 
 the text is probably free from unwarranted omissions 
 and changes. Thus, the name of a good publisher on 
 the title-page of Paradise Lost would mean that pains 
 were taken to make the text as Milton wrote it, excepting 
 such changes in spelling and punctuation as were 
 needed to fit it for modern readers. As even the best 
 
 mation on these and other points, the reader must consult articles about the 
 author in reference books, in magazines, etc. See 73, 106, 107, 163, 164. 
 
 4 The word "edition" as found on title-pages is somewhat loosely used. 
 Preferably it applies to the whole number of copies of a work printed 
 without essential changes from the same types or plates. If an edition is 
 printed in installments at different times, one of these installments is an 
 "impression". Some publishers apply the term "edition" to an impression. 
 
 5 When other signs are wanting, one can often tell an English publica- 
 tion by turning to the last page. Books printed in Great Britain are apt 
 to have at the end the name of the printer and the place of printing. 
 
8 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 publishers, however, sometimes issue inferior work, the 
 publisher's name by itself does not guarantee a book. 
 It must always be weighed in connection with other 
 items such as the author's name, the date, etc. 6 
 
 12. The DATE on the title-page tells when that copy 
 of the book was printed. 
 
 13. Copyright date. Copyright is the exclusive 
 right secured by law to an author or an artist to publish 
 and dispose of a work for a limited time. In the United 
 States under the law of March 4, 1909, copyright is 
 obtained by depositing with the Library of Congress 
 two copies of the best edition of a work, with an applica- 
 tion for registration and a fee of one dollar. The term 
 of copyright is for twenty-eight years, with the right 
 of renewal under certain conditions for twenty-eight 
 years longer. The date of the copyright is usually 
 printed on the back of the title-page, and is followed 
 by the name of the owner of the copyright. 7 This 
 is important when the passage of time would affect 
 the value of a book's contents; for instance, a book 
 on wireless telegraphy, if it were copyrighted in 1906 and 
 not revised, would not give the latest developments 
 of the subject, no matter what the date on the title- 
 page might be. When a book is revised it usually is 
 re-copyrighted. 
 
 14. Preface. The preface usually gives the 
 author's reasons for writing, the scope of the book, the 
 class of readers for whom the book is intended, etc. 
 
 15. Table of contents. The table of contents 
 is a list of chapters and other parts in the order in which 
 they come, with the numbers of 'the pages on which they 
 
 6 For a discussion of the use of the publisher's name in bock buying 
 and a list of leading publishers, see 212-214. 
 
 7 A book printed and published in Great Britain customarily bears no 
 notice or date of copyright. 
 
The Printed Parts of a Book 9 
 
 are found. It is useful as a summary from which to 
 gain an idea of a book without reading it through. 
 
 16. List of illustrations. Lists of illustrations, 
 maps, etc., show how fully a book is illustrated, and, as 
 most book indexes ignore illustrations, are often neces- 
 sary guides in finding a certain picture. They usually 
 follow the order in which pictures occur. 
 
 17. Introduction. The introduction prepares the 
 reader for what the author has to say. It may stand 
 by itself like the preface, or be an opening chapter. 
 
 18. The introduction is less common than the preface, 
 with which it should not be confused. To the latter 
 belongs the author's "apology for his book"; to the 
 former, the statement or summary of facts which must be 
 known before the book can be understood or appreciated. 
 This distinction, however, is not always observed. Either 
 may be by another hand than that of the author. 
 
 19. The body of the book. The main part 
 or body of a book consists of the text or main reading 
 matter together with any illustrations, footnotes, etc. 
 
 20. Footnotes are side remarks which would interrupt 
 the thought if printed with the text, and are therefore 
 put at the foot of the page by themselves. They may 
 be the names of authorities for statements made on the 
 page above, references to other books or to other pages 
 in the same book, quotations, editor's comments, etc. 
 Attention is called to footnotes by conventional signs such 
 as the asterisk (*), dagger (f), etc., or superior letters 
 ( a , b ) or figures ( l , 2 ). At the ends of chapters, especially 
 in text-books, are sometimes given lists of references 
 and suggested readings as guides to further study. 
 
 21. Appendix. Appendixes contain notes too long 
 for footnotes, tables of figures, or other matter for which 
 there is no convenient place in the body of the book. 
 
10 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 22. Index. The index is an alphabetical list of 
 all the things described, explained, or alluded to in a book, 
 with the numbers of the pages on which they are men- 
 tioned. It may include the names of topics, persons, 
 places, events, and cross references. 8 It is the key to 
 the book, and should always be used first in looking' up 
 a single point or fact. 
 
 It is entirely different from the table of contents. It 
 is placed at the end of the book, whereas the table of 
 contents is usually put at the beginning. It is arranged 
 alphabetically, whereas the table of contents follows 
 the order in which the subjects are taken up in the book. 
 It is detailed; the table of contents is general. 
 
 Extract from the index to Channing's Student History 
 of the United States: 
 
 Merrimac (Virginia), 506. 
 
 Mexican War, 421-423. 
 
 Miles, General, 566. 
 
 Missouri, in Civil War, 486, 487; abolition of slavery in. 516. 
 
 Missouri Compromise, 360-363, 400. 
 
 Monitor and Merrimac, 506, 507. 
 
 Monmouth, battle of, 192, 193. 
 
 Note in a couple of entries in the example above, the 
 use of a dash between page numbers. The dash stands for 
 the word "to," and the numbers refer to the pages where 
 the passage begins and ends. Page numbers so written 
 are called "inclusive" page numbers. 
 
 Extract from the index to Matthews 's Introduction 
 to American Literature, showing the use of heavy type 
 to indicate the most important passage: 
 
 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 17, 95, 109, 124. 148, 155, 156, 168, 
 
 170-183, 202, 206, 208, 211, 218, 223, 224, 229, 230. 
 "Home Ballads", 147. 
 
 s For explanation of cross references, see 27. 
 
The Printed Parts of a Book 11 
 
 Sometimes a book will have more than one index; 
 for instance, Guerber's Myths of Greece and Rome has 
 besides its regular index an index to the poetical quota- 
 tions occurring in it. 
 
 23. A book of poems usually has an index of first 
 lines. 
 
 Extract from the index of first lines in Holmes's 
 Poetical Works : 
 
 Hang out our banners on the stately tower! 277. 
 Has there any old fellow got mixed with the boys? 213. 
 Have I deserved your kindness? Nay, my friends, 395. 
 Have you heard of the wonderful one-hoss shay, 172. 
 
 Indexes of titles are also found, especially in collections 
 of poems by different authors; collections of the sort 
 last named often have also an index of poets. 
 
 24. Indexes of sets. The index to a set, that is, 
 a work in more than one volume, is found at the end 
 of the last volume. Such an index gives the volume 
 number for a reference as well as the page number. 
 
 Extract from the index to Fiske's Old Virginia and 
 Her Neighbors: 
 
 Slavery, alleged beneficence of, i. 16; different types in 
 Virginia and South Carolina, ii. 327; prohibited in 
 Georgia, ii. 335; introduced there, ii. 336. 
 
 Slave hunters, Spanish, i. 149. 
 
 Slaves' collars, ii. 200. 
 
 Slaves, price of, ii. 194, 201. 
 
 25. Rules for using an index. Look for the 
 name of what is wanted in its alphabetical place. When 
 there are references to a number of different pages for 
 a single subject, read carefully any descriptive notes 
 to make sure of getting the right one. If there are no 
 notes, but simply a list of page numbers, see if longer 
 references are indicated by dashes between page 
 
12 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 numbers or otherwise. The longest reference is probably 
 the most important. 
 
 If an index presents difficulties, turn to the beginning 
 of it to see if there are special directions for using it. 
 
 26. Judging a book without reading it. It 
 
 import an i to be able to tell quickly whether or 
 not a book is trustworthy or fitted to one's needs. The 
 different items on the title-page, the copyright date, 
 preface, introduction, table of contents, etc., are all 
 igns which help the observant reader in forming a 
 judgment. No one of these items by itself is final, but 
 all taken together often help the reader to make a fairly 
 se guess at the real worth of a book. The fitness of 
 a book to one's needs can further be tested by consulting 
 the index for particular topics and reading the text in 
 two or three places. 
 
 The practical usefulness of the habit of estimating 
 ks in this way appears when a choice must be made 
 among several books on a subject but when there is no 
 time to make a study of each. 
 
 27. Cross references. We * sometimes find in 
 an index, in footnotes, in the text itself of a book, in 
 Him: , log-ues and elsewhere, some phrase such as 
 
 f< >llowed by the name of a topic, the num- 
 or of a chapter, the title of a book, etc. 
 Kxamples from an index: 
 
 Office, under Confederation, 100. 
 
 Posts, frontier, retained by British, 116, - v vindaries. 
 
 River, improvement of, -'27. 
 ive, 
 
 These and like words and phrases which tell the reader to 
 seek informal ion elsewhere, are called "cross reference-' 
 
 28. Occasionally an abbreviation is used, such as 
 v. (Latin, vide = see), or cf. (Latin, confer = compare). 
 
The Printed Parts of a Book 13 
 
 A list of abbreviations used in making cross references 
 is found in section 32. 
 
 Sometimes the phrase or abbreviation is left out, thus, 
 OLD TESTAMENT, BIBLE, instead of OLD TESTAMENT, 
 see BIBLE. 
 
 29. Cross references are made when another passage 
 or article will throw light on the subject being discussed; 
 and such often use the phrase See also, as NEWSPAPERS, 
 see also .PRINTING. Cross references are also made when 
 there are two names for the same thing, as JOVE, see 
 JUPITER; or two ways of spelling the same name, as 
 SHAKSPERE, see SHAKESPEARE; or when two subjects 
 are so closely related as to be more conveniently dis- 
 cussed under one heading, as VENTILATION, see HEATING 
 AND VENTILATION; or when one subject is included in 
 another, as SCOTLAND, see GREAT BRITAIN. In these 
 cases, to save space, all the information is put under one 
 heading, and a cross reference is made from the other. 
 
 30. Abbreviations. There are certain technical 
 terms relating to books which are often abbreviated by 
 authors, publishers, or libraries, when it is wished briefly 
 to describe or refer to a book or make a cross reference. 
 Some common abbreviations of this sort are explained 
 in the lists in this and following chapters. 
 
 The same abbreviation often stands for different 
 words; for example, "v." = "verse", 'Volume", or 
 "vide". Hence, in deciding what an abbreviation 
 means, one must look for that meaning which makes 
 the best sense. 
 
 31. Explanatory abbreviations. There are a 
 few abbreviations which may be called explanatory 
 abbreviations because they are followed by a phrase 
 or a sentence which explains or adds to a statement just 
 made; for example: 
 
14 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 "I made a large tent, which, to preserve me from the rains, 
 that in one part of the year are very violent there, I made 
 double, viz., one smaller tent within, and one larger tent 
 above it." Defoe, Robinson Crusoe. 
 
 e.g., ex. gr. = exempli gratia*; for example. 
 
 i.e. =id est; that is. 
 
 sc., scil. = scilicet; namely, that is to say. 
 
 viz. = videlicet; namely, to wit, that is to say. 
 
 32. Abbreviations of reference. One often meets 
 in footnotes, indexes and elsewhere, abbreviations which 
 refer the reader to some other paragraph, page, chapter, 
 book, etc., for further information. 
 
 ad fin. = ad finem; at the end. 
 
 bk. = book. 
 
 c. = chapter. 
 
 can. = canto. 
 
 cap. = caput; chapter. 
 
 cf. = confer; compare. 
 
 ch., chap. = chapter. 
 
 comp., cp. = compare. 
 
 et seq. = et sequens, et sequentia; and the following 
 
 (paragraph, page, etc.) Plural: et seqq. = 
 
 et sequentes. 
 
 ff. = following, 
 
 ib., ibid. = ibidem; the same, 
 
 id. = idem; the same, 
 
 inf. = infra; below, 
 
 i. q. = idem quod; the same as. 
 
 1. = line. 
 
 L, lib. = liber; book. 
 
 1. c., loc. cit. = loco citato; in the place cited; in the passage 
 
 last referred to. 
 
 n. = note, 
 
 p. = page, pages. Plural: pp. 
 
 par. = paragraph, 
 
 pt. = part, 
 
 q. v. = quod vide; which see. 
 
 8 Words in this and in the following lists printed in italics, are Latin. 
 
The Printed Parts of a Book 15 
 
 sc. = scene (of play). 
 
 sec. = section. 
 
 st. = stanza. 
 
 sup. = supra; above. 
 
 s. v. = sub voce, sub verbo; under the word or title. 
 
 u. s. ut supra; as above. 
 
 v. = vide; see. 
 
 v. = volume, verse. 
 
 vol. = volume. 
 
 33. Sometimes a reference to chapter, page, verse > 
 etc., is made without any abbreviation, but with numerals 
 only ; thus : 
 
 Gen. xi. 17 = Genesis, chapter xi, verse 17. 
 
 Hamlet iv. 3. 3. = Hamlet, Act IV, scene 3, line 3. 
 
 Morse. Abraham Lincoln II. ii = Morse. Abraham Lincoln, 
 
 volume II, chapter ii. 
 Morse. Abraham Lincoln II. 34 = Morse. Abraham Lincoln, 
 
 volume II, page 34. 
 
 Note that the parts of a book referred to are given in 
 the order of their size, the largest being put first, i.e. 
 chapter, verse; act, scene, line, etc. 
 
 Signs which are sometimes used instead of abbrevia- 
 tions are fl for paragraph, and for section. 
 
 34. Miscellaneous abbreviations. 
 
 anon. = anonymous; author unknown. 
 
 auth. = author. 
 
 Bibl. = biblical. 
 
 biog. = biography, biographical. 
 
 bul. = bulletin. 
 
 eye., cyclo. = cyclopedia. 
 
 diet. = dictionary. 
 
 ency., encyc. = encyclopedia. 
 
 hist. = history, historical. 
 
 j., jour. = journal. 
 
 lit. = literature, literary, literally. 
 
 mag. = magazine. 
 
 MS. = manuscript. Plural: MSS. 
 
16 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 X. B. = nota bene; mark well, take notice, 
 
 pro., proc. = proceedings. 
 
 pseud. = pseudonym, a nameassumed by an author, 
 
 rep., rept., rpt. = report. 
 
 rev. = review. 
 
 Shak., Shaks. = Shakespeare. 
 
 trans. = transactions; translated, translation, 
 translator. 
 
 34a. Making a note of a book. If in reading or 
 study a book is likely to be needed again, do not trust 
 to the memory to recall it later, but make a clear, exact 
 note of it while it is at hand. 
 
 In making such a note, put down at least the name 
 of the author, including initials, and the title, or, if the 
 title is very long, enough of it to be easily recognized. 
 These facts should always be taken from the title-page, 
 for as found on cover or back they are likely to be 
 incomplete or inexact. If the book is a library book, 
 add the call number (see section 35). 
 
Chapter III 
 
 The Arrangement of Books in Libraries 
 
 35. Call numbers. To keep it in its place, and 
 to distinguish it from every other book in the library, 
 each book has a number printed on the back, known as 
 the "call number". Exception: In many libraries fiction 
 has no call number. 
 
 This call number usually consists of two parts. The 
 first part stands more or less exactly for the subject 
 of the book, and is called the "class number". The 
 second part generally stands for the author's name, 
 and is called the "author number". Example: 
 
 512 Fine. College Algebra. 
 F49 
 
 In this case 512 signifies the subject, "Algebra", and 
 F49 stands for the name, "Fine". Note that the 
 author number (F49) contains the initial of the author's 
 name. Different copies of the same book will generally 
 have the same call number. 
 
 36. Classification. The class number of a book 
 is assigned according to a regular system which in 
 the United States is oftenest the system known as the 
 Dewey Decimal Classification. 1 This classification divides 
 
 i An important system of classification, less widely used than the 
 Dewey, is the Cutter Expansive Classification, which employs the letters 
 of the alphabet instead of decimal figures. 
 
18 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 all knowledge into ten parts, and gives each part a 
 number as follows : 
 
 000 GENERAL WORKS 2 600 USEFUL ARTS 
 
 100 PHILOSOPHY 700 FINE ARTS 
 
 200 RELIGION 800 LITERATURE 
 
 300 SOCIOLOGY 900 HISTORY, including GEOGRA- 
 
 400 PHILOLOGY PHY, TRAVEL and BIOGRA- 
 
 500 NATURAL SCIENCE PHY 
 
 Each of these parts is again divided; for instance, 
 Natural Science (500) : 
 
 510 MATHEMATICS 560 PALEONTOLOGY 
 520 ASTRONOMY 570 BIOLOGY 
 
 530 PHYSICS 580 BOTANY 
 
 540 CHEMISTRY 590 ZOOLOGY 
 
 550 GEOLOGY 
 
 37. Each of these smaller parts is further subdivided ; 
 for instance, Mathematics (510) : 
 
 511 ARITHMETIC 514 TRIGONOMETRY 
 
 512 ALGEBRA 515 DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY, 
 
 513 GEOMETRY etc., etc. 
 
 The subdivision of classes is frequently carried on 
 still further; for instance, Arithmetic (511): 
 
 511.1 SYSTEMS OF ARITHMETIC 511.3 PRIME NUMBERS 
 
 511.2 NOTATION AND NUMERA- 511.4 FRACTIONS 
 
 TION etc., etc. 
 
 38. As each subject has a definite number, it is clear 
 that if the numbers are applied to books, all books on 
 the same subject must stand together; for instance, 
 all ordinary algebras will have 512 for a class number. 
 And it also is clear that books on related subjects such 
 
 Algebra (512) and Geometry (513), will usually be 
 found near each other. 
 
 2 Such as general encyclopedias and other works which cover too many 
 tit into any one of the other cla^ 
 
The Arrangement of Books in Libraries 
 
 19 
 
 39. Author numbers. The author number dis- 
 tinguishes a book from every other book having the 
 same class number. In most libraries it combines the 
 initial of the author's surname with a figure in such a 
 way that books arranged by their author numbers 
 stand alphabetically arranged by their authors' names, 3 
 as in the second example below. 
 
 40. Arrangement of books by call numbers. 
 Books are arranged on the shelves from left to right 
 first by their class numbers; and then books with the 
 same class number are arranged by their author numbers. 
 
 Example of books arranged by class numbers : 
 
 HEILPRIN 
 
 THE EARTH AND 
 ITS STORY 
 
 551 
 
 H41 
 
 MARTIN 
 
 STORY OF A PIECE 
 OF COAL 
 
 553.2 
 
 M42 
 
 DANA 
 
 HOW TO KNOW THE 
 WILD FLOWERS 
 
 580 
 
 D19 
 
 Example of books with the same class number arranged 
 by author numbers: 
 
 KEELER 
 
 OUR NATIVE 
 TREES 
 
 582 . 
 K15 
 
 LOUNSBERRY 
 
 GUIDE TO THE 
 TREES 
 
 582 
 L93 
 
 MAT HEWS 
 
 FAMILIAR TREES 
 
 AND THEIR 
 
 LEAVES 
 
 582 
 M47 
 
 41. Exceptions. For the sake of convenience, a 
 library will sometimes make exceptions from the scheme 
 of classification and arrangement outlined in this chapter. 
 For instance, works of fiction in most public libraries 
 receive no class number, and in many libraries no call 
 
 3 This form of author number is known by librarians as a "Cutter"' 
 number, from the name of its inventor. 
 
20 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 number of any kind. In the first case, works of fiction 
 may receive and be arranged by an author number only. 
 In the second case, they are directly arranged in alpha- 
 betical order by their authors' names ; and several books 
 by the same author are arranged alphabetically by their 
 titles. Individual biography 4 when it has no class 
 number may receive some distinguishing mark, as for 
 instance a letter "B", and in addition to the "B" a num- 
 ber or numbers which arrange it alphabetically by the 
 name of the person who is its subject. Other kinds of 
 books which may have special treatment are plays, 
 poetry, and essays. 
 
 The local library must be specially studied for its 
 peculiarities. 
 
 42. To find a book. Look on the shelves, for the 
 class number, and under this for the author number. 
 These numbers should be read as decimals and not as 
 whole numbers. 
 
 When a book has no call number, or its call number 
 is unlike those described, ask the librarian to explain. 
 
 4 Biography is called "individual" when a whole book devotes itself 
 to the life of but one person, for instance, Franklin's Autobiography. 
 It is so-called to distinguish it from "collective" biography, which is the 
 term applied to a book which contains separate accounts of the lives of 
 more persons than one, for instance, Hinchman and Gummere's Lives 
 of Great English Writers. 
 
Chapter IV 
 
 The Card Catalogue 
 
 43. Just as a book will have a table of contents and 
 an index, so a library has two lists of its books, known 
 respectively as the shelf list and the card catalogue. 
 These lists are usually typewritten or printed on cards 
 about three inches by five inches in size, which are filed 
 in drawers in a specially constructed case. Each drawer 
 holds several hundred cards. 
 
 44. The shelf list. The shelf list is the library's 
 table of contents. In it, each title in the library is 
 represented by a single card, and the cards are arranged 
 in the order in which the books stand on the shelves, 
 just as the table of contents follows the order of the 
 chapters in a book. Each card contains the name of 
 the author, the title, the call number, and the ' 'accession 
 number", which is a number given to a volume in the 
 order of its addition to the library. 
 
 45. The card catalogue. The card catalogue is 
 the index of the library, and for the ordinary reader 
 is more important and useful than the shelf list. In it, 
 each book is represented by two or more cards as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 1. An AUTHOR CARD, having as heading 1 the name of 
 the author. 
 
 2. A TITLE CARD, having as heading the title of the 
 book. 
 
 1 A heading is the word, phrase, or name at the top of a catalogue card, 
 by which the card is filed. 
 
22 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 3. A SUBJECT CARD, having as heading the name of 
 the subject of which the book treats. The headings for 
 subject cards in most libraries are in red. 2 Examples: 
 
 291 Gayley, Charles Mills 
 
 G25 Classic myths in English literature, 
 
 based chiefly on Bulf inch's "Age of 
 
 fable." Ed. 2. c!895. 
 
 291 Classic myths in English literature, 
 G25 Gayley, C. M. 
 
 291 Mythology - Classical 
 G25 Gayley, C. M. 
 
 Classic myths in English literature, 
 
 based chiefly on Bulf inch's "Age of 
 
 fable." Ed. 2. c!895. 
 
 O 
 
 The number in the upper left hand corner is the 
 book's call number. 
 
 Note that less information is given on the title card 
 than on author or subject card. 
 
 Abbreviations are explained in section 61. 
 
 46. An author card is made for every book for which 
 it is possible; a title card, when the title is likely to be 
 
 2 Words which would be in red on a real card are underlined in the 
 examples given in this chapter. 
 
The Card Catalogue 23 
 
 remembered or when there is no author; and one or 
 more subject cards, when the subject of the book is at 
 all important. Hence, the catalogue tells what books 
 a library has by a certain author, whether it has a book 
 by a certain title, and what books it has on a particular 
 subject. 
 
 47. In addition to author, title, and subject cards, 
 catalogue cards are made with the names of EDITORS, 
 TRANSLATORS, and COMPILERS as headings, and when a 
 book belongs to a series, for instance, Lodge's " Alexander 
 Hamilton" in the American Statesmen series, a card is 
 made with the name of the SERIES 3 as heading. 
 
 48. Card for part of a book. Libraries often 
 catalogue a part of a book. Example : 
 
 670 . 
 
 R58 Rocheleau, W. F. 
 
 Manufactures. c!900. p. 138-155. 
 
