LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Class OF THE UNIVERSITY OF w s - II Estimating A Guide to SYSTEMATIC METHODS IN TAKING OFF QUANTITIES AND MAKING UP ESTIMATES OF COST IN BUILDING OPERATIONS, WITH QUOTA- TIONS OF CURRENT PRICES FOR MATERIALS AND LABOR By EDWARD NICHOLS Architect, Boston, Mass. ILLUSTRATED CHICAGO AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE 1908 GENERAL <*** COPYRIGHT 1907 BY AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE Entered at Stationers' Hall, London All Rights Reserved Foreword recent years, such marvelous advances have been made in the engineering and scientific fields, and so rapid has been the evolution of mechanical and constructive processes and methods, that a distinct need has been created for a series of practical working guides, of convenient size and low cost, embodying the accumulated results of experience and the most approved modern practice along a great variety of lines. To fill this acknowledged need, is the special purpose of the series of handbooks to which this volume belongs. C, In the preparation of this series, it has been the aim of the pub- lishers to lay special stress on the practical side of each subject, as distinguished from mere theoretical or academic discussion. Each volume is written by a well-known expert of acknowledged authority in his special line, and is based on a most careful study of practical needs and up-to-date methods as developed under the conditions of actual practice in the field, the shop, the mill, the power house, the drafting room, the engine room, etc. C, These volumes are especially adapted for purposes of self- instruction and home study. The utmost care has been used to bring the treatment of each subject within the range of the com- 196470 mon understanding, so that the work will appeal not only to the technically trained expert, but also to the beginner and the self- taught practical man who wishes to keep abreast of modern progress. The language is simple and clear; heavy technical terms and the formulae of the higher mathematics have been avoided, yet without sacrificing any of the requirements of practical instruction; the arrangement of matter is such as to carry the reader along by easy steps to complete mastery of each subject; frequent examples for practice are given, to enable the reader to test his knowledge and make it a permanent possession; and the illustrations are selected with the greatest care to supplement and make clear the references in the text. C, The method adopted in the preparation of these volumes is that which the American School of Correspondence has developed and employed so successfully for many years. It is not an experiment, but has stood the severest of all tests that of practical use which has demonstrated it to be the best method yet devised for the education of the busy working man. C, For purposes of ready reference and timely information when needed, it is believed that this series of handbooks will be found to meet every requirement. Table of Contents PRELIMINARY PRINCIPLES . . ... .... . Page 1 Variation in Prices Profit Percentage Duplication of Parts Transportation Approximate and Detailed Estimates Estimating by the Square; by Quantities Preparatory Steps Units Rules and Tables Measurement of_ Lines and Surfaces Areas and Solid Con- tents of Solids. STANDARD PRICES OF LABOR AND MATERIALS . -\ . . . Page 13 Scale of Wages in Various Trades Excavation Stonework (Cut Stone, Granite, Limestone, Window Sets, Sandstone, Setting of Cut Stone, Marble, Bluestone, Seam-Faced Granite) Brickwork (Mortar, Face Brick) Concrete Chimneys Flue-Lining Mason's Supplies 7 Cellar Columns Earthen Drain-Pipe Standard Vitrified Pipe Car- pentry Board Measure Lumber (Dimension, Floor and Finish, Inside Door-Frames) Calculating the Frame Floors Outside Walls V Shingling Roofing Studding Windows Doors Inside Finish Window-Frames Stairs A Day's Work Cost of Labor (by the Square; by the Piece) Exterior Finish Piazzas and Porches Con- ductors Hardware Nails Roofing (Shingles, Slate, Tiles, Metal, Composition, Gutters and Conductors) Plastering Lathing Paint- ing Spreading Power of Paints Heating System (Hot-Air, Steam, Hot-Water) Registers, Piping, Radiators, etc. Plumbing Drainage Water Supply (Boiler, Waste-Cocks, etc.) Capacity of Cisterns and Tanks Sinks Lavatories Laundry Trays Gasfitting Electric Work (Wiring, Switches, Bells). MAKING A DETAILED ESTIMATE ...-,. . . ... Page 59 Methods of Estimating Staking-Out and Setting Batter-Boards Water Supply during Construction Excavation Stonework Plaster- ing Walls with Cement Cesspools, Dry Wells, and Drains Brick- work Flue-Linings Concreting Plastering Carpentry Work Stairs Hardware Heating Plumbing Electric Wiring Electric^ Lighting Fixtures Painting Schedules (Analysis of Carpentry Work) Memoranda for Heating Estimate Location Sheet of Electric Outlets. INDEX . . . .....'. Page 109 FRONT AND REAR VIEWS OF RESIDENCE OF MR. H. T. LOOMIS, MAGNOLIA DRIVE, CLEVELAND, OHIO Watterson & Schneider, Architects, Cleveland, Ohio. Cost, about $35,000. First-Story Walls of McCausland Brick, Made at Akron, Ohio. Koofs of Combination Red Tile. ESTIMATING PART I Introductory. The ability to estimate may be considered as the dividing line between the journeyman and the master builder, for, no matter how skilful a mechanic may become, he can never "hang out his shingle" and invite patronage in his distinctive line of work, unless he becomes able to make reliable estimates of material and labor to be furnished. To do this something more than mere accuracy and quickness in figures or a mastery of mathematics is needed; namely: experience and judgment, an understanding of the more or less complicated details which go to make up a building, and a knowl- edge of current prices and discounts in the trade. It is the object of this paper to point the way toward the acquirement of such of these needs as may be imparted by words or figures; that is, to put in con- densed form some of the common methods by which estimates are made up, and to point out some of the things which are to be avoided. Prices. As prices of labor and materials are constantly shifting, those quoted in this paper must be taken only as proportionate, to be used in comparison with known quantities and methods. All prices given are as current in Boston, Mass., in December, 1906, and are subject to immediate change. On account of the varia- bleness in price of labor and materials, it is better, in general, to make estimates on the basis of days or hours, and quantities of materials, so that they may be used for comparison in future work. To this end all estimates should be carefully labelled and filed away for future reference. This should be done whether the bids were successful or otherwise. If a successful bid, there will arise a good opportunity to compare the estimates of cost of the different items, with the actual cost of execution; and if a bid fails to win the job, satisfaction and experience may be gained by noting the items which may have been priced too high or too low. This data may be of great service in preparing future estimates, especially in the comparisons between estimated and actually executed work. * There is no such a thing as a universal or permanent standard price for anything. Prices vary in different localities at the same time and in the same locality at different times. The estimator must therefore acquaint himself with local market conditions in every case. ESTIMATING Catalogues. Catalogues and price lists of all standard articles are easily obtained and should be kept at hand, properly indexed, for ready reference, as they contain a great deal of specific information. For close figuring, however, it will not do to rely upon these prices, as the amounts of trade discounts are not always included. These vary greatly from time to time, and often there are two or more dis- counts, a trade discount, a cash discount, and a variation in discounts made by different merchants, all of which the contractor must become aware of to obtain bottom prices- All data of this sort should be carefully tabulated for constant reference, in such a form that it may be easily revised and kept, so far as possible, up to date. The manner and time of payments is a matter to be considered in this connection, as it will permit the contractor to take advantage of cash discounts, which often make a great difference in the cost of certain materials. Profit. To the actual price of labor and materials must be added the profit and this will need careful consideration. A common method is to add a lump sum to the estimated cost of labor and materials, varying with locality and customer, with the probable sharpness of competition and the circumstances of the contractor. This is a care- less method, as it leaves no means for future comparison and no cer- tain knowledge of just what the profits of a given job are. Percentage. A better way is to base the profits upon a per- centage of the estimated cost. This will vary, in ordinary cases, from ten to fifteen per cent, ten per cent being the least that should be expected on any work, and this is not enough for small contracts of two or three thousand dollars; but for large work, where there is a great duplication of parts and processes, it will be enough in most cases. Some contractors, whose workmen are required to perform especially skilful labor, figure fifteen per cent on all labor and ten x^r cuit on materials. Duplicate Parts. The matter of duplication is an important factor in estimating, as a considerable saving is often made if large quantities of material, either worked or unworked, are required ; this is especially true in manufactured parts, such as doors and windows, columns, balustrades, etc. Modern machines are capable of dupli- cation with astonishing rapidity, and workmen can put together ESTIMATING similar parts more quickly and cheaply than variable members. Transportation. The distance of the work from the shop of the contractor, or from centers of manufacture, will ?iflect the cost to a marked degree, as much time is consumed in ceaming and especially in handling material a number of time?. If communication between the works and the building site qan be established by water, it will usually save considerable expense for freight and handling, with perhaps less risk of damage, and conse- quently less expense for crating and boxing. A careful study should be made of the means of transportation to each different building site from the shop, the office, and the mill, and the data kept for future reference, subject to varying rates and conditions, to change of seasons, and amounts to be