ACMSSJOL TECHNOLOGY 
 
 JOHN M, BURNAM 
 
/ / 
 
A Classical Technology 
 
 Edited from Codex Lucensis, 490 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN M. BURNAM 
 Professor of Latin, University of Cincinnati 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 RICHARD G. BADGER 
 
 THE GORHAM PRESS 
 
? Copyright, 1920, by John M. Burn&m 
 
 All Rights Reserved 
 
 MADE IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
 THH GORHAM PRESS, BOSTON. U. S. A. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 This pamphlet is presented to the learned world 
 as an attempted fulfillment of the author's promise 
 made p. 7 of "Recipes from Codex Matritensis A 
 16,'^ ("X") ; see University of Cincinnati Studies 
 1912. The editor had been lead to discuss Codex 
 Lucensis 490 in so far certain leaves contain a series 
 of antique recipes for colors, inks, stains, varnishes, 
 alloys, etc. Reference was made to L. Duchesne, Le 
 Liber Pontificalis torn. I pp. CLXIV-CLXVI for 
 the earlier bibliography and that editor's mention of 
 the recipes; to Wattenbach, Schriftwesen, third ed. 
 Leipzig 1896, p. 252 n. 3; to the Arezzo ed. of 
 Muratori Antiquitates Italicae torn. IV 1734, cols. 
 674-717 ("M"). To those references must now be 
 added Loew, Studio. Palaeographica Miinchen 1910, 
 pp. 30 and 44, Scriptura Beneventana, Oxford, 1914, 
 pp. 108, n. 2 ("one of the hands makes a very decided 
 Visigothic impression"), no ("s. viii ex. probably 
 written in Lucca), 21 1; Bliimmer Terminologie u. 
 Technologic, etc." torn. I second ed. Leipzig 1912, 
 p. 240 n. 2, 246, n. 3 (he could not thoroughly util- 
 ize this MS because its text is "sehr verderbt") ; and 
 finally Lindsay in the Revue des Bibliotheques, 
 
Preface 
 
 1914, p. 19 mentioning the script of the earlier part 
 of the MS as Visigoth ic. 
 
 The present editor held that A and M are ulti- 
 mately offshoots of the same text, that M is Spanish 
 in its own writing as well as that of its archetype 
 (this last statement proving erroneous as the reader 
 will presently learn) ; that their archetype was from 
 about 700 and was in a semiuncial hand. But hav- 
 ing since then secured through Auguste Picard 82 
 rue Bonaparte and the overseers of the Capitular 
 Library of Lucca a photographic facsimile of this 
 portion of the MS plus an additional folio, the editor 
 has somewhat modified his views. 
 
 Writing: fol. 211 Vo. has two chapter headings 
 I and III done in a mixture of ungainly Capitals 
 and Uncials, whereas the text of I and II is in a 
 transitional style halfway between a legible cursive 
 and the Carolingian Minuscule, with some queer 
 combinations e. g. LaBorant. There are numerous 
 erasures of the prothetic h (a Spanish symptom), 
 many occurrences of the dot employed to separate 
 words or word-combinations. The scribe who did 
 the chapter headings seems to have copied the chap- 
 ter III likewise, using a singular wide rounded hand 
 with less word separation, fewer dots and without 
 erasures. Fol. 217 Ro. is done chiefly in a cursive, 
 unlike either of the preceding; this hand reaches 
 to DE TINCTIO OMNIUM MUSIUORUM. 
 
Preface 
 
 Here we first meet the symbol -f- for uncia, of such 
 frequent occurrence in this text; we must not fail 
 to mention the existence of two or three blurrs ren- 
 dering the decipherment of the text somwhat uncer- 
 tain. The remainder of the MS is in Uncials with an 
 admixture of cursives; these latter are often trace- 
 able to a corrector, perhaps all are due to him. It 
 seems" that sometimes the scribe, unable to decipher 
 his Vorlage, left a vacant space later filled in by the 
 corrector, a much more expert palaegrapher : he did 
 the other work usually devolving on a corrector. The 
 abbreviations are the aforementioned symbol for 
 uncia, a d with cross stroke for dragma, bar with 
 nasal or general value, the usual p series, q; for 
 que etc. 
 
 Spanish character of the text: Besides the pro- 
 thetic h already mentioned, observe the frequent 
 confusion of b and v f the use of ipse* as an article; 
 occurrence of calentem sometimes rather than cal- 
 dum for warm (Sp. and Port.) denante 688E; the 
 occurrence of several words from the Syriac and 
 Arabic which can scarcely have reached our territory 
 otherwise than via Spain viz luza (Syriac), lulax, 
 lazurizon (Arabo-Persian), zebel i. e. gebel (Arabic 
 for rock) : these facts compel us to refer the arche- 
 
 *Which must antedate the Carolingian invasion 
 in the eighth century. 
 
Preface 
 
 type to a Spanish territory, and that territory (note 
 ipse) must be Catalonia. Furthermore, the only 
 convent in the Bafcelonese region which could have 
 made a home for such a text ultimately going back 
 (as the reader will presently see) to Greco-oriental 
 sources, must have been Santa Maria de Ripoll. 
 
 The writing of the archetype: must have been a 
 Spanish cursive. At 701 A we read omam corr. 
 from umam, which must be changed to autem, i. e. 
 it was aum in the archetype. Note also quoquis 702 
 E. corr. from quopis, tinquere 677 E for tinguere, 
 several occasions e. g. 686 C when z is written for 
 g;er for tr and et for // 711 E; ainguis for tinguis 
 679 E; tarbonibus 707 D for car-; 714 E where 
 we find r for s and c for t etc. : these errors and ex- 
 changes require us to posit a Visigothic cursive in the 
 scribe's Vorlage. 
 
 Writing of the parent of the archetype: tempera- 
 tiorum 707 C for temper ationum and some similar 
 exchanges in 714 E of n for r demonstrate an earlier 
 copy in a Roman Semiuncial hand. We must also 
 state that the error of unum for unde 716 B, the loss 
 of erunt, i. e. er after ter 687 D, the form cum- 
 flatura 694 C for conflatura, the existence of he 
 for habet 687 Sodica for f erotica 696 C etc., all fur- 
 nish cogent evidence for the existence of some ab- 
 breviations in the archetype or its parent. It must 
 also be remarked that one of these MSS had some 
 
Preface 
 
 marginal summaries or catchwords as well as pro- 
 bationes pennae which have been perpetuated in the 
 Codex Lucensis. For instance 698 D we find that 
 impossible word unguatum which was a Spaniard's 
 side note i. e. aquatum, the correct Latin for that 
 Lombard for uuatu of the text. This, as a result of 
 its cursive Visigothic form, was misread uguatum 
 and then made to resemble unguentum, a good 
 enough Latin term, but quite out of place here: it 
 must be admitted, however that our scribe may really 
 have had before him aguatum preceding modern 
 Spanish aguada, aguado. 
 
 The further history of the text and Ms: the 
 scribe of this codex at least of this portion of it, can 
 be only Italian. For, at 697 D, he began the word 
 lilium with a g, i. e. the modern Italian giglio. The 
 recurrence of g with its modern force proves nothing 
 since that phenomenon was quite as prevalent in 
 Catalonia and in fact all Spain. What is more 
 important is the fact that the text in spite of its 
 strong Spanish affinities in its present state, must 
 have originated in N. Italy. The combination post 
 tote bullite 690 B can come only from Italian terri- 
 tory: fersa 690 A producing Lombard fers, suven- 
 tium 690 D whence old N. Italian suvengo, uvatum 
 698 D a Lombard word from aquatum are decisive 
 for the particular region that produced the transla- 
 tion. Some other words worth noting are banga 
 
Preface 
 
 707 A which is Italian only, murta 696 D occurring 
 in Catalonian, Spanish and Sardinian to the exclu- 
 sion of French and Italian, pensionem 716 C popular 
 in Italy only, "savant" elsewhere: pargamina 683 
 A which is popular in Sardinia and Provence may 
 imply some currents of influence from the islands. 
 And we may note palmi as a measure 691 C confined 
 to Italy and Provence. 
 
 Some additional Low Latin or Romanic forms: 
 These have been for the most part carefully cata- 
 logued in the Glossary with appropriate references 
 to the Romanic lexicons of Korting (K) and Meyer- 
 Lubke (ML). By way of supplement we will list 
 donee non with a subjunctive 677 B extr., 693 
 A; habes inaurare 709 C and E; loss of final t, 
 confla 716 E, da 715 E, dimitta 699 B extr., rema- 
 nea 710 C. In general this text is Low Latin with 
 a vengeance : the cases have been confused to a point 
 where de is followed even by a Nominative, where 
 the Present Indicative, the Future, the Present Sub- 
 junctive, the Imperative and even the Present Par- 
 ticiple plus the Gerund are used interchangeably. 
 Probably the use of that Participle is to be ascribed 
 to the Greek original. As for the vocabulary, it fur- 
 nishes about ninety words not quotable from our 
 current dictionaries and about forty words starred 
 in K and M L, the long sought sources of some 
 very interesting Romanic forms. Besides what the 
 
Preface 
 
 editor has seen or found, of course, the professional 
 Romanic scholars will see much more. 
 
 The Greek element: The mere fact that Greek 
 words are constantly interlarded in this text suggests 
 a Gr.eek original. This conclusion is rendered a cer- 
 tainty by the appearance 714 E of a whole recipe in 
 Greek, done in Latin letters (as usual at this period) 
 and copied as we have already seen, from a Semiun- 
 cial archetype. That Greek is fearfully and wonder- 
 fully made, but no whit worse than the Latin. The 
 editor has dished up in the Commentary what he 
 conceives to have been the Greek original. If we 
 ask from what part of the Greco-Roman domain this 
 text was derived we must first notice the frequent 
 mention of the Alexandrini and alumen Asianum : 
 these point to Alexandria as the radiating point for 
 information dealing with Egypt and the nearer Asi- 
 atic Orient. This view is conformed by the occur- 
 rence of Arabic, Syriac and (ultimately) Persian 
 terms; it becomes practically a certainty when we 
 note the similar character of that series of chemical 
 recipes published by Otto Lageicrantz ("Lg.") 
 Uppsala and Leipzig 1913 under the title of Papyrus 
 Holmiensis. Not only do the texts resemble each 
 other in content but in form. For instance, each 
 has a heading in larger or different style from the 
 recipe followed by that heading repeated at the 
 beginning of the recipe itself. 
 
Preface 
 
 Dating s: The date of the Lucensis has been 
 fixed all the way from about 780 (Mabillon) to s. 
 VIII-IX by Loew. It is perhaps sufficient to say 
 the closing years of the eighth century. As for its 
 archetype and the parent of the latter we may sug- 
 gest the earlier years of the eighth century and the 
 period of about 650, though there is no cogent reason 
 why the Latin version should not have come into 
 existence a full hundred years sooner. 
 
 Recapitulation : M by some Italian scribe is de- 
 rived from a Spanish cursively written archetype of 
 about 725, derived from an earlier MS* in Roman 
 Semiuncials of perhaps 650: this last was a transla- 
 tion into Latin by a North Italian, probably a Lom- 
 bard, from an original done in Greek at Alexandria. 
 
 In conclusion, the editor presents this text to the 
 students of ancient and early medieval technology, 
 Low Latin and Romanic Philology, guaranteeing a 
 palaeographical text and offering some answers to the 
 inherent difficulties found therein, realizing all the 
 while how much more must be done to render the 
 work perfect. 
 
 JOHN M. BURNAM. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS 
 
 The series of Arabic numerals 673, etc. reproduces 
 the columns of Muratori's Antiquitates Italicae torn. 
 IV Arretii 1774. The symbol -r- is taken directly 
 from the codex and means uncia, uncias etc.: the 
 italicized letters are the extension of an abbreviation, 
 while anything enclosed in ( ) implies some sort 
 of correction in the ms., usually in a cursive. The 
 symbols [ ] and < > have their usual meaning, 
 the former pair bracketing what the editor believes to 
 be an interpolation the latter his restoration of some 
 defect. Lg. refers to O.Lagerkrantz, Papyrus Hoi- 
 miensis Stockholm u. Leipzig 1913, K and ML 
 mean the two well known Romance Dictionaries 
 of Korting and Meyer-Lubke, A 16 means the Re- 
 cipes of the Madrilene ms. of that no. published by 
 the present editor, Cincinnati, 1912. 
 
A Classical Technology 
 
 TRANSCRIPTION 
 
 The stroke/means the end of a line in the MS. 
 
 Fol. 211 V. 
 
 I DEFABRICA IN AQUA. 
 
 Sifabricainaqua necessefuerit. (h eras.) erigere. 
 f acisf urcam/triangulam.Sinon.alta. ( h eras. ) altitude, 
 aque <erit> facis/archam & picas eam(h eras.) 
 aforas.cum Sebu. & pice utnon/infa intr& .aqua et 
 sic solbatur.Ipsa cake et eos/qui laBorant in tus & 
 posita.archa inter quattu/or naues.constitues.inlo- 
 cum. (h eras.) ubi.necessefuerit/& hornizas.Ipsas 
 naues ut non moueantur inaqua/Et tune inponis 
 lapides. adfabricandum. 
 
 <II> Tempe/ratio autem calcis. talis mittis. 
 aren par/tem.unam. et calcis.duo.et tune (h eras.) 
 operaris.ipsa/autem. (h eras.) archam. habeat unum 
 cubitum.super.aqua/ 
 
 III DE MALTA Malta quomododebetconficere/ 
 mittis calcis partem unam aren partes quattuor/ 
 gestatus<s> etc rtia. aque uero congium. h<a>lei 
 <faris> porcinisextaria/duo:etrequiescas ipsa con- 
 fectio.hebdomatta una.si au/tem plus dimiserismelior 
 fiet.assidue autem infundatur secun/ dum rquam 
 indiget.et conficiatur.Et tune operaris (681 E). 
 
 Fol. 217 R. 
 
 15 
 
1 6 A Classical Technology 
 
 XVIIII.DECONPOSITIO CATHMIAE./ 
 
 Conpositio cathmiae nitrum partem imam, sulphur 
 partem unam. 
 
 alia cathmia. halumen pa<r>tem unam sulphur 
 uibum partem/ unam nitrum partem unam. 
 
 XX. Detinctio uitri prasini/ tinctio. uitri prasini 
 tere uitrum. bene limas heramen/ mundum et mit 
 (682 A)tes Inlibras debitrum. heramen -f- iii./ Re- 
 coques per dies iii. 
 
 Alia tinctio teres bitrum bene mitte perlibram 
 heramen -4- i. Alumen hegiptia -~ i. et quoques 
 pmlies iii./ 
 
 XXI. Dealialactis colons. Alialactis coloris In- 
 libram/ mittis stagnum -4- iii. et quoques perdies ii. 
 de tinctio san/ guinea. 
 
 , Tinctio sanguinea in libram mittis. cinnabarin -f- 
 iii/ et quoques pmlies. ii. 
 
 De tinctio rubea (682 C) Tinctio rubea/ in 
 libram uitri [s] trita psimitim. -f- ii. et quoques 
 perdies ii. 
 
 Detinctio alithini. Tinctio alithini abs<7# ignem 
 etungues/ [ungues] subtiles uitria et ungues dracon- 
 tea aname/ migmenis et fi& sicut rubea. 
 
 Deminus tincta melini (682 D) coloris/ minus 
 tincta melini coloris Inlibram theaspis ter<re> 
 -~ ii/ et quoques < per > dies iii. [Rubeo] Inlibram 
 calcuce caumenu -f- ii./ [deantismis dedamia antimis 
 dedamia] (h)amoraque/ libram i. napta libram i. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 ij 
 
 sulphur uibu libras iii. picis asi<a>de -f- iiii/ bal- 
 samum libras. ii. gagathin -f- iii. oleo ex oliuis -=- 
 iiii./ resina -f- iiii. lac ferri libram i. ista omnia corn- 
 mis ce/ et teres bene quoqucs una ora fi& ignis sed 
 secundum/ priorem uirtutem sed minus [sed exmo- 
 dice <sci> licet.] (673 E) DE TI<N>CTIO 
 OMNIUM MUSIUORUM./ 
 
 Ti (n)ctio omnium musiuorum. tinctio. prasini. 
 uitri de massa./ Libras, v. Limatura aeramenti. 
 ab(s)que plumbum. (674 E) -f- ii, et mitte/ inuaso 
 (ras.) nobo. testeo (corr. ex tero), suff(e)re(n)s. 
 ignem. et dequo/ que[n]s. inferiora <in>/ fornace 
 uitriari. die<s> vi. et posthec eice. et confrangis/ 
 minutatim et iterum conflas. prasino. tin- 
 gu (n eras.)s/ (675 A) DE INORATIONE/ 
 MUSIBORUM. 
 
 De ina(u)ratione musiborum. facis pecula plus/ 
 crosa. queiussans. posthec facis. ilia alia, et pones 
 pe(t corr. ex c)ulum. 
 
 217 V. 
 
 heramentinum./ ut incensum non herebit. posthee 
 pone pe[c] talum aureum super pe[c]talum uitri. et 
 supra, ponis pe[c]tala suptilia multum./ Supra pet- 
 alum, auri. et (675 B) mittis utraque. infornace 
 donee incoat./ solui petalum. et postea. eicis. ut 
 refri(c)det et tolle. frigas/ faciem in tabulam 
 plumbinam. [i] smir [on]i[e]nam. donee adtenues./ 
 faciam. et coloras illud. 
 
1 8 A Classical Technology 
 
 DE MUSIUUM DE ARGENTO/ 
 
 Mosibum. de argento. (s corr. ex f)ecundo. qwod. 
 superius. exposuimus./ ita omnia. fades. (675 C). 
 
 de smurutas tabulas./ 
 
 Quomodo. smiruttas. tabulas [plumbinas] facis. 
 tabulam <mittes>. explum/ bum et (ras.) tolles 
 <s>miram uiba. et teres bene munditer. aspargis./ 
 tabulam. totara et defricas. [semen] uitrum. donee. 
 confi(g corr. ex c) (1) antur./ pulberas. <s>mi 
 (675 D)re. ad tabulam et posthec operaris. cum 
 aquaw 
 
 de colo ratio/ <uitri>. 
 
 Ad colorationem. tolles. tabulam. et scaraxas. 
 spisse crucatim./ et ter[r]es. Cretam argenti. utili- 
 ter. aspargis. tabula, et defri/ gas. ibi ipsum. uitrum. 
 donee coloridietur. (675 E). 
 
 Decoctio plumbi. 
 
 Ter/ ra cst. fusca. Nascitur. in omni locvm in 
 solanis et calidis/ locis. signum autem loci, herbe. 
 omnes. infirm^, et debiles simili/ter. et arbores. terra 
 fos (c corr. ex s)a. et petra. quae ex ea nascitur. et 
 ipsa./ fusca cabatur. autem inaltitudinem. propter 
 estuan<t>ew. so/ (676 A)lis. et post/ hec tollis 
 metallum soliclas et ipsa suptiliter mittis infornace. 
 ista/ terra mutuosa cst. inuenitur. inmontuosis. locis. 
 jn solanis. et cali/ dis. et non dimitte. sicut princi- 
 palis. lapis, quia motuosis. et infir/ mus est frigida. 
 cnim terram. semper metalla debiles. facit. calida. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 19 
 
 enim/ principale metallum. reddet. fuscum. et mun- 
 dum. et quod uirtutem/ ha (676 B) beat, fuscum. 
 metallum. inuenietur. lapis, enim. qui in ea. inuen- 
 ietur/ subuiridis est. eoquod uirtutem. habeat. sol- 
 arem. et calidam. proqwod/ metallus. ardens. s<c> 
 intilla (ras.)s. dimittit. in umidis. enim. locis. plus/ 
 quam. alitus. metallus. nascitur. 
 
 DECOCTIO PLUMBI./ 
 
 Cone (sp. 4-5 litt.) tio. plumbi. metallum. plumbi. 
 fuscum tst et lapis, qui in ea/ inuenietur. prasinus. 
 desuper. exalbidum. proter uirtutem flo/ ris. terre 
 metalli. et quod (f corr. ex g)emininum sit. metal- 
 lum. s<c>intille autem/ jnprobationem. absolbe. et 
 lapis, prasinus. nascitur. sed subal/ bidus. et pondus. 
 plus modicum, [metallus. grabior] masculinum/ 
 autemplusquam grabior. inuenitur. (676 D). 
 
 DECOCTIO PLUMBI./ 
 218 R. 
 
 Coctioplumbi. metallus (plum)bi fuscum (ras.) 
 nascitur in omnibus locis. plus autem/ in alidis et 
 lapis qui in ea nascitur. uiridis est sed non subalbi- 
 dus/ metallus uero grabw probatio autem. metalli 
 (ras.) tollis [mittis]. in ignem./ qui dum bu./ illi 
 
I 
 20 A Classical Technology 
 
 erit. et solutum fuerit. s<c>intillas dimittis. lapis/ 
 que in ea nascitur. uiridii est. et herba. quae in ea 
 nascitur. semper./ marcescit. precalitudinem metalli. 
 col (1) igitur. autem sic proues/ tuationem solis. 
 cabas, terra, usque ad cubitus tres. altitudinem./ 
 debilis est. ipsa terra, et dum cabatur. desiccat. ipsa 
 uero. jnfornace/ excoquitur quemadmodum. (677 
 A) etfferum. plus autem incenditur./ plumbum. 
 
 DE ALIA PLUMBI COCTIO 
 
 Alia plumbi. coctio ex ipso./ metallom. ipsud 
 metallud non sicca[t]. sed continue dum lebatum 
 fuerit/ mittitur. infornace ferri. cum carbonibz/j 
 (corr. ex-bis). et lento, ingni (667 B) non succen/ 
 de (n eras.)s. usque ad diei. oram. quartam. (rec- 
 oquitur)/ autem. ut mundus fia (eras.) et sic mit- 
 titur in fornacem. iterum. et excarbonibz/j/ pini. 
 aut de (h corr. ex m) abetem. et decoques. per 
 hora(s) tres. et operaris. 
 
 DE CO<C>TIO UE (U eras.) T<R>I.] 
 (677 C) 
 
 Coctio uetri. arena est. que nascitur. in diuersis. 
 locis nascitur autem./ et jn partibw jtalie. jn monti- 
 bus. [ista arena] est autem. et pe (t)r(a)/ colore 
 [m]. uitri. subnigra. ista autem. est. probatio. tolle 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 21 
 
 ex ipsa arena./ mittis jn calicla. utiliter. jncendis 
 cum carbonibus. et decurret/ desub manum. ui 
 (677 D) trium. sed. inu (t eras.) tilis tolle et ex ea 
 (corr. ex em) dem arenam./ et delubas. proper pul- 
 berem. et dimittits decolare. fades (ce eras.) forna- 
 cem/ de bitriarium. et fades, duos, folles. et ipsa. 
 [et ipsa] operatione. priori/ uitri decoque uelut pids. 
 coctionem. et tolles. illud priore uitriura./ quod jnu- 
 tile est. et comminues. et recoques in ipsa. fornacem. 
 sicut/ picem. (677 E, A 85). 
 
 De pelle alithina. etincuere. 
 
 Qualiter. debea<n>tur. pelles/ tingui. alitine. 
 tolles pellem. depelatara. utiliter./ et tolles gallam. 
 mittis. per unam. quamqw^ pellem. libras v. aqua 
 uero/ liber, xv. et mittis pellem. et exagi(ta) una 
 die. et posthec labas./ bene. et desiccas. tollis alu 
 (678 A) men asianum. mitte. calidam aquam./ in 
 ipsum alumen. et dum resident (f)unde. ex illo 
 (e eras.) ipsam aquam./ et mitte. iterum (te) pen- 
 tern aquam. et exagi (n eras)ta e(t) mitte jn 
 jpsara/ unam. aut duos, aut quantas uolueris pelles. 
 et tolles. (labas illas) semel/ et mittis. be(r)micu- 
 lum. per unam quamqwe pelle dimidiam. libram. 
 
 Hec est./ prima ti<n>ctio. pel (678 B) Hum. 
 tolles bermiculum. et t(e)res jn mortario. 
 
 218 V. 
 
22 A Classical Technology 
 
 mittis orinam. expumatam. in caccabum calidum. 
 et ipsum./ bermiculum. tritum. mittis in linteolo. 
 raro et mittis in ca/ cabo calentem. et exagi (n eras.) 
 ta quousque exeat [quod exierit]./ delenteolo. etreli- 
 cum. quod remanet. mittis. et exagita. donee non/ 
 remaneat. in (678 C) linteolo. aliquid de ipso. ber- 
 miculo. et tolle/ ex ipsa confectionum. et conficis. 
 ipsas. pelles. ut utrem./ et mittis ex ipsa. iotta. per 
 unam. quamqw^ pelle/w. libram. dimidia/ et defrica 
 bene. et demittis, tota nocte manere. jn ipso/ et 
 mane [t]. confice ut sufficiat, et fundes, laba. et des- 
 icca <e>t/ labora. 
 
 DE SECUNDA TINCTIO. (A 85) 
 
 Secunda tinctio (ne eras)/ in eadem. itaque 
 <quae> ext(et) depriore pelle. tinguitur. pelle 
 pe/ curinam. in ipsa meditationem. in qua pelles. 
 caprina<e> tincte sunt./ (678 E.). 
 
 DE TINCTIO PELLIS PRASINI[S] (A 86) 
 
 Tincto pellis prasini (s eras.)/ tolle (s) pellem. 
 depellatam. et mitte stereos, caninus. Et colo/ 
 mbinus. et gallinacium. et solbes. ea in iot(t)a. 
 et mittis. in ipsa/ pelles et confices. eas ibi. perdies. 
 iii. et posthec eice illas/ exinde. et labas. hutiliter. 
 demitte desiccar(e eras.)e. et post/ hec tolles. alu- 
 
From Codex LucensiSj 490 23 
 
 men. asianum. et secundu/w. quod superius/ docui- 
 mus. de alij[tina). et tolle post egluza. et pisas/ 
 decoques utili (679 A) ter. cum urina. dimittis. 
 refrida/re. Et cus(s eras.)e ipsas pelles sicut. hut- 
 res, quomodo diximus/ de alithina [Et] coctione 
 mittis in ipsos. Et confrica/ bene. et jnsufflas modic 
 (ras.) um. ut abeat. uentura. et confice bene. donee 
 conbfbat. ipsum medicamen. et posthec/ refundis. ex 
 ipsis. et tolles. ipsas. pelles. laba semel./ et postea. 
 tolle de lulacin -=- iiii. (679 B) per pellet, et huri- 
 nam/ dispumata. libras. vi. et comisce. ipsut lulacin 
 mitt (ras) is./ in ipsos utrem sicut. iota luze. et con- 
 fids bene donee/ sumatur. ipse umore. confectionis. 
 et refundis. quod (s corr. ex r) u/ perat. inpecorina. 
 iota luza <e> et lulacin. sicut prediximus./ in 
 alithina. et exiet. pecorina [s] (se)cumdum prasi- 
 num./ 
 
 Fol. 219 R. 
 
 TERTIA TINCTIO. (A 87) 
 
 Terti(a) (tin)ctio uene(ti) pelle. sicut superius/ 
 diximus. confices. et postquam labantur. mittuntur. 
 in alumen./ sicut diximus. et post eice destipterea 
 (s eras.) Et. post (ras.) tolle lulacin./ dimidia. 
 libra hurinam spumatam. liber, x et coramisce in 
 unum./ mittis jn ii. folles. et (679 D) mittis modi- 
 cum uentum. confice sicut./ superius diximus. ista. 
 
24 A Classical Technology 
 
 aute/w. per dies. iiii. adsidue confices./ Similar et 
 post. iiii. dies, mittis. inpecorinam. similar et ipsas/ 
 confices. per dies. v. et labas. dimitti sicca(re)/ 
 (679 E). 
 
 Quarta tinctio. melini 
 
 Confices. similar, ipsas pelles. alumina./ eodem 
 modo. et posthec labas depos(ras)t. alumen. et 
 luza./ pisa. et decoques. bene cum hurina. dispum- 
 ata. Et postquam. refricdaberit. mittis jpsa. jo(t)ta. 
 jnipsos folles. et conficis./ sicut pr^diximus. per die 
 (s) v. uel vi. Et posthec refundis. et a/ inguis peco- 
 rinas. sicut superius diximus. et labas desiccas./ 
 (680 A) (A 89). 
 
 DE PRIMA PANDII TINCTIO 
 
 Prima pandii. ti<n>ctio. confice e(g eras.) 
 odem/ modo pelles et mittis similar in alumen. et 
 posthec labas/ tingues. ipsas pelles. in uitriolo. et 
 labas. bene. Et (ras.) compones/ be(r)miculwTW. 
 sicut supra, et deinde ex ipsa. iotta. coctionis mit/tis. 
 (680 B) in ipsos folles. et conficis, ut docuimz/j. et 
 refundis. operari/ pecurinas. et labas. desiccas. 
 
 DE II. PANDII TI<N>CTIO. (A 90) 
 
 Secunda. pandii. ti<n>ctio operaris. tingue sicut. 
 prediximus cum uitri/ olo. et labas utiliter. mit (ti 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 4QO 25 
 
 eras.) te ex iotta luze. in (680 C) ipsos folles./ et 
 confices p^rdies iii. 
 
 DE TERTIUS PANDIt/S. 
 