 O 
 
 Note that the pages of the part referred to are given. 
 49. A card may be made for part of a book when 
 the book contains works by different authors, different 
 
 3 A "series" in this sense is a number of books published in the same 
 style, each of which is complete in itself, but all of which have some 
 common point of interest. For instance, all the books in the American 
 Statesmen series are devoted to the lives of American political leaders, 
 such as Webster, Clay, Calhoun, etc. 
 
24 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 works by the same author, or different subjects each 
 of which is treated separately. 
 
 50. Cross references and guide cards. Cards 
 containing cross references 4 are inserted to put the 
 user of the catalogue on the right track, or to point the 
 way to further information. Examples: 
 
 Shakspere, see 
 Shakespeare 
 
 Amusements, see also 
 
 51. Guide cards are plain cards with "guide words" 
 printed on projecting labels. They are filed at short 
 distances among the other cards and help to find a 
 heading quickly. 
 
 52. Arrangement. Cards of all kinds are filed 
 together alphabetically by their headings. That part 
 of the alphabet which is contained in any drawer is 
 shown by guide words or guide letters on the front of the 
 drawer. These guide words or, letters consist of the 
 first and the last heading found within, or perhaps the 
 first few letters of those headings, thus: ANCHOR-APPLE, 
 
 : an explanation of cross references, see 27-29, 32. 
 
The Card Catalogue 25 
 
 or simply, ANC-APP. Drawers follow one another 
 alphabetically in the order of their guide letters or words. 
 53. Details. Author cards for several books by 
 the same author are arranged under the author's name 
 alphabetically by their titles, disregarding "the", "an", 
 or u a" if it is the first word, thus: 
 
 Dickens, Charles. The Cricket on the Hearth. 
 Dickens, Charles. Dombey and Son. 
 Dickens, Charles. Oliver Twist. 
 
 Different authors with the same surname are arranged 
 alphabetically by their initials or forenames. 
 
 A large subject is often split up and arranged thus: 
 
 English language. 
 English language Dictionaries. 
 English language Grammar. 
 English language History. 
 
 Subject cards which relate to the different periods 
 of the history of a country are arranged under the general 
 subject in order of time instead of alphabetically: 
 
 United States History Colonial period. 
 United States History Revolution. 
 United States History Confederation. 
 
 The same word used as heading may stand for differ- 
 ent things, e.g., a person, a place, a subject other than 
 a person or a place, or the first word of a title. In such 
 cases, a common arrangement is as follows: 
 
 1. Person as author, e.g. Clay, Henry, His speeches. 
 
 2. Person as subject, ' Clay, Henry, Lives of him. 
 
 3. Place as author, "' Clay County, Iowa, Its official reports. 
 
 4. Place as subject, " Clay County, Iowa, Books about it. 
 
 5. Subject not (2) nor (4), " Clay (A kind of earth) 
 
 6. Titles of books, <:< Clay modelling and painting book. 
 
 Abbreviations in titles, names, etc., are regarded as if 
 spelled in full, e.g., M' and Me as Mac, Dr. as Doctor, etc. 
 
2() The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 54. Subject cards which relate to biography, criticism, 
 or bibliography are distinguished in different ways in 
 different libraries. The word ' 'biography", etc., may 
 be included as part of the heading, thus: 
 Clemens, S. L. Biography. 
 
 Many libraries use a phrase like 'Tor biography 
 of ... see", "For criticism of ... see", etc., thus: 
 
 For biography of 
 
 923 Washington, George, 1st president of 
 W271 the United States, see 
 
 Lodge, H. C. 
 George Washington. 2v. 1899 , c ' 89-98 . 
 
 (American statesmen) 
 
 O 
 
 In many libraries, differently colored cards are used 
 for this purpose, for instance, subject cards for biography 
 will be green or have green edges. 
 
 55. Library of Congress catalogue cards. The 
 Library of Congress prints its catalogue cards instead 
 of typewriting them, and offers duplicate copies for sale ' 
 to other libraries. Many libraries use these cards in 
 their catalogues wherever possible. The following 
 example is a copy of such a card. Note the fullness 
 of the information; on some cards even fuller details 
 are given, including an outline of the table of contents, 
 etc. 
 
The Card Catalogue 27 
 
 Thoreau, Henry David, 1817-1862. 
 
 Walden, by Henry D. Thoreau ... illustrated by Clifton 
 Johnson. New York, T. Y. Crowell & co. [1910] 
 
 xvi, 440 p. front., plates. 2114 $2.00 
 
 Title vignette: author's port. 
 
 10-16739 
 Library of Congress 
 
 c Aug. 5, 1910; 2c. Aug. 11, igiOjCJ A 268876; Thomas V. Crowell 
 & co., New York, N. Y. 
 
 Explanation. 1817-1862 = dates of author's birth and death; 
 xvi = pages numbered with Roman numerals; 440 p. = pages 
 numbered with Arabic numerals; front. = frontispiece; 21 J^ cm. = 
 height in centimeters; $2.00 = price; port. = portrait; 10-16739 = 
 serial number of catalogue card. 
 
 The two lines at the bottom have to do with the copyright and 
 translated read: Copyrighted August 5, 1910; 2 copies received on 
 August 11, 1910; copyright number is A268876; copyrighted by 
 Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., New York, N. Y. 
 
 56. Using the card catalogue. Look for the 
 name of the author, the title, 5 or the subject in its alpha- 
 betical place. In doing this, use the guide letters or 
 words on drawer labels and guide cards. 
 
 57. If several cards relate to the same subject, scan 
 each carefully to see which book seems best fitted for 
 the purpose in mind. Notice particularly the author's 
 name, the title, the edition and the copyright date. 
 The length of a reference should also be considered; 
 for a five-minute talk, thirty pages will be better than 
 a two-volume treatise. 
 
 * If "the", "an", or "a" is the first word of a title, disregard it. 
 
28 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 58. When the book is chosen, write down the call 
 number, the author's name, and the title on a slip as a 
 guide in finding the book on the shelves, 6 thus: 
 
 537 Child 
 
 C43 How and why of electricity. 
 
 If but part of a book is referred to, add the numbers 
 of the pages mentioned. 
 
 59. In making a list, use a separate slip or card for 
 each book and arrange the slips alphabetically. All 
 slips should be of the same size. 7 Give authors' initials. 
 
 60. The danger of losing slips can be avoided by re- 
 copying the list on a sheet of paper and using this sheet 
 list for finding purposes. Example: 
 
 537-C43 Child. How and why of 
 
 electricity. 
 
 537.81-S63 Sloane. Electric toy making. 
 537-S76 Swoops. Lessons in practical 
 
 electricity. 
 
 61. Abbreviations. The following abbreviations 
 for describing books are found in library catalogues : 8 
 
 A book can be found by its call number alone, but time and trouble 
 are usually saved if the author's name and the title are also given. 
 
 7 For detailed directions for making a working bibliography, see 
 174-177. For a short list, use a sheet of paper or the note-book, 
 writing each item in the form shown in 58, -adding the author's initials 
 his name. 
 
 s For abbreviations relating to book sizes and binding, see 210. 211. 
 
The Card Catalogue 
 
 29 
 
 abr. = abridged; abridgment. 
 
 app. = appendix. 
 
 bibl. = bibliography. 
 
 c. = copyright. 
 
 cm. = centimeters. 
 
 col. = color, colored; e.g., il. in col. = illustrated 
 in color. 
 
 comp. = compiler. 
 
 cont. = contents, containing; continued. 
 
 cop. = copyright; copy. 
 
 cor. = corrected, (of an edition). 
 
 diag., diagr. = diagram. 
 
 ed. = edition, editor, edited. 
 
 eng. = engraving. 
 
 enl. = enlarged, (of an edition). 
 
 facsim. = facsimile. 
 
 fig. = figure. 
 
 front. = frontispiece, the illustration facing a title- 
 page. 
 
 il., illus. = illustrated, illustration. 
 
 intr., introd. = introduction. 
 
 1. = leaf, leaves. 
 
 n. d. = no date, i.e., of publication. 
 
 n. p. = no place, i.e., of publication. 
 
 p. = page, pages; part. 
 
 phot. = photograph, photographs^ 
 
 pi. = plate, an illustration printed separately from 
 the text of a work. Plural: pis. 
 
 pp. = pages. 
 
 por., port. = portrait. 
 
 pref. = preface. 
 
 pt. = part. 
 
 pub. = publisher. 
 
 rev. = revised, revision. 
 
 ser. = series. 
 
 sup., supp. = supplement. 
 
 tab. = table, tables. 
 
 t.-p. = title-page. 
 
 tr. = translation, translated, translator. 
 
 v., vol. = volume. 
 
Chapter V 
 
 Reference Books 
 
 62. What a reference book is. A reference book 
 is any book which is used for looking up particular 
 points rather than for reading through. By a * 'particular 
 point" is meant any fact which can be stated in a word, 
 a line, a paragraph, or an article; for instance, the popula- 
 tion of Chicago, a batting average, the name of the 
 United States ambassador to Great Britain, a short- 
 account of the life of Tennyson, etc. Any work may 
 be used as a reference book, thus a novel may be con- 
 sulted to verify the name of some character in it; but 
 strictly speaking, the term applies to books which have 
 a great deal of information in a small space and are 
 specially planned for finding facts quickly, such as the 
 dictionary and the encyclopedia. 
 
 In libraries, the term "reference book" is made to 
 include any book which is not lent for home use. Hence, 
 in addition to books like those described above, libraries 
 are likely to include on their reference shelves files of 
 magazines, magazine indexes, sets of public documents, 
 and rare or very expensive books. 
 
 63. Study and use of reference books. Refer- 
 ence books differ so much among themselves not only 
 in their contents but also in their arrangement, that 
 each one must be studied specially to be used easily 
 and quickly. 
 
 In making the acquaintance of a reference book, read 
 carefully the title-page, taking time to consider the 
 
Reference Books 31 
 
 significance of the different items given on it, note the 
 copyright date, read the preface, and examine the table 
 of contents if there is one. Note the arrangement of 
 the contents whether it is alphabetical or otherwise and 
 whether there are any supplements, appendixes, or 
 indexes. 1 
 
 64. In using reference books, the importance of date 
 must always be borne in mind. 
 
 If the date is old, it may be necessary to get recent 
 facts from recent sources. Information which quickly 
 goes out of date is that which deals with statistics, living 
 persons, technical and scientific matters, and current 
 history in general. Much geographical information is 
 also soon out of date. 
 
 In looking up proper names, one should remember 
 that the same name often belongs to different persons 
 or places ; for instance, Erie (a lake, or a city of Pennsyl- 
 vania) ; John Brown (an American Abolitionist, or the 
 author of "Rab and His Friends"); Cleveland (a city 
 of Ohio, a region of England, or an ex-president of the 
 United States). 
 
 65. The encyclopedia. 2 Encyclopedias are works 
 usually in many volumes which contain thousands 
 of articles on all branches of knowledge. Each article 
 
 1 In the more critical study of reference books, other points to be noted 
 are the treatment, whether concise, lengthy, technical, scholarly, or 
 popular; aids to readers, e.g. bibliographies and cross references; quali- 
 fications of writers and editors; and whether articles are signed. Articles 
 should also be compared with articles on the same subject in other refer- 
 ence books. 
 
 2 The word "encyclopedia", spelled also "encyclopaedia", "cyclo- 
 pedia", and "cyclopaedia", is often applied to a comprehensive work 
 on any branch of knowledge, especially when the contents are alpha- 
 betically arranged. The form "cyclopedia" in particular is used in this 
 way. "Encyclopedia" comes from two Greek words, enkyklios paideia = 
 a "circular", that is "complete", education; enkyklios from en = in, 
 and kyklos = a circle; paideia from pais = a boy. 
 
32 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 has as heading the name of the subject of which it treats; 
 and all articles are arranged in alphabetical order so that 
 the first volume begins with A, and the last volume ends 
 with words in Z. 
 
 On the back of each volume are printed a pair of guide 
 words consisting of the names, or the first few letters 
 of the names of the first and of the last article in that 
 volume; so that without taking a volume down, one * 
 can tell whether or not a word will be included in it. 
 At the top of each page are printed the first and the last 
 heading appearing below. 
 
 66. When several persons and places have the same 
 name, the names of places are kept by themselves and 
 the names of persons by themselves. Monarchs of the 
 same country and with the same name may be kept 
 together and arranged by number, for instance : Charles I , 
 Charles II, of England; Charles I, Charles II, etc., of 
 Spain. Ordinary persons with the same surname are 
 usually arranged alphabetically by their Christian names, 
 for instance, Brown, Charles; Brown, John. When 
 the full names of different persons are alike, they may 
 be distinguished by dates of birth and death. For 
 instance: "Johnson, Samuel, 1696-1772" (an early 
 American educator) ; "Johnson, Samuel, 1709-84'* (the 
 great dictionary maker). 
 
 Long articles on countries are usually divided into 
 sections, of which one will deal with the geography, 
 another with the political history, etc. 
 
 At the end of an article there is often a bibliography 
 or list of books to which the reader is referred for further 
 information. 
 
 67. The articles in the encyclopedia are descriptive, 
 explanatory, statistical, and histbrical. In the best 
 encyclopedias they are often by authorities and are 
 
Reference Books 33 
 
 usually reliable for the date when the encyclopedia was 
 published. There are often useful illustrations and maps. 
 
 Encyclopedia articles on the other hand rarely give 
 practical directions for doing things; they are some- 
 times too brief; and for many subjects they are soon 
 out of date. 
 
 The difference between the encyclopedia and the 
 dictionary is that the dictionary deals first of all with 
 words, whereas the encyclopedia deals with subjects. 
 The encyclopedia is useful for giving a compact account 
 which is longer than a dictionary definition, but shorter 
 than a book. 
 
 68. Rules for using the encyclopedia. (1) Look 
 at the guide words or letters on the backs of the volumes 
 to find the volume in which the name of the subject 
 should occur. (2) Look for the subject in its alpha- 
 betical place in the volume chosen, using the guide 
 words at the tops of the pages. (3) Follow up cross 
 references. 
 
 In the case of the Encyclopedia Britannica, use the 
 index volume, if a subject is not found under its own 
 heading. 
 
 69. Important encyclopedias. 3 
 ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 
 
 This is a standard work of reference. The arrange- 
 ment is under general heads rather than by specific sub- 
 jects, especially in the older editions; for instance, 4 Lake 
 Erie is described under "St. Lawrence River", instead 
 
 3 Besides the encyclopedias named above there may also be noted 
 Appleton's New Practical Cyclopedia, a small work for home and school 
 use. Older works sometimes met with are the Universal Cyclopaedia 
 and Atlas (known also as Johnson's Cyclopedia), the American Cyclo- 
 paedia, and Chambers's Encyclopaedia, the last an English work. 
 These must be used with some caution, as for many subjects they are out 
 of date. 
 
 * As in the ninth and tenth editions. 
 
34 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 of "Erie tLake)"; in this case "St. Lawrence River" is 
 taken as the name of the general system of lakes and 
 rivers of which Lake Erie is part. Owing to this arrange- 
 ment, articles frequently become lengthy treatises, and 
 to find a subject in the Britannica it is therefore often 
 necessary to use the index which forms a separate volume. 
 The articles are by authorities, and are signed. Biog-* 
 raphies of persons living at the time of publication are 
 omitted from the older editions. 
 
 70. There are numerous editions of the Britannica, 
 of which the following require special mention : 
 
 The ninth, in twenty-four volumes and index, issued 
 between 1875 and 1889. This remains a useful work of 
 reference, although many of the articles are out of date. 
 
 The tenth, which consists of the existing volumes of 
 the ninth edition with eleven new volumes added, making 
 thirty-five volumes in all. Volume 31 is an atlas. 
 Volume 35 is an index to the complete work. 
 
 71. The eleventh edition is an entirely new work in 
 twenty-eight volumes and index, brought up to date 
 (1910). There are more subjects found under their own 
 names than in the old editions; for instance, Column is 
 found under the heading "Column", instead of under 
 the general term "Architecture", as in editions nine and 
 ten. The maps in this edition accompany the articles 
 which they illustrate instead of being collected in a 
 separate volume. 
 
 72. NEW INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. 
 
 The most important encyclopedia published in the 
 Tnited States. In it, a subject is usually found directly 
 under its own name, and not grouped with allied subjects 
 under some general heading as is often the case in the 
 Encyclopaedia Britannica. Hence, it is excellent for 
 quick reference. 
 
Reference Books 35 
 
 The alphabetical order is letter by letter, instead 
 of word by word ; for instance, New Jersey, newspaper, 
 New York, and not New Jersey, New York, newspaper. 
 
 73. The New International Encyclopaedia is con- 
 tinued by the NEW INTERNATIONAL YEAR BOOK. 
 The Year Book gives a summary of the year's events, 
 and includes biographical sketches. It is arranged and 
 used like the encyclopedia. 
 
 74. ENCYCLOPEDIA AMERICANA. 
 
 Covers much the same ground as the New Interna- 
 tional although the two often supplement each other. 
 The Americana is often stronger on scientific subjects, 
 but more likely to be condensed on other subjects. 
 
 There is a supplement in two volumes. 
 
 75. CHAMPLIN. YOUNG FOLKS' CYCLOPAEDIAS. 
 These are a set of books with the following titles : 
 
 Young Folks' Cyclopaedia of Persons -and Places. 
 Young Folks* Cyclopaedia of Natural History. 
 Young Folks' Cyclopaedia of Common Things. 
 Young Folks' Cyclopaedia of Games and Sports. 
 Young Folks' Cyclopaedia of Literature and Art. 
 
 As the titles suggest, the information is simply and 
 briefly told for the beginner, and is arranged alphabetically. 
 
 76. The dictionary. 5 A dictionary is an alpha- 
 betical list of the words of a language with 'their etymol- 
 ogies 6 and meanings. 7 The modern, unabridged, 
 one-volume English dictionary includes besides ordinary 
 words, proper names of all kinds, abbreviations, words 
 and phrases from foreign languages, and the arbitrary 
 
 5 The following remarks apply particularly to the unabridged Stand- 
 ard and Webster dictionaries, as the student is likely to use them most. 
 In the list, the Century also is added; but the student should have 
 little trouble with it if he understands how to use the others. 
 
 6 For an explanation of the word "etymology", see 79. 
 
 7 The word "dictionary" is often applied to a work on any subject, 
 the contents of which are arranged in alphabetical order; for instance, 
 Lippincott's Pronouncing Biographical Dictionary. 
 
36 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 signs used in printing and writing, such as \/ in mathe- 
 matics, or K in medicine. 
 
 In connection with an ordinary word are given its 
 spelling, pronunciation, part of speech, etymology, defi- 
 nitions, and often common phrases into which it enters, 
 quotations illustrating its use, synonyms, cross references, 
 and pictures or diagrams. For examples, see sections 
 216, 218, 220, 221, 223. 
 
 77. The same spelling may stand for several words 
 which are different parts of speech or have different 
 origins; for instance: 
 
 1. desert', noun from French deservir meaning to merit. 
 
 2. des'ert, noun from Latin deserere, to desert. 
 
 3. des'ert, adjective from Latin deserere. 
 
 4. desert', verb transitive from Latin deserere. 
 
 5. desert', verb intransitive from Latin deserere. 
 
 Hence, we often find several successive entries or 
 paragraphs with apparently the same WORD REPEATED 
 for a heading. When the right spelling of a word has 
 been found, one should therefore look next for the abbre- 
 viation which tells the part of speech. 
 
 78. Words are respelled to show PRONUNCIATION. A 
 key to the marks of pronunciation is printed across the 
 bottom or top of each pair of pages. 
 
 79. The ETYMOLOGY 8 gives the origin of a word 
 and often traces its history and family relations in 
 English and other languages. It is set off from defini- 
 tions, etc., by brackets [ ], for example: 
 
 medieval, mediaeval (rne-di-e'-val), a. and n. [ < L. medius, 
 middle + <zvum, age, period ; see medium and age] I. a. Per- 
 taining to or characteristic of the middle ages. . . 
 
 The sign < means "is derived from". 
 
 The word "etymology" comes from two Greek words, etymon, 
 the true literal sense of a word according to its origin, and logos, a dis- 
 course or description . 
 
Reference Books 37 
 
 The etymology is not given with every word but gen- 
 erally with root words only; thus, for the etymology of 
 fishy one must look under fish. 
 
 80. A word usually has several DEFINITIONS includ- 
 ing original, dead, old, and everyday meanings. Each 
 definition is numbered or lettered and arranged in some 
 regular order, 9 for example, see the word oil in section 220. 
 
 81. Proper names. Among the proper names 
 included in the dictionary are those of places, of persons, 
 including noteworthy living persons, of characters in 
 books, and of mythological personages. 
 
 With geographical proper names are given location, 
 population, area, political relations, and other brief 
 facts. Names of real persons have nationality, station in 
 life, profession or occupation, and dates of birth and 
 death. Names of imaginary persons and characters in 
 literature have brief descriptions. 
 
 A proper name may be included in the body of the 
 dictionary or included in a special list of names in an 
 appendix. 
 
 82. Appendix. The appendix of a dictionary 
 contains miscellaneous useful lists. Just what will be 
 in it depends on the particular dictionary, but there are 
 often found in appendixes lists of proper names, abbre- 
 viations, foreign words and phrases, and signs used in 
 printing and writing. A supplement of new words in- 
 cluding old words used in new senses is also sometimes 
 found as part of, or in addition to, the appendix. 
 
 For extracts from the appendixes of dictionaries, see 
 sections 219, 222. 
 
 83. Study and use of the dictionary. Because 
 of the great amount and variety of its information, its 
 
 9 For the order of definitions in different dictionaries see 94, 
 paragraph DEFINITIONS. 
 
38 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 condensed treatment, and its appendix, the unabridged 
 dictionary needs special study. 
 
 In studying the dictionary, (1) read carefully the 
 title-page, preface, and table of contents. (2) Look 
 over any explanatory notes or lists given before the 
 main part, which would help in using the dictionary. 
 (3) In the main part, pick out single words; observe 
 what kinds of facts are given for each, and their order. 
 Examine the key to pronunciation. (4) Study separately- 
 each list in the appendix as suggested in (2) and (3) for 
 the main part. 
 
 84. In using the dictionary, (1) look for a word in the 
 main part, making use of the guide words at the tops of 
 pages. (2) If the word is not found there, consult the 
 table of contents to see if there is any special list which 
 might contain it. (3) Look up abbreviations and signs 
 relating to parts of speech, etymologies, etc., in the 
 lists and explanatory notes just before the main part 
 and before each division of the appendix. 
 
 85. Some important dictionaries. - 
 CENTURY DICTIONARY (1911). 12 volumes. 
 
 Volumes 1-10. Dictionary. 
 
 Volume 11. Cyclopedia of Names. 
 
 Volume 12. Atlas. 
 
 In the Century dictionary, the definitions often ap- 
 proach encyclopedia articles in their length and fullness. 
 The etymologies are also very full. Some abbreviations 
 and foreign phrases are included. A key to pronuncia- 
 tion is found at the beginning of each volume. 
 
 See specimen extract, section 216. 
 
 86. THE CYCLOPEDIA OF NAMES considers proper 
 names of all kinds. It includes names found in geog- 
 raphy, biography, mythology, history, ethnology, art, 
 archaeology, and literature. It is fullest in geography 
 
Reference Books 39 
 
 and biography, and includes persons living at the date 
 of publication, (1911). It omits minor geographic names 
 such as those of counties in the United States, which 
 must be sought in the Century Atlas. 
 See specimen extract, section 217. 
 