transported. These are some of the more important matters which require preliminary consideration as affecting all estimates, and are only a small part of the real questions involved, as different localities and customs require different treatment, and numerous questions will arise to confront the contractor, all of which may be successfully met, as we have seen, by the exercise of care and judgment. Methods. Estimates are formed by many and varying methods, depending upon the degree of accuracy required, the capability of the contractor, and the character of the building. A broad division may be made between approximate estimates and accurate detailed estimates, only the latter of which should be considered when it is the intention to actually carry out the work under a definite contract. Approximate Estimates. Approximate estimates are obtained with varying degrees of accuracy by several methods, the most con- venient and reliable of which is the system of cubing; i.e., the cubical contents of the proposed building is obtained and multiplied by a given price per cubic foot. This rate is obtained by careful com- parison of the plans and requirements with similar buildings which have been erected under conditions as like as possible to the con- ditions under which the proposed building can be erected. Several methods are used to determine the cubical units, de- pending upon the size and shape of the proposed building. One method is to multiply the square feet in the plan of the building by the height from half-way" the depth of foundations to half-way up the roof. Another system uses the height from the bottom of the ESTIMATING foundation, and another obtains the actual cubical contents. Any of these may be used if the data for comparison is obtained in the same way, but all are subject to important variations which experience and judgment alone will determine. For instance, if the contour of the building is very uneven, with low portions, such as porches and sheds, and high portions, such as towers and cupolas, these must either be omitted from the whole and compared separately, or a lump sum be added or subtracted according to the size and elaboration of these members. Another variation arises in the size of rooms, giving a ratio of partitions and division walls which is not constant, and of course a large building with many duplicate parts will require a different rating from a smaller one, so that the method of estimating by cubing is at best approximate, and its degree of accuracy depends largely upon the experience and judgment of the contractor. Even long experience will afford no safe-guard against unusual elaboration of interior or exterior, so that cube rates can only be applied to buildings of ordinary character, and comparisons are only reliable between buildings of like description and uses, as the treatment of even the same materials will vary largely in buildings of varying uses. The height of the building will not increase the cube rate pro- portionately, unless the internal voids are alike, although it is cer- tain that the higher one builds from the ground, the more time and expense it requires to put the material in place, to say nothing of thicker walls and necessarily heavier construction. Estimating by the Square. A convenient method of estimating is by the square of one hundred surface feet. This is especially applicable to office buildings, schools, mills, stables, and all buildings where the floors are few in number or similar in plan. For one story buildings the price per square is taken to include the roof, walls, floor, and foundations, but for buildings of two or more stories the price per square should be taken separately for each floor, the lower floor being priced to include the foundations and the top floor to include the roof. This method of estimating by the square is not so accurate as by cubical contents, but the results are often more convenient and adaptable, because the tabulation of the square area of the various floors may be easily reduced to terms of accommodation for public ESTIMATING buildings or shops. For instance, a given floor area in a school house means accommodation for a certain number of pupils; in a church, a certain number of sittings ; in factories for the manufacture of staple goods, a certain number of machinQS and operatives. This unit of accommodation is sometimes carried further, and, by the reverse process, made the basis of another method of estimating the approximate cost of such buildings as the above mentioned, i.e., schools, churches, factories, hospitals, etc. This is also a method by comparison, the known data being supplied by previous experience or calculation, and it is often valuable as a means of determining the approximate cost of buildings necessary to accommodate a given number of individuals or machines, even before any definite plans have been drawn. All of these methods are approximate, with varying degrees of accuracy, and should never be advanced as accurate, or used as the basis of a contract, unless the contractor has had a long and varied experience and feels absolutely certain of his judgment, or unless a proper margin is added for possible variations. Estimating by Quantities. The only sure and correct method of estimating is by taking off the actual quantities in detail and carry- ing out the prices accurately with the cost of labor, the percentage for profit, and contingencies added. For this, accurate and complete drawings and specifications are necessary to give the absolute quantity and quality of materials and labor. The various items are then taken off, similar portions grouped, the amount of labor estimated, and a complete and classified schedule prepared and priced at current rates; the cost of transportation, board of men, and any other contingencies noted, a percentage of profit added, and a sum total reached which should be correct if faithfully done. This, of course, takes considerable time, but is well worth the expense and trouble if a definite contract is to be made. Preparation. In order to estimate to a sufficient degree of accuracy, some things other than the possession of plans and speci- fications are necessary. A visit to the site should be made, to ascer- tain the nature of the soil, the levels of the lot, the distance from rail- road or wharf, the condition of the roads, if a long haul is necessary, and the preparation of the site necessary to receive and dispose of materials. Some knowledge should be obtained of the nature of 6 ESTIMATING the sub-soil, the presence of ledges or water below the surface which wf.l require especial or costly treatment, etc. Often a deposit of sand will be found upon the site which will not only save carting away of material excavated, but, if of proper quality, it may be used for the work. Such items are constantly occurring so that a knowledge of existing conditions will be of great advantage to the estimator. Regarding underground conditions, there is always an element of chance, as the most thorough examination will not always reveal hidden perils; the author knows of a case where a mason had con- tracted for the building of a sewer, and was in a fair way to make a good profit, when a narrow vein of quicksand was uncovered, to over- come which not only took away all the anticipated profit but caused a severe loss to' the contractor besides. Ground water is another source of danger and it will be well for the contractor to closely examine his contract, to see to what extent he is to furnish protection from this source, as a vein of water which may have been temporarily stopped or diverted by the operation of building, will sometimes unexpectedly make its presence known during or after the completion of the work, when it may become a source of great annoyance and expense to the contractor if he has agreed to insure a waterproof job. Numerous illustrations could be given of the danger from unforeseen causes which can at best be only partially obviated by the most careful examination. In order to accurately take off a building either by quantities, square or cube, a good knowledge of arithmetic is necessary; and, while we may assume that the reader already possesses this know- ledge, it may be well to include some of the essential rules of that branch of arithmetic which is known as mensuration. This consists primarily in the science of obtaining definite data regarding given figures or surfaces, such as areas, solids, capacity, linear dimensions, and comparisons of bodies. Definitions. The area, or superficial dimension of any figure is the measure of its surface, without regard to its thickness or any other dimension. The cubical contents of any figure is the measure of its solidity, or whole capacity, and has reference to the three dimensions, length, breadth, and thickness. ESTIMATING If the figure is considered as hollow, then the cubical contents becomes its capacity or capability of containing matter. The linear dimension of a figure is expressed by its length in a direct line in any direction and has no regard to breadth or thickness. Units. The application of these dimensions is made by fixing a unit by which the figure may be compared and the required dimen- sion obtained; thus, for calculating the area of a figure the unit is usually a square, one side of which is the unit of length, and the area becomes the square measure of the figure. This is expressed in common terms by square inch, square foot, square yard, or any other given unit and the measure of the surface is computed by obtaining the number of these square units which are contained in the figure, the process being called squaring. In a similar manner the cubical contents or solidity of a figure is obtained by computing the number of cubical units which it con- tains, which is called cubing it. Rules. Numerous rules have been adopted for obtaining these dimensions when given dimensions are known, and a tabulation of some of the more important and useful of these follows, by means of which it is hoped that the student may be able to solve most of the ordinary problems which will arise in common practice. RULES AND TABLES TABLE OF MULTIPLES Circumference of a circle Area of a circle Area of a circle Area of a circle Area of a circle Radius Radius Diameter Diameter of a circle of a circle of a circle of a circle Side of an inscribed square Side of an inscribed square Side of an equal square Area of a triangle diameter X 3.1416 square of the radius X 3.1416 square of the diameter X 0.7854 square of the circumference X 0.07958 half the circumference X half the diameter circumference X 0.159155 square root of the area X 0.56419 circumference X 0.31831 square root of area X 