LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Class 
 
OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
w 
 
 s - 
 
 II 
 
Estimating 
 
 A Guide to 
 
 SYSTEMATIC METHODS IN TAKING OFF QUANTITIES AND MAKING UP 
 ESTIMATES OF COST IN BUILDING OPERATIONS, WITH QUOTA- 
 TIONS OF CURRENT PRICES FOR MATERIALS AND LABOR 
 
 By EDWARD NICHOLS 
 
 Architect, Boston, Mass. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE 
 1908 
 
GENERAL 
 
 <*** 
 
 COPYRIGHT 1907 BY 
 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE 
 
 Entered at Stationers' Hall, London 
 All Rights Reserved 
 
Foreword 
 
 recent years, such marvelous advances have been 
 made in the engineering and scientific fields, and 
 so rapid has been the evolution of mechanical and 
 constructive processes and methods, that a distinct 
 need has been created for a series of practical 
 working guides, of convenient size and low cost, embodying the 
 accumulated results of experience and the most approved modern 
 practice along a great variety of lines. To fill this acknowledged 
 need, is the special purpose of the series of handbooks to which 
 this volume belongs. 
 
 C, In the preparation of this series, it has been the aim of the pub- 
 lishers to lay special stress on the practical side of each subject, 
 as distinguished from mere theoretical or academic discussion. 
 Each volume is written by a well-known expert of acknowledged 
 authority in his special line, and is based on a most careful study 
 of practical needs and up-to-date methods as developed under the 
 conditions of actual practice in the field, the shop, the mill, the 
 power house, the drafting room, the engine room, etc. 
 
 C, These volumes are especially adapted for purposes of self- 
 instruction and home study. The utmost care has been used to 
 bring the treatment of each subject within the range of the com- 
 
 196470 
 
mon understanding, so that the work will appeal not only to the 
 technically trained expert, but also to the beginner and the self- 
 taught practical man who wishes to keep abreast of modern 
 progress. The language is simple and clear; heavy technical terms 
 and the formulae of the higher mathematics have been avoided, 
 yet without sacrificing any of the requirements of practical 
 instruction; the arrangement of matter is such as to carry the 
 reader along by easy steps to complete mastery of each subject; 
 frequent examples for practice are given, to enable the reader to 
 test his knowledge and make it a permanent possession; and the 
 illustrations are selected with the greatest care to supplement and 
 make clear the references in the text. 
 
 C, The method adopted in the preparation of these volumes is that 
 which the American School of Correspondence has developed and 
 employed so successfully for many years. It is not an experiment, 
 but has stood the severest of all tests that of practical use which 
 has demonstrated it to be the best method yet devised for the 
 education of the busy working man. 
 
 C, For purposes of ready reference and timely information when 
 needed, it is believed that this series of handbooks will be found to 
 meet every requirement. 
 
Table of Contents 
 
 PRELIMINARY PRINCIPLES . . ... .... . Page 1 
 
 Variation in Prices Profit Percentage Duplication of Parts 
 Transportation Approximate and Detailed Estimates Estimating by 
 the Square; by Quantities Preparatory Steps Units Rules and 
 Tables Measurement of_ Lines and Surfaces Areas and Solid Con- 
 tents of Solids. 
 
 STANDARD PRICES OF LABOR AND MATERIALS . -\ . . . Page 13 
 
 Scale of Wages in Various Trades Excavation Stonework (Cut 
 Stone, Granite, Limestone, Window Sets, Sandstone, Setting of Cut 
 Stone, Marble, Bluestone, Seam-Faced Granite) Brickwork (Mortar, 
 Face Brick) Concrete Chimneys Flue-Lining Mason's Supplies 7 
 Cellar Columns Earthen Drain-Pipe Standard Vitrified Pipe Car- 
 pentry Board Measure Lumber (Dimension, Floor and Finish, Inside 
 Door-Frames) Calculating the Frame Floors Outside Walls 
 
 V 
 
 Shingling Roofing Studding Windows Doors Inside Finish 
 Window-Frames Stairs A Day's Work Cost of Labor (by the 
 Square; by the Piece) Exterior Finish Piazzas and Porches Con- 
 ductors Hardware Nails Roofing (Shingles, Slate, Tiles, Metal, 
 Composition, Gutters and Conductors) Plastering Lathing Paint- 
 ing Spreading Power of Paints Heating System (Hot-Air, Steam, 
 Hot-Water) Registers, Piping, Radiators, etc. Plumbing Drainage 
 Water Supply (Boiler, Waste-Cocks, etc.) Capacity of Cisterns and 
 Tanks Sinks Lavatories Laundry Trays Gasfitting Electric 
 Work (Wiring, Switches, Bells). 
 
 MAKING A DETAILED ESTIMATE ...-,. . . ... Page 59 
 
 Methods of Estimating Staking-Out and Setting Batter-Boards 
 Water Supply during Construction Excavation Stonework Plaster- 
 ing Walls with Cement Cesspools, Dry Wells, and Drains Brick- 
 work Flue-Linings Concreting Plastering Carpentry Work 
 Stairs Hardware Heating Plumbing Electric Wiring Electric^ 
 Lighting Fixtures Painting Schedules (Analysis of Carpentry 
 Work) Memoranda for Heating Estimate Location Sheet of Electric 
 Outlets. 
 
 INDEX . . . .....'. Page 109 
 
FRONT AND REAR VIEWS OF RESIDENCE OF MR. H. T. LOOMIS, MAGNOLIA DRIVE, 
 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO 
 
 Watterson & Schneider, Architects, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 Cost, about $35,000. First-Story Walls of McCausland Brick, Made at Akron, Ohio. Koofs of 
 
 Combination Red Tile. 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 PART I 
 
 Introductory. The ability to estimate may be considered as the 
 dividing line between the journeyman and the master builder, for, 
 no matter how skilful a mechanic may become, he can never "hang 
 out his shingle" and invite patronage in his distinctive line of work, 
 unless he becomes able to make reliable estimates of material and 
 labor to be furnished. To do this something more than mere accuracy 
 and quickness in figures or a mastery of mathematics is needed; 
 namely: experience and judgment, an understanding of the more or 
 less complicated details which go to make up a building, and a knowl- 
 edge of current prices and discounts in the trade. It is the object of 
 this paper to point the way toward the acquirement of such of these 
 needs as may be imparted by words or figures; that is, to put in con- 
 densed form some of the common methods by which estimates are 
 made up, and to point out some of the things which are to be avoided. 
 
 Prices. As prices of labor and materials are constantly shifting, 
 those quoted in this paper must be taken only as proportionate, to 
 be used in comparison with known quantities and methods. All 
 prices given are as current in Boston, Mass., in December, 1906, 
 and are subject to immediate change. On account of the varia- 
 bleness in price of labor and materials, it is better, in general, to 
 make estimates on the basis of days or hours, and quantities of 
 materials, so that they may be used for comparison in future work. 
 To this end all estimates should be carefully labelled and filed away 
 for future reference. This should be done whether the bids were 
 successful or otherwise. If a successful bid, there will arise a good 
 opportunity to compare the estimates of cost of the different items, 
 with the actual cost of execution; and if a bid fails to win the job, 
 satisfaction and experience may be gained by noting the items which 
 may have been priced too high or too low. This data may be of great 
 service in preparing future estimates, especially in the comparisons 
 between estimated and actually executed work. 
 
 * There is no such a thing as a universal or permanent standard price for anything. 
 Prices vary in different localities at the same time and in the same locality at different 
 times. The estimator must therefore acquaint himself with local market conditions in 
 every case. 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 Catalogues. Catalogues and price lists of all standard articles 
 are easily obtained and should be kept at hand, properly indexed, for 
 ready reference, as they contain a great deal of specific information. 
 For close figuring, however, it will not do to rely upon these prices, 
 as the amounts of trade discounts are not always included. These 
 vary greatly from time to time, and often there are two or more dis- 
 counts, a trade discount, a cash discount, and a variation in discounts 
 made by different merchants, all of which the contractor must become 
 aware of to obtain bottom prices- 
 All data of this sort should be carefully tabulated for constant 
 reference, in such a form that it may be easily revised and kept, so 
 far as possible, up to date. 
 
 The manner and time of payments is a matter to be considered 
 in this connection, as it will permit the contractor to take advantage 
 of cash discounts, which often make a great difference in the cost of 
 certain materials. 
 
 Profit. To the actual price of labor and materials must be added 
 the profit and this will need careful consideration. A common method 
 is to add a lump sum to the estimated cost of labor and materials, 
 varying with locality and customer, with the probable sharpness of 
 competition and the circumstances of the contractor. This is a care- 
 less method, as it leaves no means for future comparison and no cer- 
 tain knowledge of just what the profits of a given job are. 
 
 Percentage. A better way is to base the profits upon a per- 
 centage of the estimated cost. This will vary, in ordinary cases, from 
 ten to fifteen per cent, ten per cent being the least that should be 
 expected on any work, and this is not enough for small contracts of 
 two or three thousand dollars; but for large work, where there is a 
 great duplication of parts and processes, it will be enough in most 
 cases. Some contractors, whose workmen are required to perform 
 especially skilful labor, figure fifteen per cent on all labor and ten 
 x^r cuit on materials. 
 
 Duplicate Parts. The matter of duplication is an important 
 factor in estimating, as a considerable saving is often made if large 
 quantities of material, either worked or unworked, are required ; this 
 is especially true in manufactured parts, such as doors and windows, 
 columns, balustrades, etc. Modern machines are capable of dupli- 
 cation with astonishing rapidity, and workmen can put together 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 similar parts more quickly and cheaply than variable members. 
 
 Transportation. The distance of the work from the shop of the 
 contractor, or from centers of manufacture, will ?iflect the cost to a 
 marked degree, as much time is consumed in ceaming and especially 
 in handling material a number of time?. 
 
 If communication between the works and the building site qan 
 be established by water, it will usually save considerable expense for 
 freight and handling, with perhaps less risk of damage, and conse- 
 quently less expense for crating and boxing. A careful study should 
 be made of the means of transportation to each different building 
 site from the shop, the office, and the mill, and the data kept for future 
 reference, subject to varying rates and conditions, to change of seasons, 
 and amounts to be transported. 
 
 These are some of the more important matters which require 
 preliminary consideration as affecting all estimates, and are only a 
 small part of the real questions involved, as different localities and 
 customs require different treatment, and numerous questions will 
 arise to confront the contractor, all of which may be successfully 
 met, as we have seen, by the exercise of care and judgment. 
 
 Methods. Estimates are formed by many and varying methods, 
 depending upon the degree of accuracy required, the capability of 
 the contractor, and the character of the building. A broad division 
 may be made between approximate estimates and accurate detailed 
 estimates, only the latter of which should be considered when it is 
 the intention to actually carry out the work under a definite contract. 
 
 Approximate Estimates. Approximate estimates are obtained 
 with varying degrees of accuracy by several methods, the most con- 
 venient and reliable of which is the system of cubing; i.e., the cubical 
 contents of the proposed building is obtained and multiplied by a 
 given price per cubic foot. This rate is obtained by careful com- 
 parison of the plans and requirements with similar buildings which 
 have been erected under conditions as like as possible to the con- 
 ditions under which the proposed building can be erected. 
 
 Several methods are used to determine the cubical units, de- 
 pending upon the size and shape of the proposed building. One 
 method is to multiply the square feet in the plan of the building by 
 the height from half-way" the depth of foundations to half-way up 
 the roof. Another system uses the height from the bottom of the 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 foundation, and another obtains the actual cubical contents. Any 
 of these may be used if the data for comparison is obtained in the same 
 way, but all are subject to important variations which experience and 
 judgment alone will determine. For instance, if the contour of the 
 building is very uneven, with low portions, such as porches and sheds, 
 and high portions, such as towers and cupolas, these must either be 
 omitted from the whole and compared separately, or a lump sum be 
 added or subtracted according to the size and elaboration of these 
 members. 
 
 Another variation arises in the size of rooms, giving a ratio of 
 partitions and division walls which is not constant, and of course a 
 large building with many duplicate parts will require a different 
 rating from a smaller one, so that the method of estimating by cubing 
 is at best approximate, and its degree of accuracy depends largely 
 upon the experience and judgment of the contractor. Even long 
 experience will afford no safe-guard against unusual elaboration of 
 interior or exterior, so that cube rates can only be applied to buildings 
 of ordinary character, and comparisons are only reliable between 
 buildings of like description and uses, as the treatment of even the 
 same materials will vary largely in buildings of varying uses. 
 
 The height of the building will not increase the cube rate pro- 
 portionately, unless the internal voids are alike, although it is cer- 
 tain that the higher one builds from the ground, the more time and 
 expense it requires to put the material in place, to say nothing of 
 thicker walls and necessarily heavier construction. 
 
 Estimating by the Square. A convenient method of estimating 
 is by the square of one hundred surface feet. This is especially 
 applicable to office buildings, schools, mills, stables, and all buildings 
 where the floors are few in number or similar in plan. For one story 
 buildings the price per square is taken to include the roof, walls, floor, 
 and foundations, but for buildings of two or more stories the price 
 per square should be taken separately for each floor, the lower floor 
 being priced to include the foundations and the top floor to include 
 the roof. 
 
 This method of estimating by the square is not so accurate as 
 by cubical contents, but the results are often more convenient and 
 adaptable, because the tabulation of the square area of the various 
 floors may be easily reduced to terms of accommodation for public 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 buildings or shops. For instance, a given floor area in a school house 
 means accommodation for a certain number of pupils; in a church, 
 a certain number of sittings ; in factories for the manufacture of 
 staple goods, a certain number of machinQS and operatives. 
 
 This unit of accommodation is sometimes carried further, and, 
 by the reverse process, made the basis of another method of estimating 
 the approximate cost of such buildings as the above mentioned, i.e., 
 schools, churches, factories, hospitals, etc. This is also a method by 
 comparison, the known data being supplied by previous experience 
 or calculation, and it is often valuable as a means of determining the 
 approximate cost of buildings necessary to accommodate a given 
 number of individuals or machines, even before any definite plans have 
 been drawn. All of these methods are approximate, with varying 
 degrees of accuracy, and should never be advanced as accurate, or 
 used as the basis of a contract, unless the contractor has had a long 
 and varied experience and feels absolutely certain of his judgment, 
 or unless a proper margin is added for possible variations. 
 
 Estimating by Quantities. The only sure and correct method 
 of estimating is by taking off the actual quantities in detail and carry- 
 ing out the prices accurately with the cost of labor, the percentage 
 for profit, and contingencies added. 
 
 For this, accurate and complete drawings and specifications are 
 necessary to give the absolute quantity and quality of materials and 
 labor. The various items are then taken off, similar portions grouped, 
 the amount of labor estimated, and a complete and classified schedule 
 prepared and priced at current rates; the cost of transportation, 
 board of men, and any other contingencies noted, a percentage of 
 profit added, and a sum total reached which should be correct if 
 faithfully done. 
 
 This, of course, takes considerable time, but is well worth the 
 expense and trouble if a definite contract is to be made. 
 
 Preparation. In order to estimate to a sufficient degree of 
 accuracy, some things other than the possession of plans and speci- 
 fications are necessary. A visit to the site should be made, to ascer- 
 tain the nature of the soil, the levels of the lot, the distance from rail- 
 road or wharf, the condition of the roads, if a long haul is necessary, 
 and the preparation of the site necessary to receive and dispose of 
 materials. Some knowledge should be obtained of the nature of 
 
6 ESTIMATING 
 
 the sub-soil, the presence of ledges or water below the surface which 
 wf.l require especial or costly treatment, etc. Often a deposit of sand 
 will be found upon the site which will not only save carting away of 
 material excavated, but, if of proper quality, it may be used for the 
 work. Such items are constantly occurring so that a knowledge of 
 existing conditions will be of great advantage to the estimator. 
 
 Regarding underground conditions, there is always an element of 
 chance, as the most thorough examination will not always reveal 
 hidden perils; the author knows of a case where a mason had con- 
 tracted for the building of a sewer, and was in a fair way to make a 
 good profit, when a narrow vein of quicksand was uncovered, to over- 
 come which not only took away all the anticipated profit but caused 
 a severe loss to' the contractor besides. 
 
 Ground water is another source of danger and it will be well 
 for the contractor to closely examine his contract, to see to what extent 
 he is to furnish protection from this source, as a vein of water which 
 may have been temporarily stopped or diverted by the operation of 
 building, will sometimes unexpectedly make its presence known 
 during or after the completion of the work, when it may become a 
 source of great annoyance and expense to the contractor if he has 
 agreed to insure a waterproof job. Numerous illustrations could 
 be given of the danger from unforeseen causes which can at best be 
 only partially obviated by the most careful examination. 
 
 In order to accurately take off a building either by quantities, 
 square or cube, a good knowledge of arithmetic is necessary; and, 
 while we may assume that the reader already possesses this know- 
 ledge, it may be well to include some of the essential rules of that 
 branch of arithmetic which is known as mensuration. 
 
 This consists primarily in the science of obtaining definite data 
 regarding given figures or surfaces, such as areas, solids, capacity, 
 linear dimensions, and comparisons of bodies. 
 
 Definitions. The area, or superficial dimension of any figure 
 is the measure of its surface, without regard to its thickness or any 
 other dimension. 
 
 The cubical contents of any figure is the measure of its solidity, 
 or whole capacity, and has reference to the three dimensions, length, 
 breadth, and thickness. 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 If the figure is considered as hollow, then the cubical contents 
 becomes its capacity or capability of containing matter. 
 
 The linear dimension of a figure is expressed by its length in a 
 direct line in any direction and has no regard to breadth or thickness. 
 
 Units. The application of these dimensions is made by fixing 
 a unit by which the figure may be compared and the required dimen- 
 sion obtained; thus, for calculating the area of a figure the unit is 
 usually a square, one side of which is the unit of length, and the area 
 becomes the square measure of the figure. 
 
 This is expressed in common terms by square inch, square foot, 
 square yard, or any other given unit and the measure of the surface is 
 computed by obtaining the number of these square units which are 
 contained in the figure, the process being called squaring. 
 
 In a similar manner the cubical contents or solidity of a figure 
 is obtained by computing the number of cubical units which it con- 
 tains, which is called cubing it. 
 
 Rules. Numerous rules have been adopted for obtaining these 
 dimensions when given dimensions are known, and a tabulation of 
 some of the more important and useful of these follows, by means 
 of which it is hoped that the student may be able to solve most of the 
 ordinary problems which will arise in common practice. 
 
 RULES AND TABLES 
 TABLE OF MULTIPLES 
 
 Circumference of a circle 
 Area of a circle 
 
 Area of a circle 
 
 Area of a circle 
 
 Area of a circle 
 
 Radius 
 Radius 
 Diameter 
 Diameter 
 
 of a circle 
 of a circle 
 of a circle 
 of a circle 
 
 Side of an inscribed square 
 Side of an inscribed square 
 Side of an equal square 
 Area of a triangle 
 
 diameter X 3.1416 
 square of the radius X 3.1416 
 square of the diameter X 0.7854 
 square of the circumference X 0.07958 
 half the circumference X half the 
 
 diameter 
 
 circumference X 0.159155 
 square root of the area X 0.56419 
 circumference X 0.31831 
 square root of area X 1.12838 
 diameter X 0.7071 
 circumference X- 0.2251 
 diameter X 0.8862 
 base by -J- the altitude 
 
8 
 
 ESTIMATING 
 
 Area of an ellipse 
 Surface of a sphere 
 Surface of a sphere 
 Surface of a sphere 
 Solid contents of a sphere = 
 Solid contents of a sphere = 
 Diameter of a sphere = 
 Diameter of a sphere = 
 Circumference of a sphere = 
 Solid contents of a cone or 
 
 pyramid 
 
 Surface of a cube 
 Area of trapezoid 
 
 NOTE Volumes of similar 
 their similar lines. 
 
 product of both diameters X .7854 
 circumference X diameter 
 square of the diameter X 3.1416 
 square of the circumference X 0.3183 
 surface X i f its diameter 
 cube of diameter X 0.5236 
 square root of surface X 0.56419 
 cube root of solidity X 1.2407 
 cube root of solidity X 3.8978 
 
 area of base X J altitude 
 
 six X area of one side 
 
 altitude X 2 sum of parallel sides 
 
 solids are to each other as the cubes of 
 
 MEASURE OF LINES AND SURFACE 
 
 1. To find the area of a parallelogram: Rule Multiply the 
 length by the breadth or perpendicular height. See Fig. 1 
 
 Area-abxbc 
 
 Area = <ae x be 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 2. To find the area of a triangle: Rule Multiply the base 
 by half the altitude. See Fig. 2. 
 
 3. To find the hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle when 
 the base and perpendicular are known: Rule Add together the 
 square of the known sides and extract the square root of the 
 sum. See Fig. 3. 
 
 4. To find one side of a right-angled triangle when the hy- 
 pothenuse and the other side are known: Rule From the square 
 of the hypothenuse subtract the square of the given side, and 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
10 
 
 ESTIMATING 
 
 the square root of the remainder will be the other side. See Fig. 4. 
 
 5. To find the area of a trapezium: Rule Divide the figure 
 into triangles by drawing a diagonal and the sum of the areas of 
 these triangles will be the area of the trapezium. See Fig. 5. 
 
 6. To find the area of a trapezoid: Rule Add the two par- 
 allel sides and mutliply by one-half the perpendicular distance between 
 them. See Fig. 6. 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 7. To find the area of a regular polygon: Rule Multiply 
 one side by half its perpendicular distance from the center, and 
 this product by the number of sides. 
 
 Table of Multiples to Compute Measurements of Regular Polygons, the 
 Side of the Polygon Being Unity 
 
 NAME OF POLYGON 
 
 No. or 
 SIDES 
 
 A 
 AREA 
 
 B 
 
 RADIUS OP 
 CIRCUM- 
 SCRIBING 
 CIRCLE 
 
 c 
 LENGTH 
 
 OF THE 
 
 SIDE. 
 
 D 
 
 RADIUS OF 
 INSCRIBED 
 CIRCLE 
 
 Triangle 
 
 3 
 
 433013 
 
 5773 
 
 1.732 
 
 0.2887 
 
 Tetragon . ... 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 7071 
 
 1.4142 
 
 0.5 
 
 Pentagon . 
 
 5 
 
 1 720477 
 
 8506 
 
 1.1756 
 
 0.6882 
 
 Hexagon 
 
 6 
 
 2 598076 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 0.866 
 
 Heptagon 
 
 7 
 
 3 633912 
 
 1.1524 
 
 0.8677 
 
 1.0383 
 
 Octagon 
 
 8 
 
 4.828427 
 
 1.3066 
 
 0.7653 
 
 1.2071 
 
 Nonagon 
 
 9 
 
 6.181824 
 
 1.4619 
 
 0.684 
 
 1.3737 
 
 Decagon 
 
 10 
 
 7.694209 
 
 1.618 
 
 0.618 
 
 1.5383 
 
 Undecagon 
 
 11 
 
 9.36564 
 
 1.7747 
 
 0.5634 
 
 1.7028 
 
 Dodecagon 
 
 12 
 
 11.196152 
 
 1.9319 
 
 0.5176 
 
 1.866 
 
 8. To find the area of a regular polygon when the length 
 of a side only is given: Rule Multiply the square of the side by 
 the number opposite the name of the polygon in Column A. 
 
 9. To find the radius of a circumscribing circle when the 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 II 
 
 length of a side only is given : Rule Multiply the length of a side of 
 the polygon by the number in Column B. 
 
 10. To find the length of side of a 
 polygon that is contained in a given 
 circle, when the radius of the circle is 
 known: Rule Multiply the radius of 
 the circle by the number opposite the 
 name of the polygon in Column C. 
 
 11. To find the radius of a circle 
 
 that can be inscribed in a given poly- Are<l=lb)-(cd)x.7854- 
 
 gon, when the length of a side is given : 
 
 Rule Multiply the length of a side of the 
 
 polygon by the number opposite the name of the polygon in Column D. 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 Lateral Area =2 ac 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 12. To find the area of an irregular polygon: Rule Divide 
 the polygon into triangles and add the areas of all 
 the triangles. Fig. 7. 
 
 13. To find the area of a. ring included be- 
 tween the circumferences of two concentric cir- 
 cles: Rule Square the diameters and multiply 
 difference between the squares by .7854. Fig. 8. 
 
 14. To find the area of an ellipse: Rule 
 Flg ' ^pyramid 111 f Multiply the two axes together and the product 
 
 multiplied by .7854 will be the area. 
 15. To find the circumference of an ellipse: Rule Square 
 
12 
 
 ESTIMATING 
 
 AREAS OF CIRCLES 
 
 SIZE 
 
 AREA 
 
 SIZE 
 
 AREA 
 
 SIZE 
 
 AREA 
 
 Sizt. 
 