 87. THE CENTURY ATLAS 10 contains modern maps 
 and a small section of historical maps. On the maps are 
 given steamship routes and cable lines, routes of dis- 
 coverers and explorers, and dates for battlefields. Two 
 indexes are provided, one for the modern, and one for 
 the historical maps. 11 
 
 The Atlas has been revised to 1911. 
 
 88. In the 1911 edition of the Century Dictionary, 
 each volume except the Atlas contains a main part and 
 a supplement. One must often therefore look for infor- 
 mation in two places in the same volume. A star (*) 
 before an item in the main part means that additional 
 information is found in the supplement. 
 
 89. An earlier edition of this dictionary is in ten 
 volumes. This was enlarged in 1910 by a supplement 
 in two volumes which brought the information in the 
 body of the dictionary and the Cyclopedia of Names 
 down to that date. Users of this particular set must 
 often therefore consult two different volumes in looking 
 up a word. 
 
 90. STANDARD DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH 
 
 LANGUAGE. 
 
 Contents: Introductory: Key to abbreviations used 
 in the dictionary, key to pronunciation, etc. Standard 
 Dictionary of the English Language: Antonyms are a 
 special feature. Addenda: New words. Plates: Coins, 
 
 1 Earlier editions are practically the same as volume 34 of the tenth 
 edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. 
 
 n For the way to use an atlas index, see 114, 115. 
 
40 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 decorations of honor, flags, gems, national coats of arms, 
 seals of the United States, ship signals, solar spectrum, 
 etc. Appendix: Proper names of all kinds, foreign 
 words and phrases, disputed spellings and pronuncia- 
 tions, abbreviations, arbitrary signs and symbols, poeti- 
 cal meanings of flowers and gems, formation of the plurals 
 of nouns, pronunciation of Bible proper names, etc. 
 
 See the specimen extracts, sections 221, 222. 
 
 91. NEW STANDARD DICTIONARY. 12 
 
 Principal contents: Before the main part: Intro- 
 ductory; spelling and pronunciation (chiefly a discussion 
 of the ''scientific alphabet") ; methods of compounding 
 words; key to abbreviations used in the dictionary; key 
 to pronunciation ; special explanatory notes. 
 
 Standard Dictionary of the English Language. 
 
 Appendix: Disputed pronunciations, rules for the 
 simplification of spelling, glossary of foreign words, 
 phrases, etc., statistics of the population of the world. 13 
 The foreign phrases are those in less common use, every- 
 day expressions being found in the body of the dictionary ; 
 the statistics are for places in the United States of over 
 one thousand inhabitants, and for the more important 
 places of other countries. 
 
 Pronunciation is given in two ways. Each word is 
 respelled for pronouncing, first, in the "revised scientific 
 alphabet", and again according to an accepted older 
 system. The key to each method is given at the top of 
 each pair of pages. 
 
 See the specimen extract 223. 
 
 12 This is a revised and enlarged edition of the Standard Dictionary. 
 It differs from the older work by including in the body of the dictionary 
 all proper names and abbreviations formerly in special lists in the appen- 
 dix. Hence, there is usually but one place' in which to seek a word. 
 
 is A "History of the World Told Day by Day" is also sometimes 
 found as part of the appendix. It gives under each day of the year the 
 most important historical events which have happened on that date. 
 
Reference Books 41 
 
 92. WEBSTER'S INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 Contents: Colored plates preceding-title page: Flags, 
 seals, and coats of arms of the principal nations; yacht, 
 signal, and pilot flags, etc. Introductory: Guide to pro- 
 nunciation, words spelled in two or more ways, abbre- 
 viations used in the dictionary, etc. Dictionary of the 
 English Language. Appendix: Metric system, names of 
 fictitious persons and places, gazetteer, biographical 
 dictionary, pronunciation of Scripture and of Greek 
 and Latin proper names, English Christian names, 
 quotations from foreign languages, abbreviations, arbi- 
 trary signs used in writing and printing, pictorial illus- 
 trations. Supplement of New Words. 
 
 See the specimen extracts 218, 219. 
 
 93. WEBSTER'S NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY. 14 
 Principal contents: Before the main part: Colored 
 
 plates of flags, coats of arms, state seals, etc.; preface; 
 brief history of the English language, guide to pronuncia- 
 tion, orthography (rules for spelling certain classes of 
 words), abbreviations used in the dictionary, explanatory 
 notes. Dictionary of the English Language. Appendix: 
 Gazetteer, biographical dictionary, arbitrary signs used in 
 writing and printing, classified selection of illustrations. 
 
 Each page in the body of the dictionary is divided 
 horizontally by a heavy black line. Above this line 
 are printed words in general use; below it are printed 
 unusual words, foreign phrases, abbreviations, many 
 proper names, etc. Hence, in using this dictionary, 
 look first in the main part above the line, next below 
 the line, and then consult the table of contents. 
 
 See the specimen extract, section 220. 
 
 " This is an enlarged revision of Webster's International Dictionary. 
 It differs in its arrangement from the older work by dividing each page 
 as explained hereafter, and by including in the main part much informa- 
 tion formerly in the appendix. 
 
42 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 94. Comparison of the dictionaries. The short 
 extracts which are given in the appendix of this Manual 
 do not do justice to any of the dictionaries represented. 
 The following points of comparison, though not all 
 illustrated by the selections, should, however, be noted. 
 
 The system for showing PRONUNCIATION differs in 
 different dictionaries. 
 
 The ETYMOLOGIES are fullest in the Century and 
 briefest in the Standard and New Standard. The latter 
 place their etymologies after instead of before the defini- 
 tions, and render Greek roots by English instead of by 
 Greek letters. 
 
 The DEFINITIONS in the Century are often much 
 fuller than those in the other dictionaries mentioned, 
 and sometimes equal short encyclopedia articles. The 
 Standard and New Standard differ from the Century and 
 the Webster dictionaries in the arrangement of defini- 
 tions. In the latter works the literal or original meaning 
 comes first, and then the derived and figurative meanings ; 
 for instance, in the New International the word "knave" 
 from Anglo-Saxon cnafa = a boy : 
 
 1. A man child; a boy. Obs. 
 
 2. A boy servant, hence, a male servant or menial; a man of 
 
 humble birth or position. Archaic. 
 
 3. A rogue. 
 
 4. A playing card marked with the figure of a servant or 
 
 soldier; a jack. 
 
 In the Standard and New Standard, the common 
 meaning is given first; thus for the word * 'knave": 
 
 1. A rogue. 
 
 2. A playing card on which is pictured a servant or soldier. 
 
 Called also jack. 
 
 3. A familiar friend. 
 
 4. A boy, especially a boy servant; also a male servant. 
 
Reference Books 43 
 
 Note in the case of this particular word that each 
 of the dictionaries quoted contains a meaning which is 
 not found in the other. 
 
 The Standard and New Standard give ANTONYMS as 
 well as synonyms and include lists of TECHNICAL TERMS 
 connected with various arts; for instance, in connection 
 with the word "baseball". 
 
 For PROPER NAMES, the fullest treatment is given 
 in the Century Cyclopedia of Names. 
 
 For ABBREVIATIONS and for FOREIGN WORDS AND 
 PHRASES, the Webster or the Standard dictionaries are 
 better than the Century. 
 
 The APPENDIX in both the New Standard and Web- 
 ster's New International is smaller than in earlier edi- 
 tions of these works because much material formerly 
 contained in it has been transferred to the main part of 
 the dictionary. 
 
 95. Special reference books. As all branches of 
 knowledge as a whole are covered by the general encyclo- 
 pedias, so a special subject is frequently covered by 
 a reference wprk devoted, to it alone; for instance, 
 biography is covered by Lippincott's Pronouncing Bio- 
 graphical Dictionary. The articles in such works are 
 often fuller and more detailed than in the general encyclo- 
 pedias, and sometimes cover topics which the latter do 
 not. The following list names some useful reference 
 books likely to be found in public and well equipped 
 high school libraries. To become acquainted with others, 
 consult the books on the reference shelves of the school 
 library or of the public library. 
 
 96. Sociology. Recent information on social move- 
 ments must be sought in current periodicals. 
 
44 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 BLISS. NEW ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOCIAL REFORM. 
 
 Contains articles on reforms, reformers, economics, 
 sociology, municipal questions, labor, education, and 
 statistics relating to these subjects. 
 
 Gives arguments by authorities on each side of the 
 questions discussed; hence, it is particularly useful to 
 debaters. 
 
 97. Statistics. General current statistics are also 
 found in the New International Year Book. 
 
 STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK. 
 
 This is an English publication brought up to date 
 every year. Contains statistical and descriptive infor- 
 mation in regard to all the countries of the world, such 
 as area, population, religion, education, justice and crime, 
 pauperism, finance, national defence, production and 
 industry, commerce, shipping and navigation, internal 
 communication, money and credit, weights and measures, 
 diplomatic representatives, charity, reigning monarchs. 
 
 The contents are arranged with the British Empire 
 first, and other countries following alphabetically. At 
 the end of each country are mentioned statistical and 
 other books of reference concerning it. Index. 
 
 This has a high reputation for accuracy and is the most 
 important of the year-books. 
 
 98. WORLD ALMANAC. 
 
 Published every year. Very useful for all sorts of 
 recent statistics and information in brief. Covers astro- 
 nomical facts for the year such as moons, tides, eclipses, 
 etc.; weights and measures; agricultural statistics; 
 Constitution of the United States; government of the 
 United States; naturalization laws; legislation; events 
 of the preceding year ; politics; societies with the names 
 
Reference Books 45 
 
 and addresses of their officers; sporting records; col- 
 leges and universities, their presidents, athletics, fra- 
 ternities, etc.; religious denominations; naval statistics 
 of the world; foreign governments; population; U. S. 
 army; election returns; New York City. 15 The index 
 is in front. 
 
 99. U. S. COMMERCE DEPARTMENT. STATISTICAL 
 
 ABSTRACT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 This is published each year, and is the most useful 
 summary of statistics relating to the United States. 
 Contains figures relating to area; natural resources; 
 population; agriculture; forestry; fisheries; manufac- 
 turing; mining; occupations; labor; wages; transpor- 
 tation; shipping; commerce; prices; money; banking; 
 finance; insurance; army and navy; and monetary, 
 commercial and financial statistics of the world. 
 
 100. U. S. CENSUS BUREAU. THIRTEENTH CENSUS 
 
 OF THE UNITED STATES. . . ABSTRACT. 
 
 Contains in condensed form the principal statistics of 
 the 1910 census on population (except occupation statis- 
 tics), agriculture, manufactures, and mining. It gives 
 figures for the United States as a whole and for the differ- 
 ent states separately, together with statistics relating 
 to population and manufactures for the principal cities. 
 
 The index is divided into four parts: Population, 
 Agriculture, Manufactures, Mining. 
 
 A special edition with a supplement of local statistics 
 is published for each state, the District of Columbia, 
 Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. The supplement is not 
 indexed ; to consult it one must use the general table of 
 contents. 
 
 15 The subjects covered vary somewhat from year to year. Those 
 mentioned are found in the volume for 1916. 
 
46 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 101. Government. Recent information relating 
 to governments and politics is found in the New Inter- 
 national Year Book, the Statesman's Year-Book, and 
 the World Almanac. 
 
 MCLAUGHLIN AND HART. CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN 
 GOVERNMENT. 3 volumes. 
 
 Comprehensive work on the theory and principles, 
 history, organization, and functions of government in 
 the United States, with articles on the land and the peo- 
 ple, including biographical sketches of persons who have 
 contributed to government. Covers topics 'relating to 
 such subjects as public and international law; party 
 organizations; international relations ; federal, state, and 
 municipal government; public finance; labor regula- 
 tions; and social and industrial welfare. 
 
 102. U. S. CONGRESS. OFFICIAL CONGRESSIONAL 
 
 DIRECTORY. 
 
 A new issue is published at the beginning of each 
 session of Congress. Contains names, addresses, and 
 records of congressmen ; names and addresses of govern- 
 ment officials, U. S. consuls, foreign consuls"in the United 
 States, membership of congressional committees; official 
 duties of officers of the executive departments. 
 
 103. Archaeology. - 
 
 HARPER'S DICTIONARY OF CLASSICAL LITERATURE AND 
 ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Includes Greek and Roman antiquities, biography, 
 geography, history, literature, mythology, with biblio- 
 graphic references, illustrations, and maps. Subjects are 
 entered under their Latin or Greek names with cross 
 references from the corresponding English names. But 
 
Reference Books 47 
 
 when the Greek or Latin name resembles the English 
 one, as gladiator -es (gladiators), Athena (Athens), the 
 English name is not given. 
 
 104. Biography. - 
 
 LIPPINCOTT'S BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 It aims at bringing the record of noted persons down 
 to the end of the Nineteenth Century, and covers his- 
 toric persons, biblical and mythological characters, with 
 the pronunciation of names. The best general bio- 
 graphical reference book. 
 
 105. DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY; INDEX 
 
 AND EPITOME. 
 
 Contains very short biographical outlines of English- 
 men no longer living. It is condensed from the great 
 Dictionary of National Biography in 66 volumes (and 
 Supplement) by Stephen and Lee, for which it serves as 
 index. 
 
 A similar Index and Epitome is also published for the 
 second supplement of the Dictionary of National Biog- 
 raphy. 
 
 106. WHO'S WHO. 
 
 Published every year. Gives briefly facts of general 
 interest about prominent living persons chiefly English 
 and American, but especially English. Tells for each 
 individual the facts of date and place of birth, where 
 educated, official positions held, marriage, books written, 
 club memberships, favorite amusements, present address, 
 etc. 
 
 107. WHO'S WHO IN AMERICA. 
 
 Published every two years. Contains condensed 
 sketches of prominent living Americans and of persons 
 
48 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 connected with American affairs. The information given 
 is of the sort found in Who's Who. Beginning with the 
 volume for 1908-09, there is a geographic index, which 
 groups all the names in the book by states, cities, and 
 post-office addresses. This makes it easy to find what 
 persons are prominent in a given place. 
 
 108. Geography. - 
 
 LIPPINCOTT'S NEW GAZETTEER. 
 
 Geographical dictionary of the world containing in- 
 formation respecting countries, cities, towns, resorts, 
 islands, rivers, mountains, seas, lakes, etc. . Alphabet- 
 ically arranged, with pronunciation and various spellings 
 of names. 
 
 The most comprehensive American work of its kind. 
 
 109. MILL. INTERNATIONAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 Describes the continents and countries of the world, 
 
 including their geology, natural features, climates, 
 animals, vegetation, natural resources, brief histories, 
 peoples, forms of government, industries, foreign trade, 
 principal cities, and statistics, with an introduction on 
 the principles of geography. Index. 
 
 110. Atlases. - 
 
 There is not at present (1916) in print any perfectly 
 satisfactory general atlas for American students. The 
 Century Atlas published as part of the Century Dic- 
 tionary is probably the most satisfactory for general use. 16 
 
 111. RAND, MCNALLY & Co. LIBRARY ATLAS OF 
 
 THE WORLD. 17 2 volumes. 
 Volume I. United States. 
 Volume II. Foreign countries.' 
 
 "See 87. 
 
 17 An earlier edition is called Indexed Atlas of the World. 
 
Reference Books 49 
 
 A general atlas with maps on a larger scale than the 
 Century. 
 
 The volume for the United States has many large 
 scale maps of cities. In this volume, each map is accom- 
 panied by a separate index, and each index is divided 
 into several separate lists. Thus, the index to the map 
 of Ohio is divided into lists of counties, creeks, islands, 
 rivers, towns, etc. 
 
 The volume on foreign countries has a general index 
 of its own. 
 
 The names of countries, cities, towns, etc., are accom- 
 panied in the indexes by figures of population. 
 
 112. STIELER'S ATLAS OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 An excellent general atlas adapted from the German 
 for the English-speaking public. A little less than one- 
 half the atlas is devoted to Europe. The land is shown 
 in relief, heights and depths being given in meters. 
 On the large scale maps, the spelling of place-names 
 adopted is that of the country, for instance, names in 
 the United States appear in their English form, names 
 in France in French, etc. On the small scale maps the 
 forms of names are German. Explanations of signs, 
 abbreviations, etc., are given on the back of each map 
 in English as well as in French, Italian, and Spanish. 
 
 There is a very full alphabetical index, which is some- 
 times difficult to use, as German forms of names are 
 employed when they exist, for instance, France is indexed 
 as Frankreich. 
 
 113. For history study, an excellent atlas is Shep- 
 herd's Historical Atlas. Two useful small historical 
 atlases are Bartholomew^ Literary and Historical Atlas 
 of Europe, and his Literary and Historical Atlas of 
 America. Besides maps of historic periods each of these 
 
92' R 
 
 J) 90 
 
 69' C* H QQ* I J 87 ' 
 
 88 s 1 O 67' 
 
Reference Books 51 
 
 contains plans of notable battles, maps of districts con- 
 nected with famous authors and books, and a short gazet- 
 teer of places of historic interest. 
 
 114. The index of an atlas. At the margins of 
 maps are found figures which mark latitude and longi- 
 tude. Between these figures there are found in many 
 atlases other figures and letters as in the illustration 
 on the opposite page. An entry in the index of the 
 atlas will read, " Chicago, 111. 47; 1-2 ", which means 
 that Chicago, 111., will be found on page or map 47, 
 near the place where the imaginary lines I I and 
 2 2 cross each other. 
 
 115. If the index of an atlas is poor or absent, it is 
 sometimes quickest to locate first the country or state 
 in which a town belongs, by using a gazetteer, the dic- 
 tionary, or the encyclopedia. Next, consult the atlas's 
 table of contents to find the map of the state or country. 
 Locate the town on the map by the latitude and longi- 
 tude or other description of location given in the 
 gazetteer. 
 
 116. Useful Arts. - 
 
 BAILEY. CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE. 
 4 volumes. 
 
 Volume I. Farms. Volume III. Animals. 
 Volume II. Crops. Volume IV. Farms and com- 
 munity. 
 
 To use this work, one must decide in which volume 
 the answer to his question is likely to be found, and then 
 consult the index of that volume. For instance, ' 'Horses" 
 must be looked for in the index of volume III on "Ani- 
 mals". 
 
52 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 117. BAILEY. STANDARD CYCLOPEDIA OF HORTI- 
 
 CULTURE. 18 6 volumes. 
 
 Considers the kinds, characteristics, and methods of 
 cultivation of plants grown in the United States and 
 ( \mada for ornament, fancy, fruit, or vegetables, includ- 
 ing important tropical plants. Alphabetically arranged. 
 
 118. FREEMAN AND CHANDLER. WORLD'S COM- 
 
 MERCIAL PRODUCTS. 
 
 An English work descriptive of the economic plants 
 of the world, their cultivation, preparation for market, 
 and commercial uses. Handsomely illustrated. Index 
 is not thorough. 
 
 119. WARD. GROCER'S ENCYCLOPEDIA. 19 
 Descriptive information on food products and other 
 
 articles found in grocery stores. Written for grocers 
 and general storekeepers, but useful to students of 
 domestic science and commercial geography. 
 
 120. Literature. - 
 
 BARTLETT. FAMILIAR QUOTATIONS. 
 
 A collection of passages, phrases, and proverbs in 
 prose and poetry traced to their sources in ancient and 
 modern literature. The quotations are grouped under 
 authors, and authors are arranged by date of birth. 
 
 It has at the front an index of authors quoted, and 
 at the back an index of important w^ords. 20 To use it, 
 look in the word index for some important or striking 
 word in the quotation in mind; or for an appropriate 
 
 " An earlier work in four volumes on which this is based, has the title 
 Cyclopedia of American Horticulture. 
 
 19 Published also under the title, Encyclopedia of Foods and Beverages. 
 
 20 An index of this kind which brings out the words of a book as dis- 
 tinguished from subjects is called a concordance. Concordances are made 
 
 - such as Shakespeare and the Bible. 
 
Reference Books 53 
 
 quotation for some subject, look in the same index for 
 suggestive words. 21 
 
 Extracts from the word index, indexing the quotation, 
 "Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown": 
 Crown, better than his, 64. 
 emperor without his, 307. 
 fruitless upon my head, 121. 
 head that wears a, 89. 
 
 Head, beauteous honors on its, 337. 
 coals of fire on his, 828. 
 crown of his, 51. 
 fame over his living, 565. 
 fruitless, crown upon my, 121. 
 gently lay my, 218. 
 silvered o'er by time, 419. 
 Uneasy lies the, 89. 
 what seemed his, 228. 
 
 121. HOYT. CYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL QUOTA- 
 TIONS. 
 
 Quotations are arranged alphabetically according 
 to subject, hence it is very useful in looking up quotations 
 for special subjects or 'occasions. Quotations from the 
 Latin and from modern foreign languages follow those 
 in English. There is an index to quotations in English, 
 one for Latin and foreign, and a list of authors quoted. 
 Extract from the English index: 
 Crown abdicated his crown la. 
 and an immortal crown 674 a. 
 emperor without his c. 354 u. 
 head that wears a c. * 535 g. 
 lover or crown to thee 241 h. 
 
 The letter in italics following the page number indicates 
 the place on the page where the quotation is found; 
 and the asterisk (*) means that the author is Shakespeare. 
 
 21 For the latter purpose, Hoyt's Cyclopedia of Practical Quotations 
 is easier to use. See 121. 
 
54 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 122. BREWER. DICTIONARY OF PHRASE AND 
 
 FABLE. 
 
 This is useful in explaining allusions met with in 
 reading. Contains: Unusual abbreviations, names and 
 anecdotes of persons, mythological characters, char- 
 acters in fiction, curious phrases, pseudonyms, outlines 
 of plots and stories, proverbs explained, sobriquets* 
 legends, and an appendix 22 with a list of English authors 
 and their works. 
 
 123. BREWER. READER'S HANDBOOK. 
 Allusions, references, plots, and stories. Useful in 
 
 much the same way as the Dictionary of 'Phrase and 
 Fable. 
 
 124. CHAMBERS'S CYCLOPEDIA OF ENGLISH LITER- 
 
 ATURE. 3 volumes. 
 
 Contains sketches and criticisms of British and Ameri- 
 can authors with short characteristic selections from 
 their works. Authors are arranged in the order of their 
 date. Index in the third volume. 
 
 125. MOULTON. LIBRARY OF LITERARY CRITICISM 
 
 OF ENGLISH AND AMERICAN AUTHORS. 8 
 volumes. 
 
 Criticisms from the writings of eminent critics on the 
 works of authors from the beginnings of English litera- 
 ture to 1904. 
 
 Authors are considered in the order of their dates. 
 The information for any particular author is generally 
 arranged thus: (1) biographical outline; (2) personal; 
 (3) criticism of specific works; (4) general criticism. 
 
 Under any specific heading such as "Snow-bound", 
 the extracts quoted are arranged. in the order of their 
 writing. 
 
 22 Not in earlier editions. 
 
Reference Books 55 
 
 Volume 8 has a general index to the authors criticized, 
 and a general index to criticisms under the names of the 
 critics. 
 
 126. STEDMAN & HUTCHINSON. LIBRARY OF AMER- 
 
 ICAN LITERATURE. 11 volumes. 
 
 Characteristic examples of American literature from 
 its beginnings down to 1889. 
 
 Authors are arranged in order of their dates. Volume 
 11 includes, short sketches of authors, a list of noted say- 
 ings of Americans, and a general index. 
 
 In the index, topics are often grouped under general 
 heads; thus, for the poem "The Raven", one must look 
 under the heading Poetry. Some other general headings 
 are Biography, Criticism, Fiction, History, Noted sayings, 
 and War. 
 
 127. WARNER. LIBRARY OF THE WORLD'S BEST 
 
 LITERATURE. 30 volumes. 
 