 Tertius pandius. tingue [mj/ < quern > admo- 
 dum diximus. melino. et posthec tolle jotta. co[n]-c 
 cina. et mit/ te. Confice sicut prediximwy. corallu 
 (s). tenuis boni colons. Rubeus/ marine, tritus. 
 libram. (680 D) i. lacca. conquilium. libram. i. et 
 calcitarin -=-. ii./ galla. -7-. ii. trita omnia. Et com- 
 misce (de eras.) decoques. cum hurina/ ad sole. 
 [Et uolueris.] ipsas pelles. sicut prediximus. Et dum 
 uo/ lueri ( ras. ) s. tingue remittis ( i. e. tinguere mit- 
 tis). ex ipsa. io (ras)t(ras.)ta. et deurina. dispu- 
 mata. Et mittis. jnipsos. folle [m]. Set confices. per 
 dies iii. post/ hec labas. bene. et (d)esiccas. (680 
 E). 
 
 DE PORFIRO MELINO./ 
 
 Porfiro melino. confices. ipsas pelles. sicut supra 
 et mitte./ jn alumen. Et deinde labas. Et tingue 
 melino. posthec. 
 
 219 V. 
 
 temperas coccum. et ipsa temperatione. mittis. 
 (ras.) jn ipsas pelles, tincta (s)/ et confices. (681 
 A). 
 
26 A Classical Technology 
 
 Tertius pandius. 
 
 <Tertius pandius>. Tolle rubiam. et pisa bene. 
 mittis in caccabum/ et hurina decoques. hutiliter. et 
 post mittis modicum, alumen./ et commisce. et ponis. 
 ut (re)fri(c)det et posthec. colas, ipsas. iotta./ 
 mittis. jnipso(s) folles. et conficis. bene die una. 
 (68 1 B) et labas. desucas. et post/ hec tolle. jotta. 
 luze. -r- i. et lulacin -f- i. et commisce. et ungue. 
 faciem/ de pelle. 
 
 Ti<n>ctio ossuoium. et omnium./ co<r>nuo- 
 rum. et omnium, lignorum. 
 
 Ti <n>ctio prasina [rum], de quod uis. ex om- 
 (68 1 C) nibtts./ supradictis ossa. autem mittis. In 
 alumen. asiana. dies xii. cornum./ autem. aluminas, 
 diebwj, viii. lignum uero. iiii. et posthec decoques./ 
 luza. bene deponis. qwod uis donee fe(r)beat. et 
 dimittis ut re(ras.)fricdet./ et dejnde tolle. ipsud. 
 quod mittis. et facis. lulac [er] in. [mittis.] Et di/ 
 mittis. illud. diebus. v. Et post eice et labas. (681 
 D). 
 
 Dei tine (tio) ueniti./ 
 
 Secunda. tinctio ueniti. aluminas sicut supra di- 
 ximus. et facis lulace (rin)/ mitta. equoduis. et dim- 
 itte. di<e>s. x. cornum. x. et lignum, iii. (682 E). 
 
 DE TI<N>/ CTIO MELINA. 
 Tinctio melina. alumina, sicut supra diximus. et 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 27 
 
 coque luza. utiliter. cum hurina. ex. pumata. et mit- 
 tis dum bulliet./ 
 
 DE COLORE. SIMILI. CINNABARIAT. 
 
 Colo(r) e [s]. simul (leg. simili). cinnibarim. 
 senopidera/ decocta partes. duas siricum. partem. i. 
 Commisce. in unum. et/ temperas, cum aqua, et fac. 
 cod uolueris. (683 A). 
 
 De parga(mina e corr. in ras.) 
 
 Parga(mina corr. ex bobina). quomodo fieri 
 debet. mitte. illam. in calcem. et/ temperas, iaceat. 
 ibi. per dies. iii. Et tende illam. in cantiro. et rade 
 ilia, cum/ nobacula de ambas partes. et laxas des- 
 sicare. deinde quodquod uolueris/. Scapilatura. fa- 
 cere. (683 B) fac. et post pingue. cum colorib(wf). 
 
 DE COMPOSITIO/ PSIMITHIN. 
 
 Compositio psimitthin. tolle acetum. ace(rr)i- 
 mum. funde/ jn an<for>um. Ut facias, quasi dimi- 
 dium. deinde plumbum, delatum (leg. delebica- 
 tum?). et exte/nuatum super acetum. suspenditur. 
 sicut acetum. remissum./ ip(s)sa. (683 C) in 
 an<for>um. beluti. fex. subsedit. que facid elimpi- 
 datum. lebi/ catam. et sole siccata. terimus et in 
 aqua, diu labamwj. 
 
28 A Classical Technology 
 
 DE CALECETIS/ 
 
 Calecetis, gleba tst. naturalis. que in cipro. jnsu- 
 lam. jnuenitur. metalli/ ci[s] co (683 D) lorem 
 subaurosum. jntus banas. habet defi(ss)as perut/ 
 
 220 R. 
 
 alumen scissus. et in mo(n eras.)dum. stel- 
 larum. fulgentis. 
 
 DE CEBELLINO. 
 
 Cebellino fiet. sic tolle lignum eerinum. aut de- 
 (yryn)um. et munda/ ra (683 F) mus eius. Ex 
 corcite. Et faciem. eius lebiter dola. Et posthec/ 
 mittee illud. jn aqua, et obries. in loco ubi est. ce- 
 nosum. annof. xx. Et./ post/ hec [mitte] eice. et de- 
 mitte ad umbra desuccare. annum unum. Et duw 
 bo/ lueris. labora quoduis. (684 A). 
 
 DE MEMORIAM 
 
 Memoriam. uniuersaru/rc. herbarum. lignorum. 
 lapidum. terre. met (a coir, e ex e)llorum. amorum. 
 aque fungi salis/ nitri afronitri olei Picis resine. 
 terre. sulforis. el(ei)acosi. I De metallo/ rum qui- 
 dem. [Metallorum. quidem], species hec prima met- 
 allum/ exquo fiet. auro terra rufa. a<d>modis 
 subru (684 B) bicunda. propter adiux/ tantem. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 29 
 
 illi terra, est enim. Et alia similis. Et dum. jncendi- 
 tur. perdet/ colorem. et non are(n corr. ex s)osa 
 sicut ilia prior, nascit ( ras. ) autem in solanis:/ locis. 
 e(t) terr (a corr. ex. e) e<s>t sic<ut>metallum 
 auri. metallum uero argenti/ uiridis tst. Metallum 
 autem heramenti. petra est. uiridis. (684 C) colore./ 
 autem. petre similis. aeramenti (dum per)cutis 
 c(um petreg)/ bolo jgnem (h)e[t]mitti. auricalci. 
 autem. (ras.) petra est (m)elina. eodem/ modo 
 ignem. e[t]mittit. 
 
 De metallum. 
 
 Lapis est. [Metallum lapis] est/ colore. ipso gagi- 
 zon. (684 D). 
 
 de plum (ras.) bum. 
 
 Plumbum autem. (ras.) terra est fusca./ lapis 
 uero. que in ea jnuenietur. uiridi (s corr. ex r) est. 
 
 De uitri arena. (684 E) 
 
 Arena unde/ uitium <m>etallizatur. est enim 
 et lapis, et ipsi uitri coloris. 
 
 De uitriolum/ 
 uitriolum. unde fiet. terra ogrizos sun [t] crete ubi 
 
30 A Classical Technology 
 
 berno. tempore/ gutta que ipsa collige[n]t. [et] 
 decoque. et ex ipsa. terra fiet calci(ras.)tarin/ que 
 autem arida uitriolo. (685 A). 
 
 DE ALUMEN. 
 Alumen. autem. metallu/w/ est. tera floriens. 
 
 De eritarin. 
 
 Terra est alba, facilis/ ad pisandum. 
 De sulfur. (685 B) 
 
 Sulfor ex terra nascitur. et ipse jncen/ ditur. 
 locus coctum. autem. commixtum <cum> oleo. 
 [et] coquitur. 
 
 DE NITRO./ 
 
 (Nitrum) sal est. quod nascitur. in<ter>ra 
 [fiet]. jn limnas [jn telopo] cauatur/ (685 C). 
 
 DE SAL SCISTIS. 
 Sal scistis: nascitur. similar. 
 
 DE AFRONITRO. 
 
 Afronitro uero nascitur. in loco, uitri. prius. 
 quam (z corr. ex u)elet. conponitur. autem./ et 
 alium. ex nitro. principale (685 D) autem. spumam 
 
From Codex Luccnsis, 490 31 
 
 <h>a<be>t alba ut nix. Com/ positum. autcm. 
 plus fuscum. abet autem. eandem uirtutc (Crux 
 correctoris)./ 
 
 De terra sulforita[n]. 
 
 Terra sulphuri<ta> tantum nascitur. in eodem/ 
 loco (ras.)ubi sulfur, nascitur. ipsa autem. terra 
 generat. sulphur./ 
 
 Fol. 220 V. 
 
 (Ductus est iesus in deserto a spiritu ut temptar 
 <etur> : Probatio psnnae, saec. X-XI). 
 
 DE LAPIS E[T]MATHITIS. (685 E) 
 
 Lapis e[t]matthitis. nascitur. iuxta/ locum ubi 
 sulphur nascitur. 
 
 DE ARGENTUM UIBUM. 
 
 Argentum./ uibum. nascitur ex terra, et alium. 
 ex metallum argenti jn con/ flationem. (686 A). 
 
 DE AURIPIGMENTUAf. 
 
 Auripi(c)mentu metallum est. terre/ 
 DE LAPIS GAGATIS. 
 
 Lapis gagatis. jnuenietur. jn uniuersis. locis./ 
 (686B). 
 
32 A Classical Technology 
 
 DE PRASINUS TERRA. 
 Prasinus terra est. mealli(ras.)zatur./ 
 
 LULAX. 
 
 Lulax conponitur. ex terra, ex erbis (686 C). 
 DE LAZURI./ 
 
 Lazuri. cumpositum. Cianus composit(us) ficarim 
 compositus jarin/ heramen. flos psimitt(h)im. 
 plumbi flos. 
 
 Ogrea terra. 
 
 Terra. e(st)/ pandia omniacolores [omnes] com- 
 positio. Calcuce(c corr. ex t)aume/ num et (leg. 
 ex). Eramen fiet. Cinnibariw. Ex argento ui (686 
 D) bo. fiet. Siricura/ Ex ipsimithim. fiet enim et. 
 ex plumbum, herbarwm. autem/ terra, et lignorum. 
 
 Ch(i eras. ) riscollon. 
 
 A (r corr. ex 1) est non alta. meli/ num. habens. 
 jnteriorem lignum, nucis cortices, [est]. fru/ 
 t[r]ices. oligine. cortice mela. cortice hulmi. cortice 
 celsa./ [cortice]. hec omnia. tinctioni sunt. Rubia 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 33 
 
 siluatica. Luza est./ mor(i eras. ) closus. galla. 
 glande est. tamusaticar. pustris est./ [anticarbus.] 
 Tuti (686 E) mallin. herba. est. dantralasis. dis- 
 sobogauto/ erba est. resina. omne[s] specie. Ex pino. 
 et sappino. quoquitur./ pice recocta. pe<r> colas, 
 semel. hedrea. ex ligno. cedrino. coqui/ tur. resina 
 Ex<s>a[c]pino nascitur, resina. abietiam. ex 
 abiete. nascitur./ mastice ex lentis. co[n] nascitur. 
 zigea ex zigeo. gumma. ex at<e>ri/ n[i]a. secunda 
 gumma. ex a[c]micdala. oleo. ex oliba. line Icon./ 
 Ex semine. lini fiet. Corallum. ex mare. (687 A) 
 oleo lentissino/ et (leg. ex) lentis. Co fiet. con- 
 quilium. ex mare. Sal ex mare hec/ omnia. presi- 
 gnauimwj. ti(n)ctionum. Coctionum. <li> quorum. 
 <con>s(leg.f)ectionum lapides. prediximus. Me- 
 talla. haluminatione(s). herbas quas/ inuenia<n> 
 tur. Quod. Ex resinas. colea. [Re(s)inas.] terras. 
 quod est/ sulfur, olea. aqua negra. aqua salmagina 
 [s]. uiscum./ et omnia plan<ta>tionum. agralia. 
 (687 B) et omnia que germinantwr/ et domesticis. 
 et marinis. cera apium. axungia. aquarwm autem./ 
 dulcia. omni<f>aciem lignorum. uero pinus sa[l 
 se]pinus/ Giniperum. caparis. sus. cinere autem. 
 glande et ficus./ 
 
 Fol. 221 R. 
 
 Omnium, istorum. requisitio (ras.) neraquerecipit. 
 quod, ex urina./ expumata. acetum. cum aqua, 
 plubiali. aquara. ante [primus]./ omnia ista predix- 
 
34 d Classical Technology 
 
 imus. (687 C). Modo autem pro lit[e]ran/m. 
 mensura. h<ab>e<t> (g)abwj/ libras. x. Sex- 
 tarius libras. iii. congius. autem. libras. xii. cabf. iiii. 
 idest./ libr&f xl. Temperatio autem. aceti. cum aqua, 
 pro inlumina(ti)one./ adhoc (s corr. ex r)upor 
 firon. 
 
 DE PETALO AURI. (A 77). 
 
 Qu<o>modo petalt/m fiet. aun/m (687 D) 
 bizantium. -f- i./ argentum mundum sicut. cl bus. 
 -f- i. Commisce in unum. et purga ilium./ per 
 plumbum, et post funde. exinde comisce. et ba(t- 
 corr. ex n) te. la[c]mina./ et post ilia, battuta. 
 subtiliter. recide illam per pensum. usque quin/ que 
 tremisses bizantii. et postquam. perfecti. e. qualiter. 
 <erunt.>/ [et] si una longa fuerit aut (687 E) 
 curta. per martellum adequetur. tarn/ de latum. 
 quam delongum. si equa fuerit. de ille -^ ii. viii. 
 petie/ fieri debent. Scaldato illo. jn foco. (b corr. 
 ex p)atte. et tene illut. Cumte/nacla. ferrea. et 
 <quando> cum que battis. [sed] tornatur. deintro 
 jnforas./ ut curte. inmedio. adparisca<n>t. et 
 quando. crescen<t>s. emisse unum./ recide. illas 
 [su]per coltellum. per pensum. tertia[(s)] uice[s]. 
 et in quarta/ u.ice[s]. ubi equale penset. [su]per 
 totum. [et] plica turn, illud/ (688 A) capud ad 
 (c corr. ex. p) apud [et pensat. equale]. et des- 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 35 
 
 tende. et a forfke./ recide. et super ipsas. ca(p)- 
 pilaturas. capud ad capud ponatur./ et battatur. 
 manu[m] una. lebiter. et mittatur. jnoleo. [(qu)e] 
 postquam/ sunt de ille. viii. petie. Ix. iiii. [Et] pos- 
 tea facis caga. eramentea./ et semper eum ibi scalda. 
 et aliud. eramen. ponead battere una petia./ desuper 
 et una de (688 B) subtws et quomodo. pabtis exmar- 
 tello. plana. tante/ manus de illo. capite quante de 
 illo. et quomodo crescit. semise. prima./ recide. illud. 
 et pone, unum super unum. usque Intertia. uice. 
 .post./ jnoleo. mittatur. et semper, eramen. plica 
 [(n)]tur. et aliud. junga[n]tu(r)./ et tamdiu[m] 
 battatur. ut de ille. (viii. petie) mille. xxviii. 
 <fiant>./ Et circinetur. jllud a forfici. (688 C) 
 et ipse circina[(n)]tur(e) restringe./ in pannum. 
 lineum. ut debeat ardere jn ipsa fornace. ubi pe/ 
 talum. mittitur. et ipsa. fornace. fiere debet. pedes. 
 ii./ alta a terra, et ponatur. tegula. pertusa super 
 murum. de uno/ latere. iii. pertussa. et de alto (leg. 
 alio). iii. Etinmedio. unum. 
 
 Fol. 221 V. 
 
 et alia tecula ponatur. super semisse unum altum. 
 a terra, et pertun/ datur. ipsa in (688 D) medio 
 loco, et a terra pertusso unde mittantur. ligna/ et 
 denante unde mittatur. aurura. et ipsum auru/w. de- 
 beas cumcine(re)/ defemum bouinum, munditer. 
 fie(r)e. et de sale. e[t]quale (leg. iter). arsa 
 trita. sicut <cum> cinne(re). commisce. jnprima 
 
36 A Classical Technology 
 
 [uete(re)] cinnere mittatur. et in. ii. [noua.]/ (A 
 78) Et in iii. a similz'fcr. setantiantur. et postquam 
 petalum. coloratum fue/ rit quidquid la (688 E) 
 borare uolueris. <fac> 
 
 Deaurationem petali. cum blutam/ de obum gal- 
 linacium. Et si deauratione uitri. fuerit. sic similite- 
 (r)/ ct si deauratione lignum (leg.-ni) fuerit. Cum 
 gipso. bl(u corn ex a)ta. faciatur. Corium/ tauri- 
 num. crudum. capelatum. et buliat. jn ca(c)cabum. 
 nobum. Cum/ aqua, ut deferbeat. dies. ii. et iii dies. 
 tempe(r)as. cum gipso. et <si>uolis/ jnligno. 
 aut ubi uolueris. fac et tolle[t]. pellam. des [qua- 
 tru] quadriga cum ipsum/ (689 A) gipsum. et post 
 ilium, siccum. rade (c corr. ex t)um cultellum. 
 acutum. et de/ a(u)ra postea. (A 79). 
 
 Et si plumbum, deaurare uolueris. funde illud sup- 
 tiliter./ et rade munditer. et pone petalum. supe(r) 
 et cum e[t]mattit(h)e. lixas. Et/ stagni opera 
 si. deaurare. uolueris similiter. 
 
 Defferrum deaura(re)/ (689 B, A 80). 
 
 i 
 
 Si autem ferrum deau(r)are uolueris. tolle cal- 
 citarim. et alumen./ asianum. e(t eras.)quis pon- 
 deribus. et sal similter. et draca(n)tum. tantum/ 
 pensum quantum tota tria. et comisce. cum aqua. 
 i(s)ta tota. Et in caccabum/ Eramenteo. mitte. 
 Et per oram. unam bolliam. Et ungue jpsum/ fcr- 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 37 
 
 rum ubi deaurare uo (689 C) lueris et modicum, 
 (ras.) laxa st(arc). et ter/ ge ill (ras.)ut. et fict. 
 color eramentium. et tolle lapidem. onicinum./ et 
 lixa. illud. et si exierit. [et] color eramenti [et] re- 
 tingue cum. Et/ si ipsa. deauratura. no(n) boluerit. 
 prinde. re misce cum medicamen(tum)/ equaliter 
 et ungues. 
 
 DE DEAURATIONEM PALLII./ (689 D) 
 (A 81) 
 
 Addeaurationem palii sicut superius. diximus de 
 blutam. taurotica./ jnqualemuis pannum. facere 
 uolueris <mitte>. et si [uol] (aur)are uolu/ eris. 
 cum ho(ni)cino. lixas. 
 
 DE MILU CUTIUM. BRIDE AURARE/ 
 (A 82) 
 
 Si milum. Cu (m cancell.) zubri de (689 E) 
 au(r)are. uolueris. cum petalum <fac> Cum 
 blutam/ obi gallinacium et si ipsum. milum. face- 
 (re) uolueris. tolle masticem libanum -f- i. pisa 
 inmortario. et conmisces. jn unum. Et fac milum. 
 
 DE CONFECTIONS LUC(ID)E. 
 
 Confectio luc(id) e quomodo. fieri/ debeat. peta- 
 lum aureum. line Icon, -f- v. Galba (690 A) num. 
 
 -T-ii./ 
 
38 A Classical Technology 
 
 Fol. 222 R. 
 
 Terbentina. -=-. i. pice sp(a corr. ex i)na. -4- i. 
 Jste. iii. species, solbe. inunum. Semel./ Cum modico 
 line Icon, et postea crocum orientale. -j- i. libanum. 
 -T-/ iiii. murra. -j- ii. mastice. -4- ii. resina. 
 sapp[h]ini. -4- ii. flore puppli./ primotica. -i-. ii. 
 ueronice. -f-. ii. lineleon. et auricella. commisce. eat./ 
 mas(so)na. colas, post tota. fersa misce ibi. gumma 
 ce rasi<i>. -J- ii. (690 B) crocum./ libanu. murra. 
 gumma cera si<i> [m]. resina sapp[h]mi. flo- 
 (re) pup(p)li./ ueronice. pisa. ista. tota. et cri- 
 bellata. bulliat. Cum uncias. iiii./ line Icon, et post 
 tote bullite. per lin(t)eum. colate. et sic debeas. 
 misce(r)e/ iste. in species quod est. galbanum. et 
 terbentina. et pice (s)pana./ et si aliquid uitium. 
 postea. abuerit. ut se desiccare. non poteat./ iunge 
 (690 C) mastice. quantum uolueris. aut -4- i. aut 
 media. 
 
 DE PETALO ARGENT I (690 C, A 8s)./ 
 
 Petali. argenti. jn modum auri battantur. de pe- 
 talum. 
 
 de petalum. stagneum./ 
 
 Quomodo petalum. stagneum. fieri debeat. 
 <Tolle stagnum> -J-. ii. batte lamina, longa./ et 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 39 
 
 gracile et recide ea (690 D) per pens(u corr. ex 
 a)m. usque (a corr. ex e)t quinque uices. Et 
 suuen/ tiura (ras.) eum diuide. 
 
 DE FIL(I eras.) A AUREA FACE (RE). 
 
 Quomodo petalum./ fiet ad fila. aurea. auro bonum. 
 sicut metrum. batte lammina: longa./ et gracile. 
 quando per longum. battis. plica etiam unum. supe- 
 (r) unum/ (690 E) et sic eas. battes. sed pleca- 
 turas non battis. et postea aperis aurum p?r medium. 
 Et amba capita non battuta. jn medio ueniant. et 
 bat(i eras.)te/ Et cum ala (nouacula ?). eum 
 diuide Et post debeas. ad pluna. re cum matiola./ 
 lignea. Et de solum unum debeas facere iii. petalas. 
 Et post tolle(s)/ forfices. bonas subtilissimas longas. 
 et graciles. et circina. (i corr. ex u)llu (t corr. ex. 
 m)/ usque ad sanum. et plica, unum. cata unum. 
 petal um (691 A) et contin(u eras.) a ilia, cum/ 
 conte ( ras. ) na. ferrea. et tota sic similiter. fieri, 
 debent. Et tolle ca(r) bones minutos. adprehende. 
 illos. jnfocario et debeas. mitte(re). tota. petala./ 
 intro modico. et gabata. e[t]quale ut tota scaldata. 
 fiat, et habes./ aquam paratam. et bersa. sup^r 
 ut adluminentur. seipse. petala. Et./ post tolle. 
 tragantum. mundum. et diligenter. pista (691 B) 
 illut. jn mor/ tario. et sal equis ponderibwj. et frica. 
 cum aceto. extempera(s)se/ indue per petala, de 
 
40 A Classical Technology 
 
 ambis. partibus. equaliter. cum pin(n corr. ex ao) 
 a et in fo/ carium. scalda. promodico (s). sic colo- 
 ratwr aurum. Et cum aquam/ munda. laba. Et 
 diuide. eum. et adsucca. Et post, cap/pela. fila. (ut) 
 xii. tremisses. pen(s)ent. ad a[u]cu./ 
 
 Fol. 222 V. 
 
 pictile. Et ad aurura. textum. gracile. (691 C) 
 Ut xv. tremisses pesent./ et ipsa fila longa. palmi 
 ties, et petala. sic esse debent./ 
 
 DE COLORATIO PETALI ARGENTI. 
 
 Coloratio. Detail, argenti. alumen asianum./ par- 
 tes. ii. Sal. i. pista cum. (c corr. ex a)ribellatu/7i. 
 unum sit [a inpetalum]/ (in)petalum (691 D) 
 (inter lineas: f <i> &) modum (corr. ex modi- 
 cum), et mitte. jn fornacem. Sicut superius/ docui- 
 mus. ad aureum. 
 
 alia coloratio. 
 
 Femum de boue munditer/ Jncenditur. et sal sim- 
 iliter omnes. 
 
 DE TI<N>CTIO CALCIS IN COLORE/ 
 
 Auripicmenti tolle una. et petia ad petia sterne. 
 super calce/ et iaceat sic (691 E) die et nocte. j. 
 
From Codex Luccnsis, 490 41 
 
 jn aer. Et inde quidquid uolueris/ inparicte facerc 
 fac. 
 
 DE LUCIDA. 
 
 AD LUCIDUS super colore(s). quale fieri 
 debet. lineleon [t], -=- iiii. tereuentina. -f- ii./ gal- 
 banum -r- ii. Larice -r- ii. Libanum -=- iii. murra. 
 -T-. iii./ mastice. -r-. iii. ueronice. ~- i. gu[g]ma. 
 cerasi. -f- ii. flore (692 A) pluppi. -r- ii. gu]g]ma. 
 amigdalina. -~- ii. resina. sappini -7- ii./ que pisande 
 sunt pisa. et gri(b corr. ex l)e(l eras.) la. et cum 
 superit/j. mitte/ ingabata. auricalca. Et mitte in for- 
 n(u corr. ex a)c(a corr. ex u) lido, et sine/ flamma. 
 coce. ut non exeat, foras. et post cola, cum linteo/ 
 mundum. et si rada ue(ne)rint decoque Et usque 
 dum (s)pi(s)sa. fiant/ et qualibet opera picta 
 aut sca(p)pilata jnlucidare. su (692 B) per./ 
 debeas. et pone, ad sole, desicca illam./ 
 
 DE ERAMENTUM ALBUM UT non perdat 
 colorem. jn. caliclo/ jn fundum. [jn summum.] 
 uitrum mitte et sic confla eum. e(t) quomodo. eum 
 fundis. cum subcelliim aperi eum./ (692 C). 
 
 CRISOGRAFIA. (A 20) 
 
 Aurum. obrizo. limas. tenuiter et in mor/tano. 
 forforiti. co[m]mittis. et adic(i)es. acetum. a (c 
 
42 A Classical Technology 
 
 corr. ex t)e(r)ri/ mum. et teri(s) pariter. et labas. 
 quamdiu[m] nig(r)o fuerit/ et effundes. tune 
 demum. mittis, au(t) salis granum./ aut certe ni- 
 tr(ras.) um. et (692 D) sic solbitur. et postea. 
 scribis/ et litteras pellis (leg. polis). Sic omnia 
 metalla. solluuntur. 
 
 Alia/ crisografia. (A 21). 
 
 Plumbum, comflas. et frequen(ter)./ jntinguis. 
 inaqua. frigida. et tune conflas. aurura/ et re- 
 stingues. jn pr^dicta. aqua, et fit. fragile/ deinde 
 limatum ter[r]is. (692 E) diligenter. aurww. Fol. 
 
 22 3 R. 
 
 Cum argento uibo. et purgas eum. diligen- 
 ter. cum e(st)liquidum./ Et scribes ante jn alumine. 
 liquido. Calamum tingues. quod ad/ him (en) sit. 
 cum sale et aceto (obtimo) purgas. 
 
 Alia auri scriptio. 
 
 Sumes[t]. L(a corr. ex u)m/ minas. aureas. et 
 argenteas. et teris in mortario. Jn sale greco. uel/ 
 ni (693 A) tro. donee non pareat. deinde mittis. 
 aquam et effundis. Et iterum/ mitti(s) sal. Et. 
 ablues similiter. Et ubi parz/m aurww remanserit. 
 adi/ cies aeri[e]s flos modicum, et fel taurinum. Et 
 conteris simul/ et scribes, et litteras. polis. Si uero 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 4QO 43 
 
 uis ut diffusu/w sit et a[m]/ bundantiis. uis 
 (s)cribere. teris separatim. auripicmenti. iiii.partes./ 
 scisciles. et ele (693 B) (d)ri. parte. i. Et criuella. 
 et misces, inde tantum./ quantum equale[s] sit.auro. 
 etconteris pariter. etscribes. Cum siccaberis. polis. 
 ex hoc autem. Et inuitr (a eras.) eo. Et. inmarmore/ 
 pinges. Jta utsimili modo. quasi cum auro scribas. 
 
 Scriptio/ similis auri. (693 C, A 22). 
 
 
 Scriptio. eli<d>riu772. Pragmas iii. auripicmen- 
 tum. clarwra Pragmas iii./ Fel. testudinis. Pragmas 
 iii. Albumen, oborum. dragmas v. Sint au (693 D)- 
 tera/ non soluw jn menbranam. aut carta. Sed etiam. 
 jn uitreo. uel mar/ moreo. uase. 
 
 Inauratio pellis (693 E) (A 84) 
 
 (tollis) pellem rubea. (ras.) et pumicas earn./ 
 diligenter. et temperas. <cum> aquam tepidam. et 
 labas. ea. diligenter./ quoadusqwe limpidam aqua 
 egrediatur. deinde tendis. in cant(i corr. ex a)rio./ 
 et l(a)mnizas. usque iiii. uices. posthec. tendis. Jn 
 axe mundam diunde (m eras.), facies. desuper. Et 
 cum ligno mundo. coequas. E<am>/ diligenter. 
 postquam autem. exiccata fuerit. tollis al (694 A)- 
 bumen./ obi. et spungia munda. Et intinguis. jn 
 ipsum. lacrim(v corr. ex e)m./ et inducis. semel. 
 
44 ^ Classical Technology 
 
 per ordinem. Si autem. non sufficit. jnducis./ iterum. 
 Et cum siccatum. fuerit. ponis petalum. deinde/ 
 Intinguis. spu(n) giara. in aquam. et premis. et cum 
 siccatum./ fuerit. polis. deinde super < ponis >. 
 cum pelle munda fricas jterum/ polis similiter. Et 
 dracanto. jnauratur. ita tamen. (694 B)/ ut mittas. 
 jn aquas, subnocte. quoadusqw*? de/so(l)batur. 
 