 AREA 
 
 
 
 0.0123 
 
 10 
 
 78.54 
 
 30 
 
 706.86 
 
 65 
 
 3318.3 
 
 
 
 0.0491 
 
 * 
 
 86.59 
 
 31 
 
 754.76 
 
 66 
 
 3421.2 
 
 
 
 0.1104 
 
 11 
 
 95.03 
 
 32 
 
 804.24 
 
 67 
 
 3525.6 
 
 
 
 0.1963 
 
 * 
 
 103.86 
 
 33 
 
 855.30 
 
 68 
 
 3631.6 
 
 
 
 0.3067 
 
 12 
 
 113.09 
 
 34 
 
 907.92 
 
 69 
 
 3739.2 
 
 
 
 0.4417 
 
 * 
 
 122.71 
 
 35 
 
 962.11 
 
 70 
 
 3848.4 
 
 
 
 0.6013 
 
 13 
 
 132.73 
 
 36 
 
 1017.8 
 
 71 
 
 3959.2 
 
 1 
 
 0.7854 
 
 * 
 
 143.13 
 
 37 
 
 1075.2 
 
 72 
 
 4071.5 
 
 
 
 0.9940 
 
 14 
 
 153.93 
 
 38 
 
 1134.1 
 
 73 
 
 4185.3 
 
 
 
 1.227 
 
 * 
 
 165.13 
 
 39 
 
 1194.5 
 
 74 
 
 4300.8 
 
 
 
 1.484 
 
 15 
 
 176.71 
 
 40 
 
 1256.6 
 
 75 
 
 4417.8 
 
 
 
 1.767 
 
 i 
 
 188.69 
 
 41 
 
 1320.2 
 
 76 
 
 4536.4 
 
 
 
 2.073 
 
 16 
 
 201.06 
 
 42 
 
 1385.4 
 
 77 
 
 4656.0 
 
 
 
 2.405 
 
 * 
 
 213.82 
 
 43 
 
 1452.2 
 
 78 
 
 4778.3 
 
 
 
 2.761 
 
 17 
 
 226.98 
 
 44 
 
 1520.5 
 
 79 
 
 4901.6 
 
 2 
 
 3.141 
 
 * 
 
 240.52 
 
 45 
 
 1590.4 
 
 80 
 
 5026.5 
 
 i 
 
 3.976 
 
 18 
 
 254.46 
 
 46 
 
 1661.9 
 
 81 
 
 5153.0 
 
 
 4.908 
 
 i 
 
 268.80 
 
 47 
 
 1734.9 
 
 82 
 
 5281.0 
 
 | 
 
 5.939 
 
 19 
 
 283.52 
 
 48 
 
 1809.5 
 
 83 
 
 5410.6 
 
 3 
 
 7.068 
 
 * 
 
 298.64 
 
 49 
 
 1885.7 
 
 84 
 
 5541.7 
 
 
 8.295 
 
 20 
 
 314.16 
 
 50 
 
 1963.5 
 
 85 
 
 5674.5 
 
 
 
 9.621 
 
 * 
 
 330.06 
 
 51 
 
 2042.8 
 
 86 
 
 5808.8 
 
 2 
 
 11.044 
 
 21 
 
 346.36 
 
 52 
 
 2123.7. 
 
 87 
 
 5944.6 
 
 4 
 
 12.566 
 
 * 
 
 363.05 
 
 53 
 
 2206.1 
 
 88 
 
 6082.1 
 
 i 
 
 15.904 
 
 22 
 
 380.13 
 
 54 
 
 2290.2 
 
 89 
 
 6221.1 
 
 5 
 
 19.635 
 
 * 
 
 397.60 
 
 55 
 
 2375.8 
 
 90 
 
 6361.7 
 
 i 
 
 23.758 
 
 23 
 
 415.47 
 
 56 
 
 2463.0 
 
 91 
 
 6503.8 
 
 6 
 
 28.274 
 
 i 
 
 433.73 
 
 57 
 
 2551.7 
 
 92 
 
 6647.6 
 
 i 
 
 33.183 
 
 24 
 
 452.39 
 
 58 
 
 2642.0 
 
 93 
 
 6792.9 
 
 7 
 
 38.484 
 
 i 
 
 471.43 
 
 59 
 
 2733.9 
 
 94 
 
 6939.7 
 
 i 
 
 44.178 
 
 25 
 
 490.87 
 
 60 
 
 2827.4 
 
 95 
 
 7088.2 
 
 8 
 
 50.265 
 
 26 
 
 530.93 
 
 61 
 
 2922.4 
 
 96 
 
 7238.2 
 
 i 
 
 56.745 
 
 27 
 
 572.55 
 
 62 
 
 3019.0 
 
 97 
 
 7389.8 
 
 9 
 
 63.617 
 
 28 
 
 615.75 
 
 63 
 
 3117.2 
 
 98 
 
 7542.9 
 
 * 
 
 70.882 
 
 29 
 
 660.52 
 
 64 
 
 3216.9 
 
 99 
 
 7697.7 
 
 To find the circumference of a circle when diameter is given, multiply thegiven diam- 
 eter by 3.1416. 
 
 To find the diameter of a circle when circumference is given, multiply the given cir 
 cu inference by .31831. 
 
 the two axes and multiply the square root of half their sum by 3.1416. 
 
 AREAS OF SOLIDS 
 
 16. To find the lateral surface of a prism: Rule Multiply 
 the perimeter of the base by the altitude. 
 
 17. To find the lateral surface of a regular pyramid: Rule 
 Multiply the perimeter of the base by one-half the slant height. 
 Fig. 9. ' 
 
 18. To find the lateral surface of the frustrum of a regular 
 pyramid: Rule Multiply the perimeters of the two ends by one- 
 half the slant height. Fig. 10. 
 
ESTIMATING 13 
 
 SOLID CONTENTS 
 
 19. To find the solid contents of a pyramid: Rule Find 
 the area of the base and multiply this by J height. 
 
 20. To find the solid contents of a cylinder: Rule Multiply 
 the area of the base by the height. 
 
 21. To find the solid contents of a cone: Rule Multiply 
 the area of the base by J of the height. 
 
 22. To find the solid contents of a sphere: Rule Multiply 
 the cube of the diameter by .5236. 
 
 SCALE OF WAGES 
 
 The item of cost of labor, on construction of any kind, is at 
 best a variable quantity, dependent to a large degree upon com- 
 petition, demand, and labor organization. 
 
 The cost of labor is steadily on the increase, while the hours 
 of labor are continually decreasing. The tendency in both direc- 
 tions operates to a certain degree to lessen the effective power of 
 labor, so that the amount of work done in a day is not what it repre- 
 sented a few years ago. 
 
 The various schedules given in the following pages are based 
 upon the current price of labor in Boston, Mass., in 1906, and while 
 this is likely to be upset somewhat by a general advance in 1907, 
 there is not likely to be a great difference for some time. Blank 
 spaces are left in these columns so that the student or contractor 
 can fill in local or varying prices of labor. 
 
 Wages, Per Day of Eight Hours, in Various Trades, Boston, Mass., 1906 
 
 Carpenters $3 . 28 . . /" rf. . . . 
 
 Stone Masons 4.50. .7. .T. . . . 
 
 Brick Masons 4 . 80 . . ?. .77 . . . 
 
 Hod Carriers 2 . 40 . . . 77". . . 
 
 Plasterers 5.00. ...<?.T7. . . 
 
 Plasterers' Helpers 3 . 00 . . .frr . . . 
 
 Lathers 4.50. . . #f?. . . 
 
 Quarrymen (9-hour day) 2 . 50 
 
 Stone Cutters 4.00 
 
 Tile Setters 4.80 
 
 Tile Helpers 2.60 
 
14 ESTIMATING 
 
 Roofers 
 
 S3 50 - ~r . 
 
 Roofers' Helpers 
 
 2.25...J.r. .. 
 
 Steam Fitters 
 
 4 40. . *?. * 
 
 Steam Fitters' Helpers 
 
 2 25 
 
 Plumbers 
 
 440...7: d 
 
 Plumbers' Helpers 
 
 1 50 
 
 Gas Fitters 
 Gas Fitters' Helpers 
 
 4.40. .. .//'. . . 
 2.25 
 
 Electricians 
 Painters 
 
 3.60 
 3.00. . '.'.</ 
 
 EXCAVATION 
 
 Many considerations, seen and unforeseen, enter into the cost 
 of excavations, of which the unforeseen conditions can, at best, 
 be only judged of, making it more important that known circum- 
 stances should be carefully considered. Among these may be men- 
 tioned the varying kinds of soil and rock, the depth to which the 
 excavation can be carried without shoring, the distance to which 
 the excavated material is to be carried, and whether pumping or 
 bailing will be necessary. Material excavated to a depth of six 
 feet can be thrown on to the surface, but below this depth a stage 
 will be necessary, or else it must be carted or wheeled out. 
 
 In taking off quantities for excavation, work in trenches should 
 be kept separate from large areas, as the cost will be greater on 
 account of lack of room for working. 
 
 Where the nature of the soil is uncertain, borings should be 
 made or test pits dug, not only to reveal the character of the material, 
 but to determine the depth at which "hard pan" is to be found. 
 This is especially necessary when the specifications call for the 
 foundations of any structure to be carried to hard pan, without 
 reference to the drawings, or when no definite depth of footing 
 is shown. 
 
 In the absence of full instructions, it is best to figure to excavate 
 a foot outside of all walls or footings, to give ample working room; 
 and trenches for pipes, etc., should be enough wider than the pipe 
 to allow of working all around. Hollows should be made where 
 hubs rest, so as to give a full bearing for the pipe. 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 15 
 
 In taking quantities in irregular ground, the plot should be 
 divided into a number of definite squares and the contents of each 
 square taken separately. See Fig. 11. 
 
 Cost of Excavating. The cost of excavating varies in different 
 localities and under differing conditions, no two cases agreeing in 
 details or in execution. The governing factors are experience and 
 judgment. Excavating is usually priced by the cubic yard and 
 will average about as follows: 
 
 Picking 12 cu. yds. per day at $2 .40 $0 . 20 
 
 Throwing out 12 cu. yds. per day at $2.40 .20 
 Wheeling 50 ft. away . 10 
 
 Fig. 11. Division of plot. 
 
 $0.50 
 
 Excavations in clay or very hard soil may cost from $0.50 to 
 $1.00 while rock excavations- will cost from $2.00 to $10.00, or more, 
 according to the nature and 
 position of the rock. Re-fill- 
 ing and packing around walls 
 will cost usually from J to \ 
 of the price of earth excava- 
 tions. Excavation of sand 
 or loose gravel, which can be 
 done by means of a horse scraper, will cost $0.30 per cu. yd. 
 
 Pile Foundations. The cost of piling varies with the nature 
 of the soil and the length of pile necessary. Taking a 30-ft. pile 
 as an average length, then piles 30 ft. long, driven and cut off level 
 to receive footings, will cost $3.50 to $4.00 per pile. 
 
 STONE WORK 
 
 Stone walls are figured either by the perch or the cubic yard. 
 
 In taking off a stone foundation, it is customary to take the 
 corners twice, that is, each different face of the wall is measured 
 from out to out, thus doubling the corners. This makes up for 
 the extra labor of laying up the corners. 
 
 The cost of a perch of rubble foundations laid in Rosendale 
 cement mortar, 1 to 3, may be taken as follows: 
 
16 ESTIMATING 
 
 1 perch of stone 
 J barrel cement at $1 . 20 
 
 $1.25 
 .60 
 
 J load sand at 1 . 75 
 
 .29 
 
 J day, mason at 4 . 50 
 
 J day, laborer at 2.40 
 \ 
 Total cost per perch 
 
 1.50 
 .60 
 
 $4.24 
 
 A perch of rubble wall laid in Portland cement mortar, 1 to 3, 
 will cost: 
 
 1 perch of stone $1 . 25 
 
 J barrel Portland cement at $2 . 10 1 .05 
 
 load sand at $1.75 .29 
 
 J day, mason at 4 . 50 1 . 50 
 
 I day, laborer at 2.40 .80 
 
 Total cost per perch $4.89 
 
 Cut Stone. Cut stonework is figured by the cubic foot, the 
 prices differing according to the amount of labor involved in the 
 cutting; and this will depend somewhat upon the nature of the 
 stone, a hard stone being more expensive to prepare than a soft 
 one. The principal kinds of stone used in building are granite, 
 limestone, sandstone, marble, and bluestone. 
 
 Granite. Granite is one of the hardest stones to quarry and 
 prepare, and, on account of its cost it is not so freely used as lime- 
 stone or marble. Granite in rough blocks from the quarry will 
 cost 45 to 60 cents a cubic foot, the cutting of beds and joints will 
 cost 25 cents for each square foot of surface so treated. If the 
 face is pitched off to a line with rock face, it will cost 25 cents per 
 square foot, while hammering in 8-cut work will cost 70 cents per 
 square foot. Quincy granite will cost, in the rough, about double 
 this, or $1.20 per cubic foot; the cutting will cost one-third more. 
 
 From this data we may deduce the following scale: 
 
 Granite, in rough blocks at quarry, per cu. ft. $0.60 
 
 Add for beds and joints per sq. ft. .25 
 
 Add for rock face, pitched off to a line, per sq. ft. .25 
 
 Add for 8-cut work per sq. ft. .70 
 
 Hence the facing of an average wall with 8 inches of granite 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 17 
 
 will cost, if the stones are about 2 feet x 3 feet, or 6 surface feet in 
 
 each block: 
 
 Stock, 4 cu. ft. at .60 $2.40 
 
 Beds and end joints 2 sq. ft. at .25 .67 
 
 Rock face 6 sq. ft. at .25 1.50 
 
 Cost of 6 superficial ft. 
 or 76J- cents per square foot. 
 
 .57 
 
 If the same were finished in 8-cut work, the cost of finishing the 
 surface would be 70 cents a square foot 
 instead of 25 cents, making the cost per 
 square foot 45 cents more, or about $1.21 
 a square foot. 
 
 Limestone. Limestone is used to a 
 large extent, especially in conjunction with 
 brick, for trimnrngs for various kinds of 
 buildings. Limestone will cost at the 
 quarry about 30 cents a cubic foot ; this 
 will apply to Indiana limestone only. 
 Lake. Superior redstone will cost 35 cents; 
 Ohio sandstone, 50 cents. In estimating, Fig 13 Limestone window Set . 
 about 20 per cent should be added for waste, 5 per cent quarry waste, 
 and 15 per cent for cutting waste: 
 
 * Prices of Common Shapes of Limestone 
 
 Water table, 8 in. x 12 in. per lineal foot $1 .50 
 
 Steps, 7 in. x 14 in. without nosing, per lineal foot 1 . 50 
 
 Steps, 7 in. x 14 in. with nosing per lineal foot 2.50 
 
 Door sills, 8 in. x 12 in. per lineal foot 1 .25 
 
 Window sills, 5 in. x 12 in. per lineal foot 1 .00 
 
 Window sills, 5 in. x 8 in. per lineal foot .75 
 
 Window caps, 4 in. x 10 in. per lineal foot .70 
 
 Window caps, 8 in. x 12 in. per lineal foot 1 .00 
 
 Wall coping, 5 in. x 20 in. per lineal foot 1 .50 
 
 Platforms and large slabs, 6 in. thick, per sq. ft. 2.00 
 
 * Window Sets. A common use of limestone is in the form of 
 window sets, consisting of a flat arch in three pieces with keystone, 
 and a light sill, as shown in Fig. 12. 
 
 * These prices are based on a freight charge of $0.55 per cu. ft. to Boston. 
 The freight on L.ake Superior stone is .55 
 
 The freight on Ohio stone .41 
 
18 ESTIMATING 
 
 The rise of these caps is about 10 inches, and the rise of the sill 5 
 inches. These sets for an average sized window, say 4-foot opening, 
 will cost for a 4-inch reveal $10, and for an eight-inch reveal SI 5. 
 
 Sandstone. The cost of dressed sandstone is about 10 per 
 cent more than that of limestone. 
 
 Setting. The cost of setting cut stone may be taken at 15 
 cents a running foot for window trimmings and ashlar work, and 
 
 Fig. 13. Seam-Faced Granite Wall. 
 
 20 cents for platforms, water table, steps, etc. Trimming and fit- 
 ting at the building will cost about 10 cents per cubic foot. 
 
 The foregoing prices are based upon quarry-men's wages at 
 $2.50 per day, and stone cutters' wages at $4.00 per day. 
 
 Much of the cutting and finishing of stone is done by machin- 
 ery, so that the question uf wages will not enter into the prepara- 
 tion of the stock so largely as in many other branches. 
 
 Marble. A more expensive stone to use is marble, which can be 
 obtained in a variety of colors, in different parts of the country. The 
 price of marble differs in different localities but for general purposes 
 
ESTIMATING 19 
 
 may be taken as about double the figures which we have quoted for 
 limestone. 
 
 Bluestone. Bluestone is used in the East mainly for flagging, cop- 
 ings, etc., but is used to a considerable extent for building, in Central 
 and Western sections. The price of bluestone flagging 3 inches thick 
 with trimmed joints and face planed arid dressed, will be 65 cents 
 a square foot; with natural face, 35 cents to 45 cents. Bluestone 
 ashlar 8 inches thick with natural face and dressed joints, will cost 
 $1. 00 per square foot, and 15 cents a square foot for setting. 
 
 Seam-Faced Granite. In some localities granite, lying in up- 
 turned strata with open weathered seams, is to be obtained. This 
 is used for facing walls in ashlar work, being set on edge in the wall 
 with the seam-face showing; thip will cost, in place, 4-inch to 8-inch 
 thick, from 60 cents to 75 cents a superficial foot. See Fig. 13. 
 
 BRICKWORK 
 
 Brickwork is usually estimated by the thousand bricks, but is 
 sometimes priced by the cubic foot at 40 cubic feet to a thousand. 
 A mason in one day will lay ffom 800 to 1,000 common bricks, or 300 
 to 400 face bricks. 
 
 The number of bricks in a wall may be found by multiplying the 
 superficial area by 7J for each 4 inches of the thickness of the wall. 
 Openings of the size of ordinary windows are generally deducted, 
 but very small openings will cost more to make than the deduc- 
 tion. An allowance for breakage should be made of 5 per cent. 
 
 Mortar. Bricks are laid in mortar made of lime or cement, 
 according to the strength required. Lime mortar should not be used 
 in damp situations, or where great strength is required. The dif- 
 ference in cost of lime and cement mortar is so little that cement 
 mortar is generally used. 
 
 The building laws of some cities require brick work to be laid 
 in cement mortar for a certain part of the height. 
 
 Cement mortar makes a darker joint, but where a white joint is 
 required it can be obtained, without loss of strength, by using Port- 
 land cement and lime mortar. 
 
 Cost. The cost of brickwork by the thousand in various kinds 
 of mortar may be analyzed as follows: 
 
20 ESTIMATING 
 
 In 1 3 lime mortar, 
 1,000 bricks 
 
 3 bu. lime at $.36 per bu. 
 \ load of sand at $1 . 75 per load 
 10 hours, mason at $.60 per hour 
 10 hours, tender at $.30 per hour 
 
 $19.96 
 
 In 1 - 3 Rosendale cement mortar: 
 
 1,000 bricks $9.00 
 
 1 J bbl. Rosendale cement at $1.20 1 . 80 
 
 \ load sand .88 
 
 10 hours, mason at $.60 per hour 6 . 00 
 
 10 hours, tender at $.30 per hour 3 . 00 
 
 $20.68 
 
 In 1 - 3 Portland cement mortar : 
 
 1,000 bricks $ 9.00 
 
 1 } bbl. Portland cement at $2. ip 2.62 
 
 \ load sand at $1.75 .88 
 
 10 hours, mason at $.60 per hour 6.00 
 
 10 hours, tender at $.30 per hour 3 . 00 
 
 $21.50 
 
 From these tables we may deduce an approximate estimate in 
 round numbers as follows: 
 
 1 ,000 bricks laid in 1 - 3 lime mortar $20 . 00 
 
 1 ,000 bricks laid in 1 - 3 cement mortar 21 . 00 
 
 1 ,000 bricks laid in 1 - 3 Portland cement mortar 22 . 00 
 
 So that, on a job of ordinary size, the difference between lime 
 and cement mortar ought not to be considered, where cement mortar 
 will give assurance of greater stability. 
 
 Face Bricks. Face bricks in great variety, are to be had either 
 plain or moulded, and in a variety of colors. On ordinary face 
 brickwork a mason with tender will lay about 300 to 400 bricks in 
 a day. 
 
ESTIMATING 21 
 
 Faced bricks cost from $25.00 to $50.00 per thousand; a good 
 average brick can be secured for $32.00. This will make the price for 
 a thousand, laid, about as follows: 
 
 1,000 face bricks $32.00 
 
 IJbu. lime at $.36 .45 
 
 i load fine sand at $1 .75 . 88 
 
 3 days, mason at $4.80 14 . 40 
 
 1J days, tender at $2.40 3.60 
 
 $51.33 
 
 From this we find that 1,000 face bricks can be laid in the wall 
 for $51.33 of which $33.33 goes for stock and $18.00 for labor. 
 
 Enameled bricks are to be had in various colors, white and buff 
 being the most common. These bricks cost from $50.00 to $60.00 
 per M. 
 
 Concrete. Concrete is used to a great extent now for footings, 
 walls, piers, etc. The cost of concrete is not a great deal different 
 from stone for foundations and if there is uncovered a deposit of 
 suitable sand and gravel, as is sometimes the case, it can be put in 
 at a less price than a granite footing. 
 
 Concrete with a reinforcement of steel is used in various forms 
 for piers, floors, and walls. 
 
 The cost of a cubic yard of concrete, using the proportion of 
 1-3 and 6, may be summarized as follows : 
 
 1 bbl. Portland cement $2.10 
 
 3 bbl. sand .75 
 
 6 bbl. broken stone 2.00 
 
 Mason, 2 hours at $.60 per hour 1 . 20 
 
 Laborer, 4 hours at $.30 per hour 1.20 
 
 "$7^25 
 
 Cellar concrete 3 inches thick will cost $.60 to $.75 per square 
 yard in place. Concrete of Rosendale cement can be put in at less 
 cost, being for foundation walls about $6.00 per cubic yard; for 
 piers $6.50 per cubic yard. 
 
22 ESTIMATING 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DATA 
 
 CHIMNEYS 
 
 Chimneys may be quickly estimated by the lineal foot of height, 
 as follows: 
 
 1 flue 8 in. x 8 in. per foot $0.90 with flue lining $1.10 
 1 " 8 in. x 12 in. per foot 1.00 " " " 1.25 
 
 1 " 12 in. x!2 in. per foot 1.20 " " " 1.50 
 
 2 flues 8 in. x 8 in. per foot 1.40 " " " 1.80 
 2 " 8 in. x 12 in. per foot 1.75 " " " 2.20 
 
 FLUE LINING 
 
 Net price per foot, outside dimensions. 
 
 4J in.x 8J inches $.10 8J in. x 17J inches $.32 
 
 4J in. x!3 " .16 13 in.x 13 " .30 
 
 8J in. x 8J " .16 13 in.x 18 " .42 
 
 8J in.x 13 " .22 18 in.x 18 " .70 
 For openings add one-third. 
 
 MASONS' SUPPLIES 
 
 Portland Cement $ 2.10 per bbl. 
 
 Rosendale Cement 1.20 " " 
 
 Extra Lime for Skimming 1.15 " " 
 
 No. 1 Lime for Mortar 1.05 " " 
 
 Vermont Lime 1.20 " " 
 
 Plaster, 250 Ib. bbls. 1.60 " " 
 
 Mortar Color, Red, in bbls. .01] per Ib. 
 
 Mortar Color, Red, in 100 or 200 Ib. keg .01} " " 
 
 Mortar Color, black .Q3J " u 
 Philadelphia Pressed Brick, for fireplaces 35.00 per M. 
 
 Fire Brick 35.00 " " 
 
 Best Plastering Hair .25 per bush. 
 
 Mortar Hods 1 . 50 each 
 
 Brick Hods 1.25 " 
 
 10-in. Mortar Hoes .50 " 
 Good No. 2 Shovels, square point, plain back . 75 " 
 
 Sand Screens, wood leg 6'. 00 " 
 
 Bolted Dump Barrows 2.00 " 
 
ESTIMATING 23 
 
 Metal Corner Bead $0.04 per ft. 
 
 Iron Rim and Cover, 20 in. diameter 3.50 each 
 
 " " " 18 in. " 3.00 " 
 
 " " " 15 in. " 2.50 " 
 
 CELLAR COLUMNS 
 
 For cellar support^, in place of brick piers, pipe columns con- 
 sisting of a steam pipe filled with cement, under a patent, are coming 
 into general use in many localities. 
 
 These columns cost less, and take up less room than a brick 
 pier of equal strength. The prices are as follows : 
 
 SIZE, 
 
 7 FT. 
 
 8 FT. 
 
 9 FT. 
 
 10 Ft. 
 
 3 in. 
 
 $1.65 
 
 $1.90 
 
 $2.20 
 
 $2.65 
 
 34 in. 
 
 1.90 
 
 2.20 
 
 2.65 
 
 3.15 
 
 4 in. 
 
 2.75 
 
 3.25 
 
 3.80 
 
 4.40 
 
 44 in. 
 
 4.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.50 
 
 6.00 
 
 5 in. 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.85 
 
 6.65 
 
 7.55 
 
 6 in. 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.95 
 
 8.00 
 
 9.30 
 
 EARTHEN DRAIN PIPE 
 
 For sewer and cesspool connections and general drainage, 
 earthen vitrified drain pipes are used. These are laid in cement and, 
 if well below frost or danger of breaking, make a more durable pipe 
 than cast iron, besides being much less costly. 
 