 Contains: Volumes 1-27: Biographical and critical 
 sketches, and selections. Volume 28: Songs, hymns, 
 and lyrics. Volume 29: Biographical dictionary of 
 authors, including many not represented in the selections. 
 Volume 30: Synopses of noted books; general index. 
 Authors from every country are included. 
 
 The material in volumes 1-27 is arranged alpha- 
 betically by the names of the authors represented. The 
 general index, volume 30, is the key to the entire work. 
 
 The best compilation of the kind. The selections have 
 been well made; the biographical and critical sketches 
 are by eminent scholars and writers, and are signed ; and 
 portraits and illustrations are useful features. 
 
 Useful for those who wish to get some knowledge of 
 an author's writings without reading his entire works. 
 
56 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 128. History. - 
 
 HARPER'S BOOK OF FACTS. 
 
 An alphabetically arranged encyclopedia of the his- 
 tory of the world covering government, science, art, and 
 literature. Information concise; lists of rulers and 
 chronological tables of events under the names of coun- 
 tries. Few biographical items; persons are mentioned 
 as a rule only in the articles on the places, events, etc., 
 with which they were connected. 
 
 129. HAYDN'S DICTIONARY OF DATES. 
 
 A standard work of reference giving concisely his- 
 torical facts on all subjects. The arrangement is alpha- 
 betical. A chronological outline of the history of a sub- 
 ject often accompanies an article. 
 
 There are no biographical articles ; persons are alluded 
 to only in connection with the events in which they took 
 part. To find an allusion to a person, one must use the 
 index which gives the names of the events, etc., with 
 which he was connected; thus for George Washington, 
 one is referred to the articles t 'United States", "York- 
 town", and " Virginia". 
 
 More comprehensive than Harper's Book of Facts, 
 but sometimes not so strong on United States history. 
 
 130. LARNED. HISTORY FOR READY REFERENCE. 
 
 7 volumes and "companion volume." 
 Extracts from the writings of the best historians, 
 biographers, and specialists, to illustrate the history of 
 all countries and times. It gives the exact words of the 
 writers quoted. The arrangement is alphabetic by 
 country, event, etc., and under place is in order of time. 
 An event is generally described under the name of the 
 country with a cross reference from the name of the 
 
Reference Books 57 
 
 event, thus: Samnite Wars, The. See Rome: B.C. 343- 
 290. Volumes 6 and 7 cover the years, 1894-1910. The 
 companion volume contains notes to maps, chronological 
 list of events, lineage of royal and great historic families, 
 bibliography, outlines for study, etc. 
 
 131. PLOETZ. MANUAL OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 
 Summary of the principal facts and dates of the history 
 
 of the world, without comment. Index. 
 
 132. HARPER'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF UNITED STATES 
 
 HISTORY. 10 volumes. 
 
 The most extensive cyclopedia of the subject, includ- 
 ing many biographical articles; texts of famous speeches, 
 resolutions, proclamations; facsimiles of important 
 documents; etc. 
 
 133. Low AND PULLING. DICTIONARY OF ENG- 
 
 LISH HISTORY. 
 
 Events, persons, and institutions connected with Eng- 
 lish history arranged alphabetically. Index. 
 
 134. Text-books. It often happens that a sub- 
 ject is not covered by any special reference book. In 
 such cases, a good, comprehensive, up-to-date text-book 
 can frequently be used instead. A good text-book selects 
 and boils down for its readers the facts from many 
 sources, and presents them in an orderly way, giving 
 each fact its proper importance. Aids to the student 
 which are often found in the best modern text-books 
 are full indexes, lists of readings and references, maps, 
 pictures, diagrams, etc. 
 
 Some common subjects of study on which, in the 
 ordinary library, text-books are likely to be the best 
 available special works for ready reference, are mathe- 
 
58 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 matics, physics, chemistry, physical and commercial 
 geography, and botany. 
 
 135. Bibliographies. A bibliography is a list of 
 books or other writings related to some one thing. It 
 may be a list of works by an author, as a bibliography 
 of George Eliot's works, or relate to some subject, as a 
 bibliography of Education. It may fill a book or a 
 chapter; it may occur at the ends of chapters or articles, 
 or be scattered through a book in footnotes. 
 
 To the student, bibliographies are valuable in a num- 
 ber of ways. A bibliography may list all that has been 
 published on a subject, or it may limit itself to those 
 works which are most useful or important. It may 
 include references to magazine articles, pamphlets, and 
 parts of books not mentioned in the library catalogue. 
 It may mention material which is not in the library. 
 It may have useful notes describing or criticizing the 
 books, etc., referred to. In all these ways it serves as 
 a guide and a time-saver to the student who must follow 
 up a subject with thoroughness. 
 
 The card catalogue calls attention to the most impor- 
 tant bibliographies in any particular library ; others must 
 be sought in the text-books, reference books, and stand- 
 ard works on a subject. In addition to these, libraries 
 often have on file lists of references on special subjects 
 for reading or study. 
 
 NOTE. Different editions of books mentioned in this chapter have 
 been noted only when a revision or enlargement would affect the manner 
 of using a work, or when a title has been changed. 
 
Chapter VI 
 
 Magazines and Magazine Indexes 
 
 136. Magazines in general. Magazines or peri- 
 odicals are publications issued usually at regular intervals 
 commonly either of a week, or of a month. Every year 
 or six months or other convenient period, a volume is 
 completed, and for many magazines an index to each 
 volume is published. Each number of most periodicals 
 has a table of contents, the position of which varies in 
 different magazines. 
 
 137. Magazines in their current numbers give the 
 latest thought and news of the \vorld and thus supple- 
 ment books. They often discuss subjects not treated 
 elsewhere, and the better magazines print much material 
 of lasting value. Many of them review new books. 
 
 On the other hand, as magazine articles are usually 
 short compared with books, they are at their best in 
 dealing with small subjects or with particular aspects 
 of large ones; they are least likely to be satisfactory in 
 handling themes which call for long and thorough treat- 
 ment. The less conscientious of the popular magazines 
 sometimes are sensational and print poor work from an 
 author whose name has advertising value. Popular 
 articles on very special subjects, such as science and its 
 applications, unless signed by recognized authorities 
 must be taken with caution. 
 
 138. Magazines differ greatly both in the kinds of 
 subjects which they handle and in their style. For 
 special subjects there are often special periodicals, for 
 
60 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 instance, for education there is among others the Edu- 
 cational Review. As to style, a more or less popular 
 treatment is to be looked for in general magazines, and 
 more scholarly or technical treatment in magazines 
 which deal with special subjects. 
 
 139. Study of magazines. In making a study of 
 a magazine, look first for the facts relating to its publica- 
 tion, i.e., the name of the publisher, editor, 1 etc.; place 
 and frequency of publication; and price. This informa- 
 tion may be printed in an obscure corner so that some 
 search may be needed to find it. Read the table of con- 
 tents which may also be buried among other matter. 
 In this, observe what subjects are dealt with, whether 
 poems, stories, etc., appear and what kind of article is 
 given the leading place. Look for well-known, names 
 among the contributors. Observe whether the contents 
 are classified, and if so, how. Read several articles for 
 their quality and style. Notice whether or not there 
 are illustrations, their number, kind, and quality. Note 
 any striking special features. Observe the amount and 
 quality of advertising matter. Note if the title is appro- 
 priate to the contents. Compare with other similar 
 periodicals on the points mentioned above. 
 
 140. Representative magazines. The following 
 list includes a few of the more useful and important 
 magazines found in American libraries. 2 It is intended 
 
 m aid to the beginner in choosing among references 
 in the magazine indexes described hereafter, and in 
 
 1 Brief, biographical facts about prominent editors, publishers, and 
 authors may be sought in Who's Who in America, etc. See 107. 
 
 2 The magazines named in footnotes through the remainder of this 
 rliapUT a; c' some which the student will often find mentioned in general 
 
 'lical indexes, and which therefore need a word of description. 
 ie are of poorer quality; most, however, although important, are 
 uil, or nonpopular in style, and hence are less likc-ly to interest the 
 : ;iry reader or to be found in smaller libraries. 
 
Magazines and Magazine Indexes 61 
 
 selecting periodicals for general reading. In using it 
 for either purpose, the reader must remember that the 
 same magazine may vary from year to year in the 
 quality and nature of its contents, and in case of a change 
 of owner, may alter its character completely. 
 
 To save space the following abbreviations are used: 
 
 B = has book reviews. Q = published quarterly. 
 
 M = published monthly. R = indexed in Readers' Guide. 
 
 P = indexed in Poole's Index. W = published weekly. 
 
 Book reviews are not noted if unimportant. 
 
 141. General popular magazines. Popular 
 articles on subjects of general interest including litera- 
 ture, social reform, politics, art, science, biography, 
 travel, etc., stones and poems. 
 
 ATLANTIC MONTHLY, (M PR). 
 
 CENTURY, (M PR). 
 
 HARPER'S MONTHLY MAGAZINE, (M P R). 
 
 SCRIBNER'S MAGAZINE, (MPR). 
 
 Of these magazines, the Atlantic has probably the 
 most consistently high literary standard and appeals 
 especially to the better educated reader. It has no illus- 
 trations. The Century, Harper's, and Scribner's are of 
 about equal rank with one another, are generally well 
 written and well illustrated, and are widely popular. 3 
 
 142. Some magazines choose their writers or their 
 subjects from a certain geographical field, for example: 
 
 CANADIAN MAGAZINE,* (MPR). 
 
 3 These four are the best of the general popular magazines. The fol- 
 lowing are less consistently high in their standards of contents and style 
 and are sometimes inclined to be sensational. 
 
 AMERICAN MAGAZINE, (M PR). EVERYBODY'S MAGAZINE, 
 (MPR). MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, (MPR). The earlier volumes 
 of McClure's are of higher standard than the later ones. 
 
 * Other such magazines are : NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, (MPR); 
 OVERLAND MONTHLY, (M PR), The West; SUNSET, (M R), The 
 Pacific slope. Partly because of their local limitations, such magazines 
 as a rule lack the interest and literary quality of the best general 
 magazines. 
 
62 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 143. Reviews. Reviews have the same range 
 of subjects as the general popular magazines, but are 
 more serious in their treatment. Their tone is scholarly 
 or literary. Strong articles on current political, social, 
 economic, and industrial questions make them valuable 
 to the debater. Little or no space is given to stories 
 
 i light literature, illustrations are usually absent, and 
 advertising matter is scanty. Important books are 
 reviewed . 
 
 FORUM, (M PR). 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW, (M PRB). The lead- 
 ing review in the United States. 5 
 
 144. Sociology. Few magazines in this field are 
 of popular interest. 6 
 
 SURVEY, (W PRB) formerly CHARITIES AND THE 
 COMMONS. Social reform, including such topics as child 
 welfare, poor relief, housing, etc. 
 
 5 Other American reviews are: ARENA, (M PRB). Discontinued, 
 1900; NEW REPUBLIC, (W R B). Original comment and opinion on 
 national problems. Viewpoint is idealistic; UNPOPULAR REVIEW, 
 (Q R). Aims at combating popular social, political, and other national 
 fallacies. 
 
 Important British reviews are: CONTEMPORARY REVIEW, (MPRB) ; 
 EDINBURGH REVIEW, (Q P R B), Published in London; FORT- 
 ilTLY REVIEW, (M P R) ; NINETEENTH CENTURY AND 
 AFTER, (M P R); QUARTERLY REVIEW, (Q P R B). 
 
 The Edinburgh and the Quarterly have notable book reviews which 
 in effect are long essays for which the books under discussion serve merely 
 as texts, and which make up most or all of these periodicals. 
 
 LIVING AGE, (W PRB). Published in Boston; consists of important 
 articles reprinted from leading British periodicals. 
 
 e The following magazines are issued by universities or other learned 
 
 bodies, and contain scholarly, authoritative articles on important topics 
 
 in sociology and economics. Book reviews are signed by specialists. 
 
 e magazines, which are most likely to be found in college and larger 
 
 public libraries, are valuable sources for the debater. 
 
 AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, (Q R B) ; AMERICAN JOURNAL 
 OF SOCIOLOGY, (Bi-M PRB); ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN 
 ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE, (Bi-M PRB); 
 
 JOIKXAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, (M, except Ag. & s., PRB); 
 
 POLITICAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY, (Q P R B) ; QUARTERLY JOUR- 
 NAL OF ECONOMICS, (O P R B). 
 
Magazines and Magazine Indexes 63 
 
 145. Education. Magazines for teachers. 7 
 
 EDUCATION, (M, except Jl. and Ag., P R). Largely 
 college and high school. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL REVIEW, (M P R B). College and high 
 school education. 
 
 ELEMENTARY SCHOOL JOURNAL, (M, except Jl. and 
 Ag., R) formerly ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHER. 
 
 SCHOOL REVIEW, (M PRB). High school education. 
 
 146. Science. 8 The following magazines are popu- 
 lar in style. 
 
 BIRD-LORE, (Bi-M R B). Articles and notes on the 
 study and protection of birds; colored and other illus- 
 trations. 
 
 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, (MPR). In- 
 teresting, finely illustrated articles on different lands, 
 peoples, and customs; travel and exploration; etc. 
 
 147. Useful Arts. In this field are published 
 hundreds of periodicals of great value to engineers, 
 mechanics, business men, and other workers. 
 
 ENGINEERING MAGAZINE, 8 * (M R) . Engineering, with 
 particular attention to industrial management. Special 
 features are the monthly review of engineering progress 
 and the Engineering Index to technical periodicals. 
 
 7 Special branches of education are often covered by special maga- 
 zines, for example: MANUAL TRAINING MAGAZINE, (M, except 
 Jl. & Ag. f R B). 
 
 8 Magazines dealing with pure science including those mentioned above 
 are for the most part published by, or under the direction of, scientific 
 societies and institutions. Nearly all are addressed to scientific readers 
 and hence are scholarly or scientific in treatment. SCIENCE, (W PRB). 
 Addresses, papers, scientific, news and notes. SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY, 
 (MPR) formerly POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. Includes not 
 only natural, but also political and social science, etc. The old title is 
 not to be confused with a later, popular, illustrated magazine of the same 
 name. 
 
 s* Title changed to INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT, November, 1916. 
 
64 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 SYSTEM, (M). Popularly written articles on business 
 topics. 
 
 The following magazines have up-to-date popular, 
 illustrated, usually descriptive articles on the applica- 
 tions of science, and are especially interesting to boys 
 and young men. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WORLD, (M R) formerly the TECHNICAL * 
 WORLD MAGAZINE. A wide range of the world's work. 
 
 POPULAR MECHANICS, (M). Articles and many brief 
 items on mechanical subjects; shop notes. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, (W R B) . Interesting articles 
 on scientific and technical subjects. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, (WRB). 
 Largely articles reprinted from scientific and technical 
 periodicals. 
 
 148. Domestic Science. Practical articles for 
 the housekeeper 9 ; care of children ; clothing; cookery; 
 household hints; stories. Popular in style. 
 
 AMERICAN COOKERY, (M) formerly BOSTON COOK- 
 ING SCHOOL MAGAZINE; DELINEATOR, (MR); GOOD 
 HOUSEKEEPING, (M R); LADIES' HOME JOURNAL 
 (MR); WOMAN'S HOME COMPANION, (MR). 
 
 149. Country Life. Popularly written and lavishly 
 illustrated magazines with descriptive and practical 
 articles; from the viewpoint of the amateur rather 
 than of the practical farmer. 
 
 COUNTRY GENTLEMAN, (W). Agriculture, gardening, 
 and country life in general; for the country dweller of 
 ordinary means. 
 
 COUNTRY LIFE IN AMERICA, (M R). Home-making, 
 agricultural, and outdoor subjects. 
 
 For the teacher or student of domestic science there is the JOUR- 
 NAL OF HOME ECONOMICS, (MRB). This omits lighter features 
 such as stories. 
 
Magazines and Magazine Indexes 65 
 
 GARDEN MAGAZINE, (M R). Planting and managing 
 the home grounds; cultivation of fruits, vegetables, 
 and flowers. 
 
 150. Fine Arts. Art and its application for the 
 student of art and the general reader, usually with many 
 attractive illustrations. 10 
 
 CRAFTSMAN, (M PR). Arts and crafts. Largely 
 devoted to artistic home-making and furnishing. 
 
 HOUSE BEAUTIFUL, (M R). Planning, building, fur- 
 nishing, and decorating the home, for the suburban or 
 country dweller of means. 
 
 INTERNATIONAL STUDIO, (M P R B). Many illustra- 
 tions of works of art, including some in color. 
 
 151. Sports. 
 
 OUTING MAGAZINE, (M P R). Chiefly outdoor sports 
 and vacation travel. 
 
 152. Literature. News, criticism, and discussion 
 of books and authors; careful book reviews. 
 
 BOOKMAN, (M P R B). Includes news and criticism 
 of the drama. 
 
 DIAL, (Semi-MPRB). Chiefly reviews and notes 
 of books. 
 
 NATION, (WPRB). Includes editorial articles on 
 questions of the day. 
 
 153. Current Events. n Current events at home 
 and abroad surveyed usually with editorial comment; 
 
 10 The following magazines cover special branches of the fine arts: 
 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD, (MPRB). Architecture and allied arts 
 and crafts. MUSICIAN, (MR). General and practical articles, news, 
 and music; for amateur, teacher, and professional musician. PHOTO- 
 ERA, (MR). Photography for the amateur; descriptive, suggestive, 
 and practical. 
 
 11 Magazines devoted to the discussion of current events and public 
 questions, like newspapers, are likely to reflect to a greater or less extent 
 in their choice of contents and editorial attitude the personal or political 
 interests of their owners. 
 
66 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 illustrated popular articles on subjects of immediate 
 public interest. 
 
 COLLIER'S NATIONAL WEEKLY, (WR). Pictorial; 
 light; aggressive. 
 
 CURRENT OPINION, (W R). News and comment 
 largely quoted or summarized from periodicals and 
 newspapers. 
 
 INDEPENDENT, (W P R B). 12 
 
 LITERARY DIGEST, (W R B). Extracts from United 
 States and foreign periodicals and newspapers compiled 
 without comment; current cartoons. 
 
 OUTLOOK, (W P R B) Popular ; progressive. Editorials 
 are always worthy of attention but not always 
 impartial. 
 
 REVIEW OF REVIEWS, full title, AMERICAN REVIEW 
 OF REVIEWS, (MPRB). Special features: Chrono- 
 logical record of the month's events; current cartoons; 
 summaries of leading articles in other periodicals. 
 Strong on public questions. 
 
 SATURDAY EVENING POST, (W). Popular; light; fic- 
 tion of very uneven quality; interesting articles on 
 questions in politics and sociology, but reflects rather 
 than criticizes public opinion. 
 
 WORLD'S WORK, (M P R). Remarkable for its excel- 
 lent illustrations, and critical comment of news of the 
 day. Interesting special articles. 
 
 154. Other publications. Besides magazines, 
 there are other publications which come out from time 
 to time, often irregularly, which are useful in reference 
 work, and which are referred to in periodical indexes, 
 
 With this was merged, May, 1916, HARPER'S WEEKLY, (W R), a 
 popular, pictorial magazine of conservative tendencies on public 
 
 questions. 
 
Magazines and Magazine Indexes 67 
 
 bibliographies, etc. Among these are certain publica- 
 tions of the United States Government, and the pro- 
 ceedings of important societies. 
 
 155. U. S. Government bulletins, etc. The 
 bulletins, circulars, and other similar papers issued by 
 the different departments of the Government are, as 
 a class, authoritative and reliable. They cover an 
 immense number of subjects and are written for many 
 kinds of readers, from the scientist to the housewife. 
 
 156. AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT. FARMERS' 
 
 BULLETINS. (R) 
 
 These are plainly written pamphlets, each dealing 
 in a practical way with some topic relating tp farming, 
 gardening, or housekeeping. 
 
 157. AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT. YEARBOOK. (R) 
 Besides the yearly report of the Department, this 
 
 has special articles for the farmer on agricultural topics; 
 statistics on the amount, value, and prices of farm 
 products; review of weather conditions; and other 
 useful information. 
 
 158. EDUCATION BUREAU. BULLETINS. (R) 
 Each bulletin is a report on, or a study of, some 
 
 educational subject, usually relating to primary or 
 secondary education. 
 
 159. LABOR STATISTICS BUREAU. BULLETINS. (R) 
 Each bulletin is a report on, or a study of, some topic 
 
 of interest to labor. Some subjects covered by these 
 bulletins are hours of labor, child labor, retail prices, 
 unemployment, court decisions affecting labor, labor 
 legislation, and industrial accidents. 
 
 160. Proceedings of Societies. Important pro- 
 fessions, trades, and lines of business often have national 
 or local associations which meet periodically. At the 
 
68 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 meetings of many associations, in addition to the regular 
 business of the meeting, papers relating to professional 
 matters are read and discussed. Many societies print 
 the papers and discussions in their "transactions'*, 
 "proceedings", "journal", or whatever the published 
 record is called. Such papers are often very valuable, 
 especially in the case of national organizations of highly 
 trained workers such as engineers and scientists, but 
 naturally are likely to be more or less technical in treat- 
 ment. 
 
 161. NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION. PRO- 
 
 CEEDINGS. (R) 
 
 Papers on current educational subjects, relating 
 chiefly to elementary, high, and normal schools. 
 
 162. Magazine indexes. The keys to maga- 
 zine and similar material are the magazine indexes. A 
 magazine index, in a few volumes, contains references to 
 thousands of articles which otherwise, though at hand, 
 would practically be unavailable. For the ordinary 
 reader the most useful of these indexes are Poole's Index 
 and the Readers' Guide. 
 
 163. Poole's Index. The "Poole" series of indexes 
 indexes important American and British periodicals 
 from 1802 to and including 1910 as follows: 
 
 Poole's Index, 2 volumes, 1802-1881. 
 
 Supplements, published every five years, 1882-1906. 
 These are continued by the 
 
 Annual Library Index, 1907-1910. 
 
 Articles are indexed under subjects, except that stories 
 are entered under titles. The arrangement is alpha- 
 betical. There are few cross references. The Annual 
 Library Index also indexes under the names of authors. 
 
 There is an abridged edition of Poole's Index in one 
 volume which covers thirty-seven magazines from 1815 
 
Magazines and Magazine Indexes 69 
 
 to 1899, and has a supplementary volume from 1900 to 
 1904. 
 
 SPECIMEN ENTRIES FROM POOLE'S INDEX 
 
 Ice-yacht, How to build. (E. A. Terhune.) 
 Outing 45: 633. 
 
 How to sail. (J. A. Roosevelt.) 
 Outing 43: 608. 
 
 Icebergs, The Peril of the. (P. T. McGrath.) 
 
 McClure25: 115. 
 
 Iceland. (Arch. Geikie.) Nature 65: 367. 
 - Book collections in. Lib. J. 29: 17. 
 
 Conversion of. (E. E. Kellett.) 
 Quar. 204:276. 
 
 Note that the title is inverted when necessary so as 
 to bring the name of the subject first. 
 
 164. The Readers' Guide. The Readers' Guide 
 indexes periodicals from 1900 to date. It includes a 
 few popular magazines not found in Poole, such as the 
 Delineator, and a few important government publica- 
 tions, such as the Yearbook of the Department of Agri- 
 culture. It does not index as many periodicals as 
 Poole. 
 
 It is published monthly. At regular intervals it 
 ''cumulates", that is, certain numbers in addition to 
 the entries for the month include the entries of the 
 month before or of a number of months. All entries for 
 the year are gathered into the annual volume, and a 
 large volume covers each five-yearly period. 
 
 The plan of publication is such that for the current 
 year, the reader never needs to look in more than two 
 numbers. 
 
