THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES LAWYER LAS, lltt* ABBREVIATED LONGHAND A Manual Of Short Forms For Longhand Writers, Placing within their reach an ultimate efficiency equalling that commonly sought thru shorthand in its popular use, and necessitating the learning of only the sim- plest adjuncts to make immediately available a substantial increase of speed. ADAPTED TO ALL THE POPULAR USES OF BRIEF WRITING AND FOR ADOPTION IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. BY ANGUS B. WEAVER SHORTHAND REPORTER [Since 1890 engaged continuously in court, convention and general verbatim reporting.] PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR BUFFALO N . Y London : ROBERT CULLEY 2 Castle Street, City Road and 26 Paternoster Row. Toronto : WILLIAM BRIGGS ENTERED ACCORDING TO ACT Of CONGRESS. IN THE YEAR 190S. Br ANGUS B. WEAVER. *l N THE OFFICE OF THE LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS, AT WASHINGTON. ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. UU3*-/ & ABBREVIATED LONGHAND. "The popularization of phonographic shorthand failed utterly, despite the prodigous efforts of Sir Isaac Pitman and others." "On the whole, I believe there are more people who have taken up shorthand, used it as a plaything and dropped it, than is the case with any other occupation." "No matter how much we explain, the general public seems to think that a knowledge of short"" ->nd writing can be 'picked up' in a few weeks or 'three months,' as t any advertisements read, with- out genuine hard study and practice." "There is no professional subject that I know of before the whole country upon which the public is so grossly ignorant as on the subject of shorthand writing." "Stenography is a faithful servant when well mastered, but a merciless master when poorly served. It has been a veritable Klon- dike in its attraction for multitudes who have heedlessly set out, igno- rant of the requirements .. . only to turn back discouraged or to perish by the way." >- 2^ "If all that has been said and written during the past twenty oc years upon the subject of preparation for shorthand work, could be £ collected together, it would make a large volume, and yet I doubt if we have made much progress toward the end sought to be accom- plished. The failure to accomplish this arises from the fact that we ^ do not reach the people whom we seek to benefit until it is too late*. S? Very few take phonographic magazines or read the published proceed- 10 ings of our associations until after they have studied the art and a have been graduated from some of our schools." "A possession little understood, it is only those who have it who know how to estimate it." M "Another fallacy which has been persistently fostered, often to J the disappointment and discouragement of really worthy students, is P in regard to the length of time required to master the art. .Not only H in hundreds of newspapers, but even on billboards and fences, wc meet flaming advertisements of 'Shorthand in six months,' 'Short- hand in three months,' 'Shorthand in thirty days,' and even 'Short- hand in six hours!' So great is the popular ignorance on this subject that thousands of victims are found every year who are willing to invest their money on the faith of these glittering promises." Extracts from proceedings of New York State (Court) Stenog- raphers' Association, Conventions of 1895, 1897, 1903, 1906. Proceedings National Shorthand Reporters' Association (IT. S. A.) Convention of 1901. 60 452148 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 http://archive.org/details/abbreviatedlonghOOweaviala PREFACE. Abbreviated Longhand is a strictly utilitarian response to a practical need felt by many persons, engaged in various callings, who would gladly use brief writing as an accessory equipment, but who have not the time or the inclination to undertake for that purpose the pursuit of a full-fledged pro- fession so technical as that of shorthand and demanding for its mastery in any practical sense virtually the same amount of time and application as would procure a diploma in law. medicine or engineering. Despite the expectations enter- tained in the earlier history of shorthand as to the efficacy of that method in an elementary, or popular, sphere, and the sanguine co-operation of the public in the attempt so to use it, the subsequent history of the art has wrought out a variation from original forecasts not unlike that which has marked, in their respective realms, the progress of many other eco- nomic arts. While the efficacy of shorthand, and the extent of its application, in the field of expert, or professional, service, have exceeded all expectations; in the field of ele mentary. or popular, service predicted for it, it has fallvn practically into disuse. While this outcome has been recog- nized quite generally by practical stenographers; and has been a subject of frequent comment in the literature of that profession, the general public has been slow to comprehend that a method which Mas meeting so "successfully the extreme requirements of the verbatim reporter, not to speak of the more moderate requirements of the amanuensis, in the work of office dictation, should not also meet the merely element- ary requirements of the amateur or casual writer. This inference, so plausible and so widely held, has been responsi- ble for an enormous waste of time and effort in the numerous 5 attempts of the past to acquire a partial facility in shorthand thru a partial mastery of its principles. This ''indulgent" use, however, is the very thing which shorthand denies. "Writing a little shorthand" is like "speaking a little French," in that it is useless as a working medium of ex- pression. Until mastered as a whole it must remain a mere plaything, incapable of performing any practical service. The purpose of Abbreviated Longhand is to furnish a medium which not only is efficient when acquired, but which lends itself to any degree of facility desired, beginning at the most elementary and continuing to the highest, and the advan- tages of which consist not alone in the method itself, but quite as much in the manner of its acquisition, both of whieh are specifically adapted to the previous training and habits of longhand writers. The adaptation of the forms employed is the fruit of thoro and painstaking study on the part of the author, whose facilities for this work have been the most practical and extensive. Their utility has been demonstrated by actual test. Utility, indeed, has been the controlling consideration as to every detail of their adoption, from the conviction that, for the specific purpose intended, any slight departure from symmetry of form will be gratefully condoned in actual practise for the sake of gaining a practical object in a prac- tical way. Inasmuch as some of the features which necessarily enter into an intelligent estimate of the relative merits of Abbre- viated Longhand, are not generally well understood, they have been deemed worthy of explanation, even at the risk of exceeding somewhat the conventional proportions of a preface and introduction, in order that their significance may not lie undervalued. 6 The Limitations of Shorthand. The whole history of shorthand has proved that its pop- ular usefulness is slight. Such a mastery of its technique as can be acquired by people who are engaged in other pur- suits, and are therefore limited to a more or less casual study and practice, is not sufficient to give an economic facility in its use even for elementary purposes. In proof of this statement it is only necessary to call attention to the well known fact that tho thousands of lay writers make the effort every year to "learn a little shorthand," the art is being used to-day. with rare exceptions, only by those who make it a profession. The Estimated Capacity. At best, the amateur writer seldom expects, in taking up the study of shorthand, to get a speed of more than from eighty to a hundred words a minute, if he should succeed, knowing that that rate would be sufficient for a large pro- portion of office dictation and for the many other varieties of work that such a writer would undertake to do, and that a very large proportion even of those who follow stenography as a calling never reach a higher speed. The Actual Result. As a matter of fact the non-professional writer gener- ally becomes discouraged and drops his shorthand before he has attained any practical facility whatever, thus failing of any benefit from such time, labor and expense as he may have put into the undertaking. Abbreviated Longhand as Speedy and Thoroly Practical. In view of the fact that the utmost speed available thru shorthand to this class of writers, even when successful, is available thru the much more practical and easily acquired 7 medium of abbreviated longhand, this latter means lias been neglected strangely in all efforts heretofore to meet the pop- ular demand for a really simple method of brief writing. The Theoretical Simplicity of Shorthand the Cause of Its Intricacy in Practise. The efforts to meet this popular demand have been directed invariably toward the simplification of shorthand, whereas the very simplicity, theoretically, of the basic struc- ture of that method, i. e., its stem chirography, made up of simple geometric lines, constitutes already the chief, if not the only, obstacle to its easy acquisition in practise. This primitiveness of the shorthand alphabet introduces two car- dinal limitations which defeat its usefulness in non-expert ser- vice. These are, first, the necessity for extrenn mathemat- ical exactness in tin writing of mam/ lines at thi minutest variations of angle, and the high degree of skill indispensable to that performance; and, second, a UneaUty so vague and intangible that it conveys too little of distinct in form to the mind of the reader, even when written absolutely to scale, a feat which is never possible in practise. It is the intensified training of faculties to surmount these funda- mental obstacles which calls for the insistent practise so essential to a working facility with the hair-like stems of shorthand, and not the mere learning of the theory of the art, which is a matter of only a few weeks or months in any event. Dearth of Distinctive Forms. All shorthand systems rely alike for their alphabetic basis upon geometric lines. This limits them fundamentally to two characters, the straight and the curved stem. While it would seem theoretically the easiest thing imaginable to 8 master a method of writing in which but two characters need be learned, it is this very limitation which lies at the root of the difficulties met with in practise. In place of the clear distinctions of form afforded by the longhand letters, the shorthand alphabet is confined for its distinctions to the direction of writing its two primitive stems, and therefore denotes the corresponding sounds, not by so many distinctive characters, as in longhand, but by two characters only, writ- ten at different angles. Thus the fewer the characters, the greater the refinement of their distinctions. ' Refinements Further Refined. In addition to this diversity of angle, the stems are fur- ther diversified by two degrees of shading, known as heavy and light, and by three degrees of length, known as full, (or normal.) length, half length and double length. A few sys- tems in which the shading feature is discarded, rely on treat- ing the sound distinctions associated with shading as a negli- gible factor, (thereby transferring the burden of these dis- tinctions from the hand to the brain, in the act of reading), or else are obliged to draw for such distinctions upon other material which is reserved in the shaded systems for other purposes. The Distinctions of the Longhand Alphabet only Approx- imated by the Stems in Shorthand Practise. The stems in these varying angles, shadings and dimen- sions, are intermingled in every conceivable combination, and, even with the utmost accuracy humanly attainable in writing them, the eye and the mind of the reader must compensate for, and supply, from the context of the subject matter, innumer- able lapses from that exact indication which the longhand letters afford as a matter of course, even when the latter are 9 written with considerable looseness. This compensating pro- cess calls for the exercise of faculties highly specialized, and accounts largely for the proverbial inability of so many stenographers to read their notes. Vagueness of Impressions Conveyed by Hair Lines. Moreover, not only experience in reading, but also study of the functions involved therein, have shown that the eye and the brain demand for easy reading, and for ready refer- ence, characters having a certain body and breadth, whereas the hair-like stems of shorthand impart to its lineality an elnsiveness of mental grasp which adds a further obstacle to facility, and which in turn is not overcome until a high degree of skill in this particular direction has been attained. Ths Cumulative Penalties of a Primitive Alphabet. It will be seen readily from the foregoing comparisons, not to speak of others which might be pointed out, that both the writing and reading of shorthand are attended by intri- cacies wholly unknown to the substantial and distinctive let- ters of the longhand print and script. Until the obstacles to facility presented by these intricacies are overcome by a pro- longed and persistent course of training, the attention of the writer and reader is so absorbed in the mere process of execu- tion that he cannot fix his mind upon the subject matter with which he may be dealing sufficiently to make the operation of any practical service. The "Theory" Only the Portal. The completed process of learning shorthand, therefore, eomprises two stages. The first is covered when the student has mastered its alphabet and the rules by which it is to be written, which, as stated already, are extremely simple in nearly all the systems extant. The second stage is that which 10 has been accomplished when he has learned, not merely how his alphabet should be used, but to execute with the minutest precision its fine distinctions, with the same mechanical facility as in the free longhand writing, and to correct, in reading, by a skilful subtlety of suggestion, a multitude of unavoid- able inaccuracies such as are wholly foreign to the longhand script. The Secret of Shorthand Failures. It is for the lack of time, or opportunit3% or incentive, to prosecute to the end this latter course of training, that students who do not pursue the art as a profession, thereby keeping up an uninterrupted and persistent application, are dropping it by the thousands every year, on finding sooner or later that at the conclusion of the species of learning that can be accomplished in a few weeks or months, they have only prepared themselves to begin the serious study which is a pre- requisite of practical efficiency for any purpose, alike in the field of the amateur and the professional stenographer. All Effort Short of Completion Wasted. In the meantime the characteristics of shorthand are such that it cannot be put to ready service at all until the method is acquired as a whole. Its entire technique must be taken up simultaneously, and any part that has been learned is wasted unless one carries the method to completion. The Moiety of Shorthand That is Practical. With regard to the auxiliary resources of shorthand, con- sisting of the hook, the circle, the loop, the detached vowel signs, the word-signs and the writing of words in position, so called, all of these combine the acme of brevity with the utmost adaptability to easy use by the non-expert writer, when once learned in their simple theory. Yet nearly all the 11 attempts made for the simplification of shorthand have been confined to a manipulation and readjustment of this or that minor detail in the application of these auxiliaries. The result has been that the saving, it* any. effected in the compara- tively trivial matter of preliminary work in learning the theory, has of necessity been insignificant, while there has been generally a sacrifice of brevity, and often of legibility; and the student has been left in the end with a method which still retained the inherent defects of the linear alphabet, the only obstacle to his success. ABBREVIATED LONGHAND DISTINGUISHED. The method herein presented is distinguished radically from shorthand by its possession of the following advantages adapting it to popular use: Technical Skill Unnecessary. 1. As the title of the .Manual implies. Abbreviated Long' hand consists of a series of Short Forms for Longhand "Writers; that is. forms which can be "picked up" and used in connection with the ordinary longhand alphabet, and which do not involve expert training and skill, but can be adopted largely at sight in actual work. The Forms Used Independently. 2. These forms are interchangeable with the ordinary longhand, and may, therefore, be used in whole or in any part, at the option of each writer, according to the degree <>f condensation which he desires to adopt. They can be put to use in his routine work either singly or a few at a time from the very start, thus admitting of an immediate and ever increasing gain in speed, by a gradual and natural process, without the necessity of a stated and laborious course of prac- tise for the mastery of an entire "system" and a compli- 12 eated and difficult technique, before beginning any practical use thereof, as in shorthand. A Useful Gain at Sight; a ' Substantial Further Gain as an Immediate Sequence. '3. The use of the forms in a partial or purely elementary style of abbreviation, can be learned at a few readings, so as to give a most useful gain in speed, and one's normal long- hand rate can be doubled or trebled within a very short time. Shorthand Speed by a Method Which is Quicker, Easier and Sure. 4. The forms used comprehensively will afford a facility, as already stated, equalling that which, at best, is accessible to the amateur writer of shorthand, and even to many who follow it as a calling, but thru a method much more easily and quickly acquired, and which is sure of results. Nothing is Wasted. 5. The forms are available in actual use as fast as they are learned, thus ensuring a highly profitable return upon the comparatively slight amount of time and effort devoted to their acquisition, even should they not be adopted in their entirety. That is, one does not sacrifice his investment of time and labor by reason of only partially completing his equipment, since whatever has been learned can be used. Already Largely Acquired. 