 Quomodo eramen. jn colore auri trans/mutetur. 
 
 tolles eramen. mundum. limatum. partes ii./ 
 Et alumen. assianum. jn mortarium. pisatum. di- 
 ligenter./ 
 
 Fol. 223 V. 
 
 Et cribella (694 C) turn, partem. j. Et comisce. 
 jn unum. Et mittis. jn/ caliclo. Et ponis jn prunis 
 donee Confletur. et comisceatur./ heramen. Cum 
 alumen. Et desine. su(c)cendere. nam ex multo/ 
 jncendio jncende [e]t alumen. jpsut. eramen. ct 
 postea. jnfun/de[t], ex urinam. jpsam. formam 
 uasorum. que uis facere. Et sic funde/ ipsu,d eramen 
 jnsecunda. Cumflatura. non pmlet colorem. jn- 
 (ter)/ tia p^rdet. Cum limas. non perdet colorem. 
 Et cum battis/ non perdet. colorem. Cum uero 
 frangitur. jnutilis erit./ Frica omnia. alumen. 
 hegyptia (s eras.) fresa. solido*. iii. nitrus. -r- i./ 
 
 Operatic cinnibarin. 
 Conponitur. sic tolles. ydr[o]argiris. (694 E) 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 4QO 45 
 
 mundt/j/ partes. ii. sulfuris. uibi partem. i. Et 
 mitte ampull(a corr. ex u). sine fum(u corr. ex 
 o) m/ et lenitfr igni dequoqw^s [fades] cinnibarin. 
 Et laba hutiliter. post/ hec tolles petala<s>. mun- 
 dissimas. de eramen. et suspende sup^r acetum. 
 accerrimum. pones adsolem. jnmobilem post dies 
 <quot ?>ape/ ries et tolles. ipsa petalla. colliges 
 florem. et facies. jarim mun/ dissimum. post tolles. 
 plumbum, facies petala. suspende/ sicut primum 
 su (695 A) per acetum. et colliger. ipsum flore. et 
 labas. bene/ donee mundura fiat, et facies. simity. 
 tolles de cinnibarin [t]/ partem unaw. Et de iarim. 
 partem dimidia. Et di[m]ipsim parte/Tzdimidia/ 
 etmittis, Jnmortario mamoreo. et te(r)es bene post 
 tri(ti)onem./ mitte. exaqua. ubicoquitur. hic(ti)- 
 ocollon et fiet: (695 B) picmentum pandium/ 
 
 Pandius porfirus. 
 
 Jotta. decoctionis. coquilii libram. i. cinniba(r)in 
 -T- i./ siricum mundum. -7- i. omnia trita. Et cum 
 modica. hurina. Commiscis/ -mitte. jn uaso uitreo. et 
 reponis. adsolem. donee, dissicetu(r)./ (695 C). 
 
 Quianus no<s>citur sic. 
 
 propter. pensum. ante commixtionem species 
 (s)unt/ marmorem tritum. bene[m]. Commiscis 
 
46 A Classical Technology 
 
 Secunda mensuram. Coctio/ nis. 
 
 Pandius uiridis. qw/a(u eras.)nus. \ibram. i. 
 ipsimittim. -=- i. jsta mitte/ Commisce. cum hurina. 
 Expumata. hec omnia. exposui/mus. quia ([quia]. 
 exte(r)renis. maritimis. floribz/j. uel herbis./ Ex- 
 posuimus. uirtutes. uel operatione(s) earum. jn 
 parietibus./ et lignis. linteolis. pellibus. et omnium 
 <operationes>. Jta me/mor(>a corr. ex t)mus 
 omnium, operationes. qui in parietibwj simplice. jn 
 ligno. cere./ commixtis. coloribus. inpellibw*. [jctio 
 collon. Commixtuw.]/ (695 E). 
 
 Fol. 224 R. 
 
 (Conpositio pi<ci>s. 
 
 Primo. pice urida. -f- i. <Quid ?> dragmas du.as. 
 sulfo(r) uibus. solidos iii./ resine dragmas iii. 
 
 SCYRA. 
 
 Halii. dicunt aque oleum, halii flore. aque all./ 
 qz/edonia. alexandrini. autem. amoraque. Nascitur. 
 autem. in a (696 A) qua. ubi alba/ terra, terra, 
 russea. terra, nigra <nascuntur>. Et inde autew 
 de aqua fiet. melinus./ sup^r aqua, jn circuito. 
 exitus aquarum. Est autem <a> qua grauis et 
 egrota/ pro te(rr)a. que flore gene(r)at. Si<c> 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 47 
 
 autem. colligitur. martius aprilis si calidos <sunt> 
 [locus] usque ad hoctobri mense. [colligitur aute 
 <m> sic] tolles aute <m> lana/ mollis(s)ima. 
 labata. et inponis. super a (696 B) qua. et exp(r)i- 
 mis jn uaso uitreo. abentem/ pertuso modicissi- 
 <mum> cera <clausa?>. aperies, ipsum pertus- 
 sum et subpone. lana/ munda. donee, deliqwetur. 
 jpsa aqua et remaneat. hamoraque. Jtaque amorem/ 
 aque mittis Aragmam. i. balsamum. mundum. -f- i. 
 aurias. vi. oleum s<c> ilicum./ alii oleum, ricinum. 
 dicunt [untur]. alii, laucidis. a (696 C) lii uero 
 uiscum. solidwm/ picis cip(r)essini solidwj. i. au- 
 (r) eas. xii. pici <s> spinifs]. i. rapone. exoleos/ 
 solidi. ii. nit(r). solldus. i. (r)elinisteo alii sodica. 
 alii paudii rusticant/ alii gu[g]mam. alii, manti- 
 can. alii, timon. alii tricas. alii trico./ relinon. quo- 
 modo appii. nascitu(r). jn aqua, jn parietibwj. Ubi 
 calce/ qui dicitur. erba. ca(pi)llacia. arida. terita -f- 
 (696 D) i. aulocias alii [s]sticis./ alii galmidam. 
 alii galmidam. alii <gan>gaddian. alii geroph 
 <il> a. alii, marci an <to> nini. Alexandrini. 
 autem. scara. mundi. anis. auri papati. herba subtilis 
 ramo/ sa. spina. jnuoluta. albidiante. multi exinde 
 acce<n>dent. candelas./ nascitur autem. in locis. 
 petrosis. et asperis folia sicut murta./ et spi(s)sa. 
 arida et trita. soliWz iii. draff mam. i. robas <fero> 
 ticis. Alii cocu (696 E) de(ra) nasciter./ sicut 
 rubus. fortiores <habet> ramos. et spissus. fruc- 
 
4-8 A Classical Technology 
 
 turn ucro. ex <si> milem./ zizi. f (1 eras.) e (b 
 corr. ex u)lus. rotandus. pro quo uocauerunt. gen- 
 tiles zizifa. ac(r)estis./ habet intus. grana. triangu- 
 la pilosa. ipsa c(r)ana siccata. ,et trfta. solidus. 
 i./ omnia ar[r]ida. tritasmoti. posthec comisce. 
 ad<d>e gigea solidi. duo/ etcomisce et a (697 A)- 
 ter[r]es. hutiliter. repones. jnuaso testeo. uitumin- 
 ato./ et dum bullierit. lento j(ras.) gni[s]. semel 
 fiet. compositio picis. 
 
 DE EXTINGUENDUM. IGNIS 
 
 Dicamus. nunc ad (x eras.) tinguendum./ qualem 
 oportet. abere. remedfum. siexarderit. j[n]gnis neces- 
 seest/ cum furuere. e(x corr. ex t)tinguere si plus 
 arserit arena, jn fusa netrina./ 
 
 DELAZURI 
 
 Lazuri. principale folia, folia, floris uiole. collige 
 bene./ et jnmortario mundo. teres bene. et saponem. 
 exaurwm ungia/ sine calcem. mundus. facies. cum 
 a (697 B) qua tepidam. et solbe (s)aponem. jn 
 libraaque fol. 224 V. 
 
 -f- Et fricas hutiliter. jpsum saponem. Cum 
 aqua. Et dimitte/ refrigerare. Et posthec mit- 
 tis. ipsam. commixtionem. inipsos./ flores. tritos. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 49 
 
 [tritura flores] et mittes ilium jn uaso uitrco./ 
 ubi possis manum mitere. etreponis. illut ibi. ct post 
 tempus/ ibis comisce(re) (s)emper. comiscas. codem 
 modo. (697 D) et permouis. comis/ cas. aut non 
 comiscis. cotidie. mobis semel. jndie. usque adunam./ 
 cbdomadam. postheciii. (dies), et duos permobis. 
 donee decoquas posthec tolle (g eras.) lilium. fus- 
 cum. malorem. qui est porfirwm. qui habet foliam. 
 ueluti. cultelwj. simul. et ipsum. defricas. jnmortario. 
 hutilit(er)/ et dimittis sine sapone mite(n)s. 
 aquam. et (697 E) posthec. tolles ex uiole/ Compo- 
 sitionem. libras ii. alumen egip(ti)[s]. spuma si 
 forte est. spumatum. alumen mittis. sidebile. crudus. 
 mittis -K ii. hurina/ spumata. liber, i. et lento igni. 
 decoques per o(r corr. ex s)a(s) se(x corr. ex e) 
 Et si multura/ ui [p]rode est mittis urinam. siuero. 
 multum. uenetum. mittis/ plus alumen. Si autem. 
 lazurim. uisci dragmam. Exalbo lilium. domesticura/ 
 mittis quas sufficiam et decoques. (698 A). 
 
 Custum autem. coctionis. 
 
 tollis/ lignum, concabum. et <e> ice lazurin. 
 erba. papaberis. cocta. cum folia/ riorum, reponis. 
 inpiniatu nouum. una die et aperies, et pones, ad 
 una/ die et dum marcescit. tolles. aquam j[n]- 
 ctiocollon decoquitur. Et/ mittis. inipsa folia, 
 florwm et te(r)res. utiliter. cum modicum/ cinni- 
 barin. commisce. et exiet. color pandius. (698 B). 
 
5O A Classical Technology 
 
 Conpositio/ lulacin. 
 
 Flore. caucalide flore lini. jnmundi. magn (leg. 
 m) a uiole duarwm/ supra dictarum. de biolam -f- 
 i<de >mino(re). partes duas. de maiore. partem/ 
 unam. magma, autem. talem no<n sit> secundum. 
 compositionem./ laz (at eras.) uri. sed tantum cum 
 aqua de lilio. autem. ueneto maiore/ partem una. 
 ista mag (698 C)mata. fient. ambas, jnlignum 
 detritum./ hutilfter. reponentur. jn uas uitreum. 
 magmata duo uiole autem/ minorem. simutim. 
 facies magma, et de lilio ueneto. maiore/ simutim 
 facies magma, deinde mittis dea(l)bo (me eras.) 
 idest. de c[u]o/ callida. et de tenio partes. duas. et 
 de uiola minorem. partem. i. et/ maiorem partem. 
 i. alumen. egiptius. spuma. (698 D) [de magma/ 
 quattuor, specierum. alumen.] solidi v. sapone ex 
 axungia sine (pul eras.)/ cal(i eras.)ce -f- i. ista 
 decoques. modicum, teres [unguatum]. ex ne(r)- 
 biarum/ uuatum libram i. posthec <c>ommisce 
 magma, decocta. cum ipso/ 
 
 Fol. 225 R. 
 
 uuatum. et comisce. cum coctione magme. et 
 hutiliter. teres/ donee puluis fiat, tolles. posthec et 
 pones, adsolem. Jstud est./ lulacim. zebe<l>lazuri. 
 (698 E) zonta. et exfloribwj. compositum est 
 flores./ neulacis. quod, grege. ta. psia dicitur. alii. 
 cameleo(n)ta collige flore/ et repone. et posthec. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 51 
 
 imgue manus tuas exsapone. deuncto sine/ calce et 
 deinde. fricas. intermanus. flores. et repones. 
 jnuaso./ diuetri. [et re ponis.] facies donee, i psi 
 flores. consum[m]antur. et re/ positum. jnuaso 
 (699 A) cooperis. utiliter. inlocum calidum et 
 aperies./ cognosce, donee, fiat, ueniti (c)olores. et 
 posthec dimittes eum./ discopertum tantum cum- 
 panno. cooperis tantum. munde et tollis/ de uuatum. 
 uiride. et decoques. exnerbiata. decoques. cumhur- 
 ina./ expumata. donee solbantur. folia. Et tarn diu 
 quoquis. quo[d]adusq?/ consum[m] a(n eras.)tur 
 ipsa [a] urina. et fiat, pin (699 B) guis. jpsa. coctio. 
 et de/ mitte. ut re [c]fricdet. et tolles deflore neula- 
 cis. libras. iii. ipsud/ autem uuatu libras ii. Et 
 cinnaba<ri>n. dimidia -f-. Et comisce te(ri)e./ 
 munditer. cooperies ipsum mortarium. et demitte 
 ilium, requiesce(re)/ Et tolles. o(stri)a. et mundas. 
 jntus. et foris. hutiliter et delabas./ ut nee sordes 
 dimitta. nee linum. et tolles ipsa. o (699 C) stria. 
 et repone (s)./ jncaccabo nouo et dequoques. jn 
 fornace donee ardeat et fiat/ puluis. Et re[c]fricdas. 
 teres simutim. utiliter. tolles. ex/ ipso puluerem. libe 
 i. et tolles. jarim mundum et mittes jnalia./ urina. 
 dispumata. et ter[r]es. d'mtius. donee turbuletur. 
 ipsa urina./ et fiat uiridis. et posthec ex ipsa. hurina. 
 turbula. comiscis./ jnipsu mortarium. et (699 D) 
 defricas bene. et repones. jnuaso nouo/ et pone adso- 
 lem diem una. Et post cooperies et linies et pone/ 
 
52 A Classical Technology 
 
 jnfornace de uitriario. superius. die una. et exies 
 (leg. et). lazuri./ 
 
 Russeum uero de tribus spe(ras.) citbus com- 
 (699 E) ponitu(r). hec coquitu(r)sic tolle lacca. 
 teres. hutiliter. et comisce cumhurina. expumata/ 
 et decoques. bene lento igni. et <in> fpsa coctione 
 mittis. -T- i. lulaci./ solidum. i. et trita hutiliter. 
 demitte desidere. adsolem. 
 
 Alia/ compositio uermiculi. 
 
 mittis uermiculum. \\bram i. coccarin \ibram i./ 
 coc(c)arin. nascitur. sicut. superius (700 A) dictum 
 est. jnfolia. cedri[n]./ non tritate. depost fornace 
 (que cancell. ut uidetur) lazurin. primum. -f- com- 
 isce te(re)s/ hutiliter jnmortario. et mittes. hurina. 
 dispumatam. libras xv. 
 
 Fol. 225 V. 
 
 Et mittis jncaccabo nouo dequoques. donee addi- 
 midiam ueniat./ partem jpsa hurina. et ateres jpsa 
 crana. cum (ras.) cinabarin/ jnlinteolo. delabas 
 sicut superius. continet<ur>. donee consu (700 
 B)/ matur. et post hec reponis. adsolem. 
 
 Alia compositio uermi/ culi. 
 
 Uermiculum. libra dimidia. alii uermiculi. -f- vi. 
 psimitti./ vi. lulacim. -f- trita hutiliter. ponis. jncac- 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 53 
 
 cabo add is hurinam/ expumata. libre x. et mittis 
 inlenteolo. raro pisas ip (700 C) sum. coccum/ 
 delabas. jnhurina. et iterum pissas. delabas hurina. 
 donee, expenda/ tur. jpsud (ras.) coccum. sed de- 
 coque donee beniat. jpsa hurina. addimi/ diam par- 
 tern, et reponis ad solem. 
 
 Pandius purpurei colorem./ 
 
 Conpositus. ex. iiii. (s)peciebwj lulacim. quianus. 
 cinnabarin. lacca/ E[t] qui[bu]s ponderibttj. trita. 
 et conponis. jnuaso uitreo. (700 D) et ponis ad- 
 solem/ donee de(si)cetur. 
 
 DE METALLO. 
 
 De metallo adauro coquendo jndicamus uobw. 
 comodo coctum. fieri possit. depinguetudinem. et 
 abdum/ jpsum metallum. jnuentu fuerit faci<t>e 
 uasum. quod deipsum. metallum/ recipere debeat 
 (700 E) libras xx. et postea mittite cumipso uaso 
 infornace/ et sufflare. adignem. ad (leg. ab)ora 
 prima ad hora sexta. postea ue(r)o./ <in> pin- 
 guitudine. metali. mittendum est corallum. libre ii. 
 amoniacos./ fundatum. c[a]ucumarwm. libra salbe. 
 dica. libre/. ii. cera alba adsufficientem./ quantum 
 p<l>us fuerit unctum. libr*. ii. tatarum. libra i. 
 coctum. de omnem/ pigmentum. per semetipsum. 
 singulis. jn tra<n>tem. (701 A). 
 
54 ^ Classical Technology 
 
 quod uos legitis. nos/ (o corr. ex u)mam. pro- 
 batum. habens (leg.-mus). si<t> isto. delectabile. 
 quia tres metalla. adau(r)ura./ coquendo continet. 
 et alium metalum. jndicamus. uobis. cocendum sed/ 
 plus uero. disculura erit. qua<m> metallum auri. 
 qui ipsum. cocere uoluerit. sicut/ ros. odore. erit. et 
 inipso. uaso. ubi coctum. fuerit. mitte [n] t [cm] 
 prima/ uero coctura pice. a[r]dasta medietate (701 
 B) liber, alia uero pe(rs)u(s)a./ uetrum. Mas- 
 talo. tertia uero. coctura stagnum. liber, ii. qui 
 ipsum/ metal lumadopera saluam. producit. et dum 
 coctum fue(r)it. [Et] sic istud/ que jnipsum me- 
 talum. mixtum fuerit. adpul(be eras.)berem. [ad- 
 pulberem] uertitur. quia probatum est. 
 
 DE PRASINUS. TERA. 
 
 Deprasinus te(rr) [e]a/ est uiridis. et ipse lapis, 
 [terrea uiridis] exquo metalo manatur. argen/ turn 
 nascitur. autem et ipsa. terra, jnlocis. petrosis ubi 
 inueniuntur/ multa. metala. et diuersis. coloribwj. 
 ista petra. trita. albas benas. habet./ et decocta. exe- 
 unt, nigra. sic enim probatu(r corr. ex. am), com- 
 minuta. post cac(ti)onem/ jntus. ut (701 D) argen- 
 ti. colores. ostendit. iste lapis, quod exiet argentu;rz. 
 tolle/ 
 
 Fol. 226 R. 
 
 Ex <i>pso metalo <in>fornace enim superius 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 55 
 
 prime cathmi[i]e. mittis. ipsum./ metallum. jnca- 
 tia. camini. et inple ca(r)bonibw$ et decoques ut 
 superius diximus/ jusu ligna. et sus<u> carbones. 
 et decoques et fundis. jndie una. et dimittis./ re- 
 [c]fricdare inipso loco, et posthec tollis ipsa. massa. 
 et (701 E) comminues./ minutatzm remittis. jnipso 
 camminuTTZ sicut primum. Et cum illud. plumbum./ 
 remininum. in c. (c eras.) libm masse plumbi. xv. 
 et coquis sicut prius p^rdies. iii./ posthec. ia. eice. 
 ipsara. massa. Et committis. incaliclo. et conflas. per- 
 duasora(s). (702 A)/ 
 
 DE LAPIS ADAMAN<S>. 
 
 Lapis adama<ns> nascitur. ex ca (tcorr.exh)h- 
 mia et auri coctione/ jnprima con<s>trictione. 
 massa. e post prima coctura dum confringis ma(ss)a/ 
 omnis massa. [et] confringitur. lebiter. isa. autem. 
 remanet. alia magna. alia minima/ qui (702 B) bus 
 ferrum non dominatur. nee aliud quit aliorum. 
 lapidum. ipsa autem potes(ti)s/ turn (leg. potest 
 istum) <istum> autem qui omnibus, preualet. 
 solum plumbum <dominari>. potest. et hec est. 
 plumbi potentia/ tollis plumbu/w femininum. fac- 
 ile/w. et mollem. et solbis. jnloco. et iactas. ibi./ 
 ipsum adamantem parera quam uolueri sup(ti)liare. 
 et lento, igni suscendi(s). plumbum et dum ceperit. 
 sub (702 C) pitliare continue, cum mordace. tolle 
 
56 A Classical Technology 
 
 et insapone/ exoleo. operies et posthec tollis leniter. 
 mundissime. eoquod sit. debilis. est/ enim fracilis 
 plusquam plumbum, eoquod salbatur. inipsa plum- 
 bum./ et deinde. tolle illud. deipsos sapones. quan- 
 tum uolueris. subtilia (re)./ et post mitte jnigne 
 diligemter. [et candet], per horas. duas. uel tres./ 
 donee candet. uti (702 D) liter, deinde tolle. dela- 
 bas. et exiet. adamans. cui/ ignis, non dominatur 
 nee ferrum dissipatur. laboras non <re> corda 
 <n>tur proquod/ omnia. immita(r)e que uolueris. 
 operare. 
 
 DE CONQUILIUM./ 
 
 Conquilium. nascitur. in omne ma(r)e (702 E) 
 plus quamjnin(s)ula. jnhis lacis./ conculam. habet. 
 jnse locum, sanguinis et sanguis. rabeus. porfiri/ zon- 
 tas. exquo porfira. tinguitur colligitur. autem. sic 
 tolle. conquiliu/H/ quoquia (corr. ex-pis) ipsum 
 sanguinew. cum carnibwj et tolle moria/n. de mare, 
 aut/ salis mori[t]<e> et conponis. inuas. et dimit- 
 tis. (703 A). 
 
 DE TI<N>CTIO PORFIRE/ 
 
 Ti<n>ctio. porfire. tolle alumen. alexandrinum. 
 et te(r[r])es utiliter et pone/ jngabata et mittis. 
 super calda<ria>m. bullientem et pmnoue diutius. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 57 
 
 Et/ dimitte. residere. et posthec cola, ipsam. calda 
 <ria>m. Et. exagi[n]ta[t]./ mitte ibi. quod habes. 
 [(s)]tingue(re) et quod per < ex > let. di (703 
 
 B) mitte. duosdies./ et post dies duos commobe. et 
 fac quod iosususu. 
 
 DE DIFERENTIA./ EXAURATIONIS. 
 
 Differentia. Exaurationis. Si<t>inligno gum- 
 ma./ a[g]migdale [jnjinfusa die una. deinde te- 
 (r)es. u(ti) liter, ipsam cummara. cum aqua. (703 
 
 C) et addito. grogum. quod sufficit tingue ipsam 
 aquam./ 
 
 Fol. 226 V. 
 
 Cumgumam. Et ex<te>pefacta. omnia: lento 
 igni. ut necesse fuerit./ opera ri<t>. inligno. 
 j<n>prwnnis. uel inparietibwf. tollis albumen, obi 
 subtile/ et addito gracum. quod sufEcit tingue et 
 commixta et teritarum (leg. re) ponis. jnuaso uitreo. 
 line leo<n>. -f- i. gumma jnfusa -f- i. grogum/ 
 quod sufficit. com (703 D) misce [t]. cum aqua, 
 dequoque ista. tria capitula./ ubi necesse [t] est. 
 jnexauratione. petalarwra operare. 
 
 De conpo/ sitio linei<leon>. 
 
 Conpositio line li eum. liber, ii. gumma. ~ 
 resina./ suppini omwfa. trita dequoquam. jnuaso 
 terre. (703 E). 
 
58 A Classical Technology 
 
 DE LINELEO<N>/ 
 
 Lineleon. [exauratione] . lineleon. liber ii. gum- 
 ma -~- resina./ -f- i. grocu. solidus. ii. ista trita. 
 et commisce quemadmodum./ superius. (704 A). 
 
 De operatic externitu(re). 
 
 Operatic, externiture/ exaurationis (s)i super 
 pelle cruda. jmmobilem tinctam. aut expsi/ mitthin 
 [mittis] aut exaliquo. quolor<e>. externitu(m 
 corr. ex r) <erit>ista griso/ petala. reponuntur. 
 et post, desiccationem. de sup^r lineleon./ perungue. 
 ex<com>positione. quod supe (704 B) rius docui- 
 mus. ubi grocum./ componi. diximus. 
 
 DE INDUCTIO EXORATIONIS/ 
 
 Inductio exorationis. petala fiant. destagno [fiant 
 aut] si<c> solbe/ bene ipsud. stagnum. effundes. 
 paulatim marmo(re). et facie(s)/ petala. subtilia. 
 sicuti. exuitro. et (704 C) ponis. (s)icut. crisa. 
 petala. ut/ supra docuimus et quoqwes erba cele- 
 donia. et exipsa. coctione/w/ colatam mitti -f- iii. 
 crocum solidi iii. auripicmentum. solidus i./ 
 
 DE CRISOCOLLON. 
 
 Criscocollon. jnomnia. calcume cecuame (704 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 59 
 
 D)-non -f- i./ sapone olei solidi iii. calcitarium. sol- 
 idus i. ista cowmisce. primum./ ter[r]es. calcue[t] 
 cumenon. utiliter. pulber. et ca<l>citarium/ simu- 
 tim et comisce[m]. cum saponem. et quantum, 
 necesse fue(r)it./ aqua ips (a corr. ex u) m. criso. 
 collon. 
 
 DE ALIA CRISO. COLLON./ (704 E). 
 
 Alia crisocollon. calcucec (a corr. ex u) 
 (u) menum. libra i. alumen. soliWt ii. 
 
 DE criso/ collon [aurum]. 
 
 Crisocollo. aurum commixtum. cum argentum./ 
 bibo. et posthec jntrat jn caliclo. donee ardetur 
 ipsud argentu/H./ bibum. et post tolle. aurum. et 
 te(rr)es. jnmortario munditer./ donee fiant. puluis. 
 et (705 A) <co>misce [t], illud. Cum saponew. 
 exoleoquan<tum>/sufficit. <ad> coctio<nem> 
 crisocolli. 
 
 DEARGENTICLUTEN. 
 
 Argenti gluten/ [argenteo]. argenti partes. duas. 
 et heramen partem unaw./ 
 
 DE ALIA ARGENTI CLUTE<N> 
 
 Alia argenti gluten, argento mixto/ cum argento 
 uibo. et ponis. jnignem donee, desiccetur. 
 
60 A Classical Technology 
 
 Fol. 227 R. 
 
 Ipsud argento. uibo. et posthec te(r)es utiliter. 
 donee fiat pulujs./ commisce cumsapones. et aquas 
 quod sufficit. 
 
 DE ERAMENTI GLUTEN/ 
 
 Aeramenti glutem aeramen. liber. (705 C) i. 
 plumbi libre. ii. comisce(s) solbi(s)/ primum. aer- 
 amen. deinde mittes plumbum, et comisces. jnunum./ 
 
 DE STAGNI GLUTTEN. 
 
 Stagni gluten, stagni parte(s) duas et plum/ bi 
 (ras.) unaw. (705 D). 
 
 DE PETRE GLUTTEN. 
 
 Pet(r)e glutten. marmoris. albe/ aridum. pu[l]- 
 ber et. tolles, hictiocollon f -f- i. tauro collon. -f- 
 i. et mit/ tis. cum aqua, cummixta. coquis dum 
 bullierit. mittis pulber./ marmo(r)is. et facis gluten 
 [s] ma(r)mo(r)is. (705 E). 
 
 DE PETRE GLUTTEN/ (706 A) 
 
 Petres cluten h(ras.) in(ti)collo. -r- ii. Casei 
 glute. H-. et mitte/ exipso pulbe(re) marmoris sicut 
 supe(r)ius. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 61 
 
 DE LIGNI GLUTTEN/ 
 
 Ligni autem gluten taurocollon. simotim. ictio- 
 collon [simotim]/ glutem aurum. autem et argen- 
 tum. sicut superius d(ras.) ocuimus. jnexa/ ura- 
 
 DE GLUTINATIO<LIGNORUM IN 
 AQUA>. (706 B). 
 
 Glutinatio <de>lingna jnaqua. ictio. collon. -7- 
 i./ tauron. collon. -f- i. lacte fici[t] -r- i. titimalli. 
 lac. -r- ista misce/ jnaqua. decoqz/<istud> est 
 gluten ad scalphita. ligna. si lignum, jnlignum/ 
 unum. extribus. supra dictis si autem. os(s)a jnligni 
 (s) casei. gluten [t]./ -r- i. commixtum. cum. ictio- 
 collon -7- ii. et mittis. decoqwes jnunum/ et glu.ten 
 calidum calefacis. modicum. <et> ipsa ossa[et] 
 inclutinas./ (706 C). 
 
 DE LAPIS OREBt/S/ 
 
 Lapis orcbus quern uocant alexandrini./ cathmia. 
 nascitur. jnumidis locis. est autem. facilis. adpi/ 
 sandum. est enim. niger. ingreditur. insolidatura. 
 argenti./ (706 D). 
 
 Delapis aeri(e)tis. 
 Quemuocant [ur], leo Co[n] pandium/ est enim. 
 
62 A Classical Technology 
 
 terra, prasina. jnqua nascitur. crescente/w autem. 
 terra et refloriens (leg.-te) florent[es]. florem. al- 
 bum. rotu(ras.)ndm/ quadro agutum. posthec 
 <con> sgringit et fiet lapis flo(r)entem./ flo(re) 
 const (r)ingit. ter (706 E) ra. ipsa. prasina. et fient. 
 petre. alie./ auri. colores. <alie> melini. alie. pan- 
 dii. alie candidi[t]. que dum. pm:ussi[t]. fuerint. 
 exiet. ignis, exipsis. egredietur. argen/tum. uibum. 
 apri(ras.) le mens.e etmagio. excaliscente[t]. 
 te(rr)a./ habundanter. flore. cabas, humidum. lu- 
 cum. useque/ adgenucalum. et dissaperies. terram 
 inuenies./ flores. ueteres. duratos et aderent/ 
 
 Fol. 227 V. 
 
 es terre factos. lapides. alie enim florierant. et 
 induraue (707 A) runt./ et terre non(ras.) adese- 
 runt. sed reman, se ( ras. ) runt, ut margaritas/ eo 
 quod non coniu(n)xerunt. tempus. alia flore<t> 
 conpetenti. tern/ pore sicut nibe. alba, quam cum 
 inuener [it], is <is> tarn alleba[t] (ras.) cum/ 
 banga. terra, cumfloribwj. et mittis. inpila marmorea 
 et dum/ inpleueris. mittis. aquam. et co(n)misce 
 bene et te(r)ra que inea est/ jacta foris. et remane 
 (707 B) (re), argentumuiuum (ras.) exiet. autem. 
 et de/ metallo. argenti quando jnquoad incende(re) 
 precurit. et colligent/ illud. artifices. 
 
 DELAPIS FUMICE 
 
 Lapis fumice. nascitur. inu/ niuersis. locis. tritus. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 63 
 
 increditur. incappo nouo (707 C)et mittitur 
 jnfo(r)nace figuli. et coquitur bene. cooperi turn, 
 hutiliter. ut non ingrediatu(r)/ aliqua immumditia. 
 posthec eicitur et teritur. hutiliter. et inco<m>/ 
 positione auri. pro gemmam [en], ingreditur. jntem- 
 peratiorwm i. e.-nem) decalam<inth>a./ 
 
 DE CONPOSITIONE AURIPICMENTI 
 
 Compositio. auri[c] picmenti/ triti. mundi. (707 
 D) argenti uibi. H- i. auro tremmisse -T-. aurt/m 
 autem battis/ et fades petalum. et mittis ipsa peta- 
 lam. et ipsum argentum. uibum/ jnerulla ferrea. 
 et incendis. donee solbatur. aurwm. et com- 
 miscuatur./ tur. cum argento uibum. et post mittis. 
 auri[c]picmentum. jnipsa./ erulla. modicum, et 
 commixtionem. argenti uibi. et (707 E) decoqwes. 
 bene et exa/ gi[n]ta. donee fiat, pandius. 
 
 DE CALCU CECAUMENUM./ 
 
 Calcuce caumenum. fiet. exaeramen. mundissimum 
 petala. munda./ mittis. incaccabum. jnusitatum. 
 ipsa petala. et sulfor. uibum/ tritum. sterni primum. 
 ipsa/ petala. jncaccabum quantum, capet./ et post, 
 hec aspargis. sulfor et post super (708 A) pone 
 petala. et [de] inde. aspargis. sulfo(r) et postea 
 super pone petala.] et ita. facis/ donee jmpleas. ipsum 
 
64 A Classical Technology 
 
 caccabum. et post(ras.) pone jpsum. caccabum/ 
 infornace uitrari<i>. coque per dies. iiii. et dum 
 (re)fricdauerit. confrin/ ges. cumminute alumen. 
 asianum. secundum compositionem./ sulforis. simul. 
 cooperietur. jpse caccabum. et letatur. cum/ argilla. 
 se<cun>dum opera (708 A) tionem. p(r)ioris. 
 et coquitur. per dies vi. jpse/ autem. dum cumfrin- 
 gatur. solbe. calcuce. caumenu/ 
 
 [AD CLUTTAN AUREAM] DELET 
 [A] RUM. 
 
 Ele<c>t[a]rum. comodo/ fiet. pone(s) dua(s) 
 partes. argenti et eramenti. iii. et auri/ iii. aurm 
 et eraman. equi[bu]s <ponderibus>. (708 C). 
 
 DE CLUTE<N> AURI./ 
 
 Clutem auri. adfistulas. decrisoclabum./ 
 
 Fol. 228 R. 
 
 [e]tarici. -f- i. calcu (ras.) cetaumenum. ii. 
 afronitrum. -f- i./ sapone exoleo sine calce -=- i. 
 uitriolum. solidi ii. acetu dimidio -r-/ aqua, -f-/ i. 
 et commisce et pone modicum. <dum> tepidis gat 
 glut<en>. [ade griso. clabi]/ (708 D). 
 
 DE LIT[T]ARGIRUM. 
 
 Lit[t]argiri conpositio aliut quidem explumbum./ 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 65 
 
 aliut exargento. compositionem. quern explumbo. 
 fiet. sic componis./ plumbum, inponis. jncaccabo. 
 potius femininum. et molle. et soluis/ illud. bene 
 deinde cum solutu (ras.)(s) fuerit. (708 E) cum- 
 pistillo ligneo friga/ plumbum et incensetur. mittis 
 cinus cum. carbonibws. uiuis. [h]ac/ teres. et iterum 
 mittis cinus. et non desinas. terendo quo [d] ad/ 
 usqtte facias, eum. ut pulue(re)m. et post labas. eum. 
 exaqua. si autem/ uolueris. eum. ut stringa[n]- 
 t<ur>. et fia[n]t. spissus. mittis. jncaliclo cum/ 
 oleo. et calefactum. adunatur. et dum refricdaue- 
 (r)it. frangis. caliclu(s)./ et exiet. ut pisus. (709 
 A). 
 
 DEALIO COMPISI<TIO> LITARGI<R> 
 I. 
 
 Alia compositio lit[t]a(r)/ giri. exargen (ras.) 
 to fiet. sic confla ( [turn] argento. et ilia sorditie 
 que/ exeo. exiit. trita. cumoleo. jntra secundum. 
 superio(r)i. conpositiotie./ plus autem. jncendit. 
 proper, fortitudinem. argenti plumbi. autem. litar- 
 giron./ an (709 B) tequam solidetur. intrat. cum- 
 aqua. inuituminatione. testea. dum/ autem a<s> 
 tri(n)xerit. ubi uoluerit. (leg. bollierit) necessar- 
 ium erit. (deest aliquid). 
 
 DE[C]EMCAUSIS/ 
 [C]encausi. prima. argenti et eramenti aspri calci. 
 
66 A Classical Technology 
 
 battis aurwm/ et facis petalo<s>. subtiles. [tenues]. 
 et post mittis. 31(709 C)gentum uibum et ipsa 
 petala. solbes donee solbatur. ipsut aurum. si autem./ 
 minuetur. argentum. uibum. a(d)dis donee coquatur. 
 aun/m/ deinde mittis. jntestum et cumalio testum. 
 testu/ ter[r]es. usque quo[d]ad tenuetur. et com- 
 miscatur./ aurwm. cumargento uibo. et rade[ba]s. 
 quod habes jnaurare. perungues/ modicum, excale- 
 faci(a corr. ex i)s. et exprimis. cumlin (709 D) 
 teolo mundo. sic totum./ exterges. quod aurum re- 
 manet mittis. inignem probas. similiter./ et una et 
 duas. jnaurationes. inuas nouum mittis. si aute. 
 lebi-/ter. semel. unctum est. [et] defricas. cumferro. 
 cande(n)s ilium/ et coloratur. deinde. micas, panis. 
 defricad illud donee/ elimpida<tur>. colorem 
 similis est. et inauratio ferri/ sed prim wm. alumina 
 (709 E) tur. tolles. parte (m corr. ex s)./ bitrio- 
 l(u corr. ex a)m. et modicum, sal et ace/ turn, [tarn 
 mum)] jncaliclum./ calefac et exinde./ 
 
 Fol. 228 V. 
 
 ungues. ferrum. ubi habes. jnaurare. hec est 
 jnauratio prima. qui/ autem uitrum. inaurat. tolle 
 pa<r>tem. de cluta. piscis. et partem de gum/ ma. 
 amigdole. et [mittis]. infunde. et coque et ungues. 
 ipsum. uas./ et concide. subtiliter. petala (a corr. 
 ex u) uri. pone, secundum. similitudinem/ (710 A) 
 qt/oduis facere. similiter. et lapidem. labas. cumaquas 
 similiter/ et lignum, et dum siccabe(r)it. gluttina- 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 67 
 
 [tio]. cum a[c]mattita. [lapide]/ aut cumferro. 
 defrica. 
 
 DE CRISOGRAPHIA. 
 
 Crisografia./ expetalis. croco uetrissimo tolles. 
 radices, deipso flore[s]./ et ter(7io B)res. diutius. 
 tolles. obum. et aperies proice primum. sequtfwti/ 
 qwod exiet. albumen, suscipe inipso. crocum. et tc- 
 (r)es utiliter./ ungue. et superpone. petala. 
 
 DE TERTIA GRISOGRAFIA/ 
 
 Tertia crisografia. tolle argentum uibum. cum- 
 misce[m] cum/ aurum sit. inter (710 C) rationem 
 et teres bene mittis incaliclo. et pones./ Jnprimis 
 (leg. in prunis). donee dissicetur. ipsum. argen- 
 tum. et remane (a corr. ex t)/ auru. jnualidum. et 
 deinde mittis. jnmortario. marmo(r)eo/ etcumpis- 
 tillo ferreo. teres ipsud auro. et mittes. inaqua/ 
 decoqua[n]<ur> similiter. 'mittis. jncomposi- 
 tionem ipsa. aquara. de gum/ mam teres. utiliter. et 
 pones, jnampullam. (710 D) et suspende adsole/ 
 ubi uolueris. cumipso calamo. cumquo scribere 
 [scribe quod], uolueris. similiter. argentum. et era- 
 mentumcumponis. 
 
 DE TI<n>TIO. PETA/LORUM. 
 Tinctio petalorum. stagnu. tolle. crocum. mun- 
 
68 A Classical Technology 
 
 dum./ -f- i. auri[c] pigment (i corr. ex u) boni. 
 (710 E) fessi. -=- ii. et teres. mitens/ gumma di- 
 midia. -f- et lineleon. -f- dimidia. et aqua/ plubia- 
 (ras.) le. aut dulce comisce. et bulliantur. et pos/ 
 commisce (c corr. ex f) infectiones. teres. bene. et 
 tolle cumspu<n>gia./ unge ipsa. petala. et dum 
 desiccauerit. secundo unge et desiccata/ tolle. uni- 
 cinum. et deinde frica. ut splendea<t>. (711 A). 
 
 DE SULFOR [COMODO]/ 
 
 Quomodo. sulfor. quoquitur. coque[n]. lardum. 
 et exipso. oleo/ tolle liber, ii. et sulforis terram. 
 libre. iiii. mittis. incac/ cabo (ras.). trita ipsam 
 terram. et bullies, secundo/ uel. iii. fundis latere./ 
 (7ii B). 
 
 Fol. 229 R. 
 
 DE CATMIA. 
 
 Cathmia. compositio. sic eramen mundum. libra 
 i. calcitarin./ ~- ii. afro nit<r>o -r- i. sulfur, -f- 
 i. hec mittis incalic(l)o et soluentur inunum/ et co- 
 quentur donee, conburatur. ipsut eramen. et cal- 
 <c>itarin. et lauantu(r)./ ea que remanent. cath- 
 mia quignus eramen. partem una/w. (711 C) et 
 plumbi./ parte. i. tripsis nitri -r- i. clacitarin. ~ i. 
 afronitrum -r- i. comixta[m]./ et combusta. com- 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 69 
 
 misce[t] cumaceto (ras.) et reponis. adsolem. et 
 sicca[t]./ tres. amfions. fiet sic tolles. plumbum, 
 molle. et solbe[t]. inuaso/test<e>o. forte, et fna- 
 iorem. ut sufferat. tritura. tolles. pistillum./ et mit- 
 tis. carbones. cumcinos. supraplumbum. priusquam. 
 re[c]/fricde<t>. (711 D) pmnobes. illud. cum- 
 pestillo. leniter. et bene. donee. adtenue<tur>/ 
 subtilis. ipsum plumbu inmittis. cinos. cumcarboni- 
 bus et teres/. posthec mittis. ingabata. lignea. et 
 delabas. posthec componis./ incaccabo. nouo cum- 
 sulfur. et decoques. per iii <dies>. 
 
 DE COMPOSITIO/ AFRONITRI/ (711 E) 
 
 Compositio. afronieri. secunda que et qwmtur. a 
 gluete/ auri. et argenti. uel eramenti. nitro. egiptium 
 libra i. sapone deaxungia/ sinecalce libra i. teres 
 hutiliter. et commisce. deinde autem. adsolem/ ponis. 
 aut incalido loco, hutileest. aglutem auri. adargen- 
 tum. autem/ propter mollitiam argenti. Componi- 
 tur <sic> [molliat] duas partes desapones)/ et una 
 deuitro. (712 A). 
 
 De Compwiffo brandisii. 
 
 Compositio brandisii./ Eramen partes ii. plurnbi. 
 parte i. stagni parte. i. 
 
 Dealia. compositio/ brandis. ii. 
 Alia compositio. brandisii. Eramen. par (712 B) 
 
70 A Classical Technology 
 
 tes ii./ plumbi. partem. i. uitri. dimidium Et stagni 
 dimidium. commisces./ et conflas. fundis. secu<n>- 
 dum. mensuram. uasorum. facit. Et agluten/ 
 Eramenti Cumafrinitru. 
 
 DE CUMPOS/77O CINNABARI (M corr. 
 exN)/ Compositio. cinnabarim. alithinus. [mundi] 
 spume, exargenti uibi./ et sulforis uibi. partes ii. 
 Et ipsa mim/ dissimam. tolle. ampullam. <sul> 
 for<is>. et sinefumz/m. quia et colorem/ sulfor 
 <facit> tritum et mixtum. argentum. uibum. mit- 
 x tis. jnampullam/ non plena minus, abentem -f- ii. 
 quod si maior. est. et iii. -f- minus./ habeat et mixta. 
 exagi[n]ta. et fa cies. fornacem mi (712 D) no- 
 rem./ uitriari<i>. ut ampulla, larga <sit> et 
 capiat. et dimittis. <in> locum, unde./ ampullam. 
 ingrediatu.r. et diuides. cannas. et inde (ras.) in- 
 cendis./ fornacem. dimittis. et aliam fe(ras.)nes- 
 trellam. minorem/ unde. exalet. flamam jncircuitu. 
 signum. autem coctionis./ hoc est. dum uideris. ubi 
 ambulla. minus habet porfiri/ 
 
 Fol. 229 V. 
 
 zon. tarn fumum. et colore. facientem ut cinaba 
 (712 E) rim. desinis succe<n>de/ re. nam. ex- 
 multo. jncendio. ampulla, crepat. et dum percoctum. 
 fuerit/ dimittes eum refricdare. 
 
 DE IARIM QUOMODO DEBEAT. FACERE/ 
 Quomodo. debeat. iarim. facere. tolles. lamnas. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 71 
 
 eramenti. et derade/ bene. et suspende. super acetum. 
 et colectionem quam facit. rades./ et collige [DE 
 LULAX Lulax idest indicum]/ (713 A) com- 
 positio iarim -i- ii./ uitrioli. mundi. -j- iiii. alumen 
 egyptium -7- ii. uuato -f- ii. ipsum autem/ uuato. 
 simoti pisa. munditer. iarim uero. et uitriolo. et 
 alumen. <mittes>/ inunum. et tolles saponem. 
 exoleas <-^> iii (713 B) et sale dimidw -f- et 
 con/ misces. jnipsas. iii. species, postquod pisa- 
 <ta>s commisce[t]. dili/ genter. secundo. cum- 
 sapone. et deinde. tolle, uua. tu pisa eum/ ut oportet 
 commisce(re) [t]. ipsu Cum supradictis. specie- 
 bus et/ defricas diligenter. et dimittis diligenter. 
 diem. i. requiesce/ (re) [t] (ras.) . 
 
 Confectio eris hec est. hurinam. mu.ndaw. libra 
 i. requiesce/ re et ipsum (i. e.-sam). dispu-(7i3 C) 
 mata. [et] commisce cumipsas. species et te/res. 
 diutius. [et] si est. caccabz/j ferreus. si non. jntesteo 
 mittis/ et decoques. [Signum coctionis.] donee 
 ueniat. ad iii. partem/ et tolle gypsum, coctum. bene 
 pisatum mittis. dimundia -f- et tolle/ coctionem. 
 comisce. gipsum. et defrica. diu[c]tius. et mittis./ 
 jnuaso. et ponis. adsolem. et dum extri<n>xerit 
 frangi spetia./ et ponis (ras.) ilia siccare. (713 D). 
 
 DE CONFECTIO FICARIM./ 
 
 Confectio ficarim. tolles. laca mundissima. libra. 
 
72 A Classical Technology 
 
 i. et de/ coque cumhurina. expumata. libre v Etde- 
 coqw*?s mundite(r)/ non dimittas. supra modum. 
 bullire. et tolle ossa. cranci./ munda. et (713 E) 
 incende munditer. et te(r)es. quod sufficit. com- 
 misceft]. inlaco. et tolle. similja. jnfusa inaqua. 
 deliqua/ bene. pinguis. autem. sit ilia, deliquatio et 
 pisa. inunum./ bene. idest. ossa granci et lacca. et 
 [ipsa deliquatio./ simile et comisce]. mittis inuaso. 
 et desiccas. adsolera/ hutiliter. ficarim./ (714 A). 
 
 Fol. 230 R. 
 
 Et dimitte alios. iii. dies, et posthec. exagi[n]ta. 
 similiter. et dimitte/ alios. viii. dies et exagita. 
 deinfra diem, et posthec tolle inde. et mitte/ 
 aliut alumen. et facis exinde. aliam tinctionem. et 
 mitte ibi. et post/ tolle ipsam urina. expumatam. 
 semel. et (714 B) pos[e]hec mitte. jncaccabo./ 
 ereo et tolle. ipsum conquilium. et laba. leuiter. 
 semeljnaqua./ et posthecteres hutilite(r). pone jn- 
 panno ra(r)o <e>t delaba jnipsa urina./ caccabi. 
 et post. hec. de sa<n>guine porcino et inde frica. 
 et ipsum/ bene (s)imiiiter laua. sa<n>guinem. 
 autem. porcinum. [gri] aridu/rz libra, conquilius/ 
 -f- iii. [de sanguinem porci]. Et (714 C) posthec 
 labas. semel modi. Cum et/ desicca mitte incaccabo. 
 et fac bollire secwwdo et te(re)e. [caccabi]. sub/ 
 code;?? modo liber, coquilii. cumsanguine. idest. viii. 
 -7- conquilii/ et iii. sangu(i)ni<s> porcini. 
 
From Codex Luccnsis, 490 73 
 
 [DE HOXSI PORTIONES./ 
 
 Oxi portiones.] et mitte jnunum. (714 D) mitte 
 jneadem. tinction*r;H/quoquod uolueris. tantum exa- 
 lumen. si autew. uolueris plus mundit(er) tingue- 
 (re) mitte <in>unum. caccabum. sicut primum. 
 fiet eniw et tertia tinctio/ eodem modo. 
 
 DE PORFIRO CITRINO. 
 
 Porfiro cidrino prius autem. tingit (714 E) citri- 
 no. et posthec jntrat. intinctionew. ubi tingitur por- 
 fir (us) [us]./ 
 
 DE CRISORANTISTA. 
 
 Crisorantista crisorcatarios. [s]ana. me<mi>/ 
 gminos. meta ydr[os]. argiros. [et] chetes. cinion 
 [chetis.] chete./ [y] spureorum. [i]psi<mi>cion. 
 ydr[os.] argyros. che[t]matha. aut a<na>baleti 
 (s)./ sceugna(s)ias. d (a corr. ex u) u(f)fira. [h] 
 ecnamix(s) an<tes>. (715 A) chisimon. p. diati. 
 te(h)reu/ pulea sibuli. 
 
 DE A<U>RI SPARSIO. 
 
 A<u.>ri sparsio crisopandio./ puluer. auri triti. 
 sicut superius diximus. Cum desicatione/ argenti 
 
74 ^ Classical Technology 
 
 uibi [jdest pulper auri] partes duas. et iarim. partem 
 i./ (ras.) commisce turn (leg. cum) compositione 
 (715 B) daufira Etidispone exinde/ quod uolueris. 
 
 ARGIROSANTISTA. 
 
 Argirosantista. argentura./ mundum. commisce 
 cumargento. uibo. et deinde. tolle ipsum/ argentum. 
 et te(r)es. donee fiat, puluis. et commisce turn. (leg. 
 cum) cumpo/ sitione (715 C) da aufira. et dispone. 
 ubi uolueris. 
 
 DE ALIA ARGENTIS/ PARSIO. 
 
 Alia argenti sparsio. paridio. tolle argentum mun- 
 dum/ mitte. jncaliclo. et depone, inigne donee de- 
 <i>citur. argento uibura./ et post. (715 D) tolls 
 argenti partes ii. et iarim. partem. i. et com/ misce 
 excompositions. deaufira. et dispone./ 
 
 DE PETRA QUI DICI<TUR> SMIRA/. 
 
 PETRA qui dicitur./ 
 
 Fol. 230 V. 
 
 Smira. jncende. omnem uitrum. (715 E). 
 
 DE TERRA QUE UOCATUR. LIMNIA. 
 Terra qui uocatur. limnia. que est alba, subpor/ 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 75 
 
 f(ras.)im. nascitur. inpetrossis locis. et his signis. 
 cognoscis/ earn. Cum infusa fuerit sonumda stridoris. 
 alumen uero./ uiridem et porfiruw. omn^ tingue et 
 craberillium. et (h)u(n corr. ex c) cinuw/. 
 
 terra nigra. 
 
 Autem./ Jn<e>gyptu etafrica. et (716 A) ine- 
 bilat et initalia. nascitur. nomis (leg. nominatur) 
 autem Eoqwod est fusca. nascitwr. jnhu/ midis. lo- 
 cis. jnuallibwj. exea. tinguitur. russeum com mixta/ 
 cumaceto. cocta. rede colorem. et posthec reberfa]- 
 titur. jncoc/ cum. 
 
 de lapis, focaria. 
 
 Lapis que dicitur. focaria. exqua/ (716 B) eramen 
 [co] quoquitur. nascitur. emim. et alius. similis/ 
 unum dum p^rcutitur. mitti. s<c>intillas. raras. 
 est. et rubeu(s)./ et igneus. colorem habens eramen- 
 ti. et dum <in>igne. missus/ fuerit ut probetur 
 jncenditur. et colorem. non muta/ tur. colle-(c corr. 
 ex t). turn autem. et contritum minutatim. Et/ col- 
 lecta massa. et cum letamen. uobinum. aut. capri- 
 num/ et palea. coopertum. jncen (716 C) dis. per 
 dies. ii. et noctes ii./ donee consumetur. ipsu letamen 
 jnfornace. autem/ ipsud possis. coquere. eteramen. 
 et plumbum, et post/ quodre fricdaberit. colligitur. 
 ipse lapis, qui iam coctus/ est. et prima. pensi<o> 
 
76 A Classical Technology 
 
 nem. pensas. libr* ccc. jnprima/ coctura. jnqua minu- 
 tis. carbonem. cofinos. x. Et <ini>cito/ fasces 
 detela. et dum ingre(s)si fueris (leg.-int?), jnope/ra 
 [et incera]. omnia. dimittis. stare, et re[c]fricda 
 (re)/ ut non cur (r) at. sicut plumbum aut ferrwm 
 aut cera metallata./ Eoquod piger. fiat. Et dum se. 
 re[c]fricdaberit Comminues/ minutatim. et incor- 
 nacem. conflat (u corr. ex a) m. operaris. exeo./ 
 (7i6 E). 
 
 DE LAPIS FISSOS 
 
 Lapis fissus nascitur jncappa/ docia. asia. iberia. 
 et initalia. est enim fuscos etfur/ tis. et dum cora- 
 minutus fueri<t>. inuenies jneum. uenas./ albas, 
 dum uero. incensu(s) fuerit. fiet rubeus. quern ale- 
 xandrini uoca<n>t[ur]. cat(h)mia. eoquod confla 
 uitrww. nascitur/ autem. jnaltis IOCUTW et uentosis. 
 est enim ipse lapis/ crepidinosz/j. (717 A). 
 
 DE LAPIS AGATIS 
 
 Lapis gagatis/ similis coloris. auri[c]picmenti 
 non enim. sic multum/ 
 
 Fol. 231 R. 
 
 uiridis. quidwm ru<m>pitur. ignem. e[t]mitti. 
 et finditur <in> [lajminimas./ lamnas pro quod 
 a[d]lexandrini uocant eum petram. plana. exqua/ 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 4$0 77 
 
 fiet ceramarmor. qui pisatur. sub (717 B) tiliter. et 
 mittis \ibram i. deipso/ lapide. et duas. tauro. collo. 
 et aque. libras v. et bis et tertio/ bullie(n)s adsidue. 
 commisce [n]s. et fiet. ceramarmor./ 
 
 DE LAPIS TRACHIAS. 
 
 Lapis trachias. nascitur. in (ras.) uniuersi(s)/ 
 locis. uiridis. fissus. fuscus. conbustus. (717 C) fiet 
 al (b corr. ex u) us. mittitur./ in caalimia. inmun- 
 datione. argenti./ 
 
 COMMENTARY 
 
 Comm.l. 
 
 Fol. 211 Vo., I. The constant recurrence of pro- 
 thetic h is a Spanish symptom: likewise the use of 
 aforas. Passing to section III, the letters etertia 
 must conceal a designation for some measure which 
 is easily supplied, viz. sextarta for sextarium, Fr. 
 setier. The remaining letters gestatu are a deforma- 
 tion of yfjs aoTpo t. e. terra stellaris. As for hlei see 
 the glossary, and note that the syllable far in a cur- 
 sive style will easily fall out before por. The mean- 
 ing and antiquity of these recipes are shown by Plin. 
 N. H. XXXVI 181: Maltha e cake fit recenti. 
 Glaeba vino restingitur, mox tunditur cum adipe 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
78 A Classical Technology 
 
 suillo et fico, duplici lenimento; quae res omnium 
 tenacissima et duritiam lapidis antecedens. Quod 
 malthatur oleo perfricatur ante. 
 
 682 C. For uitria read uitrio <lo>. 
 
 682 D. Here, as often, a series of marginal nota- 
 tions in the archetype. As for the de anthismis 
 etc. that was a bad probatio penae declamatio, 
 de anthismis, misread and then copied into the text. 
 
 675 C. For mira one must read smira. 
 
 676. A. Principalis seems to mean an ore as source 
 for a metal. 
 
 676 DE. A longer version of the preceding re- 
 cipe. 
 
 678 D. For meditationem read medicationem : 
 symptom of cursive archetype. 
 
 678 E. Post egluza means posthec luza. 
 
 680 C. The syllable quern fell out after guem 
 in the archetype. 
 
 68 1 C. The syllable er in lulacerin seems due to 
 the analogy of cinnabarin, iarin, ficarin, iarin. 
 
 682 E. Cod for quod seems to be an Italian symp- 
 tom; to be assigned to the copyist. 
 
 683. B. Amodis for admodum shows a misunder- 
 stood abbreviation in the archetype. 
 
 684 C. Petreg for petres (gen.) shows a peculiar 
 form of s. 
 
 685 D. The line at the top of 22O Vo. is a pro- 
 batio pennae. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 79 
 
 686 D. extr. Read tamarix arbor palustris est. 
 Cf. C. C. Gl. L. V, 22, 227. 
 
 687 D. Read tamarix arbor es palustris. 
 
 678 A. Perhaps quod ex resinas colea is a series 
 of blunders for: quod est crisocollon, what chryso- 
 coll is. If so, terras must then be bracketed. 
 
 687 B. extr. Fragmentary and doubtful. 
 
 688 D. Medio loco recalls Fr. milieu. 
 
 689 C. With prinder compare O. Fr. prindrai. 
 
 689 D. I am unable to determine the true mean- 
 ing of this zumbri, tiumbri, which recurs A 16, Cap. 
 82. It cannot be Sp. azumbre: perhaps azufre? 
 (K 9252, ML 8443). 
 
 690 B. Poteat is formed on the analogy of debeat. 
 
 691 A. Adluminentur seipse: double reflexive. 
 
 692 D. For pellis read polis, polish. 
 
 694 D. Frica, lectio dubia. The scribe in his 
 inability to decipher the archetype vainly essayed to 
 reproduce its writing. ' 
 
 699 D. Linies after the analogy of cooperies. 
 
 699 E. Coccarin formed like jarim, cinnabarin, 
 lilacerin, ficarim, cedrin. 
 
 701 A. The archetype had probably u with the 
 bar which was misread uero for uer(d), Low Latin. 
 
 703 DE. These two sections, which are mere var- 
 iants of the same recipe, or rather constitute a ditto- 
 graphy, have been combined in the translation. 
 
 705 E. Petres reflects the Greek genitive. 
 
8o A Classical Technology 
 
 706 CED. This tangle of strange statements 
 seems due to a confusion of two objects having the 
 same name aetites, one a stone the other a plant. ( See 
 Th. L. L. Aetites i and 2, Plin. N. H. XXIV 139 
 for the plant, a sort of clematis.) 
 
 707 B. For precurit read praecurrent. C. Since 
 temperatiorum must be changed to-ionem. we see 
 that somewhere along the line, there was an arch. 
 in semiuncials, of the Roman type of course. 
 
 709 E. Cluta piscis is a translation of icthyocol- 
 lon. 
 
 711 B. For comburatur read combinantur (com- 
 bine) ? Or combibantur? 
 
 712 C. Ipsa must be changed to pisa. 
 
 713 C. Dimundia results from misunderstanding 
 abbreviated dimidia. 
 
 714 -715 B. Our translation is based on the 
 following Greek text, very bad Greek we admit but 
 not worse than the Latin elsewhere, containing, 
 again like the Latin, words or even meanings not 
 otherwise quotable. 
 
 XpvcropavTicTT^s. x/owos /catfaptos at/a < /AC > /xiy/Acvo? 
 ficra vSpdpyvpos KOL ^curdis Tainwvxcurai (TTroyydptwv. 
 vSpdpyvpos. x'taftartn/s aur' ava/3d\r)<s rfj<s 
 
 ftpcoira>A.ta? 
 
 717 A. For la read in. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 8 1 
 
 CONCERNING BUILDING IN WATER 
 
 Fol. 21 V. 
 
 If building in water be needed, cause a triangular 
 fork to be erected. If the depth of the water be not 
 great make a box and besmear the outside of it with 
 tallow and pitch to keep the water from entering 
 it and dissolving the lime and <injuring> those 
 who are laboring inside ; and having set up the box 
 between four boats fix it in a place where it is neces- 
 sary and anchor the boats immovably in the water. 
 And then put on stones for the carpentering. 
 
 <II>. The way to mix lime is as follows. Sand 
 one part, and lime two : and then work it. But the 
 box should be one ell above the water. 
 
 Ill CONCERNING MORTAR. How to 
 make mortar. 
 
 You put in lime one part, san4 four parts, star 
 dust one pint, water one quart and two pints, pig's 
 fat two pints; let the mixture rest one week, but 
 the longer you leave it, the better it will be. Keep 
 pouring into it according to its needs ; and let it be 
 mixed. And then you use it in the work. 
 
 Fol. 217 R. 
 
 XIX CONCERNING THE COMPOSITION 
 OF CALAMINE 
 
 Composition of calamine. Natural soda one part, 
 
82 A Classical Technology 
 
 sulphur one part. 
 
 Another (681 E) calamine: alum one part, 
 natural sulphur one part, soda one part. 
 
 XX. Concerning the dyeing of green glass. Dye- 
 ing of green glass : Powder the glass, file well some 
 clean copper and put in a pound of glass three 
 (682 A) ounces of copper. Roast for three days. 
 
 Another dye; you grind glass thoroughly, put to 
 a pound of it copper one ounce, Egyptian alum one 
 ounce and roast for three days. 
 
 XXI. Another, of milky color. Another of milky 
 color: to a pound you put raw lead three ounces; 
 and you roast (682 B) for two days. 
 
 Concerning bloodred dyeing: red blood dyeing. 
 To a pound you put (682 C) cinnabar, three ounces 
 and roast for two days. 
 
 On ruddy dye. To a pound of glass grind white- 
 lead two ounces ; and you roast for two days. 
 
 CONCERNING DYE OF GENUINE SORT 
 
 Dye of genuine sort without fire. Grease a fine 
 spun dyed object with vitriol (?) and you smear it 
 with dragon-wort unmixed and it will become like 
 weaker dyed madder of apple-green color. (682 D). 
 
 <Put> to a pound Thespian earth two ounces 
 and you roast it for three days. To a pound roasted 
 copper two ounces. Water fluid one pound, naphtha 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 83 
 
 one pound, native sulphur three pounds, Asiatic 
 pitch four pounds, balsam two pounds, black asphalt 
 three ounces, olive oil four ounces, rosin four ounces, 
 milk of iron one ounce: all these mix and you rub 
 thoroughly, you roast them one hour, there will be a 
 fire but in accordance with the former strength but 
 less. 
 
 ON THE DYEING OF ALL MOSAICS 
 
 (673 E) 
 
 Dyeing of all mosaics; dyeing of green glass: 
 clean in the lump five pounds, copper filings without 
 lead two ounces: and put in a new earth- (674 E) 
 enware jar, apply fire and roast away the inferior 
 parts in a glass blower's furnace for six days; and 
 next throw it out and break it into small pieces; 
 and you melt it again dyeing it with green. 
 
 ON GILDING MOSAICS (675 A) 
 
 On gilding all mosaics. You make some rather 
 thin sheets, treating them with white lead, then make 
 the others and place a copper sheet so that when 
 heated it will not stick. Then put a leaf of gold 
 on one of glass and above these very thin leaves, 
 that is to say, above the goldleaf, and you put both 
 in the furnace until the glass leaf begins to dissolve ; 
 
84 A Classical Technology 
 
 (675 B) and then you throw it out to cool off, 
 and take it, you rub its face on a leaden table, or one 
 of emery, until you thin out its face: and then you 
 color it. 
 
 ON SILVER MOSAIC 
 
 Silver mosaic: as we have stated above, just so 
 you will do all. 
 
 ON EMERY PLATES 
 
 How to make emery plates. <Take> a plate 
 of lead (675 C) and take live emery and grind 
 thoroughly, besprinkle the whole plate and you rub 
 down with glass till the powders (emery) attach 
 themselves to the plate then use with water. 
 
 ON COLORING <OF GLASS> (675 D) 
 
 For coloring <of glass>. You will take a plate 
 and scratch it deeply with a hook and you will grind 
 suitably silver chalk, sprinkle the plate, and then 
 rub the glass till it takes on color. 
 
 ON ROASTING LEAD (675 E) 
 It is a dark earth. It occurs everywhere, in places 
 
From Codex Luccnsis, 4QO 85 
 
 sunny and hot. The sign of the locality is that all 
 the herbs are weak and feeble, likewise the trees, 
 the earth is dark, so too the stone (ore) produced 
 from it, is dark. Now it (the earth) is hollowed to 
 a depth on account of the broiling sun. Next you 
 take (676 A) the metal, harden it and in small 
 pieces put it in the furnace. This earth is shifting, 
 occurs in mountainous places, in sunny and hot ones. 
 And do not set it away, as you do the principal 
 stone, because it is changeable and weak. For cold 
 earth always makes metals weak; for warm earth 
 will make a principal metal dark and clean and a 
 metal such as to have vir-(676 B) tue will be found 
 to be dark : for the stone which will be found in it is 
 greenish because it has a sunny and warm virtue, 
 wherefore a hot metal lets off sparks ; for the metal is 
 found more in damp places than elsewhere. 
 
 ON MELTING LEAD 
 
 Lead melting. Lead metal is dark and the stone 
 which will be found in (676 C) it is green, over- 
 whitish because of the strength of flower, earth 
 metal and because the metal is feminine. It emits 
 spark under the test. The stone occurs green but 
 with whitish and its weight moderate, but the mas- 
 culine turns out heavier. 
 
86 A Classical Technology 
 
 ON MELTING LEAD 
 
 Melting of lead. Lead metal is dark, is found in 
 all places, but oftener (676 D) in warm ones and the 
 stone occurring in it is green, but not whitish; the 
 ore however is heavy. This is the test: you take 
 some of the ore and put it on a fire which after boil- 
 ing and melting, emits (676 E) sparks. The stone 
 in it i% green, and any herb produced on it always 
 wilts in consequence of the heat of the ore. It is 
 gathered thus: in view of the sun's heat you dig 
 down into the earth, three ells deep. The earth is 
 soft and while dug, dries out: it is roasted in a 
 furnace (677 A) like iron also; but lead burns 
 better. 
 
 ON ANOTHER MODE OF MELTING 
 LEAD 
 
 Another way to melt lead: Do not dry the ore, 
 but as soon as it is washed it is put in an iron furnace 
 with coals; and you will not light a slow fire till 
 night time, but bu.rn (677 B) it all night till the 
 fourth hour of the day: it is roasted till it be- 
 comes pure and so it is again set in a furnace fired 
 with coals of pine or fir trees. And you will roast 
 it for three hours and then work. 
 
From Codex Luceusis, 490 87 
 
 ON MELTING GLASS (677 C) 
 
 Melting of glass. It is a sand occurring in vari- 
 ous places, it is found also in parts of Italy in the 
 mountains : it is a glass colored stone, blackish. Now 
 this is the test: take some of the sand, put it in a 
 vase, fire it suitably with coals and glass will run 
 from below (677 D) your hand, but of poor quality. 
 Take some of that same sand and wash it with 
 powder, and let it run off; make a glass blower's 
 furnace, and two sets of bellows and in this way 
 bring about the melting of the former glass like 
 that of pitch; and you will take that former glass 
 which is worthless and break it up and roast again 
 in the furnace like pitch. 
 
 How to dye genuine leather. How genuine 
 (677 E) leathers are to be dyed. You take a skin 
 from which the hair has been removed and which 
 has been washed suitably, and you also take gallnut 
 you use for each hide five pounds, and of water 
 fifteen pounds ; and you set the skin and stir for one 
 day and then you wash it well, and dry it. You 
 take Asiatic alum, pour warm water on the alum 
 and (678 A) when it settles pour the water off 
 and then again pour on warm water, and stir it; 
 put in one skin or two or as many as you wish and 
 you will take them up and you wash them once and 
 put in vermilion, for every skin a half pound. 
 
88 A Classical Technology 
 
 This is the first way to dye the skins. You will 
 take (678 B) vermilion and grind it in a mortar. 
 You put reduced urine in a hot crucible and pour 
 the ground vermilion into a thin cloth and put it in 
 a hot crucible and stir it till it comes out of the 
 cloth and what remains, again place in the mortar 
 and you will grind it and put it in the same way and 
 stir it till nothing remains of the vermilion in the 
 cloth. (678 C) Then take some of the mixture and 
 treat the skins like a bellows and put in of the 
 liquid for every skin a half pound and shake well. 
 Leave it for a whole night and in the morning com- 
 pound as much as suffices and you pour it off ; wash 
 and dry and work. (678 D). 
 
 ON THE SECOND DYEING 
 
 The second dyeing: As has been said of the for- 
 mer skin, a sheepskin is plunged in the mixture; 
 just so goatskins are dyed. 
 
 ON DYEING HIDES GREEN (678 E) 
 
 Dyeing hides green: take a hide from which the 
 hair has been removed and put on it dog's dung, 
 and that of doves and fowls, and melt in the liquid 
 and put in there the skins and treat them there for 
 three days and then take them out and wash suit- 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 89 
 
 ably, let dry ; then take Asiatic alum just as has been 
 said above about the genuine, then take almonds and 
 crush and boil with urine; let it cool off. And 
 pound the (679 A) skins like bellows, as we have 
 said about the genuine. And you put the mixture 
 in the skins. And rub well, and you blow it mod- 
 erately that it may have wind and mix thoroughly 
 until the compound sets and next pour out some of 
 them and you take the skins; wash once and after- 
 wards take some indigo, four pounds to a skin, and 
 simmered urine six pounds and mix (679 B) the 
 indigo and put it into the skins as you do the almond 
 liquid and mingle till the liquid part of the mixture 
 is taken up and you pour out the remainder on the 
 sheep hide, that is the almond liquor and the indigo 
 as we have stated before regarding the genuine, 
 and the sheephide will come out green fashion. 
 
 THIRD WAY OF DYEING (679 C) 
 
 Third way to dye a hide green. As we have 
 described above treat them and after washing they 
 are' put in alum (as we have said) then throw out 
 some of the alum; then take indigo, half a pound, 
 simmered urine, ten pounds, and mix together, put 
 in two bellows' skins, let in (679 D) a little wind, 
 treat as we have said above : all this you will do con- 
 tinually for four days. Just so after four days put 
 
9O A Classical Technology 
 
 (the products) on the sheep's hide and you will 
 treat them so for five days; you wash and let dry. 
 (679 E) 
 
 Fourth way of dyeing yellow : You treat the hides 
 in the same way, use alum in the same way, after- 
 wards wash after the alum, and take an almond, 
 crush it and boil well and that too with simmered 
 urine. And after it cools, put the almond juice in 
 the skins and treat as before for five or six days. 
 Then you pour out again and wash and dry the 
 sheepskins as we said above. (680 A). 
 
 ON THE FIRST CELANDINE DYE 
 
 First celandine dyeing: treat the hides the same 
 way and you similarly put them in alum, wash them, 
 dye the hides with vitriol and wash them well. 
 And you will mix vermilion as above and then put 
 some of the drug liquid in the hides and treat as we 
 have shown (680 B) and you pour out again, work 
 the sheepskins, and wash and dry. 
 
 ON THE SECOND CELANDINE DYEING 
 
 Second dyeing with celandine. You treat the 
 object, dye it as we have mentioned above with 
 vitriol, and wash suitably, put some of the almond 
 solution on the skins and mix for three days. 
 (680 C). 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 91 
 
 THIRD CELANDINE 
 
 Third celandine : dye as we have said with yellow 
 and afterwards take purple dye and put it in. Mix 
 as we have stated above thin coral of good color, 
 powdered marine red one pound, lake varnish, purple 
 one (680 D) pound, and calcothar two ounces, gall- 
 nut two ounces. Powder all of it and mix, boil the 
 hides down with urine in the sunlight, as wehavesaid 
 above. And when you please to dye, take some of the 
 solution and simmered urine and put it in the skins; 
 and combine for three days, then wash well and dry. 
 
 ON YELLOW PORPHYRY (680 E) 
 
 Yellow porphyry. Treat the hides as above and 
 put in alum, and then wash. And dye with apple- 
 green, then mix purple and put the mixture on the 
 dyed skins and treat. 
 
 THIRD CELANDINE (681 A) 
 
 Take madder and crush well, put in a melting 
 pot and boil down suitably with urine and then put 
 in it a small amount of alum and mix, set away 
 to cool and then pour it off, put the solution in the 
 skins and treat well for one day; then you wash it, 
 dry it and afterwards (681 B) take the almond 
 
92 A Classical Technology 
 
 solution one ounce and indigo one ounce and grease 
 the surface of the hide. 
 
 HOW TO DYE BONES AND ALL KINDS 
 OF HORNS AND WOODS 
 
 To dye green any you please of the above men- 
 tioned. You put bones in (681 C) Asiatic alum for 
 twelve days, (while you treat horn with alum for 
 eight days, but wood for four) and then you boil 
 well a solution of almond, put away as much as you 
 choose till it boils and let it cool off and then take 
 what you put and make indigo. Leave it for five 
 days. Then throw out and (681 D) wash. 
 
 ON SECOND WAY OF DYEING BLUE 
 
 Second mode of dyeing blue. You use alum as 
 above and make indigo put in what you please and 
 leave for ten days, horn ten and wood three. 
 
 ON YELLOW DYE (682 E) 
 
 Yellow dye. Use alum as above and cook almonds 
 suitably with simmered urine and let it boil. 
 
 ON COLOR LIKE CINNABAR 
 
 Colors like cinnabar. Reduced red ochre two 
 parts, white lead one part. Mix and temper with 
 water and use as you please. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 93 
 
 ON PARCHMENT (683 A) 
 
 How parchment should be made. Put it <a 
 hide> in lime and let it stay there for three days. 
 And stretch it on a horse and scrape with a knife 
 on both sides and let dry, then, do any scraping you 
 like; afterwards (683 B) paint with the colors. 
 
 ON THE COMPOSITION OF WHITE 
 LEAD 
 
 Composition of white lead. Take strongest vine- 
 gar, pour into a jar to fill it about one half, then 
 reduced and thinned lead is hung over the vinegar; 
 then like reduced vinegar, it sinks into the jar like 
 dregs which (683 C) purifies it; when lightened and 
 dried in the sun we rub and wash in water a long 
 while. 
 
 ON COPPER ORE 
 
 Copper ore is a natural clod which is found in the 
 island of Cyprus: of metallic color, somewhat like 
 gold, has inside veins broken exactly (683 D) like 
 broken alum., and that glitter like stars. 
 
 ON ONION GREEN 
 
 Onion green color will be produced thus: take 
 
94 A Classical Technology 
 
 turkey oak wood or some hardberried wood and clean 
 its branches of the bark and hew down (683 E) 
 the surface smooth; then put it in the water and 
 cover it up in a place where it is muddy for twenty 
 years. Then take it out and let it dry in the shade 
 for one year. Then make of it what you please. 
 
 ON A LIST (684 A) 
 
 List of all the herbs, woods, stones, earth, metals, 
 liquids, water, fungus, salt, soda, efflorescence of 
 soda, oil, pitch, rosin, earth, sulphur, olive-like pome- 
 granate. As to metals: this is the first kind of ore 
 out of which gold is produced: a red earth, some- 
 what reddish because of (684 B) the neighboring 
 earth. For there is another like it, and when heated 
 will lose its color and is not sandy like the former 
 it occurs in sunny localities and the earth is like the 
 gold ore. Now the ore of silver is green, and that 
 of copper is a green stone and the color of the stone 
 (684 C) is like copper. When you strike it with 
 a piece of stone, it emits fire. Aurichalcum stone 
 is apple green and it too, emits fire. 
 
 As to ore, it is stone, jet in color. 
 
 As to lead: lead is a dark earth, but the stone 
 occurring (684 D) in it is green. 
 
 On the sand which makes glass. The sand whence 
 (684 E) glass is hardened, is a stone too, of course, 
 and has a glassy color. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 95 
 
 On vitriol. Whence is vitriol made ? It is a sort 
 of yellow clay, where there are in the winter season 
 self gathering drops. Take and boil down and from 
 this earth will be produced calcothar and from the 
 dry will come vitriol. (685 A). 
 
 ON ALUM 
 
 Alum is a metal, flowering up from the earth. 
 
 On Kaolin (?) It is a white earth easy to crush. 
 
 On sulphur: sulphur is produced from the (685 
 B) earth and the very locality is fired. When 
 reduced by fire it is mixed with oil and roasted. 
 
 ON SODA. Soda is a salt occurring in the 
 earth ; it is hollowed into leaves. 
 
 BROKEN SALT (685 C) 
 Broken salt is produced in the same way. 
 ON SALTPETRE 
 
 Now saltpetre is produced in place of glass before 
 congealing; but another sort is derived from soda, 
 its source foams white like snow. (685 D). When 
 compounded it is darker, but has the same virtue. 
 
 On sulphur impregnated earth. Sulphur impreg- 
 nated earth is derived from the same place as sul- 
 phur, for the earth itself generates the sulphur. 
 
 (Jesus was led into the desert to be tempted). 
 
96 A Classical Technology 
 
 ON THE STONE HEMATITE (685 E) 
 
 The stone hematite occurs near spots that pro- 
 duce sulphur. 
 
 ON QUICK SILVER 
 
 Quick silver is produced from the earth and an- 
 other kind from silver ore during the melting pro- 
 cess. 
 
 ON ORPIMENT , 
 
 Orpiment is an earthy metal. 
 
 ON THE STONE JET 
 Jet stone is to be found everywhere. (686 B). 
 
 ON GREEN EARTH 
 Green earth hardens like a metal. 
 INDIGO (LILAC) 
 Indigo is composed of earth and herbs. 
 
 LAPIS LAZULI (686 C) 
 
 Lazuli stone compound: Compound blue dye, 
 compound phycus, copper rust, efflorescences of white 
 lead and of lead. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 97 
 
 Ochre earth is one containing all the colors. Com- 
 positions of roasted copper, can be made of copper 
 ore. Cinnabar can be had of quick silver. Siricum 
 of white lead, for it comes (686 D) from lead too. 
 As to herbs and woods : 
 
 Chrisocoll is a tree, not tall with inner wood of an 
 applegreen color. Walnut bark : olive shrubs ; apple 
 bark, elm bark, lotus bark (all these serve for dye- 
 stuff) ; wild madder, the almond is a single leaf 
 plant, gallnut is a sort of (686 E) ball, tamarisk is 
 a shrub, tithymallus is an herb (tree-like), double 
 oxtongue is an herb. Resin of all sorts is extracted 
 from pine and fir. Reboiled pitch you strain out 
 with cedar resin from the cedar tree. Fir resin 
 comes from the fir, mastic gum from the correspond- 
 ing tree. Agnus castus gum from the chaste tree, 
 < maple > gum from the maple (?), a second rate 
 gum is squeezed from the almond tree, oil from the 
 olive, linseed oil from flax. Coral is (687 A) de- 
 rived from the sea, sluggish oil from mastix, purple 
 dyestuffs from the sea, salt from the sea. All of 
 these forms of dyes, tinctures, liquids, and composi- 
 tions we have noted down afore time and have listed 
 stones, ores, modes of treatment with alum, herbs to 
 be found, whatever exudes resins ; earths ; and what 
 sulphur is, also olive, black water, brackish water; 
 mistletoe and all the rustic (687 B) plantation pro- 
 ducts and whatsoever vegetables bud, domestic or 
 
98 A Classical Technology 
 
 transmarine: bees-wax, axle-grease; of waters the 
 sweet kinds, every variety of timbers, pine, fir, juni- 
 per, cypress, ashes, gallnuts and fig. The hunt for 
 all these is needed for a composition containing sim- 
 mered urine, vinegar, along with rain water, water 
 above all. Now all these items we have (687 C) 
 previously stated. Now a table of measures : Cubus 
 contains ten pounds, a sextarius three pounds, a 
 congius twelve pounds, while four cubi are forty 
 pounds. The mixture of vinegar with water serves 
 to add brilliancy to very red porphyry. 
 
 ON GOLD LEAF (687 D) 
 
 How to make gold foil. Refined gold one ounce, 
 pure silver as I was saying one ounce. Mingle and 
 clean it with lead, then pour out, then mix, and beat 
 into a sheet, and after beating it thin, cut it into 
 pieces to the extent of five times three Byzantine 
 feet, and after they are smoothed out equally and 
 if one is too long or too short, equalize it with a 
 (687 E) hammer both lengthwise and sidewise. If 
 it is of the right length, of those two ounces make 
 eight pieces. Heat it in a fire, beat it and hold it 
 with iron tongs : and while you are beating, turn it 
 inside out so that the short pieces appear in the 
 middle. When they grow a semissis, trim them with 
 a knife three times for every set and the fourth time 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 99 
 
 when the weight is equal over the whole fold head 
 to head and extend (688 A) and clip with scissors 
 and have them placed over the clippings head to head 
 and gently beaten with one hand and then set in oil. 
 And after sixty-four pieces have been made out of 
 those eight, you next make a bronzen kettle and 
 keep on heating it and another supply of copper ; set 
 it there to beat one piece above another below and 
 as you beat it (688 B) with the hammer smooth it 
 out as many handbreadths at one end as the other. 
 And as fast as a piece reaches a half a foot, cut it 
 off and set up one above the other up to the third 
 time: then the piece should be put in oil and the 
 copper is to be folded and another supply joined 
 and the beating continue till those eight pieces 
 amount to one thousand and twenty-eight. And it 
 must be clipped with the scissors (688 C) and the 
 clippings tied up in a linen cloth so as to be heated 
 in the furnace where the leaf is set. And the fur- 
 nace should be two feet high from the ground and 
 let there be set on a wall a perforated vessel (or 
 sheath), three perforations on each side and one in 
 the middle : and another sheath should be set above, 
 half a foot from the ground. It should be perforated 
 in the middle and have another opening from the 
 ground (688 D) to put in wood with one in front 
 to admit the gold. And the gold must be cleaned 
 with ashes of cowdung and with salt equally burned 
 
IOO A Classical Technology 
 
 and crushed like the ashes. Mix and put in the first 
 (or old) ash and in the second (or new). And in 
 the third one they are similarly sifted. And after 
 the petal has been colored use it as you please. (688 
 E). 
 
 For the gilding of a leaf with the yolk of a hen 
 egg. And do the same thing for gilding or glass: 
 and if it be a case of gilding wood along with 
 gypsum use the yellow of an egg. Let a raw bul- 
 lock's hide be scraped, boil it down in a new pot with 
 water for two and three days: You temper with 
 gypsum and apply to wood or wherever you wish. 
 And take the hide from the workbench along with 
 the gypsum and after (689 A) drying it scrape 
 with a sharp knife and then gild. 
 
 And if you care to gild lead pour it out thin and 
 scrape clean and put a leaf above and smooth with 
 hematite. And treat tin the same way if you care 
 to gild it. 
 
 On gilding iron. Now if you desire to gild iron 
 take calcothar (689 B) and Asiatic alum in equal 
 quantities and salt similarly and tragacanth to the 
 same weight as the other three and mix all with 
 water, put in a copper vessel and boil for an hour and 
 grease the iron where (689 C) you wish to gild it, let 
 it stay a while and wipe it and the color will come 
 out coppery ; take an onyx stone and smooth it and if 
 the color comes out coppery, dip it again. But if 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 IOI 
 
 the gilding will not take mix it with the drug in 
 equal quantities and grease. 
 
 ON GILDING A GARMENT (689 D) 
 
 For gilding cloth: should you wish to gild cloth, 
 do as we have suggested above ; pour a yellow grease 
 derived from an ox body on just any piece of cloth, 
 gild and smooth with an onyx stone. 
 
 ON GILDING GREASE WITH SUL- 
 PHUR (?) 
 
 If you care to gild grease with sulphur; use a leaf 
 along with the (689 E) yolk of a hen's egg and if 
 you wish to make the greasy mixture, take mastix 
 gum frankincense one ounce, pound in a mortar and 
 mix ; and thus make the grease. 
 
 ON MAKING BRIGHT VARNISH (690 A) 
 
 How bright varnish should be made. Take a 
 gold leaf, linseed oil five ounces, galbanum two 
 ounces, turpentine one ounce, Spanish pitch one 
 ounce. Dissolve all these three drugs together, once 
 with a fair amount of linseed and then with eastern 
 saffron one ounce, frankincense four ounces, myrrh 
 two ounces, mastix gum two ounces, fir rosin two 
 
IO2 A Classical Technology 
 
 ounces, early maturing poplar bloom two ounces, 
 betony two ounces. Mix them with a colander and 
 knead, strain them out and after all are warmed mix 
 with them cherry gum two ounces, saffron, frank- 
 incense (690 B) myrrh, fir gum, poplar bloom, 
 betony: crush them all and when sifted boil with 
 four ounces of linseed oil and after the boiling strain 
 them through a cloth sieve. And thus you should 
 mix them with the drugs which are galbanum, tur- 
 pentine and Spanish pitch. And if there afterward 
 appear any vice to prevent its drying, add to it mastix 
 gum according to your taste, an ounce or a half. 
 (690 C). 
 
 ON SILVER LEAF 
 
 Silver leaves are to be beaten out just like golden 
 ones. On tin leaf : how to make tin leaf. Beat two 
 ounces of it into a long thin (690 D) plate and cut 
 them into battens as often as five times and divide 
 often. 
 
 ON MAKING GOLDEN THREADS 
 
 How a plate is to turn in to golden threads. 
 Take good gold about a measure long; beat it into 
 a long slender leaf, when you beat it lengthwise, fold 
 also one over the other, and that is the way you will 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 103 
 
 beat (690 E) it, but you do not beat the foldings. 
 And you afterwards open the gold in the middle; 
 and both the non beaten ends should come into the 
 middle. And beat and divide with an awl (?) and 
 then you should smooth with a wooden hammer, and 
 of just one you should make three leaves; then you 
 will take good fine long slender scissors and clip 
 down to the quick and fold one petal on another and 
 hold it all with tongs, and (691 A) so everything 
 must be done. And take small coals, hold them on 
 the hearth and put all the leaves within a moderate 
 sized platter of equal size that all be heated ; and you 
 have water ready and pour on in order that the 
 leaves may take on a bright color. And then take 
 clean tragacanth and carefully pound it in a mortar 
 and salt in equal (691 B) weights, and rub, mix 
 with diluted vinegar, spread over the petals on both 
 sides equally with the first; and heat on the hearth 
 to a moderate degree. Thus the gold is colored. And 
 wash it with clean water, divide and dry ; and after- 
 wards cut the threads so as to weigh twelve tremis- 
 ses for embroidery with gold ; and for fine gold weav- 
 ing so as (691 C) to weigh fifteen tremisses. And 
 the threads should be three palms long and so too 
 the petals. 
 
 ON COLORING SILVER LEAF 
 Coloring of silver leaf. Asiatic alum two parts, 
 
i&4 A Classical Technology 
 
 salt one part, crush and sift it, mix well, set one 
 leaf of usual size on another and put in a furnace as 
 we have shown above in regard to gold coloring. 
 (691 D). Another mode of coloring: cowdung is 
 cleanly fired and salt, similarly all (the ingredients). 
 
 ON DYEING LIME IN COLOR 
 
 Take of orpiment one (part ?) spread piece by 
 piece over lime and let it stay there a day and a 
 night, under the open air. And then apply (691 E) 
 to a wall as you please. 
 
 ON VARNISH 
 
 How to make a varnish for colors. Linseed oil 
 four ounces, turpentine two ounces, larch two 
 ounces, frankincense three ounces, myrrh three 
 ounces, mastix gum three ounces, betony one ounce, 
 cherry gum two ounces, (692 A) poplar flower two 
 ounces, almond gum two ounces, fir resin two 
 ounces, all of which are to be crushed. Crush and 
 sift and (as above) put in a bronze dish. And put 
 in a hot oven, and cook without flame to keep it 
 from coming out; and then strain in a clean cloth 
 and if it comes out thin, boil down till it thickens. 
 And you ought with the product (692 B) varnish 
 over just any painted or carved work. Put in the 
 sun and dry it. 
 
From Codex Luccnsis, 490 105 
 
 ON WHITE COPPER 
 
 To keep it from losing its color in the fire: put 
 some glass in a vessel (in the bottom) and so melt 
 it. And as you are pouring it out open the vessel 
 with a fork (or hook). (692 C). 
 
 CHRYSOGRAPHY 
 
 You file down thin some refined gold with a file 
 and set it in a porphyry mortar and you will add 
 vinegar of the strongest quality, and at the same time 
 you grind and wash as long as it is black and you 
 pour it out, and then at last put in a grain of salt or 
 (692 D) at least soda and so it is melted: and you 
 afterwards write and polish the letters. So all 
 metals can be melted. 
 
 ANOTHER CHRYSOGRAPHY 
 
 You melt lead and often dip in cold water and 
 then you melt gold and cool in the aforesaid water, 
 and it becomes frail. Then after filing you rub the 
 gold carefully with quick silver and you clean 
 (692 E) it carefully while it is liquid and thus you 
 will write. Previously you will dip into a liquid 
 alum cleansed with the best vinegar. 
 
IO6 A Classical Technology 
 
 ANOTHER GOLD WRITING 
 
 You will take sheets of gold and silver and grind 
 them in a mortar in Greek salt or soda till it disap- 
 pears; then put in water, and (693 A) pour out, and 
 again put in salt. And you will wash it out in the 
 same way ; and when a small amount of gold remains 
 add a moderate amount of efflorescence of bronze and 
 oxgall. And you rub together and you will write 
 and polish the letters. But if you wish it to be 
 diffuse and to write more abundantly, grind sep- 
 arately orpiment four parts (the (693 B) divisible 
 kind) and celandine one part. And sift and mix 
 of it as much as there is of the gold and grind 
 equally. When you have dried it, polish and use 
 in writing. With this product you can paint on 
 glass and marble, just exactly as you use it for 
 writing. (693 C). 
 
 i 
 
 WRITING LIKE GOLD 
 
 Celandine two drachms, brilliant crushed rosin 
 three drachms, gold colored gum three drachms, 
 clear orpiment three drachms, tortoise gall three 
 drachms, white of eggs five drachms; altogether 
 twenty drachms. (693 D). And add Cilician saffron 
 seven drachms. Write not only on parchment or 
 papyrus, but also on a glass or marble vase. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 107 
 
 GILDING OF A PELT (693 E) 
 
 You take a red skin, treat it carefully with pumice, 
 moisten with tepid water and wash it all carefully 
 till the water comes out clear; then you stretch it 
 on a horse and cut into strips as often as four 
 times, then stretch on a clean board face up and 
 level it off carefully with a clean piece of wood. 
 And after it has dried off, you take the (694 A) 
 white of an egg and dip into the mixture and with 
 a clean sponge smear over the skin in a regular way ; 
 and if insufficient, you besmear it a second time. 
 And after drying place the leaf, then dip the sponge 
 into water, press and after drying polish. Then 
 moreover rub again with a clean skin, polish again. 
 Gilding is done in the same way with tragacanth 
 too, on (694 B) the condition, however, that you im- 
 merse the skin in water during the night until dis- 
 solved. 
 
 HOW TO TRANSMUTE COPPER INTO A 
 GOLDEN COLOR 
 
 You take clean, filed copper two parts, Asiatic 
 alum crushed in a mortar carefully and sifted one 
 part. Mix and put in a vessel, set on hot coals till 
 the copper is fused and mixed with the alum: then 
 stop (694 C) firing, for as the result of the fire the 
 
io8 A Classical Technology 
 
 alum fires the copper. And next you will pour out 
 some urine into the vessel mould which you wish 
 to make. And thus fuse the copper. It will not 
 lose its color (694 D) in the second fusing, but will 
 do so in the third ; it will not lose color while you are 
 filing it or beating it. When it breaks it is useless. 
 Rub (?) all, alum, Egyptian beans, three sous, 
 soda one ounce. 
 
 OPERATION FOR CINNABAR (694 E) 
 
 It is thus compounded: you will take clean mer- 
 cury two parts, native sulfur one, and put in a flask 
 without smoke and gently roast on the fire, make 
 cinnabar ; and wash conveniently and then take very 
 clean plates of copper, hang over strong vinegar in 
 the sunlight immovable (695 A) and some days 
 later open and take the petals, gather the efflores- 
 cence and make a very clean verdigris. Then you take 
 lead, make plates and hang over vinegar as before, 
 and gather the efflorescence and wash well till it is 
 clean and make white lead. Take cinnabar one 
 part, verdigris half a part, and white lead half a part 
 and put in a marble mortar and grind well; 
 after the grinding pour on some water in which 
 isinglass is boiling and it will make celandine pig- 
 ment. (695 B). 
 
 Porphiry celandine: solution of purple decoction 
 
from Codex Lucensis, 490 
 
 one pound, cinnabar one ounce, clean whitelead one 
 ounce. Beat all of them, mix with a small quantity 
 of urine, put in a glass vessel, set away in the sun- 
 light till it dries. Cyanus is thus recognized by 
 weight (695 C) before compounding. The ingre- 
 dients are powdered marble, mix well. Second 
 measure for the compound : green celandine, cyanus 
 one pound, whitelead one ounce, all these together, 
 mix with urin simmered down. 
 
 All these items we have expounded, whatever 
 there are of earthly or marine flowers or herbs. We 
 have recounted their (695 -D) virtues or opera- 
 tions, on walls and woods, cloths, hides and of all 
 painters. So now we state the treatments of all 
 which are applied in the simple condition to walls 
 and on wood, for wax: with mixed colors on hides. 
 (695 E). 
 
 Composition of pitch: first of all dry pitch one 
 ounce two drachms, native sulphur three sous, rosin 
 four drachms, tutsan others say water oil, others 
 water flower, others quince, but the Alexandrines 
 say marjoram. It occurs in water where 
 the earth (696 A) is white, red or black; and it is 
 produced out of the water, applegreen in color ; above 
 the water roundabout is the water's exit. And the 
 water is heavy and disastrous to the earth which 
 generates the flower. This way it is gathered. Take 
 some very soft (696 B) wool, wash it and put on 
 
IIO A Classical Technology 
 
 the water and squeeze into a glass vessel provided 
 with very moderate holes. Open the hole, put some 
 clean wool underneath till the water is strained oft" 
 and the marjoram liquid remains. So you use mar- 
 joram one drachm, clean balsam one ounce, aureas 
 six; Cilician oil, others say castor oil, others aspho- 
 del, but others say mistletoe one sou, cypress pitch 
 one sou and (696 C) twelve aurei, Spanish pitch one 
 sou, oil soap two sous, soda one sou, parsley, others 
 say wild variety, others rustic celandine, others gum, 
 others cheese, others thyme, others filaments, others 
 hairy parsley. How does parsley grow? In water, 
 on walls of houses along with the so called calx herb, 
 which has a tassel and is dry; powdered one ounce, 
 aulocias others say (696 D) sticis, others calaminth, 
 others clay-gravel mixture, others gillyflower, others 
 Marcus Antoninus flower. But the Alexandrines 
 say a half measure anis of purified gold. It is slender 
 herb with branching thorn, tangled and white : many 
 make torches out of it. It occurs in rough and stony 
 places: it has leaves like the myrtle: dry and pow- 
 dered three sous one drachm. The wild bramble 
 (others call it cocudera) grows (696 E) like a 
 bramble, has stronger and thick branches, and a fruit 
 like the jujube which is a round bulb, for which the 
 gentiles say wild jujube. Within it has triangular 
 hairy grains. Grains dried and powdered one sou. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 III 
 
 Have everything dried and ground in the same way, 
 then mix all the ingredients, add chaste tree two 
 sous, mix, grind suitably (697 A) put away in a ves- 
 sel smeared with bitumen and when it boils on slow 
 fire once, there will be a pitch compound. 
 
 HOW TO EXTINGUISH A FIRE 
 
 Let us now speak of extinction, what sort of a 
 remedy you must have if the fire burns too strongly : 
 if it is too hot, put it out with soda sand thrown 
 on it. (697 B). 
 
 ON BLUE 
 
 Blue, its chief ingredient: gather carefully some 
 leaves of the violet flower, pound carefully in a clean 
 mortar, put in soap and axlegrease without chalk, 
 clean with tepid water and dissolve soap one ounce 
 (697 C) in a pound of water. And rub the soap 
 suitably in water, and put away to cool, then put the 
 composition on the powdered flowers, set it all in 
 a glass vessel into which you can put your hand; 
 set it away there and after a while go and mix it ; 
 always mix in the same way, stir (697 D) with or 
 without mixing every day. Shake once a day for a 
 week, then three days or two until you boil it down ; 
 then you take a dark, larger lily (which is prophyry 
 
112 A Classical Technology 
 
 colored), the kind that has a leaf like knife, rub 
 it down suitably in a mortar without soap, putting 
 in water (697 E) and then you will take some of 
 the violet compound two pounds, some Egyptian 
 alum (if the foam is strong) ; but if the foam be 
 feeble use crude alum two ounces, simmered urine 
 one pound and boil on a slow fire for six hours ; and 
 if the mixture turns out very green, pour in urine, 
 but if very blue, use more alum. But if too azure, 
 use a drachm of birdlime. Put in of white native 
 lily a sufficient quantity and boil (698 A) down. 
 You skim off the froth with a wooden hollow spoon, 
 and throw out blue (herb of the poppy boiled with 
 flower leaves), set away in a new earthenware jar 
 for a day, you will open it and set aside for an hour 
 and when the mixture grows feeble, take water, boil 
 with isinglass, put on the flower leaves, powder 
 suitably, mix with a moderate amount of cinnabar 
 and a celandine color will come out. (698 B). 
 
 COMPOSITION OF INDIGO 
 
 Caucalis flower, bloom of unclean flax, the un- 
 guent dregs of violet of the before mentioned sorts, 
 namely of the minor variety two parts, of the larger 
 one part; but make such dregs not according to the 
 formula for azure, but only with lilly water; of the 
 greater blue however use one part, let these forms 
 
From Codex Lucensts, 490 113 
 
 of ointment be made, both (698 C) suitably in hol- 
 lowed wood, you will then place back in a glass 
 vessel the two ointments ; of the smaller violet you 
 will similarly make a drug and of the greater blue 
 lily you will similarly make a drug: then put in 
 some of the white, that is to say of the caucalis 
 flower and of the flax two parts, and of the minor 
 violet one part and of the greater one part, Egyptian 
 alum foam to (698 D) a pound five sous, axlegrease 
 soap without lime one ounce. All these you will 
 boil down, you will moderately rub weak batter one 
 pound, then mix the ointment dregs boiled down 
 with the batter, and grind suitably till it becomes a 
 powder, then take it up and put in the sun. 
 
 THIS IS BLUE LILAC (OR INDIGO) 
 (698 E) 
 
 And is compounded of flowers, namely flower 
 neulacis, in Greek the tapsia plant, called by others 
 the groundcreeper. Gather the flower and stow it 
 away, then grease your hands with oily soap without 
 lime then rub the flowers between your hands and 
 put away in a glass vessel, continue the act till the 
 flowers are consumed; and that which (699 A) 
 has been stowed away you will cover in its vessel 
 suitably, in a warm spot and then open. \Vatch 
 it till its color is blue, and then put it away un- 
 
114 A Classical Technology 
 
 covered (with only a cloth over it) ; merely cover 
 cleanly and take some of the batter of green tint, 
 boil down to a feeble state with skimmed urine 
 until the leaves are dissolved. And you continue the 
 boiling till the urine is consumed and the compound 
 (699 B) thickens: then set away to cool. Next 
 take of tapsia plant flower three pounds, of the 
 batter two pounds, cinnabar half an ounce, mix rub 
 cleanly, cover the mortar and let it rest. And then 
 you take oystershells and clean inside and outside 
 carefully and wash off so that neither filth nor flax 
 may slip through. Then you take the shells and put 
 them back in a new pot and boil in a furnace till it 
 (699 C) grows hot and (the shell) is reduced to 
 powder. Then cool off, grind suitably in the same 
 way, take of its powder one pound, and then take 
 clean verdigris and put it in another supply of skim- 
 med urine and rub a good while till the urine is 
 turbid and turns green after which you will mix 
 some of the turbid urine in the mortar (699 E). 
 Rub down thoroughly, put away in a new vessel 
 and set in the sun one day and then cover and be- 
 smear, set above in a glassblower's furnace one day 
 and it will come out blue. 
 
 The red variety, however, is compounded of three 
 drugs. It is made thus. Take lacquer, grind suit- 
 ably, mix with skimmed urine, boil well on a slow 
 fire and the compound put one ounce, indigo one 
 
From Codex LucensiSj 490 115 
 
 sou, rub suitably, let it settle in the sun. 
 
 Another vermilion compound. Put in vermilion 
 one pound, scarlet berry one pound; (scarlet berry 
 as has been stated above occurs (700 A) on the 
 leaves of the cedar: do not grind them behind the 
 furnace). First of all mix indigo one ounce, grind 
 suitably in a mortar, put in skimmed urine fifteen 
 pounds, set in a new pot, boil the urine down one 
 half, and crush the grains with cinnabar in a linen 
 cloth ; wash ( 700 B ) as was mentioned above until 
 all is consumed, then put back in the sun. 
 
 ANOTHER COMPOSITION FOR VER- 
 MILION 
 
 Vermilion one-half pound, of another variety of 
 vermilion six ounces, white lead six, indigo six 
 ounces: rub suitably, set in a pot, add skimmed 
 urine ten pounds, put in a thin linen cloth, pound 
 the scarlet berry (700 C), wash off in urine and 
 you pound it again, wash in urine until the scarlet 
 berry is dissolved ; and continue boiling till the urine 
 is reduced one-half. Then put back in the sun. 
 
 PURPLE COLORED CELANDINE 
 
 Is composed of four drugs, indigo, blue stuff, 
 cinnabar, and lacquer in equal weights. Crush 
 
Ii6 A Classical Technology 
 
 them, compose in a glass vessel, set in the (700 D) 
 sun till the mixture dries out. 
 
 ON METAL 
 
 Now as to metal for roasting gold, we will show 
 you how it can be produced from a greasy combina- 
 tion. And when the metal has been found (700 E) 
 make a vessel which is to receive of the metal twenty 
 pounds, and afterwards put it with the vessel in a 
 furnace and heat it at the fire from one o'clock to 
 six. After this with the metal's greasy mixture 
 must be combined coral two pounds, ammonia fixed 
 and burned a pound, Spanish salt two pounds, white 
 wax to the required extent some very greasy ingre- 
 dient two pounds, tartar one pound. The result 
 (701 A) is a compound of every pigment entering 
 by and of itself into every individual part, an ingre- 
 dient which you read about but which we have actu- 
 ally tried. This last should be delightful since it 
 contains three metals for melting gold ; and we can 
 point out to you another metal for this fusing process, 
 (but much greener than the metal of gold, which has 
 to effect the fusion). It will have the odor of dew 
 and should be put in a vessel after reduction. The 
 first decoration is burned pitch (701 B), one half 
 pound, a second is glass powdered by hammering, the 
 third however, is tin two pounds, which by its fusion 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 117 
 
 brings the metal to a safe result. And thus what 
 was combined with the metal is reduced to a powder, 
 all of which has been tested. 
 
 ON GREEN EARTH (701 C) 
 
 On green earth: likewise is the stone green, 
 from which the ore silver is derived. This earth 
 occurs in stony places where are found many ores 
 and of various colors. This ore when rubbed off 
 shows white veins and when reduced with fire they 
 come out black (that is the test) : and when broken 
 into small pieces (701 D) after reducing, it has 
 inward colors like silver, (that is to say this stone 
 which will come out silver). Take some of the ore: 
 for first of all, you place in the upper part of a fur- 
 nace, calamine ore in an oven pot and fill with coals 
 and burn as we have said above, wood below and 
 coals above and you continue the burning and fus- 
 ing process one day and let it cool off right there. 
 Next you take the mass and (701 E) break into 
 small pieces, then return to the oven as before. And 
 along with that, feeble lead to the extent of one 
 hundred pounds, but of the lead mass fifteen, and 
 burn as before for three days. After this, now 
 throw out the mass, place it in a cup and melt for 
 two hours. (702 A). 
 
n8 A Classical Technology 
 
 ON THE ADAMANT STONE 
 
 The adamant stone is produced from the concoc- 
 tion of calamine and gold in the first gathering 
 of the mass after the first reduction. Now the mass 
 remains during the breaking large in one instance, 
 small in (702 B) the other, such that neither iron 
 nor any other ores can break it. And it, which over- 
 comes all other metals yields to lead alone. And this 
 is the potency of lead. You take soft lead, easy and 
 yielding and melt in on the spot, and throw in there 
 adamant of equal (to that), which you wish to 
 reduce, burn the lead on a slow fire and when it 
 begins to thin (702 C) out instantly catch it with 
 tongs and cover in oil soap, next take it out gently 
 and in very clean fashion because it is feeble; for 
 it is more friable than lead since lead is melted in 
 it. Next you take of the soap products what you 
 wish to thin out, then place carefully on the fire, for 
 two or three hours until it is hot enough, then take 
 (702 D) off and wash, and out will come adamant 
 (which is neither conquered by fire nor broken by 
 iron) : you work it, do not lay it aside, something 
 by which you imitate whatever you please to make. 
 
 ON PURPLE 
 Purple occurs in every sea rather than on the 
 
From Codex Lucensif, 490 119 
 
 islands, and these lakes of (702 E) ours. It has 
 within a small shell instead of a blood: its blood 
 is purple colored, out of which is gathered purple 
 dye. It is had thus. Take a shellfish, boil the blood 
 with the flesh, then take seabrine or salt brine, mingle 
 in a vessel and let it stand. 
 
 ON PURPLE DYE (703 A) 
 
 Purple dye: take Alexandrine alum, rub down 
 suitably, put on a platter put over it boiling hot 
 water and stir a good while, let it stand, then pour 
 out the hot water and stir, put in what you wish to 
 dye and what comes out, let alone for two days; 
 and after two days (703 B) stir and turn upside 
 down. 
 
 ON DIFFERENT WAYS OF GILDING 
 
 Different ways of gilding: for instance on wood. 
 Let almond gum be melted for one day, then rub 
 the gum suitably with water, add saffron to a (703 
 C ) sufficient extent, color the water with gum. And 
 warm it all on a slow fire. According to necessity 
 use it on wood, plum trees (?) or housewalls. Take 
 thin white of an egg, add a sufficient quantity of 
 saffron, dip (703 D) and mingle then rub. Place 
 in a glass jar linseed oil one ounce, fused gum one 
 
I2O A Classical Technology 
 
 ounce, saffron in sufficient quantity; mix it all with 
 water. Boil down the three chief ingredients, use in 
 gilding petals. 
 
 ON THE COMPOSITION OF LINSEED 
 OIL (703 E) 
 
 Composition of linseed oil. Linseed two pounds, 
 gum one ounce, fir resin one ounce, saffron two sous : 
 pound all these ingredients and mix as above. 
 
 ON THE OPERATION FOR REMOVAL OF 
 TARNISH (704 A) 
 
 Removal of tarnished gilt: if it's a case of raw 
 hide use some indelible dye or whitelead or some 
 tarnish color. These gilt petals are set away: and 
 after the drying moreover, anoint thoroughly with 
 some of the composition which we have described 
 above where we discussed the (704 B) composition 
 of saffron. 
 
 ON SPREADING GILT 
 
 Spreading gilt: let petals be made of tin thus. 
 Melt the tin well, spread out gradually on a marble 
 surface and make thin leaves as in the case of glass 
 and set them like goldfoil, as above mentioned. And 
 
From Codex LucensiSj 490 121 
 
 (704 C) boil the herb celandine and of the strained 
 concoction use three ounces, saffron three sous, orpi- 
 ment one sou. 
 
 CHRYSOCOLL 
 
 Chrysocoll for all combinations: reduced copper 
 one* ounce, oil soap (704 D) three sous, calcothar 
 one sou. First mix these ingredients, then rub suit- 
 ably the copper, powder the calcothar at the same 
 time, mix the chrysocoll with soap and the necessary 
 quantity of water. 
 
 ON ANOTHER KIND OF CHRYSOCOLL 
 (704 E) 
 
 Another chrysocoll: roasted copper one pound, 
 alum two sous. On chrysocoll: gold is mixed with 
 quick silver, next it enters a cup till the quick silver 
 is hot, then take out the gold, rub it cleanly in a 
 mortar till it is reduced to a powder; then mix it 
 with oil soap so much as the chrysocoll concoction 
 requires. (705 A). 
 
 SILVER CEMENT 
 
 \ 
 
 Silver cement: silver two parts and bronze one 
 part. 
 
122 A Classical Technology 
 
 ANOTHER SILVER CEMENT (705 B) 
 
 Take silver mixed with quicksilver and put in a 
 fire till the quicksilver dries out, then grind suit- 
 ably till it powders: mix with a sufficiency of soap 
 and water. 
 
 ON CEMENT FOR BRONZE (705 C) 
 
 Cement for bronze: bronze one pound, lead two 
 pounds; mix, melt the bronze first, then put in the 
 lead, mix them together. 
 
 ON CEMENT FOR TIN 
 
 Tin cement: tin two parts, and lead one part. 
 
 ON CEMENT FOR STONE (705 D) 
 
 Stone cement: use dry powder of white marble, 
 and take isinglass one ounce, oxglue one ounce, put 
 in a mixture with water, heat till it boils, put in 
 powdered marble and make marble cement. 
 
 ON CEMENT FOR STONE (705 E) 
 
 Stone cement: isinglass two ounces, cheese glue 
 two ounces and put in some of the powdered marble 
 as above. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 123 
 
 ON WOOD GLUE (706 A) 
 
 Now for wood glue: oxglue, likewise, isinglass, 
 glue, moreover gold and silver as we have pointed 
 out before on gilding. 
 
 ON GLUEING <OF TIMBERS> (706 B) 
 
 Now for glueing of timbers in water: isinglass 
 one ounce, oxglue one ounce, figjuice one ounce, 
 spurge sap one ounce; mix all these in water and 
 boil them. Cement for carved timber: if it is a 
 timber <you are using > put on the timber one of 
 the three above (mentioned cements), but in the 
 case of bones, use on the timbers cheese glue one 
 ounce, mixed with isinglass two ounces, boil down 
 together with the hot glue : heat the bones moderate- 
 ly and put on the cement. (706 C). 
 
 ON THE STONE OREBUS 
 
 The stone orebus, which the Alexandrines call 
 calamine, occurs in damp places; it is easy to crush, 
 for it is black and enters into a soldering of silver. 
 (706 D). 
 
 ON THE AERITIS STONE 
 
 The aeritis stone called also lencompandium : for 
 the earth in which it occurs is green, and as the 
 
124 A Classical Technology 
 
 earth grows and flowers, (you see the specimens) 
 blooming with a white flower, round and with four 
 points, afterwards it contracts and becomes a stone, 
 the green earth reduces (706 E) the brilliant flower, 
 and then are produced stones, some of gold color, 
 others apple green, others celandine colored, others 
 white: they emit a spark when struck. From them 
 comes quicksilver in the months of April and May, 
 when the hot earth has an abundance of flowers. 
 Then you hollow out a moist spot up to your knee, 
 open the earth and you will find the old flowers, 
 hardened and clinging to the earth, turned in (707 
 A) to stone. For some had flowered and hardened 
 and had not clung to the earth but had remained 
 like pearls, because they did not find suitable weath- 
 er. Another sort flowers, at the suitable time, like 
 white snow. When you find this sort, then with 
 the help of a spade lift it out of the earth with its 
 flowers. Put in a marble mortar, and when filled, 
 pour in water, mix thoroughly, throw out the earth 
 which is in it, and let (707 B) the quicksilver 
 remain. There will come forth some of the silver 
 metal when the mixture begins to fire up: and arti- 
 sans run and gather it. 
 
 ON THE PUMICE STONE 
 
 The pumice stone occurs everywhere. It is 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 125 
 
 crushed, enters into a new cup, is put on a furnace, 
 heated well, covered up suitably to prevent (707 
 C) the ingress of any filth. Next it is removed, 
 ground suitably and in the composition of gold it 
 enters for gum into the mixture of calamine. 
 
 ON COMPOSITION OF ORPIMENT 
 
 Composition of orpiment: grind, pure quick- 
 silver one ounce, gold tremissis (707 D) and one 
 ounce: and you beat the gold, make a leaf, put the 
 leaf and the quicksilver in an iron trowel and heat 
 till the gold is melted and mingled with the quick- 
 silver. Then put a moderate amount of the orpi- 
 ment in the trowel with the quicksilver mixture and 
 boil thoroughly (707 E) and shake till it becomes 
 pandius (yellow colored ?). 
 
 ON ROASTED COPPER 
 
 Roasted copper: a clean leaf is made out of the 
 cleanest copper ore. Put clean leaves in an unused 
 pot and also native sulphur. First spread the leaves 
 ou.t in the pot, as many as it will hold, then sprinkle 
 (708 A) sulphur, then place the petals above and 
 so continue till you fill the pot. After that put the 
 pot in a glassblower's furnace, roast for four days 
 and after it cools off break up Asiatic alum into 
 
126 A Classical Technology 
 
 very small particles to suit the composition of sul- 
 phur. At the same time, the pot is covered and 
 smeared with clay as in the former operation, and 
 is roasted for six days. And after the copper is 
 broken into (708 B) particles, melt it. 
 
 ON ELECTRUM 
 
 How electrum is made : you put two parts of silver 
 and three of copper ore, and three of gold, gold and 
 copper in equal weights. 
 
 ON GOLD CEMENT (708 C) , 
 
 Gold cement for golden stripe pipes: brine one 
 ounce, roasted copper two ounces, efflorescence of 
 nitre one ounce, oil soap without lime one ounce, 
 vitriol two sous, vinegar half an ounce, water one 
 ounce: mix; let grow moderately warm. (708 D). 
 
 ON LITHARGE 
 
 Litharge composition: one kind of lead, another 
 of silver. The one you make of lead is done thus: 
 compound lead, put it in a melting pot (let the lead 
 be) rather the feminine sort and soft, you melt it 
 thoroughly and when the melting is complete pound 
 the lead with a wooden pestle (708 E) and heat it. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 127 
 
 Put on some ashes with living coals and grind, put 
 on some more ashes and do not cease grinding till 
 it is powdered, and then wash it in water; but if 
 you wish it to contract and thicken, set it in a jar 
 with oil and, after heating, it coagulates and when 
 it cools down break the jar and it will come out like 
 something crushed. 
 
 ANOTHER FORMULA FOR LITHARGE 
 
 (709 A) 
 
 Another formula for litharge: it can be made 
 out of silver thus. Melt the silver and the impuri- 
 ties that come out of it grind with oil inside accord- 
 ing to the former recipe ; it grows hotter on account 
 of the potency of the silver. Lead litharge, on the 
 other hand, before (709 B) soldifying, enters with 
 water into earthenware bituminous composition; 
 but you must use it as you please after it contracts. 
 
 ON THE ENCAUSTIC PROCESS 
 
 First the encaustic for silver, bronze, and unwork- 
 ed ore. You beat out gold and make thin leaves, 
 then put in quicksilver and melt the (709 C) leaves 
 till the gold is dissolved : but if there is a .reduction, 
 add more quicksilver till the gold is roasted, then 
 put in an earthenware jar, and you will rub one jar 
 against another one till there is a thinning process 
 and the gold mixes with the quicksilver. Then you 
 
128 A Classical Technology 
 
 will rub down what you intend to gild, besmear it 
 somewhat, warm it and strain it in a (709 D) clean 
 linen cloth : thus ; you wipe off all the remaining 
 gold, put it on the fire and test it. So too, you 
 place the first and second gildings in a new jar. 
 But when it has once been slightly besmeared, rub 
 it down with an iron while very hot and it is thus 
 colored, then add crumbs of bread, rub thoroughly 
 till its color comes out quite white. 
 
 The method of gilding iron is similar; but it is 
 first treated (709 E) with alum. You take a por- 
 tion of vitriol, a moderate amount of salt and just 
 the same quantity of vinegar, heat in a cup, and 
 therewith besmear the iron which you will gild. 
 This is the first mode of gilding. 
 
 But whoever gilds glass, take one portion of 
 isinglass, and one of almond gum, put, pour and 
 boil ; anoint the vessel ; cut some fine leaves of gold, 
 place them in a position like what you wish to make. 
 (710 A). 
 
 In the same way you wash a stone or a piece of 
 wood in water and after it dries off, rub it down 
 (so too, glueing with the hematite stone or with 
 iron). 
 
 ! 
 ON CHRYSOGRAPHY 
 
 Chrysography foil: take some petals of very old 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 129 
 
 saffron, strip off its flowers and then rub a good 
 while ; take an egg, open it, throw away immediately 
 1 (710 B) the white of it, catch it on the saffron and 
 rub suitably, besmear and lay the foils over it. 
 
 ON THE THIRD MODE OF CHRYSO- 
 GRAPHY 
 
 Third chrysography : take quicksilver, mix with 
 gold, bury it (?) rub well (710 C) put in a cup; 
 set on the coals till the silver dries and the gold 
 remains feeble, then place in a marble mortar and 
 pound the gold with an iron pestle. Place in water 
 to boil. In the same way, put in the composition 
 gum water, rub suitably, then set in a small flask 
 and (710 D) and hang it up in the sun wherever 
 you please along with the pen. With it write what 
 you please. Compound silver and bronze in the 
 same way. 
 
 ON DYEING OF LEAVES 
 
 How to dye tinfoil : take clean saffron one ounce, 
 good split orpiment (710 E) two ounces, grind, put 
 in gum one half ounce, linseed oil one half ounce, 
 rainwater or fresh water; mix and boil. Then mix 
 the compounds, grind well, take up with a sponge, 
 besmear the leaves and after drying, grease again 
 and take an onyx stone polish till it shines. 
 
130 A Classical Technology 
 
 ON SULPHUR (711 A) 
 
 How sulphur is roasted : boil bacon and of the oil 
 take two pounds, of sulphur earth four pounds, put 
 in a melting pot, powder the earth and boil a second 
 or third time, pour out of the side. (?). (7116). 
 
 ON CALAMINE 
 
 Calamine, its composition is as follows: clean 
 bronze one pound, calcothar two ounces, efflorescence 
 of soda one ounce, sulphur one ounce. Put these 
 in a cup and they will be melted together and boiled 
 till the bronze and calcothar unite by burning, and 
 the remainders are washed namely calamine (just 
 as bronze) one part, lead one part, triturate of soda 
 (711 C) one ounce, calcothar one ounce, efflores- 
 cence of soda one ounce. When these have been 
 mixed and burned combine with vinegar set in the 
 sun and dry three big jars. This can be done thus: 
 take soft lead melt it in an earthenware jar a strong 
 one of larger size so as to endure the triturating 
 process. Take a pestle and put coals with ashes over 
 the (711 D) lead and before it cools stir it gently 
 and thoroughly with the pestle till you thin out the 
 lead, put on ashes with coals and rub ; next set it 
 on a wooden platter, wash off, then make the com- 
 pound in a new melting pot along with sulphur and 
 boil for three days. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 131 
 
 ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE 
 EFFLORESCENCE OF SODA (711 E) 
 
 Composition of the efflorescence of natural soda: 
 the second formula which is much sought after: 
 for a solder for gold and silver or bronze. Egyp- 
 tian soda one pound, axlegrease soap without lime 
 one pound, rub suitably and mix, then set in the 
 sun or in a hot place. It serves for gold solder, 
 there are also compounded for silver (on account 
 of its softness) two parts of soap and one of glass. 
 
 ON THE COMPOSITION OF BRONZE 
 
 (712 A) 
 
 Composition of bronze: copper ore two parts, 
 lead one part, tin one part. 
 
 ON ANOTHER FORMULA FOR MAKING 
 BRONZE (712 B) 
 
 Anothr composition of bronze: copper ore two 
 parts, lead one part, glass one half and tin one half ; 
 mix and melt and fuse in accordance with the meas- 
 ure of the vessels. It serves also for copper ore 
 cement along with efflorescence of soda. 
 
 ON THE COMPOSITION OF CINNABAR 
 
 Composition of genuine cinnabar: take of clean 
 foam of quicksilver (712 C) and native sulphur one 
 
132 A Classical Technology 
 
 part, quicksilver two parts and pound them. Then 
 take sulphur and smokeless too because ground and 
 mixed sulphur makes color, put the quicksilver in a 
 not full flask containing less than two ounces; but 
 if it is of larger size let it be less than three ounces. 
 And when mixed, stir and then make a smaller sized 
 (712 D) glassblower's furnace so as to hold even a 
 large flask, open hole where the jar can enter, and 
 break up some canes with them, fire up the furnace 
 and make another opening of smaller size whence the 
 flame can escape round about. This is the sign that 
 the boiling is in progress: when you see where the 
 flask has less of the porphyry colored smoke (712 E) 
 and assuming a cinnabar tint cease firing, for as a 
 result of much fire th'e flask bursts. When the heat- 
 ing is complete let it cool off. 
 
 HOW TO MAKE VERDIGRIS 
 
 How to make verdigris : take strips of copper ore 
 and scrape them off well and hang over vinegar and 
 scrape off the swelling that it makes and gather. 
 Composition; of verdigris; two ounces, (713 A) 
 clean vitriol four ounces, Egyptian alum two ounces, 
 batter two ounces. Pound the batter in a clean 
 fashion in the same way, but mix together the verdi- 
 gris and the vitriol and take oil soap three ounces 
 (713 B) and salt one-half an ounce and unite them 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 133 
 
 to the three drugs, after which pound and mix again 
 carefully with soap then take batter, beat it up as 
 is needed, mix with the aforesaid drugs and rub 
 carefully and let it rest for one day. 
 
 This is the way to make copper: clean urine one 
 pound, let it (713 C) rest, skim it off and mix with 
 the drugs and rub a good while if the melting 
 pot is iron, otherwise put it in one of earthenware 
 and boil down to one-third. Then take roasted 
 gypsum well pounded, put in a half an ounce, take 
 the concoction, mix gypsum and rub a good while 
 and set in the sun and when it contracts, break the 
 drug and let it dry. 
 
 HOW TO MAKE DYE (713 D) 
 
 Composition for dye: take the cleanest lacquer 
 one pound and boil down with skimmed urine five 
 pounds and heat it cleanly, but do not let it boil 
 excessively. Then take clean crab's bones, fire them 
 cleanly (713 E) and rub sufficiently, mix in the 
 lacquer; take similar pbjects fused in water, liquify 
 well, let the liquification be fat. Pound them to- 
 gether thoroughly, that is to say the crab's bones 
 and the lacquer: set in a vessel and dry the dye 
 mixture suitably in the sun and let it alone for three 
 (714 A) days more and afterwards stir in the same 
 way and let alone for eight days more and stir part 
 
134 A Classical Technology 
 
 of a day. Afterwards take out some of it and put 
 in more alum and make thereof another dye, put it in 
 there and then take the once skimmed urine, and 
 afterwards set in a copper (714 B) melting pot. 
 Take the purple dye and wash gently once in water 
 and then rub suitably, put in a thin cloth, wash the 
 pot in the urine and afterwards with pig's blood, 
 then rub and grind well in the same way : dry pig's 
 blood one pound, purple fish dye three ounces. And 
 next (714 C) wash moderately, dry, put in a melt- 
 ing pot and have it boil a second time and rub in 
 the same fashion a pound of shell dye along with 
 blood, that is to say nine ounces of the shell dye and 
 three of the pig's blood. 
 
 ON THE PROPORTIONS OF VINEGAR 
 
 The proportions of vinegar: and put together, 
 put in the same dye compound (714 D) as much 
 alum as you please. But if you wish to dye with 
 greater cleanliness, put them in one pot as before; 
 and a third dye can be made the same way. 
 
 ON LIGHT YELLOW PORPHYRY 
 
 Light yellow porphyry: previously however, dip 
 the yellow and then it (714 E) enters the compound 
 in which porphyry is dipped. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 135 
 
 ON THE GOLD VARNISHER 
 
 Gold varnisher : pure gold mixed with quicksilver, 
 ribbon strips, sponge filaments, whitelead, quick- 
 silver, hematite, or add some outline drawing, 
 laurel; mix in the fluid state (715 A), surround 
 with raw meat if you desire. 
 
 ON GOLD VARNISH 
 
 Yellow celandine gold varnish : powder of rubbed 
 gold as we have mentioned above, with the dried 
 product of quicksilver two parts, verdigris one part, 
 then (715 B) mix with the laurel compound and 
 make what disposition of it you please. 
 
 SILVER VARNISHER 
 
 Silver varnisher: mix clean silver with quick- 
 silver, then take the silver and grind to a powder and 
 mix with the laurel compound and (715 C) use as 
 you please. 
 
 ON ANOTHER SILVER VARNISH 
 
 Another similar formula for silver varnish: take 
 clean silver, put it in a cup, place on a fire till the 
 quicksilver is precipitated, (715 D) and then take 
 
136 A Classical Technology 
 
 silver two parts and verdigris one part add some of 
 the laurel compound and arrange. 
 
 ON THE STONE CALLED SMIRA 
 (EMERY) (715 E) 
 
 The stone known as smira sets fire to all glass. 
 
 ON THE EARTH WHICH IS CALLED 
 LIMNIA 
 
 The earth which is called limnia. which is white, 
 reddish color; it occurs in stony places and you rec- 
 ognize by these signs. When water is poured on it, 
 gives forth a hissing sound, it dyes green alum and 
 all sorts of porphyry and golden beryl, also onyx. 
 
 Black earth: is so called because of its dusky 
 color, it occurs in Egypt and Africa and in India 
 and in Italy, is found in (716 A) wet spots, 
 in valleys. Out of it is obtained a red dye, mixed 
 with vinegar and heated it is discolored but after- 
 wards returns to the scarlet tint. 
 
 On the focaria stone: the stone which is called 
 focaria (mica) is the (716 B) one from which 
 bronze is to be had by heating. And there is another 
 similar variety whence are emitted rare sparks under 
 a blow ; is red and fiery, of a coppery color and when 
 set on the fire for testing, it takes fire and does not 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 137 
 
 change its color. It is then gathered and worn down 
 fine, and this mass gathered and, along with ox or 
 goat's dung, covered with straw, you keep on fire 
 for two days and three (716 C) nights until the 
 dung is consumed. Now you can heat it in the fur- 
 nace and also the copper as well as lead; after it 
 cools off, the stone which has by this time been 
 heated is picked up. And as a first weighing you 
 weigh three hundred pounds in the first heating in 
 which you place finely divided coal, three baskets- 
 ful. And throw on bundles of cloth, and when your 
 masters enter the works and cover everything with 
 a coating (716 D) of wax, let it stand and cool off 
 so as not to run like lead or hardened wax, because 
 it grows stiff. And after cooling off, break it into 
 small pieces, melt in a furnace and use some of it. 
 (7i6 E). 
 
 SPLIT STONE 
 
 The split stone (schist) is found in Cappadocia, 
 Asia, Iberia and Italy; and it is dusky and strong 
 and when broken into small pieces, you will find in 
 it white veins, but when it is set on fire it turns red. 
 The Alexandrines call it cathmia because it melts 
 glass; moreover, it is found in lofty and windy 
 places; it is a porous stone. 
 
138 A Classical Technology 
 
 ON THE GAGATHES STONE (717 A) 
 
 The gagathes stone is in color like orpiment, for it 
 is not so very green; when broken it emits fire. It 
 is divided into very small plates wherefore the Alex- 
 andrines call it smooth stone out of which is (717 
 B) made waxmarble. This is pounded thin and 
 you put in a pound of the stone and two of oxglue 
 and five of water and then boil continually two or 
 three times, mix and you will get waxmarble. 
 
 TRACHIAS STONE 
 
 The trachias stone is found everywhere, is green, 
 split, dusky; when burned it turns white. It is 
 employed in calamine, in the process of (717 C) 
 cleaning silver. 
 
 GLOSSARY 
 
 A for ad 711 E (twice), 712 B. To. K 153, ML 
 136. 
 
 Abdum 700 D, for Addum. While, until. NEW. 
 
 Abietiam 686 E, adj. from abies. Made of fir. 
 Star K 34, ML 25. * 
 
 Ablative for Accusative. 690 D, 690 E, 692 C, 
 698 A, 699 D, 700 B, 700 D, 701 A. 
 
 Ablative for Nominative. 21 1 V I, 684 Aextr., 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 139 
 
 685 C, 686 E, 687 A, 687 B, (twice) 688 B, 688 C, 
 688 E, 690 A, 692 C, 694 A, 705 B. 
 
 Accusative for Nominative. 21 1 V. I. ibid. II, 
 676 A, 679 B, 693 E, 698 C, 702 E, 706 D, 707 A. 
 
 Acerinus (eerinum, Cod.) 682 D. Made of 
 maplewood. Star K 116, not in ML. 
 
 Acetum, passim. Vinegar. K 120, ML 98. 
 
 A cmattita 710 A. See Aematita. (Hematite). 
 
 Acrestis 696 E. Unripe. Star ML, not in K. 
 NEW. Agrestis has been influenced by acer. 
 
 Adamans 702. Diamond (?). K 159, ML 142. 
 
 Adequetur 687 E. Level up, smooth off. K. 155, 
 ML 138. 
 
 Adiuxtantem 684 B. Neighboring. See K 5243 
 (Star), not in ML. 
 
 Adluminentur 691 A. Take on a bright color? 
 NEW. Connection with alumen? 
 
 Adpariscant 687 E. Appear. Cf. K 746. ML 
 536 (star). 
 
 Adplanare 690 A. Smooth off, plane off. 
 
 Adsuccare 691 B. Dry off. NEW. Correct (in 
 part) K 3494, ML 3073. 
 
 Adtenuare 675 B, 711 D. Attenuate, make thin. 
 
 Aematita, emathitis, [a]ematita, e[t]matita, etc., 
 passim. Hematite. K. 4448, ML 3975. 
 
 Aeramen, eramen, eramen, etc., passim. Copper. 
 K 320, ML 242. 
 
 Aeramentum, variant of aeramen. 
 
A Classical Technology 
 
 Aeramentinum, 675 A. Made of copper. NEW. 
 (Heramentinum, Cod). 
 
 Aeritis, aeri[e]tis 706 D. See Comm. 
 
 Aestuatio 676 E(uestuationem, Cod.). Heat. 
 Rare in this sense. 
 
 Aforas 211 V. I. Outside. K 199, not in ML. 
 
 Afronitrum 708 C. Efflorescence of natrum. 
 
 Agralia 787 D. Rustic. Rare. 
 
 Agutum 706 D. Sharp. Old Italian. K. 152, 
 ML 135. 
 
 Ainguis 679 E. Error for tinguis. dye. 
 
 Ala 690 E. A<cu>la or for aAa??. Needle or 
 egg-shell? Or for novacula? (Knife) or <p>ala? 
 (Spade, Shovel, K 6788, ML. 6154.) 
 
 Albidiante 696 D. White. NEW. 
 
 Albumen 693 D. White of the egg. K 419, not in 
 ML. 
 Alithinus, passim. Genuine. 
 
 Alitus 676 B. Error for aliter; here means else- 
 where. 
 
 Allebat 707 A. Lift up. K 494, ML 359. 
 
 Alumen passim. Alum. ML 389, not in K. 
 
 Aluminare 679 E (adluminentur 691 A?). Treat 
 with alum. 
 
 Aluminatio 687 A. Treatment with alum, appli- 
 cation of alum. NEW. 
 
 Amba 690 E, ambas 698 C. Both. K 586, ML 
 411. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 14! 
 
 Amfions 711 C, an<for>um 683 B, i. e. amforas. 
 Jars. K 612, ML 429. 
 
 Amigdalina 692, A. of Almond. 
 
 Amixtus (i. e. a<d>mixtus) 712 C. Mixed. 
 
 Ammonia, passim. Ammoniac gum. 
 
 Amodis (read a<d>modum) 684 A. To a de- 
 gree. 
 
 Amoraque 695 E. hamoraque, humoraque, etc. 
 Means umor aquae. See Flore ague? 
 
 Ampulla, ambulla 712 D. Small flask. K 616. 
 ML 398. 
 
 Amygdala passim, a[c]micdala, a[c]migdale. Al- 
 mond. K 619, ML 431. 
 
 Anamemigmenos 682 C, i. e. dva^e/wy/AeVos. Mix- 
 ed, as Latin, NEW. 
 
 Anis 696 D. Meaning? 
 
 Antismis 682 C. Flowery discourse. 
 
 Apis 687 B. Bee. 
 
 Apium 696 C. Parsley. 
 
 Aque f oleum 695 A. a plant < ((>8pe'A<uoi>.) 
 
 Arbor 686 D, Corr. from albor. Cf. Sp. albur, 
 e. g. in Alburquerque. K 801, ML 606. 
 
 A[r]dasta 701 E, i. e. adusta. Scorched. ML 
 212, not in K. 
 
 Argilla 708 A. Clay. K 839, ML 641. 
 
 Aside 682 D. Asiatic. 
 
 A<d>ter[r]es 696 E. Grind. 
 
 Asianus, passim. Asiatic. 
 
142 A Classical Technology 
 
 Atmassonas 686 E. Knead. NEW. 
 
 Atrin[i]a 686 E. Read acerina, of maple, maple 
 gum. 
 
 A[u]cu 691 B. Needle. K 148, ML 130. 
 
 A[u]<risto>loc<h>ias (?) 692 D. A plant. 
 
 Auricalca 692 A. Brazen. 
 
 Auricalcus 684 C. Brass. K 1062, ML 792. 
 
 Auricella 690 A. Colander. 
 
 Auricolores 693 C. Of golden color. 
 
 Auripigmentum passim, auri[c] picmentum &c, 
 Orpiment listed neither by K nor ML. 
 
 Axis 693 E. Board, (assis, K 971, ML 732). 
 
 Axungia 687 B, 697 B. Axlegrease. K 1112, ML 
 846. 
 
 Balsamum 682 D. Balsam. K 1196, ML 918. 
 
 Banga 707 A, i. e. vanga. Spade. K 9983. 
 
 Battere passim, battuta 690 E, pabtis 688 B. Beat. 
 K 1278, ML 996. 
 
 Bene 675 C. Very. K 1315, ML 1028. 
 
 Bersa 691 A, i. e. versa. Pour. K 10089. 
 
 Bermiculum 678 A. Vermillion, K. 10075. 
 
 Bizantium 687 D. Byzantine. K 1677, ML 
 1436. 
 
 Blutem 689 E. Yolk of an egg. NEW. 
 
 Or connected with blitum K 1479, ML 1173 
 (amaranth) ? 
 
 Bobinus 688 D and passim Bovine, pertaining 
 cows. ML 1247, not m K. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 143 
 
 Bolus 696 E. Clod. 
 
 Bonus, passim. Good. K 1506, ML 1208. 
 
 Brandisi 712 A. Bronze K 1586, not in ML; 
 meaning not listed in the Thesaurus Linguae La- 
 tinae. 
 
 Bullire, bollire passim. Boil. K 1643, ML 1389. 
 
 Cabi, gabus 687 C, i. e. cubus. A measure. 
 
 Caccabus passim. Melting pot. K 1686, ML 
 
 H45. 
 
 Cadmia, cathmia &c, passim. Calamine. K 1692, 
 ML 1453. 
 
 Calam<inth>a 707 C, galmidam 696 D. Cala- 
 minth, German Galmei. 
 
 Calcitarin 684 E, calcitarium & cacitarium 704 
 D. Calcothar. 
 
 Calcucecaumenon 707 E. Reduced metallic cop- 
 per: i. e. x a X K v KCKavftevov. As Latin, NEW. 
 
 Calcetis 683 C, i. e. chalchitis. Copper ore. 
 
 Calda<ria>m 703 A. Cauldron. K 1741, ML 
 1503. 
 Calefoc 709 E Heat. ML 1507, not in K. 
 
 Calens passim. Warm: Hispanic form. K 1749, 
 ML 1510. 
 
 Caliclus 711 B, calicla 677 C. Small cup. ML 
 1513, not in K. 
 
 Calitudo 676 E. Heat. NEW. 
 
 Cameleonta 698 E, i. e. \aiuuXiovra. Carline 
 thistle. 
 
144 A Classical Technology 
 
 Camenus 701 D. Oven. K 1888, ML 1549. 
 
 Cancer, cranci 713 D, grand 713 E. Crab. K 
 1816, ML 1574. 3 (crancer has star). 
 
 Caninus 678 E. Canine, dogs. ML 1590, not in K. 
 
 Cantirius 693 E. Rack, "horse." K 1850, ML 
 1615. 
 
 Capet 707 E. Holds, Sp. cabe. K 1869, ML 1625. 
 
 Capitulum 703 D. Chief ingredient. K 1882, 
 ML 1640-1. 
 
 Cappela 691 B. Capellatum 688 E. Cut. K 1905, 
 ML (star) 1646. 
 
 Cappo 707 B, i. e. cuppo. Cup. Cf. K 2693, ML 
 
 2409- 
 
 Caprinus 678 D. Goat's. K 1894 A, ML 1654. 
 
 Cata 690 E. According to. K 2002, ML 1755. 
 
 Catia 701 D, caga 688 A. Caza or cacza in MS 
 A. 1 6. Small spoon. K 2129, ML 2434.2. 
 
 Caucalide 698 B, cuocalida 698 C. i. e. /cav/coAis. 
 A plant, Plin. N. H. XXII 83. 
 
 C[a]ucumarum 700 E. Pot. K 2650, ML 2361. 
 
 Cebellino 683 D, i. e. cebollino. Onion green. K 
 2082, ML 1820. 
 
 Celedonia 704 C. Celandine. K 2131, ML 1870. 
 
 [C]emcausis 709 C, i. e. ey/cawts. Encaustic. 
 
 Cerasi 691 E. Cherry. K 2084, ML 1824. 
 
 Cerrinurn (?) 683 D. Turkey oak. See Plin. N. 
 H. XXX 92. K 2102, ML 1838. 
 
 Chisimon 715 A. Fusible. NEW. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 145 
 
 Cianus 686 C, i. e. /cvavos. Blue dye. 
 
 Cinus 708 E, cinos 711 A & D. Ashes. K 2194, 
 ML 1929. 
 
 Cipressinus 696 C. Cf. cypress. 
 
 Circinare 690 E. Cut. ML 1941, star K 2207. 
 
 Citrinus 714 D. cidrinus ibid. Lemon yellow. 
 K 2224, not in ML. 
 
 Cl. bus 687 D. (dibus in the corresponding pas- 
 sage of A 16) : due to a misunderstanding or miss- 
 reading of di<ce>bamus abbreviated in the arche- 
 type. 
 
 Cluta, see gluten. 
 
 Coccarin (like iarim & c) 699 E, coccum passim. 
 Scarlet berry. K 2286, ML 2009. 
 
 Cocudera 696 D. Cf. Ducange Med. Grace. Lex. 
 KOKKovSiov &c. Nucleus, kernel. In Latin, NEW. 
 
 Col[e]a<t> 687 A. Strain out. K 2330, ML 
 2035- 
 
 Coloridietur 675 D. Color. NEW. 
 
 Columbinus 678 E. Dove's. ML 2064, not in K. 
 
 Comminute (cum-Cod.) 708 A. In very small 
 pieces. NEW. 
 
 Commiscere passim. Mix. Seems to be inflected 
 now according to the second, now the third Con- 
 jugation. 
 
 Commiscuatur 707 D. Mix, cf. promiscuus or 
 perhaps [u], as indicated by commiscatur 709 C. 
 
146 A Classical Technology 
 
 Comodo 708 B, 711 A. How, as. K 7686, ML 
 6972. 
 
 Co[n]ccina 680 C, influenced by concha. Scarlet. 
 K 2285, ML 2113. 
 
 Config[l]antur 675 C. Combine, attach oneself. 
 
 Confrangis 674 E. Break up. Late and rare. 
 
 Coniunxerunt 707. Reached, attained, cf. Ital. 
 giungere. K 2423, ML 2150. 
 
 Conquilium, coquilium, (star K 2288, not in 
 ML), conquilius passim. 
 
 Purple shellfish or dye made from it. 
 
 Contena 691 A. Tongs. NEW. Cf. K 2461. 
 
 Contina 691 A. Hold. Cf. K 2461 with star, not 
 in ML. NEW. 
 
 Craberillium (leg. chrysoberillium) 715 E. Gold- 
 en beryl. 
 
 Cranci 713 D. Crab. See cancer. 
 Crepidinosus 716 E. May mean full of cracks or 
 making a crackling sound. NEW. 
 
 Crisoclabum 708 C, grisoclabi ibid. Having gold- 
 en stripes. NEW. 
 
 Chrisopandio 715 E. Yellow celandine. NEW. 
 
 Crisopetala 704 C, grisopetala ibid. Gold foil. 
 NEW. 
 
 Crisorantista 714 E. Maker of gold varnish. 
 
 Criuella 693 B, cribellatum 694 BC. Sift. Cf, 
 K 2603, ML 2320-21. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 147 
 
 Crocus passim, gracum & grocum 703 E. Saffron. 
 K 2618, ML 2337- 
 
 Crosa 675 A. Hollow. Star K 2620 tho listed 
 by Ducange anno 1223: not in ML. 
 
 Crucatim 675 D. With a hook. Starred by K 
 2613, not listed by ML. NEW. 
 
 Cui 702 D. May be dative or accusative. K 7665. 
 2., ML 6953. 
 
 Cu 689 D for the usual cum. With. K 2672, ML 
 
 2385. 
 
 Cuse 679 A. Beaten. Nominative absolute : Italian 
 symptom. 
 
 Custum 698 A, for tuscum. Froth. K 9835, cf. 
 
 953L 
 
 Domitted: a<d> 711 E, 712 B. 
 
 D<ecl>ama<tio> 682 A. Declamation (pro- 
 batio pennae). (Dedamia, Cod.). 
 
 Dantralasis 686 E stands perhaps for dendroides, 
 spurge or euphorbia. 
 
 Da[u]f[fi]ra 714 E, da[u]fra 715 B, da[au]f 
 [i]ra 715 BC, d[e]a[u]f[i]ra 715 D. i. e. fttyin?. 
 Laurel. 
 
 De with the accusative, passim. 
 
 De with the nominative: 68 1 E, 682 B & C, 
 673 E, 675 D, 676 B & D, 677 A & B, 678 A (three 
 times), 680 A, B, C, 681 D, 683 B & C, 684 C, D 
 & E, 685 A (three times), 685 C, 685 E (twice), 
 686 A (twice), 686 B, 687 E, 688 B, 691 C & D, 
 
148 A Classical Technology 
 
 702 A & D, 703 D, 704 A, B, C, D & E, 705 A, 
 B, C, D & E, 705 A, B, C, D & E, 706 A, B, C 
 & D, 707 B & E, 708 D, 709 A & B, 710 D, 711 
 A & D, 712 A (twice), B, E, 713 D, 715 A & C, 
 716 E, 717 A & C. The vast majority of these 
 occurrences are found in captions and may be at- 
 tributed to carelessness or may be corrected away 
 by adding <ne>, but some do not yield to this 
 treatment and must be set down to the Italian 
 authorship of the translation. 
 
 Deauratura 689 C. Gilding. NEW. The verb 
 deaurare occurs, passim. 
 
 Deinfra 713 A. Within a given space. Low Latin. 
 
 Deintro 687 E. Within, inside. Sp. dentro. 
 
 Delabas (-u- Cod.) 677 D. Wash off. 
 
 Del<euic>atum (?) 683 B. Lyhten, reduce. 
 NEW. See Lebicatum. 
 
 Deliquatio 713 E. Straining off. NEW. 
 
 Denante 688 D. Before. K 2760. 
 
 Depost 679 E. After. K Col. 334 top. 
 
 Des 688 E, i. e. de ex. From. K 2793, ML 2514. 
 
 Desiccatio 715 A. Powder (glossed puluer). 
 NEW. 
 
 Desolbatur 694 B, is merely an orthographic vari- 
 ant of dissoluere. Dissolve. 
 
 Desub 677 C. Under. 
 
 Desuccare 681 B, 683. Dry. 
 
 Desubtus 688 AB. Below, under. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 149 
 
 Desuper 688 A. Above. 
 
 Deuncto 698 E. Without grease. NEW. 
 
 Deyrinum 683 D, i. e. duracinum. Peachtree. 
 K3I52, ML 2803. 
 
 Di 693 E, 695 A, 698 E, for de. From, of. 
 (Italian form). K 2760, ML 2748. 
 
 Di[m]ipsim, see psimitthim. 
 
 Dimundia 713 C, i. e. dimidia, error due to an 
 abbreviation. Half. K 2979, ML 2644. 
 
 Discopertum 699 A. Uncovered. K 2696, ML 
 2659. 
 
 Disculum 701 . See Vero disculum. 
 
 Dis [s] aperies 706 E. Open. NEW. 
 
 Dissobog<l>auto 686 E. Error for a nonquo- 
 table Sio-o-o/SovyAwo-o-os. Double oxtongue. NEW. 
 
 Diunde 693 E, for deunde. 
 
 Dracontea 682 C. Dragon-wort. 
 Dragantum 692, dracantum 689 A. Seems to result 
 from a fusion of draconem with tragacanthum. 
 Dragon-wort or tragacanth-gum. See K 3104, ML 
 2759- 
 
 Ebilat 716 A, i. e. Hevilath or Havilah. India. 
 Hieron. ad Rustic. 3 (torn. I 928 C) ; de situ et 
 nomm. locc. Hebr. (torn. Ill 199 def, 211 h). 
 
 Eerrinum 683 D. may stand for acerinum or cer- 
 rinum q. v. 
 
 Eg 678 E, for <ha>ec. This. 
 
150 A Classical Technology 
 
 \ 
 
 Egrotus 696 A. Sickened, weakened. K 308, ML 
 
 231. 
 
 Eleacoside 684 A reproduces a nonquotable 
 eAea/coenS?;. An olive-like pomegranate. NEW. 
 
 Elet[a]rum 708 A. Electrum. 
 
 Elimpidatum 683 C. Clear. Rare. 
 
 Elydrium &c passim. Celandine. See Lagerkrantz 
 p. 191. 
 
 Eramentio 689 B, tium 689 C eramentio 688 
 A. Made of copper. NEW. 
 
 Eritarin 685 A, eritarum 703 C. Kaolin? New. 
 
 <E>scolare 687 A. Strain out. ML 298, cf. 
 K 2330. 
 
 Ex with the genitive 712 C. 
 
 Exalbidus 676 C. Very white. (K 412, not in 
 ML). Cf. Subalbidus, ibid. 
 
 Exalbinus 696 C. Very white. Cf. exalbidus. 
 
 Exarderit 697 A for exarserit or [ri] . 
 
 Exauratio 703 BDE, exorationis 704 B. gilt, gild- 
 ing. CF. ML. 2941. 
 
 Exauratus 706 A. Gild. ML 2942. 
 Excalefacias 708 C. Heat. Star ML 2947. NEW. 
 NEW. 
 
 Excaliscente 706 E. Grow hot. Star ML 2948. 
 
 Exinde 713 E, 715 B. Thereof, of it. 
 
 Exmodice 682 D extr. To a very moderate de- 
 gree. NEW. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 151 
 
 Exnerbiatum 698 D, exnerbiata 699 A. Enfeebled. 
 
 Cf. iKVCOflfav. NEW. 
 
 Ex<si>milem 696 E. Very like. NEW. 
 
 Exstrinxerit 713 C. Bind. NEW. 
 
 Extemperasse 691 B, i. e. See. Complete the dis- 
 temper. NEW. 
 
 Extenuatun 683 B. Thinned out, weakened. ML 
 3085. 
 
 Externitum 704 A. Deprived of its tarnish. 
 NEW. Cf. K 9394. 
 
 Externiture ibid. Removal of tarnish. Cf. K 
 9394- NEW. 
 
 Extepefacta 703. Warm up. NEW. 
 
 Exterges 709 D. Wipe off. K. 3502, ML 3088. 
 
 Facere passim, faciatur 688 E. Make. K 3570, 
 ML 3128. 
 
 Faciam 675 B. Face. K 3563, ML 3130. 
 
 Femum 688 D. Dung. K 3770, ML stars femus 
 
 3311-2. 
 
 Fenestrella 712 D. Opening. If not for fenestella. 
 NEW. 
 
 Ferrea 687 E, 691 A. Of iron. K 3699, ML 
 3259. . 
 
 Fersa 690 A. Heated. Star K 3710, cf. ML 3265. 
 
 Fiere 688 D. Make. 
 
 Ficarim 686 C, 713 D. (</>i3/co?) Dye. In Latin, 
 NEW. 
 
 Flore aque 695 E. Waterflower. (Nonquotable). 
 
152 A Classical Technology 
 
 Focaria 716 A. Mica. K 3868. Cf. ML 3398. 
 Focarius 691 A. Hearth. See above. 
 Foliam 697 D. Leaf. K 3885, ML 3415. 
 Foras 692 A, foris 707 A. Outside. K 3900, ML 
 
 3431- 
 
 Forforitico 692 C, leg. por 
 
 Fornax 674 E. Furnace. K 3926, ML 3451. 
 
 Fracilis 702 C, i. e. fragilis influenced by flacidus. 
 K 3941- ML 3465-3471- 
 
 Fresa 694 D. Bean. K 3977, ML 3498. 
 
 Frut[r]ices 686 D. Shrubs. 
 
 Furtis 716 E. Strong. K 3932, ML 3457. 
 
 <Gan>gaddian 696 D. Mixture of clay and 
 gravel. 
 
 Gagatis, etc. 686 A. Jet. K 4112 A, ML 3635. 
 
 Gagizon 684 C. Jetcolored. NEW. (Gaga<ti> 
 zon). 
 
 Gallinacium 678 E, 688 E, 689 E. Hen's. 
 
 Galmidam 696 D. Calaminth. (Cal<a>mi 
 <nth>am). 
 
 Gemmamfen] 707 C. Gem. K 4208, ML 3725. 
 
 Genucalum 706 E. Knee. K 4227, ML 3737. 
 
 Geropha<lum> 696 D. Gillyflower. K 1977, 
 ML 1727. 
 
 Gestatu 211 III. i. e. y^s doWpos, terra stellaris. 
 Dust of meteoric iron. 
 
 Gigea 696 E, zigea ex zigeo 686 E. Chaste tree 
 (71706,). NEW. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 153 
 
 Giniperum 687 B. Juniper. K 5225. star ML 
 4624.2. 
 
 Glutem etc. passim. Glue. K 4282, ML 3806. 
 
 [Gri] aridum 714 B. Dry. K 841, ML 644. 
 
 Gribella 692 A, i. e. cribella. Sift. 
 
 [Hjabetem 677 B. Firtree. Low Latin. K 33, 
 ML 24.2. 
 
 [H]alei<faris> 21 1 III. Fat. In Latin, NEW. 
 SeePlin. N. H. xxxvi 181. 
 
 Hedria 686 E, i. e. /ceSpt'a. Cadartree or the pitch 
 from it. 
 
 Heramen. See Aerarnen. 
 
 He<t>gabus 687 C. i. e. habet cubus. See 
 cubus. 
 
 Hornizas 211 II, i. e. hormizas. adaptation of 
 bpfua>. Anchor. NEW. 
 
 [H]ox[s]i 714 C, i. e. oov. Vinegar. 
 
 [HJocsuporfiron 687 C, i. e.the Iate6[o]v7ro/3<v- 
 pov. Of deep porphyry color. NEW. 
 
 Indicum A. Indigo. K 4894, ML 4377. 
 
 Inglutinas (incl-Cod.) 706 B. Glue. NEW. 
 
 Inlucidare 692 A. Varnish. NEW. 
 
 Inluminatione 687 C. Illumination? 
 
 Inquoad 707 B, i. e. incohat. Begins. K 4831, 
 ML 4359 a. 
 
 Interrationem 710 B. Putting in the ground. 
 NEW. 
 
 Intro 691 A, 691 E. Within. K 5110, ML 4514. 
 
154 A Classical Technology 
 
 Intrantem 700 E. Ingredient. NEW. K 5107, 
 ML 4504. 
 
 Is<s>a 701 A, i. e. ipsa. The. K 5146, ML 
 4572. 
 
 [I]smir[on]i[e]nam 675 B. Of emery. NEW, 
 on the analogy of the neighboring plumbinam, pecu- 
 liar form due to a pair of corrections which have 
 slipped down into the text. 
 
 Ja<m> 701 E. Now. K 5171, ML 4572. 
 
 Jarim 695 A, 699 C, 712 E, 713 A. Verdigris. 
 (tipw). NEW. 
 
 Josu<m> 701 D, 703 B. Above. K 2871, ML 
 2567.2. 
 
 Jotta 678 C & E, 679 BC, 680 A, C, D, 695 B. 
 Broth. ML 4636, not in K. 
 
 Juxta 685 E. According to, along with. K 5242, 
 ML 4644. 
 
 Laboras 702 D. i. e. labores. Work. K 5356, ML 
 4809. 
 
 Lacca 680 D, 699 F, 700 C, 713 D. Lac, lacquer. 
 
 Lamna, passim. Strip. K 5406, ML 4869. 
 
 Lamnizas 693 E. Cut into strips. NEW. 
 
 Laucidis 696 D, i. e. Aeu/ca8ios. Asphodel. In 
 Latin NEW. 
 
 Lazuri 698 B, 699 D, lazurin 698 A, 700 A. 
 Azure. K 5495, ML 4959. 
 
 Lazurizonta 699 D, i. e. Xa&pi&vTa. Azure, 
 blue. In Latin NEW. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 155 
 
 Lebatum 677 A. Error for lauatum. Wash. K 
 5488, ML 4951. 
 
 Lebicatum 683 C. Reduced, alloyed. Better than 
 K 5548, ML 5002. (With stars). NEW. 
 
 Letatur 708 A. Besmear. K 5383: ML 4846. 
 
 Lima 692 C. File. K 5597, ML 5042. 
 
 Limare ibid. To file. K 5598, ML 5043. 
 
 Limnas 685 B, error for lamnas. 
 
 Limnia 715 E, i. e. Lemnia (terra). Reddish- 
 white earth. 
 
 Lineleon, passim, linei 703 D, lineileum 73 D. 
 Linseed oil. NEW. 
 
 Reproduces a nonquotable Atvc'Acuov ; cf . pisselaeon, 
 cedor oil. 
 
 Lineum 688 C. Flaxen. K 5621, ML 5064. 
 
 Litra 687 C, i. e. \lrpa. Pound. In Latin NEW. 
 
 Lixare 689 A & C. Smooth, polish, NEW. Cor- 
 rect K 5641, ML 5081. 
 
 Lucida 689 E, lucidus 689 E, 691 E. Varnish. 
 K 5708, ML 5140. 
 
 Lulax, lulacim, lulacerin passim. Lilac, vegetable 
 indigo. New. (K 5594, not in ML). See 713 A. 
 Lulax idest. jndicum. 
 
 Luza 678 E. Syriac for almond. NEW. 
 
 Magic 706 E. Month of May. K 5815, ML 5250. 
 
 Magma 698 C. Unguent dregs. 
 
 Manare 701 C. Flow. Cf. K 5865, not in ML. 
 
 Mantica 696 C. Cheese. K 5914, ML 5327. 
 
156 A Classical Technology 
 
 Marcescit 676 E. Wither. K 5938, not in ML. 
 
 Mastalo, 701 B, for masculo. Male, strong. K 
 5988, ML 5392. 
 
 Matiola 690 E. Small hammer. NEW. Star K 
 6001, not in ML. 
 
 Medicamen 679 A. Drug. K 6035 A, ML 5456. 
 
 Medicamentum 679 C. Drug. K 6036, ML 
 5456 A. 
 
 Medicatio (-itat-Cod.) 678 D. Mixture. 
 
 Mela 686 D, for melina, yellow? See below. 
 
 Melinus passim. Does it mean apple green or 
 honey yellow? See K 6063, not registered by ML. 
 
 Metallata 716 D. Hardened like metal. NEW. 
 
 Metallizatur 684 E. Harden like metal. NEW. 
 
 Metrum 690 D. Measure. K 6142, ML 5553. 
 
 Milum 689 E, i. e. /^AAa. Grease. NEW. 
 
 Minutatim 716 C. In small pieces. 
 
 Minutis 716 C. Reduce to small size. New. 
 Stars K 6202, ML 5598. 
 
 Minutos 691 A. Small. K 6204, ML 5600. 
 
 Montuosos 676 A. Mountainous. Incorrectly 
 starred by K 6385, not in ML, 
 
 Mordace 702 C. Tongs. NEW. See K 6297 
 and especially ML 5678. 
 
 Moro clossus 686 D, i. e. monoglossus. Of one 
 petal. NEW. 
 
 Multum 717 A. Very. K 6361, ML 5740. 
 
 Mundatio 717 C. Cleansing. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 157 
 
 Mundi. anis 696 D perhaps for medianis. Half, 
 ordinary. K 6033, ML 5452. 
 
 Musibum 675 A. Mosaic. K 6410, ML omits it. 
 
 Mutuosa 676 A. motuosus ibid. Friable. NEW. 
 
 Nascit 676 D. Occur. K 6455, ML 5832. 
 
 Negra 687 B. Black. K 6536, ML 5917. 
 
 Netrina 697 B. Of nitrum. NEW. 
 
 Neulacis 698 E, 699 B. tapsia plant. In Latin 
 NEW. 
 
 Nobacula 683 A. Knife. K 6578, ML 5965. 
 Confined to Iberia. (?) 
 
 Nominare 715 E. Name. K 6565, ML 5950. 
 
 Ogrea 686 C, i. e. ^a. Ochre. In Latin. NEW. 
 
 Ogris[os]sun[t] 684 E, i. e. nonquotable wxpia>v. 
 Yellow, NEW. 
 
 Oligine 686 D, perhaps for oliagine, but A 1 6 
 has olicini. Oily. NEW. 
 
 Or rather adapted from eAaiayvos, sort of chaste- 
 tree. 
 
 Omam 7 1 1 A. i. e. autem. Now ; but. 
 
 Omni<f>aciem 687 B. Of every sort. NEW. 
 
 Omni[a]colores686C. Of every hue. NEW. 
 
 Onicinus 689 A. Of onyx. 
 
 Operari passim. Work. K 6704, ML 6071. 
 
 Orebus 706 C. Calamine. NEW, 
 
 Ossa 681 C. Bones. K 6749, ML 6114. 
 
 Ossuorum 68 i B. Bones. Cited in other sources. 
 
 Palea 716 B. Straw. K 6793, ML 6161. 
 
158 A Classical Technology 
 
 Pandius passim. Celandine. NEW. (Did the 
 word really mean of yellow color ? See 707 E.) 
 
 Papati 696 D, sees to represent purati. Refined. 
 K 7565. 
 
 Pargamina 683 A. Parchment. Star K 7052, but 
 not ML 6411. 
 
 Paridio 715 C, i. e. paricla. Like, equl. K 6867, 
 ML 6241. 
 
 Pecorinum 679 B, pecurinum 678 D. cattle. 
 Starred. K 6958 A, but not by ML 6327. 
 
 Persusa 701 B, for pertusa. Pierce. Star K 7082, 
 while ML 6436 posits pertusiare (given by K as 
 an alternative), but without a citation. NEW. 
 
 Perut 683 D. Exactly as. NEW. 
 
 Pestillum 711 D. Pestle. K 7194, ML 6537. 
 
 Petalum -la, passim pecula. Petal, leaf. K 7090, 
 ML omits it. 
 
 Petres 705 E, petreg 684 C, i. e. (Wi-paus.) Stone. 
 K 7099, ML 6445. 
 
 Petrosus 715 E. Stony. 
 
 Pila 707 A. Mortar. K 7145, ML 6496. 
 
 Piniatu 698 A. Cylindrical pot, pipkin. Cf. K 
 7156, ML 6511. 
 
 Pinna 691 B. Feather. K 7170, ML 6514. 
 
 Plant < at >ionu.m 687 A. Plantings. 
 
 Plecaturas 690 E. Folds. Low Latin. 
 
 Plumbinus 675 B. Leaden. NEW. 
 
 Pluppi 692 A, puppli 689 A. Poplar. Pluppi is 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 159 
 
 starred by K 7309, but not by ML 6655 : form re- 
 quired by some N. Ital. Dialects. 
 
 Plusquam 676 E. More. 
 
 Porcinus 714 B. Hog's. Cf. ML 6663, not in K. 
 
 Porfirizontam 712 D, i. e. irop(j>vpiovTa. Of por- 
 phyry. NEW. 
 
 Pos 710 E, 714 B. After. K 7336, ML 6684. 
 
 Postquod 716 C. Afterward. 
 
 Primotica 690 A. Maturing early. Rare. 
 
 Propter 677 D. With. 
 
 Psimitthim passim, [ijpsimittim 695 C, [ijpsim 
 <ittim>- 695 A. Cerussa white lead. 
 
 Puluis passim, puluer 715 B, pulberas 675 C. 
 Powder. K 7545, ML 6842. 
 
 Quadriga 688 E. "Carriages," "horse." K 7610, 
 ML 6918. 
 
 Quadroagutum 706 E. Having four points. See 
 K 152 and ML 135, K 7601-7619 and ML 6921. 
 May be a translation of a nonquotable rcrpaKavOos. 
 
 Quedonia 695 E. Quince (?). K 2727, ML 
 2436. 
 
 Quejussans 675 E, i. e. cerussans. Applying 
 whitelead. NEW. Cf. K 2107, ML 1842. 
 
 Quern 708 D. Who, which. Ptg. quern, Sp. quien. 
 
 Quianus 700 C. See Cianus. 
 
 Quianus 695 C, perhaps quia [quia] 695 D, 
 quignus 711 B. Just as. See K 7670 under quinam 
 (connection of the mentioned Romance forms is not- 
 
160 A Classical Technology 
 
 ed as doubtful) ML 6953.4. In any event quignus 
 (star ML l.c) is the source of Dante's chignamente, 
 Old Umbrian chigno. 
 
 Quoadusque, quodadusque 708 A. Until. 
 
 Radices 710 A. Strip off make thin. Star K 
 7711, ML 6993. N. Italian. 
 
 Radus -692 A. Thin. Correct K 7783. NEW. 
 Ital. 
 
 Reber[a]titur, 711 A. Return. K 8052, not in 
 ML. 
 
 <Re>cordare, 702 D. Remember K 7846, ML 
 7129. 
 
 Rectionum 687 A. Read <con>fectionum. 
 Compositions. 
 
 Refridare passim, often re[c]-. Cool off. (K 
 3985-3988, ML 3512). 
 
 Relinisteo 696 C, from vtXwov. Parsley. Du- 
 cange Med. et Inf. Grace. Lex. has o-eAtvopirov. 
 
 Remininum 701 E, i. e. femininum. Soft. ML 
 3239. a, not in K. 
 
 Residere 703 A. Settle. 
 
 Robas<fero>ticis 696 D, i. e. rubus feroticus. 
 Wild bramble. For rubus see K 8181, ML 7414 
 for feroticus Cf. Sodica and remarks. 
 
 Rubeus 716 B. Red. K 8175, ML 7408. 
 
 Russeum 716 A. Red. K 8224, ML 7465. 
 
 Salbe. dica 700 E. 700 E, i. e. sal Betica. Span- 
 ish salt: see Plin. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 161 
 
 N. H. xxxi 86 and -remember that sal is feminine 
 in Spanish. 
 
 Salmaginas 687 A appears to he for sal marinus, 
 sea salt. For sal see K 8277, ML 7521. 
 
 Sal sepinus 687 B i. e. sappinus. Firtree. K 8351, 
 7592. 
 
 Sanguineus 682 B. Bloody, blood-eyed. K. 
 8325, ML 7572. 
 
 Scaldato 687 E, 688 A, 691 B. Heated. K 3331, 
 ML 2946. 
 
 Scalphita 706 B, i. e. scalpta. Carved. K 8409, 
 ML 7643. 
 
 Scaraxas 675 D. Scrape. 
 
 Scapilatura 683 A. Clipping. NEW. Ducange 
 has Scapellare i. q. caedere. 
 
 Scap[p]il<l>ata 692 A. Carved, clipped. See 
 preceding entry. 
 
 Scara 696 D. Wild. Rosmary K, 8 4 39, NEW. 
 ML 7674. 
 
 Sceugnasias 714 E. i. e. oxioypa^tas. Sketch, 
 painting. In Latin NEW. 
 
 Scyra 695 E, i. e. oWpov or awvpov. St. Johns' 
 wort, tutsan. (Ascyron). 
 
 Semetipsum 700 E. Self. erf. K, 5146. 5, ML 
 
 5551- 
 
 Sequenti 710 B. According to. Star K 8627, 
 Cf. ML 7839. 
 
 Setantiantur 688 D. Sift. CF. K 8258, ML 7499. 
 
1 62 A Classical Technology 
 
 Setertia 21 1 III, i. e. sextaria ibid. A certain 
 measure. K 8677, ML 7887. 
 
 Simatim 682 C, simati 713 A, simotim 706 A, 
 simutim 698 C. This is the simultim of Ducange. 
 Similarly. 
 
 Siricum 686 D. White lead. 
 
 Smira 675 C (twice, mira Cod.) 715 D emery. 
 ML 8044. i,cf. K8823. 
 
 [I]smir[on]i[e]nam 675 B. Made of emery. 
 NEW. 
 
 Smiruttas 675 C. Smurattas 675 C. Of emery. 
 NEW. 
 
 Sodica 696 C, read ferotica. Wild. NEW. The 
 sis is due to a misunderstanding of / with the sinuous 
 line meaning f, e, ir, er f or and the d is due to the 
 cursive Visigothic t which does often resemble a d 
 only too closely. See K 3695, not in ML. The 
 analogy is not with silvaticus, but with words like 
 exoticus, better with primotlcus and tauroticus which 
 occur in this text. 
 
 Soliclas 706 C, i. e. solidas. Solidify, solder. K 
 8850, ML 8068. 
 
 Solidatura 706 C. SoWering. Ducange Med. etc. 
 anno 1367. 
 
 Sordes 698 B. Dross. K 8884, not in ML. 
 
 Sorditie 709 A. Dross. CfL K 8886, ML 8097. 
 
 Sparsio 715 AC. Varnish. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 163 
 
 Spisse 675 D. Repeatedly, often. K 8959, ML 
 8160. 
 
 Stagneum 690 C. Made of tin. ML 8228 stars 
 stannius, not in K. 
 
 Stagnum 682 B. Raw lead ? (K 9012.2, not in 
 ML). 
 
 Sticis 682 B. See robasticis and sodica. 
 
 Stipterea 699 C, i. e. crTwmjpta. Alum. As Latin, 
 NEW. 
 
 Stringit 706 D (sgringit, Cod.). Contract. K 
 9112, ML 8315. 
 
 Subalbidus 675 C & D. Whitish. 
 
 Subaurosum 683 D. Of somewhat golden color. 
 NEW. 
 
 Subcellum 692 B. Error for forcellum : see under 
 sodica. Fork. Star in K 4069, but listed without star 
 by ML 3594. 
 
 Subnigra 677 C. Blackish. 
 
 Subporphira 715 E. Purplish. NEW. 
 
 Subrubicundus 684 AB. Reddish. 
 
 Subtiliare 702 BC. Thin out. Star K 9201, no 
 star ML 8398. 
 
 Sulforitantantum 685 D. i. e. sulforita autem. 
 Sulphurous. NEW. 
 
 Sus 701 D, susu 703 B. Upwards. K 9385, ML 
 8478.2. 
 
 Suuentium 690 D. Often. (K 9168, ML 8363) : 
 N. Italian. 
 
164 A Classical Technology 
 
 T omitted: 677 B, 684 C, 694 C, 699 B, 710 C, 
 710 E, 711 C, 715 D, 715 E, 716 A, 716 B, 716 
 E (twice), 717 A. 
 
 T final changed to D: e. g. 707 B, 709 D. 
 
 T added: 677 A, 678 C (twice), 688 E, 694 C, 
 703 A, 703 C, 703 D (twice), 705 A, 706 E 
 (thrice), 707 A (four times), 711 C, 712 B, 713 B 
 (thrice), 713 E. 
 
 Tamusat 686 D, i. e. tamarix. Tamarisk. Cf. K 
 
 9359- 
 
 Tammum 709 E seems to be for tantum. Only. 
 K 9370. 
 
 Taurinus 688 E. Bull's. 
 
 Taurocollon 705 D, 706 E. Oxglue: cf. Icthy- 
 ocollon and tauricolla Gl. E. sub Glaucia. 
 
 Taurotica 689 D. Of ox. NEW. 
 
 Tecula and tegula 688 C. Small receptacle. 
 NEW. 
 
 Telope 685 B, error for petalo. Leaf. 
 
 Tenacla 687 E. Tongs. K 9436. 
 
 Tenio 698 C. Error for ueneto. Blue. K 10042. 
 
 Tepidis. gat 708 C, i. e. tepidiscat. Grows warm. 
 NEW. 
 
 Terebentinus 689 A. Turpentine. K 9461. 
 
 Terita 696 C, teritarum 703 C. Rubbed : irregular 
 participle from terere. Rubbed, ground. 
 
 Theaspis 682 D, i. e. Thespias. From Thespia. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 165 
 
 Titimallus 706 E. The plant spurge. K 9560 
 
 Trachias 717 B. A stone: cf. C. Gl. II 75, 46. 
 
 Tricas 696 C, i. e. rpi\afs. Filaments. In Latin, 
 NEW. 
 
 Tricorelinon 696 C, i. e. nonquotable rpi\oai\wov. 
 Hairy filaments. NEW. 
 
 Tripsis 711 C, i. e. rptyn?. Friction. In Latin, 
 NEW. 
 
 Tritare 699 E, 700 BC, 711 A. Crush, bruise, 
 pound. Star K 9757. NEW. 
 
 Tritura 697 C. Crushing, bruising. 
 
 Turbula 699 C. Turbid, troubled. Star K 9825. 
 NEW. 
 
 Turbulare 699 C. Grow turbid. Star K 9823. 
 NEW. 
 
 Unde 712 D. Where (not whence). K 9891. 
 
 Unguatum 699 D stands for aquatum. Batter. 
 This noun is listed neither by K nor ML (the 
 aquatus of ML 580 is the adj. or participle). 
 
 Unicinum 710 E, i. e. onychinum. Of onyx. Cf. 
 
 K6697 
 
 Urina & hurina passim, orina 678 B. Urine. K 
 stars urina 9915, which is implied by orina. 
 
 Uuatum 698 D. 699 AB, 713 AB. Batter. N. 
 Italian and Lombard for aquatus. 
 
 See ML 570, citing uva for aqua. 
 
 Vermiculum 699 E. Vermillion. See Bermiculum. 
 
1 66 A Classical Technology 
 
 Vero disculum 701 A is for ueridisculum. Green- 
 ish. New. Cf. K 10217. 
 
 Veronica 691 E, i. e. uettonica. Betony. K 10125. 
 
 Vetrissimo 710 A. Very old. NEW. 
 
 Vi[p]rode 677 D, i. e. uiride. Green. K 10217. 
 
 Vitreus 696 B, 698 C, 700 C. Glassy. 
 
 Vitriarius passim. Glass-maker. 
 
 Vitriolum passim. Vitriol. Incorrectly starred K 
 10258. 
 
 Vitrum passim, bitrum 682 A, uetrum 677 B: 
 uitrium 677 D, 695 B. Glass. K 10259. 
 
 Vituminatione 709 B. Application of bitumen. 
 NEW. 
 
 Ydr[o]argiris 714 E. ydr[os]argyros 714 E. 
 Mercury. 
 
 [Y]spureorum 714 E. Sponge. K 8970, ML 
 
 Zebe<l> 698 D, read gebal. Arabic for stone. 
 Zelet 686 C, i. e. gelet. Freeze. K 4202, ML 
 
 3714. 
 
 Zigea exzigeo, i. e. gigea exgigeo. See Gigea. 
 
 Zubri 689 D, tiumbri ibid. Very uncertain, see 
 Comm. 
 
 By the way of supplement to the Glossary and 
 the remarks in Preface we may add some facts which 
 will help to characterize this text and the methods 
 of the translator or his later copyists: 
 
 The translator attempted in the earlier part of his 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 167 
 
 work to find a correct equivalent for the Greek 
 original, though occasionally (e. g. for terra stel- 
 laris) finding himself at a loss, he simply transfers 
 the terms of the Greek formula. Once after men- 
 tioning alumen, he uses stypteria. As the work pro- 
 gressed he used more and more Greek words espes- 
 cially in those participles from names of plants or 
 colors : the climax occurs near the end when in des- 
 pair he gives us a whole recipe in the tongue of the 
 original; here we may suspect that the Greek was 
 already overladen with glosses and errors which 
 made the whole unintelligible. 
 
 His language is characterized by the frequent uses 
 of-izare verbs e. g. lamnizare, metallizare etc. He 
 has numerous compounds beginning withex which 
 may be intensive or subtractive; he often has sub- 
 formations, the meaning being, of course one of re- 
 duction. Another remarkable fact is the occurrence 
 of albidiante, coloridietur ; of several -sco verbs 
 e. g. extemperascere, not otherwise quotable. Again 
 we may note his fondness for the adjectives in 
 -inus: amygdalinus bobinus or bouinus, caninus, 
 caprinus, cidrinus or citrinus, cipollinus, cypressinus, 
 columbinus, duracinus exalbinus, femininus, marinus, 
 melinus, netrinus oliginus, onycinus, pecorinus, 
 plumbinus, porcinus, sappinus, smyrinus, terebentin- 
 us; plus that adjective implied by the reading eer- 
 inus, acerinus or cerrinus. 
 
1 68 A Classical Technology 
 
 He is quite independent in the matter of word 
 formation as may be seen by cooperitum and terita 
 instead of the accepted forms coopertus, tritus. 
 
 In the domain of Syntax the following items are 
 notable: unum 714 D seems to be an article. 
 
 Ne does not occur in the text at all, the negative of 
 the Imperative is non e. g. 713 D, non dimittas. 
 
 Addito 703 C is the only occurrence of the Fut. 
 Imperative. 
 
 The substitution of the Infinitive for the Impera- 
 tive is seen 713 B commiscere, requiescere, sufflare 
 700 E, perhaps too operari 680 B, This last form 
 furnishes a transition to some other Imperatives if 
 frequent occurrence in this text; are triti 715 A 
 and frangi 713 C early examples of the Italian -i 
 Imperative ? 
 
 In compound tenses of the Passive fuerit and 
 fuerint are universal instead of erit, erunt. 
 
 Passing now to the syntax of nouns note the use 
 of the Nominative for the Accusative 688 B and C, 
 690 A, B, and D, 691 C; all Italian symptoms. 
 This easily chimes in with tante and quante as 
 Accusatives of extent 688 B, and of cuse as a sort 
 of Nominative Absolute 679 A. Stranger than this 
 is ex with the genitive 7 1 2 C. More important from 
 the Romanic standpoint is that stagnu 710 D, croco 
 710 A, pelle 679 C, tau rocollo 717 B are Gentives: 
 we thus antedate "pro deo amur" by 200 years. 
 
From Codex Lucensis, 490 169 
 
 Queer syntax is furnished by refloriens 706 D in an 
 Ablative Absolute construction; subtiles agrees (or 
 rather fails to agree) with uitria 682 C. Quod has 
 assumed the functions of a general relative, see 
 690 B. 
 
 The word petalum is masc, fern., or neuter accord- 
 ing to the whim of the compiler. The combina- 
 tions post ilium siccum 680 A, post tota fesa 690 B, 
 post ilia battuta 687 D and above all post tote bul- 
 lite 690 B seem to be other Italian symptoms. The 
 occurrence of alii as Genitive 700 B need not detain 
 the reader, but purpurei colorem 700 C where we 
 need a Genitive is more interesting. This combin- 
 ation may be only another case where a word abbre- 
 viated in the (or an) Archetype has been incorrectly 
 resolved. 
 
 Now as to this last point, note how often our text 
 has liber where we must read libre or libras (no one 
 can say for certain whether to use the Nominative 
 or the Accusative) ; it is the form that recurs in the 
 Cod. Luc. in several passages. Since cum- occurs 
 for com- 705 E, 708 A and B, 710 B and D, 712 
 B, 715 B, 717 B we see that the scribe or some scribe 
 had before him one of the early ways of abbreviating 
 com, con and cum. We call the attention of our 
 Romanic friends to 708 E, non desinas terendo ; we 
 would be glad to conserve the reading uolis 688 E, 
 but since a superior bar for em, en, er in one's 
 
170 A Classical Technology 
 
 Archetype is so often omitted or not copied and 
 since everywhere else we find uolueris, probably this 
 must be read here too. 
 
 At 702 A-E dominari and preualere take a Dative. 
 Low Latin symptoms are: habes tinguere 703 A; 
 bolliam for-nt 689 B and conversely cinnibarint 695 
 A, glutent 706 B. 
 
 Finally as bearing on the condition of the Arch- 
 etype: coquoquitur 716 B shows a correction there; 
 erulla 707 D, afronieri 711 E and ainguis 679 E 
 make us remember how much a cursive Visigothic 
 in ligature does resemble a or e. 
 
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