 Articles are indexed by their subjects, authors, and 
 occasionally by their titles. All entries in any number 
 
70 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 or volume are arranged alphabetically, and there are 
 cross references. 
 
 SPECIMEN ENTRIES FROM THE READERS' GUIDE 
 Mosque, In the shadow of the blue. Blackw 184: 590-2. 
 
 O; Same. Liv Age 259: 779-81 D. 26 '08 
 Mothers 
 
 For the suppression of mothers. F. Pier. Harp W 52: 29 
 
 I ) 26 '08 
 Mistakes of young mothers. J. P. C. Griffith. Good H 
 
 48: 82-6 Ja '09 
 Motor cycles 
 
 Interesting motor cycle. A. H. J. Keane. il Sci Am 99: 
 
 474. D 26 '08 
 Rise of the motor cycle. A. H. Bartsch. il Harp W 53: 
 
 24-5 Ja 2 '09 
 Mott, Howard Schenck 
 
 Growing importance of copper. Harp W 52: 28 D 19 
 
 '08 
 
 Unioa Pacific report. Harp W 52: 30 D 26 '08 
 Moulding. See Casting 
 Moulton, Richard Green, 1849- 
 
 Milton as the greatest of Englishmen. Univ Chic M 1: 
 88-95 Ja '09 
 
 165. The Readers' Guide Supplement. This 
 
 indexes general periodicals not included in the Readers' 
 Guide. 13 The magazines are of a less popular nature 
 and less likely 1,o be found in the small library. It 
 appears every two months 14 and cumulates with each 
 number until the annual volume is formed. 15 The 
 arrangement and the manner of use are the same as in 
 the Readers' Guide. 
 
 166. Magazine Subject-Index. Another general 
 index, the Magazine Subject-Index, first published in 
 1908, covers magazines not included in Poole or the 
 Readers' Guide. It is continued yearly by the Annual 
 
 13 Including a number of periodicals formerly indexed in Poole. 
 
 14 Omitting the July number. 
 
 15 There is promised (1916) a cumulated volume which is to cover 
 the years 1 ( .X)7 l!)ir> in one alphabet, and which will supplement the 
 last volume of Poole, 1902-1906. 
 
Magazines and Magazine Indexes 71 
 
 Magazine Subject-Index. Since Poole ceased publica- 
 tion it has added many of the periodicals formerly 
 indexed in that series. It is less important than Poole's 
 Index and the Readers' Guide, and will not be available 
 except in larger libraries. 
 
 167. Special indexes. A number of important 
 subjects such as engineering, agriculture, law, medi- 
 cine, etc., have special periodical indexes devoted to 
 them. These indexes are found mostly in large or 
 special libraries and are of use chiefly to the special 
 worker. The one which is of most general interest is the 
 Industrial Arts Index. 
 
 168. Industrial Arts Index. Beginning 1913, 
 this is an alphabetical index to subjects in those technical 
 periodicals most commonly found in American libraries. 
 It indexes journals chiefly on engineering in its different 
 branches, but also on chemistry, accountancy, printing, 
 forestry, textiles, agriculture, and commerce. It is 
 issued several times a year and cumulates with each 
 number until the annual volume is formed. 
 
 169. How to use magazine indexes. In those 
 indexes which have been described above, look for 
 the name of the subject wanted as in the index of an 
 ordinary book. Work methodically, for instance, 
 begin at the latest number or volume and work back, 
 or choose some date and work forward from it. The 
 names of the magazines indexed and a key to their 
 abbreviations .are found in the front of any number or 
 volume. 
 
 Make a note of a reference by taking down the name 
 of the magazine, the volume number, the page numbers 
 and the date if given, thus: 
 
 Nation, 101: 25-66, Jl. 1, '15. 
 
72 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 170. Use the following abbreviations for the months 
 of the year: Ja., F., Mr., Ap., My., Je., JL, Ag., S., O., 
 N., D. 
 
 171. If there are many references to be taken, note 
 each on a separate slip or card; arrange references to 
 different magazines alphabetically by the name of the 
 magazine, and references to the same magazine by 
 volume number and date. Doing this saves time and 
 steps in getting the volumes from the shelves. 
 
 172. Risk of losing or misplacing slips can be avoided 
 by making a ' 'finding list" on a sheet of paper, thus: 
 
 Century, 89, Mr. '15 
 Outlook, 108, D. 30, '14 
 109, F. 3, '15 
 
 F. 10, '15 
 Scribner, 58, Jl. '15 
 
Chapter VII 
 
 Reference Work: Working Bibliographies, 
 Notes, Debating 
 
 173. Reference work. In reference work of any 
 kind, whether it be the looking up of a particular 
 point or the exhaustive study of some subject, as in 
 preparing a debate, it is necessary to be able to make 
 use of the library as a whole. To do this, the student 
 must keep in mind the principal resources of the library 
 for such work which have already been described in 
 detail, but are here summarized. 
 
 1. The card catalogue. This tells what the library 
 has by an author, whether it has a particular title, and 
 what books it has on a subject. 
 
 2. Reference books, including dictionaries, encyclo- 
 pedias and special reference books. These give short 
 
 accounts of subjects. 
 
 3. Magazine indexes. These give clues to recent 
 material and to many subjects not covered in reference 
 and other books. 
 
 4. Miscellaneous aids including bibliographies men- 
 tioned in the card catalogue, in reference books, etc., 
 and lists for reading and study compiled by the library. 1 
 
 1 This list of miscellaneous aids is not exhaustive. There are, for 
 instance, many special indexes such as those to U. S. government docu- 
 ments, which are less likely to be found in smaller libraries. 
 
74 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 In addition, the general arrangement and classification 
 of books and the use of the index and other parts of a 
 book should be understood, the former as an aid in find- 
 ing one's way about, and the latter in order to make 
 the use of any book easy and efficient. 
 
 174. Working bibliographies. Before beginning 
 the study of a subject in which it is necessary to consult 
 a number of books and magazine articles, it saves time 
 and trouble to make out first a list of references for look- 
 ing up. To this list can be added any other references 
 met with in the course of one's reading. 
 
 In making such a list or "working bibliography", 
 the student must consult the reference resources of the 
 library described in the previous paragraphs on reference 
 work. The best system to use is a card list with one 
 reference only on each card. Cards or slips of paper 
 the size of a library catalogue card, about three inches 
 by five inches, are satisfactory in practice. With a 
 card system, references can be noted as they happen 
 to come and later arranged in more convenient order. 
 When an article has been read, the corresponding card 
 is checked and a note on the contents or value of the 
 article is added to it if desired. When there are many 
 references, it saves time in finding books and avoids the 
 risk of losing or misplacing cards to make from the 
 bibliography a finding list. See sections 60 and 172. 
 
 175. Essentials of a bibliography. The essen- 
 tials of a bibliography are that it shall be full and exact 
 in its matter, and consistent and orderly in its form. 
 
 FTLLNESS. More references should be noted than the 
 reader expects to need, for some may prove unavailable 
 and others useless. Furthermore, 'if a subject is indefi- 
 nite, an extra amount of reading may be necessary to 
 make it clear in the reader's mind. 
 
Working Bibliographies 75 
 
 EXACTNESS. Each reference should be exact enough 
 to enable the student to identify and find the material 
 referred to with the least possible delay. 
 
 CONSISTENCY. References of the same kind should 
 be alike in the sort of information noted and in the 
 arrangement of this information. Thus, every reference 
 to a book should give author, title, and date, and these 
 items should always follow in the same order. In the 
 same way, references to magazines should be consistent 
 with each other. If some detail, such as volume number, 
 date, etc., is not given in the catalogue or magazine index, 
 leave a space where it belongs on the card, ard fill in 
 the information later from the book or the magazine 
 itself. The importance of consistency is seen when it 
 becomes necessary to arrange the cards in order. 
 
 ORDER. The bibliography as a whole should be ar- 
 ranged on some definite plan so as to make it easy to 
 consult. For example, references to books may be 
 separated from references to magazines, and each part 
 arranged in alphabetical order. For a debate, it will 
 be convenient at least to separate general affirmative, 
 and negative references from each other. 
 
 176. Model forms for a bibliography. For a 
 book, note the following items in the order given: (1) 
 Author's name inverted, (2) title, (3) edition if given, 
 (4) date, ? preferably that of copyright, (5) number of 
 volumes if more than one. If but part of a work is 
 referred to, omit (5), and add (6) the number of the 
 volume if it is in more than one volume, and (7) inclu- 
 sive page numbers. If for use in a library add (8) 
 the call number. The following forms will serve for 
 imitation : 
 
 2 In printed bibliographies, place and publisher are often inserted 
 before the date. 
 
76 
 
 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 Use the first 
 line for the 
 author's 
 name only 
 nlways start 
 the ftle on a 
 fresh line. 
 Observe 
 
 rnarg'uT>,spa-L_ 
 cing, 9^ general 
 arrangement. 
 
 For a magazine article, note the following items in 
 the order given: (1) Name of the magazine, (2) volume 
 number, (3) inclusive page numbers, (4) date, (5) title 
 of article, (6) author's name. 3 
 
 lop line: flame 
 or magazine, v*p. 
 nos5fc> date only, 
 line on new line 
 
 to cto 
 
 tfiue, 
 
 177. Abbreviations. Allowable abbreviations are : 
 The use of an author's initials if he has more than one 
 
 : When a show of authorities is desired rather than a working list, as 
 sometimes in a finished bibliography to be attached to a report or a thesis, 
 the several items may be re-arranged as follows: (6) Inverted, (5), (1), 
 (2), (3), (4), and the entries arranged alphabetically by the names of the 
 authors. 
 
Notes 77 
 
 forename; if a book has more than two authors, the 
 name of the first only, followed by the phrase "and 
 others"; and cutting off a long title at the end of the 
 first significant phrase. 
 
 178. Taking notes. Before beginning to write, 
 read through, as carefully as time will allow, the matter 
 from which notes are to be made. When a great deal 
 of material must be examined, however, as in preparing 
 for a debate, the reader must be able to read rapidly 
 as well as effectively. 
 
 Reading rapidly is accomplished by grasping sentences 
 as wholes instead of reading every word, leaping from 
 one sentence to the next, snatching two or three striking 
 words in a line and trusting to later sentences to clear 
 up the meaning. Special attention should be paid to 
 the beginnings and ends of sentences, of paragraphs, 
 and of chapters. In paragraphs, the ' 'topical sentence" 
 should be sought. In a book as a whole, the first chapter 
 often states the problem and the last, the author's con- 
 clusions; the table of contents is highly useful as a 
 summary; and the index serves for quickly finding all 
 the allusions to a subject. 4 
 
 Notes are easier to consult and look better if they 
 are arranged on the page in a certain form. At the top 
 of the first page of a note should appear the subject and 
 an exact reference to the source of the note so that 
 statements can be verified if necessary. Leave a generous 
 margin at the left for remarks. In loose-leaf notes, use 
 one side only of the paper, and start a new note on afresh 
 page if notes'' must be rearranged or later notes inserted. 
 
 In the note itself, unless the original words are to be 
 quoted, the aim should be to summarize and condense. 
 
 < Most of the suggestions in this paragraph are borrowed from R. L. 
 Sandwick. How to Study. 1915. p. 56-66. 
 
78 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 Therefore leave out unessential words, phrases, sen- 
 tences, and points. Substitute a paragraph for a page, 
 a sentence for a paragraph, a phrase for a sentence. In 
 notes for one's own use, use any signs, abbreviations, or 
 other short forms which will be easily understood, such 
 as & for "and", . * . for "therefore", tho for "though", 
 r for "are", etc. The student's own ingenuity will 
 suggest others. 5 
 
 Marks which should be used for the sake of exactness 
 are quotation marks (" ") if the exact language of the 
 original be used, three dots (. . .) where words are left 
 out of a quotation, and brackets ([ ]) for enclosing com- 
 ments by the taker of the note. 
 
 179. Use of the library in debating. The sug- 
 gestions on the use of the library which have hitherto 
 been made apply to debaters as well as others. Detailed 
 directions on the card system, on taking notes of evi- 
 dence, on preparing the brief, and on the literary side 
 in general of debate work are included among other 
 matter in text-books on the subject which are common 
 in school and public libraries. There remain a few 
 special points not fully covered elsewhere which par- 
 ticularly concern the use of the library. 
 
 180. Choosing the question. In choosing a 
 subject for argument, one question which the debater 
 should ask himself is, "How much material on this sub- 
 ject am I likely to find in print?" 
 
 6 Some shorthand signs which can be adapted to longhand notes are: 
 ^-^ are ^ not C that 
 
 \ he x of / the 
 
 o is > of the ' ) was 
 
 / which 
 
 Marks which can be used in place of word endings are ~~ for -tion, 
 ^ for -ment, * for -ing, etc.; thus, abbrevia for "abbreviation", com- 
 mence for "commencement", and do for "doing". 
 
Debating 79 
 
 In answer it will help him to remember that the 
 greater the general interest in a subject, the more books 
 and magazine articles will be written about it; for 
 instance, municipal and social reform, and the relations 
 of labor and capital are always being discussed in print. 
 A measure which is before Congress, or a question of 
 national interest which is being agitated in the news- 
 papers or magazines, is likely to be rich in printed 
 material for argument. 
 
 The narrower or more local the subject, the less the 
 material; for instance, there would be nothing on the 
 proposition: RESOLVED, that the lunch hour in the Wash- 
 ington High School be changed from 12 o'clock noon, to 
 12.30 p.m. For such a subject, the debater must be able 
 to rely on his own knowledge of the facts, and ingenuity 
 in arranging and presenting them. 
 
 When a question unites a local application to a general 
 proposition, the debater is likely to find plenty of 
 material on the latter, but may have to rely on his wits 
 for the former. For instance on the question , RESOLVED , 
 that the city manager form of government be adopted by 
 (a certain city), there is much material in the city man- 
 ager plan in general but probably little bearing directly 
 on conditions in that city. 
 
 Foolish or undebatable prospositions will be found 
 to lack material on one side or the other. For instance 
 the proposition, RESOLVED, that there should be a safe and 
 sane Fourth of July, is not debatable. No sensible 
 argument can be advanced for an unsafe and insane 
 holiday, and it is accordingly found that the negative 
 of this question has no case as far as printed arguments 
 are concerned. Numerous manuals for debaters have 
 long lists of propositions which will frequently serve 
 
80 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 either as questions for debate as they stand, or as models 
 for the wording of original questions. 
 
 When the subject has been chosen and the wording 
 settled, the question should be brought to the library 
 written out plainly in the exact words in w^hich it is to 
 be debated. The debater is then ready to begin work 
 on his bibliography as above described. 
 
 181. Special material. Sources of material of 
 special use to the debater are reference books, news- 
 papers, United States Government publications, the 
 publications of certain societies, and numerous books on 
 debating. 
 
 182. Among REFERENCE BOOKS, general encyclo- 
 pedias often give impartial outlines, histories, and general 
 statistics of important questions. They are the first 
 books to be consulted in making the acquaintance of a 
 subject. Unabridged dictionaries are helpful in defining 
 terms and in supplying quotations illustrating their use. 
 Other reference books of particular value to the debater 
 are those covered by the class numbers from 300 to 379 
 inclusive, dealing with sociology and including statistics, 
 political economy, government, education, etc. For 
 determining the standing of a writer, such works as 
 "Who's Who in America" are useful. 
 
 183. NEWSPAPERS should be watched when a debate 
 deals with some topic of the hour. Their editorial 
 columns may supply comment or argument; the news 
 columns, specific instances of evils or reforms, court 
 decisions, legislative events, results of elections, or 
 other significant news. They are particularly useful 
 for local topics. 
 
 184. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS such as reports and 
 bulletins of bureaus and departments, of congressional 
 
Debating 81 
 
 committees, of special commissions, census and other 
 statistical reports, etc., are authoritative. 
 
 185. THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD reports the 
 debates in Congress every day that Congress is in session. 
 The first part of the Record is devoted to set speeches 
 which could not be delivered for lack of time, but are 
 printed for the benefit of constituents. The proceedings 
 of the Senate follow, and the proceedings of the House 
 come last. In the debates, headings are inserted to 
 indicate the subject under discussion. The Congressional 
 Record frequently contains valuable material; and 
 the proceedings of whichever house has a bill under 
 consideration should be carefully watched when a team 
 is debating the same subject. It is useful for suggest- 
 ing subjects of public interest for debate. In using 
 the Congressional Record, however, it is to be borne 
 in mind that congressmen vary in attainments and 
 public reputation. 
 
 186. There are numerous SOCIETIES which exist 
 for the furthering of some public object, such as the 
 Society for the Prevention of Something, the Associa- 
 tion for the Promotion of This, and the League for the 
 Study of That. Such a society is likely to issue publica- 
 tions which contain valuable and interesting informa- 
 tion and which, if they are not in the library, can often 
 be had of the society for the asking. The library can 
 often furnish the exact names and addresses of such 
 societies and other sources from which direct informa- 
 tion may be sought by writing. 
 
 187. Books on debating : How to debate. The 
 books in the following lists are of special use to beginners. 
 FOSTER, (W. H.) DEBATING FOR BOYS. 
 
 Very simple, brief outline explaining the essentials of 
 debating and parliamentary law. Appendixes contain 
 
82 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 a list of questions for debate, instructions on how 
 to judge a debate, and a specimen constitution for a 
 debating club. 
 FOSTER, (W. T.) ARGUMENTATION AND DEBATING. 
 
 A thorough, careful exposition of the art of debate, 
 with many illustrative examples and a list of two hun- 
 dred and seventy-five propositions. A college text- 
 book, but valuable for reference to the high school 
 debater. 
 
 FOSTER, (W. T.) ESSENTIALS OF EXPOSITION AND 
 ARGUMENT. 
 
 Excellent manual for high schools, academies, and 
 debating clubs, presenting the subject from the student's 
 viewpoint. Includes detailed directions on the use of 
 the card system, making notes of evidence, preparing 
 the brief, etc., among other practical matter. 
 LAYCOCK AND SPOFFORD. MANUAL OF ARGUMEN- 
 TATION. 
 
 Simple manual for high schools and academies. 
 
 PHELPS. DEBATERS' MANUAL. 
 
 Compilation of practical material on preparing 
 debates, and on the organization and management 
 of debating societies and leagues. Includes a section 
 on judging; a list on public speaking, argumentation, 
 and debate; and a subject index to sources which con- 
 tain complete debates, references, briefs, and like 
 material. 
 
 THOMAS. MANUAL OF DEBATE. 
 
 A compact manual suitable for the high school de- 
 bater. 
 
 188. Books on debating: Briefs, lists, and 
 references. The books named below contain lists 
 of questions, outlines of debates, references to sources, 
 
Debating 83 
 
 etc. When articles referred to in -these books are used, 
 they should always be supplemented by using the latest 
 material available through library catalogue and maga- 
 zine indexes. 
 CARNEGIE LIBRARY OF PITTSBURGH. DEBATE INDEX. 
 
 Indexes a number of debaters' manuals and is useful 
 as a guide in locating material quickly, especially on 
 out-of-the-way subjects. 
 BROOKINGS AND RINGWALT. BRIEFS FOR DEBATE. 
 
 Seventy-five questions with outlines for both sides, 
 and very full lists of references. It also has a list of 
 two hundred additional topics for discussion, and a 
 preface on the art of debate, which, though intended 
 for college men, the high school debater should find 
 suggestive. Old but useful. 
 CRAIG. PROS AND CONS. 
 
 Contains complete debates with the questions fully 
 discussed on both sides, and directions for organizing 
 a debating society. 
 DEBATERS' HANDBOOK SERIES. 
 
 Numerous volumes have been published, each devoted 
 to some question of public interest, and containing 
 selected articles, with brief and bibliography. Par- 
 ticularly useful. 
 INTERCOLLEGIATE DEBATES. 
 
 A series of which each volume contains briefs and 
 reports of actual intercollegiate debates, with lists of 
 references. 
 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 Numerous lists of references on important subjects. 
 Many references will be found only in larger libraries 
 and will be of use to the college rather than the high 
 school debater. 
 
84 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 MATSOX. REFERENCES FOR LITERARY WORKERS. 
 
 Topics and questions for debate with numerous 
 references to sources. Useful for out-of-the-way sub- 
 jects. 
 
 RIXGWALT. BRIEFS ON PUBLIC QUESTIONS. 
 
 Similar to Brookings and Ringwalt's Briefs for De- 
 bate, but more recent. 
 
 ROBBINS. HIGH SCHOOL DEBATE BOOK. 
 
 Simple, practical instructions on the preparation of 
 debates; briefs and references. 
 
 UNIVERSITY DEBATERS' ANNUAL. 
 
 A yearly compilation of word for word reports of 
 intercollegiate debates, with bibliographies. 
 
 189. Books on parliamentary law. - 
 
 HENRY. How TO ORGANIZE AND CONDUCT A MEET- 
 ING. 
 
 A useful manual for members or organizers of debating 
 clubs, literary societies, secret societies, etc. 
 
 ROBERT (H. M.). RULES OF ORDER. 
 
 A handbook of parliamentary law based on the rules 
 and practice of Congress, including an explanation of 
 the methods of organizing and conducting the business 
 of societies. The index should be used. Very useful 
 for presiding officers. 
 
 ROBERT (J. T.). PRIMER OF PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 
 
 Simplified parliamentary law and practice for schools, 
 colleges, clubs, fraternities, etc. Object-lessons and 
 exercises for practice. 
 
Chapter VIII 
 
 Sources of Information about Books; Book 
 Buying 
 
 189a. With even a large library at hand, it is often 
 desirable or necessary to have books of one's own. The 
 present chapter is intended to aid the ordinary reader in 
 his book purchasing, first by describing some of the prin- 
 cipal sources of information about books, and secondly 
 by dwelling on some practical points in buying. 
 
 190. Advertisements, newspaper notices, and 
 reviews. New books are brought to the attention of 
 the public chiefly by means of publishers 1 advertise- 
 ments, newspaper notices, and reviews in magazines. 
 
 A publisher's advertisement is useful chiefly as an 
 announcement of the fact that a certain book has been 
 published at a certain price. Beyond this it is not a 
 trustworthy guide as it naturally does not give adverse 
 criticism. 
 
 Newspaper notices are usually brief, colorless, and 
 lacking in discrimination and authority. Hence, they 
 are of little more value than advertisements and in fact 
 are often based upon publishers' announcements. 
 
 Reviews in the better magazines, on the contrary, are 
 likely to be disinterested and carefully written, and are 
 sometimes signed by critics or specialists of recognized 
 authority. It is true that reviews even in the best mag- 
 azines are sometimes one-sided in their criticism or 
 written without expert knowledge. Furthermore, when 
 they turn upon questions of personal taste or outlook 
 
86 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 as in the case of novels, rather than upon matters of 
 style and fact, the reader may disagree with their con- 
 clusions. But when all their shortcomings have been 
 allowed for, they remain an extremely useful source of 
 information about books. 
 
 191. Uses of book reviews. Book reviews are 
 useful in a number of ways. They are a help not only 
 to the possible purchaser, but also to anyone in choosing 
 what to read. In particular, the reviews in magazines 
 devoted to special subjects keep the special worker in 
 touch with the latest books in his field. For one who has 
 little time to read, they are useful as summaries of that 
 part of the world's thought and doings which has seemed 
 worth preserving in more lasting form than newspapers 
 and magazines afford. The reading of reviews helps 
 also to cultivate the judgment on books and authors. 
 
 192. Differences among reviews. Magazines 
 differ from one another in the character of their reviews 
 as well as in their other details. 
 