6. The outlines are based upon the longhand alphabet, the legibility of which is absolute, and its execution is already acquired. This is utilized in substitution for that feature of shorthand which constitutes its most technical and its only impracticable element. 13 Self -Instruction. 7. The trouble and expense of a stated course of pre- liminary practise, under the guidance of a teacher, are un- necessary at any stage, assuming on the part of the writer such a familiarity with words as enables him to use abbrevi- ated spelling as ordinarily practised by longhand writers; and even b} r any for whom such abbreviated spelling would be difficult, nearly all the brief forms can be used in connec- tion with the full spelling. For All Who Cannot be Skilled Stenographers. By reason of the foregoing advantages, among others more fully set forth in the introduction which follows, Abbreviated Longhand is adapted pre-eminently to the needs of College Students, Newspaper Reporters, Office Assistants, Secretaries. Correspondents, Lawyers, Clergymen, Physicians, Business Men, and Notetakers and writers in general, to whom brief writing is a desideratum, providing that it can be ac- quired thru an outlay of time and effort consistent with other primary vocations, and can be used in a natural and prac- tical way. 14 INTRODUCTION. The Expedients of Abbreviated Longhand and Their Aptness for Non-expert Use. The abbreviating forms given herein consist in the main of the Initial Vowel Tick, the Strokes used for certain con- sonantal endings. Special Contractions for frequently recur- ring prefixes and suffixes, the Capitalizing Principle for add- ing k and g to preceding letters, the Lengthening Principle for denoting the same consonant repeated, an optional use of the stem so elemental as not to interfere with the domi- nancy of the script letters, yet utilizing, within practical lim- its, the great advantages of this simple character, simply used, in point of brevity, and a general exposition of the terminal modifications employed in shorthand, consisting of the hook, the circle and the loop. All the foregoing expedients lend themselves most naturally, with a few exceptions noted in their proper order, to use in combination with the script letters as a basis, on the same general plan by which in short- hand its adjuncts are combined with the stem letters as a basis. The Wheat Without the Chaff. This arrangement enables the writer to avail himself of practically the entire resources of adjunctival abbreviation in pure shorthand, which adjuncts constitute the pith and kernel of brevity, of legibility and of practical simplicity, in that method, while he retains for his alphabetic basis the script letters, to the formation of which his hand is already trained by the muscular habits of a lifetime, and affording the absolute legibility of form distinctions — to which letters the several adjuncts bear the same relation as do the super- fluous fluorishes of longhand so commonly used to no pur- pose. 15 Theory and Practise Harmonized. While the script letters lack the brevity of their stem equivalents, this discrepancy is materially offset by the greater freedom and latitude as to exactness allowed in writing them, and the infinitely greater ease and certainty with which thev can be read ; and all the modifications, or adju lets, used here- in, happily afford the same clear distinctions of form as do the script letters themselves. A Useful Result Assured. So that the writer is possessed of a medium which he can begin to use at once in a popular way, with a useful gain in speed from the start, and upon which he can build at his option, thereby attaining the same efficiency that would be open to him thru shorthand in any event, but attaining it much more quickly, and by medns of a method which is rendered practical to his capacity and his needs, and which he can rely upon making a success. ON THE CHOICE OF OUTLINES. The word-outlines, i. e., the abbreviated renderings, derived from these forms may be divided naturally into three general classes or groups. First. Outlines of the simplest construction, involving the use of only one or two adjuncts initially or finally, in con- nection with the full spelling of the remainder of a word. Second. Outlines contracted to the briefest possible dimensions by the elision of part of their elements, and re- quiring to be memorized arbitrarily — outlines of this class being known as Word Signs and Phrase Signs. Third. Outlines of what may be called compound con- struction, introducing several abbreviating principles in com- bination with one another. 16 Group 1. The outlines of the first group mentioned are those to which reference has been made already as admitting of being learned in theory and practise at a few readings. One has only to see them and read the paragraph explaining their application, in order to incorporate them at once with the utmost freedom and certainty in one's routine work, as they involve no analysis and no departure from the movements familiar to free longhand. The use of the forms even to this preliminary extent will alone repay many fold the trivial cost of the Manual and the slight amount of effort incidental to their acquisition. Group 2. The Word Signs and Phrases of group 2 are the most valuable and highly prized asset of the expert stenographer, as also of the amanuensis, universally so regarded by those who follow the art as a profession. As all their outlines have to be memorized in any event before they attain facility, the shorter the forms, the lighter the task of their acquisition, as of their use when acquired; and the lay writer has pre- cisely the same access to this resource of brevity as does the most expert. To the extent, therefore, to which he dsires to memorize, in the same way that the expert must, he may obtain thru the use of the Word Signs and Phrases the acme of pure shorthand brevity, in outlines of the simplest con- struction. For these reasons the use of the lists at pages 49 and 62 cannot be too strongly recommended. Few writers will be able to resist the temptation to use these forms in part, and most writers will find that their use will grow in- sensibly until substantially all have been acquired, thi's '•< -v tributing enormously to one's efficiency. n Group 3. As to the outlines of the third group, or class, viz., those which are more highly compounded, it will be understood readily that, in so far as the elemenl of analysis is concerned, the requirements as t<> memorizing practise must approximate those which obtain when the stems are used, with the import- ;mt exception that the retention of the script letter basis preserves the ease of execution and the legibility inherent in the latter. Nevertheless, outlines of this class must he familiar- ized by practise in order that one may work readily with them, as they cannot be improvised very rapidly either in the stem forms of shorthand or in the longhand letter forms. Interchangeability a Cardinal Feature of Abbreviat2d Longhand. But the distinguishing feature of the method herein pre- sented in this respect,' and which is to be clearly borne in mind, is that the simpler forms of group 1, or even of the common spilling, may be substituted to any extent desirt d while the vocabulary of the more involved outlines is gradu- ally enlarging, as will inevitably result thru the practise af- forded by one's routine work. It will be found that even the more involved outlines will come easily into use from the start, for a large and constantly increasing number of words, by the same process as that already referred to in connection with the Word Signs and Phrases, and that after being used a few times they will be ready to the hand for practical ser- vice;. Detached Vowel Signs and Position Writing. What has been said touching the acquisition of the fore- going breves applies with equal force to the detached method of writing the vowels and to the writing of words in position. 18 set forth at pages 4b' and 71. The exposition of these last mentioned expedients has been deferred tc + he final place in the series for the reason that they involve ^ -somewhat more radical departure from longhand methods than any other, and it is presumed that the option as to their use will be exercised somewhat less uniformly on that account. There is no reason why they should not be adopted at a very early stage by those who find them inviting. The use of both these expedients, like any others which have to be mastered by degrees, will be found extremely serviceable as occasional short cuts, and this preliminary use will serve to familiarize them for more general adoption. Recapitulation as to Choice of Outlines. To recapitulate: the outlines of group 1, all fully avail- able at once, together with the outlines of group 3, at once available in large part, will afford a most substantial abbrevia- tion from the very beginning, with scarcely any preliminary study or practise, which would of itself justify abundantly the use of Abbreviated Longhand; while the Word Signs and Phrases, memorized with such expedition as may be agree- able, will add materially, at a small outlay of effort, to the facilities afforded at this stage, equipping the writer for a wide range of work hitherto impossible without a skilful use of shorthand. In the meantime the more comprehensive use of the more highly compounded outlines may be acquired at any rate of progress convenient to the writer, either by definite practise specially devoted thereto, or by the process of gradual absorption .until mastered as a whole. He will then have been equipped to meet demands equalling those of the great mass of office dictation, at a rate of at least one hundred words a minute, as well as, if not better than, they are met 19 by many who are filling positions as stenographers today. For any whose circumstances may at any later time lead them to take up the use of stenography itself, in a more expert capacity, the fuller exposition of the stem alphabet given in the closing paragraphs of the Manual, will afford a means of merging their style into that of pure shorthand, and a very little further study will qualify them for practise in the full technique of that method. Thus the experience gained thru the use of Abbreviated Longhand will not be valueless to such writers, but will form a ground work upon which the further training will follow as a continuous process. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. In taking up the use of the breves, one thing to be clearly borne in mind is the complete freedom that may be exercised in the matter of incorporating them into one's style singly, or a few at a time, by what may be called a piece-meal assimila- tion, instead of attempting at once to use them all exhaust- ively. It will be an easy matter to get, in this way, a grad- ual use of the several expedients, whereas the undertaking of a large number, however simple as units, might appear to the Jbeginner to be a discouraging task, if he were forced to employ them all at once. This latitude enjoyed in the transi- tion from the longer to the shorter forms is one of the distin- guishing features of Abbreviated Longhand and adapts it no thoroly to varying circumstances that no one need have the slightest doubt of its ultimate value or be deterred by any first-felt strangeness from beginning the method, with the fullest assurance of success. The Manual should be carefully read from its title page to the end, and re-read as often as may be necessary, to get the theory of the several breves and the general scope of the work fixed clearly in mind. The Illustrative Outlines. Special attention should be given to the illustrations accompanying the word lists, which are to be used as an inductive exposition and review. The outlines- should be prac- tised as the reading proceeds, and none of them should be overlooked. The Order of Taking Up the Forms. As to the order in which the breves are adopted, the widest latitude is permissible, but in a general way it will be found that the breves for initial vowels, for final i or y, for 21 final /, (1. nt, nd, mitt, ntnd, for syllable ing and its varia- tions, for Hon, ter, con, com, &c., the list of prefixes and suffices at T125, and breves of that class, which can be used without changing the form of the remainder of a word, will be most readily used. At the same time, all the remain- ing breves can be used in the same simple way, and also to a considerable extent in the more condensed style, for occa- sional words, so that it will be a matter of choice with each writer as to how much or little of the latter he uses at the start, and as to the rapidity with which he extends their use. It is not advisable to attempt, in actual work, if one is writing from dictation or under pressure, a larger use of the breves than can be written without hesitation, but in practise writing, and in actual work done more leisurely, a general use of the breves may be undertaken at any time. In the illustrative outlines given, the forms are used which are recommended for ultimate adoption. If any given outline appears too condensed for immediate use, the writer will simply substitute a. simpler outline, which may embody a simpler application of breves, or the ordinary longhand equivalent, until the more condensed style has been acquired. The details as to this selection will be easily worked out in pracl ise after the theory of the several breves has been learned. Arrangement as to Reference. The asterisks (*) which appear at the close of the para- graphs introducing the breves, indicate that the use of such breves is illustrated in the corresponding paragraph of th-3 section of the Manual devoted to the outlines, beginning at page 7-"). These corresponding numbers will enable the reader readily to refer from the text to the outlines and vice versa. 22 Abbreviated Spelling. To those who have already had some experience in the use of abbreviated spelling as ordinarily practised by long- hand writers, the omission of unnecessary letters will have beeome more or less familiar. Those who have had no special practise in this direction are recommended to note its observ- ance in the lists of outlines, in order that they may acquire as soon as possible the "phonetic habit." which may be done readily by most writers with a little attention and practise. The "Three Hundred Words." The spelling recommended by the Simplified Spelling Board in its well known list of three hundred words, has been followed in the text and the printed word-lists thruout the Manual. This has seemed appropriate in a work of this kind, devoted to briefer forms, and will not. it is hoped, make it less acceptable to any. while it will perhaps be of help to some as a mild first step in phonetic spelling. THE ALPHABET. 1. All letters should be written in their simplest forms.* 2. "With the exception of j and t there is no variation in the forms of the letters beyond the omission of needles flourishes, j and t are recommended to be written as simple stems, the first slanting, the sec- ond vertical, those being the directions in which those letters are ordi- narily written, except that the usual upward connective stroke may be employed when it affords a more convenient junction with following letters. In other cases j and t (especially the latter) may be written disconnectedly. 3. The long letters, such as /, p, j, t, and in many cases the short letters as well, may be joined to preceding letters at a lower level, with 1 - out making the usual connective upstroke. These details will appear very obviously from a glance at the out- lines given in the word-lists. 23 The Digraphs. 4.. The double consonants, or digraphs, ordinarily writ- ten with two letters, may be written with one, by dropping one of the letters of such digraphs, usually the first letter, slightly below the level of the remaining letters, or of the next adjoining letter, in a word, and omitting the other digraph letter altogether. 5. ch, tch (with c dropped), called chay* 6. mb and mp (with wi dropped), called emb or emp* (The context will invariably show whether mb or mp is intended.) 7. ing (with n dropped), called ing, for kg* 8. sh, zh (with the small print form of the letter s), called ish when pronounced hard, as in the word mesh; called zhee when pronounced soft, as in measure* (sh-zh need not be dropped for purposes of distinction, but may be dropped whenever convenient for the purpose of saving the unnecessary connective upstroke, as shown.) 9. th, dh (with the letter t curved), called iih when sounded hard, as in throat; called dhee when sounded soft, as in tho* 10. wh (with w dropped), called ivhay* 11. xp (with x dropped), called xp* Consonant Values of ph, c, g and q. 12. ph, pronounced f, should be written with /. fdadelfia, fotograf, fonograf. c hard, ch hard and ck (properly the sound of k), with • c, which is preferred to the letter k for these letters, by reason of being the briefer character: choral-corrall (written coral), chronic (cronic), knuckle (nucl), echo (ceo), architect (arcitect), archive (arciv), chloroform (do ro form), lack (lac), thick (Ihic), tack (tac), &c. Letter k may be retained, however, in words in which the common spelling has k alone, i. e., dissociated from e, as in kite, kind, like, kick, (fete), &c. c soft with s* g soft, with j* lew, cqu, cho, with q* 24 The Vowels. 13. Long a may be distinguished from short a by writ- ing the former with an up-stroke through the letter (as is fre- quently done in ordinary usage), and the latter in the more usual form.* 34. Long e may be written in the form of the small capital, and short e in the more usual form.* 15. Long i may be written as usual, and short i without the dot.* 16. Long o may be written with an up-stroke or a down- stroke through its center, according to which gives the better junction, and short o in the more usual form.* 17. oo, long as in boot, loop, as well as in the shorter sound heard in foot, root, may be reduced to one character (since in ordinary usage these sounds never conflict) by writing a single o slightly dropped, as in the case of the digraphs.* 18. au, aw, oa, ou, when having the sound of broad a, as in taught, law, broad, ought, may be written with a dropped.* 19. oi, as in boil, by elevating the o slightly and omitting the i* 20. ow, ou, as in how, out, by dotting the o* 21. Long u may be distinguished from short u by drop- ping the former.