 Net Price of Standard Vitrified Pipe 
 
 INSIDE DIAMETER 
 
 2 in. 
 
 3 in. 
 
 4 in. 
 
 5 in. 
 
 6 in. 
 Sin. 
 
 10 in. 
 12 in. 
 15 in. 
 18 in. 
 
 PRICE PER FOOT 
 
 BENDS AND CURVES 
 
 WEIGHT PER FOOT 
 
 $0 
 
 .05 
 
 $0. 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 Ibs. 
 
 
 .05 
 
 . 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 tt 
 
 
 .07 
 
 . 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 tt 
 
 
 .08| 
 
 . 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 tt 
 
 
 .10 
 
 , 
 
 38 
 
 16 
 
 << 
 
 
 .17 
 
 j 
 
 70 
 
 24 
 
 " 
 
 
 .26 
 
 1. 
 
 00 
 
 34 
 
 n 
 
 
 .35 
 
 1. 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 tt 
 
 
 .47 
 
 1. 
 
 90 
 
 67 
 
 tt 
 
 
 .60 
 
 2. 
 
 38 
 
 86 
 
 n 
 
24 ESTIMATING 
 
 CARPENTRY 
 
 The Carpenter-Work of a building includes, in general, the 
 skeleton or frame, if a wooden building, the floor timbers, studs of 
 partitions and walls, rafters, the covering in of the frame, with its 
 exterior finish and clapboards, siding or shingles, the flooring, furring, 
 grounds, and beads. This practically covers the constructive wood- 
 work or carpentry proper, while to the term joinery belongs the out- 
 side and inside finish, windows and doors, sheathing and dado, 
 stairs and fixtures. 
 
 In many sections the general term carpentry covers all wood- 
 working and covering, while in others the distinction between the 
 carpenter and the joiner is more distinctly drawn. 
 
 For the purposes of this work it will not be necessary to hold this 
 distinction, and so for convenience, the term carpentry will be used 
 to cover all branches of woodworking. 
 
 Two distinct elements enter into the carpenter-work of any 
 structure; the Material and the Labor, and the cost of both is subject 
 to fluctuation to a great extent. The trend in both is in the direc- 
 tion of increased cost in varying degrees in different localities, but 
 the state of the market in both labor and materials is never quiescent, 
 so that any printed prices must be considered as comparative only, and 
 must be carefully compared with local and known data before being 
 accepted as accurate or final. 
 
 The material with which the carpenter works, consists in the 
 main of three principal divisions, the Frame, the Covering, and the 
 Finish, and each of these has further subdivisions as will be noted. 
 
 Board Measure. All lumber which has not been wrought or 
 moulded, is sold by "board measure" that is, the stock in each piece 
 is reduced to a unit of a square foot of board one inch thick. This 
 is called board measure and is expressed by the abbreviation B. M, 
 Prices of lumber are usually rated by the thousand feet, so that the 
 expression "Twenty-five dollars a thousand" means twenty-five 
 dollars for a thousand square feet of stock one inch thick. To reduce 
 stock of greater thickness than one inch, to its equivalent in board 
 measure, several rules may be used. 
 
 A convenient method is to divide the product of the width and 
 thickness in inches by 12, and multiply by the length in feet 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 25 
 
 TABLE OF BOARD MEASURE 
 
 SIZE IN INCHES 
 
 LENGTH IN FEET 
 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 2x 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 2x 4 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 94 
 
 101 
 
 12 
 
 134 
 
 141 
 
 16 
 
 174 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 214 
 
 2x5 
 
 84 
 
 10 
 
 111 
 
 134 
 
 15 
 
 163 
 
 184 
 
 20 
 
 211 
 
 234 
 
 25 
 
 261 
 
 2x 6 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 2x 7 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 164 
 
 IS! 
 
 21 
 
 234 
 
 25 
 
 28 
 
 304 
 
 321 
 
 35 
 
 374 
 
 2x 8 
 
 134 
 
 16 
 
 181 
 
 214 
 
 24 
 
 26! 
 
 294 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 374 
 
 40 
 
 421 
 
 2x 9 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 36 
 
 39 
 
 42 
 
 45 
 
 4'8 
 
 2x 10 
 
 16| 
 
 20 
 
 234 
 
 26! 
 
 30 
 
 334 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 434 
 
 46 
 
 50 
 
 534 
 
 2x 12 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 2x 14 
 
 234 
 
 28 
 
 321 
 
 374 
 
 42 
 
 46f 
 
 514 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 654 
 
 70 
 
 74 
 
 2x 16 
 
 261 
 
 32 
 
 374 
 
 42f 
 
 48 
 
 534 
 
 58 
 
 64 
 
 694 
 
 741 
 
 80 
 
 854 
 
 3x4 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 92 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 3x 5 
 
 12* 
 
 15 
 
 m 
 
 20 
 
 224 
 
 25 
 
 274 
 
 30 
 
 32* 
 
 35 
 
 374 
 
 40 
 
 3x 6 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 36 
 
 39 
 
 42 
 
 45 
 
 48 
 
 3x 7 
 
 17i 
 
 21 
 
 244 
 
 28 
 
 314 
 
 35 
 
 384 
 
 42 
 
 454 
 
 49 
 
 524 
 
 56 
 
 3x 8 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 3x 9 
 
 224 
 
 27 
 
 314 
 
 36 
 
 404 
 
 45 
 
 494 
 
 54 
 
 584 
 
 63 
 
 674 
 
 72 
 
 3x 10 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 65 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 80 
 
 3x 12 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 78 
 
 84 
 
 90 
 
 96 
 
 3 x 14 
 
 35 
 
 42 
 
 49 
 
 56 
 
 63 
 
 70 
 
 77 
 
 84 
 
 SI 
 
 98 
 
 105 
 
 112 
 
 3 x 16 
 
 40 
 
 48 
 
 56 
 
 64 
 
 72 
 
 80 
 
 88 
 
 96 
 
 104 
 
 112 
 
 120 
 
 128 
 
 4x4 
 
 134 
 
 16 
 
 181 
 
 214 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 294 
 
 32 
 
 34| 
 
 374 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 4x5 
 
 16| 
 
 20 
 
 234 
 
 26! 
 
 30 
 
 334 
 
 361 
 
 40 
 
 434 
 
 461 
 
 50 
 
 534 
 
 4x 6 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 4x 7 
 
 234 
 
 28 
 
 321 
 
 374 
 
 42 
 
 46! 
 
 514 
 
 56 
 
 601 
 
 654 
 
 70 
 
 741 
 
 4.x 8 
 
 26| 
 
 32 
 
 374 
 
 423 
 
 48 534 
 
 58 
 
 64 
 
 694 
 
 74| 
 
 80 
 
 854 
 
 4x9 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 78 
 
 84 
 
 90 
 
 96 
 
 4 x 10 
 
 334 
 
 40 
 
 46 
 
 534 
 
 60 
 
 66! 
 
 734 
 
 80 
 
 861 
 
 934 
 
 100 
 
 1061 
 
 4 x 12 
 
 40 
 
 48 
 
 56 
 
 64 
 
 72 
 
 80 
 
 88 
 
 96 
 
 104 
 
 112 
 
 120 
 
 128 
 
 4x14 
 
 461 
 
 56 
 
 654 
 
 741 
 
 84 
 
 934 
 
 1021 
 
 112 
 
 1214 
 
 1301 
 
 140 
 
 1494 
 
 6x 6 
 
 30' 
 
 36 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 78 
 
 84 
 
 90 
 
 96 
 
 6x 8 
 
 40 
 
 48 
 
 56 
 
 64 
 
 72 
 
 80 
 
 88 
 
 96 
 
 104 
 
 112 
 
 120 
 
 128 
 
 6x 10 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 80 
 
 90 
 
 100 
 
 110 
 
 120 
 
 130 
 
 140 
 
 150 
 
 160 
 
 6 x 12 
 
 60 
 
 72 
 
 84 
 
 96 
 
 108 
 
 120 
 
 132 
 
 144 
 
 156 
 
 168 
 
 180 
 
 196 
 
 6 x 14 
 
 70 
 
 84 
 
 98 
 
 112 
 
 126 
 
 140 
 
 154 
 
 168 
 
 182 
 
 196 
 
 210 
 
 224 
 
 6 x 16 
 
 80 
 
 96 
 
 112 
 
 128 
 
 144 
 
 160 
 
 176 
 
 192 
 
 208 
 
 224 
 
 240 
 
 256 
 
 8x8 
 
 534 
 
 64 
 
 741 
 
 854 
 
 96 
 
 106! 
 
 1174 
 
 128 
 
 1381 
 
 1494 
 
 160 
 
 170 
 
 8x10 
 
 66| 
 
 80 
 
 934 
 
 106? 
 
 120 
 
 1334 
 
 1461 
 
 160 
 
 173^ 
 
 186^200 
 
 2134 
 
 8x 12 
 
 80 
 
 96 
 
 112 
 
 128 
 
 144 
 
 160 
 
 176 
 
 192 
 
 208 
 
 224 
 
 240 
 
 256 
 
 8 x 14 
 
 934 
 
 112 
 
 130! 
 
 1494 
 
 168 
 
 186f 
 
 2054 
 
 224 
 
 2421 
 
 2614 
 
 280 
 
 2981 
 
 10 x 10 
 
 834 
 
 100 
 
 116^ 
 
 1334 
 
 150 
 
 1663 
 
 1834 
 
 200 
 
 21612334 
 
 250 
 
 2661 
 
 10 x 12 
 
 100 
 
 120 
 
 140 
 
 160 
 
 180 200 
 
 220 
 
 240 
 
 260 
 
 280 
 
 300 
 
 320 
 
 10 x 14 
 
 116| 
 
 140 
 
 1634 
 
 186f 
 
 210 |2334 
 
 256 
 
 280 
 
 3034 
 
 3261 
 
 350 
 
 3734 
 
 10 x 16 
 
 1334 
 
 160 
 
 186| 
 
 213J 
 
 240 266^ 
 
 2934 
 
 320 
 
 3461 
 
 3734 
 
 400 
 
 4261 
 
 12 x 12 
 
 120 
 
 144 
 
 168 
 
 192 
 
 216 240 
 
 264 
 
 288 
 
 312 
 
 336 
 
 360 
 
 384 
 
 12 x 14 
 
 140 
 
 168 
 
 196 
 
 224 
 
 252 
 
 280 
 
 308 
 
 336 
 
 364 
 
 392 
 
 420 
 
 448 
 
 12 x 16 
 
 160 
 
 192 
 
 224 
 
 256 
 
 288 
 
 320 
 
 352 
 
 384 
 
 416 
 
 448 
 
 480 
 
 512 
 
 14 x 14 
 
 1634 
 
 196 
 
 2281 
 
 2641 
 
 294 
 
 3261 
 
 3594 
 
 392 
 
 424 
 
 457J 
 
 490 
 
 522 
 
 14 x 16 
 
 186^ 
 
 224 
 
 261^! 
 
 298 
 
 336 
 
 3734 
 
 4!0l 
 
 448 
 
 4854 
 
 5221 
 
 560 
 
 5974 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
26 ESTIMATING 
 
 Example. How many feet, B. M., are there in a joist 2 in. x 9 in., 
 
 20 ft. long? 
 
 2X9 
 
 - X 20 = 30 ft. B. M. 
 12 
 
 When the sizes are fractional, or produce a product not easily 
 divided by 12, the operation may sometimes be simplified by varying 
 the process and multiplying the length in feet, and the thickness and 
 width in inches together, and dividing the whole product by 12. 
 
 Example. How many feet are there in a joist 2J in.-x 9 in., 
 16 ft. long? 
 
 16 X 2J X 9 
 
 - = 30 ft. B. M. 
 12 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS PRICES OF LUMBER 
 
 LUMBER 
 
 Dimension spruce lumber up to 9 inches of depth will cost at 
 
 present per M., board measure. $26.00 
 
 10-inch stock, per M. *30.00 
 
 For long lengths, add per M. 2.00 
 
 Hemlock boarding 24.00 
 
 Spruce boarding 25.00 
 
 Spruce boarding matched 27.00 
 
 Spruce upper floor 45.00 
 
 Extra shingles 4.00 
 
 Clear shingles 3.50 
 
 Spruce clapboards 50.00 
 
 Siding cypress 30.00 
 
 Drop or novelty siding 55.00 
 
 Laths 5.00 
 
 Georgia pine timbers 12 in. 35.00 
 
 Georgia pine timbers 14 in. 40.00 
 
 Georgia pine timbers 16 in. 50.00 
 
 FLOORS AND FINISH 
 
 Georgia pine, heart face rift $70.00 
 
 Georgia pine, common rift 45.00 
 
ESTIMATING 27 
 
 Maple flooring $ 55.00 
 
 Quartered oak flooring 125.00 to 150.00 
 
 North Carolina pine, rift stock 40.00 
 
 North Carolina pine, slash stock 33.00 
 
 FINISH 
 
 Georgia pine $ 45.00 
 
 Cypress No. 1 80.00 
 
 Cypress No. 2 75.00 
 
 Oak, plain 90.00 
 
 Oak, quartered 120.00 
 
 Birch 65.00 
 
 Whitewood s52.00 
 
 Ash 55.00 
 
 Elm 40.00 
 
 INSIDE DOOR FRAMES 
 
 2ft. 8 in. x 6 ft. 8 in. . $1.00 
 
 2ft. 10 in. x 6 ft. 8 in. 1.10 
 
 3ft. in. x 7 ft. in. 1.15 
 
 For transom bars add .75 
 
 Calculating the Frame. In taking off the rough frame of a house 
 for the purposes of estimating, the most accurate method is to take a 
 schedule of every piece of timber from the framing plans, but as it often 
 happens that the estimates are asked for from the general drawings, 
 before framings are made, it has become the custom in many 
 sections to estimate the cost of the walls and floors by the square of 
 100 superficial feet, making separate allowance for sills, girders, 
 plates, and other large timbers. 
 
 If it is desired to take off the frame separately in the absence 
 of framing plans the following data may be of use. 
 
 The sills of an ordinary house will usually be from 6 in. x 6 in. 
 to 6 in. x 10 in., girders from 6 in. x 8 in. to 8 in. x 10 in., and 
 floor joists from 2 in. x 8 in. to 3 in. x 12 in. generally 16 in. on 
 centers. Wall studding of outside frame and bearing partitions will 
 usually be 2 in. x 4 in. - 16 in. on centers. Studding of clos- 
 
IN ESTIMATING 
 
 ets and light walls will usually be 2 in. x 3 in., plates 4 in. x 4 in. and 
 4 in. x 6 in., sometimes two 2 in. x 4 in. doubled, rafters from 2 in. x 
 6 in. to 2 in. x 12 in. and 18 in. to 24 in. on centers. 
 
 In taking off the frame, the sills and plates will of course be 
 measured by the linear feet in the outside wall. The position of the 
 main bearing partitions will usually give the number and location of 
 the girders. Studs are doubled at openings and at corners, and 
 fireplaces and stair openings will call for timbers of a large size, say 
 from 6 in. to 8 in. width. 
 
 Assuming that the joists are 16 in. on centers, the number of 
 joists on a floor will be given by taking f of the length of the building 
 in feet, and adding one joist. The number of studs in the outside 
 frame at 16 in. on centers may be found by taking f- of the number of 
 lineal feet in the outside of the building, adding one stud for each 
 corner, and one for each door and window. To this must be added 
 any gables or bay windows or other projections. Three quarters of 
 the number of lineal feet of partitions will give the number of studs 
 in the inside frame at 16 in. on centers. This allows for doubling 
 of studs at openings and corners. 
 
 For the number of rafters take the length of the building divided 
 by the distance of the rafters apart and add 1, this gives the number 
 of pairs of rafters if a plain gable roof, while the number of rafters 
 in a hip roof can be found by dividing the whole distance around the 
 building by the distance apart. 
 
 Cost of Frame. Spruce lumber is generally used for framing, 
 but Georgia pine must sometimes be used for large girders. 
 
 The cost of spruce lumber is from $26.00 to $28.00 per M., 
 for sizes in. and under; $30.00 for 10 in. stock, with a corresponding 
 increase for large sizes. Hard pine lumber, 12 in. and under, wilJ 
 cost $35.00 per M.; 14 in. sizes $40.00; 16 in. sizes $50.00, and so on. 
 Hard pine from the South by shipload will cost about $5 00 less per M, 
 
 The labor of framing sills, girders, etc., will cost about $10.00 per 
 M. ; plates, rafters, etc. $12.00. From this we estimate that a section of 
 sill 30 ft. long, containing 90 ft. B. M. will cost as follows: 
 
 Stock, 90 ft. B. M. of 6 in. x 6 in. spruce at $26.00 per M. $2 . 34 
 Labor of framing at $10 . 00 per M. .90 
 
 $3.24 
 
ESTIMATING 29 
 
 Dividing this by 30, the length in feet, we get lO-^ cents, or 
 
 about 11 cents a running foot. In this same way the posts, girts, and 
 
 other special timbers may be figured. 
 
 Floors. Having disposed of the large timbers separately we can 
 
 now take up the floors by the square of 100 feet. An analysis of this 
 
 gives us a result as follows: 
 
 Cost of a Square of Flooring: 
 
 Joists 2 in. x 9 in., 16 in. on centers, 112J ft. 
 
 B. M. at $26.00 $2.92 
 
 Labor, per square of 100 sq. ft. 1 . 50 
 
 Nails . 10 
 
 Bridging . 50 
 
 Under floor, 100 ft. Hemlock at $24.00 2 . 40 
 
 Waste J of stock .80 
 
 Labor . 75 
 
 Nails, 5 Ibs. at 3 cents per Ib. .15 
 
 Strapping for ceiling 1 in. x 2 in., 16 in. on centers . 40 
 
 Nails . 10 
 
 Labor 1.00 
 
 Upper floor, 100 ft. of Spruce at $40 00 4 . 00 
 
 Waste 1.30 
 
 Labor 1.50 
 
 Nails . 15 
 
 Paper, labor, and stock . 25 
 
 Total per square $ 1 7 . 82 
 
 In the same way we may estimate the cost of the walls as follows: 
 
 Outside Walls, boarded: 
 
 Studding 2 in. x 4 in., 16 in. on centers, 
 
 50ft. B. M. at $26.00 $ 1.30 
 
 Waste J stock 
 Nails 
 
 Labor, per square, studding , 
 
 Beads and grounds 
 Boarding, 100 ft. hemlock at $24 . 00 
 Waste J stock 
 
 Labor per square, boarding 
 Nails 
 Total cost per square 
 
30 ESTIMATING 
 
 Shingling the outside walls will cost* 
 
 Shingles, 850 at $4.25 $3 . 61 
 
 Paper and laying . 50 
 
 Nails .25 
 
 Labor on shingling per square 2. 18 
 
 Total cost of shingling $6 . 54 
 
 Roofing with 2 in. x 6 in. rafters spaced 20 in. on centers will cost : 
 
 2 in. x 6 in. rafters 20 in. on centers at $26.00 $1 .56 
 
 Waste} .39 
 
 Labor 2.00 
 
 Nails . 10 
 
 Boarding 2.40 
 
 Waste .60 
 
 Labor 1.00 
 
 Nails .15 
 
 Total cost per square $8 . 20 
 
 Inside studding ready for lathing will cost: 
 
 Studs, 2 in. x 4 in., 16 in. on centers, 50 ft. B. M. at $26. $1 . 30 
 
 Waste J stock .65 
 
 Nails ' .15 
 
 Labor, per square 1 . 50 
 
 Beads and grounds .40 
 
 Total cost per square $4.00 
 
 Windows of average size in place will cost approximately: 
 
 Window frame $1.20 
 
 Sashes 3 ft. x 5 ft. 1.75 
 
 Blinds 1.00 
 
 Blind fastenings .15 
 
 Weight, 30 Ibs. at 1J cents per Ib. .38 
 
 Sash cord, 20 ft. at 1 cent per ft. .20 
 
 Sash fast .25 
 
 Inside casings, 20 ft. at 3 cents per ft. . 70 
 
 Stop beads, 16 ft. at If cents per ft. .28 
 
 Labor, 8 hours at 41 cents per hour 3 . 28 
 
 Total cost of window in place $9.19 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 31 
 
 Inside doors of average size will cost, complete: 
 
 Door 2 ft. 8 in. x 6 ft. 8 in. x 1 } in. pine, to paint $2 . 40 
 
 Frame " 1.00 
 
 Casings 1 33 
 
 Threshold . 15 
 
 Nails .05 
 
 Hardware 1.25 
 
 Labor, 8 hours at 41 cents 3.28 
 
 Total cost of door in place $9 . 46 
 
 Rift hard pine upper floors will cost, per square of 100 square feet 
 
 Rift hard pine flooring, 100 ft. B. M. at $65.00 $6.50 
 
 Waste and matching J of stock 2.16 
 
 Labor 2.00 
 
 Nails, 5 Ibs. at 3 cents per Ib. .15 
 
 Paper .25 
 
 Total cost of floor per square $11 .06 
 
 Approximate cost per square ft. 
 Finishing with shellac and wax 
 
 Total per square foot finished 
 
 11 cents 
 3 cents 
 
 14 cents 
 
 Quartered oak floor, per square ft. 
 Finishing with shellac 
 
 Total cost per square foot 
 
 25 cents 
 4 cents 
 
 29 cents 
 
 A common front door will cost : 
 
 Door 3 ft. 4 in. x 7 ft. in. x 1} in. 
 
 Frame 
 
 Plate glass 
 
 Casings, 20 ft. at 4 cents 
 
 Hinges 
 
 Lock and knobs 
 
 Labor 
 
 Total cost of door 
 
 $ 5.75 
 
 4.50 
 
 2.50 
 
 .80 
 
 .68 
 4.50 
 4.00 
 
 $22.73 
 
32 ESTIMATING 
 
 A pair of sliding doors, fitted complete, will average about as 
 follows: , 
 
 2 doors 3 ft. in. x 7. ft. in. x 1| in. each $6.00 
 
 44 feet casings, at 4-V cents 1 . 98 
 
 40 feet grounds, at 1 cent .40 
 
 40 feet stop beads, at 2 cents .80 
 
 Astragal 1.00 
 
 Chafing strip .20 
 
 Lock 4.50 
 
 Hangers and track 4 . 50 
 
 Sheathing pocket, 84 ft. at 40 cents 3 . 36 
 
 Labor, 40 hours at 41 cents 16.40 
 Total cost of doors $39 . 14 
 
 These are some of the principal parts of a house analyzed 
 and will serve to show how the cost of any portion may be obtained 
 by dividing it into parts and pricing each portion by itself. 
 
 Following are some miscellaneous details of carpenter work : 
 Two carpenters working in pairs can put up in a day about 
 300 ft. B. M. of studding. 
 300 ft. B. M. of rafters. 
 600 ft. B. M. of floor joist. 
 800 ft. B. M. of wall or roof boarding. 
 600 ft. B. M. of matched boarding. 
 500 ft. B. M. of diagonal matched boarding. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS 
 
 CELLAR WINDOW 
 
 Frame $1.50 
 
 Sash 1.20 
 
 Hardware . 15 
 
 Labor .50 
 
 $3.35 
 CELLAR DOORS 
 
 Stock door, 2 ft. 8 in. x 6 ft. 8 in. x 1J in. $2.25 
 
 Frame 1.00 
 
 Finish, 36 ft. 4^ in. anish 1.62 
 
ESTIMATING 33 
 
 Threshold $0.15 
 
 Hardware . 85 
 
 Labor 3.00 
 
 ~8W~ 
 
 Paper on walls under clapboards or shingles per square: 
 
 Paper $0.20 
 
 Laying . 05 
 
 $0.25 
 
 Inside Finish. Inside finish in white wood or cypress, cost 
 in place: 
 
 8 in. base board with 2 in. moulding, per running ft. $0. 12 
 
 4 ft. wainscot of narrow sheathing, per running ft. .40 
 
 Plain wall sheathing, per square foot . 05 
 
 .3^ in. cap for wainscot .06 
 
 2 in. picture moulding .06 
 4 in. chair rail .07 
 
 3 ft. panelled dado, per sq. ft. .35 
 1 case of 3 drawers complete 8 . 00 
 
 Finishing Stock. White wood or cypress stock which has 
 been moulded will cost one cent for every square inch of section 
 a foot long, less a trade discount, which at present is 30 per cent 
 off, so that a 5 in. casing will cost 5 cents per foot less 30 per cent, 
 or 3J cts. per foot. 
 
 Casings, 5 in. $0.03i 
 
 Base, Sin. .05J 
 
 Plinth blocks, 5 in. x 8 in. x If in. . 05 
 
 Corner blocks 5 in. x 5 in. x 1J in. .05 
 
 Mouldings T 7 F cent per sq. in. of section 
 Stock pattern stair rail 2^ in. x 2J in., per foot . 17 
 
 Balusters, If each .09 
 
 Newels, 5 in. stock pattern 5 . 00 
 
 Newels, 6 in. stock pattern 6 . 00 
 
 Plate rail and picture moulding per foot .09 
 
 Picture moulding per foot -01J to .03 
 
 Stock drawer case, 3 drawers 3 . 50 
 
 Panelled draw case, 5 drawers 13 . 00 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNWERSlT 
 
34 
 
 ESTIMATING 
 
 Inside Doors five cross panels in pine to paint 
 
 2ft. 8 in. x 6 ft. 8 in. x 1J in. $2.40 
 
 2 ft. 10 in. x 6 ft. 10 in. x H in. 2.50 
 
 '^ 3ft. in. x7ft. in. x 1J in. 2.80 
 
 Window Frames ^ 
 
 2J ft. x 4J ft. $1 . 10 
 
 3ft. x 5 ft. 1.20 
 
 STAIRS 
 
 The trade of stair-building, while a part of the general work 
 of joinery, is usually taken up as a separate trade and is done by 
 men who do nothing else. For this reason it is better, if possible, 
 to have the stairs figured and built by a regular stair-builder, who 
 will have the special tools, moulds, and stock necessary for this branch 
 of carpenter work. 
 
 There are usually in every house, two sets of stairs, one in the 
 front part of the house and one in the back part. Sometimes the 
 stairs are so arranged as to land together in the second story, but 
 divide somewhere in their height upon a common landing, one 
 part, the more ample and elaborate, running from the front hall, 
 
 and the other from the back hall or kitchen. 
 This is called a combination staircase and 
 is often an economical solution of the 
 problem of front and back stairs. See 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 When two separate staircases are put 
 in, each will have a distinct character, 
 and it is this condition that we shall 
 consider. 
 
 Front Stairs. The front stairs of ordi- 
 nary width and elaboration, say from 3 ft. 
 to 4 ft. wide with turned balusters and 
 moulded rails and posts, in white wood or 
 North Carolina pine, may be approximated 
 step, complete. This is on the basis 
 
 Panelling 
 
 
 UP 
 
 Fig. 14. Combination Staircase. 
 
 at $3.50 to $4.50 per 
 
 $1.50 per step for labor, the remainder for the stock. 
 
 in connection with the stairs should be figured at $.40 to $.50 per 
 
 sq. ft. of which one-half will be labor and the other half the stock, 
 
 For ash add 50 per cent, for oak 75 per cent. 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 35 
 
 Winding steps will cost about double the 'price of straight steps 
 for material, but the labor will be increased only about 50 per cent. 
 This price will allow of hard pine treads and plain moulded rail 
 with li in. turned balusters, two to a tread. 
 
 No more definite data can be given as to front stairs, as there 
 is such a wide variation in design and finish, and such a wide range 
 in .selection of posts, rails, and balusters. 
 
 In general a good moulded and panelled newel may be had 
 for $5.00 to $8.00, landing posts $3.00 to $4.00, rail 15 to 18 cents 
 per lineal foot, balusters 9 to 12 cents each. Balusters 
 turned in colonial pattern with an upper shaft, a 
 square, and an urn-shaped turning at the base, will 
 cost, turned to detail, about 18 cents; if twisted, 
 add 30 cents. See Fig. 15. 
 
 These prices are for open string stairs, if 
 brackets are used on the outside stringer, it will add 
 12 to 15 cents per step. 
 
 Back Stairs. Common box stairs, for general 
 use in the back and attic portions of a house, will 
 cost about $1.60 per step, this includes 85 cents 
 for stock and 75 cents for labor. Winders will 
 be used more frequently here than in front stairs ard 
 will cost about double the price of a straight step. 
 Open cellar stairs of plank with no risers will cost 
 about 65 cents per step, giving 20 cents for labor 
 and 45 cents for stock. 
 
 Summary. From the foregoing it will be found that a flight 
 of front stairs in white wood will cost, at the average run of 16 steps, 
 about $64.00; and the same in ash $96.00; in oak $112.00. This 
 is a fair price for good plain work and will give a satisfactory result. 
 
 The back stairs at 15 steps would cost $24.00 and the cellar 
 stairs $7.80. Under conditions where much of the handrailing 
 could be done away with, the prices could be reduced considerably. 
 
 DAY'S WORK 
 
 A carpenter in one day can do any one of the following items: 
 400 running feet of plaster grounds 
 40 pairs of bridging 
 1 window, complete, frame, sash, and fittings 
 
 Fig. 15. Balusters 
 
 in Colonial 
 
 Pattern. 
 
36 ESTIMATING 
 
 1 door, setting frame, hanging, casing, and fitting with hardware 
 
 Casing windows, 4 per day 
 
 Hanging and fitting blinds, 10 pairs per day 
 
 Hanging and fitting doors, 5 per day 
 
 Casing doors, 5 per day 
 
 Cost of labor per square of 100 feet: 
 
 Framing of floors, per square $1 . 50 
 
 Framing of walls 1 . 50 
 
 Framing of plain roofs 1 . 50 
 
 Framing of hip and va~ ley roofs 2 . 00 
 
 Heavy framing 1 . 20 
 
 Boarding walls . 75 
 
 Boarding walls with matched boards 1 . 00 
 
 Boarding walls diagonally 1 . 00 
 
 Boarding roofs 1 . 00 
 
 Laying rough floor . 75 
 
 Laying rough floor diagonally 1 .00 
 
 Bridging floors . 50 
 
 Furring brick walls 12 in. on centers 1 .50 
 
 Furring brick walls 16 in. on centers 1 .00 
 
 Laying spruce upper floor, 6 in. stock 1 . 50 
 
 Laying spruce upper floor, 4 in. stock 2 . 00 
 
 Laying hardwood floors, 2 \ in. stock 2.50 
 
 Shingling walls and roofs 2. 18 
 
 Clapboarding walls 2.18 
 
 Papering walls under shingle or clapboards . 25 
 
 Work by the piece; labor: 
 
 Making window frames $1 . 25 
 
 Making door frames 1 . 00 
 
 Door frame with transom 1 . 50 
 
 Setting window frames, each . 30 
 
 Setting window frames in brickwork, each . 50 
 
 Hanging blinds, per pair .32 
 
 Fitting and hanging sashes per pair . 50 
 
 Hanging transoms . 40 
 
 Casing windows .80 
 
ESTIMATING 37 
 
 Large size windows $1 .50 
 
 Attic and cellar windows . 75 
 
 Casing door opening, one side . 32 
 
 Casing door opening, both sides . 65 
 
 Fitting, hanging, and trimming door . 65 
 
 Fitting, hanging, and trimming outside door 1 . 00 
 
 Pair of sliding doors, double 13.00 
 
 Work in common closet 1 . 50 
 
 Exterior Finish. The exterior finish of a house will consist, 
 in the main, of the water table at the bottom, the belt midway, and 
 the cornice at the top. 
 
 Prices of labor per lineal foot : 
 
 Water table, 3 members at 3 cents $0.09 
 
 Corner boards .03 
 
 Belt .08 
 
 Cornice, 3 to 6 cents each member, or per ft. . 50 
 
 Gable finish, lineal foot .60 
 
 Piazzas and Porches. An ordinary piazza will cost, complete, 
 about 75 cents a square foot, making for an 8 ft. piazza a cost of 
 $6.00 per running foot. 
 
 Shingled piazza columns each : 
 
 28ft. boards at 2 cents $0.56 
 
 11 ft. studding at 2} cents .28 
 
 1 bunch shingles 1 . 00 
 
 Nails . 13 
 
 Labor 4.00 
 
 $5.94 
 
 Square cased columns 8 in. x 8 in. will cost, each : 
 Stock 
 Labor 
 Erecting 
 
 $3.50 
 
38 ESTIMATING 
 
 A simple balustrade of straight square balusters 1J in. will cost 
 
 per running fooj: 
 
 Top rail 3 in. x 4 in. SO. 12 
 
 Bottom rail 2 ft. x 4 in. .08 
 
 Balusters, four to a foot . 12 
 
 Labor .32 
 
 Piazza ceiling per square 
 Sheathing 
 Waste 
 Furring 
 Nails 
 Labor 
 
 SO. 64 
 
 $8.50 
 
 Piazza Finish: 
 
 Stock pattern, 5 in. turned columns 8 ft. long $ 2.00 
 
 Stock pattern, 6 in. turned columns 8 ft. long 2.75 
 
 Stock pattern, 8 in. Colonial columns 9 ft. long 3 . 50 
 
 Stock pattern, 10 in. Colonial columns 9 ft. long 5.50 
 
 8 in. Doric Column from detail 9 ft. long 6 . 50 
 
 10 in. Doric Column from detail 9 ft. long 8.50 
 
 10 in. Fluted Column from detail 9 ft. long 15.00 
 
 Short Posts, 5 in. x 5 in. x 4 ft. in. 1 .00 
 
 Short Posts, 6 in. x 6 in. x 4 ft. in. 1 . 50 
 
 Piazza, balusters If in., 14 in. to 16 in. long, .06 to .10 
 
 Piazza rail If x 3f in. per ft. .06 
 
 Piazza rail 2} x 3J in. per ft. .07 
 
 Tin roof per square 1 . 00 to 1 2 . 00 
 
 Conductors : 
 
 15 ft. pipe at 15 cents 
 Gooseneck and labor 
 Putting up 
 
 $3.40 
 
ESTIMATING 39 
 
 HARDWARE 
 
 The best way to get at the cost of hardware is -to get a schedule 
 and price for each job from the dealer. The price of hardware 
 is constantly changing. Prices are given here for a few staple articles 
 of ordinary value. 
 
 Nails per cwt. $2.50 to $4.00 
 
 Front door set (bronze metal) 7.00 to 10.00 
 
 Vestibule door set 6.00 to 8.00 
 
 Inside door set 1.00 to 1.50 
 
 Store door set 6.00 to 10.00 
 
 Single sliding door set 1 . 50 to 2 . 00 
 
 Double sliding door 2.00 to 3.00 
 
 Double acting floor hinge per pair 3 . 50 up 
 
 Double acting spring hinge " 2 . 00 up 
 
 Window fixture, weights, etc. 1.10 up 
 
 Sash fast each .25 to .35 
 
 Transom fixture .30 to .50 
 
 Cupboard door set . 60 
 
 Folding door bolts 1.25 to 3.00 
 
 Flush bolts per pair 1 .50 
 
 Butts, small size per pair .25 
 
 Butts, ordinary size, per pair .30 to .40 
 
 Double coat and hat hooks, per dozen 2 . 50 
 
 Screws, per gross, bronze .85 
 
 Single sliding door hanger 2.50 to 3.75 
 
 Double sliding door hanger 3 . 50 to 5 . 50 
 
 NAILS 
 
 Nails are priced from a base price per hundred weight adopted 
 by the manufacturers, which includes certain sizes of the more 
 common kinds. From this base the different kinds of nails are 
 priced by means of extras, as agreed upon. The present base 
 includes common, fence, and sheathing nails in sizes from 20 penny 
 to 60 penny. 
 
 Following is a schedule of all kinds of cut and wire nails in 
 general use and the extra price of each kind per cwt. above the 
 base, which is $2.50 per cwt., for cut nails and $2.45 per cwt. 
 for wire nails. 
 
40 
 
 ESTIMATING 
 
 National List of Extras per cwt. 
 
 for Cut Nails in Fair Assortment. 
 
 Adopted Dec. 1, 1896 
 
 Common, Fence/and 
 
 Sheathing 
 
 Fine Finishing 
 
 Extras 
 
 Base 20d to 60d 
 
 $2.50* 
 
 lOd and larger 
 
 $0.25 
 
 *( Variable. July, 1907, $2.65.) 
 
 8d and 9d 
 
 .35 
 
 
 Extras 
 
 6d and 7d 
 
 .45 
 
 10d to 16d 
 
 $0.05 
 
 4d and 5d 
 
 .65 
 
 Sdand 9d 
 
 .10 
 
 
 
 6d and 7d 
 
 .20 
 
 Barrel, Roofing, and 
 
 Cottage 
 
 4dand 5d 
 
 .30 
 
 1J inch 
 
 $0.30 
 
 3-Vd 
 
 .40 
 
 If inch 
 
 .40 
 
 3d 
 
 .45 
 
 li inch 
 
 .50 
 
 3d fine 
 
 .65 
 
 1J inch 
 
 .60 
 
 2d 
 
 .70 
 
 1 inch 
 
 .70 
 
 
 
 | inch 
 
 .85 
 
 Spikes, all sizes 
 
 .10 
 
 f inch 
 
 1.00 
 
 Casing, Box, and 
 
 Floor 
 
 Clinch 
 
 
 lOd and larger 
 
 $0.15 
 
 3 in. and larger 
 
 $0.45 
 
 8d and 9d 
 
 .25 
 
 2} and 2\ in. 
 
 .55 
 
 6d and 7d 
 
 .35 
 
 2J and 2 in. 
 
 .65 
 
 4d and 5d 
 
 .50 
 
 If and \\ in. 
 
 .75 
 
 3d 
 
 .70 
 
 l}in. 
 
 .95 
 
 2d 
 
 1.00 
 
 1 in. 
 
 1.15 
 
 
 
 10 cents for each 
 
 keg 
 
 Slating 
 
 
 
 
 6d 
 
 SO. 40 
 
 4d Swedes Genuine 
 
 $1.30 
 
 4d and 5d 
 
 .50 
 
 4d Swedes Common 
 
 .80 
 
 3d 
 
 .75 
 
 
 
 2d 
 
 1.00 
 
 Galvanizing 2J cts. per Ib. 
 
 Tinning 3 cts. per !b. 
 
 Size 2d 3d 
 
 3Jd 4d 
 
 5d 6d 7d 8d 
 
 9d lOd 
 
 Length 1 1J 
 
 If H 
 
 If 2 2i 2J 
 
 2| 3 
 
 Size 12d 
 
 20d 
 
 30d 40d 50d 
 
 60d 
 
 Length 3J 
 
 4 
 
 4J 5 5i 
 
 6 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 41 
 
 
 WIRE 
 
 NAILS 
 
 
 Adopted Dec. 1, 1896. 
 
 Common, Fence, and 
 
 Flooring 
 
 Smooth Finishing Nails 
 
 Extras 
 
 Base 20d to 60d 
 
 $2.45* 
 
 lOd and larger 
 
 $0.25 
 
 * (.Variable. July, 1907, $2.55.) 
 
 8d and 9d 
 
 .35 
 
 
 Extras 
 
 6d and 7d 
 
 .45 
 
 lOd to 16d 
 
 $0.05 
 
 4d and 5d 
 
 .65 
 
 8d and 9d 
 
 .10 
 
 3d 
 
 .85 
 
 6d and 7d 
 
 .20 
 
 2d 
 
 1.15 
 
 4d and 5d 
 
 .30 
 
 
 
 3Jd 
 
 .40 
 
 
 
 3d 
 
 .45 
 
 Barrel 
 
 
 3d fine 
 
 .50 
 
 f in. 
 
 $1.00 
 
 2d 
 
 .70 
 
 I in. 
 
 .85 
 
 
 
 1 in. 
 
 .70 
 
 Barbed Common and 
 
 Barbed 
 
 1J in. 
 
 .60 
 
 Car Nails 
 
 
 If in. 
 
 .50 
 
 15c. advance over common 
 
 If in. 
 
 .40 
 
 
 
 IJ in. 
 
 .30 
 
 Slating 
 
 
 
 
 2d 
 
 $0.80 
 
 Clinch Nails 
 
 
 3d 
 
 .60 
 
 2d 
 
 $1.05 
 
 4d and 5d 
 
 .40 
 
 3d 
 
 .85 
 
 6d 
 
 .30 
 
 4d and 5d 
 
 .65 
 
 
 
 6d and 7d 
 
 .55 
 
 
 
 8d and 9d 
 
 .45 
 
 Casing and Smooth Box lOd 
 
 lOd and larger $0.15 12d and 16d . 35 
 
 8d and 9d .25 20d 
 
 6dand7d .35 
 
 4d and 5d .50 Wire Spikes 
 
 3d .70 All sizes $0.10 
 
 2d 1.00 
 Barbed box, 15 cts. advance over smooth 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DATA 
 
 Broken stone filling cu. yd. $ 2.50 
 
 Cesspool 6 ft. diam. and 8 ft. deep, 8 in. brick 60.00 
 
 Blind drains per lineal ft. .12 
 
42 ESTIMATING 
 
 Earthen drains 4 in. diam. per foot $ . 20 
 
 Arch brick laid in wall per M. ICO . 00 
 
 Marble mosaic per sq. ft. . 75 
 
 Marble threshold, exterior 5.00 
 
 Marble base per foot .50 
 
 Granolithic per sq. ft. . 25 
 
 Steel beams per Ib. .03 
 
 Cast iron per Ib. .02 
 Copper skylights per sq. ft., heavy 1 .75 to 2 .50 
 
 Plastering 2 coats on wire lath . 65 
 
 Wooden balustrade per ft. 1 . 50 
 
 Outside blinds for a house will average per pair .85 
 Inside doors, 5 cross panels, pine to paint, average 3 . 25 
 
 Store sash If in. per lineal foot .30 
 
 Storm sash for house will average 1 . 55 
 
 Outside door frame with transom 3 . 50 
 
 Inside door frames will average 1.10 
 
 Same with transoms 1 . 85 
 
 Factory window complete 4 ft. in. X 8 ft. in. 1 3 . 00 
 
 Framing heavy lumber per M. 1 2 . 00 
 
 Planing lumber per M. 2 . 00 
 
 Laying plank floors per M. 9 . 00 
 
 Common bricks per M. 9 . 00 
 
 Common bricks laid in wal! per M. 20 . 00 
 
 Concrete foundations per cu. yd. 7 . 25 
 
 Shingling on roof per square 6.54 
 
 Slating 11.80 
 
 Tar and gravel roof per square 6 . 00 
 Tin roofing per square, average 
 
 ROOFING 
 
 Description. Many kinds of material are used for covering 
 roofs, depending upon the nature of the work, the pitch of the roof, 
 the desired appearance, and the availability of material. 
 
 Shingles. The roof covering of an ordinary wooden house is 
 generally of shingles. THese are either shaved or sawed, but sawed 
 shingles are generally used. Sawed shingles come in bundles of 250, or 
 four bundles to the thousand. These quantities are based on a width 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 of 4 in. to each shingle so that if they are wider they will be numerically 
 less and consequently, if narrower, there will be more in number. 
 Common shingles are 16 in. to 18 inches in length. 
 
 Measuring. In measuring for shingles the quantities are usually 
 taken by the square; equal to 100 sq. ft., and the number of shingles 
 required will depend upon the lap or exposure which is given to the 
 shingles. On roofs the exposed length is usually 4J inches, and on 
 walls 5 or 6 inches is the usual exposure, although in the carrying 
 out of special designs a greater or less exposure may be given. 
 
 Quantities. The covering capacity of 1000 shingles at various 
 exposures is as follows: 
 
 111 sq. ft. = 900 per square 
 125 sq. ft. = 800 per square 
 139 sq.ft. = 720 per square 
 167 sq. ft. = 600 per square 
 194 sq. ft. =514 per square 
 222 sq. ft. = 450 per square 
 Cost. Sawed cedar shingles of best quality marked "Extra" 
 will cost from $4.00 to $5.00 per thousand, and clear shingles, that is, 
 having the exposed lower third of clear stock, will cost $3.50 to $4.00 
 per thousand, and it will require 5 pounds of 4 penny nails. These 
 will cost 3 cents a pound if plain, or 5 cents, galvanized. 
 
 A carpenter in one day of 8 
 
 4 inches to the weather 
 
 4 J inches to the weather 
 
 5 inches to the weather 
 
 6 inches to the weather 
 
 7 inches to the weather 
 
 8 inches to the weather 
 
 hours will lay 1500 shingles on 
 plain work or^lOOO if surface is 
 much cut up. This will cost at 
 $3.20 per day from $2.14 to $3.00. 
 In estimating shingling an 
 allowance will be necessary for 
 waste; this should be about 5 per 
 cent on plain roofs and 8 to 10 
 per cent on roofs with many hips, 
 valleys, or dormers. 
 
 Slating. Slates are made in 
 different sizes from 6 x 12 up to 
 16x24 and larger sizes for special 
 
 work. They are laid with reference to head-cover rather than ex- 
 posure, that is : the lap of cover of each course by the second above 
 
 Fig. 16. Slating. 
 
44 ESTIMATING 
 
 it, gives the gauge to which slates should be laid, Fig. 16; this lap is 
 usually 3 inches, so that the exposed length of any slate may be 
 found by subtracting this lap from the length of the slate and dividing 
 by 2. This exposure multiplied by the width of the slate gives the 
 exposed area of the slate, and the number of slates in a given area 
 may be found by dividing the area in square inches by the exposed 
 area of the slate. 
 
 Example. How many slates will be required per square to cover 
 a roof if 8-in. x 14-in. slates are used? 
 
 (14 in. -3 in.) 14400 sq. in. 
 
 - = 5J in. ; 8 in. x 5J in. = 44 sq. in. ; - = 327. 
 
 2 44 sq. in. 
 
 In measuring a slate roof it is usual to allow an extra width of 
 from 6 inches to a foot, according to localities, on hips, valleys, eaves, 
 and wall cuttings, to allow for the extra work involved. 
 
 Extra charge should be made for towers and all varied forms 
 of roof. 
 
 Quantities. The number of slates required to cover a square of 
 roofing is given for various sizes in the following table: 
 
 6 x 12 533 10 x 20 165 
 
 7 x 14 377 11 x 22 138 
 
 8 x 16 277 12 x 24 114 
 
 9 x 18 214 14 x 28 83 
 
 The cost of slating per square is as follows : 
 
 Slates 10 in. x.16 in. $ 7 . 50 
 
 Labor 1 day, slater 3 . 50 
 
 Nails .15 
 
 Roofing paper . .50 
 
 Labor on paper .15 
 
 SiTTso 
 
 Tin roof per sq. ft, average $0.11 
 
 Gutters per ft., galv. iron .90 
 
 Galv. iron conductors per ft., put up .18 to .25 
 
 Copper roof, plain per square 40 . 00 
 
 Copper roof, with battens per square 50 . 00 
 
 Gravel roofing, 5-ply per square 6 . 00 
 Zinc flashing, 1J cents per inch of width, per foot. 
 
ESTIMATING 45 
 
 Tiles. Where a special feature is to be made of the roof, tiles 
 are often used but these are found in t>ach a variety of shapes, sizes, 
 and prices, that a roof of this sort should always be given to a roofer 
 to estimate. 
 
 Metal Roofs. Copper or tin is generally used for roofs where a 
 metal covering is desired. Copper roofs, if steep enough to show as 
 a feature of the building, are usually laid with ribs over battens. This 
 makes a handsome and durable roof the cost being not greatly in- 
 creased. 
 
 Copper roofing will cost from $35.00 to $40.00 per square. 
 Flashings around skylights and balustrades, 30 to 50 cents 
 a lineal foot. 
 
 For a cheaper metal roof, tin is generally used ; this may be used 
 on steep or flat roofs. Tin for roofing should be painted on the under 
 side and carefully soldered on the top. 
 
 Tin roofing will cost from $10.00 to $12.00 a square. 
 
 Composition Roofs. For flat roofs, a composition of tar and 
 paper in layers finished with a protective coat of gravel, is often used; 
 the cost of this depends upon the number of layers of paper and 
 "moppings" of tar required, but a 5-ply roof will give good service 
 and will cost about $6 . 00 a square. 
 
 Gutters and Conductors. Gutters and conductors are both 
 made of wood or metal, metal being preferred in all cases. For 
 metal gutters copper and galvanized iron are used. 
 
 Copper gutters will cost about $1 . 25 a lineal foot. 
 
 Copper conductors . 50 to .75 a foot 
 
 Goosenecks 5 . 00 to 1 . 00 each 
 
 Moulded conductor heads 4 . 00 to 1 . 00 each 
 
 Straps 1 00 each 
 
 Galvanized iron gutters will cost about 90 cents a lineal 
 
 foot, and conductors, 18 to 25 cents a foot according to size. 
 
 PLASTERING 
 
 Plastering is measured by the square yard and is usually done 
 in 2-coat or 3-coat work. In taking off plastering it is customary to 
 deduct only one-half of the area of openings to allow for the extra 
 work of plastering to the grounds. 
 
46 ESTIMATING 
 
 In some localities no openings are deducted unless more than 
 7 yards in area, but in close figuring this is not generally followed. 
 
 Narrow strips, such as chimney breasts, if less than a foot wide, 
 are generally called a foot. Round corners, beads, and arrises must 
 be taken separately by the lineal foot. 
 
 Raking surfaces require additional work and should be taken at 
 about one-half more than plain work. Circular or elliptical work 
 should be charged at two prices and domes, groins, and intersecting 
 soffits, at three prices. Cornices are taken by the square foot of girth 
 with enrichments charged separately by the lineal foot. 
 
 Lathing. Lathing is generally included in the plasterer's price 
 although put up by a different set of men. Lathing is estimated by 
 the square yard or by the thousand laths, the price being $2.75 to 
 S3.25 a thousand. 
 
 Labor. Two plasterers requiring one helper will do from 40 to 
 50 square yards of three-coat plastering, or 60 to 70 square yards of 
 two-coat work, in a day of 8 hours, and 1,200 to 1,500 laths makes a 
 day's work for one lather. 100 cq. yds. of lath and plaster will cost 
 about as follows, for two-coat work: 
 
 1,500 laths at $4. 75 per M $ 7.12 
 
 10 Ibs. 3d. nails at $3.20 per cwt. . 32 
 
 Labor on laths 4 . 50 
 
 10 bushels lime at . 48 per bu. 4 . 80 
 
 6 Ibs. hair at .04 .24 
 
 1 load sand 1.80 
 
 Plasterer 3 days at $5.00 15 . 00 
 
 Helper 1 i day s at $3 . 00 4 . 50 
 
 Cartage 1.00 
 
 $39.28 
 
 Cost of a square yard of two-coat work, $39.28 -r- 100 = 39 
 to 40 cents. 
 
 This is a price which is on the increase and, while plastering is 
 done in the country towns as low as 35 cents per yard it will not be 
 safe to use this price any length of time. 
 
ESTIMATING 47 
 
 For three-coat work we may take the following schedule: 
 Laths and putting on, as above $1 1 . 94 
 
 13 bush, lime at .48 6.24 
 
 Slbs.hairat .04 .32 
 
 1 J loads sand at $1 . 80 2 . 70 
 
 Ibbl. plaster Paris 1.70 
 
 Plasterer 4 days at $5.00 20 . 00 
 
 Helper 2 days at $3.00 6 . 00 
 
 Cartage 1.00 
 
 $49.90 
 
 Cost of a sq. yd. of three-coat work, $49.90 -^- 100 = 50 cents. 
 
 Rules. In some portions of the country a set of rules has been 
 adopted governing the valuing of plasterer's work which are in the 
 main as follows: 
 
 " First. Measure on all walls and ceilings the surface actually 
 plastered, without deducting any grounds or any openings of less 
 extent than seven superficial yards. 
 
 Second. Returns of chimney-breasts, pilasters, and all strips of 
 plastering less than twelve inches in width, measure as twelve inches 
 wide; and where the plastering is finished down to the base, surbase, 
 or wainscoating, add six inches to height of walls. 
 
 Third. In closets, add one-half to the measurement. Raking 
 ceilings and soffits of stairs, add one-half to the measurement; cir- 
 cular or elliptical work, charge two prices; domes or groined ceilings, 
 three prices. 
 
 Fourth. For each twelve feet of interior work done farther from 
 the ground than the first twelve feet, add five per cent; for outside 
 work, add one per cent for each foot that the work is done above the 
 first twelve feet." 
 
 Stucco-work is generally governed by the following rules; viz., 
 "Mouldings less than one foot girt are rated as one foot, over one 
 foot, to be taken superficial. When work requires two moulds to 
 run same cornice, add one-fifth. For each internal angle or mitre, 
 add one foot to length of cornice, and, for each external angle, add 
 two feet. All small sections of cornice less than twelve inches long 
 measure as twelve inches. For raking cornices, add one-half; circu- 
 lar or elliptical work double price; domes and groins, three prices. 
 
48 ESTIMATING 
 
 For enrichments of all kinds a special price must be charged. The 
 higher the work is above ground, the higher the charge must be; 
 add to it at the rate of five per cent for every twelve feet above the 
 first twelve feet." 
 
 PAINTING 
 
 Painting is estimated by the yard, doors and windows being 
 taken solid to make up for the extra labor of cutting in the sashes and 
 mouldings. 
 
 Railings, fences, grilles, and similar surfaces are taken solid. 
 
 A painter in one day will cover 100 yds. of outside work one 
 priming coat, or 80 yds. of the second coat. Ten pair of blinds will 
 make a day's work. 
 
 On first coat, one pound of paint will cover about 4 sq. yds. and 
 6 sq. yds. on the subsequent coats. One pound of putty for stopping 
 will cover 20 yds. 
 
 Shingle stains require a gallon for every 500 shingles if dipped 
 two-thirds in, and for a brush coat after laying," a gallon will cover 
 about 200 feet of surface, or 1500 shingles. 
 
 1 gallon of priming color will cover 50 yards 
 
 1 gallon of zinc white will cover 50 yards 
 
 1 gallon of white paint will cover 44 yards 
 
 1 gallon of black paint will cover 50 yards 
 
 1 gallon of stone color will cover 44 yards 
 
 1 gallon of yellow paint will cover 44 yards 
 
 1 gallon of green paint will cover 45 yards 
 
 1 gallon of emerald green will cover 25 yards 
 
 1 gallon of bronze green will cover 75 yards 
 
 The following table gives the comparative covering of paints by 
 weight on various surfaces. 
 
 COVERING OR SPREADING POWER OF TYPICAL PAINTS* 
 
 ON WOOD 
 
 FIRST COAT SECOND COAT 
 
 Red lead 112 252 
 
 White lead 221 324 
 
 *The figures represent square feet covered by 100 Ibs. of paint of the usual con 
 gistency, applied evenly with a brush. 
 
ESTIMATING 49 
 
 FIRST COAT SECOND COAT 
 
 Oxide of zinc 378 453 
 
 Red oxide 453 540 
 
 Raw linseed oil 756 872 
 
 Boiled linseed oil 412 540 
 
 ON METAL 
 
 Red lead 477 
 
 White lead 648 
 
 Oxide of zinc 1134 
 
 Red oxide 870 
 
 Raw linseed oil 1417 
 
 Boiled linseed oil 1296 
 
 ON PLASTER 
 
 Red lead 324 
 
 White lead (on sized wall) 362 
 
 Oxide of zinc 594 
 Raw linseed oil (unsized wall) 55 99 
 
 Cost. The cost of painting varies under different conditions but 
 in general the following table will be found an average price: 
 
 INSIDE WORK 
 
 1 coat per sq. yd. $0.12 
 
 2 coats per sq. yd. .20 
 
 3 coats per sq. yd. . 25 
 
 1 coat shellac per sq. yd. .10 
 
 1 coat size and 2 coats paint .20 
 
 1 coat size and 3 coats paint stipple .30 
 
 INSIDE FINISH 
 
 1 coat liquid filler, 1 coat varnish $0 . 20 
 
 1 coat " filler, 2 coats varnish .25 
 
 1 coat " filler, 3 coats varnish .30 
 
 1 coat paste filler, 1 coat varnish .25 
 
 1 coat " filler, 2 coats varnish .30 
 
 1 coat " filler, 3 coats varnish .35 
 
50 ESTIMATING 
 
 Tinting walls in distemper will cost 15 cents per sq. yd. for small 
 amounts and 10 cents per sq. yd. for 50 yds. or more. Finishing hard 
 wood floors with filler, shellac, and 2 coats of varnish or wax finish 
 will cost 30 cents per sq. yd. 
 
 OUTSIDE PAINTING 
 
 1 coat new work per sq. yard $0.10 
 
 2 coats new work per sq. yard .18 
 
 3 coats new work per sq. yard . 25 
 
 SANDING 
 
 2 coats paint, 1 coat sand per sq. yd. $0 . 28 
 
 3 coats paint, 1 coat sand per sq. yd. . 35 
 3 coats paint, 2 coats sand per sq. yd. .50 
 
 Painting on brick will cost 12 cents per yard for the first coat, 
 but subsequent coats will cost no more than on wood. Tin roofs can 1 
 be painted one coat for 5 cents a yard. 
 
 1000 shingles dipped two- thirds of their length will cost $3.00 and 
 a brush coat in addition costs 50 cents. Blinds are rated at $1.50 per 
 pair for an average size. 
 
 HEATING 
 
 The heating of a building is generally made the subject of a 
 special contract. 
 
 The three usual methods for house heating are, the Hot Air 
 Furnace, the Hot Water Boiler, or the Steam Boiler. Sometimes a 
 combination system of hot air and steam, or hot air and hot water is 
 used. 
 
 Estimates of the cost of heating should be obtained from con- 
 tractors who follow this particular branch of construction. 
 
 In general, for an ordinary class of building such as residences, 
 apartments, stores, etc., the heating will range according to the system 
 used, from 6% to 12% of the cost of the building, as follows: 
 
 Hot air furnace 6 to 7 per cent. 
 
 Steam 8 to 10 per cent. 
 
 Hot water 10 to 12 per cent. 
 
ESTIMATING 51 
 
 These figures are approximate and the only reliable way to obtain 
 the actual cost is by taking off the items and figuring each job by it- 
 self. 
 
 Quantities. The hot air heating of an ordinary house can 
 be approximated closely by the builder on the basis of cubic con- 
 tents to be heated; and the area of piping and capacity of the furnace 
 can be approximated by means of the following general- rules : 
 
 To determine the size of pipe for any room, find the cubic con- 
 tents of the room in cubic feet and divide this by 25 for rooms on 
 the first floor, and by 35 for rooms on the second and third floors. 
 
 Make the cold air box at least j of the combined area of pipes, 
 none of which should be smaller than 7 inches in diameter. 
 
 Example. For a small house of seven rooms the quantities 
 may be as follows: 
 
 FIRST FLOOR 
 
 Parlor 12 x 15 x 9 ft. high 1624 cu. ft. divided by 25 = 65 
 
 sq. in. or 9 in. pipe 
 Hall g'x 20 x 9 ft. high 1440 cu. ft. divided by 25 = 58 
 
 sq. in. or 9 in. pipe 
 
 Add 40% for second story hall space making 81 sq. in. = 10 in. 
 pipe 
 Dining Room 14 x 15 x 9 ft. high 1890 cu. ft. divided by 25 = 76 
 
 sq. in. or 10 in. pipe 
 
 SECOND FLOOR 
 
 Chamber 13 x 15 x 8J = 1658 cu. ft. -=- 35 = 48 sq. in. or 8 in. pipe 
 Chamber 11 x 12 x 8 = 1122 cu. ft. -r- 35 = 32 sq. in. or 7 in. pipe 
 Chamber 14 x 16 x 8J = 1904 cu. ft. -j- 35 = 55 sq. in. or 8 in. pipe 
 Bath Room 8 x 10 x 8i = 680 cu. ft. -5- 35 = 20 sq. in. or 7 in. pipe 
 
 Total pipe area : 
 
 2 - 10 in. pipes 78 sq. in. each 156 sq. in. 
 
 1 - 9 in. pipe 64 sq. in. 64 sq. in. 
 
 2 - 8 in. pipes 50 sq. in. 100 sq. in. 
 2 - 7 in. pipes 38 sq. in. ' 76 sq. in. 
 
 Total pipe area 396 
 
 From this scale we can determine the size of the furnace and 
 the cost of piping. 
 
52 
 
 ESTIMATING 
 
 A furnace to carry say 400 to 500 sq. feet of pipe area would 
 cost, set in place, from $100 to SI 25. The labor on pipes, registers, 
 and furnace $20 to $24. 
 
 The cost of piping will depend on the distances to run but 
 the material can be estimated as follows: 
 
 Round tin pipes will cost; from A. A. charcoal plates, as follows: 
 
 SIZE OP PIPE 
 
 6" 
 
 7" 
 
 8" 
 
 9" 
 
 10" 
 
 11" 
 
 12" 
 
 13" 
 
 14" 
 
 15" 
 
 16" 
 
 18" 
 
 Per Foot 
 
 OP 
 
 10 
 
 I 9 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 IS 
 
 9 3 
 
 25 
 
 97 
 
 ?8 
 
 ,30 
 
 32 
 
 Hot Air Damper 
 
 I 9 
 
 I 9 
 
 I 9 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 * 
 
 1 5 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 ?ft 
 
 ?0 
 
 5 
 
 Furnace Collars. 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 I 9 
 
 I 9 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 5 
 
 Tin Elbows . . 
 
 1? 
 
 1 *> 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 9 5 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * REGISTERS 
 
 SIZE 
 
 6x10 
 
 7x10 
 
 8x10 
 
 8x12 
 
 9x12 
 
 10x14 
 
 12x15 
 
 12x16 
 
 14x18 
 
 16x20 
 
 Black Register 
 
 .50 
 
 .52 
 
 .52 
 
 .58 
 
 .64 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.37 
 
 1.70 
 
 2.74 
 
 3 75 
 
 Slate Stone 
 
 38 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 50 
 
 .63 
 
 70 
 
 93 
 
 1 00 
 
 1 50 
 
 2 35 
 
 Register Box 
 
 .14 
 
 .16 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 50 
 
 Netting 
 
 05 
 
 05 
 
 06 
 
 06 
 
 07 
 
 07 
 
 08 
 
 08 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 1.07 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.19 
 
 1.34 
 
 1.57 
 
 2.12 
 
 2.71 
 
 3.13 
 
 4.72 
 
 6.72 
 
 * July, 1906. Add one-third. 
 
 Galvanized smoke pipe will cost 9c per Ib. and will weigh per 
 lineal foot as follows: 
 
 SIM 
 
 No. 
 
 4" 
 
 5" 
 
 6" 
 
 7" 
 
 ~~3~ 
 2J 
 
 8" 
 
 -9" 
 
 10" 
 
 li" 
 
 12" 
 
 13" 
 
 14" 
 
 22 
 24 
 
 13 
 l\ 
 
 
 2| 
 If 
 
 n 
 
 31 
 2| 
 
 31 
 2f 
 
 *i 
 
 3 
 
 4} 
 
 3| 
 
 5 
 
 3f 
 
 5i 
 
 s 
 
 
 si 
 
 41 
 
 GALVANIZED ELBOWS 
 
 SIZE 
 
 4" 
 
 4^" 
 
 5" 
 
 5%" 
 
 6" 
 
 7" 
 
 8" 
 
 Pound 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 H 
 
 If 
 
 ?4 
 
 ?* 
 
 3} 
 
 Cost 
 
 .18 
 
 .20 
 
 .23 
 
 .25 
 
 .28 
 
 .32 
 
 .35 
 
 Tin, per Sheet 
 
 DC 
 
 12$ x 17 
 
 .05 
 
 IX 
 
 14 x 20 
 
 '.07 
 
 IXX 
 
 14 x20 
 
 .08 
 
 IX 
 
 20 x23 
 
 .12 
 
 IX 
 
 20 x 26 
 
 .13 
 
 IX 
 
 20 x 29 
 
 .16 
 
 IX 
 
 20 x 32| 
 
 .17 
 
 Miscellaneous Data 
 
 Galvanized sheet iron per Ib. 
 Common sheet iron per Ib. 
 
 10.05 
 .04 
 
ESTIMATING 53 
 
 Zinc per Ib. $0.10 
 
 Wrought iron per Ib. . 04 
 
 Galvanized piping per Ib. . 09 
 
 Galvanized cold air box per Ib. . 09 
 
 Galvanized furnace shields per sq. ft. .08 
 
 Register box netting per sq. ft. .05 
 
 Asbestos paper at 1J Ibs. per sq. ydo .05 
 
 Figure cold air supply f combined area of piping. 
 
 Register grilles take up J of area of register. 
 
 Locate registers nearest convenient point to furnace, inside 
 part of room preferred. Locate furnace so that all pipes will be as 
 nearly equal in length as possible. 
 
 Estimate pipes by lineal foot, but elbows and dampers sepa- 
 rately, also registers with boxes and borders. 
 
 Allow from $1.00 to $1.25 for flange connection of cold air 
 box to furnace casing. 
 
 Cover all risers with asbestos paper in partitions. 
 
 HOT WATER AND STEAM HEATING 
 
 In estimating for heating with hot water, all pipes and fittings 
 must be taken off and listed, all standard radiators priced by the 
 square foot of radiation, and special radiators listed separately, 
 also tanks, valves, hangers, etc. 
 
 Radiators are listed in the trade catalogues, together with the 
 number of square feet in each section. 
 
 These prices are subject to varying discounts which can be 
 obtained of the manufacturers. 
 
 Radiation. The amount of radiation necessary for each room 
 depends upon so many varying conditions that all rules are in a 
 way approximate. 
 
 Certain formulae may be used, which will give good results 
 in ordinary cases, but just what allowances are necessary must be 
 determined by the heating engineer. 
 
 The same is true of making the estimates of hot water or steam 
 and the contractor should in all cases have the job figured by an 
 expert. 
 
 In ordinary cases the amount of radiation may be determined 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 from the cubic contents of the rooms to be heated by the following 
 tables which give the proportions of one square foot of radiating 
 surface to the cubic contents of the various rooms in cubic feet. 
 
 STEAM 
 
 ONE SQUARE FOOT OF RADIATION WILL HEAT 
 
 DWELLINGS, 
 CUBIC FEET 
 
 HALLS, 
 STORES, ETC. 
 CUBIC FEET 
 
 CHURCHEIS^ND 
 AUDITORIUMS, 
 CUBIC FEET 
 
 By direct radiation 
 On first floor. 
 
 35 to 60 
 
 75 to 100 
 
 125 to 200 
 
 On upper floors 
 
 50 to 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 By indirect radiation 
 On first floor . . 
 
 25 to 40 
 
 50 to 70 
 
 80 to 135 
 
 On upper floors 
 
 40 to 50 
 
 
 
 HOT WATER 
 
 ONE SQUARE FOOT OF,RADIATION WILL HEAT 
 
 DWELLINGS, 
 CUBIC FEET 
 
 HALLS, 
 STORES. ETC. 
 CUBIC FEET 
 
 CHURCHES AND 
 AUDITORIUMS, 
 CUBIC FEET 
 
 By direct radiation 
 On first floor 
 
 15 to 25 
 
 30 to 45 
 
 50 to 85 
 
 On upper floors. . 
 
 25 to 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 By indirect radiation 
 On first floor. 
 
 17 to 40 
 
 45 to 65 
 
 80 to 125 
 
 On upper floors 
 
 25 to 35 
 
 
 
 Having determined the amount of radiation, piping, and fit- 
 tings, the labor may be obtained by adding about 20 per cent to 
 the cost of materials. 
 
 PLUMBING 
 
 So wide a range is possible in the selection and price of plumb- 
 ing fixtures that no very useful data can be given for a complete 
 installation. 
 
 For instance, in one house the price of a single bathroom, fitted 
 up to meet the fancies and purse of the owner, may cost more than 
 the whole plumbing outfit of his more modest neighbor. 
 
 Nevertheless, it is a fact that the plumbing of a house is a poor 
 place to practice economy, as no part of the construction of a build- 
 ing needs more careful attention in execution or in selection. 
 
 In general, a good job of plumbing will cost about 10 per cent 
 af the cost of the building, and of this outlay about 30 per cent will 
 represent the labor. 
 
 In taking off plumbing the contractor should begin at the sewer 
 
ESTIMATING 55 
 
 or cesspool, if the drains are included, or, if not, at the outer end of 
 the soil pipe, and take off carefully every pipe with its fittings, which 
 should be itemized carefully as this data will be useful in getting 
 at the amount of caulking, fitting, etc. 
 
 Soil Pipes. Soil pipes should be estimated by the lineal foot, 
 allowing in each joint f of a pound of lead for every inch in diameter 
 of the pipe. 
 
 List prices of pipe and fittings can be obtained from the dealers, 
 which are subject to discount; these vary from time to time, but the 
 present discounts will be found to bring the prices of the more com- 
 mon materials about as follows : 
 
 DRAINAGE 
 
 4-in. extra heavy soil pipe per ft. $ . 30 
 
 3-in. extra heavy soil pipe per ft. . 22 
 
 2-in. extra heavy soil pipe per ft. . 15J 
 For fittings add 35 per cent to the cost of pipe. 
 
 4-in. running trap 2.00 
 
 4-in. brass ferrule cleanout . 50 
 
 4-in. lead bend 1-50 
 
 4-in. brass ferrule .50 
 
 2-in. brass ferrule .20 
 
 Solder per Ib. .22 
 
 WATER SUPPLY 
 
 40 gal. galvanized boiler and stand $15.00 
 
 1-in. brass pipe per ft. .60 
 
 1-in. galvanized pipe per ft. .09 
 
 |-in. galvanized pipe per ft. .06 
 
 i-in. galvanized pipe per ft. .05 
 
 1-in. stop and waste cock 1 .50 
 
 f-in. stop and waste cock .90 
 
 i-in. stop and waste cock . 80 
 
 Sill cock 1.00 
 For fittings, add 30 per cent to cost of pipes. 
 
 WATER 
 
 1 cu. ft 7. 48 gallons 
 
 1 cu. ft. 29. 92 quarts 
 
56 
 
 ESTIMATING 
 
 1 cu. ft., 62.321 Ibs. 
 1 cu. yd. 
 
 1 gal, 231 cu. in. 
 1-foot cylinder 
 1-inch cylinder 
 
 1004 oz. 
 
 1692 Ibs. 
 
 8J Ibs. 
 
 49.1 Ibs. 
 
 .028 Ibs. 
 
 Pressure per sq. in. = depth in feet x 433. 
 
 Each 27.72 inches of depth gives a pressure of 1 Ib. 
 
 to a square inch. 
 
 A barrel 31 i gal. 
 
 Contents in cu. ft. x 2375 = barrels. 
 Head of water = pressure in Ibs, per sq. in. x 2.31. 
 Number of gallons in a foot of pipe = Diam. in. 
 
 inches 2 x .04. 
 
 Supply for one person is 15 gallons a day. 
 Actual use 6 gallons to 12 gallons. 
 Water 34 feet high has a pressure of 15 Ibs. per sq. 
 
 in. equal to atmosphere. 
 
 CAPACITY OF CISTERNS 
 In Gallons, for Each Foot in Depth 
 
 DIAMETER IN FEET 
 
 GALLONS 
 
 iDlAMETER IN FEET 
 
 GALLONS 
 
 2. 
 
 23.5 
 
 9. 
 
 475.87 
 
 2.5 
 
 36.7 
 
 9.5 
 
 553.67 
 
 3. 
 
 52.9 
 
 10. 
 
 587.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 71.96 
 
 11. 
 
 710.9 
 
 4. 
 
 94.02 
 
 12. 
 
 846.4 
 
 4.5 
 
 119. 
 
 13. 
 
 992.9 
 
 5. 
 
 146.8 
 
 14. 
 
 1,151.5 
 
 5.5 
 
 177.7 
 
 15. 
 
 1,321.9 
 
 6. 
 
 211.6 
 
 20. 
 
 2,350.0 
 
 6.5 
 
 248.22 
 
 25. 
 
 3,570.7 
 
 7. 
 
 287.84 
 
 30. 
 
 5,287.7 
 
 7.5 
 
 330.48 
 
 35. 
 
 7,189. 
 
 8. 
 
 376. 
 
 40. 
 
 9,367.2 
 
 8.5 
 
 424.44 
 
 45. 
 
 11,893.2 
 
 The American Standard gallon contains 231 cubic inches, or 8>i pounds of pure water. 
 A cubic foot contains 62.3 pounds of water, or 7.48 gallons. Pressure per square inch is 
 equal to the depth or head in feet multiplied by .433. Each 27.72 inches of depth gives a 
 pressure of one pound to the square inch. 
 
 For tanks that taper, take diameter -^ from large end. 
 
 FIXTURES 
 
 3-ft. soapstone sink complete * $30.00 to $40.00 
 
 14-in. x 17-in. lavatory with marble slab 
 and back piece fitted complete $35.00 to $50.00 
 
HOUSE AT WASHINGTON, ILL. 
 Herbert Edmund Hewitt, Architect, Peoria, I1L 
 
 Walls of Cement on Metal L,ath. Roofs Covered with Shingles Stained Green. All Outsldt 
 Woodwork Staim-d Dark Brown. No Paint on Outside except on Sash. 
 
RAN 
 
 HOUSE AT WASHINGTON, ILL. 
 
 Herbert Edmund Hewitt, Architect, Peoria, 111. 
 
 Built in f904. Cost, about $4,500. House was Built for a Summer House, bitf 
 
 Constructed the Same as if for All Year-Round Use, and 
 
 Provided with Heating Plant. 
 
ESTIMATING 57 
 
 Enamelled iron lavatory complete $25.00 to $40.00 
 5-ft. G-in. enamelled iron bath complete $60 . 00 to $100.00 
 
 Bath tub only $25.00 to $35.00 
 Soapstone laundry trays complete 
 
 One part $15.00 to $18.00 
 
 Two parts $30.00 to $35.00 
 
 Three parts $45.00 to $60.00 
 
 List prices of fittings may be obtained from all dealers, subject 
 to large discounts, which should be considered frequently as they are 
 constantly changing. 
 
 Labor. Having made a complete list of pipe, fittings, and fixtures, 
 the labor of construction of an ordinary job of plumbing will run from 
 20 to 40 per cent of the cost of materials. 
 
 GAS FITTING 
 
 As in plumbing so in gas fitting, the wide range of selection and 
 cost in fixtures, makes it impossible to give satisfactory data in regard 
 to cost. 
 
 The piping only, of an ordinary house will cost from $1.75 
 to $2.00 an outlet, and the whole outfit should cost from 3 to 5 per 
 cent of the cost of the house. 
 
 Pipes of usual size cost as follows: 
 
 f-in. gas pipe per foot 50 . 03 
 
 J-in. gas pipe per foot . 04 
 
 f-in. gas pipe per foot . 05 
 
 1 J-in. main .08 
 
 Fittings 25 per cent of cost of pipe. 
 
 ELECTRIC WORK 
 
 The original contract for a house usually provides for the wiring 
 for electric lighting and bells, but fixtures are generally left to be 
 provided for by a later agreement, as there is such a great latitude 
 in selection and cost. 
 
 For electric light wiring one of two systems is usually employed : 
 the conduit system, where the wires are all run in pipes or conduits, 
 and the knob and tube system, where the wires are run in the clear 
 space between timbers, secured to porcelain knobs, or passing through 
 short tubes of the same material. 
 
58 ESTIMATING 
 
 In general, the rough wiring of a house may be reckoned at $4.00 
 per outlet for conduit work, and $2.00 per outlet for knob and tube 
 work. 
 
 This is for every time the wires are brought to the surface, 
 whether for switches, cutouts, or fixtures. Another way is to allow 
 $1.50 for each lamp or switch. 
 
 Switches. Various kinds of switches are used, the two principal 
 kinds being the push button, and the rotary switch. 
 
 These vary in price according to make and finish. 
 
 A good rotary switch can be had at from 90 cents to $1 .00. 
 
 Push button switches from $1.00 to $1.10. 
 
 Snap switches from 30 to 40 cents. 
 
 Wires are sold in coils which are marked with the gauge and 
 manufacturer, and should bear the label of inspection acceptable to 
 the local Insurance board. 
 
 The cost of wire will vary with the gauge and the insulation but 
 for usual house work should cost, for No. 14 wire, 2 cents a foot. 
 
 It is well to remember that, in electric wiring, the larger the 
 house, the more per outlet the wiring will cost. This seems contrary 
 to expectation but is occasioned by the smaller percentage of lights to 
 length of wire. 
 
 Bells. The number of call bells in a dwelling will vary according 
 to the plan and choice of the owner. 
 
 For an ordinary house the number would range from six to 
 ten, and the cost should be from $18.00 to $25.00 or about $3.00 per 
 bell. 
 
HOUSE AT FKAMINGHAM, MASS., AS REMODELED FOR 
 
 C. LA VERNE BUTLER, ESQ. 
 Frank Chouteau Brown, Architect, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Alterations on this Plaster House Completed in the Spring of 1906 at a Cost of 
 $8,000. Taking into Consideration the Changes Made In the House and the Work 
 Pnt in on Repairing and Raising the Roof, etc., an Entirely New House of this 
 Size Could be Built for Nearly this Sum-Certainly within $9,000. 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 PART II 
 
 The taking-off of quantities and making-up of an actual estimate, 
 is the end toward which our efforts are now directed. This is done, as 
 has been said, in a number of ways, no two persons arriving at the 
 same conclusion or following exactly the same methods. To give the 
 student a practical idea of how estimates are made, we shall now demon- 
 strate the method of procedure in an actual instance. For this purpose, 
 we shall take the case of the wooden Colonial residence of which the 
 plans and working drawings, and the method of making these, are fully 
 described in the course on "Architectural Drawing," and of which the 
 details are also described to a certain extent in the chapters on "Building 
 Superintendence;" and shall proceed at once to take off the quantities 
 and make up an estimate of cost. 
 
 Method. The usual method followed is to take off the quantities 
 in the order in which they occur in the specification or in the operation 
 of building, beginning with the Excavation and ending with the 
 Painting. 
 
 Two methods of procedure are open to the Contractor, which he 
 may avail himself of according to his experience or confidence. He 
 may take off simply his own particular branch of the work, relying on 
 each sub-contractor to give him a price for the detailed portions of the 
 work; or, if he is a general contractor, he may, with the requisite 
 knowledge of general building operations, take off all the quantities, 
 pricing them according to his knowledge, and may submit his prop- 
 osition on the basis of his own figures. The latter method requires 
 great experience, and is followed generally by large contractors, 
 who have in their employ men whose business is mainly to take off 
 quantities and make up estimates. 
 
 The following estimate has been carefully made up on the basis 
 of the data given in Part I .as to prices of materials and labor. In 
 actual practice, details of more or less importance will vary in dif- 
 ferent localities and among different contractors; but the example 
 here given illustrates the process fully. 
 
a? 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 fcl 
 
 
62 ESTIMATING 
 
 ESTIMATE 
 
 OF 
 
 RESIDENCE AT RIDGEDALE, MO. 
 FOR GEORGE A. JONES, ESQ. 
 
 Staking-out and setting batter-boards $15.00 
 
 Water supply during construction 10.00 
 
 $25.00 
 
 EXCAVATION 
 
 NOTE. Excavation is priced by the cubic yard; and in this 
 regard, the distance to which the excavated material must be carted 
 will be an important consideration. In the present case, the material 
 is to be carried only a short distance, so that no unusual conditions 
 will have to be considered. 
 
 As before mentioned, it is usually well to dig a cellar at least a 
 foot larger all around than the sill line, so that plenty of room may be 
 afforded to the mason to plaster the outside of the wall. This should 
 be done without regard to the specifications. As this extra excavation 
 lies entirely outside the line of the house, it may be well to take it off 
 separately, remembering that it will extend down into the trench 
 below the wall, making about 8 feet of height. 
 
 Cu. FT. 
 
 .... 336 
 
 .... 272 
 
 ; .'. . 83- 
 
 ... 140 
 
 .... 544 
 
 . 328 
 
 QUANTITIES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 42ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 8ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 1ft. Oin. 
 
 34ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 8ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 1 ft. in. 
 
 10ft. 
 
 4 in. 
 
 X 
 
 8ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 1ft. Oin. 
 
 17ft. 
 
 6 in. 
 
 X 
 
 8ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 1ft. Oin. 
 
 68ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 8ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 1ft. Oin. 
 
 41ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 8ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 1 ft. in. 
 
 CELLAR EXCAVATIONS 
 
 28ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 43ft 
 
 .Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 5 ft. 6 in 
 
 12ft. 
 
 6 in. 
 
 X 
 
 3ft 
 
 . in. 
 
 X 
 
 5 ft. 6 in 
 
 26ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 20 ft. 6 in. 
 
 X 
 
 5 ft. 6 in 
 
 9ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 6ft 
 
 .6 in. 
 
 X 
 
 5 ft. 6 in 
 
 322 
 
 Carried forward 11,784 cu. ft 
 
DETAIL- OF- FKOAT- LLLVAT1QN- 
 
 l/ee/tr~ 
 
 Pig. 3 
 
64 ESTIMATING 
 
 Brought forward 1 1 ,784 cu. ft. 
 MISCELLANEOUS QUANTITIES 
 Piers 
 
 2ft. in. X 2 ft. in. X 3 ft. 6 in. X 12 168 
 Trench 
 
 185 ft. in. X 1 ft. 8 in. X 1 ft. in 308 
 
 Area 
 
 14ft. in. X 2ft. Sin. X 3ft. Gin 129 
 
 Drains 
 
 123 ft. in. X 3 ft. 6 in. X 1ft. Gin 645 
 
 Cesspools 
 
 5 ft. 6 in. X 5 ft. 6 in. X 8 ft. in 242 
 
 lOft.Oin. XlOft.Oin. X 8 ft. in 800 
 
 Dry Wells 
 
 6 X 2ft. in. X 2ft. in. X oft. in. 120 
 
 Total, TCT96 cu. ft. 
 Total, 14,196 cu. ft., or 525 cu. yds., at 50 cents $262 . 50 
 
 STONEWORK 
 
 LS IN 
 
 TRENCH 
 
 Cu. FT. 
 
 16ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Sin. 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Oin...- 
 
 27 
 
 
 16 ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 x 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Sin. 
 
 x 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 27 
 
 
 12ft. 
 
 6 in. 
 
 S\ 
 
 x 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Sin. 
 
 x 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Oin. . 
 
 20. 
 
 8 
 
 3ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 ft 
 
 Sin. 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 in. 
 
 5 
 
 
 23ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 x 
 
 1 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Sin. 
 
 x 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 in 
 
 38 
 
 
 16ft. 
 
 6 in. 
 
 v 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Sin. 
 
 x 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Oin 
 
 27. 
 
 5 
 
 28ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 XX 
 
 x 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Sin. 
 
 rN 
 
 x 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 in 
 
 46 
 
 
 28ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 x 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Sin. 
 
 x 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Oin 
 
 46 
 
 
 14ft. 
 
 6 in. 
 
 x 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Sin. 
 
 x 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Oin. . . 
 
 24 
 
 
 4ft. 
 
 6 in. 
 
 /x 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Sin. 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Oin 
 
 7. 
 
 5 
 
 23ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Sin. 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Oin. . 
 
 38 
 
 
 Total, 306. 8 cu. ft. 
 307 cu. ft. 4- 25 == 12 perches of dry wall. 
 
 MORTAR WALLS 
 
 16 ft. Oin. X 6 ft. 7 in. X 1ft. 8 in J75 
 
 16 ft. Oin. X 6ft. 7 in. X 1ft. Sin 175 
 
 9 ft 6 in. X 8 ft. 3 in. X 1ft. 8 in 130 
 
 Carried forward 480 cu. ft. 
 
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 Urn II 
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 TKRM- -JMtivtr- 
 
 J -fCOTOUT CA6WC.T- 
 
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 U |A3.P.r. 
 
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 1 TJT- \ -RAMGB- COAL- 
 
 rURAIACE -COAL- \ 
 
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 II / h 
 
 H/ II r 
 
 B !{' ,-,%.- \ 
 
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 BE- -IZ'-ftRKK- pjj: QlRPER i?' p05r y 
 
 |_yj \!g ?o' 
 
 ll 
 
 r-) ? 1 
 
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 ^/ $ Wi 
 
 ^V if-GlRPIR- W/7// 
 
 ry i B 
 
 CONCarTf-g" 
 
 PoJJ -AOTE-- ALL PO/T/ 
 fNPtR-QIRPf R? TO Bf 
 
 COLD- 1 ^""^ 
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 v &AJEJ*iEIST~ PLATA^ 
 
 o i a 34- s era 
 
 
 Fig. 4, 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 Brought forward 480 cu. ft. 
 
 23ft. in. X 8ft. Sin. X 1ft. Sin. ...... .316 
 
 12 ft. in. X 6ft. Tin. X 1ft. Sin. ...... 132 
 
 28 ft. in. X 8ft. 3 in. X 1ft. 8 in 385 
 
 6ft. in. X 6ft. Tin. X 1ft. 6 in 59 
 
 10ft. Oin. X 6ft. Tin. X Ift.Oin. ...... 66 
 
 8ft.6in. X 6ft.Tin. X Ift.Sin . . 93 
 
 9ft.0in. X 8ft.3in. X Ift.Sin 123 
 
 25 ft. Oin. X 6ft. Tin. X Ift.Sin 2T4 
 
 6 ft. in. X 6 ft. T in. X 1 ft. 8 in 66 
 
 23 ft. Oin. X 6ft. Tin. X Ift.Sin. ...... 252 
 
 PIERS 
 
 2ft. 6 in. X 5ft. 6 in. X Ift.Oin 14 
 
 2 ft. 6 in. X 5 ft. 6 in. X 1 ft. Oin.. . . . . . 14 
 
 2 ft. in. X 2 ft. in. X 1 ft. in 4 
 
 12ft. Oin. X 3ft. 6in. X 2ft. Oin 84 
 
 12 ft. Oin. X 3 ft. 6 in. X 2 ft. Oin. .. 84 
 
 AREA 
 
 14ft. Oin. X 3ft. 6 in. X 1ft. 6 in T3 
 
 Total, 2,519 cu. ft 
 
 2,519 cu. ft -r- 25 = 101 perches of mortar wall. 
 
 UNDERPINNING 
 
 Cu.Fr. 
 
 16ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Sin. 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Sin ' 
 
 45 
 
 16ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 x 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 8 in. 
 
 x 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 8 in 
 
 45 
 
 6ft 
 
 Oin. 
 
 s\ 
 
 y 
 
 1 
 
 ft 
 
 8 in. 
 
 x 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Sin. 
 
 IT 
 
 \J 1 1* 
 
 12ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 /\ 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Sin. 
 
 s\ 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 8 in 
 
 34 
 
 6ft 
 
 Oin. 
 
 y 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 x 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 6 
 
 \J 1 l 
 
 8ft 
 
 fiin 
 
 /\ 
 
 y 
 
 J 
 
 ft. 
 
 Sin. 
 
 /N 
 
 y 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Sin 
 
 23 
 
 Oil* 
 
 25 ft. 
 
 ! ' 111* 
 
 Oin. 
 
 s\ 
 
 y 
 
 1 
 
 ft 
 
 Sin. 
 
 /\ 
 
 x 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Sin. 
 
 TO 
 
 6ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 /\ 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Sin. 
 
 S\ 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 8 in. ....... 
 
 . IT 
 
 23ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 Sin. 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 8 in. ../... 
 
 64 
 
 14ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 2ft. 
 
 Oin. 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 6 in 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total, 
 
 363cu.ft. 
 
 363 cu. ft. -i- 25 == 14 J perches of underpinning. 
 
 Summary of Stonework 
 
 12 perches of dry wall, at $3.00 $ 36.00 
 
 Carried forward $ 36.00 
 
ESTIMATING 67 
 
 Brought forward $ 36 . 00 
 
 101 perches of mortar walls, at $4.25 429 . 25 
 
 14J perches of underpinning, at $6 . 50 94 . 25 
 
 Total cost of Stonework, $559.50 
 
 PLASTERING WALLS WITH CEMENT 
 
 192ft.0in. X 6ft.7in. = l,264sq.ft. = 1 40 sq. yds., at $.40 $ 56.00 
 
 CESSPOOLS 
 
 LEACHING CESSPOOL 
 
 23 ft. 6 in. X 8 ft. in. X 1 ft. 6 in. = 282 cu. ft. -h 25= 
 
 1 1 J perches. 
 
 11J- perches at $3.50. $39.65 
 
 Cover , 2.50 42. 15 
 
 TIGHT CESSPOOL 
 
 11 ft. 6 in. X 8ft. in. = 92 sq. ft. X 15 bricks = 
 1,380 bricks. 
 
 1,380 bricks at $20.00 per M $27.60 
 
 Ironcover 3.00 30.60 
 
 DRY WELLS 
 
 2 ft. in. X 2 ft. in. X 5 ft. 6 in. X 12 = 264 cu. ft. -r- 25 = 
 
 1 1 perches 
 11 perches at $2.50 27.50 
 
 DRAINS 
 
 171 ft. at $.20 $34.20 
 
 14bendsat$.30 4.20 38.40 
 
 Total cost of Stonework, Cesspools, and Drains $754.15 
 
 BRICKWORK 
 
 NOTE. Find the number of bricks in a foot of height in each 
 chimney or pier, reckoning five courses to the foot of height. 
 
 CELLAR 
 
 35 X 8 280 
 
 107J X 8 860 
 
 55 X 8 440 
 
 Carried forward 1,580 bricks 
 
TT 
 
 f OG, - GEO&GE.-A-JDM&J- 
 
 0UILrtE- 
 60IL.DWJ 
 
 PLAN- OF- FlfcJT - FtOOR,- 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
cx 
 
 
 k 
 
 i 
 
ESTIMATING 71 
 
 Brought forward 1,580 bricks 
 VERANDA PIERS 
 
 58J X 10 585 
 
 CHIMNEYS 
 
 107J X 6 ft. 6 in 700 
 
 105 X lift. in 1,155 
 
 35 X lift. in 385 
 
 35 X 4ft. Gin 157 
 
 127^ X 5 ft. 6 in 701 
 
 35 X 19ft. Oin 665 
 
 57i X 4ft. Oin 230 
 
 127J X 11 ft. Oin 1,402 
 
 7,560 bricks 
 . Summary 
 
 7,560 bricks at $20.00 per M., laid ...... $ 151 . 20 
 
 3 fireplaces at $30.00 each . . . 90.00 
 
 FLUE LININGS 
 
 26ft, 13 in. X 13 in., at $.35 9.10 
 
 36ft., 9 in. round, at $.30 10.80 
 
 68ft.,8J X 13, at $.30 20.40 
 
 Total cost of Brickwork-and Flue Linings, $ 281 . 50 
 
 CONCRETING 
 
 SQ. FT. 
 
 23 ft. in. X 38 ft. in 874 
 
 3 ft. in. X 9 ft. 6 in 28J 
 
 15 ft. in. X 26 ft. in 390 
 
 4ft. Oin. X 7ft. Oin 28 
 
 1,320 sq. ft. 
 Total, 1,320 sq.ft. = 147 sq. yds., at $.60 $88.20 
 
 PLASTERING 
 
 NOTE. Take off square feet of plastered surfaces, and deduct 
 one-half of the openings, after reducing to sq. yds. 
 CELLAR SQ. FT. 
 
 23 ft. Oin. X 38 ft. Oin.: 874 
 
 9 ft. 6 in. X 3 ft. in J 28 
 
 Carried forward 902 sq. ft. 
 
RJLJJDEMCJL- AT- JWDGEDALE, 
 
 bourne - Artefact - ba/ton. 
 
 9* TJWoa botlding 
 
 I /! & ALL fIR/T rtOOR JOyt} 
 
 TO or- z'x;o" A&"OC 
 
 FiRJT-FLOOR,- 
 
 -"ooA.- 
 01 234007 
 
 Ocedegf hi . 1 1 1 I I I l 
 
 . 8. 
 
ESTIMATING 73 
 
 Brought forward 902 sq. ft. 
 
 15 ft. 6 in. X 26 ft. in 403 
 
 30ft.0in. X 8ft.0in 240 
 
 1,545 sq.ft. 
 FIRST STORY 
 
 25ft.0in. X 40ft.0in 1,000 
 
 11 ft. in. X 3 ft. in 33 
 
 25 ft. Gin. X 16 ft. Gin... 420 
 
 490 ft. in. X 9 ft. in 4,410 
 
 SECOND STORY- 
 
 5,863 sq. ft. 
 
 SQ. FT. 
 
 25ft. Oin. X 40ft. in 1,000 
 
 16 ft. 6 in. X 19ft Oin 313 
 
 520ft. Oin. X 8ft. 6 in 4,420 
 
 5,733 sq. ft. 
 Total amount of plastered surfaces, 13,141 sq. ft. 
 
 OUTS 
 
 32 doors, average 40 sq. ft 1,280 
 
 34 windows, average 15 sq. ft 510 
 
 1,790 sq. ft. 
 1,790 sq.ft. + 2 == 895 sq.ft. 
 
 13,141 sq. ft. less 895 sq. ft. = = 12,246 sq. ft. = 1,361 sq. yds. 
 
 Total cost of Plastering 1,361 sq. yds., at $ . 40 $ 544 . 40 
 
 CARPENTER WORK 
 
 FRAME 
 
 Ft. B. M. 
 
 1881inearft., 6 X 6 in. sill 564 
 
 136 " " 4 X Gin. " 272 
 
 74 " " 8 X 10 in. girders 494 
 
 250 " " 4 X Gin. posts 500 
 
 188 " " 4 X Gin. girts 376 
 
 2,206 
 
 2,206ft. B. M. at $38.00 per M $ 83.82 
 
 FIRST-STORY FRAME, BRIDGING AND UNDER FLOOR 
 
 25 ft. Oin. X 40ft. Oin. 1,000 
 
 Carried forward " ~$ 83.82 
 
o'ra34i7es 
 of I I I I I I I I I I 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
ft 5 Au PORCH RAFTEKT- 
 
 TO ti 2-xc--.2cr o C 
 
 of 
 
 OF- 
 
 0*2 34- >5 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
76 ESTIMATING 
 
 Brought forward $ 83 . 82 
 
 llft.Oin. X 3 ft. in 33 
 
 26 ft. in. X 16 ft. 6 in 429 
 
 1,462 sq.ft. 
 
 1,462 sq.ft. = 14.62 squares, at $9.35 per square $ 136.70 
 
 UPPER FLOOR 
 Hard Pine 
 
 25 ft. 6 in. X 16 ft. 6 in. = 421 sq. ft., at $10.50 
 
 per square $ 44 . 21 
 
 Oak 
 
 25 ft. in. X 40 ft. in. - 1,000 sq. ft. 
 llft.Oin. X 3 ft. in. = 33 " 
 
 1,033 sq. ft. 
 
 1,033 sq. ft. at $20.00 per square $ 206 .60 
 
 PORCH FLOOR 
 
 6ft. in. X llft.Oin. = 66 sq.ft. 
 9 ft. in. X 5 ft. in. = 45 " 
 PIAZZA FLOOR 
 
 26 ft. in. X 9 ft. in. ---- 234 " 
 20 ft. 6 in. X 7 ft. in. = 144 y 
 
 "489 sq. ft. 
 
 489 sq. ft. at $12.35 per square $ 60.39 
 
 SECOND-STORY FRAME, BRIDGING AND STRAPPING FLOORS 
 
 40 ft. in. X 25 ft. in 1,000 sq.ft. 
 
 20 ft. in. X 17 ft. in 340 " " 
 
 1,340 sq.ft. 
 
 1,340 sq.ft. at $18.00 per square $ 241.20 
 
 THIRD STORY 
 
 l,340sq. ft. at $10. 10 per square. ... $ 135.34 
 
 ROOF FRAME, BOARDING AND SHINGLES- 
 
 30 ft. in. X 16 ft. 6 in. X 2 sides . . 990 sq. ft. , 
 34 ft. in. X 16ft. 6 in. X 2 sides.. 1,122 " " 
 
 2,1 12 sq.ft. 
 
 2,1 12 sq.ft. at $16.67 per square $ 352.07 
 
 FLASHING $ 40.00 
 
 .TiN ROOF, FRAME AND BOARDING 
 
 21ft.0in. X 7ft.6in 157 sq.ft. 
 
 Carried forward $ 1 , 300 . 33 
 
-PLAN-Or-THlRD-FLOOR-cS-'ROOF- 
 
 l a 3 4-\5 7 S 
 
 o l a 3 4-\5 
 
 T. i.i iii i 
 
 Fig. 11. 
 
78 ESTIMATING 
 
 Brought forward $1 ,300 . 33 
 
 19ft. Oin. X 6ft. Gin 124sq. ft. 
 
 llft.Oin. X 5 ft. 6 in 60 " " 
 
 14ft. Oin. X 9 ft. 6 in JL33 " " 
 
 "474 sq.ft. 
 
 474sq. ft. at $20.92 per square $ 99.16 
 
 OUTSIDE WALLS, STUDDING AND BOARDING 
 
 172 ft. Oin. X 20ftOin 3,440 sq.ft. 
 
 6 ft. 6 in. X 10 ft. Oin. X 2 sides 130 " " 
 3 ft. in. X 9 ft. in. X 2 sides _ 54 " " 
 
 3,624 sq.ft. 
 
 3,624 sq. ft. at $8.30 per square $ 300 . 79 
 
 INSIDE STUDDING 
 
 180 ft. in. X 9 ft. Oin... ....>... 1,620 sq.ft. 
 
 196 ft. in. X 8 ft. 6 in 1,666" " 
 
 28ft. Oin. X 8ft. Oin 224 " " 
 
 3, 510" sq. ft. 
 
 3,510 sq. ft., at $4.00 per square $ 140.40 
 
 CLAPBOARDING 
 
 44 ft. in. X 19 ft. in. X 2 sides . 1, 672 sq. ft. 
 
 6 ft. in. X 8 ft. O'in. X 2 sides . 96 " " 
 
 2 ft. in. X 9 ft. in. X 2 sides . 36 " " 
 
 39 ft. Oin. X 19 ft. Oin. X 2 sides. 1,482 " " 
 
 3,286 sq. ft. 
 
 3,286 sq. ft. at $7.'95 per square . . . $261 . 23 
 Deduct for stock only, 36 windows 
 
 = 54T sq. ft., at $4.70 per square 25.38 $ 235 . 85 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 DORMERS 
 
 6,at$50each $ 300.00 
 
 MAIN CORNICE 
 
 180 ft., at $1.25 per ft 225.00 
 
 BALUSTRADE ON ROOF 
 
 96 ft, at $0.50 per ft $48.00 
 
 18 posts, at $1.50 each 27.00 75.00 
 
 Carried forward $2,676.53 
 
ESTIMATING 79 
 
 PIAZZA FINISH Brought forward $2,676.53 
 
 Cornice 
 
 102 ft., at $2.00 per ft 204.00 
 
 Columns 
 
 9 in place, at $10.00 each 90.00 
 
 Corner Pilasters 
 
 2J in place, at $8.00 each 20.00 
 
 Balustrade 
 
 76 ft., at $.50 per ft $38.00 
 
 Small Posts 
 
 8J, at$1.00each 12.00 50.00 
 
 OutsideSteps 25.00 
 
 Lattice 
 
 55 ft. in. X 1 ft. 6 in. = 82J sq. ft., at $.15 
 
 persq. ft 12.37 
 
 Porch Ceiling 
 
 111 sq.ft., at $10.00 per square 11.10 
 
 BULKHEAD STEPS 25 .00 
 
 CORNER BOARDS 
 
 252 ft. in. X Sin. = 168 sq. ft, at $.30 persq. ft. 50.40 
 WATER TABLE 
 
 117J linear ft, at $.20 per ft 23.50 
 
 WINDOWS AND FRAMES 
 Attic 
 
 4 windows, circular top, at $11 . 20 each $ 44 . 80 
 
 4 Tvindows, square, at $5 . 25 each 21 .00 
 
 Second Story 
 
 8 windows, 3 ft 6 in. X 5ft in., at $13. 33 each $106.64 
 7 windows, 2 ft 6 in. X 4ft 6 in., at $11 .44 each 80.08 
 First Story 
 
 1 window, 2ft 6in. X 4ft 6 in $ 11.44 
 
 2 windows, 2 ft. 6 in. X 5 ft. 6 in., at $12 . 00 each 24 . 00 
 2 windows, 2 ft. 6 in. X 3 ft. 9 in. , at $1 1 . 00 each 22 . 00 
 2 pairs French windows (oak), 
 
 4 ft. 6 in. X 7 ft. 6 in., at $18 . 24 each 36 . 48 
 1 window, 3 ft. 4 in. X 5 ft. 6 in. (oak finish) .... 16 . 57 
 
 Carried forward $3,550.91 
 
H.P. 
 
 LEPCiFR- 
 
 - 
 
 PiATI (2) 
 
 S 
 
 -PLATE, 
 
 CH 
 
 4*8 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 s: 
 
 5* 
 
 -PlATE TWO 2A-4-" 
 
 -FLOOR. - 
 
 o 12 3 -t & e 7 e. 
 of Ii III I I I I I Ij^-^r-t 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 H-P. 
 
 -LEDGER- 
 BOARD- 
 
ESTIMATING 81 
 
 Brought forward $3,550.91 
 
 1 window, 3 ft. 4 in. X 5 ft. 6 in. (birch finish) .. 16.57 
 
 1 window, 2 ft. 6 in. X 5 ft. 6 in. (birch finish) . . 14.45 
 
 2 windows, 3 ft. 4 in. X 5 ft. 5 in. (whitewood), at 
 
 /. . $13.33each 26.66 
 
 4 windows, 2 ft. 6 in. X 4ft. Gin. (N. C. pine), at 
 
 .-.: $11 .44each 45.76 
 
 FRONT DOOR, with side and top lights 
 
 3 ft. 3 in. X 7 ft. 6 in. , 56.33 
 
 REAR DOOR 
 
 2 ft. 10 in. X 7 ft. 6 in 13.46 
 
 CELLAR SASHES 
 
 12, at $3.25 each. 39.00 
 
 INSIDE FINISH 
 
 Coal bins in basement, 240 sq. ft. 
 
 Studding 240 sq. ft. at $3 . 00 per square $ 7 . 20 
 
 Boarding240 " "$4.75 " " 11.40 
 
 Labor on 2 doors, one day 3 . 25 21 . 85 
 
 COLD-AIR Box 
 
 3 ft. in. X 1 ft. in., 25 ft. long, at $.62 per linear ft 15 . 50 
 
 BASEMENT PARTITIONS 
 
 46 ft. in. X 8 ft. in., 368 sq. ft., at $8.75 per square ... 32 . 20 
 
 3 doors, at $8.87 each 26.61 
 
 67J ft. shelving, at $.15 per ft 10. 12 
 
 1 door to bulkhead 10.00 
 
 FIRST STORY 
 
 1 door, 2 ft. 8 in. X 7 ft. 6 in. (whitewood and birch finish) 20 . 67 
 
 1 pair sliding doors (whitewood and birch finish) 53 . 52 
 
 40 ft. birch base at $.20 per ft 8.00 
 
 1 door, 3 ft. 3 in. X 7 ft. 6 in. (whitewood and oak) .... 22 . 67 
 
 1 door, 2 ft. 10 in. X 7 ft. 6 in. (whitewood and oak) 20 . 67 
 
 WOOD CORNICE IN DINING ROOM . 
 
 56 ft., 6 in. X 6 in. (birch), at $.48 per ft $26 . 88 
 
 56 ft. picture moulding, at $.06 per ft 3.36 30.24 
 
 WOOD CORNICE IN LIBRARY 
 
 82 ft., 6 in. X 6 in. (oak), at $.48 per ft $39.36 
 
 Carried forward $39.36 $4,035.19 
 
82 ESTIMATING 
 
 Brought forward $39.36 $4,035.19 
 
 82 ft. picture moulding, at $.06 per ft 4.92 44 . 28 
 
 OAK BASE 
 
 72ft. at$.20perft 14.40 
 
 1 door, 3 ft. in. X 7 ft. 6 in (whitewood) 12.59 
 
 VESTIBULE DOOR, side lights and top light, same as front door. 56 . 33 
 
 WHITEWOOD BASE, 101 ft., at $.10 per ft 10 . 10 
 
 Sdoors (N. C. pine), at$9.48each 47.40 
 
 CHINA CLOSET FINISH 100 . 00 
 
 PANTRY. 50.00 
 
 KITCHEN AND BACK ENTRY SHEATHING 
 
 65 linear ft, at $.40 per ft 26.00 
 
 MANTELS 
 
 Allowance $125.00 
 
 Labor of setting 6.50 $131 .50 
 
 SECOND STORY 
 
 16 doors stock, at $9.48 each $151.68 
 
 1 archinhall 10.00 
 
 2 wood columns, at $10. 00 each 20.00 
 
 5 closets, at $3.50 each '. 17.50 
 
 1 linen closet 25.00 
 
 1 linen closet 20.00 
 
 THIRD STORY 
 
 2 doors, finished one side, at $7.04 each . .$ 14.08 
 
 1 closet door 7 . 04 
 
 Tank .'..'. 10.00 
 
 Finished floor, 100 sq. ft 7.25 
 
 Base, 14 ft., at $.10 per ft 1 .40 
 
 CONDUCTORS 
 
 120 ft., at $.13 per ft, put up. . $15.60 
 
 6goosenecks, at$1.00each 6.00 $ 21 .60 
 
 CUTTING AND FITTING FOR PLUMBING AND HEATING 35 . 00 
 
 FREIGHT, FARES AND EXPENSES 50 . 00 
 
 [NSURANCE 10.00 
 
 Total cost of Carpenter Work $4,928.34 
 
-ALU /"XAltt RAFTER5 
 TO BE 2X7"-2O'-O-C 
 PORttER RAfTERS Z*(,'-2(>O. 
 
 OF- ROOF- 
 
 1 1 1 r?TT/^f-*. 
 
84 ESTIMATING 
 
 STAIRS 
 
 FRONT STAIRS 
 
 128ft. spruce, at$30per M 3.84 
 
 120ft. whitewood, at$70per M 8.40 
 
 85 ft. quartered oak, at $150 per M. ....... 12.75 
 
 30 ft. mahogany rail and turn 24 . 00 
 
 5 paneled posts at $5.00 each 25.00 
 
 105 balusters at $.15 each 15.75 
 
 11 nosings at $.06 each 66 
 
 25 scotias at $.03 each .75 
 
 Nails, glue, etc 1 . 00 
 
 Labor 56.00 $148.15 
 
 BACK STAIRS 
 First Flight 
 
 55 ft. spruce, at $30 per M $ 1.65 
 
 105ft. N. C. pine, at $60 per M 6.30 
 
 16 scotias at $.03 each 48 
 
 Nails, etc : . . .75 
 
 Labor 16.00 25.18 
 
 Second. Flight 
 
 54 ft. spruce, at $30 per M $ 1.62 
 
 110ft. N. C. pine, at $60 per M 6.60 
 
 17 scotias at $.03 each .51 
 
 Nails, etc 75 
 
 Ipost 75 
 
 4ft. rail,at$.12iperft 50 
 
 12 balusters at $.06J each .75 
 
 Labor 17.00 28.48 
 
 CELLAR STAIRS 
 
 40 ft. spruce, at $30 per M $ 1.20 
 
 75ft. N. C. pine, at $60 per M 4.50 
 
 Post 50 
 
 Rail 1.20 
 
 Labor 5.00 12.40 
 
 $214.21 
 
 Framing 2 . 00 
 
 Total cost of Stairs . . . $216 . 21 
 
ESTIMATING 85 
 
 HARDWARE 
 
 NOTE. This estimate is based upon a fair quality of hardware, 
 the butts being of bronze-plated steel, the knobs of struck-up bronze 
 metal, with rose and escutcheon combined; the sash fasts of solid 
 bronze metal, also lifts and catches. 
 
 BASEMENT 
 
 BULKHEAD, OUTSIDE 
 
 2 pairs extra heavy galv. T hinges, 8-inch at 
 
 $.85 each $1 .70 
 
 2 hooks and staples, 5-inch, at $ . 10 each . 20 
 
 Labor 1.00 
 
 BULKHEAD, INSIDE 
 
 1 pair heavy T hinges, 8-inch 15 
 
 1 thumb-latch 10 
 
 Labor 50 
 
 THREE DOORS 
 
 3 pairs butts, 3 X S^-inch, at $ . 15 each . 45 
 
 3 sets locks at $.45 each 1 .35 
 
 Labor 1 .50 
 
 HINGED WINDOWS 
 
 12 pairs butts, l^-inch, at $ . 06 each . 72 
 
 12hooksand eyes,at $.02each .24 
 
 12 buttons, at $.02 each .24 
 
 Labor 1.50 $ 9.65 
 
 FIRST FLOOR 
 
 ENTRANCE DOOR 
 
 H pairs butts, 4i X 4J-inch, at $.38 each $ .57 
 
 1 set locks, bronze metal 9 . 50 
 
 Labor 2.00 
 
 SEVEN INSIDE DOORS, FRONT 
 
 7 pairs butts, 3J X 3 J-inch, at $ . 30 each 2.10 
 
 7sets locks at $1 .OOeach 7.00 
 
 Labor . 5.25 
 
 Carried forward $26 .42 $9 . 65 
 
D 
 
 3IX:TION THRO'-KITCHEN -PANTRY- 
 
 s 
 
 OCALE- 
 
 ETC 
 
 mj 
 
 SECTIOK- -THRO'- CHINA -CLOSET- 
 
 OF- PANTRIES - 5CALJ , . - DETAIL 
 
 if 9 6 3 t 1?OT. 
 i I I I I 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
ESTIMATING 87 
 
 Brought forward $26 .42 $9 . 65 
 
 SIDE ENTRANCE DOOR 
 
 1 J pairs butts, 4| X 4 J-inch, at $ . 38 each . 57 
 
 1 set locks : : 2.25 
 
 Labor 1 .00 
 
 ONE PAIR SLIDING DOORS, 5 ft. in. 
 
 1 sethangers, 5 ft. in, Double 3.50 
 
 1 setS. D. locks 2.50 
 
 Labor ... 2.00 
 
 Six INSIDE BACK PORTIONS 
 
 6setslock sat $.45 each 2.70 
 
 6 pairs butts, 3J X Si-inch, at $ . 15 each . 90 
 
 Labor 4.00 
 
 BACK DOORS 
 
 li pairs butts, 4 X 4j-mch, at $ . 20 each . 30 
 
 1 set locks 2.25 
 
 Labor 1.00 
 
 ICE-CHEST DOOR 
 
 1 pair butts, 3 X 3-inch !........, 40 
 
 1 IH lever, galvanized . . . . : .60 
 
 1 brass hasp and padlock 1 . 50 
 
 Labor 50 
 
 CHINA CLOSET 
 2 pairs glass doors 
 
 2 pairs butts, 2 J X 2 J-inch, at $ . 26 each . 52 
 
 2 elbow catches, at $ . 06 each . 12 
 
 2 cupboard catches, at $ . 15 each . 30 
 
 1 pair* cupboard doors 
 
 , 2 pairs butts, 2 J X 2^-inch, at $ . 10 each . 20 
 
 1 elbow catch * .06 
 
 1 cupboard catch .15 
 
 20 drawer-pulls, at $.06each 1.20 
 
 Labor ,..,.. 2.50 
 
 PANTRY 
 
 4 cupboard doors 
 
 4 pairs butts, 2 J X 2^-inch, at $ . 10 each_ .40 
 
 Carried forward $57 .84 $9 . 65 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 Brought forward $57.84 $9.65 
 
 4 cupboard catches, at $ . 15 each . 60 
 
 1 bbl. swing .75 
 
 10 drawer-pulls, at $.06each .60 
 
 Labor t ... 2.00 
 
 WINDOWS 
 
 15 sash fasts, at $.30 each . 4.50 
 
 30 sash lifts, at '.$.06 each 1.80 
 
 Labor 7 .50 
 
 CASEMENT WINDOWS, 
 
 4 pairs butts, 3 X 3-inch, at $ . 50 each 2 . 00 
 
 2 pairs flush bolts, at $1.00 each 2.00 
 
 2 casement fasts, at $.45 each .90 
 
 Labor 1.00 $81.49 
 
 SECOND FLOOR 
 
 SIXTEEN DOORS 
 
 16 pairs butts, 3J X 3Wnch, at ..... .$.30 each $ 4.80 
 
 16sets locks, at $.90each 14.40 
 
 Labor 10.40 
 
 WINDOWS 
 
 14 sash fasts, at $.30each 4.20 
 
 1 sash fast , 35 
 
 28 sash lifts, at $.06each 1.68 
 
 2sashlifts,at : $.10each .20 
 
 Labor 7.00 
 
 Six DRAWERS IN LINEN CLOSET 
 
 12 drawer-pulls, at $.06each .72 
 
 Labor .25 $44.00 
 
 BATHROOM 
 
 1 pair butts, 3J X 3i-mch (nickel-plate) 40 
 
 1 set locks* (nickel-plate) 1 .25 
 
 Labor .75 $ 2.40 
 
 ATTIC 
 
 Two DOORS 
 
 2 pairs butts, 3i X 3J-mch,at . . . .$.12 each. . . .$.24 
 
 2 sets locks, at $.45 each 90 
 
 Labor . ...1.00 
 
 Carried forward $2.14 $137.54 
 
j/EOTIO/1 THRO' 
 WmPOW. OVER- FRONT- WOR 
 
 Fig. 15. 
 
I AND 
 
 POT on 
 
 
 
 
 
 a iz^fOfc-GBOJ^EA-JOMBJ^ 
 
 7 
 1 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 \ P~ 'BFTWEfrt- 
 1 BALy/TE^T 
 III 
 
 
 
 
 
 r -L 
 
 
 
 FLA/H/NG -N. S 
 
 Fig. 16. 
 
ESTIMATING 91 
 
 , 
 
 Brought forward $2 . 14 $137 . 54 
 
 Two Low DOORS 
 
 2 pairs butts, 2J X 2i-mch, at .... $.10 each 20 
 
 2 cupboard turns, at $.35 each 70 
 
 Labor . . 1 .00 
 
 WINDOWS 
 
 8 sash fasts, at . . . $.30 each. . . .2.40 
 
 16 sash lifts, at . . . $.06 each 96 
 
 Labor .. .4.00 
 
 6doz. H. & C. hooks, 639i, at ... .$.50 doz. . . .3.00 
 
 3doz. base knobs, at .$.35 doz. .... 1 .05 
 
 Labor .2.50 $ 17.95 
 
 Total cost of Hardware put on $155 .49 
 
 HEATING 
 
 FURNACE 
 
 1 No. 28 Crawford furnace (28-in. firepot) . . $125 .00 
 22 ft. 8-in. galv. iron smoke-pipe, 55 Ibs., 
 
 at $.091b. 4.95 
 
 REGISTERS 
 
 1 14 X 18-in. register, stone, box and netting, 4.72 
 4 9 X 12-in. registers, stone, box and netting, 
 
 at .'....' $1.57 each 6.28 
 
 4 8 X 10-in. registers, stone, box and netting, 
 
 at $1.19 each 4.76 
 
 4 8 X 10-in. registers, stone, box and netting, 
 
 at $1.15 each 4.60 
 
 PIPING, including dampers, collars, and elbows 
 
 12 ft. 14-in. tin pipe, at $ . 27 per ft. . . 3 . 24 
 
 64ft.9-in. " " at $.16" ".. 10.24 
 
 278ft.7-in. " " at $.10 " ".. 27.80 
 
 COVERING FOR RISERS (6 Ibs. asbestos paper per pipe) 
 
 5 risers, 30 Ibs., at $.05 Ib 1 .50 
 
 PLASTERING RINGS IN CELLAR 
 
 For 13 pipes at $.20 each 2.60 
 
 $ 195.69 
 Office expense and profit 48.92 $244.61 
 
 Carried forward $244 . 61 
 
-AT-fclCGEDAlX-'/'VO 
 K7H- GEORGE.- A jJOMEJ- - JQj- 
 AKCMITICT- 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 
ESTIMATING 93 
 
 Brought forward $244 . 6 1 
 LABOR 
 
 Measuring and laying out risers, man 1 day . $4 . 80 
 
 Erecting risers, man 2 days, helper 1 day .... 12 . 00 
 Laying out and erecting cellar pipes and fur- 
 
 nace, man 3 days, helper 2 days 19 . 20 
 
 Finishing, man 1 day 4.80 
 
 Cartingand expenses 10.00 50.80 
 
 Total cost of Heating Apparatus $ 295 .41 
 
 PLUMBING 
 
 WASTE AND SOIL PIPES 
 
 2 4-in. lead bends, at$1.10each $2.20 
 
 2 4-in. sleeves, at $.65 each 1 . 30 
 
 5 2-in. " at $.28each 1 .40 
 
 2 3 X 2-in. sleeves, at $.45 each 90 
 
 1 li-in. Pemberton trap 6.80 
 
 30 Ibs. solder, wiping, at $.25 Ib 7 . 50 
 
 2 trap plugs, at $.42 each .84 
 
 2 6-in. traps, at$2.35each 4.70 
 
 1 6-in. cesspool 3 .00 
 
 4 1 J-inch solder nipples, at $ . 15 each .60 
 
 1 4-in. roof flashing 1 . 35 
 
 Soil pipe 47.87 
 
 15 ft. li-in. lead pipe, No. 55 3 .24 
 
 50 ft. 2-in. iron pipe 
 
 40ft. li-in. " " 
 
 Soil fittings, J cost of pipe 1 5 . 96 
 
 Cast-iron fittings, 20 per cent 1.79 $ 108 . 41 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS FITTINGS 
 
 3 4-in. b -assC. O $ 2.70 
 
 1 5-in. brass C. O 1 .50 
 
 Refrigerator waste 12 . 50 
 
 Local vents 12.00 
 
 1 ball-cock 1.25 
 
 2sillcocks 2.00 
 
 Tank overflow 6.50 
 
 4 J-inchS. & W. cocks 3.24 
 
 Carried forward $41.69 $108.41 
 
94 ESTIMATING 
 
 Brought forward $ 41.69 $ 108.41 
 
 1 boiler valve and chain .70 
 
 25 Ibs. tinned copper, at $.32 Ib 8 . 00 
 
 6 3-part hangers, brass 6 . 30 
 
 2 J-in. hose bibs 1 . 50 
 
 3 |-inch plain bibs 2. 10 
 
 Street connections 55 .00 
 
 lib. putty ':...,.... 05 
 
 2 Ibs. grafting wax .50 
 
 Calking lead, 380 Ibs 22.80 
 
 Oakum .. . . ".'.. 1.60 $ 140.24 
 
 FIXTURES 
 
 1 36 x 24 x 8-in. sink, 12-in. back $11 .40 
 
 1 24 x 14-in. pantry sink . . .. 14.00 
 
 1 pair pantry cocks 3 .60 
 
 2 24 x 48-in. trays, 12-in. back 14. 10 
 
 1 5-ft. bathtub, complete -. 41.00 
 
 1 lavatory /complete 32.50 
 
 1 water-closet, complete 60 . 00 
 
 1 40-gallon boiler ... , . 16.75 
 
 1 " " " stand .85 
 
 12 Ibs. fine solder 3 . 12 
 
 Clamps and hooks 2 . 70 
 
 Tinned tacks .15 
 
 Fuel 1.95 $202.12 
 
 SUPPLIES AND LABOR 
 
 126 ft. f-inch galv. water pipe $4.41 
 
 22ft.Hnch " " " .62 
 
 Fittings, J cost of pipe 1 . 67 
 
 74ft. J-in. brass $23.49 
 
 56ft.i-m. " , 16.24 39.73 
 
 Fittings, 20 per cent 7.95 
 
 Painting of iron pipes 9 . 75 
 
 Stop-cocks 3 .54 
 
 Sink and tray legs 4 . 72 
 
 Lead, oil, etc .65 
 
 Carried forward $ 73.04 $ 450.77 
 
ESTIMATING 95 
 
 Brought forward $ 73.04 $ 450.77 
 
 Clamping brass and screws .25 
 
 Cartage and fares 5 . 00 
 
 Labor, 40 days, at $6.00 per day : 240 . 00 318 . 29 
 
 $ 769.06 
 
 Profit, 10 per cent '. 76 .90 
 
 Total cost of Plumbing , $ 845 .96 
 
 ELECTRIC WIRING 
 
 75 ft. No. 4 S. B. R.C. wire $ 4.80 
 
 150 ft. No. 1 S. B. R. C. wire 4.26 
 
 40 Large porcelain tubes, 5 cents 2 . 00 
 
 30 " " knobs, 5 cents 1 .50 
 
 1 3-pole 50-amp. fused switch 1 . 50 
 
 1 Main cabinet (meter) 3.50 
 
 1 8-circuit cut-out panel 16 . 00 
 
 2,500 ft. No. 14S.B.R.C. wire.. . 28.60 
 
 500 ft. 1 4-in. circular loom 20.00 
 
 800 5iknobs 3.20 
 
 1,600 5-in. porcelain tubes 4.00 
 
 100 Fire stops 9 .00 
 
 100 12-in. porcelain tubes 10.00 
 
 18 Ceiling boxes 1 .80 
 
 30 Bracket boxes 3 .00 
 
 11 Switch boxes 2.20 
 
 11 12.10 
 
 Labor on No. 14 wire 55 . 00 
 
 " "mains 15.00 
 
 "finish 15.00 
 
 Teaming and freight 5 . 00 
 
 Sundries 5 .00 
 
 Nails, leatherheads, etc _ 3.00 
 
 $ 225.46 
 
 Office expense, 10 per cent 22 . 55 
 
 $ 248.01 
 
 Profit, 20 per cent 49.60 
 
 Total cost of Electric Wiring $297.61 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 NOTE. This estimate is figured on outlet boxes at all outlets; 
 and includes a main cabinet and main switch to connect with the 
 meter and to cover the meter, on an eight-circuit panel-board, which 
 allows one spare circuit. The panel-board is to be made of slate, with 
 slate gutters and linings, with good wood door and trim. 
 
 The labor is estimated on wages being $3.60 per day for a journey- 
 man, and $2.00 per day for helper. This price is above that paid in 
 small places, but is below what is paid in some cities. 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING FIXTURES 
 
 NOTE. While the electric lighting fixtures are not generally made 
 a part of the building contract, it may be worth while to consider them 
 in relation to the cost of the house; although, as has been stated, there 
 is such a wide range in design and cost, as well as in personal prefer- 
 ence, that any data given can be at best only approximate. 
 
 The following estimate is based* upon simple designs of moderate 
 cost in "old brass" finish: 
 
 FIRST STORY 
 
 LIVING ROOM 
 
 1 4-light electrolier $17.50 
 
 4 1-light wall brackets, at $3.25 each 13 . 00 
 
 HALL 
 
 2 2-light ceiling pieces, at $2.50 each 5 . 00 
 
 VESTIBULE 
 
 1 3-light cluster : 5.00 
 
 PORCH 
 
 1 1-light ceiling-piece * 1 .75 
 
 PARLOR 
 
 1 4-light electrolier 17.50 
 
 2 1 " wall brackets 6.50 
 
 DINING ROOM 
 
 1 4-light electrolier" 10.00 
 
 2 1 " wall brackets 5.00 
 
 CHINA CLOSET, REAR HALL, KITCIIKN 
 
 3 1-light ceiling-pieces, at $.75 each 2.25 
 
 2 1 " wall brackets, at $1.35 each 2.70 
 
 Carried forward $86.20 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 Brought forward $ 86 . 20 
 PANTRY 
 
 1 1-light ceiling-piece .75 
 
 ENTRY 
 
 11 " " " 1.35 
 
 PIAZZA 
 
 11 " :" " 1.75 
 
 SECOND STORY 
 
 HALL 
 
 2 1-light ceiling-pieces, at $1.50 each $3 .00 
 
 ALCOVE 
 
 2 1-light ceiling pieces, at $2.50 each" 5.00 
 
 BEDROOMS 
 
 13 1-light brackets, at $2.50 each 32.50 
 
 BATHROOM 
 
 1 1-light ceiling-piece 1 .35 
 
 REAR HALL 
 
 1 1-light bracket 1 .35 
 
 THIRD STORY 
 
 HALL 
 
 1 1-light wall bracket $1 .35 
 
 ATTIC 
 
 1 3-ft. drop-cord .85 
 
 BASEMENT 
 
 LAUNDRY 
 
 1 1-light wall bracket $1 . 15 
 
 CELLAR 
 
 4 3-ft. drop-cords, at $.85 each , 3.40 
 
 $ 140.00 
 LABOR 
 
 Installing above fixtures with all necessary trimmings ... $ 12 . 00 
 Total cost of Electric Lighting Fixtures in place $152.00 
 
 PAINTING 
 
 OUTSIDE PAINTING 
 
 17 pairs blinds, three coats painting, at $1.50 pair .... $ 25 . 50 
 1,068 yds. three coats painting, windows and wood- 
 work, at $.20 yd 213.60 
 
 Carried forward $239.10 
 
98 ESTIMATING 
 
 Brought forward $239.10 
 
 54 yds. two coats metallic paint, upper side tin 
 
 roofs, at $.15 yd 8.10 
 
 62yds. two coats oilingon floors, porch, and piazza, at 
 
 $.10 yd 6.20 
 
 INTERIOR PAINTING 
 
 166 yds. filling, staining, and shellacing, and two 
 coats hard oil finish, at $.20 yd $33.20 
 
 245 yds. filling and two coats spar varnish, first coat 
 rubbed, at $.25 yd 61 .25 
 
 403 yds. one coat shellac, three of paint, two coats 
 zinc and white varnish. Rubbed with pumice and 
 water, ivory white finish, at $.80 yd 322.40 
 
 294 yds. treat with potash, one oil filler, clean, four 
 coats sheUac, last coat rubbed with pumice and oil, 
 oak and birch, at $.35 yd. . . , 102.90 
 
 109 yds. filling, four coats shellac, last coat rubbed 
 with pumice and oil, floors at $ . 30 yd 32 . 70 
 
 114 yds. size and three coats paint, last coat with 
 varnish, walls, at $.20 yd ,....,... 22.80 
 
 5 yds. three coats paint and one enamel gloss, bath- 
 tub, at $.25 yd ;......... 1.25 
 
 100 yds. three coats paint, last with zinc, flat, white- 
 wood, at $.25 yd 25.00 
 
 10 yds. one coat shellac on pipes, at $ . 10 yd 1 . 00 
 
 299 yds. size and tint in water-colors, ceilings, at 
 
 $.15 yd : 44.85 
 
 Total cost of Painting $ 900.75 
 
 GENERAL SUMMARY 
 
 Batter-Boards and Water Supply $ 25 . 00 
 
 Excavation 262.50 
 
 Stonework, Cesspools, and Drains 754. 15 
 
 Chimneys and Brickwork 281 .50 
 
 Concreting 88.20 
 
 Plastering 544.40 
 
 Carpenter Work 4,928.34 
 
 Carried forward $6,884.09 
 
-' TTHtt-ON-FIRJT- 
 
 DODR- 
 
 -WINDOW-. 
 
 DGDR- 
 
 . 18. 
 
100 ESTIMATING 
 
 Brought foncard $6,884.09 
 
 Stairs 216.21 
 
 Hardware 1 55 . 49 
 
 Heating 295.41 
 
 Plumbing 845.96 
 
 Electric Wiring 297. Gl 
 
 Electric Fixtures 152.00 
 
 Painting 900.75 
 
 Total, "$97747752 
 
 SCHEDULES 
 
 ANALYSIS OF CARPENTER WORK 
 
 Following is a section devoted to the analysis of the different 
 portions of carpenter work in the foregoing estimate. These show how 
 the prices are obtained, and will be very useful for comparison, as the 
 changes in cost of parts can be noted and kept up to date. 
 First Floor, price per square of 100 sq. ft., including the floor beams, 
 bridging, and under floors, but no furring for plaster 
 
 Joists, 2 X 10-in., 16 inches on centers S3 .25 
 
 Labor 1.50 
 
 Nails 10 
 
 Bridging 50 
 
 Under floor, hemlock, at $24.00 2 . 30 
 
 Waste, one-third 80 
 
 Labor 75 
 
 Nails 1-") $ 9.35 
 
 Hard Pine Upper Floor, per square of 100 sq. ft. 
 
 . Stock 0.00 
 
 Waste, one-third . . 2.00 
 
 Labor 2.25 
 
 Nails .25 $10.50 
 
 Quartered Oak L'pper Floor, per square of 100 sq. ft 
 
 Stock $10.00 
 
 Waste 3.30 
 
 Labor 6.50 
 
 Nails . .25 $20.05 
 
ESTIMATING 101 
 
 Porch or Veranda Floor, per square of 100 sq. ft. 
 
 Joists, 2 X 8-in., 16 inches on centers $2.60 
 
 Labor , 1.00 
 
 Hard pine flooring, at $55 : 5 .50 
 
 Waste 1.80 
 
 Labor ...... 1.25 
 
 Nails , ... .20 $12.35 
 
 Second Floor, per square of 100 sq ft. 
 
 Joists, 2 X 10-in., 16 inches on centers $3 25 
 
 Labor 1.50 
 
 Bridging 50 
 
 Furring 1 . 50 
 
 Under-floor stock 2.30 
 
 Waste, one-third 80 
 
 Labor 75 
 
 Nails 15 
 
 Upper-floor stock 4 . 00 
 
 Waste 1.30 
 
 Labor 1 . 75 
 
 Nails , 20 $18.00 
 
 Third Floor, per square of 100 sq. ft. 
 
 Joists, 2 X 8-in., 16 inches on centers $ 2 .60 
 
 Labor ,,, 1.50 
 
 Under floor. '. 4.00 
 
 Furring 1 .50 
 
 Bridging '. 50 $10.10 
 
 Shingled Roof, per square of 100 sq. ft 
 
 Rafters, 2 X 7-in, 20 inches on centers $ 2.17 
 
 Labor 2.25 
 
 Matched spruce boarding 2 . 50 
 
 Waste, one-third 80 
 
 Labor 1 .25 
 
 Nails ...;.;.. 20 
 
 Shingles 4.00 
 
 Labor 3.25 
 
 Nails 25 $16.67 
 
102 ESTIMATING 
 
 Tinned Roof, per square of 100 sq. ft. . 
 
 Rafters, 2 X 7-in., 20 inches on centers $ 2. 17 
 
 Labor 1 . 50 
 
 Matched boarding, as above 4 . 75 
 
 Paper 50 
 
 Tinning . 12.00 $20.92 
 
 Wall Frame and Boarding, per square of 100 sq. ft. 
 
 Studding, 2 X 4-in., 16 inches on centers. $ 4 .00 
 
 Boarding 2.30 
 
 Waste "... .80. 
 
 Labor '........ 1 .00 
 
 Nails 20 $ 8.30 
 
 Inside Studding, per square of 100 sq. ft. 
 
 Stock, 2x4-in., 16 inches on centers $ 1 .30 
 
 Waste, one-half stock .65 
 
 Labor 1.50 
 
 Nails .15 
 
 Grounds and beads ' 40 $ 4 .00 
 
 Clapboarding, per square of 100 sq. ft. 
 
 Clapboards, 80, at $.05 each $4.00 
 
 Labor 3.25 
 
 Paper 50 
 
 Nails .20 $7.95 
 
 Main Cornice, per linear foot 
 
 Gutter, perft $ .12 
 
 Upper fascia 03 . 
 
 Fillet .01 
 
 Lower fascia 04 
 
 Planceer 08 
 
 Bed-mould 02 
 
 Frieze 06 
 
 Architrave moulding 04 
 
 Brackets 25 
 
 Labor 50 
 
 Rough furring .10 $ 1 .25 
 
 Piazza Cornice, per linear foot 
 
 Upper fascia $ .03 
 
 Carried forward $ .03 
 
DETAIL OFGENERAL'WINECW' FRAMED 
 
 JECTION-THKQ 
 -W1NDDW-HZAD 
 
 Fig. 19. 
 
104 ESTIMATING 
 
 Brought forward $ .03 
 
 Gutter 10 
 
 Lower fascia 03 
 
 Fillet 01 
 
 Planceer ; 08 
 
 Bed-mould .* 02 
 
 Brackets .25 
 
 Frieze 15 
 
 Architrave mould 03 
 
 Soffit 05 
 
 Inside frieze 10 
 
 Labor 1.00 
 
 Rough furring .15 $ 2.00 
 
 Attic Windows, circular top, each- 
 Frame $ 6.00 
 
 Sash 2.50 
 
 Inside finish 1 . 00 
 
 Weights and cord - 45 
 
 Labor 1.25 $11 .20 
 
 Second-Story Windows, 3 ft. 6 in. X 5 ft., each- 
 Frame $ 3.50 
 
 Sashes, 17 J sq.ft., at $.20 per sq. ft $ 3.50 
 
 Blinds 1.00 
 
 Blind fasts ; .15 
 
 Inside finish 1.19 
 
 Nails and screws 10 
 
 Weights and cord 64 
 
 Labor, 1 day 3.25 $13.33 
 
 Inside Finish for Window, as above 
 
 Architrave, 21 ft., at $.03Jperft $ .73 
 
 Back-band, 21 ft., at $.03 " " 63 
 
 Beads, 17 ft., at $.02 " " .34 $1.70 
 
 SOpercentoff .~ .51 
 
 $ 1.19 
 Weights and Cord for Window, as above 
 
 Weights, m ft.,21bs.per ft., 35 lbs.,at $.01J 
 
 per Ib $ .44 
 
 Cord, 20 ft., at $.01 per ft., _^20 $ 64 
 
ESTIMATING 105 
 
 Cost of Window, 2 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 6 in., each- 
 Frame $ 3.50 
 
 Window, 11 J sq.ft., at $.20 per sq. ft 2.25 
 
 Blinds .75 
 
 Blind fastenings .15 
 
 Screws and nails 10 
 
 Weight, 22 Jibs., at $. Olf per Ib .28 
 
 Cord ......... .15 
 
 Inside Casing, 18 ft., at $.03J per ft. ... , ....... .63 
 
 Back-band, 18 ft, at $.03 per ft. 54 
 
 Stop-beads, 14ft., at $.02 per ft 28 
 
 Labor : 3.25 $11.88 
 
 French Windows, 4 ft. 6 in X 7 ft. 6 in., each- 
 Frame ., $ 5.00 
 
 Sash, 4 ft. 6 in. X 7 ft. 6 in., 34 sq. ft., at $ . 20 per 
 
 sq. ft 6.80 
 
 Astragal 50 
 
 Nails and screws 10 
 
 Inside finish , 96 
 
 Labor 4.88 $18.24 
 
 Window, 3 ft. 4 in. X 5 ft. 6 in. (oak finish), each- 
 Frame .$3.50 
 
 Window, 18sq. ft., at $.20 per sq. ft 3.60 
 
 Blinds 1.00 
 
 Blind fasts 15 
 
 Nails and screws 10 
 
 Weights... 70 
 
 Finish (oak) . . 2.64 
 
 Labor, IJdays 4.88 $16.57 
 
 Rear Door, 2 ft. 10 in. X 7 ft. 6 in. 
 
 Frame $4.00 
 
 Door, 21 sq. ft., at $ . 25 per sq. ft ... 5 . 25 
 
 Finish .....:..... .91 
 
 Labor : 3.25 
 
 Nails . .05 $13.46 
 
106 ESTIMATING 
 
 Front Door, 3 ft. 3 in. X 7 ft. 6 in., with top and side lights 
 Frame 
 
 Sill, 7 ft., at $.25 per ft $1.75 
 
 Jambs, 23 ft, at $.07 per ft 1.61 
 
 Mullions and transom bar, 20 ft., at $.10i 
 
 perft 2.10 
 
 Outside casing, 23 ft, at $.03^ per ft .81 
 
 Mullioncasing,20ft,at$.02 1 Vperft . 42 
 
 Labor, J price of stock 3 . 32 
 
 $10.01 
 Door, 3 ft., 3 in. X 7 ft. 6 in. 
 
 21 sq. ft.,at$.25persq. ft $5.25 
 
 Side-light panels, 6 ft., at $ . 25 per ft , . 1 . 50 
 
 3 sash rims, at $.50 each 1.50 
 
 Leaded glass, 10| sq. ft., at $2.50 per sq. ft. . 27.00 
 
 $35.25 
 Inside Finish 
 
 Stop-beads $ .28 
 
 Architrave, 24 ft., at $ . 04J per ft . 1 . 08 
 
 Labor, 3days 9.75 
 
 $11.11 
 
 Total cost of front door and frame $56 . 37 
 
 Door, 2 ft. 8 in. X 7 ft. 6 in. (N. C. pine) 
 
 Stockdoor $3.00 
 
 Frame 1 .25 
 
 Threshold 15 
 
 Nails 05 
 
 Finish,39Jft,at$.04iperft 1.78 
 
 Labor 3.25 $9.48 
 
 Pair of Sliding Doors, 6 ft. X 8 ft. (whitewood and birch) 
 
 Doors, 48 sq ft., at $ . 50 per sq. ft $24 . 00 
 
 Architrave, 24ft., birch 2.34 
 
 24ft., whitewood 1 .05 
 
 Jambs, 22ft, birch : 1 .82 
 
 " 22 ft, whitewood .85 
 
 Grounds, 22 ft., birch .50 
 
 Carried forward $30 . 56 
 
ESTIMATING 
 
 107 
 
 Brought forward $30.56 
 
 Grounds, 22 ft., whitewood .23 
 
 Chafing strip, 22 ft., birch ',. .33 
 
 22ft, whitewood .15 
 
 Astragal, birch and whitewood 1 . 50 
 
 Sheathing pockets, 96 ft.> at $4.75 per square. 4 . 50 
 
 Labor, 5days' work 16.25 $53.52 
 
 Schedule of Rooms, and Memoranda from which Heating Esti= 
 
 mate is Made Up 
 
 FIRST FLOOR 
 ROOMS 
 
 SIZE 
 
 CONTAINS 
 Cu. FT. 
 
 DIVIDE BY 
 
 EQUALS 
 
 SIZE OF 
 REGISTER 
 
 AREA OF 
 PIPES 
 
 FEET OF TIN 
 PIPE, INCLUD- 
 ING ELBOWS 
 
 Living Room . 
 
 14x25x9 
 
 3,150 
 
 25 
 
 2 9-in. pipes 
 
 29x12 
 
 128 
 
 34 
 
 Hall ... 
 
 11x25x9 
 
 Add 
 40% for 
 space 
 above, 
 
 3,465 
 
 25 
 
 14-in. " 
 
 14yl8 
 
 154 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Parlor 
 
 12yl4y9 
 
 1 512 
 
 PR 
 
 9-in " 
 
 9y 12 
 
 64 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dining Room. 
 
 12X14X9 
 
 1,512 
 
 25 
 
 9-in. 
 
 9 X 12 
 
 64 
 
 16 
 
 China Closet . 
 
 7x10x9 
 
 
 
 7-in. " 
 
 7x10 
 
 88 
 
 94 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SECOND FLOOR 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bedroom .... 
 
 llXl4x8J 
 
 1,309 
 
 35 
 
 7-in. 
 
 8x10 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 u 
 
 11X14X84 
 
 1,309 
 
 35 
 
 7-in. " 
 
 8X10 
 
 38 
 
 26 
 
 (* 
 
 11X14X84 
 
 1,309 
 
 35 
 
 7-in. " 
 
 8x10 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 a 
 
 11X14X84 
 
 1,309 
 
 35 
 
 7-in. 
 
 8x10 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 Alcove 
 
 6xllx8A 
 
 
 
 7-in. " 
 
 7x10 
 
 38 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bathroom . 
 
 6ylOy8i 
 
 
 
 7-in. " 
 
 7x10 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rear Bedroom 
 
 10x13x84 
 
 1,105 
 
 35 
 
 7-in. 
 
 7x10 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 Smoke pipe, 22 ft. Heat-pipe area, 714 sq. in. Cold -air 
 534 sq. in., or J of heat-pipe area. Use 28-in. firepot furnace 
 
 box, 
 
108 ESTIMATING 
 
 Location Sheet 
 
 of Electric 
 
 Outlets 
 
 
 LOCATION 
 
 CEILING 
 
 BRACKET 
 
 Sw. TOTAL 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 
 
 
 OUTLETS 
 
 LIGHTS 
 
 Basement 
 
 
 
 
 
 Passage 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Furnace 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Laundry 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Furnace Room 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 First Floor 
 
 
 
 
 
 Entry 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Pantry 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Kitchen 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 5 
 
 3 
 
 Porch 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 
 
 China Closet 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Dining Room 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 Parlor 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 Hall 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Hall 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 
 
 Vestibule 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Porch 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Living Room 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 2 7 
 
 13 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 7 29 
 
 43 
 
 Second Floor 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sack Hall 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 3 
 
 1 
 
 Bedroom 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Bath 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Bedroom 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 tt 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Alcove 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Front Hall 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 
 
 Bedroom 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 4 23 
 
 19 
 
 Mtic 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hall 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Attic 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 Approximate estimates 3 
 
 Area, definition of 6 
 
 Areas of solids 12 
 
 Backstairs 35 
 
 Bells 58 
 
 Bluestone 19 
 
 Board measure 24 
 
 Brickwork 19 
 
 cost of 19 
 
 mortar for 19 
 
 Calculating the frame 27 
 
 Carpenter work 24 
 
 Carpentry : 24 
 
 Catalogues 2 
 
 Cellar columns 23 
 
 Cellar doors 32 
 
 Cellar window 32 
 
 Chimneys 22 
 
 Composition roofs 45 
 
 Concrete 21 
 
 Conductors 45 
 
 Cost of excavating 15 
 
 Cost of frame , 28 
 
 Cost of setting cut stone 18 
 
 Covering or spreading power of typical paints 
 
 on metal 49 
 
 on plaster , 49 
 
 on wood , 48 
 
 Cubical contents, definition of 6 
 
 Cut nails in fair assortment, national list of extras for 40 
 
 Cut stone 16 
 
 cost of setting 18 
 
 Day's work for carpenter 35 
 
 Definitions i 6 
 
 Drainage 55 
 
 Duplicate parts 
 
 Earthen drain pipe 23 
 
 Electric work - 57 
 
 Estimate 
 
 approximate 
 
110 INDEX 
 
 Page 
 Estimate 
 
 making-up of actual 59 
 
 of residence at Ridgedale, Mo. . 62-100 
 
 Estimating 
 
 by quantities 5 
 
 by the square 4 
 
 Excavating, cost of 15 
 
 Excavation . . . 14 
 
 Exterior finish 37 
 
 Face bricks 20 
 
 Finishing stock. 33 
 
 Fixtures , 56 
 
 Floors 29 
 
 Flue lining. 22 
 
 Frame 
 
 calculating the . . . ' /. . . 27 
 
 cost of. . 28 
 
 Front door 31 
 
 Front stairs 34 
 
 Galvanized elbows. 52 
 
 Galvanized smoke pipe 52 
 
 Gas fitting , 57 
 
 Granite 16 
 
 Gutters 45 
 
 Hardware.. . .' 39 
 
 Heating 50 
 
 first floor 51 
 
 quantities.. . 51 
 
 second floor 51 
 
 Hot water heating 53 
 
 Inside doors 31 
 
 Inside finish 33 
 
 Inside studding 30 
 
 Lathing 46 
 
 Limestone 17 
 
 Linear dimension, definition of 7 
 
 Location sheet of electric outlets 108 
 
 Lumber, miscellaneous prices of 26 
 
 Marble 18 
 
 Masons' supplies 22 
 
 Measure of lines and surfaces 8 
 
 Metal roofs ' 45 
 
 Nails 39 
 
 Outside walls 29 
 
 Painting 48 
 
 cost of 49 
 
 inside work 49 
 
 outside work 50 
 
INDEX 111 
 
 Painting Page 
 
 cost of 
 
 sanding 50 
 
 Percentage 2 
 
 Piazzas and porches 37 
 
 Pile foundations 15 
 
 Piping for heating, cost of '52 
 
 Plasterer's work, rules governing 47 
 
 Plastering '. . . '. 45 
 
 Plumbing 54 
 
 Plumbing labor 57 
 
 Preparation for estimating.. 5 
 
 Prices 1 
 
 Profit 2 
 
 Quartered oak floor 31 
 
 Radiation 53 
 
 Registers 52 
 
 Rift hard pine upper floors 31 
 
 Roofing 30, 42 
 
 Rules and tables 7 
 
 Sandstone _. . 18 
 
 Scale of wages 13 
 
 Schedules 100-107 
 
 Seam-faced granite. 19 
 
 Setting cut stone, cost of 18 
 
 Shingles , ..,.....*....;.. 42 
 
 cost of , .* 43 
 
 measuring for 43 
 
 quantities 43 
 
 Shingling outside walls. 30 
 
 Slating... 43 
 
 quantities 44 
 
 Sliding doors 32 
 
 Soil pipes 55 
 
 Solid contents . 13 
 
 Solids, areas of , . . . . 12 
 
 Stairs 34 
 
 Standard vitrified pipe, net price of 23 
 
 Steam heating 53 
 
 Stone work 15 
 
 Switches 58 
 
 Tables 
 
 board measure 25 
 
 circles, areas of 12 
 
 cisterns, capacity of 56 
 
 of multiples 7, 10 
 
 Tiles ! 45 
 
 Tin, per sheet, cost of 52 
 
 Transportation 3 
 
112 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Units 
 
 Vitrified pipe, net price of standard. 
 
 Wages, scale of 
 
 Water 
 
 Water supply.. 
 
 Window sets 
 
 Windows of average size 
 
 Wire nails 
 
 Page 
 
 7 
 
 23 
 13 
 55 
 55 
 17 
 30 
 41 
 
 OF THE 
 
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ANNOUNCEMENT OF COMING 
 
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 CARPENTRY. By G. Townsend. 150 pp., 224 illus. 
 A working manual for Carpenters and Wood- 
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 150 pp., 90 illus. Latest information in this 
 rapidly developing field. For Engineers, 
 Machinists, Automobilists. Price $1.00 
 
 MASONRY CONSTRUCTION. By Phillips and Byrne. 
 140 pp., 44 illus. Latest and best American 
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 WATER SUPPLY. By F. E. T ur neaure. 150 pp., 40 
 illus. An exhaustive compendium for Sani- 
 tary and Waterworks Engineers and all inter- 
 ested in matters affecting public health. 
 Price $1.00 
 
 HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. By Phillips and Byrne. 
 140 pp. ,80 illus. Modern methods for Road 
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 ELECTRIC RAILWAYS. By J. R. Cravath. 150 pp., 
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 public and private contracts, specifications, 
 bonds, etc.; duties and responsibilities of 
 Architects, Contractors, and Owners 
 Price $ 1.00 
 
 STAIR BUILDING AND STEEL SQUARE. By Hodgson 
 and Williams. 130 pp.. 180 illus. Only up-to- 
 date work on these subjects. Price $ 1.00 
 
 VALVE GEARS AND INDICATORS. By Leland and 
 Dow. 150 pp. ,105 illus. Two books in one. 
 Types of valves, gears, etc., fully explained. 
 Price $1.00 
 
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. By E. R. Maurer. 140 
 
 pp , 58 illus. For Architects, Builders, Steel 
 and Concrete Workers. Enables one to 
 avoid mistakes. Price $1.00 
 
 THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. By Thorn and Collins. 
 150 pp., 81 illus. Carries along by easy steps 
 to complete mastery Multiplex and Wire- 
 less telegraph explained. Price $1.00 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. By E. Kenison. 160 pp., 
 140 iilus. Complete course in projections, 
 shade lines, intersections and developments, 
 lettering, with exercises and plates. 
 Price $ 1 .00 
 
 POWER STATIONS AND TRANSMISSION. By 
 G. C. Shaad. 160 pp., 43 illus. For Electrical 
 Workers. Up-to-date practice. Price $1.00 
 
 PATTERN MAKING. By James Ritchey. 150 pp., 
 250 illus. For Wood and Metal Workers and 
 Molders. Methods of building up and fin- 
 ishing, fully described. Price $1.00 
 
 SURVEYING. By Alfred E. Phillips. 200 pp . 133 
 illus. For Civil Engineers and Students. All 
 details of field work explained. Price $1.50 
 
 STEEL CONSTRUCTION. By E. A. TUCKER. 300 pp., 
 275 illus. Covers every phase of the use of 
 steel in structural work. Based on actual ex- 
 perience, special tests, etc. For Architects, 
 Bridge Builders, Contractors, Civil Engineers. 
 Price $1.50 
 
 BUILDING SUPERINTENDENCE. By E. Nichols 
 200 pp., 250 illus. Costly mistakes occur 
 through lack of attention at proper time, 
 hurtful to Owner and discreditable to Archi- 
 tect and Builder. Gives thorough knowledge 
 of methods and materials. Price $ 1.50 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING AND LETTERING. By 
 Bourne, von Hoist and Brown. 200 Pp., 55 draw- 
 ings. Complete course in making working 
 drawings and artistic lettering for architec- 
 tural purposes. Price $1.50 
 
 MACHINE SHOP WORK. By F. W. Turner. 200 pp., 
 200 illus. Meets every requirement of the 
 shopman, from the simplest tools to the most 
 complex turning and milling machines. 
 Price $1.50 
 
 TOOL MAKING. By E. R. Markham. 200 pp., 325 illus. 
 How to make, how to use tools. Profusely 
 illustrated. Price $1.50 
 
 MACHINE DESIGN. By C. L. Griffin. 200 pp., 
 82 designs. Written by one of the foremost 
 authorities of the day. Every illustration 
 represents a new device in machine shop 
 practice. Price $ 1 .50 
 
 These volumes are handsomely bound in red art Vellum de Luxe, size 6% x 9^ inches. Sent 
 prepaid to any part of the world, on receipt of price. Remit by Draft, Postal Order, Express Order, 
 or Registered Letter. 
 
 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE, CHICAGO 
 
- 
 
 . 
 
 OVERDUE. 
 
196470