LEJOHN's Series B 4 OTl Dfib Spelling Book WITH Side Lights from History. / / V- ^-' ' ^JOUYTL \\\ -A- NEW SPELLING BOOK ON THE COMPAKATIVE METHOD WITH SIDE-LIGHTS FROM HISTORY FOURTH EDITION LONDON A L F E E D M. H O L D E N 23 PATERNOSTER ROW, E.G. 1893 [All Riglits Reserved] Printed by T. and A. Constable, Printers to Her Majesty, at the Edinburgh University Press. '2 INTEODUCTION The difficulty of spelling — a difficulty which is felt eveu by able and well-educated persons — arises from the fact that the English language has never been in possession of one fixed and uniform manner of writing down the sounds of which it is composed. Every Saxon scribe wrote pretty much as he pleased, wrote as he pronounced ; and a northern scribe pronounced his words very differently from a scribe in Surrey or in Kent. In early times, the English language was not one language, but a compost of several dialects. Even as late as the fourteenth century, there were in our language three well-marked dialects, each with its own grammar and its own mode of pronunciation. Each dialect had its own pronunciation ; and therefore each scribe had his own way of writing down the different words. Wold in the north was written down ■weald in the south. This state of things continued down to the introduction of the printing-press in 1474. If there had existed in England any corporate body with power and knowledge to revise the spelling of our speech, that body would probably have taken the opportunity given by the invention of printing to give to the printed symbols representing the spoken sounds a more self-consistent, regular, and scientific character than they had./-' But there was no such body; and the various ways of printing or expressing sounds to the eye were not reformed by the printing-press, but were on the contrary fixed and perpetuated even down to the present time. The English language has been called a "conglomerate of dialects." This is quite correct: but it is more; 933 IV INTRODUCTION for, in addition to the native English dialects, which had their own various ways of spelling, the language has received contributions from Danish, from Norman-French, from Latin, and, indeed, from almost every language under the sun. And each of these contributions brought its own way of spelling along with its own words. It is to the Norman-French that we owe the absurd spelling of people and of view. It is no wonder that Lord Lytton, looking on these and similar spellings of so-called English words, declared that the inven- tion of English spelling was due to the " Father of Lies." This irregularity and self-inconsistency fell heaviest on the vowels. This was to be expected. For the vowels are more variously pro- nounced by different people than the consonants, which are merely stops of the breath, or " breath-pennings," and are made by us all in a tolerably uniform manner. Our language is said to possess thirteen different vowel-sounds ; but there are 104 ways of representing these vowel-sounds to the eye. (i) There are fourteen ways of presenting to the eye (or of printing) a long 6 ; as in boat, fold, dough, toe, etc. (ii) There are twelve ways of printing a short i ; as in sit, busy, Cyril, women, etc. (iii) There are twelve ways of printing a short e ; as in wet, lead, any, bury, etc. (iv) There are ten ways of printing a long e ; as in mete, marine, meet, meat, key, quay, etc. (v) There are thirteen ways of printing a short u ; as in bud, love, rough, flood, etc. (vi) There are eleven ways of printing a long u ; as in rude, move, blew, true, etc. Now it is practically impossible for the young learner to " get up " these 104 ways of writing down our vowel-sounds ; what he does, and what he must do, is to learn each word as a separate and individual entity, to remember the look of it, and to reproduce that look when he writes it down. Thus it is almost impossible to remember in how many ways a long i may be printed ; but the learner, when he sees INTRODUCTION wise, buys, pies, eyes, size, guise, and