 In periodicals of a general nature, such as the Outlook, 
 Independent, and Literary Digest, reviews are published 
 on books in all fields of general interest, history, biog- 
 raphy, education, literature, sport, travel, fiction, etc. 
 The tone of the reviews is popular and the viewpoint 
 that of the well-informed, intelligent reader whose 
 knowledge is chiefly literary, rather than that of the 
 specialist. Books not usually reviewed in such magazines 
 are text-books, books on technical subjects, and works 
 of interest to the specialist only, such as most legal and 
 medical books. 
 
 The reviews in a magazine devoted to some special 
 subject are usually confined wholly or chiefly to books 
 on that or related subjects. Attention is paid tc text- 
 books and special treatises. Criticism is more likely 
 
Book Buying 87 
 
 to be from the expert's viewpoint than in the general 
 magazines, and hence for non-literary subjects is likely 
 to be more valuable. 
 
 193. What to look for in a review. A review 
 should first describe a book fully and exactly by giving 
 the author's name, title, edition, place of publication, 
 publisher, date, number of volumes, paging, price, etc., 
 the significance of most of which items has been discussed 
 in Chapter II. 1 From the body of the review the reader 
 should gain a clear idea of the purpose of the book and 
 the author's success in attaining it, the contents, the 
 style, and any points calling for special comment. 
 The tone of the review as a whole should also be noted, 
 whether it is favorable, unfavorable, or non-committal, 
 and whether the reviewer discusses definite important 
 points or deals in general remarks which really mean 
 little. 
 
 Among the special points on which reviews sometimes 
 dwell are the timeliness of the subject; the qualifications 
 of the author; the fullness, accuracy, and up-to-dateness 
 of the text; aids to the reader, such as indexes, bibliog- 
 raphies, etc.; illustrations; comparison with other books; 
 and mechanical features such as printing and binding. 
 
 194. To find a book review. In finding a review 
 for a book, the essential thing to remember is that re- 
 views ordinarily appear shortly after a book is first 
 published. This date may be sought in the book itself, 
 in the library catalogue, encyclopedias, biographical 
 dictionaries, including Who's Who and Who's Who in 
 America, biographies of authors, bibliographies, and 
 various trade lists. 2 Knowing this date, the reader 
 
 1 Note in addition that it is sometimes helpful to compare the number 
 of pages with the price. 
 
 2 Particularly the United States Catalog and the Cumulative Book 
 Index. See 206, 207. 
 
88 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 familiar with magazines can often find a desired review 
 by going directly to a periodical containing reviews and 
 consulting the indexes of the volumes for that year, or 
 for the year following. 3 
 
 195. Indexes to book reviews. In a very small 
 library which takes few magazines, the method described 
 above for finding reviews will very likely be practicable 
 and sufficient. For text-books, technical books, and very 
 special works it is often the only way in any library. 
 In libraries which take many magazines, however, it 
 saves time and trouble to make use of certain aids as 
 follows : 
 
 196. THE BOOK REVIEW DIGEST beginning 1905 
 indexes reviews in a variety of magazines including some 
 of the more important special periodicals. It is published 
 each month and cumulates at intervals during the year 
 until the annual volume is formed. Besides telling where 
 reviews are to be found, it gives notes and extracts from 
 reviews and indicates whether or not reviews are favor- 
 able. The arrangement is alphabetical under author. 4 
 
 197. THE READERS' GUIDE for 1900-1904 indexes 
 reviews under the authors and subjects of books; for 
 later years it indexes reviews if they are important 
 articles. 
 
 198. THE CUMULATIVE INDEX TO PERIODICALS, 
 published from 1896 to 1903, a publication similar to the 
 Readers' Guide, indexes reviews. 
 
 a Some popular magazines which are commonly found in small 
 libraries and which contain many reviews and briefer notices of books on 
 subjects of general interest are the Outlook, Independent, and Literary 
 Digest. Magazines of a less popular nature which make a specialty of 
 book reviewing are the Nation, Bookman, Current Literature, and the 
 Dial, especially the last. In larger libraries, the following English book- 
 reviewing periodicals are sometimes found: Spectator, Saturday Review, 
 Athenaeum, and Academy (suspended 1916). These are particularly 
 useful for reviews of English books. 
 
 4 J beginning 1909, there is a title index. 
 
Book Buying 
 
 89 
 
 199. POOLERS INDEX indexes some reviews though by 
 no means all those included in the magazines which it 
 covers. Criticism of poetry, drama, and fiction appears 
 under the name of the author of the work criticized, 
 that of other books under their subjects. Thus, for a 
 review of Enoch Arden, look under Tennyson; for one of 
 Froude's History of England, look under England. 
 
 200. Table of Indexes to Book Reviews in Maga- 
 zines. 
 
 FOR YEARS 
 
 CONSULT 
 
 REMARKS 
 
 1800-1906 
 
 Poole 
 
 For fiction, poet- 
 
 
 
 ry, drama, see 
 
 
 
 author; for other 
 
 1896-1899 
 
 Cumulative Index to 
 
 works, subject. 
 Later numbers are 
 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 covered by the 
 
 
 
 Readers' Guide. 
 
 1900-1904 
 
 Readers' Guide 
 
 Later years also 
 
 
 
 give reviews if 
 
 
 
 important . 
 
 1905-date 
 
 Book Review Digest 
 
 Includes notes and 
 
 
 
 extracts. 
 
 201. Miscellaneous sources. In addition to 
 magazines, other sources of information about books 
 are Moulton's Library of Literary Criticism, 5 the 
 A. L. A. (American Library Association) Catalog and 
 its Supplement, and the A. L. A. Booklist. 
 
 202. A. L. A. CATALOG. 1904. 
 
 This is a classified list of about 8,000 books on all 
 subjects, for popular libraries. The titles were chosen 
 by experienced librarians, and there are helpful notes. 
 
 5 See 125. 
 
90 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 An index helps the user in finding books by author, 
 title, or subject. 
 
 203. A. L. A. CATALOG. Supplement. 1904-1911. 
 This lists with notes, 3000 of the best books on all 
 
 subjects published 1904-1911. It has an index of 
 authors, and one of subjects. 
 
 204. A. L. A. BOOKLIST. 1905-date. 
 
 A monthly 6 buying guide for libraries. It gives 
 descriptive and critical notes from a library viewpoint, 
 publishers, and prices. 7 
 
 205. Discussions and criticisms of books are also 
 found in histories of literature, biographies of authors, 
 and bibliographies of special subjects. 
 
 206. United States Catalog. Book dealers and 
 librarians gain much of their information about pub- 
 lishers, prices, editions, etc., from the United States 
 Catalog and its supplement, the Cumulative Book Index. 
 
 The United States Catalog 8 lists practically all books 
 published in the United States which w r ere in print 9 
 January 1, 1912. In addition to books issued by ordi- 
 nary publishers it includes many publications of the 
 United States Government; state, society, and univer- 
 sity publications; and privately printed books. It also 
 lists many imported books and the publications of some 
 Canadian firms. 
 
 Books are listed under authors, subjects, and titles, 
 all entries being arranged in one alphabet. For each 
 book are given those facts which are needed to identify 
 it including the author's name, title, edition, date, pub- 
 lisher, price, and generally the number of pages as well 
 
 6 Except July and August. 
 
 7 A subject index is published for volumes 1-6, through June, 1910. 
 
 8 Third edition. 
 
 9 A book is "in print" when it can be had from its publishers, and 
 "out of print" when it cannot thus be had. 
 
Book Buying 91 
 
 as other details. The fullest information is found under 
 the name of the author, or if a book has no author, under 
 the title. 
 
 207. The Cumulative Book Index. This contin- 
 ues the United States Catalog to date. It is published 
 periodically and cumulates at intervals through the year 
 as well as annually. It contains the same kind of 
 information and is arranged in the same way as the 
 United States Catalog. 
 
 208. Book buying. The remainder of this chapter 
 is intended to give the reader a few practical suggestions 
 on the purchasing of books. 
 
 For the ordinary person, the best way to buy books 
 is either of a regular book dealer or directly from the 
 publisher. If a book is not in stock, ordering through 
 the dealer has the advantage of relieving the customer 
 of the trouble of getting the publisher's address, of cor- 
 respondence, and of payment by mail. 
 
 To obtain a book for a customer, a dealer needs the 
 following information: (1) Author's name, (2) title, 
 (3) edition or series if special, (4) style of binding if 
 special, i.e., leather, paper, or cloth, (5) publisher, (6) 
 price. Author's name and title must be furnished by 
 the purchaser and should be as exact as possible. The 
 remaining information can be found by the dealer from 
 his trade lists, but since there may be different editions 
 of the same book, as in the case of many classics and 
 standard works, there is less chance for mistake if the 
 customer can supply it from his own knowledge. 
 
 209. Physical points. In book buying, not only 
 the contents of a book must be considered, but also, 
 when a choice is possible, its physical points, the chief 
 of which are paper, print, and binding. These details 
 concern the comfort and, in the case of paper and print, 
 
92 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 also the eyesight of the reader. Print should be suffi- 
 ciently large, clear, and easy to read; fine print strains 
 the eyes. Paper should be white or of a slight cream 
 tint, firm, and opaque so that the print on the back of 
 the page does not show through. Avoid highly glazed 
 paper if possible, for it dazzles the eye and soils easily. 
 Binding should be plain as a rule, and substantial. In 
 the matter of binding, cloth is ordinarily preferable to 
 leather, as most leather sooner or later rots and goes 
 to pieces. It is true that leather if properly selected 
 and tanned makes the handsomest and most durable 
 binding for a book, but such leather is expensive and 
 rarely met with in ordinary trade bindings. It is never 
 met with on a cheap book. 
 
 Some marks of a well bound book are: It looks neat 
 and well made. It feels firm and compact; no sections 
 are loose. The back is well rounded, not flat. The 
 cover fits well at the joint and is not easily pressed away 
 there from the book. The book opens without the crack- 
 ling noise due to too much glue on the back. For it to 
 lie flat wherever opened is a good sign, but not always 
 applicable, e.g., to books printed on stiff paper. 10 
 
 210. Abbreviations relating to binding. The 
 following are some abbreviations relating to binding 
 which are frequently found in publishers' catalogues and 
 trade publications. 
 
 bd. = bound. 11 
 
 bds. = boards, i.e., pasteboard covers. 
 
 cf. = calf, i.e., calfskin. 
 
 cl. = cloth. 
 
 10 See A. L. Bailey, Library Bookbinding/ 1916. p. 49-50. 
 
 " A book is called "full-bound" when it is entirely covered with leather. 
 When the back and corners are of leather, a book is "half-bound" or 
 limes "three-quarter bound", depending on the extent to which the 
 leather covers it. 
 
Book Buying 93 
 
 flex. = flexible, e.g., flex. lea. 
 
 hf. = half, e.g., hf.-cf. 
 
 lea., leath. = leather. 
 
 lev. = levant; a handsome, large-grained variety 
 
 of morocco leather, 
 mor. = morocco; a fine kind of leather made from 
 
 goat-skin. 
 
 pa., pap. = paper, 
 
 pam., pamph. = pamphlet; a small book in paper covers, or 
 
 without any covers, 
 rus. = Russia; a fine, brownish red leather with a 
 
 characteristic odor, 
 sh. = sheep, i.e., sheepskin; one of the less durable 
 
 leathers, 
 vel. = vellum; skin of calves treated to make it 
 
 white, smooth, and translucent. 
 
 Terms relating to leather, especially the finer grades, 
 are often applied to inferior grades and to its imitation. 
 
 211. Book sizes. In buying a book without 
 seeing it, another physical point to inquire into is the 
 size, when this would affect its usefulness, for instance, 
 portability or the dimensions of maps. 
 
 To aid the purchaser, publishers' catalogues, trade 
 lists, and reviews employ certain terms to indicate the 
 size of a page. 12 There is considerable disagreement 
 over the exact sizes which these terms denote, but the 
 leading publications 13 of the book trade in the United 
 States have adopted the following in describing the 
 books which they list: 
 
 !2 The terms quarto, folio, octavo, etc., originally referred to the num- 
 ber of leaves into which a sheet of printing paper was folded in making 
 up a book. If the sheet were folded once, making two leaves to each 
 section (see page 1), the book was said to be in folio; if twice, making 
 four leaves, in quarto; if three times, making eight leaves, in octavo; etc. 
 They are now ordinarily used to denote the size of the page only, without 
 reference to the number of leaves folded from the original sheet. 
 
 i 3 The United States Catalog, Cumulative Book Index, and Publishers' 
 Weekly. 
 
94 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 Height in Rough height Example 
 
 centimeters in inches 
 
 folio 30 -f- 11% -f- Scientific American 
 
 quarto 25 to 30 9% to 11% Congressional Record 
 
 octavo 20 to 25 7{f to 9% World's Work 
 
 duodecimo 17,^ to 20 (HI to 7H World Almanac 
 
 sixteenmo 15 lo 17J^ 5% to 6tf 
 
 There are smaller sizes not here included. 
 Various abbreviations for the terms mentioned are 
 found as follows: 
 
 folio = F., fol. 
 
 quarto = Q., 4to, 4 
 octavo = O., 8vo, 8 
 duodecimo = D., 12mo, 12 
 sixteenmo = S., 16mo, 16 
 
 The size of the page of a book is also sometimes given 
 in centimeters or inches. 
 
 212. Publisher's name. 14 Although the name 
 of the publisher does not by itself guarantee a book, it 
 is often of much help in choosing among different edi- 
 tions of the same work, or, if a book must be bought 
 without knowledge of its contents, among different 
 books on the same subject. 
 
 Besides speaking for the contents, the name of a good 
 publisher means that a book is likely to be reasonably 
 satisfactory in paper, printing, and binding. It also 
 means that if a copy proves imperfect, the publisher 
 will replace it or make it good. 
 
 A publisher may specialize in books on one subject 
 or in books which appeal to a certain class of readers. 
 Thus, one firm will limit itself to books on agriculture; 
 another, a publisher of text-books, although covering 
 many subjects will aim at reach ing 'teachers and students 
 rather than the ordinary reader. Hence, a choice 
 
 11. 
 
Book Buying 95 
 
 among publishers naturally falls on the firm with exper- 
 ience in the field in which the purchaser is interested. 
 
 213. American publishers. To make successful 
 use of the publisher's name in buying books takes con- 
 siderable knowledge of books and publishers. The follow- 
 ing list will, however, give the beginner the names of the 
 larger reputable publishing houses of the United States: 
 
 GENERAL BOOKS: Appleton & Co.; Century Co.; 
 Dodd, Mead & Co.; Doubleday, Page & Co.; E. P. 
 Button & Co.; Harper & Bros.; Henry Holt & Co.; 
 Houghton, Mifflin Co.; J. B. Lippincott Co.; Little, 
 Brown & Co.; Longmans, Green & Co.; A. C. McClurg 
 & Co.; Macmillan Co.; G. P. Putnam's Sons; Charles 
 Scribner's Sons. 
 
 TEXT-BOOKS: Allyn & Bacon; American Book Co.; 
 Ginn & Co. ; D. C. Heath & Co. 
 
 The following general publishers also publish text- 
 books: Appleton, Holt, Hough ton-Mifflin, Longmans, 
 Macmillan, Scribner. 
 
 TECHNICAL BOOKS: American School of Correspond- 
 ence 15 ; International Text-book Co 16 ; McGraw-Hill 
 Book Co. ; D. Van Nostrand Co. ; John Wiley & Sons. 
 
 AGRICULTURE : Orange Judd Co. Also Macmillan and 
 Lippincott. 
 
 BUSINESS: Ronald Press. Also Appleton. 
 
 DICTIONARIES: Century Co.; G. & C. Merriam Co.; 
 Funk & Wagnalls Co. 
 
 15 Elementary, rather brief text-books on practical subjects for home 
 study. They are first published separately and later gathered into 
 sets known as the Cyclopedia of Automobile Engineering, Cyclopedia of 
 Applied Electricity, etc., and published over the name "American 
 Technical Society", Some of the matter in one of these cyclopedias is 
 occasionally duplicated in another. 
 
 i The International Text-Book Co. publishes the series known as the 
 International Library of Technology by the International Correspond- 
 ence School. These books are more advanced in character than the 
 American series. 
 
96 The Practical Use of Books and Libraries 
 
 214. British publishers. The following list in- 
 cludes the names of some of the principal publishers of 
 Great Britain, whose books are frequently found in 
 American libraries and book stores. Some of these firms 
 have American branches and publish books by American 
 authors. 
 
 B. T. Batsford; Geo. Bell & Sons; A. & C. Black; 
 Wm. Blackwood & Sons; Chapman & Hall; T. & T. 
 Clark; Archibald Constable & Co.; J. M. Dent & Co.; 
 H. Frowde; William Heinemann; John Lane; Crosby 
 Lockwood & Son; Longmans, Green & Co.; Sampson 
 Low, Marston & Co.; Macmillan & Co.; T. Nelson & 
 Sons; Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co.; G. Rout- 
 ledge & Sons ; Scott, Greenwood & Sons ; T. Fisher Unwin. 
 
 215. Subscription books. Books sold by sub- 
 scription or through an agent should always be bought 
 very cautiously, and when published by unknown pub- 
 lishers are best let alone. Subscription books which are 
 sold even by responsible firms are often not worth the 
 price asked for them; and those sold by irresponsible 
 publishers are likely to be worth nothing. 
 
 One of the schemes of unscrupulous publishers is to 
 reproduce an out-of-date edition of some well-known 
 book and pass it off for a new work, frequently under 
 some title resembling the original. Dictionaries and 
 encyclopedias are used in this kind of swindle. When 
 such books are reproduced from old plates the fraud is 
 easily detected, for with, or even without, the aid of a 
 magnifying glass, the corners and thin lines of letters 
 will be seen to be worn and broken. 
 
 Other impostures are the " Illustrated Histories of 
 the World", etc., by unknown or nameless authorities. 
 Then there are the so-called "de luxe" editions of stand- 
 ard sets by veil-known authors. These will be published 
 
Book Buying 97 
 
 by obscure publishers or unknown ' "societies", gorgeously 
 but cheaply bound in imitation "morocco", and printed 
 on inferior paper. This kind is often found in popular 
 book auctions. 
 
 Another favorite scheme is to get some well-known 
 public man to lend his name to a work as ' 'editor," 
 contributor, or in some other way. His real connection 
 with the work may be of the slightest, but his name is 
 nevertheless used to influence the unwary. 
 
 The objection to the subscription book is not merely 
 that it is often ill made, nor that it is often got up in 
 bad taste, nor that its contents are sometimes worthless, 
 nor that its publisher may be unknown. The great 
 objection is that it is too often sold under false pretences 
 and by unscrupulous methods. 
 
 If an apparently good bargain presents itself, make a 
 note of the author, the title, and the publisher. The 
 librarian in charge of the nearest library can often from 
 practical experience furnish information or advice about 
 purchasing. 
 
Appendix 
 Specimen Extracts from the Dictionaries 
 
Appendix 
 
 216. Specimen extract from the Century Dic- 
 tionary. - 
 
 seine 1 (san or sen), n. [Formerly also sein, 
 sean; early mod. E. sayne ; < ME. seine, saine, 
 partly (a) < AS. segne = OLG. segina, a seine, 
 and partly (5) < OF. seine, seigne, earlier sayme, 
 saime, F. seine = It. sagena, a seine ; < L. sagena, 
 < Gr. cayrjvr], a fishing-net, a hunting-net. Cf. 
 sagenel, from the same source.] A kind of net 
 used in taking fish; one of the class of encir- 
 cling nets, consisting of a webbing of network 
 provided with corks or floats at the upper edge, 
 and with leads of greater or less weight at the 
 lower, and used to inclose a certain area of wa- 
 ter, and by bringing the ends together, either 
 in a boat or on the shore, to secure the fish that 
 may be inclosed. Seines vary in size from one small 
 enough to take a few minnows to the shad-seine of a mile 
 or more in length, hauled by a windlass worked by horses 
 or oxen or by a steam-engine. The largest known seine 
 was used for shad at Stony Point on the Potomac in 1871 ; 
 it measured 3,400 yards, or nearly 2 miles; the lines and 
 seine together had a linear extent of 5 miles, and swept 
 1,200 acres of river-bottom ; this net was drawn twice in 
 24 hours. 
 
 The sayne is a net, of about fortie fathome in length, with 
 which they encompasse a part of the sea, and drawe the 
 same on land by two ropes fastned at his ends, together 
 with such fish as lighteth within his precinct. 
 
 R. C'arew, Survey of Cornwall, fol. 30. 
 
 They found John Oldham under an old seine, stark na- 
 ked, his head cleft to the brains, and his hands and legs 
 cut. Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 226. 
 
 Cod-seine, a seine used to take codfish near the shore, 
 where they follow the caplin. Drag-seine, a haul-ashore 
 seine. Draw-seine, a seine which may be pursed or 
 drawn into the shape of a bag. Haul-ashore seine, a 
 seine that is hauled or dragged from the shore; a drag- 
 seine. Shad-seine, a seine specially adapted or used for 
 taking shad, and generally of great size. See def. To 
 blow up the seine, to press against the lead-line of a 
 seine in the endeavor to escape, as fish. To "boat a 
 seine, to stow the seine aboard of the seine-boat in such 
 a manner that it may be paid out without entangling. A 
 seine may be boated as it is hauled from the water, or 
 after it has been hauled and piled on the beach. (See 
 also purse-seine. ) 
 
 seine 1 (san or sen), v. t. ; pret. and pp. seined, 
 ppr. seining. [< seine^, n.~\ To catch with a 
 seine : as, fish may be seined. 
 
 8eine 2 t. A Middle English form of sain and of 
 sign. 
 
 seine-boat (san'bot), n. A boat specially de- 
 signed or used for holding, carrying, or paying 
 out a seine. 
 
: Appendix 
 
 217. Specimen extract from the Century Cyclo- 
 pedia of Names. - 
 
 Roundheads (round'hedz). In English history, 
 the members of the Parliamentarian or Puritan 
 party during the civil war. They were so call3d op- 
 probriously by the Royalists or Cavaliers, in allusion to 
 the Puritans' custom of wearing their hair closely cut, 
 while the Cavaliers usually wore theirs in ringlets. The 
 Roundheads were one of the two great parties in English 
 politics first formed about 1641, arid continued under the 
 succeeding names of Whigs and Liberals, as opposed to 
 the Cavaliers, Tories, and Conservatives respectively. 
 
 Roundheads, The. A comedy by Mrs. Aphra 
 Behn, produced in 1682. 
 
 Bound Table, The. In Arthurian legend, a 
 table made by Merlin for Uther Pendragon, who 
 gave it to the father of Guinevere, from whom 
 Arthur received it with 100 knights as a wed- 
 ding gift. The table would seat 150 knights. One seat 
 was called the siejre or seat perilous because it was death 
 to any knight to sit upon it unless he were the knight 
 whose achievement of the Holy Grail was certain. The 
 Order of the Round Table was an institution founded by 
 King Arthur at the advice of Merlin. It was originally 
 military, but it ultimately became amilitary and theocratic 
 organization. The romances of the grail and of the Round 
 Table are closely connected. There were legends of the 
 latter before 1155, but between 1155 and 1200 several books 
 were collectively called "Romances of the Round Table." 
 Among the poetic and prose compositions belonging to 
 this cycle are "Parzifal und Titurel" (German), "Perce- 
 val" (French), "Morte Arthur" (English and French), 
 "Lancelot du Lac " (French), "Tristan " (French), "Life of 
 Merlin" (French and English), "Quest of the Holy Grail" 
 (French and English), "Perceforest " (French)," Meliadua" 
 and "Guiron le Courtois " (French). 
 