1.12838 diameter X 0.7071 circumference X- 0.2251 diameter X 0.8862 base by -J- the altitude 8 ESTIMATING Area of an ellipse Surface of a sphere Surface of a sphere Surface of a sphere Solid contents of a sphere = Solid contents of a sphere = Diameter of a sphere = Diameter of a sphere = Circumference of a sphere = Solid contents of a cone or pyramid Surface of a cube Area of trapezoid NOTE Volumes of similar their similar lines. product of both diameters X .7854 circumference X diameter square of the diameter X 3.1416 square of the circumference X 0.3183 surface X i f its diameter cube of diameter X 0.5236 square root of surface X 0.56419 cube root of solidity X 1.2407 cube root of solidity X 3.8978 area of base X J altitude six X area of one side altitude X 2 sum of parallel sides solids are to each other as the cubes of MEASURE OF LINES AND SURFACE 1. To find the area of a parallelogram: Rule Multiply the length by the breadth or perpendicular height. See Fig. 1 Area-abxbc Area = ach a variety of shapes, sizes, and prices, that a roof of this sort should always be given to a roofer to estimate. Metal Roofs. Copper or tin is generally used for roofs where a metal covering is desired. Copper roofs, if steep enough to show as a feature of the building, are usually laid with ribs over battens. This makes a handsome and durable roof the cost being not greatly in- creased. Copper roofing will cost from $35.00 to $40.00 per square. Flashings around skylights and balustrades, 30 to 50 cents a lineal foot. For a cheaper metal roof, tin is generally used ; this may be used on steep or flat roofs. Tin for roofing should be painted on the under side and carefully soldered on the top. Tin roofing will cost from $10.00 to $12.00 a square. Composition Roofs. For flat roofs, a composition of tar and paper in layers finished with a protective coat of gravel, is often used; the cost of this depends upon the number of layers of paper and "moppings" of tar required, but a 5-ply roof will give good service and will cost about $6 . 00 a square. Gutters and Conductors. Gutters and conductors are both made of wood or metal, metal being preferred in all cases. For metal gutters copper and galvanized iron are used. Copper gutters will cost about $1 . 25 a lineal foot. Copper conductors . 50 to .75 a foot Goosenecks 5 . 00 to 1 . 00 each Moulded conductor heads 4 . 00 to 1 . 00 each Straps 1 00 each Galvanized iron gutters will cost about 90 cents a lineal foot, and conductors, 18 to 25 cents a foot according to size. PLASTERING Plastering is measured by the square yard and is usually done in 2-coat or 3-coat work. In taking off plastering it is customary to deduct only one-half of the area of openings to allow for the extra work of plastering to the grounds. 46 ESTIMATING In some localities no openings are deducted unless more than 7 yards in area, but in close figuring this is not generally followed. Narrow strips, such as chimney breasts, if less than a foot wide, are generally called a foot. Round corners, beads, and arrises must be taken separately by the lineal foot. Raking surfaces require additional work and should be taken at about one-half more than plain work. Circular or elliptical work should be charged at two prices and domes, groins, and intersecting soffits, at three prices. Cornices are taken by the square foot of girth with enrichments charged separately by the lineal foot. Lathing. Lathing is generally included in the plasterer's price although put up by a different set of men. Lathing is estimated by the square yard or by the thousand laths, the price being $2.75 to S3.25 a thousand. Labor. Two plasterers requiring one helper will do from 40 to 50 square yards of three-coat plastering, or 60 to 70 square yards of two-coat work, in a day of 8 hours, and 1,200 to 1,500 laths makes a day's work for one lather. 100 cq. yds. of lath and plaster will cost about as follows, for two-coat work: 1,500 laths at $4. 75 per M $ 7.12 10 Ibs. 3d. nails at $3.20 per cwt. . 32 Labor on laths 4 . 50 10 bushels lime at . 48 per bu. 4 . 80 6 Ibs. hair at .04 .24 1 load sand 1.80 Plasterer 3 days at $5.00 15 . 00 Helper 1 i day s at $3 . 00 4 . 50 Cartage 1.00 $39.28 Cost of a square yard of two-coat work, $39.28 -r- 100 = 39 to 40 cents. This is a price which is on the increase and, while plastering is done in the country towns as low as 35 cents per yard it will not be safe to use this price any length of time. ESTIMATING 47 For three-coat work we may take the following schedule: Laths and putting on, as above $1 1 . 94 13 bush, lime at .48 6.24 Slbs.hairat .04 .32 1 J loads sand at $1 . 80 2 . 70 Ibbl. plaster Paris 1.70 Plasterer 4 days at $5.00 20 . 00 Helper 2 days at $3.00 6 . 00 Cartage 1.00 $49.90 Cost of a sq. yd. of three-coat work, $49.90 -^- 100 = 50 cents. Rules. In some portions of the country a set of rules has been adopted governing the valuing of plasterer's work which are in the main as follows: " First. Measure on all walls and ceilings the surface actually plastered, without deducting any grounds or any openings of less extent than seven superficial yards. Second. Returns of chimney-breasts, pilasters, and all strips of plastering less than twelve inches in width, measure as twelve inches wide; and where the plastering is finished down to the base, surbase, or wainscoating, add six inches to height of walls. Third. In closets, add one-half to the measurement. Raking ceilings and soffits of stairs, add one-half to the measurement; cir- cular or elliptical work, charge two prices; domes or groined ceilings, three prices. Fourth. For each twelve feet of interior work done farther from the ground than the first twelve feet, add five per cent; for outside work, add one per cent for each foot that the work is done above the first twelve feet." Stucco-work is generally governed by the following rules; viz., "Mouldings less than one foot girt are rated as one foot, over one foot, to be taken superficial. When work requires two moulds to run same cornice, add one-fifth. For each internal angle or mitre, add one foot to length of cornice, and, for each external angle, add two feet. All small sections of cornice less than twelve inches long measure as twelve inches. For raking cornices, add one-half; circu- lar or elliptical work double price; domes and groins, three prices. 48 ESTIMATING For enrichments of all kinds a special price must be charged. The higher the work is above ground, the higher the charge must be; add to it at the rate of five per cent for every twelve feet above the first twelve feet." PAINTING Painting is estimated by the yard, doors and windows being taken solid to make up for the extra labor of cutting in the sashes and mouldings. Railings, fences, grilles, and similar surfaces are taken solid. A painter in one day will cover 100 yds. of outside work one priming coat, or 80 yds. of the second coat. Ten pair of blinds will make a day's work. On first coat, one pound of paint will cover about 4 sq. yds. and 6 sq. yds. on the subsequent coats. One pound of putty for stopping will cover 20 yds. Shingle stains require a gallon for every 500 shingles if dipped two-thirds in, and for a brush coat after laying," a gallon will cover about 200 feet of surface, or 1500 shingles. 1 gallon of priming color will cover 50 yards 1 gallon of zinc white will cover 50 yards 1 gallon of white paint will cover 44 yards 1 gallon of black paint will cover 50 yards 1 gallon of stone color will cover 44 yards 1 gallon of yellow paint will cover 44 yards 1 gallon of green paint will cover 45 yards 1 gallon of emerald green will cover 25 yards 1 gallon of bronze green will cover 75 yards The following table gives the comparative covering of paints by weight on various surfaces. COVERING OR SPREADING POWER OF TYPICAL PAINTS* ON WOOD FIRST COAT SECOND COAT Red lead 112 252 White lead 221 324 *The figures represent square feet covered by 100 Ibs. of paint of the usual con gistency, applied evenly with a brush. ESTIMATING 49 FIRST COAT SECOND COAT Oxide of zinc 378 453 Red oxide 453 540 Raw linseed oil 756 872 Boiled linseed oil 412 540 ON METAL Red lead 477 White lead 648 Oxide of zinc 1134 Red oxide 870 Raw linseed oil 1417 Boiled linseed oil 1296 ON PLASTER Red lead 324 White lead (on sized wall) 362 Oxide of zinc 594 Raw linseed oil (unsized wall) 55 99 Cost. The cost of painting varies under different conditions but in general the following table will be found an average price: INSIDE WORK 1 coat per sq. yd. $0.12 2 coats per sq. yd. .20 3 coats per sq. yd. . 25 1 coat shellac per sq. yd. .10 1 coat size and 2 coats paint .20 1 coat size and 3 coats paint stipple .30 INSIDE FINISH 1 coat liquid filler, 1 coat varnish $0 . 20 1 coat " filler, 2 coats varnish .25 1 coat " filler, 3 coats varnish .30 1 coat paste filler, 1 coat varnish .25 1 coat " filler, 2 coats varnish .30 1 coat " filler, 3 coats varnish .35 50 ESTIMATING Tinting walls in distemper will cost 15 cents per sq. yd. for small amounts and 10 cents per sq. yd. for 50 yds. or more. Finishing hard wood floors with filler, shellac, and 2 coats of varnish or wax finish will cost 30 cents per sq. yd. OUTSIDE PAINTING 1 coat new work per sq. yard $0.10 2 coats new work per sq. yard .18 3 coats new work per sq. yard . 25 SANDING 2 coats paint, 1 coat sand per sq. yd. $0 . 28 3 coats paint, 1 coat sand per sq. yd. . 