* a. The dropping or elevating of letters just described is analogous to the practise quite common among longhand writers, of indicating, by the raising or lowering of the last written letter of a Avord, the omission of preceding or following letters, also in writing dates, denominations, fractions, &c, and will after a few trials be found to fall very naturally into habitual use in the foregoing abbreviations. b. There are many words in which the distinctions above pre- scribed between long and short vowels, are not essential to perfect legibility, as illustrated by the words only, after, upon, echo, frost, &c. The reader recognizes at once the word intended, as any other pronun- ciation would produce a word unknown to the language. 25 c. In another class of words the different sounds associated with the vowel letters in the common longhand spelling, are quite essential to be distinguished in the one-letter-one-sound spelling of a phonetic al- phabet.* Diphthongs. 22. It will generally be found, in words of common usage, quite sufficient to indicate double vowels by a small double angle, detached, as the context will indicate the word unerringly; the angle being placed in its proper order with the letters of the word, and at any point of elevation most con- venient.* 23. As a general rule, however, proper names and other words whose precise diphthong would not be at once sug- gested, should have their diphthongs denoted in full.* 24. Long .e may be frequently omitted from prefix de. dpend, dfeat, dvour, dvice, dfy, dory, &c. 25. Omit e before x. xchange, xplain. xpose, xpire, xel or xl (excel), &c. SILENT LETTERS. 26. All silent letters, and many vowels heard so slightly that their identity is obscured, and therefore having no phonetic value, can be safely omitted, as in the ordinary abbreviated spelling, as indicated by the renderings shown in parentheses in the following words: sighed (*td), thigh (thi), head (hed), enough (enuf), puffy {pufy), apple (apl), tarry (ran/), tally (taly), possess (poses), thick (thic), thorough (thoro), though (tho), shall (shal), express (xprcs), thicken (thicn), ripen (ripn), open (opn), mischief (mschf), precious (pre-shs), ferocious (fro-sh-s), officious (ofish-s), measure (me-sh-r), example (sam]il), humble (umbl), tangle (tangl), thumb (thum), limb (Urn), lamb (lam), own (on), moan (mon), honest (onst), captain (captn), message (mesg), moment (momnt), Robert (Bobrt), separate (seprt), ebony (ebny), guttural (gutrl), mature (mtur), political (plitcl.) UNVOWELLED OUTLINES. 27. It is well understood among stenographers and 26 others who have used unvowelled spelling to any extent, that the mas* of words are amply distinguished by their con- sonant outlines, and that as the custom of omitting vowels is continued, more and more of them become unnecessary. The use of Position Writing, as explained at r 126, makes it possible to indicate the vowel sounds without ac- tually writing them, except in the case of an occasional word which the writer learns instinctively to distinguish by insert- ing a necessary vowel, such exceptions being in general accented vowels, diphthongs, long vowels initially and finally, and other vowels which specially distinguish vowel from consonant beginnings and endings in outlines otherwise alike. While considerable practise is required to employ position writing uniformly, it may be, like the other expedients re- quiring time for full mastery, employed at first in occasional outlines which the writer will learn very soon to distinguish in that manner, and the practise thereby afforded may be relied upon to familiarize the method for general use. INITIAL VOWEL TICK. 28. Many slurred vowels of the ciass described in r 26, when occurring initially in words, serve merely as a general indication to the ear that such words have a vowel instead of a consonant beginning. Such vowels may be con- veyed to the eye with equal clearness by a like general indi- cation, in the form of an initial tick, merely to distinguish vowel from consonant beginnings. In many words, also, which begin with vowels heard more distinctly, their identity is sufficiently indicated by the re- mainder of their outlines. There is therefore a large class of words commonly used in which initial short vowels generally, and long vowels 27 occasionally, may be indicated iti this general May only, by the Initial Vowel Tick. This tick is joined at a right angle to the succeeding consonant letter.* In the case of consonants /, r and s, which begin with an up-stroke, an elongation of the up-stroke may be used instead of the right-angle tick, as affording a more facile junction.* 29. Initial vowels should, as a general ruh . however," {except in connection with position writing) be written with their specific characters in words of only one syllable and in words beginning with a long vowel or a diphthong.* STROKES. 30. t, d; nt, nd; ted, drd: mnt, mnd, may be denoted by short strokes, or ticks, as follows : 31. t (medially and finally in words), by a right-angle stroke, intersecting the preceding letter ; or with letter t joined or disjoined, and, for convenience, somewhat shortened.* The letters w. s., or p. accompanying a word or phrase in the follow- ing word-lists, indicate that such word or phrase is provided with a shorter outline in the list of word signs or of phrases at page 49 and 62, respectively. 32. d, (medially and finally), by a downward stroke, or tick, slanting, usually, to the left, like the straight modifica- tion of the comma sign used by many writers, which may be joined or disjoined, according to preference. This tick may be slanted to the right in any instance where that direction offers a better junction, as after letters ,;' and ish, and may, for the same reason, be written with an upward slant after letters o, q, v and w* 33. nt (finally), by a short, curved stroke, at a right angle concaved on its upper side, joined or disjoined.* (See "39.) 34. nd (finally), by a like concave stroke, slanting up- 28 ward or downward, joined or disjoined. (See ^39.) 35. ted (finally), by a straight stroke at a right angle, generally joined.* 36. ded (finally), by a straight stroke slanting upward, generally joined.* It will be observed that (he ded-stroke and the upward tick for d, recommended after o, g, v and w, incline in the same direction. HenCe the latter should be written as a short tick, and the former as a stroke of about the length of letters j, t, I, &c. ded, however, is not a very frequent termination, and after a little experience with abbreviated writing, may be safely indicated, like the termination ted, by the hori- zontal stroke, particularly if at a later stage the writer elects to use as a character for the letter r the upward stroke here assigned to final ded. 37. mnt (finally), by a stroke at a right angle, concaved on its under side, joined or disjoined.* (See ^39.) 38. mnd (finally), by a like stroke slanting upward or downward, but generally downward, joined or disjoined.* (See T39.) It will be noted in the outlines that after mnt and mnd the upward <7-stroke is used. 39. The strokes for nt, nd; mnt, mnd, may also be used initially, medially and concurrently.* THE I DOT. ■40. The short voted i. which occurs so frequently in the terminations ty, ity, ehj, idy and many others, may be indi- cated by a dot placed beside the bottom of the consonant which it precedes or follows.* 41. The clot for short i may also be written to the strokes.* The writer may take up at any stage desired the further us. 1 of some or all of the complete list of detached vow?l signs at page 71, according to his convenience. They will be found of the greatest service and to require, with most writers, only a moderate amount of practise in order to be used quite extensively. 29 THE SHUN STROKE. 42. (a) The syllables tion, sion, sian, shion, Han. &<■., all pronounced shun, or as a slight modification thereof, may be added after all letters (except j, t and ith) by prolonging their terminations in the form of a curved stroke or flourish, in the direction which conforms most easily to an uninter- rupted movement of the hand, as shown.* Shun After j, t and ith. (b) After letters j, t and ith the shun syllables are added by a large hook formed on the right-hand side.* The TER HOOK. 43. The syllables ter, tin >\ tor, tire, ture, &e, may be added after all letters (except ith) by a large hook turned downward on letters having no stems, and. on letters having stems, turned on the side opposite that assigned to the shun hook.* Ter After Letter ith. 44. On the curved letter ith, the ter syllables are added by writing the letter twice its normal length.* Shun and Ter After Strokes. 4o. Shun is added to all the strokes described at 11130-38 inclusive, in its hook form. The ter hook is added on the straight strokes for t and d only, as it cannot be formed on the convex side of curved strokes" or curved stems.* Strokes After Other Breves. 46. In like manner, any of the strokes mentioned at r *^30-38 may be added after the brief signs for shun and ter by being joined to or stricken through the latter; as also a following letter or vowel dot, in the manner shown.* 30 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS. 47. Con, com. cum, cog, as initial syllables, may be indi- cated by a short dash, or tick, disjoined, placed over the top of letters and at the beginning of strokes.* 48. Accom may be represented by a like dash.* 49. All the foregoing syllables, including accom., may be indicated medially in words by proximity, i. <•.. by writing the syllables preceding and following them disconnectedly, omitting the dash.* 50. ing, as a filial syllable, may be represented by a dot at the bottom of letters and at the end of all modifications.* 51. ings, by changing the ing-dot to a small circle. 52. ing-a, by changing the ing-dot to a slanting tick. 53. ing-the, by forming the tick at a right angle. 54. The pronoun I, and long i as an initial syllable, by a slanting tick, either standing alone or joined to a following verb, and written upward or downward, according to which gives the better junction.* And, by the longhand letter t£\ or by a dot above the line.* An, by a like dot above the line.* A, bj^ the letter a, as usual, or by a dot on the line.* The, by a dot below the line.* And-a, by a small acute angle, above the line, pointing to the right.* And-the, by a small right angle above the line, as shown.* Have, by a downward tick, in the direction of letter j, — written above the line.* Of, by a like tick on the line.* All, by a like tick below the line.* How, by a vertical tick above the line.* He and him, by a vertical tick on the line.* ~\Yho and whom, by a vertical tick below the line.* 31 A or and is added to all the foregoing ticks, (except the i-tick) by joining thereto a following tick slanting upward* The is added to the same ticks by joining thereto a follow- ing horizontal tick.* It will be noted that the ticks for I and have are the same. This, however, will occasion no conflict, as the context in which they occur is always sufficiently distinguishing. As the context will also show whether the nominative or the objec- tive of the pronouns he and who is intended, the vertical tick on the line is safely used for he and him, and the vertical tick below the line, for who and whom. OPTIONAL STEMS FOR M AND N. 55. M. For this three-loop letter may be substituted the shorthand m, consisting of a one-loop stem, concaved on its lower side, like mnt-strokc, but of the same length as let- ter t* 56. N. This letter may be written with a curved stem concaved on its upper side, like nt-stroke, of the same length as stem m* The use of the stem for m and n, and for j, t and ith, heretofore recommended, is attended by conditions quite unlike those arising from its use in close and uninterrupted succession for the twenty -five consonant letters of the phonetic alphabet of shorthand. In this limited use the distinctions secured by the direction of slant are kept within bounds easily and naturally accomplished, while the shading distinctions are avoided entirely, and the variations in length apply only as between the strokes for nt, mnt, and the stems for m and n, these distinctions being further emphasized by context so as seldom to occasion conflict in any event. Within these limits the stem fulfils a function similar to that of the other adjuncts, and may be used with great advantage, because of its brevity, particularly as a substitute for the three-loop letter m and its near relative, the two-loop 71. For these reasons these two stems ;i> as well as for pp.* 34 It will be noted that this lengthening expedient for denoting con- sonants repeated is to be used only when the sounds of the consonants are repeated, as in the words given in the lists, and not when a letter is repeated in the ordinary spelling to represent but one sounding of its consonant, as in the words apple, happy, thinner, buggy, &e., in all of which eases but one consonant sound is heard, and therefore but one should be written. The s-CIRCLE. Initially. 66. The consonants s and z may be written with a small circle, always joined. (a) Initially the s-circle requires a stem for its most natural junction, and therefore a little practise may be neces- sary to use it with full freedom at the beginning of letters a, d, c, g, o, q, and, perhaps, with some writers, at the begin- ning of e and i. It may be employed occasionally, however, with advantage before these letters, to begin with, and will very soon become familiarized so that it may be used quite generally.* (b) To the beginning of the remaining letters the .circle is joined with the greatest facility.* Finally. 67. As a final adjunct the circle affords a natural junc- tion on all letters.* 68. The circle is formed initially and finally on all cap- itals, on double-length letters and stems, and on strokes; also finally on the hooks.* Medially in Words. 69. The circle is used medially in words, as well as initially and finally, as shown in a number of examples in the list to which reference is directed after reading H70. 70. In an occasional outline the use of the circle medially may require a little practise to be formed with entire freedom 35 of movement. If this is found to be the case, the writer may- continue the use of letter s until a satisfactory facility is ac- quired in this use of the circle. In order, however, that the use of the circle may now be understood in all its functions, these are fully illustrated in the list of outlines under this paragraph.* Consonant and Vowel Endings Distinguished. 71. Letter s or z is used, instead of the circle, when fol- lowed by a final vowel; as the circle, when used finally, is always the last thing read. Therefore the use of letter s or z in that position always implies of itself a following vowel. which vowel need not be written unless for some reason it is "specially distinguishing.* Consonant and Vowel Beginnings Distinguished. 72. The initial vowel tick may be used before s-circle whenever conveniently joined.* 7'>. When an initial vowel tick and s-circle cannot be joined to a following letter, letter s or z must be used initially. Letter s or z in that position therefore implies of itself a pre- ceding vowel, which vowel may be indicated by the elongated upstroke before letter s (^28) or by its specific sign if ne< essary. s-Circle for Words and in Phrases. 74. The s-circle offers an excellent short form for the words as, has, is and his, either alone or in phrases, as shown.* The ss CIRCLE. 75. A large circle may be used initially, finally and medially for s repeated, in syllables like ses, sis, soc, sus, sys, cisp, &c* When for any reason the .ss-circle cannot easily be made of ample siw, :i dot may be placed within it to distinguish it from the s-circle. 36 76. The initial vowel tick may precede the ss-eircle in like manner as the s-circle.* 77. The small circle may be added to the large circle for an additional s* 78. The ss-circle is useful for the following phrases.* The st LOOP. 79. st or zd may be denoted by a small loop turned on letters with stem ending or beginning, and on strokes.* 80. On letters without stem endings, st-zd is denoted, finally, by an open loop carried to top of the letter.* 81. The t may be omitted in words of the following class.* 82. Before letters having no stem beginning, the con- sonants st are written with s-circle and letter /.* 83. st is added after hooks by a small half loop.* 84. (a) The s-circle is added to the sMoop for a follow- ing s* (b) the nt and mnt strokes following the loop are either joined or disjoined, whichever is the more convenient;* (c) and the termination sted is written with s-circle and tcd- stroke* 85 The s£-loop is used for the following phrases.* The str LOOP. 86. ster, stir, stare, &c, as final syllables or combinations, and occasionally medially in words, may be written with loops corresponding in form to the sMoops, but made larger Avhen closed, (as on stems.) and longer when open, (as on non-stem letters) .* 87. The str loop is used for the following phrases.* 88. The s-circle is added to the str loop in the same man- ner as to the sf-loop.* 89. The strokes may be joined to the end of the loop or stricken through it, whichever is the more convenient.* 37 452148 90. The final i dot may be placed after this loop only, for a final vowel, in the manner shown, to distinguish the ter- minations ter, try ; tor, tory, &c* 91. After non-stem letters the ing-dot is placed within the sir loop, thus distinguishing it from the dot for final t\* 1 and r HOOKS. 92. A following I, which coalesces with its preceding con- sonant, or is separated from it by only a slight vowel sound, or one naturally supplied by the context, may be- indicated, on straight stems, by a smal> initial hook, turned on the right hand side.* 93. A following r occurring in the same way, may be added by a like initial hook turned on the left hand side.* 94. On curved stems, Z is added by an initial large hook; r. by an initial small hook, turned on the inside thereof.* When an /hook or other peculiarity of outline interferes with the joining of the Iuitial Vowel Tick, a dot may be substituted for the tick. 95. As the consonants ntr, ndr, are more conveniently written with double-length n-stem, or with letter n and ter- hook, the r hook is not used on the nt-nd strokes.* 96. The use of the initial hooks, as written on stems, is illustrated fully in the following list, which, like the lists in general, is intended also as a review.* 97. The use of the initial hooks, as written on non-stem letters, (except c, o and ish,) is illustrated in the following list. (The initial hooks are not used on c, o and ish.)* Initial Hooks Added to Strokes. 98. The I and r hooks are also used on the several strokes, except as described at ^95.* The Circle and Initial Hooks. 99. The s-cirele is turned on the inside of the Z-hook for an initial s* 38 100. Note. To add both s-circle and r-hook, the former is simply 'written on the r-hook side, without having to be turned inside the hook.* The combination of circle and initial hook, however, is used chiefly on letters p and t, for the frequently occurring coalescents spl, spr, str, and to a more limited extent for stl, as in the word settle and its deriva- tives.* Initial Hooks Used Primarily When 1 and r Coalesce. 101. As already explained, the use of the initial hooks in words in which the following 2 or r does not coalesce with its preceding consonant, involves the omission of the inter- vening vowel. In such instances the hooks should not be used unless the omitted vowel can be readily inferred in the act of reading, -and should scarcely ever be used when the hook consonant would be both preceded and followed by a distinct vowel.* Initial Hooks on Capitals and Double Lengths. 102. The I and r hooks are also serviceable on the cap- itals shown (*102-104) and on the double-lengths, for many outlines, some of which will require a certain amount of memorizing before being used extensively, but many of which can be incorporated into one's style at a very early stage. 103. On the capitals the hooks are formed as shown, and are read between the two consonants represented by the cap- ital.® 104. On the double-length letters the hooks are joined precisely as on the single-length equivalents, and are likewise read between the two consonants represented by the double- length letter.* FINAL HOOKS FOR f-v and n. 105. A following / or v may be added on letters and straight stems by a small final hook in the same direction as 39 the large shun hook: on curved 'Stems, by a hirw// final hook in the same direction as the large tcr hook; on curved stents, by a s»w// final hook.* 107. The final hooks are the last thing rend except the circles for 8. ss and the strokes.* 108. The f-v hook is occasionally added after s circle, but ii after s-circle is preferably written with stem n or letter n* 109. Xotc. The .s-circle following f-v hook is turned on the inside thereof; but following the >/-hook. the circle is merely transferred to the //-hook side, in which position it indicates both n and s* 110. While ans. ens. &<•.. are written with the H-hook and s-circle, as shown at *100. ness may be distinguished by being written with stem //. or letter ». and s-circle.* 111. The f-v hook on curved stems (theoretically longer and narrower than the slum hook, but practically the same.) is used only in a few special phrases, in unvocalized outlines.* 112. The n hook is added after ter hook, ster loop and let- ters for the word than in phrases like the following.* 113. AVhen f-v or n is followed by a final vowel, the let- ter or stem characters are used, but when those consonants are themselves the final element, the hooks are used, thus distinguishing consonantal from vowel endings. 114. (a) The f-v and n hooks on double-length letters are read after the second consonant represented by such dou- ble-lengths, as already explained at ^107.* (b) This rendering, however, finds application in but a limited number of words, comparatively, and while freely used for such words, the same combination of double-length and hook is used also for another rendering quite different and of more frequent application. In the second of these renderings 40 the lengthening of the letter does not repeat the first conson- ant, bnt adds tr to it. the tr taking effect after the hook.* This dual function of the lengthening principle and final hook combined, is a very common expedient in shorthand practise, and is found to be free from the slightest difficulty, owing to the fact that the distinctions relied upon are fully supplied by the context in which words of these two classes occur. Outlines of the ftr-ntr class, however, can be vocalized by the de- tached method only; yet they can be used in many instances without vowels.* 115. Initial and final hooks are used for are, have and will on the ticks for /. how. he. him, who, have, of and all. in the following phrases.* PUNCTUATION MARKS. 116. The marks for indicating punctuation conform gen- erally to those used in ordinary longhand, with the exception that in place of dots a small cross is substituted.* THE STEM ALPHABET. 117. In order that the option may be had of choosing the outlines of greatest brevity for the list of Special Pre- fixes and Suffixes which is given at page 43, of Word Signs at page 10. and of Phrases at page 62, the pure shorthand signs are there given as alternatives whenever they offer an outline that is shorter and at the same time practical. 118. As these alternative outlines introduce stems not heretofore presented, the complete stem alphabet is given herewith, for the convenience of those who desire to make use of it. in the limited manner suggested, in writing the contrac- tions referred to.* 119. With the two exceptions of I and r, which are explained at If 120- 122, all vertical and slanting stems are written in a downward direction ; all horizontal stems, from left to right. In the examples given at ,r 120-122 to illustrate the gen- eral rules as to the direction of writing I and r, the vowels there writ- ten detached (in the letter forms already used) will make the illustra- 41 tions clear. In pure shorthand each of these vowels would be denoted by one of the detached dots or dashes shown in the vowel scale at *143. 120. (a) I is written upward when standing alone* (b) Upward or downward when joined to following stems, accord- ing to which gives the better junction, the general rule being to write it downward after initial vowels, and upward when it is itself the initial letter.* (c) Upward when followed by a final vowel.* (d) Downward when I itself is the final element.* 121. The straight stem for r is always written upward.* 122. The curved stem for r is always written downward, and (like downward I) is used chiefly after initial vowels, *a; before horizontal stems, *b, and when r is the final element of a word, *c; upward r being used when followed by a vowel as the final element of a word, *d. The foregoing rules are scarcely necessary to be stated for the limited use of the stems embodied in the contractions referred to, but have been here set forth for reference on the part of any writers wlm may at a later stage desire to employ in their general style a larger use of the stems than has been prescribed in the preceding pages of the Manual. OPTIONAL STEM for r and rd. 123. (a) Not to complicate unduly the style of writing for beginners, the use of stems has been limited to that already recommended, including only those for j, t, ith, m and n, the last two optional. If a further use of stems is found de- sirable by any, that for r should be the next taken up. This stem offers a convenient form for r, particularly for initial re and final ry; and a half-length r can be safely used for the termination rd; or, if preferred, stem r and d-stroke may be used for this latter termination.* (b) If the stem is used for r, the ded-slrokc, so called, ( r 36 and note following) should be discontinued, and ded may be safely written with the same horizontal stroke that is used lor ted. The terminations ted and ded are sufficiently distinguished by context to avoid confusion thru the use of the same sign for both.* (c) If the half-length r is adopted for rd, the upward 42 tick for d after o, q, v. w (^32), should like wise be discon- tinued, and d after such letters written with the downward tick slanting to the right, or with the straight comma tick disjoined.* (d) The downward, or curved, stem for r may be used, if desired, when r is the final letter of a word, and the up- ward, straight r when followed by a vowel, thus distinguish- ing consonant from vowel endings.* (e) Or the upward stem may be used exclusively and a final vowel indicated by a dot or specific vowel.* SHORT SIGNS FOR w and y. 124. Another expedient used occasionally in the special contractions for Prefixes and Suffixes, Word Signs and Phrases, consists in the short forms for w and y given here- with, Avhose application will be readily understood from the outlines in which they occur in the lists of those contractions. SPECIAL PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 125. This list is especially advised for all writers. By learning the few abbreviations therein contained, hundreds of words can be cut down one-half or more. The abbrevia- tions are all very suggestive, are therefore easily memorized, and can be put into use at once. (The stem equivalents given may be used at the option of the writer.) alogy-ology, written with j, disjoined. •analogy, etymology, philology, tautology, phrenology, geology, physiology, &c. alogist-ologist. •etymologist, philologist, mineralogist, &c. alogical-ological. •genealogical, theological. able, ably; ble, bly, — with b, joined or disjoined. 43 •fashionable y, lamentable y, inseparable-y, i'avorable-y (w. s.), exeeptionable-y returnable, indigestible-y, curable, permissible y, ac- cessible-y, exhaustible, excitable, &<•. ability-ibility, — with b and t-stroke. *saleability, excitability, cxplainahility, permissibility, accessibil- ity, incontestibilty. bJeness, fulness, iveness, lessness, — with bs, fs, vs and Is respectively, disjoined. •variableness, agreenbleuess, teachableness, changeableness (w. s.), peaceableness ; joyfulness, painfulness, wastefulness, hurtfulness, healtht'ulness; construetiveness, persuasiveness, destructiveness, alimentiveness, se- cretiveness, decisiveness, comprehensiveness, extensiveness, expensiveness, acquisitiveness, posith cness ; shanielessness, fearlessness, worthlessness (w. s.), thanklessness (w. s), iaultiessness, endlessness, heedlessness, carelessness, helplessness, list lessness, recklessness. ever, — with letter v, joined or disjoined, •evermore, everlasting, overliving, wherever (w. s.), whichever, (w. s.), forever (w. s.), whenever (w. s.). On ticks, with v hook. "however, whoever. ficial. — with f-ish, joined or disjoined. •official, beneficial, sacrificial, artificial. for, fore, form, — with f, joined or disjoined. •forbear, forbade, forbears, forbore, forever, forget-ing, forgot (distinguished), forgotten, forgive-n-ing-ness (give w. 8.). foreknown, foreknowledge (w. s.), foreman, forerunner, foreordain, foreordination, foreknew, forebode-ing. form-ed-er-ing-crly-ation, formally, inform-ed-er-ing-ation, reform, conform, misinform. magna, magne, magni, — by m placed above the remainder of the outline. *magnanimous-imity, magna charta, magnetize-d-ing-ation, magnet- ism, magnetic, magnesia iuni, magnify, magnitude, magnificent, magnilo- quent. mental-ly, mentality, — by mnt stroke, disjoined. •sacrament-al, elementally, fundamentally, complement-al, compli- ment -al, detriment ally, instrument-al-ality, experimentally (w. b.), ornamentally, supplementally, monumentally, rudimental-Jy. mrntary, — by mnt stroke and r-hook. disjoined. 44 'elementary, complementary-complimentary, rudimentary. ncial, ntial. — by n-hook, or n-stem, omitting the remaining letters. •financial, circumstantial (w. s.), substantial, prudential, confiden- tial. self, — by s-cirele on the line, disjoined. 'self-evident, s-interest, s-esteem, s-culture, s-defense, s-dependent, s-destructive-tion-iveness, s-edueate-d-ing-tion, s-examination, s-help, s-love s-possessed-sion, s-reproach, s-protection, s-righteous-ness, s-same, s-sufficient (w. s.), swilled, selfish-uess-ly, s support ing, s-reliant-ance, s-sustaining; herself, ourself (distinguished), myself, thyself, himself, yourself, itself, one 's self. self-corn, by placing the s-circle in the position of the cow- dash. *selfcompIacent, s-eoneeit-ed, s-confessed, s-conscious-ness, s-eonvict- ed-ing-tion. selves, — by the ss-circle, joined. 'themselves, ourselves, yourselves (w. s.). ship, — by ish, disjoined. 'courtship, hardship, stewardship, friendship, horsemanship, work- manship, partnership, copartnership, executorship, clerkship, township, flagship, workship, unship , reship-ed-ing. soever. — with letter s and r-hook. 'whenccsoever, howsoever, whomsoever, whithersoever, wheresoever (w. s.). super. — by letter s placed above remainder of outline. 'supernumerary, s-fluous, s-ficial, s-intend-ant-ing-ance (w. s), 8- iority, s-impose-d-ing, s-structure, s-erogation, s-heated, s-sensitive, u- stition. trith, by ith, joined or disjoined. 'withal, withdraw-n-ing-al, withold, witheld, within, withstand, withstood ; forthwith, wherewithal (w. s.). worthy, — by short w-sign prefixed to ith, joined or disjoined from the following letter. 'worth-ily-iness, noteworthy, seaworthv-iuess. 45 THE WORD SIGNS AND PHRASES WRITTEN IN THREE POSITIONS. 126. The well known and invaluable shorthand expedient of writing words in different positions with respect to the line of writing, is introduced in the following arrangement of the Word Signs and Phrases, since by this means the vowels may be indicated without having to be written. 127. These positions are designated respectively first place, second place and third place. A first place outline is written above the line of writing; a second place outline, on the line, and a third place outline, through or below the line. 128. The position in which an outline shall be written is determined by its leading, i. e., its accented, vowel sound, and the vowel sounds are divided into three groups corresponding to the three positions above described.* 129. A word is written in the first place when its accented vowel, (or its only vowel, if it have but one.) belongs to the first-place group ; and in like manner the vowels of the second and the third place groups determine when a word shall be written in the second- or the third place. 130. When a consonant outline is composed of several letters or stems, written at different levels, the function of position letter is assigned to the first script letter, or the first slanting or vertical stem, as the case may be, which occurs in that particular outline, and not to any horizontal stem which may occur therein. A preceding horizontal stem is joined to such position letter or stem at any level which may be neces- sary to carry the latter into its required position; and, like- wise, all following characters are added, (at any level they may happen to fall into,) to such position letter. In other words, the first occurring letter, slanting or vertical stem, talcs t he place position, without regard to the position into 46 which the non-position characters may fall. Therefore, in reading the outlines, and also in writing them, regard is had only to the position letter in determining the position of any particular word.* 131. "When an outline is composed wholly of one or more horizontal stems, these are of course used as position letters.* 132. Consonants in the first position are written half the length of letter t above the line; in the second position, on the line; in the third position, through or below the line; except that double length letters in the first position terminate just above the line ; in the seeond position, slightly below the line ; in the third position, about equally divided by the line.* 133. In position writing the digraphs chay, emb, ing, whay and xp, (W4-11) when occurring with other letters or strokes in a word, may be distinguished in the usual way by being dropped slightly beldw such other letters or strokes.* 134. In the few instances in which one of the foregoing digraphs occurs as the only consonant in a word not other- wise distinguished, the digraph may be accompanied by and dropped below the necessary vowel letter.* 135. The digraphs may be distinguished from letters c, m, n, w and x as simple letters in the third position, by writ- ing the digraphs through the line, and the simple letters below the line, i. e., in the third position. NOTE— 136. So far as the position distinctions enter into the use of the word signs and phrases, it would be quite possible to memorize them arbitrarily, but an understanding of the un- derlying principles will assist in learning them, by way of suggestion. Position, writing, however, is recommended for general use as fast as it can be acquired, a few words at a 47 time, particularly for many of the commonest weirds, like to, it, at. by, be, and a mass of words of that class, which the writer can quickly learn to distinguish in this way, so as to save writing their vowels. 48 WORD SIGNS. A • are, our, hour .....££, an or and architect-ure. according, according to as or has ,A acknowledge ./..... assemble-y ^?X\. ■.&£.. &7T*... administratrix Xfr astonish-ed advantage /,. bank-note .tV^>j< advertise bankrupt , -f\---\ eh 2 baptism km...£X. !fe almost &T. because .„ become, Q all y.^X....^ became U. already J\. before //?... \ controveisy, bretheren u?....@T.....A controvert b. brother Jfr... <7^"....A correct £& brotherinlaw w^...£T....\^. could but fc.j£f..A county JS can cross-examine K. capable Crr cross-question W; captain S\..... danger ...Qa ca.hoHc %.. Decent dU.^.-fife*.. certificate crt...QT....ft^l.... defendant £. ircutnstance £. develop ^fj^...OX...(?i^. f did d citizen collect C_ difference-en t .J. come C*-. difficult-y .^....OS.....^.. consequence Dp?..... dignify 7^' consequent <3.t?..... dignity .y\ contingency, tingent | discriminate.. 50 ..OX. distinct .j[. familiarity....^. Q7F. . . .{J. . . . do .Cf..... favorable .«-=? .. dollar February .jL{?- domestic ^Ts/.)..QX..cL^() financial ...^^....CrX.....^^. during i first V. OX. fsa... Zt first f each ^. for, form «Cr. OrM. ^«... electric as. from .£7t7 :.... endeavor „V gave Q Episcopal J/X/.-)....; general ly J.. ' Y/ / equality y. generation lj. especial-ly Jf\.. gentleman \. establish ' gentlemen XT. estimate .&)..... gent •/■. Evangelical 7HZ... give-n. V. go. Cf 9 exclude. .X govern {7. exclusive J& governor expect \A had d c r- experience. X half TI....QX. ertraordinary has or as. I familiar J. ..j©T. ...J. „ have 51 he I intelligence ...$( objection \X\. .#X. \) memoranda \H^.. . 9Z. CH^T.. . ( observe, 1&1 ., . lltf. . .r. parliament ary f . .. A negligent .'..\.>r. parliament ary never tXi part nevertheless rSrfo. particular "~7J . . nobodv Y\... &$.... .>r?>. particularity . 1 notwithstanding peculiar November AM peculiarity. *P now, new (^59) J pecuniary /)• number U..£T....\ people 53 ~/r perform 7l question Qi perpendicular L railroad fim>.$f. ...^fa .. ../ resurrection JM\.p2k?...$t..£,. reverend <^Tk ...... spoke-n I0:....j> .^ several .Y. subject LT..&X !> soever ^U subscribe 12<3&...SX... JSUW shall or..... subscription. P y d....Cr?......^/j.... should ...PT:..^) suggestion -tive U...j > ...0. significance-ant .^/L ^....jA superintend-ent signify yQ. superintendence similar ., .. somewhat..^.!.. CX...#!^ svstem p? ( rbere^*. < tt^.J#.4C>/ thank ' > ....#£.. . V\ the somehow C XYS. CrT..... that S. southeast -v there, their, they are \. 55 them v. were, where ft.... 05.. S..... these P.T....Y. what .Of. ...„. .... Z J thing. ft. when £•.... 01.... yj?. . thiuk /. which £.. together Q. while true Jl who, whom truth 1 whose fc understood s «r* width ?.. tmdersigned S*~rrffr: with /., uniform »j without United States IL world $. universe Mtf. worth k. university... ,Utf\ worthy . k. usual -ly .....0X...) would ffX 2 At J was (<•.... year we en H you ' your xj>-u- m ~n 56 THE DERIVATIVES OF THE WORD-SIGN WORDS. 136. The derivatives of the words written with word- signs are Avritten in accordance with the rules for joining to words in general their various terminations. Therefore, Avhen a word-sign itself is learned the forms for its several termina- tions are suggested by general principles and do not have to be memorized arbitrarily, like the word-signs themselves. The following list will be of assistance as a further review of the general rules and in more quickly acquiring the best forms for this useful list of abbreviations. accordingly becoming-ly... JJ....JJ/L acknowledged-ing-ment.^.../. .TV... beforehand sL±...CF?....\.'!-. I advantageous^ly^ness, " \ disadvantage foJw.Ja^DXJh^ A, believed-ing-ablef 1 LWt^O.. ladvertised-ing-e^^H^ fe't&.SVV ( ment .». vf belonged-ing;ings.r/. .»..©. .J...... :...•. f capability always <£ \ incapability.^.^^4.^.^^ angelic .s/.. certifi\:ated-tionofy...7.^ 5 electrical-ly-tficity-tro-trode- - > y S electrical-ly-tricity-1 11&...C....C..C. jtrif collected-or-ing-tionSr...>wt...Q...C- \ trify-trification coming consequential £y7.. endeavored ing-er.TY/...7y^.....TVCl. controversial (/.X Episcopacy-alian....Z/^....Zy^£... corrected-ing-ly-tion-nessQ;fri.C<.'. established-ing-ment..... r? S^i...Ui^.dh^.Of..^i^. estimated-ing-tion-orjO.if^P \ endanger ( tih.....Q^ll..7^y. excluded-ing-sion-sive-ly.?s j> v . escriptive-tion.... .//.«.. ..../!>,.... extraordinarily .\™>. developed-ing-ment<^..C^..Co/ familiarly, unfamili developed-ing-ment<^..(^..Coi familiarly, unfamiliar /L./^./.X^.. differed-ing-ential-entiation...^y.... financially....!/^/. •qt-Tsh^-Tafe^ firstly f difficultly .Jb. fornied-ing-ation-ality..£ 4 dignifying, undignified;^:. .^L. ,'.jL{..tiT.Jte....f£.. ' U"* n "•■atSon ,/d ej n U... fp .y^p K ^..^^^..y^....^A : ^..... gentlemanly. ( rlietinptnccchnti • — ' r i : discriminated a' A Jigenerawbn./degenerationvregeii- m g- tlon />Wy^ \eration U. a. 7X. {^..y^....^^..... gentlemanly f distinctness-tion, • .— > < governed-ing-ment { indis.inc,^^.^ ^ -r#*fcfc s~J y] j helpless-lessneSs-fuL? */? /? domesticate-ding-ation .SrifrX^J. j fulness .^.O.^^.^.^rLia 58 -ai. ^ C ^ $n I historic \ histrionic ....'.". '..7......'..^...!.. opinionate-d....yL....y' .... J hopeless-lessnesfi, ~ ' 7 . I \ ful-fulness... y ?^./]/ta../\ r ---A-/)^ performance immed iately-ness...^v - 9 preliminarily fl^Jj. inference-tiatyCj^.S'n^r^ probability (L inform-er-ation ^h- 77^fT7>. publication .h^ ^L/...QT..'^1> recollected-ing-tion./L./L.Zl.. infiuential-ly TT^U. . . . tTlL, reform-ed-er-iug-ation A.A..A... inscription.^^...^..^^^.. ^ A y..y.^...^..^>.....t<> manufacturer-ory ?C.. r.. remembrance <\1<&. j represented-ing^ q. o • membership MtV^. /??"... ge,,teel ™£L*# corporal, corporeal... /y%---w»- ■■■■■■ Ood, guide f. .* d %> °hh a n caused, cost hold, held fy £. ( damnation, dimension, . mission, machine ... . PT . Y.. . promise, premise. /^? .iCV7&.... truth, true I ~ Cf._ property, propriety ../hj...../Yl... valuable, voluble .. £ proportion, preparation A... A^_. valuation, violation ._ prosecution, persecutiot/Vx^y?V.4? valiant, violent proscribe, prescribe W.l? 1 -...!^.. woman, women.. QT... £— #" Prussia, Persia 1l.. ../l£v_ uO 61 PHRASES all there ££.. as good as always there •(^ff*) as g reat as !?.... GO.. as the, as to as soon as ._.... 4o- j as there-their si ft \ has there-their ~.. as well as s&a. $ as there is, /^ i as their bas 77.. at all <\ any other, • I in there-their ., at the fy. no other !w_r*rrf.. at all events another time TTT: at all times no other time ^^^rTrrr^] ;LJL: . at another any other time ._. at another time are all £T. at the same ti are not cry at some time. at their „ 62 Baptist Church .UT^L. can there be...7r?..../?T....^\. bear in miad...V^.^.K.....Rf. can this h^ I because there- J\ c C ran w«» ^ t / their-they are 7. can we j became of n (V "(( become of H» can you been there.. J. . r J Catholic Church. j. /.. began there-their J Catholic Church.. ^. /..&.. begun there-their 71. day after day „Sw/.. begin there-their Q day or two (TXtrj- ^liion^W^X^X^}^ daytime (A. our re- 1 -\ CL . (L . o *^N I best of jour re- J i Q, ^ . o ^^7 I collection v.O/.L..XU)<.L0t.\i'V , days afterward ^/p-'- ) best of his recoli^^ f\ K'? U& \ lection V..V^6.V^:.>» dear sir .J^.-M.....^^. j best of their reco \ lection better than 1/S>..... did you rem ember... JL--- bill of exchange V)^. did not J..... bill of particulars ....H did you recollect -zj-9f >^S did you know jJ-^ A/rS. do you-. Q"). can be .7I....£T...7\ do you remember Qrkrry. c> A can have do not .C4.-rT.... can they .77. doyou recollect .QrTVC.A... by and by L£\ did you know .^l.U^f.. by the by \1tS. do you 63 do you know... £&..££^ has it-the does not Ow. has it not each other €^-i ^as t^ere not Eastern States .<^s..C^X..^..h.... has that „... every one \17.. has this £.. extra session... &\.... $$..... Xf\ have we .CCf.. +* <& * faster than ,.. .71. have you.... su fellow citizens .ft-f? have all.. first time ft£. have a for ever and ever...sk<\/.W< have the. for the sake of.. ful* how will P % good deal .- how are great deal & how are we. greater or less . ..Q......Q. how are you had been 7i„..> ..V ..££, he will P. had there been.^^..:>7j?.. < ?rf.....'n. he will have C had therefore tp?. whowill 4 a had we who will have had you lam ... had not I can. Aa r half an hour '.".. .". I can be... ^7.. <7T ....T\ 64 1 decline .jU££ ■■ I shall be £....«: .\- I find ff. I shall not be.. z\y. Crt... ^ I found Zy I shall have ^ I have I suppose Jfo, I have a '. I suppose it is TpJ. I have the I suppose their is .jbJ. A__ ^m j I suppose there Ihaveanother I their-they are : ; <^D. I have not I want '#£.>.&£ [have no < * was GX...X.. I may have ^rr> l was not ffX. of I may have been ...fcrp) I will I might f!i I will not. I might not *fT. I will be '^...CnT ^\ I must /rm. if there be.... I must be fcK>...QT...£S?... if therefore I must not >^9b< in any case I shall not in consideration. 65 in other words ._ it will be /?...PX.../?.. in point of fact C?. it will not P. in reference.... V11 ^>... QX...jJ. it would / in regard ......./?£ it would be / . it is therefore J..L more than iCTii it will f. most likely .Tr\ 66 -4* -V most of the time crp.. on the contrary... ..k}.... W. -H- •j^*> ••••• on the other hand ITT/. Mr. Chairman on the other Mr. President must be S7R..../?X...<& on this :t£.. must have CTZx other than must have been...-rTX^...4tt.cCX? other than that "&-*"* ^ must have been there <^>.$T.. $>... ought to have must not <3r^. ought to have been 5 .1 ...L«.L' My dear sir.. ..^.....tt....^~L*.... ought to have been therein.. tr/.4/y my own opinion TTTT^L.. ought we New York City JP. out of town.. M New York State ZJr. part of., (Z night time rTTT part of their /. no sir ''V... ££.... Vr£ per annum JX^m, not to my knowledge I^tsc percent ./W notwithstanding the fact. ..7?". plaintiff's counsel.. /)Lfl of a /r point of view .. prorata .7<\A.... ...^T. that have been real estate..^-... .Kf. .^p. that is said and done... &,..££.:?. that is not. c f that there- their- f \ they are .>., seems to be..^ £T. ...j^ p r& p f> J that it, ( set forth. .IA GT....fcA \ that the s. X....<0. under the circumstances >»— ~f some way-same way.^XV>...?rr..(C^... under those circumstances. s~r<£. state of facts -i-. M unless it is....AW..£f..Cr«4?. „. unless there is f^y... y when we S you shonld not ^ ^ when would, or 2, t when you €r. you will „....fiX. VI"" a without you yon would.. y rv would we From and to may be omitted in phrases like the following : from time to time Of from day to dayd^.^C^.'.^.^M. from week to week (jJ-(Jd Or between numbers is indicated by elevating the second:- eight or nine ?... To between numbers, by dropping the second :- nineteen or twenty (,r\ 69 . * Dear sir, My dear sir, dear sirs, dear madam, gentlemen. &c, beginning a letter or other communication, may be de- noted by the initials only, ds, mds, ds, with s circle. ( gLQ ) for the plural, dm, g, &c. ; and the phrases yours, yours truly, yours very truly, very respect/idly, faith- fully yours, &c, by the initials y, yt, yvt, vr, fy, &c. A large circle or ring may represent a long Avord or a phrase or clause repeated, as in the following examples, in which the clauses in italics are repeated where the circle occurs : S~\ Hath not thy rose a canker, (i/ thorn? Many, a man succeeds by avoiding obstacles and Q/ surmounting them. 70 DETACHED VOWELS. 138. The briefest method known of writing vowels is that so widely used in the standard systems of shorthand and designated the detached method, whereby dots, dashes and small angles, disjoined from the consonant outlines, take the place of Ihe longhand vowel letters. Another advantage of this method is that the consonant outlines alwaj's have the same form whether the vowel signs are inserted or not. There is no practical reason why these detached signs should not be written to the longhand consonants in the same way as they are written to the shorthand stems. The dots, dashes and angles occupy but a point of space, and the short letters of the script longhand afford the same dimensions for placing the signs alongside them, in the three positions to be illustrated hereafter, as do the half length stems of shorthand, while the long script letters have dimensions equalling or ex- ceeding those of the full length shorthand stems. A slightly open spacing of letters will be found to provide amply for the most extreme cases, such as will arise now and then between letters written in apposition. Were it necessary in the 'use of the detached vowel signs to adopt them all at once, some little time and practise would be required before any of the advantages they offer could be enjoyed. But, as has been already emphasized, and cannot be too often repeated, these detached signs, like any of the other breves whose general use would be confusing to beginners, will be, even to beginners, so convenient "in spots" that the temptation to use them occasionally will be irresistible. By learning to use them in this way for occasional words, they 71 will soon become as familiar as the letter equivalents them- selves; and as the writer becomes more accustomed to the un- vowelled outlines, it will be necessary to insert the vowels only very sparingly. 139. As will be seen byjeference to the table of vowel signs at *143, which the reader should here consult, six are written with dots, (three of the dots being heavy and three light,) six are written with dashes, (three at a right angle to the consonants, and three parallel to them.) and four, (the diphthongs,) are written with angles. 140. The heavy dots and the right-angle dashes represent the long vowels; the light dots and the parallel dashes repre- sent the short vowels; while the four angles, as just stated, represent the diphthongs. 141. Each dot and each dash represents a different vowel sound according as it is placed beside the top, the middle or the botttm of a consonant, and these places are called respec^ tively first, second and third place. 142. The diphthong angles are written, three of them at the top, ;md one at the bottom, of letters; that is, they are so assigned theoretically for the purpose of classification as first and third place signs, but in practise the diphthongs are •legible in any position by reason of the difference in their angles. 143. The following table gives the vowel signs written to stem /, to show the three positions, the sound assigned to each being explained in each case by the equivalent longhand connective vowel letter, whose use will have become familiar- ized in the word lists throughout the Manual.* 144. As in ordinary usage it *is never necessary to distinguish between the a in alms and the a in am, or between the long and the short sounds of no. as pronounced respectively in boot and hood, the longhand a lias, in the letter notation (1IT13-21) been used for both 72 these sounds of a, and the dropped-o for both the sounds of 06. 145. The following table shows the vowels arranged in three groups corresponding to the three positions already de- scribed.* 146. Double vowels may be indicated by the double angle already introduced at ^22, which may be given the place of the accented vowel occurring in such combination, or of the first vowel if neither be accented.* 147. When, however, such concurring vowels would not be readily suggested by the context, as in unfamiliar proper names and other words, the specific sign for each vowel should be written, that which is read nearest the consonant being placed nearest it, and the other slightly distant therefrom.* 148. Vowels occurring before vertical and slanting stems and before letters, are written before such stems and letters, i. e., to the left of them, as already shown. 149. Vowels occurring before horizontal stems are writ- ten above such stems; those occurring after are written be- low.* 150. The stem for r, being always written upward, its first place, or beginning position, is at the bottom of the stem.* The same is true of stem 1, when written upward.* 151. When occurring between two stems, or two letters, or a letter and a stem, the seven first place vowels are written to and after the consonant which precedes them (*a) ; the five third place vowels to and before the consonant which folloAvs (*b) ; while of the four second place vowels, the two which have a long sound are written to the preceding consonant, and the two which have a short sound are written to the fol- lowing consonant (*c). 152. The foregoing rule is chiefly of value in differentiating the light and heavy dot vowels, and may be disregarded when its observance would throw a sign into a crowded position.* 13 153. Vowels placed after letters or stems with initial hooks, are read after such hooks.* 154. Vowels placed after letters or stems with final modi- fications, are read before such modifications.* 155. Initial circles are the first thing read with the ex- ception of the initial vowel tick.* 156. As a detached vowel cannot be written to the s or ss circle, letter s or z must be used in words in which it is the first consonant preceded by a vowel, and in which it is the last consonant, followed by a vowel. (See Wl-73.)* 157. When a vowel occurs between a stem and its initial hook, or between the two consonants of a capital compound, it may be indicated in the following manner: a. Dot vowels, by changing the dot to a circle.* b. Dash vowels, by curving the dash.* c. Diphthongs, by striking them thru stems; thru, over, under or within capital compounds.* 158. A vowel following an indicated intervening vowel is written after it.* 159. The dropped-m for mb takes intervening vowels in the same way as capital compounds.* 160. Double length stems and letters are vocalized as two independent characters, each having the same vowel places as when standing alone.* 74 1 a {iC-d % F^Lyv kJk ^^ B..M.damp, hamper, number, umbrella, timber, limber &c. &&m &fhr*te**KS^^ 7-./<\...sing, wing, bang, ringer &c. ^ <^ ^^ ^W^ 8. ..$..ish,— mesh. ca«h. rush, shall, shallow, ferocious, mustache /n^ co s ..*jj±..sqSI soSbd pj&4 h^MrQ^. zhee, — measure, azure, casual. usual ^ soft,— since, whence, chance, choice, cancer sM/rv) utfZmA QO/ysA. &m4. ^<+wAfr g, soft,— large, merge, George, knowledge Xa^M.J^ tN&y JJf\ *U$ allege, wedge, stage, geography ah[ c^4 <4lO[ .jj^mA!(^...aT..^i^.. kw, cqu, cho, — awkward, acquired, quire-choir, quarrel, quell o^Jbd. &4U3sd qjih <^M..^. 13. L,onga,.<6L. Short a, ..(A... at, ate-eight, bat, bate-bait, hat, hate, nay-neigh <\ .-6J (jq fa^ A^ A^ -K& 14. Long*. ...£... Short e,JL.. meet, met, reed-read (present tense, ) red-read (past tense,) lead, -ttvj^JfcU ft£d. _ &&d. &d. (verb,) led-lead (a metal) meed, meadow %%d. ^td_m$d$.. 15. Long i./St-. Short is\.. high, height, hit, light, lit, spite, spit AA Aa, ^\ £i £^L.r£fai r^4 16. Long 0, $..££.$.... Short o,.Q. 76 hope, hop, mope, mop, choke, chock, own, on Afij\ h#f\ mzp. fiM$s.„.$$k <^&k Jtok....a*\ 17- oo, long and short, ..Q oo, long, — boot, toot, fool, loop tooth, douche U® t>< far? -*Vf\ -^ ^(^r- oo, short, — foot, root, roof, hood f[0\ ?h\ • Af %i u* "^ &> *&-** *cs ** - exhumed, imbued, renewed, reviewed, allude, issued, thawed, wretched, reached, period, acquired, awkward, explode, hauged. measured, &%. /W q/A #0* J*. ^ ^ wreathed, charged, aid, add, awed, eyed, owed-ode, odd, rode-road, rod, M (A 4 3 q 4 £ JL^JUtJbdL showed, shod, sheathed, applied, appealed, appeared. od, .M. $4 S€ .fiU ^C? J&\ _ 4UL qd, vd, wd. L ~^' 35- batted, bated, debated, abated, rebated, abetted, booted, dated, trCL- LrtL dh^3L Zt6L flirts ILtfL 4^. .....C&gL.. redated, dotted, doted, doubted, audited, edited, indebted, un- AciQL... .$&. ferment, augment, segment, regiment, tegument, ligament, vehement, &^ ^ Ma & le^ .£t^ v&s* attachment, detachment, denouement, payment, pavement, raiment, ..L^. dlo^ <^n tP , fijaL /\mac. h&o. abatement, cement, acquirement, assignment, alignment, lina- lt& ASU CX../X> "%/&* y$Lv^ .J2Afa*j!Mte* meut, lineament, tenement, rudiment, filament, basement, case- JU/&. It^.M.ltfS^.k^ ment. implement, amount, meant. t*JL ^—-•■- 82 38. demand, diamond, Edmund, Hammond, retnained-remand-remind, dy <£!.. 2^ A^ « A,. U ermined, examined, summoned, omened, determined, Richmond, j\ &a r M..k x ^ AatQ, safife, ^ illumined, amend, mend. mended, amended, remanded-reminded. JL, *> ■> > i K 39 notify, indolent. indulgent, index, intoxicated, in- :&* s,.L..ox..JL ~£. ^ ^.^a- toxicant, anterior-interior, independent, appointment, intemperate, rxe- :$& ^w .fi/C....\ ^ integument, amendment, resentment, relentment, ^ V>. /KU JiJL*. attendant, intend, intent, need - not, impediment, pedi- fc *~ -~ ■* ^ A meut, demented, warranted, would not, wouldn't, could not, qU utoh^ (xT \ m .Jr^ A^hx. ^Mt-^* %«,• \-/ ..Jr. 3a£3^,..« (b) .6. L .0. passion, nation, caution, session, Grecian, position, possession, Persian, /U^ H^_ .. C 4^ . ..^A<. .... ; /WM^UtH ti ^^ Prussian. Parisian, lotion, ocean, lesion, exemption, examin- / X kM X&4y3ttUBl. ation. cushion, fusion, eruption, litigation, addition, edition, or Xs ^Lnj^zi^j^U expiation, appreciation, unction, function, junction, extinc- tion, depression, depreciation, section, oration, adhesion, (h omitted) dfihv ...dpM^ i^^^^^i^d^^ equation, reputation, repetition, derision, explosion, expression, ambition, indignation, intimation, creation, politician. hxsjs^ ...^MS^J^L /u£. bother, better, butter, mutter- mother, debtor, editor, lather, daughter, 6tr> Uz-, (nx_, trn^ ds^ .zL> ...^.......^ .-. auditor, doubter, radiator, shutter, eater-ether-either, neatei- . ^cL, do? Suui^ ^u, IL, jv^., neither, waiter, water, weather, whether, shelter, feature, creature, .a^...6%.....a^ ^ &> #L> <&£, future, fighter, tighter, titter, tutor, halter, healthier, falter, retire. 44. u/i,...(.... t Jlhtr,..L. theater-thither,.../.. In phrases— that there-that their-that they are,..-....\ the other 85 ,\ the other,..../..., ( distinguished by position .) ( p ) 45- radiation, amendation, fermentation, 'radiator, gladiator. %. & ^ *>** #%« 46- passionate, apportionate, impassionate, impassioned, cautioned, /K^. fi*\+ r^a 7vv ^..^. m .^....C G ^ cushioned, notioned, apportioned, illiterate bothered, bet- c^. !s&^.. ptf\^ JUp&jbu \t83jAn&„ tered, buttered, muttered, determined, detriment-determinate, deterreut, i^..itep..JiMJip dp. cL^ c4, petitioner, missionary, visionary, revolutionary, (w. s.) bat- -yfefc »H_*. «c«: A * d ^; K tery, hattery, mattery, loiterer, literary, literature, veterinary, fat+Jaa^J&F* Al ^ JL*- v*^... rational, rationally, national. ^Hi H^t. ^ 47- combatted, concussion, condemn, condemned, condiment, con- ha- CXA <£vys ^3^ C^ <$£t dition, conditioned, compare, compared, comparison, comment, com- crr.di of Js^....../i&%. .faskvs.. .ir>.. 86 men ted, command, commend, {distinguished) commanded, commended, l<-y '^ %r. '-\. \ commit, committee, committed, committment, compound, compounded, ] - I i fc M M*- contained, content, contend, contented, contended, combined, com- I&, h.#..MLhjx. : $r. h i pel, comply, compliment-complement, companion, converse, con- JlM fl& fU*/>VY± V^ version, conversation, consent, consign, commerce, commercially, \i\^ yyw^Sr^A A* 5hi.....Ji£ ..^ho. communion, communicated, confusion, commissary, commissariat, .u/n/w. &#va,£&. ^_ „,^, ..../m$. commence, complaint, compliant, completed, cognomen, commute, -fiA }&&*. /l£* .../&£- „.30MXS> ^ commutation, commuter, commutator, computed, competition, computa- ^.L^r.^ j^. a^^a,/^ A^ Aw, tion, competitor, commodious, conveyed, convoyed, confinement, Jul $d$. v^ v^ M*>>. 48- accompany, accompaniment, accomplish, accomplishment, ac- /£*, An, yS| M 87 complice, accommodate-ed-tion. yi^j d^ 4^-...deL 49. incompetent, decompose, decomposition, recommence, recompense, 7\ A. 4/MB d./ierJ &~RA JX..fiMM.. excommunicate-ed-tion, recommend-ed-ation, reconnoiter, recumbent, x u ^^<^,x l y^vc^-^x U/ 'vv^<^i Av ,As>^^;^ i.hlr'. inconsistent, unaccompanied. 71,..<^tg Tl./j^ 50. showing, saying, assaying, sowing-sewing, lending, writing, con- . Sf * .../lei ^/Mk *A8. JU^ . A*, demning, viewing, reviewing, comparing, sighing, allowing, committing, .Am. v^ hAty* fi&h -&L JLq. \. containing, contending, contenting, competing, accompanying, accom- ...L^V. U^ \&~r; . hA /Ua d& # • modating, accomplishing, tempting, attempting, teaching, approaching, . jhJ^ LrsyW^ ~\q^vk ta^ ~foh&^ ringing, nothing, whining, explaining, rushing, washing, lighting, Zter^ ,.K&L .(jjVK yjl®^}. M^ OCfyg heating, meeting, seating, sheeting, reading, bedding, heading, A^ ... /n^_ /^ s^ ^i k$ Ai 88 heeding, guiding, acquainting, haunting, appointing, assenting, M <%\ f*» -V. ■■■■A- : ft^t- consenting, sending, ascending, resenting, reascending, extending, -^- 4. ^4. expending, ending, noting, intending, indulging, indexing, intox- x ^ e, mi -v-., Ji. ^ 2^ icating, fomenting, fermenting, lamenting, amounting, amending, &k>, -Sbk. Or>,.or..^ K S commenting, commending, commanding, (distinguished), recommend- ....i/>.. !L. 'a A*-- ing, demanding, remanding-reminding, notifying, motioning, fashioning. <^ &V fi -^ 7 ^ c< apportioning, bettering, lettering, watering, faltering, flattering, J^\ ^ -&*, -J^br. commandering. . -^L,... p 51- writings, doings, leavings, holdings, leadings, shavings, savings, Al o(q %£m . L$ £$ £#^ /&&£ o ° maunderings, meanderings, wanderings, squanderings, quarterings, 89 meetings, hollowings, bellowings, blowings. JMJ. Lc&d AjlLz i^h. I o o o o 52- writing-a, seeing-a, doing-a, handing-a, banging- a, eyeing-a, ty ^ 4 ^v A*n 4 knowing-a, sending-a, sewing-a, sbowing-a, noting-a, coinmenting-a, M 4 r .tda se mi tcv commending-a, recommending- a, condemuing-a, composing-a, com- \X &..S& ..... I-can't, I-caught, I-pay, I-waited. I-awaited. I-went, I-won't, I-want, r£a- <& y&dg 3&&0L "" TAJ&,. -tJLrt^ -tort* *fc^ I-hope,(w. s.) I-intend, I-amend, I-do, (w. s.) eyed-I'd, I-would (w. s.) ?L0f\ r^V- ' S -C^ rd..m.A?. s£L -<;>< #. £.« shall, (w. s.) I-shall-not, I- will, (p) I will-not, I-guess, I-guess-not, 13£. ISSLl a£. and or an a the and-a and-the > -I have of all / how he or him who or whom l have-a or an is of- a or an 1 all-a or&a l> how-a or an, he-a or an, him-a oran, who-a or an, whom-a or an - v sy have-the, of-the, all-the, how-the, he-the, him-the, wbo-the, whom-the. 55-56- m. N...W. 57- emulation, immunity, immersion-emersion, emigration, immigra- tion, [distinguished) amphitheater, amour, ammonia am- ....ter^j.... .^ 92 ( 57. cont'd) algam, amalgamation, mercy. anoint, annuity, annual, engagement, interior, indebt- cr^Jl* ^J2tf t^JM annuity, annual, ^ ±J. ^ua^s. ^^i.^L ed, inertia, inquiry, inquiring, undated, invasion innovation, invet- *J^ M '~^,..^q^...^4^.m.^ erate, undoubted, incomparable ^otjr r^M. Mamie mammy, mum, mummy, roomy; honey, money, luny, funny, Jennie, Fannie, tiny, tinny, tension, attention delineation, coronation, indignation, ignition, redemption, inflam- *y^.prii^A ache, ague, acute, acre, accurate, accuracy, acrimony, M Au Q^ ^...^^..C^ augment, augmented -ing-ation, augur-y, echo, occupy-pant, *k Az A-^-A^-M-Mr^ %*«*M««. 95 (6a cont'd) oak, ochre, Oakland, ugly, euchre SttSJOh SL ttf,..^..... shock, shake, shook, shack, sheik, choke, chalk, cook, caulk, 55 ^ \ ** ^ ^ % % & book scatit, Scotch, sketch, skinned, skid, scowl, scheme, da*jxA....dt^...d^ ^^.A^.../l^.Atm^A^ skim, ask, rescue, milk shirked, worked, marked, market, milked, rescued, basked, ...S<^..*f S^ ....<*/?£. >A<>^^ -^ oj A4^. U^... basket, ached, backed, whacked, awakened, impact-ed ing-tion .ltt*0 $ ^ ^J^w..^^^^^^ buggy, balky, risky, whisky iM.:....!^.;..?^.!... U ^*...*r.. ea 4. auction-ed-ing-eer, act-ed-ing-tion-or, enact-ed-ing- ^..^. % ^^.%.ai^,^^-fl^ ment, (/omitted) inaction, interact-ing-tion 96 61. McKay, McDowel, McDonougb, hammock, predict, pred- SVL& ^^d^.A^d^P A>olJA /Wrt-otMLy M *fr icate, verdict, decoy, Decue, Dickey. decay-Dekay, edict, addict-ed- v^..Jl....4* 4. 4* $, SLSL. tion, educate-d-ing-tion-tional, produet-tion, introduce duction, indue- %Q..Jk &Q-JL7^^ tion radical-ly, eradicate-d-ing-tion, dictionary .dictate-d ing-lion- 'JsqJUisj^ tor-torial, doctor; conduct-ed-ing-tion-or, magical, cigar-ette, Chicago, boquet, amicable, comic-al-ally, intellect-ual, advocate-d- ing-acy, allegory-ical elegant, elect-eding, (t omitted) tiV:.d\i*:J^ X M -tion-or-tioneer-ing, electric, (w. s.) lecture-d-er-ing, collect- °(^C> ...«\j v <^^--^!W*0#. °? .«sZ! cCj&^L^^.ty ed-or-tion-ing, (w. s.) recollect, (w. s.) object, (w s. ) eject-ed-ing- ap^ujejge a$. LQi #...#,#...■ ment (t omitted) injector, implicate-ding-tion, musical, I-declare, I- 97 decline, awake-ened-ed- ening, interlocutory, circum- locution, evict- ' ed-ing-tion, evictment convocation, maiL^^^ 5£L invocation, reckoned, correct-ed-ingtion- incorrect (w. s. ) second sacrament, equinoctial, technical-ly-nique, nician, record-ed- Aha^jrxA^ ^% lTdJM,J^7n^hh^ ing-er (w. s.) rector-y, execute- d- ing-tion, tioner, executor-ship, fyfo*. ,..A>*V>V^^ <_J^ X^..X^ (C' 2 5) execntrice. zigzag, expect-ed ant-ation- ing(W3jexpectorate-d- K ^ ffl )\ XL )$r>% ^ *? *i ing-tion-ant, I-expect. %*^*£ % 62- fk 7"..... faction, affection-ed-ate, factor y, manufacture- ..J*. It *&> ^.^....fe^«f^2?._ er-d-ing-tory (ws.) confectionery &c. fkt....«/ fact, affect-effect-ed-ing, affectation, defect, infected, x 1 Sfc-Jt T dj..^^j=_ 98 disinfectant, figment &c. dtoij- jE tkt.jf./7T..j7 ticket, detect-ed-or ing-tion, tegument &c. %e^l.^.J^d^sL^j4jJ^^JO^.JU. 64 mm./CTT^rrr^, nn..wwr'.. ) mtfCwt&Tr**. ntr..-, wtff., thtr.jf baby, babbited, biblical, bobbin, baboon, bobtail, imbibe, imbibed, Lr, Lc U^ Lm .lj^...,.Ul^..z^...?i^lr/. imbibing, deadened, did, (w. s.) did not, (p) didn't, dead-deed, or dead .yyjir. c/v of U ictate, gravitate, quartet, eventuate, amputate, hesitate-ing, at- <)/. ^KXVI cffx 3/7L ...or..-y% .7^ Xtf. /kp. ' ■» QO J titude or attitude (with u-tick and d-stroke) premium, maximum, i^ ^ /tft£o^>. syVW^ryr^ (w. s. ) minimum, (w. s.) Bostonian. *y\<\yr\>r>. (f&ilfrZ^'... $5- publish, public, publication, (w. s. ) publican, pabulum, fi p p^ M /■ *«"/*» - baptize, baptism, baptist, Aj.LiA. .LlA*kv...bl

m orX&^ fo&w G* Im A tubes, sachet, waltz, wiles, smiles, solemnity, sultry, switch, 4^3^.^^ smash, small, sample, simplicity, alms, aims, snow, tyyOs y^^g. j^jg *^^G(mkm.a^..&kzj*..*($&~ snows, snooze, souse, boys, booze, us, use, ice, suffice, suffuse, re- -»£ % ^ ^^ * a, A ffc fa. duce, excuse, expose space, spies-spice, spooks, spouse, suppose, spacious, specious, A* ft** fb M ft* fes H repose, populous, papoose, compose, composition, pious, impious, '*rfi_fi!. -^ chose, choose, choice, nose, noise, toes, toys, shoes, shows, shays, *jf. jy? W V* ^ sen Sriflu- 101 (70. cont'd) shakes, ships, shapes, abase, support, separate, {distinguished) ^O^p^s^JA fa fa\ superb pJx feats, heads, counts, currents, aunt's-anls, surrounds, warrants, ^ A§ &&! C^-H.y? Ou>...Or.^. £U&te&^jGf$»j amends, remands, expends, expands - expounds, (see %«*> A> X* £ C 133) commends, commands, (distinguished) consents, consigned, (tQx^ ^ implements, impediments, apartments, poisons, intense, intends, TtJU ?vy™ fi\ A^ ^SUB^ ru... intents, endows, induce, enthuse, St. Paul, St. Thomas, •**». 8 ^ 7L^.ftt„^ °^ !ltGL«_!la St. James ^&n>. M..!j£-b resentments, attendants, attendance ^ fc» 3tr£ 102 (70. cont'd) duties, ditties \ d *cf tt i. rations, editions, additions, {distinguished) notions, Russians, h*^..&c(jT, fiU^JCZ^ .M^.......^M T e^-$ ^^fs ! isS>..Ali/]^S!» .l^o tenements, tenants, rodents, relents, reliance. _...i^v^ L&vft h^>j?..Q^.^u^...hK.sjf...h2^.^.^^ sums, succumbs, scums; psalms, sachems, scamps; frWo e^T> <7T £X-» A^r* Q*n> Or*, AOyy^.. seems, secum, scheme; tucks, tusks; backs, basks; squeaks, lessons, dfa Sk de** UL bJ&Jj *Q. *v°° n*P nuisances, abuses, abscess causes, losses, loses- looses, horses, C«f) -l«b Ifi fe ^ & *"**= appliances, sizes, seizes -ceases, phthisis, recess, taxes-taxis, accessory, /Jlat^^...ab. & Oh A& \j0o Q$\ axes-axis, boxes, mixes, resist, -recessed, resuscitate-d-ing-tion;ing the, Co \j&.JXQM.M0 T^>. *fe»or/to>£?£7b Jh> incessant insist-encyst-ed, insisting, insistent, consist-ed ing-ent, neces- sity, necessitated, necessary, unnecessary, intercessor-y, suspicion, suspect-ed-ing, suspend, suspire, suspense, suspension, success, Sus- fc g?..fe ..../&. ftix.. flnfiTft* ^r^s> th % sex, ancestor-try, possessed, systeoi-atic-atize, systemic, aman- mw.^H*.- Ad g p p ... B^^.^.tivcvw^ 107 (75. concl'd) uensis, 76- assess-ed-ing-tnents, assist &c. &JffUQJik : "P 77. possesses, recesses, abscesses &c. ./fc?. Jhfa.at.fa 1*£ 78- as-has or as-is, is-as or is-his. O ; o 79- t-st, j-st, &c. st-t, st-j, &c L.J. P. L - stubborn, stable, stiff, stuffy, stage, stipulation, statement, Ha* ££. $■ I / /LuuwfcA. states, status, statist, statues, statutes, statislics-al-tician, static, con- b U^orb > 6 j (^ ... J.iLor X ^ ...Xrt...L IjOrD... stitute-d-ing-tion tional-uents-uencj-, stammer IRorRLP.L U &.. fa «&>.&»* of ct* amidst, mildest, wildest, neediest, reddest, reduced, ...7^. J^yA^oxJjih^ho^ ^^ ..$.. dkk... fixed, affixed, taxed, text, vexed, stomach -ic, stomach- ache. k...C..lb..y > ..(A?..>s.ikr.>D M ..£) ^a.w? laced, last, effaced, hasting, harrased, robust, rest, nest, east, JS& &0 Jj>i). -A& foxo) Astf? M>.. :. n£ £>.... seized, feast-ing, fest, confessed, confused, refused, induced, toughest, d fi-ft-fi -•■•#*>- -ft*) *§& *d L«| gruffest, gruffiest, briefest, fist, iced, enticed, ballast, dullest, duellist, 7V... flr r.. v ^ > ?MS?.. J^....JWM..fa.../$Mi$. 109 (80, concl'd) posit-ed-ing roosting, aroused, composed, reposed, worst, forced, forest, reforest embarrased, west, expostulate- d-ing, .frcfd. ...tifyft. . .yy^..^^r,...(AJ^..{n..^.^^.^^m^^^ tion, imposed, exposed, cbased-chaste, coaxed, abolitionist, contor- *4-.W £ *& SH Ii&^..T4X^ tionist. 81. testify, mystify, mystification &c, 82- star-ry, store, story, steam, stem, stack, stake-steak ka,kflft^feL&gL&m ^font. . UP : ft* ~*7 83- buttressed, caricaturist, characterized, elocutionist, bup$*b±jBah^jk^ 84 a. posts, detests, elocutionists, requests, bequests, atheists, /t£*r/3..^ <<^ n^^A.^cnA^l theists, interests, motorists, .Cfl.ftre....^ .^ s~7~-$>.... b. contestant, protestant, testament ...tr.jOt..i.y-.....yftJh 110 (84. concl'd) c. contested, detested, attested, protested, adjusted, congested, read- It 4. It JVX&r. ....A <£.. 'IgL justed, roasted, interested h&- ^^ 85. as-it, is-it, as-it-is, is-it-as, as-its, is-ils 6 O d & * 86- t-str, a-str. b-str, &c. aster, easter, Esther, oyster, paster, pastor, b (2> (Q @) ®> . ... fester, blister, foster, boaster, rooster, impostor-ture, expositor, ouster, jj@...i*yp...(fi. l@ *# *faiLfi^jbK& ql. cloister, visitor, sister, assister, muster-ing,- Webster lobster, Chester, .roadster, drugstore, register-ing, ing-a, ing-the, £olster-ing, ing-a, ing-the, maltster, baluster, team- ...l^)..W?..UD U® «yg) u®. imM& st'er,- honester, (A omitted) banister, canister, monster, minister, tapster, sequester, ing-a, ing-the, forester, harvester, *^^ L«fi % ^ <$> £o© A^. 111 (86. concl'd) huckster-ing, yesterday. 87- as their or there, has their or there, as they are, is there d d 88- oysters, teamsters, hucksters, balusters, punsters, masters, ad- y... ]^MfU^jShjX^. {^/u^.tt/b^.(&. f t p "f>"^ taurant, sequestered, sequestrate ®- $>. ^extipL. 90- tapster, tapestry; visitor, vestry; forester, forestry; register, registry; bluster, blustery, ...Jx LdB@.....lrfija.... 91. blustering, mastering &c. 92. l-hook.-bi.t:., fl.g-.., A/ i AJ..^.j^..^S..^^.M.%.f^X.. 93 r hook.-br.tr.., fr. $,.hlk£fcfo....<~^. ( «^T Cr, £> 95. blunder,. WMXL^ or...lP^L^^<...noL.£rU.9rr winter,.. k^WU, or...UtX^^....not...(AH»?f?. %. bl, blow, block, black, blubber, bloated, blotter, blasted, blast- fa W t&&uy*.LaL.„&tt: .....tap C*b_ ...&a> ing, able, enable, capable, (w. s.) readable, crucible, reducible, 4^(j».ftFtr.) fifiyw«r..«yL..» A^Cj! C^!/ HdJ^r. stumble -ding, assemble-d-ing-bly (w. s.) £r, brow, brew, breathe, breath, brand-ed, browned, brewery, break ing, brooks, brutal, braid-ed, abrade-d, abrasion, broker, breaker, M.14.% W-H W "k"W-XW 1^1 brocaded, barber, briber-y, raspberry, robbery, debris, cumber Ir^.i^ (^ &*n some, brink, «nr..fe>.....l«y l ..(n' 1^ 113 (96, cont'd) fl t flying, flight, flock, flake-y-ing, flagrant, florid, florist, Florida, V- ft* G*> &o...&4$a.|4 ffc- .^.^D _$**.. fluid, float-ed-ing-ation, flowed, flood, flowery, Floyd, flaunt-ed-ing, floundering, flinders, fluffy, flew, influence, (w.s.) inflate-d-ing- lion, raffle, ruffle-ed, baffling, riffling a, awful, affluent-ence, confluent, firefly. philanthropy- ist-opic-opical. ^>¥yft^^?h-r H^ H^ H^ /r, fry-ing, frightened, freight, afraid, affrighted, fragnient-ary, --:■ YV> H — H ■ J b* **- ** ■■ ■■■**- fruit, fruition, confer-red-ing, refer, referee, defer, reefer, offer-ed-ing, proffer, prefer, rougher, safer A/, /rr, helmet, help, helpmate (w.s ) abhor-rent, adhere- - /UsOrA^;^ ^ 1^A.^.1^^. .^. ent, hear-here (w.S.) *K. \ 114 (96, cont'd) //, jr, angel, ((w. s.) cudgel, Virgil, fragile, wager, Rogers, con- * 7y ..or.^f. 9f°rJ- ^„^.«rJ|^.fe^Hyjfto^ ffr fc jure-er, adjourn-ment(« omitted) major, manager, danger ( u omitted ) dangerous excL <>n 11, The l-hook is not necessary on letter I for 11. When this tetter is preceded by the syllable at, il &r„ the elongated initial vowel stroke is used, or the specific vowel. When a vowel occurs between two t's double- length i is used {See al ^97) illumine, loyalist, ...ji^/^j^ ..., SS>. Ir, ruler, tiller, miller, artillery, learn \^...uSs.jy\A tJ i .(tT. ^^i^.^y^ "^.^^....Q^...^.. formal, lachrymal, sawmill, gristmill, tnr, marble, myrtle-mortal, immortal, martyr, Murphy, hum- Ht 1 rfiat^lpfiZiq^iato. mer, humor, rumor, tumor, hammer, tremors, remorse, trimmer, timer, t*-^. fcfj^. i^^ ....Aa jti&M* or fUs^~- ^yy^ fcu-rm f** ^f&U 11 6 (96, cont'd) plaster-ed-er placed, plaster-cast, pleased, pleasure, com- pel, comply, repel, repeal, apple, appeal, accomplishment, accom- fa y^w* > ^ °v- • -A* A plice, cripple, topple, staple, sample-simple pr, copper, cooper, cheaper, chipper, ship- < ^h %^ <^^(^ vc^..<^ per, shepherd, chaperon, reaper, repair. reparation, depression, depreciation, depressed. appraisement, com- d(U tk^ £ >. mometer, thermal, .OT..Crvr-rr\ C*»2JLw:..fe^ their-they are, throw, thru, therapeutics I iJktti. W4 Sy^jL. 119 (96, cont'd) ther, ter Sec. except when omitting initially, as in the foregoing examples, is written ivith the ler hook, or lengthening principle, as already explained ( ^.y^... *fl'. fication. aversiou-eversion,, convert-ed-ing-sion, v converter, converts *fvi5 -y^ $L...&,.&\J5ri...,...*fc. vt reversion, converse-d-ing conversation 7vl. welfare wPld-wi 1 i cd, wil led , welded, weal th-y, common wealth ..^QJiotW^-;...^ 5WT. fc£ tit.k&v h&s* ?UM Jfru^......fa murdering-a-the, federation, duration rental, until, eventual, monumental, instrumental A- c/ y& m^.o.« .^facv.. {See mental under Suffixes, H 125) 99 splash, supply, supple, settle, settlement, splint, split ft^S fa fi P P - pL~~fa 100- spat, spratt; spy, spry; stay, stray; stew, strew; construe, stuck, £ k u. q* %, %, m. struck; stoke, stroke; stifle, strip HA £0 10. EUly 101. blow, below, bellow; flow, flock, folly, follow, fellow, folio; Ck.....6&. L^&...p ^2 ^,.....^.....^h.....^£.H. pluck, plural, plea, platter; peal-peel, pail, palate; pray, pair-pare- £M ..../^...fa...fia s> /*&. ^-./f^l^/^^J^^/mx 123 (101. conel'd) pear; park, parquet; proud, power; prose, pores-pours, porous. froJ\ /uxha JJ3 /u>*i fi&.^Aat% /U0%u, 102 104- k Capitals. alk.blk.clk.&c ' u A^.UVW^2:. r-hook, nn &&J-.ziHKir\.A\n?;/b ^1 ^ haps, probable-bility (w.s ) propound-ed-ing, , prepayment, proper, prepare-ation, proportion, (w.s.) propagate, palpable, palpitation, pal- /^>/^\^i/^\ l^H'hh^h pation, trituration, congregate-d-ing-ation, gregarious, Gregory, McGregor "A i. '' - ^ 125 105-107- f-v. ImnltaffL [fGo+C* tkorA* ^ J8?rfa ifahtAi af-v,bf-v&c. U 1/ ./JcJC.ttwJvcf^«T/uQ|rA A»s>li ut&>.y!j^^% ^p....w>...6.-.. n-hook .<^i/>.c^..... u ** mn.nn.thn a CU Auk B,..^^^.c,^^/r.LZ^3px2nq akf-v,ak-n,agf-v,ag-n,bkf-v,bk-n&c. « v &H.Sh&g?.fr/K>iUU^ af-v, pave, cave, chaff, calf, laughing, loving, loafing, stave, ./#, £& ^.....CCU <£a. 2fiis£u*i..£k: £&.... stove, rake-off, take-off, shake-off an, pane-pain, cane. rain, ran, lawn, brawn, bran, brain, strain, /\3^ so* m^fia* J^ AjtQ. !L u4.orrR4.wM'. M*«Z/U^ arraignment (n omitted,) attainment, tainted, shaken, man „na» 'leL^tr.leu k^^^S,*^^^ bf-U, above, rebuff, ,lr? dt.. 126 or 105 107, cont'd) bn, ribbon, Reuben, Cuban, bacon, blacken, rubicon, bunion »fefe-.A*fc *J~h£Ljidk *w huJlb^ cf-v, en, kerchief; kitchen, chicken ■**» 4, & df-v, dn t deaf-en-ened-ening, defend-ed-er-ing. defense, defiant, defiance, delve, define-divine, den-dun, down, deaden, deacon, Cardigan cfc* ch ci-- d^cLtfdzidfcjn.y dragon -Xft.VJ&Vjie&f, beef, chief, even, reef -ing-ing a, ing the. leavings, grieve-d-ing -ous-ance JU^o *^.i&.m^.!^..m^ ~-?%4^>nien. den, lenient, bean, been-bin, seen, beacon, rA^ft^^ydz?..M..ti hn, Henry, harken-ing A %.....Ah r> .ot..ti..,. r ti if-v, hive live, {adjedive)\\v_ nominate K/jm- Jvwvp or I nv,nn, nerve -ous, ennerve, unnerve known, none-nun, m 1 .ox.^...^.+l^..eT..-?Vly urnJ Maw. ?} ^^f ? of-v, aloof, roof, proof, rove, stove, cough, offer, over, Cfr^ffr. /fr. ^ ^ C£ ^T rV plover, clover, rover, proffer ^ c&£ &£>£ 129 (105-107. cont'd) on, alone, balloon, habboon, boon, coon, coccoon, coin, cone, J&>.Jj?&> Up, :.Up.....c tP d&tp, c^.ccp... renown, crown, town, Townsend, coinage, lagoon, dragoon, rac- Kw..VHJp Icp \Jpi (^^J^jced^JlfftJl^ coon, oaken, Logan, buffoon & &r (£, pf-v. puff-pave, cup- of, approve, reprove, proven, provender.prevent f\ t .&fiAAih&...$Mfl t ...'fo fyy p^. flfi*~*f....3ka pn, pen-pin-pun,- Pecan, pippin, appended, appointed, compound- faorpjiefu*!^^ ed, proponent qf-v, gu, quaff; quicken ■* r rf-v, rn, hereof-hear-of, riven- roughen, ruffian, swerve, deserve river, recover-ed-ing-y (w.s.) relieve-ding, unrelieved, relevant-ancy, t£L.Jbtx. 7V\}V!\T\t^... yl>.^ 131 (105-107. cont'd) qualitative, putative, effective-ly i*.*3x. In, maintain, written, retentive, tentative, pertain, appertain, piston, Boston, Pittston, Preston, Huston, ratlin, lighten, brighten « h maintai •T^ \ t * ^ Boston, Pittston, Preston, Huston, ratlin lighten, wanton, mitten, hesitancy, tighten tt/-f »», tough, muff, luff, cuff; bun, impugn, picayune ...Lu» hOJ^JuUiJU^J^U^.^^. Q^ vf-v, revive-d-ing-ify-ification, convivial, vivant, bon vivant ..?^..^J^Jv& (zV _ vn t convenient-ence-ly-ces. intervene .^....V^...^ wf'V wife- weave, whiff, wharf l^.orr.OOrU UJ£? jjj* z^?.. wn t one-won, win, wean, when (w.s. \ wine, -ui?. ^<#..^..<^*^ w cm?. 01 ? whine, waken - weaken, awaken-ing, wagon -ette ^ji, „ W z*&***-« if^.fy g fa 110. means, meanness; meekness; weakens, weakness / K ? ^^^;^vi^ > ; 4L» ur. at*.. reddens, redness; rudeness, rudiness, readiness. &c. .......^.w £^..vJ?. &<4.>*j?. &£.vjs> 133 111, know-of. they-have, may-have funny; sun, sunny; son, sonny: John, Johnny or 114- (a.) deed of,. Gu., deaden,. CL, , pi ppinA, , tighte of,.Gu., deaden, CI,, pippinA, , tighten. .v.. . dftr, grftr, hrftr, pntr &c. day-after, grafter, herea d ...,ni k A, dx ra L painter-pointer-panther, tender, pretender, meander, monitor; A J 1 — — thunder, gender-janitor, engender £ 1 1 115- I-will, I-have, I-will-have ur ic Of- how-will, how-are, how-have P 1 134 (115, concl'd) he-will, he-have, he-will-have P. C whowill, who-are, who-have, who-will-have have-all of-all .../' all will, all-have, all-will -have /> & e 115 Period, Colon, Semicolon, Comma, Exclamation, Interrogation, Hy- / / * > > ■■■ y x •/ pben, Doubt, Parenthesis, Dash, Caret, Paragraph, Quota don Marks, Capitals ...* ? 4 t as a Sfc u Z d^Md 118- Light Stems, p, t, ch. k, f, 1, m, n, s, sh, th, r a i /..^Lr.„o~^iJ k$? Shaded Stems, b, d, j, g, v, h, ng, z, zh, dh, w, y 120- (a) all, allay, (b) elm. elk. like, lack *.{$ a^> ....... *&..*G£....(£I...f»Z 135 (120. concl'd) (c) folly, follow, (d) foul, fall ££. C/s £... £ 121- repel, review, receive, reduce, reduction &c. ^ JSL-jl A* <&-- 122>(*-) *ir. (b.) ark, arm, ram. (c) pear, purr, (d) parry. Perry £\ tt A^v~ov-^ va- v^ £>?.. ...\$/-.. 123- ( a ) r stem: refer, infer, wrecker, buzzer shipper ~r -^r *-= ^ p measure, return. rd. stem: referred, inferred, record, buzzard, shepherd, meas- «% ~1f & ^ p K ured, retard, compared, florid floored stored *t<~^ A.«£^../^ faf &T &£■• {or) compared florid, floored &c. KKf 123 (*>) heeded, needed, derided, abided, loaded AL.&A- &L..ci^*'ilL\^ 123- ( c ) °dd saved liquid, wood &.... y, ..KI.'..or.SX.. 125- alogy 1 | > alogist ologist, Jm.lJa3^^foi.\lto£^lJtt.J~%f alogical oloykad IfipBtJ* j I » Af (* able, ably; ., ble, bly, ^.tr or i ability, Art _ ibility.^fi^^.c^.^.v^ax ^..j,.or..^.p^Ug>.^[>kj or\ bleness, fulness, . n iveness, lessness, u*or \p ; te otSp. i.VP.or.W j^.. .(7r.\ w .j. (125. cont'd) for, fore, " . , form, ^[Mii^^a^ „ #J^ifa*K^$Xt*$*4 ^ft^^^ magna, magne,^ magni f. l!|flM|uaLJ«£££j5^ tt.)k>.Wi..^ysfafit3^' t tt.il^ taiity.^^^^^^i^o men mentary, cs.^J/cx ..J^l.o .J.^..^ ncial, p p _ self.o^.^.oi.p^j.^^ j p - ^^^ .^ vfcyohfoSr-rfMs* ./ ? .o^u^jW.^j«A^.i.Q^.e*.cr^i.o^v*firfi?Sio5j>. 0^ S.;J^^Jk6^^^ selves, 6 ; > u i«p} ship, C^sjTys i^s; fys; ^Si^V.W^.^.;X 3S .j..c5Hs/ 3 Urs or J 3 .; Is .; MS i 7V 5 or Mi ) A 5 or/^.^s ; .^ S worthy. .( ; U • Vw, or V_* ; ^ ; sX ', tX^j, 128- Vowels assigned to first place, a (short), aw, o (short) i(long; oi, ow a a ° A ° ■ Vowels assigned to second place, a(long) o (long) e (short )u(short) -& -6 JL U Vowels assigned to third place, e(long) i (short) oo (long and short) u (long) -£= ** o U 130- at > ate . eat > hod, hoed, boy, be happy, huffy, hip, apace, apiece, I I , h » U with 139 (130. concl'd) gasp, justice, science, seance, lobe, alibi, rash, rush, rich, tell, tale, till, succor, seeker, lack, luck, look, power, pour, pier, action, igmfi^^A £ jc £ /* M °L coutact. conduct, talk, take, ticket, fire, fear, notice induce 131. mamma, mummy, many, Minnie, enemy, enamel, namely. intention >*sJ2 132. xst. Position, ^cd^yA/tfmn/i^^tCv^xyaL 2nd Position, j;&.c( ^k/ktyy\V\f\(hh AS \ C V WX W 21 133. chap, cheap, damp, dump, nimble, rang, rung, ring, white. whet, whit, expand, expound, expend I «' I £. £ X 1 - 140 134 each (ws) chew, ouch, whay, why 135 ch, c 3d position; mb. m 3d; ng, n 3d; wh, w jrf; ip, X 3d LONG VOWELS 143 Heavy dot •I — -#.aj>in ate, written, WELS {( l( ,{ 4GS •1 .1. '1 -I 4 1 •I J 'I - t J v l '1 1 j.: ©.as in ooze, SHORT VO ft as in at, .....-JL & (b) pour, purr, lock, hook -fi* &■■■-■ Mr (c) conspire, tire, lyr,e, like, Mike, rebuke - - ^& 158- boquet, Owego, Oswego, Mocha, mica &-• w **= ML* 159- mop, mope M f tW- 143 Wtata, tote, tattoo, rear, roar, error, babv, fife, gag, deadened, '• ... /■ i;. s^^ k fr ?: ^ dead, tightened, tightening, deadening, deeded. 3 l " t 4 J^. 144 The reader is now in a position to appreciate the wealth of Abbreviated Longhand in resources which are practical to the needs of longhand writers; that a most substantial use of them is available at once, and that with nominal applica- tion and method their use will increase rapidly, thru no further practise, necessarily, than that derived from the pur- suit of one's routine work, until a facility is reached merging into that of pure shorthand. It will be seen also that the varying choice and circumstances of different writers, and of the same writers at different periods, are accommodated by the selective features which characterize the method in all its parts. Owing to the wide range of uses which the method is thus designed to serve, it will be apparent that to prescribe a com- mon standard of abbreviation for all would be foreign to its general scope and purpose. As explained in the General Instructions, at page 22, the word outlines thruout the Manual have been given in the forms advised for ultimate adoption, simpler forms being substituted by the writer, when necessary, until the ultimate forms become familiarized. With the same qualifications the reading matter which fol- lows will show the use of the breves representing in a general way two styl^ of writing. The first of these is the style comprising fhe forms described in the Introduction, at page 17. as constituting Group 1, viz.. the purely elementary breves, with only an occasional breve of the groups designated two and three. The second rendering in each case is that which may be called an advanced style, showing practically all the outlines in their fully condensed forms. Alternative forms are enclosed in parentheses, and any word signs and phrases used are indicated by the double lines shown under- neath the outlines. 145 KEY TO READING MATTER AT PAGE 148. Business Letter. We are in receipt of your favor of the 10th inst., and in reply beg leava to say that owing to the rush of work occasioned by the heavy fill trade there has been a slight delay in getting the successive ship- ments out as expected. We have, however, completed your order at the factory now, and can promise further consignments with such expedi- tion as will meet your requirements. Trusting this will relieve you of the embarrassments which you mention, and ensure your meeting the demands of your local market, we remain, Yours very truly, Facts Worth Knowing. It is not what people eat, but what they digest, that makes them strong. It is not what they gain, but what they save, that makes them rich. It is not what they read, but what they remember, that makes them learned. It is not what they profess, but what they -practise that makes them good. Extracts from Articles on Spslling Reform. The question, then, that will have to be answered sooner or Jater is this: "Can this unsystematic system of spelling English be allowed to go on forever?" Is every Englisn child, as compared with other children, to be mulcted in two or three years of his life in order to learn it! Are the lower classes to go thru school without learning to read and write their own language intelligently? And is the country to pay millions every year for this utter failure of national education? I do not believe or think that such a state of things will be allowed to go on for ever, particularly as a remedy is at hand. I consider Chat the sooner it is taken in hand the better. — F. Max Mueller, LL. ]).. I). C. L., formerly Professor of Comparative Philolgy in Oxford Dili versity. One very signal vice of our orthography is the confusion which prevails among the representatives of the vowel and diphthongal uounds. It would be bad enough if each single vowel character were only used to represent, as some are, four or five different sounds otherwise un- represented; but when, in addition to doing this work, each tisurps the place of others, and is thus burdened with a duty entirely unnecessary ; ;tiid when diphthongal forms take the place of vowel characters an 1 vowel characters of diphthongal combinations to an extent almost un- limited, the confusion becomes bewildering. — F. A. P. Barnard, LL. ])., L. IF. D., S. T. D., formerly President of Columbia University. The Englishman who has learned, in the true Chinese fashion, to associate every spoken sound with a fixed and unalterable symbol, how- ever inappropriate or unintelligent it may be. no longer uses his ''ar, but depends sol dy upon his dye. For him the sole question is, not how does the word sound, but how docs it look. He learnt his symbols by 146 heart and by rote, with regard only to their visible appearance. His task is less stupendous than that of the Chinese, because, after all, a large number of our words are phonetically spelt; yet it is remark- able that it never occurs to him that there is no reason whatever why they should not all have the same merit. — Walter W. Skeat, Litt. D., LL. D., D. C. L., Professor of Anglo-Saxon in the University of Cam- bridge ; Fellow of the British Academy. Extract from "Sir Roger de Coverley at Church." As Sir Eoger is landlord to the whole congregation, he keeps them in very good order, and will suffer nobody to sleep in it besides him- self; for if by chance he has been surprised into a short nap at ser- mon, upon recovering out of it he stands up, and looks about him, and, if he sees anybody else nodding, either wakes them himself, or sends his servants to them. Several other of the old knight 's particularities break out upon these occasions; sometimes he will be lengthening out a verse in the singing psalms, half a minute after the rest of the congregation have done with it; sometimes, when he is pleased with the matter of his devotion, he pronounces amen three or four times to the same prayer; and sometimes stands up when everybody else is upon their knees, to count the congregation, or see if any of his tenants are missing As soon as the sermon is finished nobody -presumes to stir till Sir Roger is gone out of the church. The knight walks down from his Geat in the chancel between the double row of his tenants, that stand bowing to him on each side; and every now and then inquires how such a one's wife, or mother, or son, or father do, whom he does not see at church— »■ which is understood as a secret reprimand to the person that is nb«ent. m .I^MAA^/rsjU^.... < &^ &&...\. . 4& if . | ....a%../....^...£^....^ (kg, , ^dfk ^. eft A/ ^ ... e A«., .^vl ..*.. 148 fc^QA^. (A)q j \aA.^ *%j^^^ - y^uiM^y^ $&Atfw&^ . &cAhcLcJ / /.. .^..;.. < ^.. / ( ).....cx^..A...|... ir...y^../h^.../\.J^.... o Ok } lm>ZOo..7p^ ^.v..../U£..:^...^ . >^fr&£&^ k^M^t 4. * /. or vi. /-vu^ 150 +L ; ....L..^.W£, r . x 'JU ^.y./^.sri.f H ^M^^^^^pa^&^p^. '-S^^-^f^^ ^f.,° pA& . A ■•■■<■■ 4^c> cu - i fl rf^^ 8 ** ■f" $ ■ ^■^^^*.-v"^A-te^,- ^fvMi^jg. ^jL^Ayrys ..,.; Lc^>va,c ... <^...<^^..C^.Ai?....cC..^... < £..x 151 fjb.j&fju-4 6 B w A > w i'...c« s..r.^..A-__ .4Al>M. :*A*,..X £.. ... ..^.... t jL^ . .. ! j...v^.^'.| ^v.^..?:.^ . .w..^-..^.^ J. A ..... a O -i ' ■ ^ Hi .,r:....'....d...,....M/ ^.k-a _^u .., J. e U V ?V* jcr*^^ s: • / ) ,^ufe.../v^ fl^f C^VAA^VC ^ . 1. ..." ^ O^H . A^^..^.:.C^^^. :? flWtm . ^. ^/.. ( . ^ _ . h bj fa .;. |j>(^. ^..^..„lS^... J !....S^"...nA r .J ..«^m*^.Ajl PI/.4 • 6iJh..^...0^..}... e mU^yy^ c ^ JL.di ..... y_ ... .4^. 152 •4&fflkjAxL.4?l*:.£. • ...-^....^... i ...^...^.... 3 U/m? i ASvvk 4\flJKjY- < »YvU^yw> 7 T\ ^yfe, £ ^j^J3fcja<6^ 5*1... dfajtjg. .1..^. .v.... 6 .....sL.... A .....M4..x.^ l^LA*w 5 ....^...^/..Ht^---t"^-"--W...^. y ..|ff.il,4..4, ^^JSft^BU^^-^^^fli. -, ■ 4 e. 1 . gv> - ^,. b . .7u..° .... A -v I . ^lil.^ ^MHrV -^. ^ ^y}.,4^, $4^.+ 4....' '4, Ci ^ J6....1 <-S ^ o ^. ( . v ^ 153 . ~9 ' 4 f -or-* -*» Mr6>V* *" J. , i UL| .r- e *if*>;jt iriifi). 154 GLOSSARY. ''See reference to Position Writing at page 18; also 1J27, It 126 to 135 and Note following and f!45.) Tb^ list appended will afford a very practical means or familiarizing the classification of words in the three positions corresponding to their vowel sounds. The list includes some 1,500 words of the most frequent occurrence, and is repre- sentative of as many more having the same roots and the same vowel sounds in their accented syllables, and therefore the same positions, and differing only in the several derivative endings which are written with one or another of the adjuncts. The words have been selected also with a view to giving, inci- dentally, a further exposition of the use of the adjuncts for t, d, at, nd, mnt, mnd, k-g, I, r, f-v and n, each of these ad- juncts being carried through the alphabet in combination with a single consonant preceding it, and showing substantially all the words of the language in ordinary use made up of the combinations appearing in the list. As will be seen by referring to the list, each consonant of the alphabet, in its order, is accompanied by three groups of words, one above the other. The first of these groups con- tains words of the first position; the second group, words of the second position, and the third group, words of the third position. It is not intended, of course, that each word shall be memorized by itself, but merely that the grouping of the vowel sounds shall be learned, so that any given vowel will suggest at once the position of the word, remembering always that in words of more than one syllable, it is the accented vowel that controls the position. (Iff 128, 145.) The list may be used either for occasional reference or may be studied with a view to a more speedy mastery of the prin- 155 ciples involved, depending upon the rate of progress sought by the writer. Particular attention is directed to the words of most fre- quent use which can, in position writing, be reduced to one letter and can be taken up very rapidly in one's work because their constant repetition fixes them very quickly and surely- in the mind, as, for instance, the one-consonant words by, be, day, if, . few, age, lay, well, my, am, may, aim, me, on, no, in, pay, up, are, or, our, air, sair, say, so, us, see, show, she, at, out, ate, eat, it, to, too, they, way, away, ease, &c, and the many other words having two or more consonants. It has been ascertained by calculation that more than one- half of all English spoken or written is made up of about one hundred different words, consisting of these one-consonant words and the most frequently recurring word sign words given at page 49. Of the remaining one-half a large pro- portion is made up of the word sign words which occur less frequently and the two-consonant words contained in the list which follows. It will be seen, therefore, that by getting the short forms for these words, so limited in number as to put but a moderate tax upon one's effort, one's range of abbrevia- tion can be made to cover by far the larger part of the lan- guage; and the use of the abbreviating principles in these special words will soon bring them into ready command for words in general. (w. s.) The Word Signs occurring in the list are indicated, as heretofore, by the initials w. s. in parentheses, and are given only in the consonant groups which make up their short forms, not with the groups representing their full con- sonants. (o. w. s.) These initials indicate Optional Word Signs not 156 given in the list of Word Signs at page 49. A few Word Signs and other words are written arbitrarily out of the positions which would be required by their vowel sounds. This is done to avoid conflict with certain other words of th? same consonant outlines that would not be dis- tinguishable in all cases from the context. The words so distinguished are, advantage, in its word-sign form, (having for its accented syllable a first place vowel, but written iu the second position to distinguish from large, written with the same outline in the first position;) another, distinguished in the same manner from no otfwr; do from did; exclude from experience ; other from their; over from very; truth from true; found from find : own and any from no; hereon from herein. The mass of .words which have identical consonant out- lines and position, differ so in meaning that no confusion is met with in practise thru the omission of their vowels, since the context shows at once which of such words is intend- ed. Exceptional words are distinguished by inserting a neces- sary vowel or by some distinguishing feature of consonant outline. Advantage has been taken of the list to indicate by initial letters, indicative of descriptive terms, the two or three general principles entering into these distinctions, and also to illustrate the choice of outlines in other respects. These principles are few in number, can be very quickly acquired, and are indicated in the following manner: (v. t.) The initial Vowel Tick; before I, r and s taking the form of the elongated up-stroke described at ^28. (1. v.) Letter Vowel initially, i. e.. small a, e, o, u, &c, pre- fixed to a letter or adjunct. (L. V.) Capital Letter Vowel, adding a following k or g. in words like act, echo, October (w. s.), &c. 157 (tl. v.) Distinguishing Vowel, either one of the diphthongs i, oi, ou\ eu\ or some other vowel (to distinguish outlines other- wise alike, or words used in a more or less specific sense,) being usually an accented vowel. (See U27.) The detached dot and d.ish signs are very serviceable for these distinguish- ing vowels. (d) Dipthong, i. e. the double angle described at T22. (f.'d.) Final vowel Dot. Words of One Consonant. 1 ball (dr)by,buy,boy(di;) bow (dv) object (noun,ws) 2 bay ( dv ) obey (vt) but ( ws ) bow 3 bo!buoy(d) (dv) object (verb, ws) 1 coy(dv)cow(di;)can(ws) 2 come ( ws) echo (LV) 3 coo(dr)cue(di;)cou]d(u;s) d 1 had ( ws) dollar (ws) die (dv) a wed (Iv) add (Iv)oid(Vv) 2 do ( ws ) aid ( Iv ) day,o wed ( Iv ) eddy(vt.fd) 3 did ( ws ) due (dv) adieu (vt.dv ) ado (vt.dv) f 1 half(w*)off(«*)fie(it;) 2 for ( ws ) form ( ws ) foe ( d r ) 3 if (vt ) fee (dr ) f ew (< 59a ) S 1 guy(dr) 2 gay,gave(w«) ague (vt.dv) go, together (ws) 3 if(rt)fee(clv)few(T59a) J j aw (dr)joy(dv) large (•■«•*) age-edge (vf) Joe (dv) advant- age (few) Jew(dr) k oak(LF)ache(LF) key (dv) eke (LF) kingdom (ws) 1 all (it's) aml(Zv)law(dv) ally (vt. dv)a\ley (vt.fd)a\\oy (vt.dv)lie (dv)oil(dv or vt)ov/\(dv) ale(vt)lay,allay(i'<.dv)low(dv) well (ows) eel(dv) will (w J s)ill(vt)lieu (1f59a) m from (ws)my,am(vt ) mow (dv) may,aim(t't) member (ws) ohm (vt)homc (v:s)mow (dv) me,mew(dr) improve (ivs) n gnaw(dr)an(ws)own(n's)on (vt) annoy (dv) now (f59b) no know in,knee(di')knew-new(T[59a) any(tos) 1 liigh(dr)how(ira)aha(i't.:ait'tv (d.fd) 3 git h-t 1 hat,hot,hight.Hoyt(dr) 2 hate.hut 3 heat,hit,hoot j-t 1 jot 2 jetjut 3 jute(dr) k-t 1 kite(dr) 2 Kate(di;)Katie(dr./d) 3 kit,kttty(/d) It 1 lot,light,alight(ri)lout(dt') 2 late.let 3 elitp(rOHt,loot,lute(di) m-t 1 mat.ainity ( vt ) mot.inight.mij: hty (fd) moiety (dv) 2 mate.moat ( dv ) met,empty ( vt ) 3 meet.mit,moot,mutc,inimediaio (us) n-t 1 naught- nought,naughty(/d)ant a unt.au nty -ante (/d) 2 ain 't,note,net,nut 3 neat,uit-knit,into P -t 1 pat,apt(i;Opot,pout(dt>) 2 pate,poet(d)pet 3 peat,pit,pity,put q-t 1 quite,quiet(d)quoit(dr) •J qaote,equity(vt) 3 quit,acqiiit(rO r-t 1 wrought, rat.art ( rt ) rot.right- wri te.aright ( vt ) riot (d) 2 rate.wrote-rote.rut, rutty (fd) 3 \\ rit,root,route S-t 1 sought.sat, asset ( rt)sty (dv) sight 2 stay,sto\v (dv ) set .set tee (fd) 3 east (Jt")seat,sit,soot,3uet(d) suit, stew(dr) sh-t 1 shot,shout 2 shoat(dt?)shut 3 sheet,shoot,chute t-t 1 taught-taut (dr )tat,tot,tight(dr) tout(dv) 2 tote,tut 3 teat,toot 1 thought th-t v-t 1 vat • I vet 3 veto W-t 1 watt •> 3 wait,await(cl wit,witty(/d) !)wct i X-t 2 exit y-t 1 yacht Words of Two Consonants, the Second Being d. b-d 1 bad,body(/d)bide(dv) bowed (dv) 2 bowed ( dv ) abode ( v t .dv ) bcd,abcd (vt)bud(dv) 3 bead,bid 160 c-d 1 cad,caddy(/d)cod,cowed(dv) 2 code,echoed(LJ T ) 3 cooed (dv) d-d 1 dad,daddy(/d) added (Iv) died, dowdy (dv.fd) 2 aided (Iv) dead 3 deed,dude(di) f-d 1 fad 2 fade.fed 3 feed,food,feud 1 gad,God,guide(1[l37) 2 goad,egged(rt) 3 good h-d 1 hod,hide-hied 2 head,ahead(vt) 3 heed,hood,hued jd 1 jawed(dv) 2 aged-edged (vt) 3 Jewed (dv) k-d 2 aehed(LF) 3 kid,eked (LV) Id 1 laud(dr)lad,laddy(/d)lied(dv) loud (dv) aloud-allowed (vt) 2 laid,lady(/d) ailed (vt) old (vt) load,led-lead 3 lead,lid.lewd(dv) m-d 1 Maud(dv)mad 2 made-maid,aimed(vt)mud, meadow ( dv ) midday ( dv) 3 mead,mid,amid(vt)mood,moody (fa) n-d 1 gnawed (dv) and ( ics ) nod,owned (tvs)annoyed(vt) 2 undo(dr)node(dv)end, 3 need-knead,needy (fd ) nude, undue ( dv ) p-d 1 pawed (dv)pad,pod,pied(dv) 2 paid,aped( it) hoped (vt) 3 heaped (vt) q-d 1 quad 3 quid r-d 1 rod,ride,arid(vt) 2 aired(vt)rode-rowed > red-read, ready (fd) erred (vt) 3 read-reed,rid,rued(dv) s-d 1 sawed (dr)sad,sod,sighed(dv) 2 said,sowed(dv) 3 seed,seedy ( fd ) sued ( dv ) sh-d 1 shad,shadow(dv)shod,shied(dv) 2 shade,shady(/ : d)shed 3 shooed ( dv) issued (vt) t-d 1 tied,tidv(/d)toyed(dv) 2 toed-towed,Ted,Teddy(/d) th-d 1 thawed 2 thud v-d 1 vied,void,avoid(vt)vowed, avowed (vt) 2 evade (vt) 3 viewed (dr) w-d 1 wad.wide 2 wade,wed 3 weed,wfcedy (fd) widow (dv) wood, woody (fd) wooed 161 Words of Three Consonants, the Last Two Being nt. b-nt 1 bonnet,banty(/d) bounty (fd) 2 bayonet (d)bent,bunt 3 buoyant (d) c-nt 1 cannot,can 't,count,county ( ws ) account (LF) aconite (LV,dv) d-nt 1 daunt.had not-hadn't (ws) 2 do not,don't(ws)dent 3 dint,did not-didn't (ws) f-nt 1 font,finite(dv)fount(dv) 2 faint-feint 3 -nnityC/d) g-nt 1 gaunt,ignite(vf.dv) h-nt 1 haunt 2 hunt 3 hint j-nt 1 jaunt,iaunty(/"d) giant (d) gentleman(ws) 2 gent (ws) gentlemen (ws) agent (rf)junt k-nt 2 Kent 1-nt 2 alienate, (vt.d) lent,lenity (fd) 3 lint,linty(/d) m-nt 1 mount,amount(v£ ) 2 meant 3 mint,minute(nown) minute (ad- jective) n-nt 1 anoint (vt) 2 anient (vt) p-nt 1 pant,pint,point,appoint(vi) 2 paint,pent,punt q-nt 1 quantity (ows) 2 quaint,acquaint(r<) r-nt 1 rant,arrant(e/)are not-aren 't 2 rent,errant(i>O r unt,were not- weren 't ( wis) orient ( vt.d) 3 hereunto (ws.dv) s-nt 1 sonnet,has not-hasn 't(p) sanity (fd) 2 saint,sent,assent-ascent(r£) 3 is not-isn't(/>) sh-nt 1 shall not-shan't(^) shanty (/d) 2 shunt t-nt 1 taunt,ought not-oughtn't(rf) to-night 2 taint,attaint(rt)tent 3 tenet,tint v-nt 1 vaunt,avaunt(y<) vanity (fd) 2 vent,event(t'() v ig nc> tte w-nt 1 waut,wont 2 won 't,went z-nt 1 -was not-wasn 't(p) 162 Words of Three Consonants, the Last Two Being nd. b-nd 2 1 band,bind,bound,abound(vt) 2 bcned,bend 2 end 1 canned,candy(/d)conned,coined 2 caned,coned 1 3 canoed (dv) 2 d-nd 3 1 dawned,dandy(/d)dined,denied (dv) downed 2 dunned 1 3 dinned,denude(dt>) f-nd 2 1 fawned,fond,find-fined 3 2 feigned,phoned,fend,offend(v£) 3 fiend,found g-nd l 2 gained,gunned ^ h-nd 1 hand,handy(/d)hind(du)hound (dv) l 2 honed z j-nd 3 1 joined,adjoined(t - t) k-nd 3 thinned 1 kind 1-nd 1 land,lined,island(vf) 2 loaned(du)lend 3 leaned pound pained,opened ( vt ) penned, punned pinned r-nd rind,round,around(t't) rained-reigned,arraigned(«£) rend,errand (vt ) earned (vt ) rind,ruined ( d) renewed (dv ) s nd sand,signed,assigned ( vt ) cyanide (d)sound send,ascend (vt) sunned,Sunday (fd) sinned,synod sh-nd shined shunned shinned,shindy (fd) t-nd tanned attained (vt ) toned,atoned (vt) tend,attend(t't) tuned,attuned(v<) th-nd v-nd m-nd l 1 mind-mined,mound 2 2 moaned,mend,amend(vi) emend 3 ( Iv) Monday (fd) p-nd 1 pawned,panned,pined,opined(irt) 1 yawned 163 1 viand 2 vend 3 evened (vt) w-nd wand,wind,wound waned,wend weaned,wind, windy (/) ;dog 2 decay-DeKa y ( dv ) deek,duck ;dug 3 Dick,duke(it'),DeCue(d«) ;dig dignity (us) F, k-g 1 fag, fog, foggy (/d) 2 fake 3 fig,fugue(dr) G, k-g 1 gawk,gawkcy(/d) ;*:ag,agog(vt) 3 gig H, k-g 1 hawk (iv) hack, hock, hockey (/d) hike(i'i') ;hag Hague,hog 2 hug 3 hick,hook,hookey(/d) J, k-g 1 Jack,jackie(/d) jockey (/d) ;jag, jog 2 Jake, joke; jug 3 jig K, k-g 2 keg 3 kick 164 L, k-g 1 Iack,laekey(/V/) alack ( vt ) Alick (rf)Ioek,like,alike(r<) ;lag,la_; yv (fd)\og 2 lake.elk ( vt ) luck.lucky (fd ) elec- tric (ws) ;logiei(tt\/d)leg,lug 3 leak.aleak (vt) lick.ilk (vt) look, Luke (u); league M, k-g 1 Mack.Maekey(/ ) dai ly(/d) delay (di-) '.', dea 1 ( hiv ) ideal (Iv) duly (fd) dual- duel (d) f-1 1 flaw, fall,awful(i;t)follow,f oily (/d)offal(fOfly,file(dv)foil(dt;) foul -fowl (dv) 2 flay,fail,flow,foal(dr)folio(d) fe!I,fellow(di;) 3 flea-flee,feel,fill(?0 full (h) fully (/d)fool,flew,fuel(d) sr-i 1 gall(7i)galley(/ T d)guile(di;) 2 gale(7i)gaily-gala(/d)goal(/i) ogle(LF)gull(/i)ugly(LF) 3 glee,eagle ( L V ) glue ( dv ) ghoul (dv) h-1 1 hall-haul(/i)hollow(dt;)holly(/d) high]y(/d)howl(dt>) 2 hale (h) hole- whole (/i) holy wholly (/d)hello(dr)hiilJ(7t) 3 heal-hcel(7i)hill(/i)l)iny(/d) 166 jl 2 1 agile (vt) jolly (/d) July Jowl (dv) 2 jail(ft)jelly(/d)angel(ti's) 3 jffl(») 3 k-1 3 keel ( ft ) kill ( ft) 1-1 , 1 loll,Lisle(dr)loval(d) 2 2 lull (See U, *96) m-1 ! 1 maul(ftir)mile(ft) 2 male-mail (ft) mole ( d v) mellow 2 (dv)mull(dv) 3 3 meal(ft)mill(ft)mule(dv) n-1 2 1 annual(vf.d)nolle(/d)Nile(di) 3 2 nail(/i)knoll,only (ft)annul(vt) 3 kneel ( ft ) anneal ( vt ) nil ( ft ) newell (d) 1 p-1 1 pall,pal,apple(it)Poll(dv)Polly (■dv.fd ) pate ( dv ) ply,apply ( vti.dv) * 2 pale-pail,play,pole,opal(vt) plain- tiff (tvs) 3 peal-peel,appeal( it) plea (dv) pill, pull,pulley(/(Z)pool.people(M,'s) 1 q-1 2 1 quality(M\s)equality(u-s) 3 2 quail (ftir) quell (ft ti - ) 3 equal (vt.h) equally (vt.h.fd) r-1 i 1 aural(rf)ralle(ftir)rally(/"d)rely 2 ( ft .r7r ) roil ( hiv) roilv ( dv.fd) rowel 3 (dv) 2 rail ( ft ) relay ( dv) roll (ft) oral (vt) orally ( trf./a)eari ( vt) early (vt.fd) 1 3 real-reel(ft)really(ft)rule(ft)ru]v " (fd) rill, (ft) aerial (i;t.d) 3 S-l 1 slaw(dv)Sol(dv)sly(dv)8oil(dv) 3 167 slough (dr) slay (dv) sail,assail (vt) sell-cell, slow,soul ( dv ) solo ( dv ) sully ( dv. fd) seal,sill,sillv (fd) slew (dv) (See si, *96) sh-1 shawl,shallow shale,shoal,shell (See sh-l, *97) t-i tall,tally(/"d)tile(dv)toil(di>) towel ( dv ) tale,toll(dv')tell(ft) till (ft) tool th-1 Ethel (vt) thill (ft) V-l valley, value (h.dv) volley, vile (dv) vilel v ( dv.fd) vowel ( d) avowal (vtd) vail-veil-vale,avail(vt)oval(vt) evil ( vt ) veal.villa (fd) W-l wall.wallow ( dv ) wile (dv ) while (us) wail,well,waylay(dv) weal .wool, wooly, willow ( dv ) wheel (ft omitted) X-l axle (ft) excel (ft )exile(dr) axilla (vt.dv) 7-1 yawl Yale.yell ( ft ) yellow ( dv ) yule(dv) Z-l zeal ( ft ) easel ( ft ) easi ly ( h Words of Two Consonants, the Second Being r (See fflOl, 1~>7 and Instructions at page 1<).">.) b-r 1 braw ( dv ) bar ( hi v ) barrow (dv) borrow (dv) buyer (dv) brow (dv) 2 ba re-bear (hiv) bray (dv) bore- boar (hiv) berry (fd) bury (fd) brother-number ( ws ) 3 beer(7ii'v)brew(dv) c-r 1 craw(dv) car,carry,cry(dv) 2 care,acre(LF)core(d-v)ochre ( L V) ecrow ( L V.dv ) cur,curry (dv) 3 euchre(LF)crew(dv) (See cr, *97) d-r 1 draw(dv)adder(iv)odder(Zu) dry(dv)eider(iv) 2 dray,dare,dairy(dv) aider (Iv) door (/;) odor (Iv) dory (dv.fd) udder (Iv) 3 dear-deer(7i)dour(dv)during (u-s) f-r 1 far(7i)afar(vOoffer(v*)fry(dv) H re ( dv ) fiery ( d ) foyer ( dv ) 2 fare -fair,affair(rO faro (dv) fairy (/d ) fray ( dv ) f ore-f our,af ore ( vt ) foray (dv ) ferry (fd) f ur,f urry (fd) furrow (dv) 3 fear,fcwer(dv) gr-r 2 gray.gorc(dv)gory(dv./d)ogre 3 eapor(/".F)ajTreo(>))cToar(dv) degree ( ws ) g re w ( dv ) h-r 1 hurrah(/d) Harry (/d) harrow (dv)higher-hire(dt/) 2 liai r ( h ) hairy (/d) hoar (dv) hurry 2 3 168 hewer (dv) jar(/i)ajar(vt) jeer (7i) jury (fd)jwaior(ws) 1-r larry (/d) liar-lyre (dc) oiler ( 1 1) lower (dv) layer-lair (h) lower-lore (h) already (ivs) leer(7i)leary(/d) m-r mar (h) marry (fd) marrow (dv) morrow (dv) mire (hiv ) miry (dv. fd) merry (fd) more ( // ) emery ( vt.fd) mere(h) immure (vt.dv) mister (ws) n-r nor ( ft ) narrow (dr) owner (»/-.>•) honor (?-f)nij2her(dv) ne'er,nary(/d) near (h ) newer (dv) p-r par (h) parry (fd) practise (ws) opera ( vt) pry (dv) prow (dv) power (dv) pare-pair-pear,apiary ( vt.d) pore- pour (dv) per (ft)pur,i]pper('vn peer-pier,poor,pure ( dv ) principal- le(ivs) q-r quarry (fd) quire-choir (dv) acquire (vt.dv) equerry (vt.fd) queer ( h ) query (fd) r-r rare (ft ) roar-rower,error ( h ) rear(ft)arrear(ft)rhoor(di;) s-r 1 sorrow (dv ) sorry (fd) sour (dv ) 2 sayer.as«ayer(rfc d)soar-sore.sir 3 seer-sere,sewer(di')user(Jr) (See s-r, *96) sh-r 1 shire(dt')shower(dr)azure(rf) 2 share,shore,usher(rf) 3 shear-sheer,sure,assure(i/) usury (vt.fd) (See sh-r, *97) t-r 1 tar ( h) tarry (fd) attar (vt) tire (dv) attire (vt.dv)tTy,tro\v (dv) tower (dv ) outer (vt) 2 tray,tear-tare(/i) truth (us) 3 tear-tier,eater(Zt>)tree,true th-r 1 author (vt) other (tcs) 2 their-there-they are,thoro( dv) 3 either-ether,thru-thrcw v-r 1 over(«. - s) 2 vary (fd) every (h) very (h) 3 veer w-r 1 war ( /» ) wire (dv) wi ry ( dv.fd) 2 weigher (dv ) ware wear ( h ) aware ( v t ) wore ( h ) wo r r y ( fd ) 3 weir (h) wooer (d) y-r 2 oyer(tf) z-r 3 zero(di') Words of Two Consonants, the Second Being f or v. (See 1113.) b, f-v 2 before(ws)buff,above(t;t) buffet (fd) bevy 3 beef,beefy,bif C, f-V 1 eough,ealf,coffee,coif (dv) 2 cave,cafe(/d) covey cuff d, f-V 1 doff,dive(dr)defy(dt') 2 dove ( verb ) deaf , dove ( nou n ) edi- fy ( vt) defendant ( ws ) 3 div\y,difference-ent(«'s) f, f-V 1 fife five 2 favor-able (ws) 3 fief g, f-v 1 gaff,guffaw(di;) 2 gu ff, govern ( ws ) governor ( ivs ) 1 2 3 hive hove,heavy, heave,hoof h, ,huff J. fv f-v 1 2 3 jive Jove jiff J iffy 1, f-v « 1 2 3 laugh,live,alive (vt) lave.love.loaf leaf -lief .lea ve-lieve,live,aloof ( vt ) m, f-v 1 2 mauve muff 3 move 1 2 3 n, f-v knife nave-knave.enough ( vt ) inf er- inf orm ( ws ) never-Xovember ( ws ) naive (d) 69 p, f-v pave,puff,puffy q, f-v quaff r, f-v rife,arrive(vt) rave,rove,rough,refer-reference ( ws ) reverend ( ws ) reef ,reeve,roof , review (H59a ) S, f-V salve safe,save,sa vior ( ivs ) several ( ws ) si.tncr(j«) (See sv, * 105-107) sh, f-v 2 shave,chef,shove 3 sheave,sheive t-f 1 taffy (/d) 2 tough 3 tiff W, f-V 1 wife 2 waif , wove, whenever ( ws ) 3 weave, woof X-V 2 exclusive Words of Two Consonants, the Second Being n. (See 11113.) b-n 1 ban,bonnie 2 bane,bun,ebony(rt)bony 3 bean,been,bin,boon c-n 1 eanny,acne(/>F)con,coin,canaille (d) 2 cane,eone 3 coon.eanoe(dt') d-n 1 dawn. don, dine,deny,down,downy i' den,dun 3 dean, din, dune(dr) f-n 1 i;'*Yn,f;in,often(vJ)fine 2 fain -feign,fun,funny 3 fin,finny. g-n 1 gone,gown,began(w«) 2 gain,again(t't)gun,begun(uw) 3 miinea,begin(u«i) 2 none,bonoy 3 hewn(dt') h-n J-n 1 join,January ( «\s)imagine(OM;s) 3 June,gin 1 kine 2 ken 3 kin k-n 1-n 1 lawn.line,align(t'f) lion (d) Illinois (vt) 2 lane,alien(r<)lone,alone(t;<) 3 loan, lion, Ioon,looney m-n 1 man,mine,my own(p) 2 main-mane,mania(d)amen(vt. or It>)moan,amen(td. or lv)men, many, money 3 mean,moon,minnow(dt' ) immune (vt) 170 n-n 1 non,arion(f£)nine,noun 2 known,unknown(t;£)none-nun, onion (vt.d) 3 noon,ninny p-n 1 pa\vn,pan,upon ( vt ) pine,piano ( d) 2 pain-pane,open(i7£)pony,pen, penny 3 pean(d)pin,puny(di;) opinion (ws) q-n queen r-n 1 ran,hereon(w;s) 2 rain-reign,arraign (vt) earn-urn (vt ) roan (dv) run 3 ruin (d) herein (ws) s-n 1 sawn,sign,assign(rf)scion(d) 2 sane,seine,sown,son-sun,sonny- sunny 3 seen,soon,sin (See s-n, * 105-107) sh-n 1 ashen (rf)shine,shiny 2 shone-shown,ocean(Zi'. and shun- stroke) 3 sheen,shin,shinny t-n 1 tawn(dv)tan,town,tiny(dr) 2 attain (vt ) tone,atone (v t ) ten,ton- tun,tonneau ( dv ) oaten ( dv ) 3 eaten (vt)tin,tinny,tune,attune (vt)between(ws) tb-n 1 than,thine 2 then 3 thin,heathen(tt. h omitted) v-n 1 van,vine 2 vain-vane-vein,heaven ( ws ) oven (tf) 3 even(t;<) w-n 1 wan,wine,whine(7i omitted) 2 wane,one-won 3 wean,win/winno(di>) x-n 2 Christian (ws) z-n 2 ozone(vt.tfi;) m INDEX. PREFACE 5 INTRODUCTION 15 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 21 Abbreviated Longhand distinguished from Shorthand L2 Alphabet, The script 23 Alphabet, The stem 41 Beginnings, .'onsonant and vowel, distinguished 36, 74 < apitals, how indicated 41 Capials for Adding k or g 33, 1 G4 Capitals F and T, with intersecting strokes, distinguished :'. 1 Choice of outlines 16 Circle for s 35 ( inle for ss 36 Digraphs, The 24 Diphthongs 2(5, 73 Double Length Letters 34, 74 Endings, consonant and vowel, distinguished 36, 74 Extracts from proceedings of New York State Stenographers' Association and National Shorthand Eeporters' Association.... 3 Final Ticks for Long u and for ow 33 F and T Capitals, with intersecting strokes, distinguished 34 f-v and n Hooks .' 39 Glossary of Words in Position 155 Hooks, for f-v and » 39, 169-170 Hooks, for J and r 38, 165-168 Hook, for ter 30 t Dot, The 29 Illustrative Outlines 75, 21 Initial Vowel Tick 27 k and g, Capitals for adding 33, 161 I and r Hooks 38 Loop for fit : 37 Loop for str 37 m and it. Optional Stems for . . 32 172 Index concluded. ph. c, g and o. Consonant Values of 24 Phrases 62, 16, 17, 41, 46 Position Writing 18, 26, 46, 155 Prefixes and Suffixes, Special 43 Punctuation Marks 41 Reading Matter and Key to, 145, 148 Reference, Arrangement as to ■ 22 r and rd, Optional Stem for 42 Shun Stroke ' 30 Silent Letters 26 Special Contractions 31 s-Circle, The 35, 74 ss-Circle, The 36, 74 Stems, Optional, for m and u 32 Stems, Optional, for r and rd 42 si-Loop, The 37 str-Loop, The 37 Strokes, for t, d; nt, nd; ted, ded; mut,mud, 28, 159-164 Stroke, for Shun 30 Ter Hook 30 Ter on Curved Stems 30, 33 ' < Three Hundred Words, ' ' The 23 Unvovvelled Outlines 26 Vowels, The Script Letter 25 Vowels, Detached 71, 18, 29 Word Signs 49, 57, 16, 17, 41, 46, 157 Words Specially Distinguished 60 10 and i/, Short Signs for 43 113 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. Form L9-25m-9,'47(A5618)444 A x LOS ANGELES LIBRARY Z56 Weaver - W37a Abbreviated longhand. A 000 570 401 o Z56 W37a r