 Bound Table Conference. Aresultless confer- 
 ence of representatives of the Gladstonian Lib- 
 erals and Liberal-Unionists in 1887, the object 
 of which was to effect a reunion of the Liberal 
 party. 
 
 Roundway Down (round'wa doun). A place 
 near Devizes, Wilts, England, at which the 
 Parliamentary forces under "Waller were totally 
 defeated by the Royalists under Hopton, July 
 13, 1643. ^ 
 
 Rouphia. See Alplicus. 
 
 Rouroutou Island. Soo Eurutu Island. 
 
 Eons, or Rouse (rous), Francis. Born at Halton, 
 Cornwall, 1579: died at Acton, Jan. 7, 1659. 
 An English Puritan, noted as the author of a met- 
 rical version of the Psalms (1646) . Ho was educated 
 at Oxford, was a member of the Long Parliament and the 
 Westminster Assemblyof Divines, and in 1643 was appointed 
 
 Srovost of Eton. Hia version is that still used in the Scot- 
 sh churches. 
 
 Rousay (ro'sa). One of the Orkney Islands, 
 Scotland, 1 mile north of Mainland. Length, 6 
 miles. 
 
Appendix 
 
 103 
 
 218. Specimen extract from Webster's Inter- 
 national Dictionary. - 
 
 Stare (sta*r), n. [AS. stser. See STABLING.] (Zobl.) 
 The starling. \_0bs.~\ 
 
 Stare, v. i. [_imp. & p. p. STARED (stSrd) ; p. pr. & 
 
 vb. n. STARING.] [AS. starian; akin to LG. & D. staren, 
 
 OHG. staren, G. starren, Icel. stara ; cf. Icel. stira, 
 
 Dan. stirre, Sw. stirra, and G. starr stiff, rigid, fixed, 
 
 Gr. o-repeo? solid (E. stereo-}, Skr. sthira firm, strong. 
 
 V166. Cf. STERILE.] 1. To look with fixed eyes wide 
 
 open, as through fear, wonder, surprise, impudence, etc. ; 
 
 to fasten an earnest and prolonged gaze on some object. 
 
 For ever upon the ground I see thee stare. Chaucer. 
 
 Look not big, nor stamp, nor stare, nor fret. Shak. 
 
 2. To be verj- conspicuous on account of size, promi- 
 nence, color, or brilliancy ; as, staring windov.'r; or colors. 
 
 3. To stand out ; to project; to bristle. [Obs.] 
 
 Makest my blood cold, and my hair to stare. Shak. 
 Take off all the staring straws and jags in the hive. Mortimer. 
 Syn. To gaze ; to look earnestly. See GAZE. 
 Stare, v. t. To look earnestly at ; to gaze at. 
 
 I will stare him out of his wits. Shak. 
 
 To stare in the face, to be before the eyes, or to be un- 
 deniably evident. "" The law . . . stares them in the face 
 whilst they are breaking it." Locke. 
 
 Stare, n. The act of staring ; a fixed look with eyes 
 wide open. " A dull and stupid stare." Churchill. 
 
 Star'er (st^r'er), n. One who stares, or gazes. 
 Start (starf), obs. imp. of STARVE. Starved. Chaucer. 
 Star'finch' (star'flnch/), n. (Zool.) The European 
 redstart. 
 
 Star'flsh/ (-fish/), n. 1. (Zool.) Any one of numer- 
 ous species of echinoderms 
 belonging to the class Aste- 
 rioidea, in which the body is 
 star-shaped and usually has 
 five rays, though the number 
 of rays varies from five to 
 forty or more. 
 The rays are 
 often long, but 
 i are sometimes 
 so short as to 
 appear only as 
 angles to tho 
 disklike body. 
 Called also sea 
 star, Jive-Jin- 
 ger, and stel- 
 lerid. 
 
 C^F* T h e 
 
 Jhiuroids are 
 so sometimes 
 called star- 
 fishes. See BRITTLE STAR, and OPHIUROIDEA. 
 2. (Zool.) The dollar fish, or butternsh. 
 
 ale, senate, care, am, arm, ask, final, a,ll; eve, 
 event, end,Jern, recent; ice, idea, Ill^old, obey, 
 6rb, odd ; use, unite, rude, full, iip, urn ; pity ; 
 food, fo"bt ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, ink ; tnen, 
 thin ; boN ; zh = z in azure. 
 
 Copyright, 1900, by G. 6* C. Merriam Co. 
 
104 Appendix 
 
 219. Specimen extracts from the appendix of 
 Webster's International Dictionary. - 
 
 EXPLANATORY AND PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF THE 
 NAMES OF NOTED FICTITIOUS PERSONS, PLACES, ETC. 
 
 Hec'tor (hgk'ter). [L., fr. Gr.'E/crwp.] In Homer's 
 "Iliad," one of the sons of Priam, and the bravest of 
 the Trojan warriors. He was killed by Achilles, who 
 dragged his body at the tail of his chariot three times 
 around the walls of Troy. 
 
 Hec'u ba (heVu-ba). [L., from Gr. 'E/ca/Sij.] In Ho- 
 mer's " Iliad," the wife of Priam, King of Troy. 
 
 Keep, U-ri'ah (u-rl'a hep). A detestable character 
 in Dickens's novel " David Copperfield," who, under the 
 garb of the most abject humility, conceals a diabolic 
 malignity. " I am well aware that I am the uuiblest per- 
 son going," said Uriah Heep modestly; "let the other 
 be where he may." 
 
 Copyright, 1900, byG. er 5 C. Merriam Co. 
 
 A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER OR GEOGRAPHICAL DIC- 
 TIONARY OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Mississippi (mls'Ts-sTp'pT) riv. U. S. A. 3,000 in. long, from divide few miles 
 S of Itasca lake, Minn, to Gulf of Mex. ; length fr. headwaters of Missouri to 
 Gulf, 3,700 m. state, S E U. S. A. 40,810 D pop. 1,551 , * Jackson. co. N E 
 Ark. 842 D pop. 1C, X Osceola. co. S E Mo. 417 U pop. 12, X Charleston. 
 
 Missolonghi (mls/so-lon/ge) cml. town, coat,t of Acamania & ^tolia nouie, 
 
 Greece ; Byron died here in 1824 10 
 
 MiSBOUla (niT-zoo'la) co. N W Mont. 6,385 D pop. 14._ its X pop. 4. 
 
 Missouri (mTs-soo'rT or mtz-zoo'rT ; locally mtz-zoo'ru) riv. U. S. A. about 
 3,000 m. long, Rocky mts. to Mississippi riv. state, cen. U. S. A. 09,415 D 
 pop. 3,107, # Jefferson City. 
 
 D means square miles; =, capital ; X, co. seat; agr., agricultural; cml., commer- 
 cial ; mfg., manufacturing ; min., mining; spt., seaport ; tp., township ; vil., village. 
 Population is given in nearest thousands : 2 = 1,500 to 2,499 ; 3 r= 2,500 to 3,499, 
 etc.; less than 1,000 not given. See Abbreviations, p. 1919. 
 
 Copyright, 1902, byG. &C. Merriam Co. 
 
 A PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 Lincoln (ITn'kun), Abraham. 16th pres. of U. S. (1861-65) 18091865. 
 
 Lincoln, Benjamin. American Revolutionary general 1733 1810. 
 
 Lincoln, Levi. American lawyer and statesman 17491820. 
 
 Lincoln, Levi. Son of preceding. American lawyer and statesman 1782 1868. 
 
 Lind (ITnd), Jenny. Madame Goldschmidt. Swed ish vocalist 18201 887. 
 
 Copyright, 1902, by G. &* C. Merriam Co. 
 
Appendix 
 
 105 
 
 QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS . 
 . . . FOREIGN LANGUAGES. 
 
 Distingue. [F.] Distinguished ; eminent. 
 
 Distrait [F.] Absent in thought ; absent-minded. 
 
 Direrso intuitu. [L.] With a different intent or pur- 
 pose ; in a different view, or point of view ; by a dif- 
 ferent course. 
 
 FROM 
 
 [F.] Amusement ; sport. 
 
 Divide et impera. [L.] Divide and rule. 
 
 Divertissement. 
 
 'timpt. _._, 
 
 Divoto. [It.] Devoted 
 
 Copyright, 1890, byG. &C. Merriam Co. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS USED IN WRIT- 
 ING AND PRINTING. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. [L.] Deus ; Dominions ; Dux. 
 D. David ; Didymium ; Dublin ; 
 
 Duke ; Duchess ; Dowager ; 
 
 Dose ; Dutch. 
 /)., or d. Day ; Died ; Dime ; 
 
 Daughter ; Deputy ; Degree. 
 
 (Denarius, or denarii.) A 
 
 penny, or pence. 
 Da. Davyum. 
 Dan. Danish ; Daniel. 
 
 E. 
 
 E. East ; Eastern (Postal Dis- 
 trict, London) ; Earl ; Edin- 
 burgh ; Erbium ; English. 
 
 E., or e. Eagle, Eagles. 
 
 en. Each. 
 
 Eb. Erbium. 
 
 Eben. Ebenezer. 
 
 Ebor. (Eboracum.) York. 
 
 E. C. Eastern Central (Postal 
 District, London) ; Established 
 Church. 
 
 Copyright, 1890, byG. &C. Merriam Co. 
 
 ARBITRARY SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 
 
 I. ASTRONOMICAL. 
 
 1. SUN, GREATER PLANETS, ETC. 
 
 O or The Sun ; Sunday. 
 ) ( or D The Mooii ; Monday. 
 
 New Moon. 
 3) First Quarter. 
 , or Q Full Moon. 
 
 8; 
 
 5, , or <$ The Earth. 
 
 $ Mars ; Tuesday. 
 
 11 Jupiter , Thursday. 
 
 ^2 Saturn ; Saturday. 
 
 M or & Uranus. 
 
 Copyright, 1890, byG. 6 s C. Merriam Co. 
 
 For a summary of the lists found in the Appendix of 
 Webster's International Dictionary, see the paragraph 
 on W T ebster's International Dictionary, page 41. 
 
106 Appendix 
 
 220. Specimen extract from Webster's New 
 International Dictionary. - 
 
 Oil (oil), n. [ME. oile, OF. oilc, oillc, F. huile, fr. L. ole- 
 um, fr. Gr. Aaioi/. Cf. OLIVE.] 1. Any of a large clais 
 of unctuous combustible substances which are liquid, or 
 at least easily liquefiable on warming, and soluble in ether, 
 but not in water. They are usually lighter than water and 
 soluble also in alcohol. According to their origin, oils 
 are classed as vegetable, animal, and mineral, oils ; according 
 to their behavior on heating, as fixed, or fatty, and volatile, 
 or essential, oils. Most fixed oils belong chemically to the 
 fats, stearin and palmitin usually prevailing in the solid 
 oils and fats, and olein in liquid ones. See FAT, WAX. The 
 fixed oils are classed as drying, semidrying, and nondrying, 
 oils, according to the degree to which they thicken by ab- 
 sorbing oxygen. The animal and vegetable oils, fats, and 
 waxes have been grouped thus: 1. Olive oil group: vege- 
 table, non-drying. 2. Cottonseed oil group : vegetable, semi- 
 drying. 3. Linseed oil group : vegetable, drying. 4. Castor 
 
 low group: animal, solid fats. 9. Whale oil group: marine 
 animals, liquid fats. 10. Sperm oil group : animal, liquid 
 waxes. 11. Spermaceti group: solid waxes. The origin of 
 mineral oils is uncertain. See PETROLEUM. 
 
 >ee TABLE OF OILS AND FATS, on p. 1496. 
 
 2. Any substance of an oily consistency ; as, oil of vitriol. 
 
 3. Art. a Oil color ; as, to paint in oils, to A painting in 
 oil colors ; usually in pi. ; as, fine oils. Colloq. 
 
 4. Short for OILSKIN : usually in pi. Colloq. 
 
 oil of amber, a colorless to yellowish brown oil of empyreu- 
 matic odor and acrid taste, made by dry distillation of 
 amber. It is used in medicine as a stimulant, antispas- 
 modic, and rubefacient. o. of bitter almonds, bitter-alm- 
 ond oil. See OIL, Table I. The artificial or imitation oil 
 of bitter almonds is nitrobenzene. o. of brick, empyreu- 
 matic oil obtained by subjecting a brick soaked in oil to 
 distillation at a high temperature, used by lapidaries as 
 a vehicle for the emery by w r hich stones and gems are sawn 
 or cut. o. of cade. SeelstCADE.o. of Caoutchouc, a mixture 
 of hydrocarbons obtained by the dry distillation of caout- 
 chouc; called also caoutcho-ucin. o. of flints, Old Chem., 
 liquor of flints. o. of mirbane, Chem., nitrobenzene. o. 
 of myrcia. = BAY OIL a. o. of philosophers'. See PHILOSO- 
 PHER'S OIL. p. of spike. See 2<i ASPIC. o. of talc, a nos- 
 trum of calcined talc, famous in the 17th century as a 
 cosmetic. Obs. o. of the Dutch chemists, Old Chem., ethyl- 
 ene chloride. o. of vitriol, concentrated sulphuric acid. 
 See SULPHURIC ACID. o. of wine, osnanthic ether. o. om- 
 phacine. See OMPHACINE. 
 
 Oil (oil), v. t. ; OILED (oild) ; OIL'ING. 1. To anoint cere- 
 monially with oil. Obs. 
 
 2. To smear or rub over with oil; to lubricate with oil; 
 to furnish or feed with oil. 
 
 3. Fig. a To bribe; as, to oil a person's hand, to To 
 make bland or smooth ; to flatter ; as, to oil the tongue. 
 
 4. To turn into, or make of the consistence of, oil. 
 Oil, v. i. To become like oil in consistence. 
 
 ale, senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, 
 event, end, recent, _maker ; ice, ill ; old, obey, orb, 
 odd, soft, connect; use, unite, urn, iip, circtis; menu. 
 
 y Foreign Word, f Obsolete Variant of. + combined 
 with. = equals. 
 
 Coypright, 1909, by G. & C. Merriam Co. 
 
Appendix 
 
 107 
 
 Oil beetle. Any beetle of the 
 genus Meloe or an allied ge- 
 nus having a swollen body 
 and short elytra which over- 
 lap at the base instead of 
 meeting in a straight line. 
 They pass through more than 
 the usual number of stages in 
 their development. When dis- 
 turbed they emit from the 
 joints of the legs a yellowish 
 oily liquid. 
 
 Oil berry, a An olive. Obs. a Oil Beetle (Helot angustt- 
 b The fruit of the oil palm. collis). () 6 Triungulin, or 
 Oil'bird', n. The guacharo. -Early Larva, enlarged 
 Oil blue- A blue pigment, essentially a sulphide of copper 
 ground and mixed with oil. 
 
 O'gor, n. UIOUK. 
 
 ohm'ad (Om'ad), n. = OHM. 
 
 ogrefe. -fr AORIEF. 
 
 Obs. or R. 
 
 o'gre-ish-ly, adv. of OOREISH 
 o'gre-iBm (o'ge'r-Yz'm), o'griain 
 (O r grYz'm), n. See -ISM. 
 
 ohm'-am'me'ter, n. A com- 
 bined ohmmeter and ammeter, 
 ohm mile. Elec. A resistance of 
 
 o'gresB(5'grgs), . [ F. ogresse.] 
 
 one ohm per mile. 
 
 Her. PELLET, n.,4. 
 
 0. H. M 8. Abbr. On His (or 
 
 o'grish, o'griBm. Varg. of 
 
 Her) Majestv's Service. 
 
 OGREI3H, OOREISM. 
 
 Ohm's prism A simple form 
 
 o' Groat ; , John (o"-gr6t' ; C- 
 
 of bipriBtn (in sense a). 
 
 grOf ), or Johnny Groat. A name 
 
 l| oh'ne Hast', oh'ne Rast' (5'nB 
 
 which occurs in the phrase 
 
 hast', 5'n5 rast'). [G.] With- 
 
 "John o' Groat's House, desig- 
 
 out baste, without rest ; - said 
 
 nating an ancient building for- 
 
 of the sun or stare. Motto of 
 
 merlv situated near Duncansby 
 
 Goethe. 
 
 Head, the most northerly point 
 in Great Britain. John of Groat, 
 
 ohnien. f OWN. 
 O'ho-lal (5'hC-lI ; C-hO'-). D. 
 
 or Groot,and his brothers are saic 
 
 Bib. 
 
 to have been Hollanders who 
 settled in Scotland about 1489. 
 
 O'ho-HMT). D. Bib 
 o-hone' (0-h5n'). Var. of 
 
 ogt. ^ OUOHT, n. Sf adv. 
 
 OCHONE. 
 
 og'thi-ern. Var. of OGTIERN- 7?. 
 
 Oht { AUOHT. [OWB.I 
 
 ogtiern, //. [Ir. og-lhierna young 
 lord.] A voung lord. Oos. 
 0-gyg'e-an. Var. of OGYGIAN. 
 0-gyg'i-a (0-jTj'T-d), n. [L., fr 
 
 ohte f OUGHT ; obs. pret of| 
 oht-scipen. [Cf. ME. ofit, awiht t 
 aught, E AUGHT, -SHIP.] 
 Bravery ; worth. Obs. 
 
 Gr. 'fiyvyia.] See CALYPSO, 1. 
 
 ohut. { AUGHT. 
 
 Ogyl, r.t. ICf. UOLT.J Toshud- 
 
 ol-dem'a-touB (oi-d?m'd-tt/s; ol- 
 
 der. Ob. 
 
 de'md-) Var. of OZDEMATOUS. 
 
 oh. -fr OWE. [(at). 
 
 oier. f OVER. 
 
 oh, v. t. Sf i. To exclaim oh ! 
 
 oiez. f OYEZ. 
 
 O'had(o-'had) Bib. 
 
 oignement. f* OINTMENT. 
 
 0-H.B.M.B. Abbr. OnHisCor 
 
 || oi'gnon'' (A'nyfiN'), n. ; pt 
 
 Her) Britannic Majesty's Serv- 
 
 -GNOXS (-ny6x'). IF-1 Onion. 
 
 ice. 
 II o'hef Jam ta'tis eat. [L.] Ho 
 
 0-i'i (ij-e'e), r? fMaori.J A 
 mutton bird (Puffinus gnteta) 
 
 there ! there is enough already. 
 
 of New Zealand. 
 
 Horace, Plautus, Martial. 
 
 ol'kl-o-ma'ni-a (oi / kY-fs-m5 / '. 
 
 O'hel (O'hBl). Bib. 
 
 nT-A). Var. of <KCIOMANIA. 
 
 0. H. G., or OHG. Abbr Old 
 
 oi'kiBt (oi'kTPt), ol'kold, etc. 
 
 High German 
 
 Vars. of (FOIST, <ECOID, etc. 
 
 Ob-hone, fr OCHONE. 
 
 ol-koKo-gy(oi-k51'?-jT),n [Or. 
 
 o-hi'a(5-h5'a), n. [Hawaiian.] 
 
 olxo? house + -logy.} 1. Var. 
 
 * Any of several timber trees of 
 
 Of ECOLOGY. 
 
 the genus Metroidero. b Ma- 
 
 2. The science of housekeeping: 
 
 lay apple. Hawaii, [buckeye. 
 
 household economics. [Ob$.\ 
 
 Ohio buckeye. The yellow 
 
 oil, n. LCf. OLIO.] = OLIO, l.| 
 
 food, fo^ot ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, irjk ; tfeen, 
 thin ; nature, vercture (250); K = ch in G. ich, ach 
 (144) ; boiT; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to 
 in GUIDE. 
 
 Full explanations of Abbreviations, Signs, etc., Imme- 
 diately precede the Vocabulary. 
 
 Copyright, 1909. by G. &C. Merriam Co. 
 
 The gazetteer, biographical dictionary, and list of arbi- 
 trary signs are similar in form to the corresponding lists 
 in the appendix of Webster's International Dictionary. 
 
 See Section 219. 
 
108 Appendix 
 
 221. Specimen extract from the Standard Dic- 
 tionary. 
 
 de-serf, dg-zgrt', v. I. t. 1 . To depart from or leave 
 permanently, as a place where one is wont or expected to 
 remain, or a person having legal or moral claims upon 
 one; forsake; especially, to abandon without regard to 
 the welfare of the abandoned: commonly with an impli- 
 cation of blame; as, to desert one's family. 2. Mil. To 
 forsake in violation of one's oath or orders, as a service, 
 post, etc.; abscond from; as, to desert one's regiment or 
 one's colors. 
 
 The Roman sentry . . . stood, amid the crashing elements; he 
 had not received the permission to desert his station and escape. 
 BULWER-LYXTON Last Days of Pompeii bk. v, ch. 6, p. 275. 
 
 [MUN. & CO.] 
 
 II. i. To forsake a post or station without leave, espe- 
 cially in military or naval service; run away. [< F. de- 
 serter, < LL. deserto, < L. desero, < de, from, + eero, 
 join.] 
 
 Synonyms : see ABANDON; ABDICATE. 
 
 des'ert, dez'e,rt, a. 1. Like a desert; uninhabited; bar- 
 ren; waste; as, a desert place: used also figuratively; as, 
 desert souls. JJ. Of or pertaining to a desert; as, desert 
 fauna or flora; desert tribes. [OF., < L. desertus, pp. of 
 desero; see DESERT, v.] 
 Synonyms: eeeAKio. 
 
 des'erl 1 , n. Geoff. A region that is wholly or approxi- 
 mately without vegetation. Such regions are rainless, 
 usually sandy, and commonly not habitable. 
 
 Scorched by the sun and furnace^brealh 
 
 Of the red desert's wind of death. 
 
 \\IIITTIEB Derne et. 7. 
 
 Compounds : des'ertschoiigh", n. A short-winged 
 fregiliue bird or chough (genus Podoces) of central Asia. 
 d.sialcon, n. A falcon (subgeuus Genn&a), as a lanner 
 or saker. d.shnrr, n. A variety of the cottontail (Lepus 
 sylvaticuSfV&T. arizonse) found in the southwestern United 
 States. d.slynx, n. The caracal. d.smouse, n. A 
 fleld=mouse (Calomys ere- 
 miens) of the plains of the 
 western United States. d.s 
 inake, n. A sandsnake of 
 Psammophis or a related ge- / 
 nus. d.willow, n. A small i 
 American tree ( Chilopsis sa- \ 
 ligna), with long white or I 
 purplish flowers. 
 dc-sert /a , de-zgrt', n. 1. 
 The state of deserving re- The Desert, lynx (Felts 
 ward or punishment; merit caracal). i/ la 
 
 or dement, but often limited to the former when used 
 without qualification; as, desert sometimes fails of its 
 reward. 
 
 Here Alexander assembled all the provernora of provinces . . . 
 and rewarded or punished them according to their deserts. 
 
 KEIGIITLEY Greece pt. iii, ch. 3, p. 114. [n. & CO.] 
 2. That which is deserved or merited: often used in the 
 plural; as, some men fail to get their desci'ts. 
 
 Give them after the \vork of their hands; render to them their 
 desert. Psalm xxviii, 4. 
 
 [< OF. deserte, < deservir; see DESERVE.] 
 
 sofa, arm, ask; at, fare, accord ; ,elmgnt, fir = ov% 
 eight, g = usage; tin, machine, = rnew; obey, 
 no; not, nor, atom; full, rule; but, burn; aisle; au 
 = out', oil; iii = feud, |u = futwre; c = k; cliurch; 
 dli = the; go, sing, ink; so; thin; zh = azure; 
 F. bon, diine. <>from; t, obsolete; J, variant. 
 
 From "A Standard Dictionary of the English Language." 
 