sighs, remembers each of these forms in and for itself, and reproduces them as he saw each in print. But he cannot, and he dares not, draw up for himself any- general rule, or make any classification regarding the way in which a long i is or may be printed. Again, he finds a long a represented to the eye in five different ways in wait, weight, great, they, and say ; and he is compelled to remember in each case how that sound must be represented, and, to do this, he is obliged to regard each separate word as an individual entity, and not as subject to classifica- tion, — or as one in a series of similarly spelt words. Once more, his eye is puzzled and confused by the many different ways of printing a long u, when he sees issue, view, beauty, nuisance, and new. Four out of these five ways are fashions derived from the French language ; but this does nothing towards reconciling the learner to them. On the contrary, he is disgusted, and properly disgusted, to find that his own language, not satisfied with its own various fashions of bad and irregular spelling, goes out of its way to adopt, from other languages, newer and more irritating methods of absurd spelling. What is the result ? The result is that the learner can draw up no rules, can make no classifications, can form no habits. If he forms any mental habits at all, they are bad habits. They are the bad habits of imitating the irregularities of his ill-spelt language — irregularities which he must imitate if he is to be regarded as spelling "correctly." He learns, indeed, the bad habits of numerous Saxon and Norman- French scribes who have unwittingly laid on the shoulders of numer- ous generations of growing Englishmen and Englishwomen a burden not easy to be borne. What is the cure for all this irregularity, malformation, and in- stability in our printed symbols ? There is, for the present at least, no cure except that which is to be found in hard work and accurate observation. To receive the printed forms of words with complete accuracy into the brain, there must be VI INTEODUCTION (i) Isolation. There should be (ii) Comparison of contrasted forms. For examiDle, the two forms of ei and ie may be contrasted, as in (a) receive and relieve Again, two different ways of writing (or printing) the words may be adopted, as in (^) ^ccei-vC' and receive (iii) The third step is Repr odu c t ion. That is to say, the learner should enter in a writing-book all the words in which he has made mistakes, and should, from time to time, rewrite these words so as to accustom himself to the look of them. For, until we have a self-consistent and scientific mode of spelling, it is only by the eye, and not by the reason, that we can tell whether a word has been rightly spelt. " There is now," says the Professor of Anglo-Saxon in the University of Cambridge, " only one rule— a rule which is often carefully but foolishly concealed from learners, — namely, to go entirely by the look of a word, and to spell it as we have seen it spelt in books." It follows from this that learning to spell is only a training of the eye -, and, to train the eye, perpetual reproduction of words is necessary. This reproduction may be in two ways : (i) by copying ; (ii) by dictation. The former requires the very smallest effort of attention ; and it is quite possible for a learner to copy correctly, and yet to spell wrongly when he comes to write something of his own composition. But, when the learner has to write to dictation, his powers of memory and of accurate reproduction are called upon, and the effort of attention is very much more vigorous. PAET I THE VOWEL-SOUNDS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE PART I THE VOWEL-SOUNDS OF THE ENGLISH LANOUAGE L THE VOWEL A. 1. The short sound of A is represented to the eye simply by a, as in add, and, etc. (i) Contrasts : pat, pate ; rat, rate, (ii) Curiosities : j)laid, bade. 2. The long sound of A is generally represented by a + e. But it is also printed with the letters ai, ay ; ei, ey ; and even with ea. 1. a + e : ate, bate, cate, pate, rate, state. 2. ai : aim, bait, claim, faith, pair, staiu. 3. ay : bay, day, fay, gay, nay, may. 4. ei : eight, heir, neighbour, rein, their, weight. 5. ey : convey, hey ! obey, prey, whey, the}'. 6. ea : hear, break, great, steak, wear. (i) Contrast : their ( = belonging to them) and there ( = in that place), (ii) Curiosities: gauge (measure) ; gaol (= jail); inveigh. ail aim ache Lesson L bear break bait brake bare care faint feint fare B THE VOWEL-SOUNDS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Lesson 2. gaol hail mail rain gauge frail male reign gale feint maim rein Lesson 3. saint skein tare veil scare stake taint vein share steak tear weight 3. The middle sound of A is represented by a ; by au ; and also by ea and e, if before an r. 1. a: ass, calf, half, chance, dance, grasp. 2. au : annt, draught, haunch, haunt, launch, 3. ea (before r) : heart, hearth. 4. e (before r) : Berks, clerk, Derby, sergeant. Curiosities : guard, c[uaff. Lesson 4. aunt dance guard prance calf draft haunt sergeant chance grant launcli Berks clerk grass mart Derby 4. The broad sound of A is represented by a ; and also by au and aw. 1. a : all, ball, call, chalk, small, tall. 2. au : caught, cause, fraud, gauge, pause, taught. 3. aw : brawl, crawl, claw, jaw, squaw, yawl. Curiosities : George, cord ; squad, squash. Lesson 5. chalk daub gauze squall caught fall laws squaw cause falcon nauglity waltz cord fraud pause yawl THE VOWEL-SOUNDS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ale air ajoe aunt l^ait brawl Lesson 6. (Sounds and Symbol f' mixed). bray gauge i-eign break liail staunch faint haunt swarm falcon neigh taught gaol prey thought heir quaff vein 11. THE VOWEL E. 1. The short sound of E is represented by e ; by ea ; and by ei and ie. 1. e : beg, bend, egg, red, sent, went. 2. ea : breath, breast, health, threat, wealth. 3. ei : heifer, leisure. 4. ie : friend. Curiosities: jeopardy, leopard ; says, said ; bury ; any, many ; Thames ; wainscot, waistcoat. Lesson 7. bench dredge leisure thread bread dreamt mend threat breadth else meant tread cleanse fledge rent wainscot dead friend said waistcoat dread heifer says wealth 2. The long sound of E is represented by e + e ; by ee ; ea ; ie ; and also by ei. 1. e + e: cede, eke, eve, here, mete. 2. ee : been, bleed, green, keen, seen. 3. ea: beach, peach, feat, feast, reach, teach. 4. ie : brief, chief, grief, mien, niece, piece. 5. ei : ceiling ; conceive, conceit ; receive, receipt. Curiosities : key, Cjuay ; people ; marine, fatigue. THE VOWEL-SOUNDS OF THE ENGLISH LxVNGUAGE Lesson 8. been either meet (v.) sheatli (n.) beacli eve meat (n.) sheathe (?;.) breed feat peer stream breeze free plead team cede greet reach wreath (n.) eel heath reed wreathe (v.) Lesson 9. antique imbecile marine routine caprice intrigue oblique ultramarine critique machine pique verdigris fatigue magazine police unique THE VOWEL 1. 1. The short sound of I is represented by i simply ; by i + e ; by ui ; by ei ; and even by ie. 1. i: bill, fill, kill, still, will. 2. i + e : give, live. 3. ui : build, built ; guild ; guilt. 4. ei : forfeit, foreign, surfeit, counterfeit. 5. ie : sieve, mischief. (i) Curiosities : pretty ; women ; biscuit, circuit, conduit ; carriage, marriage ; parliament. (ii) "When a final syllable is not accented, the sound of its vowel, how- ever it may be spelt, is liable to become that of a short i, as in cabbage, vintage ; in bargain, captain ; in carriage, marriage, etc. etc. Lesson 10. build give marriage rich built hitch mountain rill fill kick motive rinse flinch live pinch stitch forfeit mist {n.) pit which (;)?^o.) foreign missed (v.) pretty witch (ji.) THK VOWEL-SOtfNDS Of THE ENGLIsM LANGtlAGE 2. The long" sound of I is represented to the eye by i alone ; by the letters i + e ; by y ; by igh and eigh ; by uy ; and ui. 1. i: bind, find, kind, rind, wind (v.) 2. i + e : blithe, dine, dive, five, strive, wine. 3. y : by, cry, fly, try, my ; dye. 4. igh and eigh : high, height ; bright, fight, sight. 5. uy : buy, guy. 6. ui : guide, guile ; guise, disguise. Curiosities: eye; aisle (of a church). Lesson 11. bind fife guile might blithe five guise right buy liy high sight cry flight height Wright crier fry lie wine dine guide lyre writhe diver Lesson 12. (Sounds and Symbols mixed). aisle foreign nightly slid aye (=yes) guy cfuire slide buy line riser tin cabbage mice risen tithe dye (= colour) mine sieve win eye miss sink wine THE VOWEL O. 1. The short sound of is i-epresented by o simply. » 1. o : cot, dot, hot, not ; moss, odd. (i) Curiosities (with a final e) ; copse, horse, dodge, lodge, (ii) Curiosities : knowledge ; laurel. THE VOWEL-SOiJNDS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 2. The long" sound of is represented in fourteen different ways. Of these the most important are : o + e ; oa ; oe ; ou ; and ow. 1. o + e : bone, clothe, cone, hone, stone, strove. 2. oa : oats, boat, coat, groat ; loaf ; soap. 3. oe : doe, foe, hoe, sloe, toe. 4. ou : dough, though ; mould, soul. 5. ow : grow, know, low ; owe. (i) The letter o alone sometimes represents its long sound ; as in so, lo ! most, post ; folk, yolk. (ii) Curiosities : sew, sewn ; beau, bureau ; hautboy, mauve ; )'eoman, yeomanry. Lesson 1 3. blot lop moan (= grieve) sot bloater low pot soar (?'.) bloM' mop pour sore {wJj.) cot mope rod sock coat mow road {n.) soak dole ( = a share) mown (-cut) rowed {v.) yolk Lesso N 14. bronze growth note sod cocoa hoe notary soul cupboard hone noble sown (seed) dodge low post sewn (cloth) foe lone rot woe groan mould rote yolk THE VOWEL U. 1. The short sound of U is represented to the eye by the letter u itself ; by o ; by o + e ; and even by ou. 1. u : but, cut, hut, rut. 2. o : sou, month ; worse, worship ; comfort, company. 3. o + e: done, dove, love, none. ■i. ou : rough, tough, young ; flourish, nourish. Curiosities : blood, flood ; scourge ; once ; tongue ; birth. THE VOWEL-SOUNDS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Lesson 15. come glove none scourge dull hum nurse some done judge once sponge dungeon love pump tongue front monk purse tough furze month rough worse 2. The long- sound of U is represented by u alone ; by u + e ; oo ; and by ou. 1. u : luisli, lull, put, push. 2. u + e : brute, flute ; mule, mute ; rude ; tube. 3. oo : cool, tool, stool, stood ; smooth, soothe. ■4. ou : could, soup, should. Curiosities : move, prove, behove ; flue, glue ; grew, stew ; bruise, fruit, suit, recruit ; do, to ; shoe, canoe ; through ; view ; ewe. bull bruise cool choose could ewe birch birth blood does fruit gun Lesson 16. flew look sluice flute lose suit fruit moon through glue new true grew prove yew hue rule view Lesson 17. (Sounds and Symbols mixed). goose new scourge loose none shoe mood once sponge moon prove too month put tough move rude whose 8 THE Vowel-sounds of the English language DIPHTHONGS. 1. A Diphthong is a sound made by the rapid running together of two vowels, so that we seem to hear, not two vowels, but only one. Like the simple vowels, they are written down in different ways ; and the EYE has to observe in which word one fashion is employed, and in which another. 2. The symbols oi and oy have the same sound, but are employed in different words. The contrast must therefore be noticed. boil broil coil foil join joint Lesson 18. ahoy ! avoid boy coin coy join cloy joiner joy joist toy hoist Curiosities : buoy ; quoit. moist soil spoil toil voice void Lesson 19. boy boil buoy (a float) broil choice coil coin coy destroy joy join hoist moist noise poise rejoice 3. The contrast of eu and e"w, and of both with u + e, must be carefully noted. chew dew few mew new Lesson 20. dupe pew Europe stew feud yew mule anew mute sinew ague argue ensue issue 13ursue Curiosities : beauty ; lieu ; view ; (jueue. PAET II THE INITIAL CONSONANTS OF ENGLISH WOKDS PAET II THE INITIAL CONSONANTS OF ENGLISH WO EDS Consonants at the beginning of a word are sometimes sounded in a peculiar manner — in a way different from the sound usually given to them. 1. Oh is sometimes sounded at the beginning (and even in the middle) of a word like sh, and sometimes like k. Lesson 1. sh k sh k chaise chaos chandelier chameleon champagne chasm chevalier character chagrin chord debauchee Christmas chamois chorus machine chronicle charlatan choral souchong chronology Curiosities: headache; stomach; epoch; monarch, tetrarch. 2. Oh is sometimes sounded at the beginning of a word like tsh. Lesson 2. chalice chafe chalk chandler chancel chair cheap change chancellor challenge cheese channel chapel cliamber chew chant chaplain champ champion chaplet chest chaff chance charge 12 THE INITIAL COXSOXANTS OF EXfJLISH WORDS Lesson 3. chariot chaste chestnut choice chicken chastise chess choose chide cheer chief cherry chill cherish chimney churn charity chink chine chocolate charm chirrup chisel cherub 3. In several words — all derived from Greek — ch has the sound of k. Lesson 4. character choir chorus chronicle chemist choler Christmas chronometer chimera chord chromatic chrysalis 4. The initial forms de and di must be carefully distinguished. When rapidly pronounced, they sound very much the same. Lesson 5 decant dictate decoy direct decay didactic deduce divan decease digest deface diverge deceive digress default divert decide dilate defer divest declare dilemma defile divide 5. The initial forms en and in are sometimes confounded, and ought carefully to be kept apart. (En generally = to make ; in = not; sometimes = in). Lesson 6. enable enchain enchant encircle enclose encomjjass inability inapplicable inapt incapable incautious incense encom'age encumber endanger endear endorse endow incessant incite incombustible income incomj^lete inculcate THE INITIAL CONSONANTS OF ENGLISH WORDS 13 Lessox enforce infirm enlist injudicious enfranchise inflate enliven injustice engrain inflexible ennoble innocent engulf influenza enrage innovation enlarge inglorious enrol innumerable enlighten ingratitude enthrone insensible Note. — There are several words which are spelt indifferently with an en or an in — with an em or im ; bnt the forms here given are generally considered the best. Lesson 8. encumber engraft enrol enslave ensnare entreat imbedded imbittered impoverish inquire insure intrench 6. The initial forms for and fore are sometimes confused ; as they are often pronounced nearly alike. Fore = m front of. For = from ; and has a negative force, as in forbid = to bid not to do. Lesson 9. forbear forebode 1 forgive foreknow forbid forecast forlorn forerun forfend foreclose forsake foresee forget foredate forswear foretaste (i) Forfend = to defend against. (ii) Forlorn = utterly lost. (The /or here intensifies.) (iii) Forsake == to give up seeking. (iv) Forego = to go without. But it has nothing to do with fore, and ought to be spelled forgo. 7. The initial form kn is seldom mistaken, except by the very careless. (In the last century, both consonants were always pronounced. Thus ktiee was sounded ih-nee.) 14 THE IXTTTAI, CONSONANTS OF ENGLISH WORDS Lesson 10. knack nag knell Noll knapsack nap knick-knack nick knave nave knife niggard knead need knight night knee near knit net kneel needle knob noddle (i) Knave was the O.E. word for hoy. (ii) Kneel is the verb from the uoun Tcnee. (iii) Knit is the verb from the noun Icnot. 8. Careless writers have been known to confuse pre and pro. This comes from the fact that these syllables are generally not accented, and are hence rapidly pronounced. Lesson 1L precede proceed preoccupy pronounce predict proclaim prepare propose predominate jDroduce prepay propound prefer profess prescribe proscribe jDrejudge prolong l^resdnt protest premise promise presume provoke To prescribe is to give directions ; to proscribe is to outlaw, or to publish the name of a person to be punished. 9. Per and pur must be carefully distinguished. Per = Lat. per, through ; 2'>ur is a French form of the I.at. pro, for. Lesson 12. purblind purchase 13urloin purport jDcrfect persecute persecution persuade purpose pursue pursuit purvey perceive jDerchance percussion (i) Purblind now means ^^aWZy blind; but in former times it meant ichoUy blind. It is a contraction of jmre blind {j^ure^ wholly). (ii) Pursue is the same Latin word as persecute ; only it has come to us through French. (iii) Purvey is only another form of the Avord provide. But purvey has come into our language through French, and provide has come direct from Latin. THE INITIAL CONSONANTS OF KXGLISH WOEDS 15 10. Sc and sk require to be distinguished. Lesson 13. scabbard skate scandal skill scaffold skein scant skim scald skeleton scar skip scale sketch scarce skirmish scallop skewer scarf skirt scamper skiff scavenger skittish 11. Ther and thir are different symbols: the first is Greek, the latter pure English. In some words th has the sound of t. therapeutic thermal thermometer Lesson 14. third thirteen thirty Thames Thomas thyme (i) Therapeutic = relating to the art of healing. Thermometer = a measure of heat. (ii) In all three derivatives from three, the r has changed its place. But, in older English, we said thritty for thirty, etc. 12. ]\Iany words have at the beginning of them a ph with the sound of f ; and sometimes also in the middle. (These words come to us from the Greek language.) Lesson 15. phalanx blasphemy alphabet pamphlet phaeton camphor atmosphere philosophy phantom cipher metaphor seraphim pheasant elephant paraphrase epitaph phrase emphasis prophet triumph physic ephod sophist trophy 13. Some words begin with an sc, which has the simple sound of s. (This sc generally comes before an e or an i.) 16 THK INITIAL CONSONANTS OF ENGLISH WORDS Lesson 16. scene sceptre scintillate scissors scent scimitar scion scythe Exception : sceptic. 14. The initial form of sch is peculiar. It has the simple sound of s ; or of sk. It has also to be carefully observed and contrasted with sc and sh. Lesson 17. schedule schism scheme school science sciatica shed sheer {adj.) sheik (a cliief) shield shimmer shingle share shire shore 15. The initial form ty is found only in Greek w^ords — with the exception of typhoon (a circular gale), W' hich is Chinese. Lesson 18. tympanum (the drum of the ear) type typhoon typhus tyrant tyro 16. The contrast between the initials w and wh is one of some importance. Lesson 19 wale (mark of a stroke) whale w^een wheeze warp (thread in a loom) wharf week whelk weal (welfare) wheal w^eep whelm weasel wheat weevil (a small beetle) whelp Aveed wheedle weird (fated) were whence wherry Lesson 20. wet whet (to sharpen) windy whimper weather whether (or no) win whin way wdiey wine whine webbed whiff wire whirl wig Whig (opposite of Tory) wistful (eager) whisper wile (a trick) wh] le wit whit PAET ill WOEDS OF LIKE SOUND BUT DIFFERENT SPELLING AND MEANING PAET III WOKJJS OF LIKE SOUND BUT DIFFERENT SPELLING AND MEANING Lesson 1. adds, od peisou sing, of Add. adze, a cooper's axe. ail, to be unwell. ale, a drink. air, the atmosphere, e'er, ever. ere, before. heir, an inheritor. airy, open to the air. eyry, an eagle's nest. aisle, a passage in a church. isle, an island. all, every one. awl, a shoemaker's tool. allowed, permitted, aloud, in a loud tone. altar, a place set apart for sacrifice. alter, to change. Lesson 2. analyst, one who analyses. annalist, a historian. anchor, of a ship. anker, a liquid measure. ant, an insect. aunt, a female relative. arc, part of a circle. ark, a chest. ascent, climbing, assent, agreement, eat, past tense of Eat. eigrht, a numbex-. auger, a tool for boring. augur, a soothsayer. aught, anything. ought, should. Lesson 3. bad, evil, Avicked. bade, past tense of Bid. bail, surety. bale, a bundle of merchandise. bait, food to entice animals. bate, to lessen, abate. baize, a kind of cloth. bays, plural of Bay. bald, without hair, bawled, pa.st tense of Bawl. 20 ^VOKDS OF LIKE SOUND ball, anything of ;i rountl shape. bawl, to shout loudly. bare, uncovered. bear, an animal. bark, of a dog. barque, a kind of small ship. Lesson 4. baron, a lord. barren, bare, unfruitful. base, low, mean. bass, the low part in music. bay, an opening in the coast. bey, a Turkish governor. be, to exist. bee, an insect. beach, the sea-shore. beech, a tree. beau, a vegetable. been, participle of Be. beat, to strike. beet, a vegetable. beau, a man fond of dress. bow, a weapon. Lesson 5. beer, a kind of drink, bier, a frame on which the dead are carried. bell, that rings. belle, a beautiful woman. berry, a small fruit. bury, to put under ground. berth, a sailor's sleeping-place. birth, the act of being born. bight, a small opening in the coast. bite, to wound with the teeth. blew, i)ast tense of Blow. blue, the colour. boar, a wild beast. bore, past tense of Bear. board, a flat piece of wood. bored, past tense of Bore. boarder, one who boards in a house. border, edge, margin. Lesson 6. bold, daring. bowled, in cricket. bolder, comparative of Bold, boulder, a large rounded stone. bole, the stem of a tree. bowl, a basin. boni, given birth to. borne, carried. bourn, boundary, limit. borough, a town with a corporation, burrow, a rabbit-hole. bough, limb of a tree. bow, to bend. boy, a male child. buoy, a floating mark, over rocks, etc, braid, a plait. brayed, past tense of Bray. brake, a thicket. break, to burst or rend apart. bread, that we eat. bred, past tense of Breed. Lesson 7. brewed, past tense of Brew, brood, oflspring. brews, 3d person sing, of Brew. bruise, a mark caused by a blow. BUT DIFFERENT SPELLING AND MEANING 21 bridal, a wedding. bridle, of a horse. Britain, the country. Briton, a native of Britain. broach, to pierce, brooch, an ornament. brows, plural of Brow. browse, to eat tender branches. bruit, to noise abroad. brute, a beast. but, conjunction, etc. butt, a cask. buy, to jmrchase. by, preposition. bye, a term in cricket. ceiling, of a room, sealing, participle of Seal. cell, a small chamber or cave, sell, to exchange goods for money. cellar, a room nndergi-ound. seller, one who sells. censer, a pan for burning incense, censor, one who blames or censures. cent, a hundred ; a coin. scent, a smell. sent, participle of Send. cereal, any kind of grain. serial, a story, etc., published in ]\arts. cession, a yielding, giving up. session, a sitting (of Parliament, etc.) Lesson 8. calendar, an almanac calender, a press used in cloth -making. candid, open, frank. candied, covered with sugar. cannon, a large gun, canon, a church dignitary. canvas, sail-cloth. canvass, to solicit votes. carat, a weight for gold. carrot, a vegetable. cask, a barrel, casque, a helmet. cast, to throw, caste, rank among Hindus. cause, reason. caws, 3d person sing, of Caw. Lesson 9. cede, to yield, give up. seed, what is sown. Lesson 10. chagrin, annoyance, shagreen, a kind of leather. chair, a seat. char or ) , > to do odd lobs. chare, j chased, past tense of Chase. chaste, pure. cheap, not dear. cheep, the sound made by ayoung bird. check, to restrain, curb, cheque, an order for money. chews, 3d person sing, of Chew. choose, to select. choir, a body of singers. quire, twenty-four sheets of paper. choler, anger. collar, an article of dress. Lesson 11. chord, in music. cord, string. 22 WOKDS OF LIKE SOUND cite, to summon. sight, seeing. site, situation. clause, part of a sentence, claws, plural of Claw. climb, to mount up. clime, climate. coarse, not fine. corse, another form of Corpse. course, a running, coarser, comparative of Coarse. courser, a swift horse. colonel, a military officer, kernel, of a nut. complement, that which completes, compliment, a piece of civility. Lesson 12. core, the heart of a fruit, corps, a body of troops. cote, a small house (in dovecote). coat, that we wear. council, an assembly for consultation, counsel, advice. councillor, a member of a council. counsellor, an adviser. cousin, a relative, cozen, to cheat. creak, to make a harsh grating noise, creek, a narrow inlet of water. crewel, worsted. cruel, savage, unkind. Lesson 13. crews, plural of Crew, cruise, to sail to and fro. cul)ical, shaped like a cube, cubicle, a sleeping-place. cue, a ro