35 3 coats paint, 2 coats sand per sq. yd. .50 Painting on brick will cost 12 cents per yard for the first coat, but subsequent coats will cost no more than on wood. Tin roofs can 1 be painted one coat for 5 cents a yard. 1000 shingles dipped two- thirds of their length will cost $3.00 and a brush coat in addition costs 50 cents. Blinds are rated at $1.50 per pair for an average size. HEATING The heating of a building is generally made the subject of a special contract. The three usual methods for house heating are, the Hot Air Furnace, the Hot Water Boiler, or the Steam Boiler. Sometimes a combination system of hot air and steam, or hot air and hot water is used. Estimates of the cost of heating should be obtained from con- tractors who follow this particular branch of construction. In general, for an ordinary class of building such as residences, apartments, stores, etc., the heating will range according to the system used, from 6% to 12% of the cost of the building, as follows: Hot air furnace 6 to 7 per cent. Steam 8 to 10 per cent. Hot water 10 to 12 per cent. ESTIMATING 51 These figures are approximate and the only reliable way to obtain the actual cost is by taking off the items and figuring each job by it- self. Quantities. The hot air heating of an ordinary house can be approximated closely by the builder on the basis of cubic con- tents to be heated; and the area of piping and capacity of the furnace can be approximated by means of the following general- rules : To determine the size of pipe for any room, find the cubic con- tents of the room in cubic feet and divide this by 25 for rooms on the first floor, and by 35 for rooms on the second and third floors. Make the cold air box at least j of the combined area of pipes, none of which should be smaller than 7 inches in diameter. Example. For a small house of seven rooms the quantities may be as follows: FIRST FLOOR Parlor 12 x 15 x 9 ft. high 1624 cu. ft. divided by 25 = 65 sq. in. or 9 in. pipe Hall g'x 20 x 9 ft. high 1440 cu. ft. divided by 25 = 58 sq. in. or 9 in. pipe Add 40% for second story hall space making 81 sq. in. = 10 in. pipe Dining Room 14 x 15 x 9 ft. high 1890 cu. ft. divided by 25 = 76 sq. in. or 10 in. pipe SECOND FLOOR Chamber 13 x 15 x 8J = 1658 cu. ft. -=- 35 = 48 sq. in. or 8 in. pipe Chamber 11 x 12 x 8 = 1122 cu. ft. -r- 35 = 32 sq. in. or 7 in. pipe Chamber 14 x 16 x 8J = 1904 cu. ft. -j- 35 = 55 sq. in. or 8 in. pipe Bath Room 8 x 10 x 8i = 680 cu. ft. -5- 35 = 20 sq. in. or 7 in. pipe Total pipe area : 2 - 10 in. pipes 78 sq. in. each 156 sq. in. 1 - 9 in. pipe 64 sq. in. 64 sq. in. 2 - 8 in. pipes 50 sq. in. 100 sq. in. 2 - 7 in. pipes 38 sq. in. ' 76 sq. in. Total pipe area 396 From this scale we can determine the size of the furnace and the cost of piping. 52 ESTIMATING A furnace to carry say 400 to 500 sq. feet of pipe area would cost, set in place, from $100 to SI 25. The labor on pipes, registers, and furnace $20 to $24. The cost of piping will depend on the distances to run but the material can be estimated as follows: Round tin pipes will cost; from A. A. charcoal plates, as follows: SIZE OP PIPE 6" 7" 8" 9" 10" 11" 12" 13" 14" 15" 16" 18" Per Foot OP 10 I 9 14 16 IS 9 3 25 97 ?8 ,30 32 Hot Air Damper I 9 I 9 I 9 1 5 1 * 1 5 18 18 18 ?ft ?0 5 Furnace Collars. 10 10 10 I 9 I 9 14 18 18 18 9 9 9 5 Tin Elbows . . 1? 1 *> 18 9 9 5 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 * REGISTERS SIZE 6x10 7x10 8x10 8x12 9x12 10x14 12x15 12x16 14x18 16x20 Black Register .50 .52 .52 .58 .64 1.08 1.37 1.70 2.74 3 75 Slate Stone 38 42 44 50 .63 70 93 1 00 1 50 2 35 Register Box .14 .16 17 20 23 27 33 35 38 50 Netting 05 05 06 06 07 07 08 08 10 12 Totals 1.07 1.15 1.19 1.34 1.57 2.12 2.71 3.13 4.72 6.72 * July, 1906. Add one-third. Galvanized smoke pipe will cost 9c per Ib. and will weigh per lineal foot as follows: SIM No. 4" 5" 6" 7" ~~3~ 2J 8" -9" 10" li" 12" 13" 14" 22 24 13 l\ 2| If n 31 2| 31 2f *i 3 4} 3| 5 3f 5i s si 41 GALVANIZED ELBOWS SIZE 4" 4^" 5" 5%" 6" 7" 8" Pound 1 u H If ?4 ?* 3} Cost .18 .20 .23 .25 .28 .32 .35 Tin, per Sheet DC 12$ x 17 .05 IX 14 x 20 '.07 IXX 14 x20 .08 IX 20 x23 .12 IX 20 x 26 .13 IX 20 x 29 .16 IX 20 x 32| .17 Miscellaneous Data Galvanized sheet iron per Ib. Common sheet iron per Ib. 10.05 .04 ESTIMATING 53 Zinc per Ib. $0.10 Wrought iron per Ib. . 04 Galvanized piping per Ib. . 09 Galvanized cold air box per Ib. . 09 Galvanized furnace shields per sq. ft. .08 Register box netting per sq. ft. .05 Asbestos paper at 1J Ibs. per sq. ydo .05 Figure cold air supply f combined area of piping. Register grilles take up J of area of register. Locate registers nearest convenient point to furnace, inside part of room preferred. Locate furnace so that all pipes will be as nearly equal in length as possible. Estimate pipes by lineal foot, but elbows and dampers sepa- rately, also registers with boxes and borders. Allow from $1.00 to $1.25 for flange connection of cold air box to furnace casing. Cover all risers with asbestos paper in partitions. HOT WATER AND STEAM HEATING In estimating for heating with hot water, all pipes and fittings must be taken off and listed, all standard radiators priced by the square foot of radiation, and special radiators listed separately, also tanks, valves, hangers, etc. Radiators are listed in the trade catalogues, together with the number of square feet in each section. These prices are subject to varying discounts which can be obtained of the manufacturers. Radiation. The amount of radiation necessary for each room depends upon so many varying conditions that all rules are in a way approximate. Certain formulae may be used, which will give good results in ordinary cases, but just what allowances are necessary must be determined by the heating engineer. The same is true of making the estimates of hot water or steam and the contractor should in all cases have the job figured by an expert. In ordinary cases the amount of radiation may be determined ESTIMATING from the cubic contents of the rooms to be heated by the following tables which give the proportions of one square foot of radiating surface to the cubic contents of the various rooms in cubic feet. STEAM ONE SQUARE FOOT OF RADIATION WILL HEAT DWELLINGS, CUBIC FEET HALLS, STORES, ETC. CUBIC FEET CHURCHEIS^ND AUDITORIUMS, CUBIC FEET By direct radiation On first floor. 35 to 60 75 to 100 125 to 200 On upper floors 50 to 80 By indirect radiation On first floor . . 25 to 40 50 to 70 80 to 135 On upper floors 40 to 50 HOT WATER ONE SQUARE FOOT OF,RADIATION WILL HEAT DWELLINGS, CUBIC FEET HALLS, STORES. ETC. CUBIC FEET CHURCHES AND AUDITORIUMS, CUBIC FEET By direct radiation On first floor 15 to 25 30 to 45 50 to 85 On upper floors. . 25 to 40 By indirect radiation On first floor. 17 to 40 45 to 65 80 to 125 On upper floors 25 to 35 Having determined the amount of radiation, piping, and fit- tings, the labor may be obtained by adding about 20 per cent to the cost of materials. PLUMBING So wide a range is possible in the selection and price of plumb- ing fixtures that no very useful data can be given for a complete installation. For instance, in one house the price of a single bathroom, fitted up to meet the fancies and purse of the owner, may cost more than the whole plumbing outfit of his more modest neighbor. Nevertheless, it is a fact that the plumbing of a house is a poor place to practice economy, as no part of the construction of a build- ing needs more careful attention in execution or in selection. In general, a good job of plumbing will cost about 10 per cent af the cost of the building, and of this outlay about 30 per cent will represent the labor. In taking off plumbing the contractor should begin at the sewer ESTIMATING 55 or cesspool, if the drains are included, or, if not, at the outer end of the soil pipe, and take off carefully every pipe with its fittings, which should be itemized carefully as this data will be useful in getting at the amount of caulking, fitting, etc. Soil Pipes. Soil pipes should be estimated by the lineal foot, allowing in each joint f of a pound of lead for every inch in diameter of the pipe. List prices of pipe and fittings can be obtained from the dealers, which are subject to discount; these vary from time to time, but the present discounts will be found to bring the prices of the more com- mon materials about as follows : DRAINAGE 4-in. extra heavy soil pipe per ft. $ . 30 3-in. extra heavy soil pipe per ft. . 22 2-in. extra heavy soil pipe per ft. . 15J For fittings add 35 per cent to the cost of pipe. 4-in. running trap 2.00 4-in. brass ferrule cleanout . 50 4-in. lead bend 1-50 4-in. brass ferrule .50 2-in. brass ferrule .20 Solder per Ib. .22 WATER SUPPLY 40 gal. galvanized boiler and stand $15.00 1-in. brass pipe per ft. .60 1-in. galvanized pipe per ft. .09 |-in. galvanized pipe per ft. .06 i-in. galvanized pipe per ft. .05 1-in. stop and waste cock 1 .50 f-in. stop and waste cock .90 i-in. stop and waste cock . 80 Sill cock 1.00 For fittings, add 30 per cent to cost of pipes. WATER 1 cu. ft 7. 48 gallons 1 cu. ft. 29. 92 quarts 56 ESTIMATING 1 cu. ft., 62.321 Ibs. 1 cu. yd. 1 gal, 231 cu. in. 1-foot cylinder 1-inch cylinder 1004 oz. 1692 Ibs. 8J Ibs. 49.1 Ibs. .028 Ibs. Pressure per sq. in. = depth in feet x 433. Each 27.72 inches of depth gives a pressure of 1 Ib. to a square inch. A barrel 31 i gal. Contents in cu. ft. x 2375 = barrels. Head of water = pressure in Ibs, per sq. in. x 2.31. Number of gallons in a foot of pipe = Diam. in. inches 2 x .04. Supply for one person is 15 gallons a day. Actual use 6 gallons to 12 gallons. Water 34 feet high has a pressure of 15 Ibs. per sq. in. equal to atmosphere. CAPACITY OF CISTERNS In Gallons, for Each Foot in Depth DIAMETER IN FEET GALLONS iDlAMETER IN FEET GALLONS 2. 23.5 9. 475.87 2.5 36.7 9.5 553.67 3. 52.9 10. 587.5 3.5 71.96 11. 710.9 4. 94.02 12. 846.4 4.5 119. 13. 992.9 5. 146.8 14. 1,151.5 5.5 177.7 15. 1,321.9 6. 211.6 20. 2,350.0 6.5 248.22 25. 3,570.7 7. 287.84 30. 5,287.7 7.5 330.48 35. 7,189. 8. 376. 40. 9,367.2 8.5 424.44 45. 11,893.2 The American Standard gallon contains 231 cubic inches, or 8>i pounds of pure water. A cubic foot contains 62.3 pounds of water, or 7.48 gallons. Pressure per square inch is equal to the depth or head in feet multiplied by .433. Each 27.72 inches of depth gives a pressure of one pound to the square inch. For tanks that taper, take diameter -^ from large end. FIXTURES 3-ft. soapstone sink complete * $30.00 to $40.00 14-in. x 17-in. lavatory with marble slab and back piece fitted complete $35.00 to $50.00 HOUSE AT WASHINGTON, ILL. Herbert Edmund Hewitt, Architect, Peoria, I1L Walls of Cement on Metal L,ath. Roofs Covered with Shingles Stained Green. All Outsldt Woodwork Staim-d Dark Brown. No Paint on Outside except on Sash. RAN HOUSE AT WASHINGTON, ILL. Herbert Edmund Hewitt, Architect, Peoria, 111. Built in f904. Cost, about $4,500. House was Built for a Summer House, bitf Constructed the Same as if for All Year-Round Use, and Provided with Heating Plant. ESTIMATING 57 Enamelled iron lavatory complete $25.00 to $40.00 5-ft. G-in. enamelled iron bath complete $60 . 00 to $100.00 Bath tub only $25.00 to $35.00 Soapstone laundry trays complete One part $15.00 to $18.00 Two parts $30.00 to $35.00 Three parts $45.00 to $60.00 List prices of fittings may be obtained from all dealers, subject to large discounts, which should be considered frequently as they are constantly changing. Labor. Having made a complete list of pipe, fittings, and fixtures, the labor of construction of an ordinary job of plumbing will run from 20 to 40 per cent of the cost of materials. GAS FITTING As in plumbing so in gas fitting, the wide range of selection and cost in fixtures, makes it impossible to give satisfactory data in regard to cost. The piping only, of an ordinary house will cost from $1.75 to $2.00 an outlet, and the whole outfit should cost from 3 to 5 per cent of the cost of the house. Pipes of usual size cost as follows: f-in. gas pipe per foot 50 . 03 J-in. gas pipe per foot . 04 f-in. gas pipe per foot . 05 1 J-in. main .08 Fittings 25 per cent of cost of pipe. ELECTRIC WORK The original contract for a house usually provides for the wiring for electric lighting and bells, but fixtures are generally left to be provided for by a later agreement, as there is such a great latitude in selection and cost. For electric light wiring one of two systems is usually employed : the conduit system, where the wires are all run in pipes or conduits, and the knob and tube system, where the wires are run in the clear space between timbers, secured to porcelain knobs, or passing through short tubes of the same material. 58 ESTIMATING In general, the rough wiring of a house may be reckoned at $4.00 per outlet for conduit work, and $2.00 per outlet for knob and tube work. This is for every time the wires are brought to the surface, whether for switches, cutouts, or fixtures. Another way is to allow $1.50 for each lamp or switch. Switches. Various kinds of switches are used, the two principal kinds being the push button, and the rotary switch. These vary in price according to make and finish. A good rotary switch can be had at from 90 cents to $1 .00. Push button switches from $1.00 to $1.10. Snap switches from 30 to 40 cents. Wires are sold in coils which are marked with the gauge and manufacturer, and should bear the label of inspection acceptable to the local Insurance board. The cost of wire will vary with the gauge and the insulation but for usual house work should cost, for No. 14 wire, 2 cents a foot. It is well to remember that, in electric wiring, the larger the house, the more per outlet the wiring will cost. This seems contrary to expectation but is occasioned by the smaller percentage of lights to length of wire. Bells. The number of call bells in a dwelling will vary according to the plan and choice of the owner. For an ordinary house the number would range from six to ten, and the cost should be from $18.00 to $25.00 or about $3.00 per bell. HOUSE AT FKAMINGHAM, MASS., AS REMODELED FOR C. LA VERNE BUTLER, ESQ. Frank Chouteau Brown, Architect, Boston, Mass. Alterations on this Plaster House Completed in the Spring of 1906 at a Cost of $8,000. Taking into Consideration the Changes Made In the House and the Work Pnt in on Repairing and Raising the Roof, etc., an Entirely New House of this Size Could be Built for Nearly this Sum-Certainly within $9,000. ESTIMATING PART II The taking-off of quantities and making-up of an actual estimate, is the end toward which our efforts are now directed. This is done, as has been said, in a number of ways, no two persons arriving at the same conclusion or following exactly the same methods. To give the student a practical idea of how estimates are made, we shall now demon- strate the method of procedure in an actual instance. For this purpose, we shall take the case of the wooden Colonial residence of which the plans and working drawings, and the method of making these, are fully described in the course on "Architectural Drawing," and of which the details are also described to a certain extent in the chapters on "Building Superintendence;" and shall proceed at once to take off the quantities and make up an estimate of cost. Method. The usual method followed is to take off the quantities in the order in which they occur in the specification or in the operation of building, beginning with the Excavation and ending with the Painting. Two methods of procedure are open to the Contractor, which he may avail himself of according to his experience or confidence. He may take off simply his own particular branch of the work, relying on each sub-contractor to give him a price for the detailed portions of the work; or, if he is a general contractor, he may, with the requisite knowledge of general building operations, take off all the quantities, pricing them according to his knowledge, and may submit his prop- osition on the basis of his own figures. The latter method requires great experience, and is followed generally by large contractors, who have in their employ men whose business is mainly to take off quantities and make up estimates. The following estimate has been carefully made up on the basis of the data given in Part I .as to prices of materials and labor. In actual practice, details of more or less importance will vary in dif- ferent localities and among different contractors; but the example here given illustrates the process fully. a? & fcl 62 ESTIMATING ESTIMATE OF RESIDENCE AT RIDGEDALE, MO. FOR GEORGE A. JONES, ESQ. Staking-out and setting batter-boards $15.00 Water supply during construction 10.00 $25.00 EXCAVATION NOTE. Excavation is priced by the cubic yard; and in this regard, the distance to which the excavated material must be carted will be an important consideration. In the present case, the material is to be carried only a short distance, so that no unusual conditions will have to be considered. As before mentioned, it is usually well to dig a cellar at least a foot larger all around than the sill line, so that plenty of room may be afforded to the mason to plaster the outside of the wall. This should be done without regard to the specifications. As this extra excavation lies entirely outside the line of the house, it may be well to take it off separately, remembering that it will extend down into the trench below the wall, making about 8 feet of height. Cu. FT. .... 336 .... 272 ; .'. . 83- ... 140 .... 544 . 328 QUANTITIES 42ft. Oin. X 8ft. Oin. X 1ft. Oin. 34ft. Oin. X 8ft. Oin. X 1 ft. in. 10ft. 4 in. X 8ft. Oin. X 1ft. Oin. 17ft. 6 in. X 8ft. Oin. X 1ft. Oin. 68ft. Oin. X 8ft. Oin. X 1ft. Oin. 41ft. Oin. X 8ft. Oin. X 1 ft. in. CELLAR EXCAVATIONS 28ft. Oin. X 43ft .Oin. X 5 ft. 6 in 12ft. 6 in. X 3ft . in. X 5 ft. 6 in 26ft. Oin. X 20 ft. 6 in. X 5 ft. 6 in 9ft. Oin. X 6ft .6 in. X 5 ft. 6 in 322 Carried forward 11,784 cu. ft DETAIL- OF- FKOAT- LLLVAT1QN- l/ee/tr~ Pig. 3 64 ESTIMATING Brought forward 1 1 ,784 cu. ft. MISCELLANEOUS QUANTITIES Piers 2ft. in. X 2 ft. in. X 3 ft. 6 in. X 12 168 Trench 185 ft. in. X 1 ft. 8 in. X 1 ft. in 308 Area 14ft. in. X 2ft. Sin. X 3ft. Gin 129 Drains 123 ft. in. X 3 ft. 6 in. X 1ft. Gin 645 Cesspools 5 ft. 6 in. X 5 ft. 6 in. X 8 ft. in 242 lOft.Oin. XlOft.Oin. X 8 ft. in 800 Dry Wells 6 X 2ft. in. X 2ft. in. X oft. in. 120 Total, TCT96 cu. ft. Total, 14,196 cu. ft., or 525 cu. yds., at 50 cents $262 . 50 STONEWORK LS IN TRENCH Cu. FT. 16ft. Oin. X 1 ft. Sin. X 1 ft. Oin...- 27 16 ft. Oin. x 1 ft. Sin. x 1 ft. Oin. 27 12ft. 6 in. S\ x 1 ft. Sin. x 1 ft. Oin. . 20. 8 3ft. Oin. X 1 ft Sin. X 1 ft. in. 5 23ft. Oin. x 1 Ft. Sin. x 1 ft. in 38 16ft. 6 in. v 1 ft. Sin. x 1 ft. Oin 27. 5 28ft. Oin. XX x 1 ft. Sin. rN x 1 ft. in 46 28ft. Oin. x 1 ft. Sin. x 1 ft. Oin 46 14ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. Sin. x 1 ft. Oin. . . 24 4ft. 6 in. /x X 1 ft. Sin. X 1 ft. Oin 7. 5 23ft. Oin. X 1 ft. Sin. X 1 ft. Oin. . 38 Total, 306. 8 cu. ft. 307 cu. ft. 4- 25 == 12 perches of dry wall. MORTAR WALLS 16 ft. Oin. X 6 ft. 7 in. X 1ft. 8 in J75 16 ft. Oin. X 6ft. 7 in. X 1ft. Sin 175 9 ft 6 in. X 8 ft. 3 in. X 1ft. 8 in 130 Carried forward 480 cu. ft. 4 [ . 4 \ yt- -.'t 1 1 pi -r W\X 1C Df B-aron6- ^VjfcKITHM-cc 6^ -10"* rpi ]f zrf M 'vj << V ""^ ' JJJ i 1 V ' 1$ ^ > > in "I, t^ v> , , J, f r \ ' V r\ . i \w.c. Q, Urn II ^RE>J)DEJ^CE-AT--J2JEGZD*jLE-AO- lIlHI 1 v "FRATW-A- tOUWSE." AKH)TBC"T- -AAJOn- 5OJLD1MG- ~>QJTO7V Htf * 1 f ^-post 9GO. ztf -PAjCr/iGE- | '[/ -LAL-'riPRV- I (l "."-""j ?P- ' aD=. iQl ffl-4" J THREE -J^nvcs \ \ / tn. -rfw |/v/TOR&oo/v r-flJ-H ii 1 i| jV/ TKRM- -JMtivtr- J -fCOTOUT CA6WC.T- in] 1 l^H U |A3.P.r. i \ 1 TJT- \ -RAMGB- COAL- rURAIACE -COAL- \ i n i , i i 1 / '"- II / h H/ II r B !{' ,-,%.- \ 1 f ^^^ 1^" in] L^^ /^~** ir* T /10TE- ALL- PIAZZA & ^ H ^- 4-J' L-, PORC H PIEPV TO ' IgJJJ;. BE- -IZ'-ftRKK- pjj: QlRPER i?' p05r y |_yj \!g ?o' ll r-) ? 1 ^i ;. 7///I///I ^/ $ Wi ^V if-GlRPIR- W/7// ry i B CONCarTf-g" PoJJ -AOTE-- ALL PO/T/ fNPtR-QIRPf R? TO Bf COLD- 1 ^""^ AIR- joj j i| ^zmri ^ f^ 1 ^ -H J 1 U7TIC 'jEwiRf/c M ^^,V ^ ; ; " ' LI] [C] v &AJEJ*iEIST~ PLATA^ o i a 34- s era Fig. 4, ESTIMATING Brought forward 480 cu. ft. 23ft. in. X 8ft. Sin. X 1ft. Sin. ...... .316 12 ft. in. X 6ft. Tin. X 1ft. Sin. ...... 132 28 ft. in. X 8ft. 3 in. X 1ft. 8 in 385 6ft. in. X 6ft. Tin. X 1ft. 6 in 59 10ft. Oin. X 6ft. Tin. X Ift.Oin. ...... 66 8ft.6in. X 6ft.Tin. X Ift.Sin . . 93 9ft.0in. X 8ft.3in. X Ift.Sin 123 25 ft. Oin. X 6ft. Tin. X Ift.Sin 2T4 6 ft. in. X 6 ft. T in. X 1 ft. 8 in 66 23 ft. Oin. X 6ft. Tin. X Ift.Sin. ...... 252 PIERS 2ft. 6 in. X 5ft. 6 in. X Ift.Oin 14 2 ft. 6 in. X 5 ft. 6 in. X 1 ft. Oin.. . . . . . 14 2 ft. in. X 2 ft. in. X 1 ft. in 4 12ft. Oin. X 3ft. 6in. X 2ft. Oin 84 12 ft. Oin. X 3 ft. 6 in. X 2 ft. Oin. .. 84 AREA 14ft. Oin. X 3ft. 6 in. X 1ft. 6 in T3 Total, 2,519 cu. ft 2,519 cu. ft -r- 25 = 101 perches of mortar wall. UNDERPINNING Cu.Fr. 16ft. Oin. X 1 ft. Sin. X 1 ft. Sin ' 45 16ft. Oin. x 1 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft. 8 in 45 6ft Oin. s\ y 1 ft 8 in. x 1 ft. Sin. IT \J 1 1* 12ft. Oin. /\ X 1 ft. Sin. s\ X 1 ft. 8 in 34 6ft Oin. y 1 ft. Oin. x 1 ft. Oin. 6 \J 1 l 8ft fiin /\ y J ft. Sin. /N y 1 ft. Sin 23 Oil* 25 ft. ! ' 111* Oin. s\ y 1 ft Sin. /\ x 1 ft. Sin. TO 6ft. Oin. /\ X 1 ft. Sin. S\ X 1 ft. 8 in. ....... . IT 23ft. Oin. X 1 ft. Sin. X 1 ft. 8 in. ../... 64 14ft. Oin. X 2ft. Oin. X 1 ft. 6 in 42 Total, 363cu.ft. 363 cu. ft. -i- 25 == 14 J perches of underpinning. Summary of Stonework 12 perches of dry wall, at $3.00 $ 36.00 Carried forward $ 36.00 ESTIMATING 67 Brought forward $ 36 . 00 101 perches of mortar walls, at $4.25 429 . 25 14J perches of underpinning, at $6 . 50 94 . 25 Total cost of Stonework, $559.50 PLASTERING WALLS WITH CEMENT 192ft.0in. X 6ft.7in. = l,264sq.ft. = 1 40 sq. yds., at $.40 $ 56.00 CESSPOOLS LEACHING CESSPOOL 23 ft. 6 in. X 8 ft. in. X 1 ft. 6 in. = 282 cu. ft. -h 25= 1 1 J perches. 11J- perches at $3.50. $39.65 Cover , 2.50 42. 15 TIGHT CESSPOOL 11 ft. 6 in. X 8ft. in. = 92 sq. ft. X 15 bricks = 1,380 bricks. 1,380 bricks at $20.00 per M $27.60 Ironcover 3.00 30.60 DRY WELLS 2 ft. in. X 2 ft. in. X 5 ft. 6 in. X 12 = 264 cu. ft. -r- 25 = 1 1 perches 11 perches at $2.50 27.50 DRAINS 171 ft. at $.20 $34.20 14bendsat$.30 4.20 38.40 Total cost of Stonework, Cesspools, and Drains $754.15 BRICKWORK NOTE. Find the number of bricks in a foot of height in each chimney or pier, reckoning five courses to the foot of height. CELLAR 35 X 8 280 107J X 8 860 55 X 8 440 Carried forward 1,580 bricks TT f OG, - GEO&GE.-A-JDM&J- 0UILrtE- 60IL.DWJ PLAN- OF- FlfcJT - FtOOR,- Fig. 5. cx k i ESTIMATING 71 Brought forward 1,580 bricks VERANDA PIERS 58J X 10 585 CHIMNEYS 107J X 6 ft. 6 in 700 105 X lift. in 1,155 35 X lift. in 385 35 X 4ft. Gin 157 127^ X 5 ft. 6 in 701 35 X 19ft. Oin 665 57i X 4ft. Oin 230 127J X 11 ft. Oin 1,402 7,560 bricks . Summary 7,560 bricks at $20.00 per M., laid ...... $ 151 . 20 3 fireplaces at $30.00 each . . . 90.00 FLUE LININGS 26ft, 13 in. X 13 in., at $.35 9.10 36ft., 9 in. round, at $.30 10.80 68ft.,8J X 13, at $.30 20.40 Total cost of Brickwork-and Flue Linings, $ 281 . 50 CONCRETING SQ. FT. 23 ft. in. X 38 ft. in 874 3 ft. in. X 9 ft. 6 in 28J 15 ft. in. X 26 ft. in 390 4ft. Oin. X 7ft. Oin 28 1,320 sq. ft. Total, 1,320 sq.ft. = 147 sq. yds., at $.60 $88.20 PLASTERING NOTE. Take off square feet of plastered surfaces, and deduct one-half of the openings, after reducing to sq. yds. CELLAR SQ. FT. 23 ft. Oin. X 38 ft. Oin.: 874 9 ft. 6 in. X 3 ft. in J 28 Carried forward 902 sq. ft. RJLJJDEMCJL- AT- JWDGEDALE, bourne - Artefact - ba/ton. 9* TJWoa botlding I /! & ALL fIR/T rtOOR JOyt} TO or- z'x;o" A&"OC FiRJT-FLOOR,- -"ooA.- 01 234007 Ocedegf hi . 1 1 1 I I I l . 8. ESTIMATING 73 Brought forward 902 sq. ft. 15 ft. 6 in. X 26 ft. in 403 30ft.0in. X 8ft.0in 240 1,545 sq.ft. FIRST STORY 25ft.0in. X 40ft.0in 1,000 11 ft. in. X 3 ft. in 33 25 ft. Gin. X 16 ft. Gin... 420 490 ft. in. X 9 ft. in 4,410 SECOND STORY- 5,863 sq. ft. SQ. FT. 25ft. Oin. X 40ft. in 1,000 16 ft. 6 in. X 19ft Oin 313 520ft. Oin. X 8ft. 6 in 4,420 5,733 sq. ft. Total amount of plastered surfaces, 13,141 sq. ft. OUTS 32 doors, average 40 sq. ft 1,280 34 windows, average 15 sq. ft 510 1,790 sq. ft. 1,790 sq.ft. + 2 == 895 sq.ft. 13,141 sq. ft. less 895 sq. ft. = = 12,246 sq. ft. = 1,361 sq. yds. Total cost of Plastering 1,361 sq. yds., at $ . 40 $ 544 . 40 CARPENTER WORK FRAME Ft. B. M. 1881inearft., 6 X 6 in. sill 564 136 " " 4 X Gin. " 272 74 " " 8 X 10 in. girders 494 250 " " 4 X Gin. posts 500 188 " " 4 X Gin. girts 376 2,206 2,206ft. B. M. at $38.00 per M $ 83.82 FIRST-STORY FRAME, BRIDGING AND UNDER FLOOR 25 ft. Oin. X 40ft. Oin. 1,000 Carried forward " ~$ 83.82 o'ra34i7es of I I I I I I I I I I Fig. 9. ft 5 Au PORCH RAFTEKT- TO ti 2-xc--.2cr o C of OF- 0*2 34- >5 Fig. 10. OF THE UNIVERSITY OF 76 ESTIMATING Brought forward $ 83 . 82 llft.Oin. X 3 ft. in 33 26 ft. in. X 16 ft. 6 in 429 1,462 sq.ft. 1,462 sq.ft. = 14.62 squares, at $9.35 per square $ 136.70 UPPER FLOOR Hard Pine 25 ft. 6 in. X 16 ft. 6 in. = 421 sq. ft., at $10.50 per square $ 44 . 21 Oak 25 ft. in. X 40 ft. in. - 1,000 sq. ft. llft.Oin. X 3 ft. in. = 33 " 1,033 sq. ft. 1,033 sq. ft. at $20.00 per square $ 206 .60 PORCH FLOOR 6ft. in. X llft.Oin. = 66 sq.ft. 9 ft. in. X 5 ft. in. = 45 " PIAZZA FLOOR 26 ft. in. X 9 ft. in. ---- 234 " 20 ft. 6 in. X 7 ft. in. = 144 y "489 sq. ft. 489 sq. ft. at $12.35 per square $ 60.39 SECOND-STORY FRAME, BRIDGING AND STRAPPING FLOORS 40 ft. in. X 25 ft. in 1,000 sq.ft. 20 ft. in. X 17 ft. in 340 " " 1,340 sq.ft. 1,340 sq.ft. at $18.00 per square $ 241.20 THIRD STORY l,340sq. ft. at $10. 10 per square. ... $ 135.34 ROOF FRAME, BOARDING AND SHINGLES- 30 ft. in. X 16 ft. 6 in. X 2 sides . . 990 sq. ft. , 34 ft. in. X 16ft. 6 in. X 2 sides.. 1,122 " " 2,1 12 sq.ft. 2,1 12 sq.ft. at $16.67 per square $ 352.07 FLASHING $ 40.00 .TiN ROOF, FRAME AND BOARDING 21ft.0in. X 7ft.6in 157 sq.ft. Carried forward $ 1 , 300 . 33 -PLAN-Or-THlRD-FLOOR-cS-'ROOF- l a 3 4-\5 7 S o l a 3 4-\5 T. i.i iii i Fig. 11. 78 ESTIMATING Brought forward $1 ,300 . 33 19ft. Oin. X 6ft. Gin 124sq. ft. llft.Oin. X 5 ft. 6 in 60 " " 14ft. Oin. X 9 ft. 6 in JL33 " " "474 sq.ft. 474sq. ft. at $20.92 per square $ 99.16 OUTSIDE WALLS, STUDDING AND BOARDING 172 ft. Oin. X 20ftOin 3,440 sq.ft. 6 ft. 6 in. X 10 ft. Oin. X 2 sides 130 " " 3 ft. in. X 9 ft. in. X 2 sides _ 54 " " 3,624 sq.ft. 3,624 sq. ft. at $8.30 per square $ 300 . 79 INSIDE STUDDING 180 ft. in. X 9 ft. Oin... ....>... 1,620 sq.ft. 196 ft. in. X 8 ft. 6 in 1,666" " 28ft. Oin. X 8ft. Oin 224 " " 3, 510" sq. ft. 3,510 sq. ft., at $4.00 per square $ 140.40 CLAPBOARDING 44 ft. in. X 19 ft. in. X 2 sides . 1, 672 sq. ft. 6 ft. in. X 8 ft. O'in. X 2 sides . 96 " " 2 ft. in. X 9 ft. in. X 2 sides . 36 " " 39 ft. Oin. X 19 ft. Oin. X 2 sides. 1,482 " " 3,286 sq. ft. 3,286 sq. ft. at $7.'95 per square . . . $261 . 23 Deduct for stock only, 36 windows = 54T sq. ft., at $4.70 per square 25.38 $ 235 . 85 MISCELLANEOUS DORMERS 6,at$50each $ 300.00 MAIN CORNICE 180 ft., at $1.25 per ft 225.00 BALUSTRADE ON ROOF 96 ft, at $0.50 per ft $48.00 18 posts, at $1.50 each 27.00 75.00 Carried forward $2,676.53 ESTIMATING 79 PIAZZA FINISH Brought forward $2,676.53 Cornice 102 ft., at $2.00 per ft 204.00 Columns 9 in place, at $10.00 each 90.00 Corner Pilasters 2J in place, at $8.00 each 20.00 Balustrade 76 ft., at $.50 per ft $38.00 Small Posts 8J, at$1.00each 12.00 50.00 OutsideSteps 25.00 Lattice 55 ft. in. X 1 ft. 6 in. = 82J sq. ft., at $.15 persq. ft 12.37 Porch Ceiling 111 sq.ft., at $10.00 per square 11.10 BULKHEAD STEPS 25 .00 CORNER BOARDS 252 ft. in. X Sin. = 168 sq. ft, at $.30 persq. ft. 50.40 WATER TABLE 117J linear ft, at $.20 per ft 23.50 WINDOWS AND FRAMES Attic 4 windows, circular top, at $11 . 20 each $ 44 . 80 4 Tvindows, square, at $5 . 25 each 21 .00 Second Story 8 windows, 3 ft 6 in. X 5ft in., at $13. 33 each $106.64 7 windows, 2 ft 6 in. X 4ft 6 in., at $11 .44 each 80.08 First Story 1 window, 2ft 6in. X 4ft 6 in $ 11.44 2 windows, 2 ft. 6 in. X 5 ft. 6 in., at $12 . 00 each 24 . 00 2 windows, 2 ft. 6 in. X 3 ft. 9 in. , at $1 1 . 00 each 22 . 00 2 pairs French windows (oak), 4 ft. 6 in. X 7 ft. 6 in., at $18 . 24 each 36 . 48 1 window, 3 ft. 4 in. X 5 ft. 6 in. (oak finish) .... 16 . 57 Carried forward $3,550.91 H.P. LEPCiFR- - PiATI (2) S -PLATE, CH 4*8 I I s: 5* -PlATE TWO 2A-4-" -FLOOR. - o 12 3 -t & e 7 e. of Ii III I I I I I Ij^-^r-t Fig. 12. H-P. -LEDGER- BOARD- ESTIMATING 81 Brought forward $3,550.91 1 window, 3 ft. 4 in. X 5 ft. 6 in. (birch finish) .. 16.57 1 window, 2 ft. 6 in. X 5 ft. 6 in. (birch finish) . . 14.45 2 windows, 3 ft. 4 in. X 5 ft. 5 in. (whitewood), at /. . $13.33each 26.66 4 windows, 2 ft. 6 in. X 4ft. Gin. (N. C. pine), at .-.: $11 .44each 45.76 FRONT DOOR, with side and top lights 3 ft. 3 in. X 7 ft. 6 in. , 56.33 REAR DOOR 2 ft. 10 in. X 7 ft. 6 in 13.46 CELLAR SASHES 12, at $3.25 each. 39.00 INSIDE FINISH Coal bins in basement, 240 sq. ft. Studding 240 sq. ft. at $3 . 00 per square $ 7 . 20 Boarding240 " "$4.75 " " 11.40 Labor on 2 doors, one day 3 . 25 21 . 85 COLD-AIR Box 3 ft. in. X 1 ft. in., 25 ft. long, at $.62 per linear ft 15 . 50 BASEMENT PARTITIONS 46 ft. in. X 8 ft. in., 368 sq. ft., at $8.75 per square ... 32 . 20 3 doors, at $8.87 each 26.61 67J ft. shelving, at $.15 per ft 10. 12 1 door to bulkhead 10.00 FIRST STORY 1 door, 2 ft. 8 in. X 7 ft. 6 in. (whitewood and birch finish) 20 . 67 1 pair sliding doors (whitewood and birch finish) 53 . 52 40 ft. birch base at $.20 per ft 8.00 1 door, 3 ft. 3 in. X 7 ft. 6 in. (whitewood and oak) .... 22 . 67 1 door, 2 ft. 10 in. X 7 ft. 6 in. (whitewood and oak) 20 . 67 WOOD CORNICE IN DINING ROOM . 56 ft., 6 in. X 6 in. (birch), at $.48 per ft $26 . 88 56 ft. picture moulding, at $.06 per ft 3.36 30.24 WOOD CORNICE IN LIBRARY 82 ft., 6 in. X 6 in. (oak), at $.48 per ft $39.36 Carried forward $39.36 $4,035.19 82 ESTIMATING Brought forward $39.36 $4,035.19 82 ft. picture moulding, at $.06 per ft 4.92 44 . 28 OAK BASE 72ft. at$.20perft 14.40 1 door, 3 ft. in. X 7 ft. 6 in (whitewood) 12.59 VESTIBULE DOOR, side lights and top light, same as front door. 56 . 33 WHITEWOOD BASE, 101 ft., at $.10 per ft 10 . 10 Sdoors (N. C. pine), at$9.48each 47.40 CHINA CLOSET FINISH 100 . 00 PANTRY. 50.00 KITCHEN AND BACK ENTRY SHEATHING 65 linear ft, at $.40 per ft 26.00 MANTELS Allowance $125.00 Labor of setting 6.50 $131 .50 SECOND STORY 16 doors stock, at $9.48 each $151.68 1 archinhall 10.00 2 wood columns, at $10. 00 each 20.00 5 closets, at $3.50 each '. 17.50 1 linen closet 25.00 1 linen closet 20.00 THIRD STORY 2 doors, finished one side, at $7.04 each . .$ 14.08 1 closet door 7 . 04 Tank .'..'. 10.00 Finished floor, 100 sq. ft 7.25 Base, 14 ft., at $.10 per ft 1 .40 CONDUCTORS 120 ft., at $.13 per ft, put up. . $15.60 6goosenecks, at$1.00each 6.00 $ 21 .60 CUTTING AND FITTING FOR PLUMBING AND HEATING 35 . 00 FREIGHT, FARES AND EXPENSES 50 . 00 [NSURANCE 10.00 Total cost of Carpenter Work $4,928.34 -ALU /"XAltt RAFTER5 TO BE 2X7"-2O'-O-C PORttER RAfTERS Z*(,'-2(>O. OF- ROOF- 1 1 1 r?TT/^f-*. 84 ESTIMATING STAIRS FRONT STAIRS 128ft. spruce, at$30per M 3.84 120ft. whitewood, at$70per M 8.40 85 ft. quartered oak, at $150 per M. ....... 12.75 30 ft. mahogany rail and turn 24 . 00 5 paneled posts at $5.00 each 25.00 105 balusters at $.15 each 15.75 11 nosings at $.06 each 66 25 scotias at $.03 each .75 Nails, glue, etc 1 . 00 Labor 56.00 $148.15 BACK STAIRS First Flight 55 ft. spruce, at $30 per M $ 1.65 105ft. N. C. pine, at $60 per M 6.30 16 scotias at $.03 each 48 Nails, etc : . . .75 Labor 16.00 25.18 Second. Flight 54 ft. spruce, at $30 per M $ 1.62 110ft. N. C. pine, at $60 per M 6.60 17 scotias at $.03 each .51 Nails, etc 75 Ipost 75 4ft. rail,at$.12iperft 50 12 balusters at $.06J each .75 Labor 17.00 28.48 CELLAR STAIRS 40 ft. spruce, at $30 per M $ 1.20 75ft. N. C. pine, at $60 per M 4.50 Post 50 Rail 1.20 Labor 5.00 12.40 $214.21 Framing 2 . 00 Total cost of Stairs . . . $216 . 21 ESTIMATING 85 HARDWARE NOTE. This estimate is based upon a fair quality of hardware, the butts being of bronze-plated steel, the knobs of struck-up bronze metal, with rose and escutcheon combined; the sash fasts of solid bronze metal, also lifts and catches. BASEMENT BULKHEAD, OUTSIDE 2 pairs extra heavy galv. T hinges, 8-inch at $.85 each $1 .70 2 hooks and staples, 5-inch, at $ . 10 each . 20 Labor 1.00 BULKHEAD, INSIDE 1 pair heavy T hinges, 8-inch 15 1 thumb-latch 10 Labor 50 THREE DOORS 3 pairs butts, 3 X S^-inch, at $ . 15 each . 45 3 sets locks at $.45 each 1 .35 Labor 1 .50 HINGED WINDOWS 12 pairs butts, l^-inch, at $ . 06 each . 72 12hooksand eyes,at $.02each .24 12 buttons, at $.02 each .24 Labor 1.50 $ 9.65 FIRST FLOOR ENTRANCE DOOR H pairs butts, 4i X 4J-inch, at $.38 each $ .57 1 set locks, bronze metal 9 . 50 Labor 2.00 SEVEN INSIDE DOORS, FRONT 7 pairs butts, 3J X 3 J-inch, at $ . 30 each 2.10 7sets locks at $1 .OOeach 7.00 Labor . 5.25 Carried forward $26 .42 $9 . 65 D 3IX:TION THRO'-KITCHEN -PANTRY- s OCALE- ETC mj SECTIOK- -THRO'- CHINA -CLOSET- OF- PANTRIES - 5CALJ , . - DETAIL if 9 6 3 t 1?OT. i I I I I Fig. 14. ESTIMATING 87 Brought forward $26 .42 $9 . 65 SIDE ENTRANCE DOOR 1 J pairs butts, 4| X 4 J-inch, at $ . 38 each . 57 1 set locks : : 2.25 Labor 1 .00 ONE PAIR SLIDING DOORS, 5 ft. in. 1 sethangers, 5 ft. in, Double 3.50 1 setS. D. locks 2.50 Labor ... 2.00 Six INSIDE BACK PORTIONS 6setslock sat $.45 each 2.70 6 pairs butts, 3J X Si-inch, at $ . 15 each . 90 Labor 4.00 BACK DOORS li pairs butts, 4 X 4j-mch, at $ . 20 each . 30 1 set locks 2.25 Labor 1.00 ICE-CHEST DOOR 1 pair butts, 3 X 3-inch !........, 40 1 IH lever, galvanized . . . . : .60 1 brass hasp and padlock 1 . 50 Labor 50 CHINA CLOSET 2 pairs glass doors 2 pairs butts, 2 J X 2 J-inch, at $ . 26 each . 52 2 elbow catches, at $ . 06 each . 12 2 cupboard catches, at $ . 15 each . 30 1 pair* cupboard doors , 2 pairs butts, 2 J X 2^-inch, at $ . 10 each . 20 1 elbow catch * .06 1 cupboard catch .15 20 drawer-pulls, at $.06each 1.20 Labor ,..,.. 2.50 PANTRY 4 cupboard doors 4 pairs butts, 2 J X 2^-inch, at $ . 10 each_ .40 Carried forward $57 .84 $9 . 65 ESTIMATING Brought forward $57.84 $9.65 4 cupboard catches, at $ . 15 each . 60 1 bbl. swing .75 10 drawer-pulls, at $.06each .60 Labor t ... 2.00 WINDOWS 15 sash fasts, at $.30 each . 4.50 30 sash lifts, at '.$.06 each 1.80 Labor 7 .50 CASEMENT WINDOWS, 4 pairs butts, 3 X 3-inch, at $ . 50 each 2 . 00 2 pairs flush bolts, at $1.00 each 2.00 2 casement fasts, at $.45 each .90 Labor 1.00 $81.49 SECOND FLOOR SIXTEEN DOORS 16 pairs butts, 3J X 3Wnch, at ..... .$.30 each $ 4.80 16sets locks, at $.90each 14.40 Labor 10.40 WINDOWS 14 sash fasts, at $.30each 4.20 1 sash fast , 35 28 sash lifts, at $.06each 1.68 2sashlifts,at : $.10each .20 Labor 7.00 Six DRAWERS IN LINEN CLOSET 12 drawer-pulls, at $.06each .72 Labor .25 $44.00 BATHROOM 1 pair butts, 3J X 3i-mch (nickel-plate) 40 1 set locks* (nickel-plate) 1 .25 Labor .75 $ 2.40 ATTIC Two DOORS 2 pairs butts, 3i X 3J-mch,at . . . .$.12 each. . . .$.24 2 sets locks, at $.45 each 90 Labor . ...1.00 Carried forward $2.14 $137.54 j/EOTIO/1 THRO' WmPOW. OVER- FRONT- WOR Fig. 15. I AND POT on a iz^fOfc-GBOJ^EA-JOMBJ^ 7 1 - \ P~ 'BFTWEfrt- 1 BALy/TE^T III r -L FLA/H/NG -N. S Fig. 16. ESTIMATING 91 , Brought forward $2 . 14 $137 . 54 Two Low DOORS 2 pairs butts, 2J X 2i-mch, at .... $.10 each 20 2 cupboard turns, at $.35 each 70 Labor . . 1 .00 WINDOWS 8 sash fasts, at . . . $.30 each. . . .2.40 16 sash lifts, at . . . $.06 each 96 Labor .. .4.00 6doz. H. & C. hooks, 639i, at ... .$.50 doz. . . .3.00 3doz. base knobs, at .$.35 doz. .... 1 .05 Labor .2.50 $ 17.95 Total cost of Hardware put on $155 .49 HEATING FURNACE 1 No. 28 Crawford furnace (28-in. firepot) . . $125 .00 22 ft. 8-in. galv. iron smoke-pipe, 55 Ibs., at $.091b. 4.95 REGISTERS 1 14 X 18-in. register, stone, box and netting, 4.72 4 9 X 12-in. registers, stone, box and netting, at .'....' $1.57 each 6.28 4 8 X 10-in. registers, stone, box and netting, at $1.19 each 4.76 4 8 X 10-in. registers, stone, box and netting, at $1.15 each 4.60 PIPING, including dampers, collars, and elbows 12 ft. 14-in. tin pipe, at $ . 27 per ft. . . 3 . 24 64ft.9-in. " " at $.16" ".. 10.24 278ft.7-in. " " at $.10 " ".. 27.80 COVERING FOR RISERS (6 Ibs. asbestos paper per pipe) 5 risers, 30 Ibs., at $.05 Ib 1 .50 PLASTERING RINGS IN CELLAR For 13 pipes at $.20 each 2.60 $ 195.69 Office expense and profit 48.92 $244.61 Carried forward $244 . 61 -AT-fclCGEDAlX-'/'VO K7H- GEORGE.- A jJOMEJ- - JQj- AKCMITICT- Fig. 17. ESTIMATING 93 Brought forward $244 . 6 1 LABOR Measuring and laying out risers, man 1 day . $4 . 80 Erecting risers, man 2 days, helper 1 day .... 12 . 00 Laying out and erecting cellar pipes and fur- nace, man 3 days, helper 2 days 19 . 20 Finishing, man 1 day 4.80 Cartingand expenses 10.00 50.80 Total cost of Heating Apparatus $ 295 .41 PLUMBING WASTE AND SOIL PIPES 2 4-in. lead bends, at$1.10each $2.20 2 4-in. sleeves, at $.65 each 1 . 30 5 2-in. " at $.28each 1 .40 2 3 X 2-in. sleeves, at $.45 each 90 1 li-in. Pemberton trap 6.80 30 Ibs. solder, wiping, at $.25 Ib 7 . 50 2 trap plugs, at $.42 each .84 2 6-in. traps, at$2.35each 4.70 1 6-in. cesspool 3 .00 4 1 J-inch solder nipples, at $ . 15 each .60 1 4-in. roof flashing 1 . 35 Soil pipe 47.87 15 ft. li-in. lead pipe, No. 55 3 .24 50 ft. 2-in. iron pipe 40ft. li-in. " " Soil fittings, J cost of pipe 1 5 . 96 Cast-iron fittings, 20 per cent 1.79 $ 108 . 41 MISCELLANEOUS FITTINGS 3 4-in. b -assC. O $ 2.70 1 5-in. brass C. O 1 .50 Refrigerator waste 12 . 50 Local vents 12.00 1 ball-cock 1.25 2sillcocks 2.00 Tank overflow 6.50 4 J-inchS. & W. cocks 3.24 Carried forward $41.69 $108.41 94 ESTIMATING Brought forward $ 41.69 $ 108.41 1 boiler valve and chain .70 25 Ibs. tinned copper, at $.32 Ib 8 . 00 6 3-part hangers, brass 6 . 30 2 J-in. hose bibs 1 . 50 3 |-inch plain bibs 2. 10 Street connections 55 .00 lib. putty ':...,.... 05 2 Ibs. grafting wax .50 Calking lead, 380 Ibs 22.80 Oakum .. . . ".'.. 1.60 $ 140.24 FIXTURES 1 36 x 24 x 8-in. sink, 12-in. back $11 .40 1 24 x 14-in. pantry sink . . .. 14.00 1 pair pantry cocks 3 .60 2 24 x 48-in. trays, 12-in. back 14. 10 1 5-ft. bathtub, complete -. 41.00 1 lavatory /complete 32.50 1 water-closet, complete 60 . 00 1 40-gallon boiler ... , . 16.75 1 " " " stand .85 12 Ibs. fine solder 3 . 12 Clamps and hooks 2 . 70 Tinned tacks .15 Fuel 1.95 $202.12 SUPPLIES AND LABOR 126 ft. f-inch galv. water pipe $4.41 22ft.Hnch " " " .62 Fittings, J cost of pipe 1 . 67 74ft. J-in. brass $23.49 56ft.i-m. " , 16.24 39.73 Fittings, 20 per cent 7.95 Painting of iron pipes 9 . 75 Stop-cocks 3 .54 Sink and tray legs 4 . 72 Lead, oil, etc .65 Carried forward $ 73.04 $ 450.77 ESTIMATING 95 Brought forward $ 73.04 $ 450.77 Clamping brass and screws .25 Cartage and fares 5 . 00 Labor, 40 days, at $6.00 per day : 240 . 00 318 . 29 $ 769.06 Profit, 10 per cent '. 76 .90 Total cost of Plumbing , $ 845 .96 ELECTRIC WIRING 75 ft. No. 4 S. B. R.C. wire $ 4.80 150 ft. No. 1 S. B. R. C. wire 4.26 40 Large porcelain tubes, 5 cents 2 . 00 30 " " knobs, 5 cents 1 .50 1 3-pole 50-amp. fused switch 1 . 50 1 Main cabinet (meter) 3.50 1 8-circuit cut-out panel 16 . 00 2,500 ft. No. 14S.B.R.C. wire.. . 28.60 500 ft. 1 4-in. circular loom 20.00 800 5iknobs 3.20 1,600 5-in. porcelain tubes 4.00 100 Fire stops 9 .00 100 12-in. porcelain tubes 10.00 18 Ceiling boxes 1 .80 30 Bracket boxes 3 .00 11 Switch boxes 2.20 11 12.10 Labor on No. 14 wire 55 . 00 " "mains 15.00 "finish 15.00 Teaming and freight 5 . 00 Sundries 5 .00 Nails, leatherheads, etc _ 3.00 $ 225.46 Office expense, 10 per cent 22 . 55 $ 248.01 Profit, 20 per cent 49.60 Total cost of Electric Wiring $297.61 ESTIMATING NOTE. This estimate is figured on outlet boxes at all outlets; and includes a main cabinet and main switch to connect with the meter and to cover the meter, on an eight-circuit panel-board, which allows one spare circuit. The panel-board is to be made of slate, with slate gutters and linings, with good wood door and trim. The labor is estimated on wages being $3.60 per day for a journey- man, and $2.00 per day for helper. This price is above that paid in small places, but is below what is paid in some cities. ELECTRIC LIGHTING FIXTURES NOTE. While the electric lighting fixtures are not generally made a part of the building contract, it may be worth while to consider them in relation to the cost of the house; although, as has been stated, there is such a wide range in design and cost, as well as in personal prefer- ence, that any data given can be at best only approximate. The following estimate is based* upon simple designs of moderate cost in "old brass" finish: FIRST STORY LIVING ROOM 1 4-light electrolier $17.50 4 1-light wall brackets, at $3.25 each 13 . 00 HALL 2 2-light ceiling pieces, at $2.50 each 5 . 00 VESTIBULE 1 3-light cluster : 5.00 PORCH 1 1-light ceiling-piece * 1 .75 PARLOR 1 4-light electrolier 17.50 2 1 " wall brackets 6.50 DINING ROOM 1 4-light electrolier" 10.00 2 1 " wall brackets 5.00 CHINA CLOSET, REAR HALL, KITCIIKN 3 1-light ceiling-pieces, at $.75 each 2.25 2 1 " wall brackets, at $1.35 each 2.70 Carried forward $86.20 ESTIMATING Brought forward $ 86 . 20 PANTRY 1 1-light ceiling-piece .75 ENTRY 11 " " " 1.35 PIAZZA 11 " :" " 1.75 SECOND STORY HALL 2 1-light ceiling-pieces, at $1.50 each $3 .00 ALCOVE 2 1-light ceiling pieces, at $2.50 each" 5.00 BEDROOMS 13 1-light brackets, at $2.50 each 32.50 BATHROOM 1 1-light ceiling-piece 1 .35 REAR HALL 1 1-light bracket 1 .35 THIRD STORY HALL 1 1-light wall bracket $1 .35 ATTIC 1 3-ft. drop-cord .85 BASEMENT LAUNDRY 1 1-light wall bracket $1 . 15 CELLAR 4 3-ft. drop-cords, at $.85 each , 3.40 $ 140.00 LABOR Installing above fixtures with all necessary trimmings ... $ 12 . 00 Total cost of Electric Lighting Fixtures in place $152.00 PAINTING OUTSIDE PAINTING 17 pairs blinds, three coats painting, at $1.50 pair .... $ 25 . 50 1,068 yds. three coats painting, windows and wood- work, at $.20 yd 213.60 Carried forward $239.10 98 ESTIMATING Brought forward $239.10 54 yds. two coats metallic paint, upper side tin roofs, at $.15 yd 8.10 62yds. two coats oilingon floors, porch, and piazza, at $.10 yd 6.20 INTERIOR PAINTING 166 yds. filling, staining, and shellacing, and two coats hard oil finish, at $.20 yd $33.20 245 yds. filling and two coats spar varnish, first coat rubbed, at $.25 yd 61 .25 403 yds. one coat shellac, three of paint, two coats zinc and white varnish. Rubbed with pumice and water, ivory white finish, at $.80 yd 322.40 294 yds. treat with potash, one oil filler, clean, four coats sheUac, last coat rubbed with pumice and oil, oak and birch, at $.35 yd. . . , 102.90 109 yds. filling, four coats shellac, last coat rubbed with pumice and oil, floors at $ . 30 yd 32 . 70 114 yds. size and three coats paint, last coat with varnish, walls, at $.20 yd ,....,... 22.80 5 yds. three coats paint and one enamel gloss, bath- tub, at $.25 yd ;......... 1.25 100 yds. three coats paint, last with zinc, flat, white- wood, at $.25 yd 25.00 10 yds. one coat shellac on pipes, at $ . 10 yd 1 . 00 299 yds. size and tint in water-colors, ceilings, at $.15 yd : 44.85 Total cost of Painting $ 900.75 GENERAL SUMMARY Batter-Boards and Water Supply $ 25 . 00 Excavation 262.50 Stonework, Cesspools, and Drains 754. 15 Chimneys and Brickwork 281 .50 Concreting 88.20 Plastering 544.40 Carpenter Work 4,928.34 Carried forward $6,884.09 -' TTHtt-ON-FIRJT- DODR- -WINDOW-. DGDR- . 18. 100 ESTIMATING Brought foncard $6,884.09 Stairs 216.21 Hardware 1 55 . 49 Heating 295.41 Plumbing 845.96 Electric Wiring 297. Gl Electric Fixtures 152.00 Painting 900.75 Total, "$97747752 SCHEDULES ANALYSIS OF CARPENTER WORK Following is a section devoted to the analysis of the different portions of carpenter work in the foregoing estimate. These show how the prices are obtained, and will be very useful for comparison, as the changes in cost of parts can be noted and kept up to date. First Floor, price per square of 100 sq. ft., including the floor beams, bridging, and under floors, but no furring for plaster Joists, 2 X 10-in., 16 inches on centers S3 .25 Labor 1.50 Nails 10 Bridging 50 Under floor, hemlock, at $24.00 2 . 30 Waste, one-third 80 Labor 75 Nails 1-") $ 9.35 Hard Pine Upper Floor, per square of 100 sq. ft. . Stock 0.00 Waste, one-third . . 2.00 Labor 2.25 Nails .25 $10.50 Quartered Oak L'pper Floor, per square of 100 sq. ft Stock $10.00 Waste 3.30 Labor 6.50 Nails . .25 $20.05 ESTIMATING 101 Porch or Veranda Floor, per square of 100 sq. ft. Joists, 2 X 8-in., 16 inches on centers $2.60 Labor , 1.00 Hard pine flooring, at $55 : 5 .50 Waste 1.80 Labor ...... 1.25 Nails , ... .20 $12.35 Second Floor, per square of 100 sq ft. Joists, 2 X 10-in., 16 inches on centers $3 25 Labor 1.50 Bridging 50 Furring 1 . 50 Under-floor stock 2.30 Waste, one-third 80 Labor 75 Nails 15 Upper-floor stock 4 . 00 Waste 1.30 Labor 1 . 75 Nails , 20 $18.00 Third Floor, per square of 100 sq. ft. Joists, 2 X 8-in., 16 inches on centers $ 2 .60 Labor ,,, 1.50 Under floor. '. 4.00 Furring 1 .50 Bridging '. 50 $10.10 Shingled Roof, per square of 100 sq. ft Rafters, 2 X 7-in, 20 inches on centers $ 2.17 Labor 2.25 Matched spruce boarding 2 . 50 Waste, one-third 80 Labor 1 .25 Nails ...;.;.. 20 Shingles 4.00 Labor 3.25 Nails 25 $16.67 102 ESTIMATING Tinned Roof, per square of 100 sq. ft. . Rafters, 2 X 7-in., 20 inches on centers $ 2. 17 Labor 1 . 50 Matched boarding, as above 4 . 75 Paper 50 Tinning . 12.00 $20.92 Wall Frame and Boarding, per square of 100 sq. ft. Studding, 2 X 4-in., 16 inches on centers. $ 4 .00 Boarding 2.30 Waste "... .80. Labor '........ 1 .00 Nails 20 $ 8.30 Inside Studding, per square of 100 sq. ft. Stock, 2x4-in., 16 inches on centers $ 1 .30 Waste, one-half stock .65 Labor 1.50 Nails .15 Grounds and beads ' 40 $ 4 .00 Clapboarding, per square of 100 sq. ft. Clapboards, 80, at $.05 each $4.00 Labor 3.25 Paper 50 Nails .20 $7.95 Main Cornice, per linear foot Gutter, perft $ .12 Upper fascia 03 . Fillet .01 Lower fascia 04 Planceer 08 Bed-mould 02 Frieze 06 Architrave moulding 04 Brackets 25 Labor 50 Rough furring .10 $ 1 .25 Piazza Cornice, per linear foot Upper fascia $ .03 Carried forward $ .03 DETAIL OFGENERAL'WINECW' FRAMED JECTION-THKQ -W1NDDW-HZAD Fig. 19. 104 ESTIMATING Brought forward $ .03 Gutter 10 Lower fascia 03 Fillet 01 Planceer ; 08 Bed-mould .* 02 Brackets .25 Frieze 15 Architrave mould 03 Soffit 05 Inside frieze 10 Labor 1.00 Rough furring .15 $ 2.00 Attic Windows, circular top, each- Frame $ 6.00 Sash 2.50 Inside finish 1 . 00 Weights and cord - 45 Labor 1.25 $11 .20 Second-Story Windows, 3 ft. 6 in. X 5 ft., each- Frame $ 3.50 Sashes, 17 J sq.ft., at $.20 per sq. ft $ 3.50 Blinds 1.00 Blind fasts ; .15 Inside finish 1.19 Nails and screws 10 Weights and cord 64 Labor, 1 day 3.25 $13.33 Inside Finish for Window, as above Architrave, 21 ft., at $.03Jperft $ .73 Back-band, 21 ft., at $.03 " " 63 Beads, 17 ft., at $.02 " " .34 $1.70 SOpercentoff .~ .51 $ 1.19 Weights and Cord for Window, as above Weights, m ft.,21bs.per ft., 35 lbs.,at $.01J per Ib $ .44 Cord, 20 ft., at $.01 per ft., _^20 $ 64 ESTIMATING 105 Cost of Window, 2 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 6 in., each- Frame $ 3.50 Window, 11 J sq.ft., at $.20 per sq. ft 2.25 Blinds .75 Blind fastenings .15 Screws and nails 10 Weight, 22 Jibs., at $. Olf per Ib .28 Cord ......... .15 Inside Casing, 18 ft., at $.03J per ft. ... , ....... .63 Back-band, 18 ft, at $.03 per ft. 54 Stop-beads, 14ft., at $.02 per ft 28 Labor : 3.25 $11.88 French Windows, 4 ft. 6 in X 7 ft. 6 in., each- Frame ., $ 5.00 Sash, 4 ft. 6 in. X 7 ft. 6 in., 34 sq. ft., at $ . 20 per sq. ft 6.80 Astragal 50 Nails and screws 10 Inside finish , 96 Labor 4.88 $18.24 Window, 3 ft. 4 in. X 5 ft. 6 in. (oak finish), each- Frame .$3.50 Window, 18sq. ft., at $.20 per sq. ft 3.60 Blinds 1.00 Blind fasts 15 Nails and screws 10 Weights... 70 Finish (oak) . . 2.64 Labor, IJdays 4.88 $16.57 Rear Door, 2 ft. 10 in. X 7 ft. 6 in. Frame $4.00 Door, 21 sq. ft., at $ . 25 per sq. ft ... 5 . 25 Finish .....:..... .91 Labor : 3.25 Nails . .05 $13.46 106 ESTIMATING Front Door, 3 ft. 3 in. X 7 ft. 6 in., with top and side lights Frame Sill, 7 ft., at $.25 per ft $1.75 Jambs, 23 ft, at $.07 per ft 1.61 Mullions and transom bar, 20 ft., at $.10i perft 2.10 Outside casing, 23 ft, at $.03^ per ft .81 Mullioncasing,20ft,at$.02 1 Vperft . 42 Labor, J price of stock 3 . 32 $10.01 Door, 3 ft., 3 in. X 7 ft. 6 in. 21 sq. ft.,at$.25persq. ft $5.25 Side-light panels, 6 ft., at $ . 25 per ft , . 1 . 50 3 sash rims, at $.50 each 1.50 Leaded glass, 10| sq. ft., at $2.50 per sq. ft. . 27.00 $35.25 Inside Finish Stop-beads $ .28 Architrave, 24 ft., at $ . 04J per ft . 1 . 08 Labor, 3days 9.75 $11.11 Total cost of front door and frame $56 . 37 Door, 2 ft. 8 in. X 7 ft. 6 in. (N. C. pine) Stockdoor $3.00 Frame 1 .25 Threshold 15 Nails 05 Finish,39Jft,at$.04iperft 1.78 Labor 3.25 $9.48 Pair of Sliding Doors, 6 ft. X 8 ft. (whitewood and birch) Doors, 48 sq ft., at $ . 50 per sq. ft $24 . 00 Architrave, 24ft., birch 2.34 24ft., whitewood 1 .05 Jambs, 22ft, birch : 1 .82 " 22 ft, whitewood .85 Grounds, 22 ft., birch .50 Carried forward $30 . 56 ESTIMATING 107 Brought forward $30.56 Grounds, 22 ft., whitewood .23 Chafing strip, 22 ft., birch ',. .33 22ft, whitewood .15 Astragal, birch and whitewood 1 . 50 Sheathing pockets, 96 ft.> at $4.75 per square. 4 . 50 Labor, 5days' work 16.25 $53.52 Schedule of Rooms, and Memoranda from which Heating Esti= mate is Made Up FIRST FLOOR ROOMS SIZE CONTAINS Cu. FT. DIVIDE BY EQUALS SIZE OF REGISTER AREA OF PIPES FEET OF TIN PIPE, INCLUD- ING ELBOWS Living Room . 14x25x9 3,150 25 2 9-in. pipes 29x12 128 34 Hall ... 11x25x9 Add 40% for space above, 3,465 25 14-in. " 14yl8 154 12 Parlor 12yl4y9 1 512 PR 9-in " 9y 12 64 14 Dining Room. 12X14X9 1,512 25 9-in. 9 X 12 64 16 China Closet . 7x10x9 7-in. " 7x10 88 94 SECOND FLOOR Bedroom .... llXl4x8J 1,309 35 7-in. 8x10 38 38 u 11X14X84 1,309 35 7-in. " 8X10 38 26 (* 11X14X84 1,309 35 7-in. " 8x10 38 40 a 11X14X84 1,309 35 7-in. 8x10 38 40 Alcove 6xllx8A 7-in. " 7x10 38 32 Bathroom . 6ylOy8i 7-in. " 7x10 38 38 Rear Bedroom 10x13x84 1,105 35 7-in. 7x10 38 40 Smoke pipe, 22 ft. Heat-pipe area, 714 sq. in. Cold -air 534 sq. in., or J of heat-pipe area. Use 28-in. firepot furnace box, 108 ESTIMATING Location Sheet of Electric Outlets LOCATION CEILING BRACKET Sw. TOTAL TOTAL OUTLETS LIGHTS Basement Passage 1 1 Furnace 1 1 1 Laundry 1 1 1 Furnace Room 2 2 2 4 1 4 5 First Floor Entry 1 1 1 Pantry 1 1 1 Kitchen 1 2 2 5 3 Porch 1 1 2 1 China Closet 1 1 1 Dining Room 1 2 3 8 Parlor 1 2 3 10 Hall 1 1 1 Hall 1 2 3 2 Vestibule 1 1 1 Porch 1 1 1 Living Room 1 4 2 7 13 11 11 7 29 43 Second Floor Sack Hall 1 2 3 1 Bedroom 1 1 1 Bath 1 1 1 Bedroom 3 3 3 tt 3 3 3 Alcove 2 2 2 Front Hall 2 2 4 2 Bedroom 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 17 4 23 19 Mtic Hall 1 1 1 Attic 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 INDEX Page Approximate estimates 3 Area, definition of 6 Areas of solids 12 Backstairs 35 Bells 58 Bluestone 19 Board measure 24 Brickwork 19 cost of 19 mortar for 19 Calculating the frame 27 Carpenter work 24 Carpentry : 24 Catalogues 2 Cellar columns 23 Cellar doors 32 Cellar window 32 Chimneys 22 Composition roofs 45 Concrete 21 Conductors 45 Cost of excavating 15 Cost of frame , 28 Cost of setting cut stone 18 Covering or spreading power of typical paints on metal 49 on plaster , 49 on wood , 48 Cubical contents, definition of 6 Cut nails in fair assortment, national list of extras for 40 Cut stone 16 cost of setting 18 Day's work for carpenter 35 Definitions i 6 Drainage 55 Duplicate parts Earthen drain pipe 23 Electric work - 57 Estimate approximate 110 INDEX Page Estimate making-up of actual 59 of residence at Ridgedale, Mo. . 62-100 Estimating by quantities 5 by the square 4 Excavating, cost of 15 Excavation . . . 14 Exterior finish 37 Face bricks 20 Finishing stock. 33 Fixtures , 56 Floors 29 Flue lining. 22 Frame calculating the . . . ' /. . . 27 cost of. . 28 Front door 31 Front stairs 34 Galvanized elbows. 52 Galvanized smoke pipe 52 Gas fitting , 57 Granite 16 Gutters 45 Hardware.. . .' 39 Heating 50 first floor 51 quantities.. . 51 second floor 51 Hot water heating 53 Inside doors 31 Inside finish 33 Inside studding 30 Lathing 46 Limestone 17 Linear dimension, definition of 7 Location sheet of electric outlets 108 Lumber, miscellaneous prices of 26 Marble 18 Masons' supplies 22 Measure of lines and surfaces 8 Metal roofs ' 45 Nails 39 Outside walls 29 Painting 48 cost of 49 inside work 49 outside work 50 INDEX 111 Painting Page cost of sanding 50 Percentage 2 Piazzas and porches 37 Pile foundations 15 Piping for heating, cost of '52 Plasterer's work, rules governing 47 Plastering '. . . '. 45 Plumbing 54 Plumbing labor 57 Preparation for estimating.. 5 Prices 1 Profit 2 Quartered oak floor 31 Radiation 53 Registers 52 Rift hard pine upper floors 31 Roofing 30, 42 Rules and tables 7 Sandstone _. . 18 Scale of wages 13 Schedules 100-107 Seam-faced granite. 19 Setting cut stone, cost of 18 Shingles , ..,.....*....;.. 42 cost of , .* 43 measuring for 43 quantities 43 Shingling outside walls. 30 Slating... 43 quantities 44 Sliding doors 32 Soil pipes 55 Solid contents . 13 Solids, areas of , . . . . 12 Stairs 34 Standard vitrified pipe, net price of 23 Steam heating 53 Stone work 15 Switches 58 Tables board measure 25 circles, areas of 12 cisterns, capacity of 56 of multiples 7, 10 Tiles ! 45 Tin, per sheet, cost of 52 Transportation 3 112 INDEX Units Vitrified pipe, net price of standard. Wages, scale of Water Water supply.. Window sets Windows of average size Wire nails Page 7 23 13 55 55 17 30 41 OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ANNOUNCEMENT OF COMING BOOKLS PRACTICAL A SCIENTIFIC CARPENTRY. By G. Townsend. 150 pp., 224 illus. A working manual for Carpenters and Wood- workers in general. Not a theoretical treatise, but a practical working guide. Price, $1.00 GAS ENGINES AND PRODUCERS. By Marks and Wver. 150 pp., 90 illus. Latest information in this rapidly developing field. For Engineers, Machinists, Automobilists. Price $1.00 MASONRY CONSTRUCTION. By Phillips and Byrne. 140 pp., 44 illus. Latest and best American methods. Price $ 1 .00 WATER SUPPLY. By F. E. T ur neaure. 150 pp., 40 illus. An exhaustive compendium for Sani- tary and Waterworks Engineers and all inter- ested in matters affecting public health. Price $1.00 HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. By Phillips and Byrne. 140 pp. ,80 illus. Modern methods for Road Builders and all interested in better ways of communication. Price $ 1 .00 REINFORCED CONCRETE. 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