 Copyright, 1S9S-1900, by the Funk <fe W agnails Company \ 
 
 New York and London. 
 
Appendix 109 
 
 222. Specimen extract from the Appendix of 
 the Standard Dictionary. - 
 
 PROPER NAMES OF ALL KINDS WITH 
 THEIR PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 Pic-tou', pic-tu'. 1. Co.; Nova Scotia prov., Can.; 1,125 D; 
 p. 33,459. 2. Its *; p. 3,325; port of entry; coal. 
 
 Pic'tured Rocks, cliffs; S. snore Lake Superior, School- 
 craft co., Mich.; eroded figures on sea*face; resort. 
 
 Pi'cus, pai'cus [Ttora. Myth.'], king of Latium; f. of Faunus; 
 turned into a woodpecker by Circe. Pi'kost [Gr.]. 
 
 Pidg'eon Peak, Col., mt; 13,928ft. 
 
 Piea'mont, pid'mont. 1. Former principality; It.; * Turin; 
 now A lessandrla, Cuneo, Novara, and Torino provinces. 2. 
 VII.; Calhoun co., Ala.; p. 1,745. 3. Town; Mineral co., W. 
 Va.; p. 2,115. 
 
 Pied Pi'per of Ha'meln or Haine'lin, ham'lin, In old 
 German legend, a wandering minstrel who rid the town of 
 Hameln in Brunswick of its pest of rats by playing on his 
 pipe, and, when the agreed recompense was refused, by 
 entrancing music drew the children of the town after him 
 into a hill; celebrated in a poem by Robert Browning. 
 
 Pierce, plrs. 1. Frank'l in [1804-1869], 14th President of 
 the U. S. 2. George Fos'ter [1811-18841, Am. M. E. 
 bishop. 3. Co.; S. E. Ga.; 518 n; p. 8,100; Blackshear. 4. 
 Co.; N. E. Neb.; 568 n; p. 8,445; O Pierce. 5. Co.; N. N. 
 Dak.; 1,008 D; p. 4,765; Rugby. 6. Co.; W. cen. Wash.; 
 1,554 n; p. 35,515; Tacoma. 7. Co.; W. Wts.; 548 n; p. 23,943; 
 Ellsworth. 8. City; Lawrence co., Mo.; p. 2,151. 
 
 sofa, jm, ask; at, fare, Accord; e]eme.nt, er= over, 
 eight, e = usage; tin, machine, i = renew; obey, 
 no; not, nor, atom; full, rule; but, burn; aisle; ail 
 = oui\ oil; iii = fewd, ill = futwre; c = k; church; 
 dli = the; go, sing, ink; so; thin; zh = azure; 
 F. boii, diinc. <, from; t, obsolete; t, variant. 
 
 D , square miles. * , capital. , countyseat. 
 
 From "A Standard Dictionary of the English Language" 
 
 Copyright, 1893-1909, by the Funk & Wagnalls Company, 
 
 New York and London. 
 
 For a summary of the lists found in the Appendix 
 of the Standard Dictionary, see the paragraph on the 
 Standard Dictionary, page 40. 
 
110 Appendix 
 
 223. Specimen extract from the New Standard 
 Dictionary. 
 
 ab-surd', 1 ab-surd'; 2 fib-sOrd', a. 1. Opposed to 
 manifest. tryith or propriety; inconsistent with reason 
 or common sense; unworthy of serious consideration; 
 logically contradictory; irrational; as, an absurd prop- 
 osition. 2. Talking, acting, or reasoning in a manner 
 inconsistent with common sense or propriety; gro- 
 tesque; ridiculous. 3. Philos. & Logic. Contradictory 
 of some established rational principle; contradicting its 
 own major premise. 4f Discordant; not in tune. 
 [ < L. absurdus, < ab- (intens.) -f surdus, deaf.] 
 
 Syn.: anomalous, chimerical, erroneous, false, foolish. Ill- 
 advised, Ill-considered, ill-judged, Inconclusive, Incorrect, 
 Infatuated, Irrational, mistaken, monstrous, nonsensical, 
 paradoxical, preposterous, ridiculous, senseless, silly, stupid, 
 unreasonable, wild. That Is absurd which Is contrary to 
 the first principles of reasoning; as, that a part should be 
 greater than the whole Is absurd. A paradoxical statement 
 appears at first thought contradictory or absurd, while 
 It may be really true. Anything Is irrational when .clearly 
 contrary to sound reason, foolish when contrary to prac- 
 tical good sense, silly when petty and contemptible In 
 its folly, erroneous when containing error that vitiates the 
 result, unreasonable when there seems a perverse bias or 
 an Intent to go wrong. Afons/rows.and preposterous refer to 
 what Is overwhelmingly absurd; aa. "O monstrous! eleven 
 buckram men grown out of two," SHAKESPEARE 1 King 
 Henry IV. act 1U sc. 4. The ridiculous or the nonsensical 
 Is worthy only to be laughed at. The lunatic's claim to be 
 a king Is ridiculous; the Mother Goose rimes are non- 
 sensical. See IDIOTIC; INCONGRUOUS; INSANE; RIDICU- 
 LOUS. Ant.: certain, consistent, demonstrable, demon- 
 strated, established, incontestable, Incontrovertible, Indispu- 
 table, Indubitable, Infallible, logical, rational, reasonable, 
 sagacious, sensible, sound, substantial, true, undeniable, un- 
 questionable, wise. ab-surd', n. , (Rare.] An absurdity; a 
 person or thing that Is absurd. -ly, adv. -ness, n. 
 
 ab-surd '1-ty, 1 ab-surd'i-ti; 2 ab-surd'i-ty, n. (-TIES, 
 1 -tiz; 2 -ti, pi.} 1. The state or quality of being ab- 
 surd; absurdness. 2. A contradiction of obvious truth 
 or sound. reason; an absurd act, statement, habit, or 
 thing. [ < L. ab8urdita(t-); see ABSURD.] 
 
 The idea of being both a bad man and a good citizen is an &- 
 turditv. MILLS Science of Politics ch. 5. p. 31. IF. * w. 1887. J 
 
 ab-sur'dnm, 1 ab-sur'dum; 2 ab-sur'dum, n. (L.J An ab- 
 surd or illogical conclusion or condition. 
 reductto ad absurdum, see KEDUCTIO. 
 
 ab'sus, 1 ab'sus; 2 ab'sus. n. Dot. A species of Cassia 
 (C. absus), or ita bitter aromatic seeds, used In Egypt 
 for ophthalmia. 
 
 Ab-syr'tus, i ab-suVtus; 2 ab-syr'tus. n. Gr. Myth. Brother 
 of Medea, dismembered and cast Into the Adriatic, whence 
 Ab-syr'tl-deg, 1 -ti-dlz; 2 -tl-dCg, Islands in the Adriatic. 
 [L., < Gr. Apsyrtus.] 
 
 Abt, 1 apt; 2 apt, Franz Wilhelm ("/>il819-/ail885). A 
 German musiccomposer; song-writer 
 
 abt. t abbr. About. 
 
 ab-ter'ml-nal, 1 ab-tuVmi-nal; 2 Sb-teVmt-nal, a. 
 Physiol. Passing from the end or ends of a muscle to 
 the middle part: said of an electric current. [< AB-; 
 and see TERMINAL.] 
 
 1 : artistic, firt ; fat, fare ; fast ; get, prfcy ; hit, police ; obey , gd ; not,6r ; f ull. rQle ; but, bOrn. 
 2: art, ape, f at,f are, fast, what, all ; ing, gt, f>rey, fern; hit, Ice ; i= 6 ; i = e ; gO, ndt, Or f w6n, 
 1: a = final; 1 = habit; aisle; au = ot; ell; 10 = feud; ifliin; go; g = sin<7; Chin, this. 
 2: wolf.Mo; btf&k,l*R)t; full, rle, cQre, but, burn; dil, bdy; go, fcem; ink; thin, this. 
 
 / Ike "New Stundard Dictionary of the English LdHHiuixc." Copyright, 1913, 
 by the. 1'iuik & II '<;.;. ;//;//. < . New Yrk tni, I LI.IK'OH. 
 
INDKX 
 
 Abbreviations, 13; binding, ( .)2 9)5; book sizes, ( .M; catalogue, 2f>. 
 2S 21); explanatory, K> 11; miscellaneous, b"> l(i; months, 72; 
 reference, 11 lf>; omitted in making references, lf>. 
 
 Advertisements, publishers', 85 
 
 American Library Association, Booklist , ( .0; Catalog, 89 1H); ( . 
 
 lot* SujjpK'nuMit, 90. 
 American jtnldishers, ( .). r ). 
 
 American School of Correspondence text -hooks, '.).") note !-">. 
 Analytic catalogue cards, ~'.\ '2\. 
 Annual Library Index, < 
 Animal Magazine Subject-Index, 70. 
 
 Api/endix of a book, 9. 
 
 ~ of a dictionary, ,*>7; specimen extracts, KM I Of), KM). 
 Arabic numerals in pa.uini;, f>. 
 Archaeology, reference book, \()-47. 
 ArranL',c-nient of books in libraries, 17 20. 
 Aliases, -IS f)l ; indexes, f) 1. 
 Author, critical study of, <> note. 
 
 Author Card in catalogue, 21, 2'J; arrangement, 2f>. 
 Author numlu r, 1'.). 
 Auth(jr's name, si,i;nitican<-e, (i. 
 
 y. Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, f>l ; Standard Cyclo- 
 
 pedia of 1 lorticullure, f)2. 
 
 Bartholomew. Literary and historical atlases, !'.), f> 1 . 
 Bartlett. l'"amiliar Quotations, f>2 f>:j. 
 
 Bibliography, definition, f>s. 
 
 Bibliographies, encyclopedia, '>2; making simj)lc, 2s, 72; source in 
 
 reference work, 7^; uses, f>S; working, 7-1-77. 
 I^'ndini;-, abbreviations, ( .)2 -'>; marks of i;ood, t)2; processes, I 2; 
 
 terms, ( .)2 -//^: //. 
 r>i<v<ra])hy, arr.in.L;ement in libraries, 20; catalogue cards, 2.">, 2(i; 
 
 collective' and individual, 20 nole\ refei'encc book-., -17- Is. 
 Bliss. New JCncyclopedia of Social Reform, M. 
 
112 Index 
 
 Book, binding processes, 1-2; body, 9; care, 3-4; effects of ill- 
 treatment, 2-3; finding by call number, 20, 28; judging without 
 reading, 12; noting for future reference, 16; opening a new, 3; 
 points in buying, 91-94; printed parts, 5-12; structure, 1. 
 
 Book agents, 6-97. 
 
 Book buying, 91-97. 
 
 Book Review Digest, 88. 
 
 Book reviews, 85-89; differences, 86-87; essentials, 87; finding, 
 87-88; indexes for, 88-89; magazines containing, 61-66J 
 88 note S; uses, 86. 
 
 Book sizes, 93-94. 
 
 Books, abbreviations for describing, 28-29, 92-93, 94; arrangement 
 in libraries, 17-20; sources of information about, 85-91. 
 
 Brewer. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 54; Readers' Handbook, 
 54. 
 
 Brookings and Ringwalt. Briefs for Debate, 83. 
 
 Call number, 17; arrangement of books by, 19; finding books by, 20, 
 
 28 note' on catalogue card, 22. 
 Card catalogue, 21-29; abbreviations, 25, 28-29; arrangement, 24- 
 
 25; using, 27-28. 
 Card system, for catalogue references, 28; for magazine references, 
 
 72, working bibliography, 74. 
 
 Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. Debate Index, S3. 
 Cased books, 1, 2. 
 Catalogue cards, 21-24, 26-27. 
 Century Atlas, 39. 
 
 Century Cyclopedia of Names, 38-39; extract, 102. 
 Century Dictionary, 38-39; compared with other dictionaries, 42- 
 
 43; extract, 101. 
 
 Chambers's Cyclopedia of English Literature, 54. 
 Champlin. Young folks' cyclopaedias, 35. 
 ( lass number, 17. 
 Classification, 17-18. 
 Collective biography, 20 note. 
 Comparison of dictionaries, 42-43. 
 Concordance, 52 note. 
 
 Congress, Library of. See Library of Congress. 
 Congressional Directory, Official, 46. 
 Congressional Record, 81. 
 Contents, table of, 8; compared with index, 10. 
 
Index 113 
 
 Copyright date, 8. 
 
 Correspondence school text-books, 95 notes. 
 
 Country life, magazines, 64-65. 
 
 Craig. Pros and Cons, 83. 
 
 Cross references, 12-13; abbreviations, 13-16; abbreviations omitted 
 
 15; catalogue, 24. 
 Cumulative Book Index, 91. 
 Current events, magazines, 65-66. 
 Cutter author number, 19 note. 
 Cutter expansive classification, 17 note. 
 
 Date, copyright, 8; importance in reference work, 31; title-page, 8. 
 
 Debaters' Handbook Series, 83. 
 
 Debating, books, 81-84; choosing question, 78-80; reference work, 
 73-74; sociology magazines, 62 note 6; special reference material, 
 80-81; study of authorities, 6 note; use of library in, 78-81; 
 working bibliography, 74-77. 
 
 Definitions in dictionaries compared, 42-43. 
 
 Dewey decimal classification, 17-18. 
 
 Dictionaries, compared, 42-43; extracts, 101-110; important, 38- 
 41. 
 
 Dictionary, 35-43; appendix, 37; compared with encyclopedia, 33; 
 proper names in, 37; study and use, 37-38; supplement of 
 new words, 37; term applied to other reference books, 35 note 7. 
 
 Dictionary of National Biography. Index and Epitome, 47. 
 
 Domestic science, magazines, 64. 
 
 Duodecimo, term explained, 93 note 12, 94. 
 
 Economics, magazines, 62 note 6. 
 
 Edition, meaning and significance of term, 7. 
 
 Education, magazines, 63; U. S. government bulletins, 67. 
 
 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 33-34. 
 
 Encyclopedia, 31-35; rules for using, 33. 
 
 Encyclopedia Americana, 35. 
 
 Encyclopedias, important, 33-35. 
 
 Engineering Index, 63. 
 
 English books, 7; copyright date wanting, 8 note 7 ; distinguishing 
 
 mark, 7 note 5; publishers, 96; reviewed in English magazines, 
 
 88 note 3; 
 Etymology, 36-37; compared in different dictionaries, 42. 
 
114 Index 
 
 Farmers' Bulletins, 67. 
 
 Fiction, arrangement, 1920; call number lacking, 17, 19-20. 
 
 Finding list, 28, 72. 
 
 Fine arts, magazines, 65. 
 
 Folio, term explained, 93 note 12, 94. 
 
 Footnotes, 9. 
 
 Foster, W. H. Debating for Boys, 81-82. 
 
 Foster, W. T. Argumentation and Debating, 82; Essentials of' 
 
 Exposition and Argument, 82. 
 
 Freeman and Chandler. World's Commercial Products, 52. 
 Full-bound, term explained, 92 note 11. 
 
 Geography, reference books, 48-51. 
 
 Government, reference books, 46. 
 
 Government publications, indexed in magazine indexes, 67; useful 
 
 in debating, 80-81. See also United States. 
 Guide cards in catalogues, 24. 
 Guide letters. See Guide words. 
 Guide words, catalogue, 24, 25; dictionary, 38; encyclopedia, 32. 
 
 Half-bound, term explained, 92 note 11. 
 
 Harper's Book of Facts, 56. 
 
 Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities, 46-47. 
 
 Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History, 57. 
 
 Haydn's Dictionary of Dates, 56. 
 
 Heading, term defined, 21 note. 
 
 Henry. How to Organize and Conduct a Meeting, 8-1. 
 
 History, catalogue arrangement, 25; reference books, 56-57. 
 
 Hoyt. Cyclopedia of Practical Quotations, 53. 
 
 Illustrations, list of, 9. 
 
 In print, term explained, 90 note 9. 
 
 Inclusive page numbers, 10. 
 
 Index, 10-12; atlas, 51; concordance, 52; magazine volumes, 59; 
 
 poetry, 11; quotations, 52-53; rules for using, 11-12; set, 11. 
 
 See also Magazine Indexes. 
 Individual biography, 20. 
 Industrial Arts Index, 71. 
 Intercollegiate Debates, 83. 
 
 International Library of Technology, 95 note 16. 
 International Dictionary, 41. 
 
Index 115 
 
 Introduction of a book, 9. 
 
 Judging a book without reading it, 12. 
 
 Larned. History for Ready Reference, 56-57. 
 
 Laycock and Spofford. Manual of Argumentation, 82. 
 
 Library of Congress, catalogue cards, 26-27; reference lists, 83. 
 
 Lippincott's Biographical Dictionary, 47. 
 
 Lippincott's New Gazetteer, 48. 
 
 Lists, card, 28, 72; finding, 28, 72; working bibliography, 74-77. 
 
 Literature, magazines, 65; reference books, 52-55. 
 
 Low and Pulling. Dictionary of English History, 57. 
 
 McLaughlin and Hart. Cyclopedia of American Government, 46. 
 Magazine indexes, 68-72; miscellaneous publications included, 66- 
 
 68; rules for using, 71-72; special subjects, 71. 
 Magazine Subject- Index, 70-71. 
 Magazines, 59-66; country life, 64-65; current events, . 65-66; 
 
 domestic science, 64; economics, 62 note 6; education, 63; 
 
 fine arts, 65; general, 61; geographically limited, 61; list, 
 
 60-66; literature, 65; reviews, 62; science, 63; sociology, 62; 
 
 sport, 65; study of, 60; useful arts, 63-64. 
 Map, locating places on, 50-51. 
 Matson. References for Literary Workers, 84. 
 Mill. International Geography, 48. 
 Moulton. Library of Literary Criticism, 54-55. 
 
 New International Dictionary. See Webster's New International 
 
 Dictionary. 
 
 New International Encyclopedia, 34-35. 
 New International Year Book, 35. 
 New Standard Dictionary, 40; compared with other dictionaries, 
 
 42-43; extract, 110. 
 New words, dictionary supplement, 37. 
 Newspapers, book notices, 85; use in debating, 80. 
 Note taking, 77-78; of author and title, 16. 
 
 Octavo, term explained, 93 note 12, 94. 
 Official Congressional Directory, 46. 
 Out of print, term explained, 80 note 9. 
 
116 Index 
 
 Page sizes, 93-94. 
 
 Parliamentary law, books, 84. 
 
 Part of book, catalogue card, 23-24. 
 
 Periodical indexes. See Magazine indexes. 
 
 Periodicals. See Magazines. 
 
 Phelps. Debater's Manual, 82. 
 
 Physical points of books, 9194. 
 
 Place of publication, significance, 7. 
 
 Ploetz. Manual of Universal History, 57. 
 
 Poole's Index, 68-69; index to book reviews, 89. 
 
 Preface, significance, 8. 
 
 Pronunciation, in dictionary, 36; in different dictionaries, 42. 
 
 Proper names, Century Cyclopedia of Names, 38-39, 102; diction- 
 ary, 37; repeated in library catalogues, 25; in -encyclopedias, 
 32, in reference books, 31. 
 
 Publication, place of, 7. 
 
 Publishers, American, 95; British, 96. 
 
 Publishers' advertisements of books, 85. 
 
 Publisher's name, significance, 7-8; use in book buying, 94-95. 
 
 Quarto, term explained, 93 note 12, 94. 
 Question for debate, choosing, 78-80. 
 
 Rand, McNally and Co. Library Atlas of the World, 48-49. 
 
 Readers' Guide, 69-70; index to book reviews, 88; Supplement, 70. 
 
 Reference abbreviations, 14-15. 
 
 Reference books, 30-58; archaeology, 46; bibliographies as, 58; 
 biography, 47-48; defined, 30; debate sources, 80; dictionary, 
 35-43; encyclopedia, 31-35; geography, 48-51; government, 
 46; history, 56-57; literature, 52-55; sociology, 43-44; sources 
 of information concerning authors, etc., 6 note 3, 60 note 1; 
 special, 43; statistics, 44-45; study and use, 30-31; text- 
 books as substitutes, 57. 
 
 Reference work, 73-74. 
 
 References at chapter ends, 9. 
 
 Reviews (magazines), 62; British, 62 note 5. 
 
 Reviews (of books). See Book reviews. 
 
 Ringwalt. Briefs on Public Questions, 84. 
 
 Robbins. High School Debate Book, 84. 
 
 Robert, H. M. Rules of Order, 84. 
 
 Robert, J. T. Primer of Parliamentary Law, 84. 
 
Index 117 
 
 Roman numerals in paging, 5. 
 
 Science, magazines, 63. 
 
 Series, term; denned, 23 note. 
 
 Sets of books, indexes to, 11. 
 
 Shelf list, 21. 
 
 Shepherd. Historical Atlas, 49. 
 
 Shorthand signs for notes, 78 note. 
 
 Sixteenmo, term explained, 94. 
 
 Sizes of books, 93-94. 
 
 Societies, proceedings mentioned in magazine indexes, 67-68; 
 
 publications in debate work, 81. 
 Sociology, magazines, 62; reference book, 43. 
 Special magazine indexes, 71. 
 Special reference books, 43-57. 
 Sports, magazine, 65. 
 Standard Dictionary, 39-40; compared wi^h other dictionaries, 
 
 42-43; extract, 108; extract from Appendix, 109. 
 Statesman's Year-Book, 44. 
 Statistical Abstract of the United States, 45. 
 Statistics, Labor Statistics Bureau Bulletins, 67; reference books, 
 
 44-45. 
 
 Stedman and Hutchinson. Library of American Literature, 55. 
 Stieler. Atlas of Modern Geography, 49. 
 Structure of a book, 1. 
 Subject cards in catalogues, 22, 23; details of arrangement for 
 
 certain subjects, 25; distinguishing marks for biography, 
 
 criticism or bibliography, 26; when made, 23. 
 Subscription books, 96-97. 
 
 Table of contents, 8-9; compared with index, 10. 
 
 Text-books as reference books, 67. 
 
 Thomas. Manual of Debate, 82. 
 
 Three-quarter bound, term denned, 92 note 1L 
 
 Title, significance, 56. 
 
 Title card in catalogue, 21. 22: when made, 22-23. 
 
 Title-page, 5-8. 
 
 Twelvemo. See Duodecimo. 
 
 United States. Agriculture Department. Farmers' Bulletins, 67; 
 Year Book, 67. 
 
118 Index 
 
 United States. Census Bureau. Thirteenth Census. Abstract, 45. 
 
 Commerce Department. Statistical Abstract of the U. S., 45. 
 Congress. Official Congressional Directory, 46. 
 
 Education Bureau. Bulletins, 67. 
 
 Labor Statistics Bureau. Bulletins, 67. 
 
 United States Catalog, 90-91; Cumulative Book Index, 91. 
 United States government publications, in debate work, 80-81; 
 
 in magazine indexes, 67. See also heading, United States. 
 University Debaters' Annual, 84. 
 Useful arts, magazine indexes, 71; magazines, 63-64; reference 
 
 books, 51-52. 
 
 Ward. Grocer's Encyclopedia, 52. 
 
 Warner. Library of the World's Best Literature, 55. 
 
 Webster's International Dictionary, 41; compared with other 
 
 dictionaries, 42-43; extract, 103; extract from Appendix, 104- 
 
 105. 
 Webster's New International Dictionary, 41; compared with other 
 
 dictionaries, 42-43; extract, 106-107. 
 Who's Who, 47. 
 Who's W 7 ho in America, 47-48. 
 Working bibliography, 74-77; abbreviations, 76-77; essentials, 
 
 74-75; forms, 75-76. 
 World Almanac, 44-45. 
 

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 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY ,