THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES «rsiUi Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 http://archive.org/details/catonscientificsOOcatoiala Caton Scientific Shorthand I Scientific Shorthand constructs the consonant out- 1 [ lines so they show the exact location of each unrepre- 1 | sented vowel sound, and gives exact expression to i each initial long vowel and diphthong sound. i SPECIALLY ADAPTED TO PROFESSIONAL REPORTING PUBLISHED BY THE SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING COMPANY MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Copyright, 1915 By THOMAS J. CATON Copyright. 1917 By THOMAS J. CATON All rights reserved Copyright, 1918 By SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING COMPANY All rights reserved SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND This work is presented as the complete and final solution of the short- hand problem. It places shorthand writing upon a strictly scientific basis. It is the only system which can be considered a Scientific sys- tem. This fact will not be disputed by any expert shorthand writer or teacher; and it is conceded by all such experts who have examined the work. Not a single word of criticism has been passed upon either the plan of the work or the pedagogical manner in which it is presented. THE ONE UNVARYING RULE FOR WRITING WORDS. Scientific Shorthand expresses all consonant sounds, all initial long vowel and diphthong sounds, and locates all other vowel sounds. This method of writing words is the only possible scientific manner in which they can be written. It reduces the writing of all classes of words to one simple, unvarying method or plan, instead of requiring the writers to memorize the illogical, unscientific and arbitrary methods required by all other systems. Exact initial long vowel and consonant expression, and exact vowel location affords the utmost possible legibility with the brevity and facile- ness of stenographic outlines necessary to meet speed requirements in rapid verbatim reporting. UTMOST POSSIBLE LEGIBILITY. It is now a well known fact that the great majority of words are readably legible from the writing or printing of the initial long vowel and diphthong sounds, and all the consonant sounds, provided hyphens are inserted to show the exact locations of the other vowel sounds. There is no other way in which words can be written or printed in an equally con- tracted form which gives the same legibility. To illustrate: It is impossible to select any other four letters from the word Winnipeg which will give the same legibility as is obtained from complete consonant expression and vowel location ; thus, JV-n-p-g. Likewise, it is impossible to select any other four elementary sounds from the word Omaha which will give equal legibility with that obtained from an expression of the initial long vowel sound and the two consonant rounds, hyphenated to show the exact locations of the other vowel rounds; thus, Om-h-. This rule applies to all classes of words, absolutely without a single exception. Therefore, the conclusion is that complete consonant and initial long vowel and diphthong expression and exact vowel location a fords the utmost possible legibility with required brevity. It is the only method of contracting words which can be reduced to a single rule or system governing their necessary contraction. 448624 With contextural aid, experience has shown that there is very seldom either the necessity or desirability of exact vowelization — vowel loca- tion being all sufficient to afford the needed legibility. BASIC PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING THE PERFECT SYSTEM. The world's expert shorthand writers, authors and teachers, are agreed that certain fundamental principles must underlie the perfect svstem of shorthand writing. The following seven principles are thus agreed upon. A thorough and critical examination of Scientific Shorthand will show that it has not violated either the letter or the spirit of these seven requisite basic prin- ciples, namely: i. The perfect system must be a disconnected vowel system, so that each word will have the same basic outline, whether vowelized in full, in part, or not at all. 2. It must employ both light and shaded strokes in its alphabet, ihereby pairing the cognate sounds, and making use of all high-grade stenographic material. 3. It must employ a uniform length of stroke in its alphabet, that the rules governing the modification of strokes may be of general appli- cation. 4. It must make use of positions, because it is easier to write a word in position than to use extra strokes and characters to attain the ends for which position may be utilized. 5. It must be a phonetic system to maintain the purity of pronun- ciation. 6. It must give exact expression to medial and final vowel sounds by disjoined characters, to maintain a uniform basic outline. 7. It must overcome, as far as possible, the one universally recog- nized defect of all systems — illegibility, by complete consonant expres- sion and exact vowel location. We submit Scientific Shorthand in full and perfect confidence that it is the final solution to the shorthand problem — final because perfect. SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND ALPHABET 1. The letters of the Scientific Shorthand Alphabet are light and shaded straight and curved strokes. 2. From the two strokes, each half light line and half shaded line, that bisect each other in the form of the letter X, we obtain two light line strokes, and two shaded line strokes. Such strokes represent the letters **•-*, . ■ • -, > /' \ \ / A ' '■ 3. Above letters are written downward always ; a vowel sound does not follow them when they are used finally, as in rope, rub, peach, rage. 4. The Ch stroke, written above the ruled line, expresses H ; and the J stroke so written expresses Wh. A vowel sound always follows strokes H and Wh. 5. From the two strokes, each half light line and half shaded line, that bisect each other in the form of a cross, we obtain two light line strokes, and two shaded line strokes. Such strokes represent the letters T, D, K and G. T D K G n y _J l , , J" >r 6. T and D must be written downward. K and G must be written from left to right. A vowel sound always follows T or D strokes where they are joined to other strokes medially or finally, as in pity, ready, betake, redeem. A vowel sound does not follow K or G where they are used finally, as in back, dug. 7. The K stroke expresses the sound of K, as in key, book; of C in cat, call, acme; of Ch in chorus. 8. The G stroke expresses the sound of G, as in go, beg; but the J stroke expresses the sound of G as in page or general. 9. A straight stroke, written upward from left to right, expresses the sound of R, as heard in ray, rope, bury. This R stroke is named Ray, because a vowel sound follows it. 10. The eleven strokes above given (P, B, Ch, J, H, Wh, T, D, K, G, Ray) are all the straight stroke letters used in Scientific Short- hand. CONSONANTS ARE WRITTEN VOWELS ARE LOCATED i. The vowels are A, E, I, O, U. W and Y are vowels where thev are not followed by a vowel sound, as in now, ruby. The characters which represent the vowel sounds will be given further on in this work. 2. It is seldom necessary to write any of the short vowel sounds; and the great majority of medial long vowel sounds need not be written, provided the consonant letters are written so they show exactly where the unwritten vowel sounds occur. Thus, the student can see how unneces- sary it is to write the vowels in the words W-n-p-g (Winnipeg), M-n-s-t- (Minnesota), M-n—p-l-s (Minneapolis), p-r-ty (purity), etc. There is even less need of exact vowel writing where there is contextural aid ; thus: W-th k-nd r-g-rds, I b-g t- r-m-n, Y-rs v-ry tr-ly. BASIC FEATURE OF SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND 3. The method by which all vowel sounds are exactly located (thereby rendering their writing unnecessary in nearly all words) is the great and distinctive feature of Scientific Shorthand. The student, therefore, must give careful and thoughtful attention to every rule gov- erning vowel location. 4. Strokes H and Wh, used initially, must be written above the ruled or base line of writing to differentiate them from strokes Ch and J. POSITIONS DEFINED 5. First Position: Where the initial stroke is written above the ruled or base line of writing, such stroke, or the entire outline of which it may form a part, is in First Position. Initial H and Wh strokes must be written in First Position. 6. Second Position: Where the initial stroke is written on the ruled or base line of writing, such stroke, or the entire outline of which it forms a part, is in Second Position. POSITION LOCATES INITIAL VOWEL SOUND 7. Any stroke of the Scientific Shorthand Alphabet (except H and Wh) is written in Second Position to show that its sound begins the word, and that a vowel sound immediately follows it. Therefore, the P stroke, written in Second Position, is the consonant outline for the words pay, pea, pie, Poe, pew; the B stroke so written is the consonant outline for the words and syllables bay, bee, buy, beau, beu. The H stroke in First Position is the consonant outline for the words hay, he, high, hoe, hue. WRITING EXERCISE 8. The student may now write the consonant outlines for the follow- ing words and syllables: Pay, pea, pie, Poe, pew (P stroke, Second Position) ; bay, bee, by, beau, beu; tay, tea, tie, toe, teu; day, dee, die, dough, dew; cha, chee, chy, cho, chew; jay, jee, jie, Joe, jew; kay, key, kie, Coe, coo; gay, gee, guy, go, geu; ray, ree, rye, roe, rue; hay, he, high, hoe, hue; whey, whee, why, whoa, whew. 9. The student should write and rewrite the alphabetic strokes until neatness and accuracy as to their length, slant, direction and position is attained. Such mastery of alphabetic construction is absolutely essen- tial to success. The alphabetic strokes should be as near as possible the size of the engraved outlines — about one-sixth inch in length. JOINING CONSONANT STROKES 1. Scientific Shorthand requires the exact expression of the con- sonant sounds and the exact expression or location of all the vowel sounds. Therefore, in words containing two or more consonant sounds, the strokes that represent such sounds must be joined in the order in which they are heard ; except, however, the medial or final sound of H or Wh must be expressed by writing the H or Wh stroke through the con- sonant stroke which precedes it, thereby differentiating it from the joined medial and final Ch or J stroke. Thus, in the words behold, key- hole, tallyho, the H stroke would be written through the strokes B, K and L. 2. It should be noted that there are very few words which contain a medial or final H or Wh. A vowel sound always follows the H and Wh strokes. VOWEL LOCATION BY POSITION 3. Illustrations showing how consonant strokes are joined and the unwritten vowel sounds located are given on the following page. The student should note that the first vowel sound comes immediately after the first stroke; that a vowel sound follows medial or final T, D, Ray and H strokes ; that a vowel sound does not follow any other final straight alphabetic stroke. More advanced pages will present the method of expressing T, D and R where a vowel sound does not follow them ; also, the method of expressing a vowel sound after the other strokes where they are used medially or finally. 4. In the great majority of words, the final vowel sound is expressed by the letter Y. Therefore, in the following Key outlines, Y is printed as the final vowel, where the outlines indicate a final vowel sound, as p-ty, b-ry, b-dy, instead of p-t-, b-r-, b-d-. ILLUSTRATIONS OF JOINED STROKES 1. By inserting a vowel sound where hyphens are printed in the Key to the following illustrative outlines, one or more words are obtained. Thus, the outline p-ty is the consonant expression for the words patty, petty, pity, putty, etc. 2. The stwflent should write the following illustrative outlines and name the vtffrds and syllables in which they are the consonant sounds. Thus p-k is 'the consonant expression for the words pack, peck, pick, peak, pike, poke, etc. 3. The last six illustrations teach that a straight stroke repeated is dotted near the end of the stroke to show that a vowel sound does not follow the sound of the repeated stroke, and that a repeated straight stroke is written disjoined in Second Position to show that a vowel sound follows the repeated stroke. > p-ch P-J p-k p-g p-ry b-ty b-dy b-ch b-j b-k b-g \y . b-rv i_ i/ JL. J— 4 t-ry d-p d-b d-ty d-ch d-k d-g d-ry ch-p ch-b ch-k ch-g ch-ry J-P T wh-k wh-g wh-ry V~~ b-r-k 1/ d-r-k \ h-d-k X/1 p-r-ty \A p-r-dy \ P-P p-p- b-b b-by k-k k-k- \ WRITING EXERCISE The student will now write the consonant outlines for the following words : babe rap hip hope couch baby whack jig hop dowry back beach Jip job gouty bag beak kick jog pouch bake beck pick joke pouty batch bedew pig poach rowdy bearer beg pike poke balk cab cheap pipe pope chalk cage check pitch roach daub Cairo cheery pity roar gaudy cap deck rib rob haughty cape deep rich rock hawk catch heap ridge rogue talk chap hearer rig top book chary hedge ripe Tory booty dab hero tick beauty cook dairy keep tidy bug cooky data keg tip budge coop gab peck Whig chuck hook gag peep whip cub hoop gage peg bob cup took gap Peru bog duck whoop Gary pique borough duke bagpipe hag reap choke Dutch haycock Haiti reach chop duty hayrack Jack ready coach dub charity jag reek cob dupe parody jab wreck cock hub bedaub pack wretch cocoa hug detach page teach cog huge hectic papa teak cope Judah heritage patch bib Cora jug rectory tab big dock juju retake tag chick dodo puck retouch take chip dodge pug rhetoric tap Dido dog pup gyratory tape dig dope touch tiptop rack dike dory tube dotage rag dip goatee tug potato rage gig hob tub purity rare hike hog rug dearer SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND ALPHABET CONTINUED 1. Connecting the points of the X figure by curved strokes, light and shaded, we obtain four light line strokes, and four shaded line strokes. Such strokes represent the letters M, Mp, N, Ng, Th, Th, S and Z. tfOfc M Mp N Ng Th Th s z O^ _ ^ ( ( ) ) 2. Strokes M, Mp, N, Ng, must be written from left to right. Strokes Th, Th, S and Z must be written downward. 3. The light line Th stroke expresses th as heard in bath, think; and the heavy Th stroke expresses th as heard in bathe, those. 4. A vowel sound follows the medial and final use of the N stroke, as in funny, many, tonic, etc. The method of expressing medial and final N, when a vowel sound does not follow it, as in fun, men, tone, etc., will be given in more advanced pages of this book. 5. A vowel sound does not follow medial and final M, Mp, Ng, Th, Th. Strokes S and Z are seldom used either medially or finally. Vowel location connected with their use is given in an advanced page of this work. WRITING EXERCISE 6. The student may now write the consonant outlines for the fol- lowing words and syllables : May, me, my, mo, mew (M stroke, Second Position) ; nay, knee, nigh, know, new, now ; tha, the, thigh, tho, thew ; they, thee, thy, though, thou; say, see, sigh, sew, sue, saw; zay, zee, zie, Zoe, zoo. ILLUSTRATIONS OF JOINED STROKES m-p "~^\ L=> th-m _^L n-b .1 — % th-m __1 wh-m ~r m-ty 1- «*_ n-dy \. / — p-ny — S b-th m-ch ^ y n-j I ^ t-nv JS D_tlle T y n-j _L^ t-ny J^ 1_ m-ry ■> ■> n-m S ' r-ny S\ r-th ^ m-m >. * — n-g . L— ->. — d-m _^4 — r-the _m-th A th-k A ch-m . U — t-n-k ^m-ny _J th-g __L_h-m ^ m-t-ny WRITING EXERCISE The student will now write the consonant outlines for the following words: bathe meaty both thug depth canoe meek cockney thumb merino came neap cockroach thump Metonic camp neck cony tuna nectary dame needy comb downy retinue damp Neta come mouth technic game renew dome balm thetic gamp wreath doth calm chimney ham seedy honey gnaw Chinook jam team home palm chipmunk jamb Theda mob naughty dictum maim theme mock tawny kinetic • make zero money booth minatory Madge China mope boom mink many chime Moro doom minum map Dinah moth moody nickname match dim notch nook knickknack Mary- dime pony sooty dignitary knack guinea pomp tomb psychic nab hymn wrong tooth conic nag kith soda barony corona name midge thong tank Modoc nap miry tony rank Mohawk nape myth tome Canada monitory nabob nib bum catacomb monody rainy niche dumb daytime monotony rang nick gum harangue monotype Sadie nip hung harem moratory Sarah piny hum madam Sodom tame ring jump Madeira thoric tamp writhe Juno magnetic dukedom thatch Sinai juror manage mutiny beam thyme muck manitou Puritanic Beth tiny mug matinee coinage death time mum maturity dogtooth deem tithe nub panada chink deny thick nudge satanic tunic gem whim numb bedim botanic heap bony puny cherub retina hemp bomb Ruth denim detinue SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND ALPHABET CONTINUED 1. Connecting the points of the cross by curved strokes, light and shaded, we obtain four light line strokes, and four shaded line strokes. Such strokes represent the letters L, Lt-d, W, Qu, F, V, Sh and Y. m Lt-d \V Ou F V Sh Y .A z_z: ^ ^ ^ v i j j UPWARD AND DOWNWARD FORMS FOR L AND Sh STROKES 2. Initial L stroke is written upward, generally. 3. Sh stroke is written downward where it is the only stroke in the word. Initial Sh stroke, in words containing two or more strokes, may be written either upward or downward, care being taken to use the direction which will give the most facile joining with the stroke that fol- lows: Thus, in the word shame, the downward Sh makes the better joining; in the word shady, the upward Sh makes the better joining. All other strokes above given must be written downward. 4. Strokes L and Sh, used medially and finally, must be written upward where a vowel sound follows them ; and they must be written downward where a vowel sound does not follow them. STROKES THAT IMPLY A VOWEL SOUND FOLLOWING 5. A vowel sound always follows strokes W, Qu and Y ; also L and Sh when they are written upward, as set forth in last paragraph. A vowel sound does not follow the medial and final use of the other strokes above given. 6. The Qu stroke represents not only the sound of Qu as heard in quick, acquire, but it may represent also the alphabetic sound of Qu as heard in cute, cure, accuracy, vacuum. \\ AND R STROKES DIFFERENTIATED 7. There are very few words that contain the medial or final con- sonant sound of W, as heard in byway, leeway, bailiwick. Therefore, the medial and final W stroke must be dotted, in order that we may be able to use the same stroke undotted, medially and finally, to express the sound of R where it is not followed by a vowel sound, as in the words dare, chair, fire, etc. We are thereby enabled to differentiate dare and dairy; fire and fury; cheer and cheery; mire and marry, by using the Ray stroke where a vowel sound follows R, and by using the curved R stroke (same as W stroke), where a vowel sound does not follow R. WRITING EXERCISE 8. The student may now write the consonant outlines for the fol- lowing words and syllables : Lay, lea, lie, low, lieu, law (L stroke, Second Position) ; way, wee, wye, woe, woo ; qua, quee, qui, quo, queue ; fay, fee, fie, foe, few ; vay, vee, vie, voe, view, vow ; shay, she, shy, show, shoo, shaw ; yea, ye, yo, yew. ILLUSTRATIONS OF JOINED STROKES ^X. ZL ZX Zl_ /v ^L £L ^ -p -j -dy -ry -k -m -mp -ng -ny -r -f v th the w-1- w-ry w-ty w-d- 9- v_ v_ h K J^ w-n- qu-1 . qu-sh ,qu-f qu-k f-ny f-ty >g . f-ng , f-m . f-th f-ch ,v-t- i v-mp ,v-ny ,f-g .s-1- S-h-r- z-ngk sh-p A sh-dy _L sh-k J^ sh-ry J—, sh-m y sh-ny J Y-d- -^ T T > y-r- m-y- f-ld m-lt k-lt g-ld b-ld t-ld h-ld VL x. 10 ILLUSTRATIONS OF UPWARD AND DOWNWARD L AND SH STROKES J— d-1 / j-1 -pJ 1- 1 J d-sh J^— d-ly A~ j-ly -^ t-ly 1/ d-shy f-1 _/T _ 1-1 -\ — v_1 -X f-sh -> /r i-i -^ — v- 1 -X r kZl_ f-ly _Z_>ly AZl_v-ly Vy f-shy — - - — g-1 \ p-1 - —jA sh-1 ^ m -sh L- g-ly \f p-ly -^- — sh-1- ^-^J m-shy / Vi-1 ^ r-1 -^ b-sh X? r-sh J__h-ly ^^ r-ly _^Z_ b-shy _^_ R-sh- ILLUSTRATIONS OF UPWARD AND DOWNWARD -R AND RAY STROKES ■V b-r V f-r ^x-r -^ m-r - sh-r ^^lb-ry \Js f-ry ^/ m-ry ■ ^ sh-ry L — d-r ^ h-r "^ qu-r _k^_ v-r t/L-d-ry /^ h-rv _Z^kl_qu-ry A^l. V-r- 1 ILLUSTRATIONS OF REPEATED STRAIGHT STROKES 1. The Ray stroke is super-lengthened and dotted to express tier, as in barrier, courier, merrier, etc. ; and it is lengthened and dotted to express rer, as in dearer, nearer, mirror, etc. ■ 2. Words are divided into syllables so that each medial and final syllable begins with a consonant sound. Thus, the words seed-er, mark-er, plant-er, reap-er, shell-ing, are written as though pronounced see-der, mar-ker, plan-ter, rea-per, she-ling, -$\ bopeep *r ' — sorority \/ barrier IL — ^ totem > ■ peacock Ji — = Teutonic . *— S mirror is juror — pedagogue -k_ dearer ^-^/ merrier IX terror 11 WRITING EXERCISE The student will now write the consonant outlines for the following words: bare vague yellow loaf move dash vale billow loath tour fair vary byway loathe woolly faith wallow child lodge fairly fame warrior dire loll fanatic fang waylay fig lore fatally fatty whale Fido love fatigue hail berry fife lowly lactic hash cheer file molt laudanum jail fear five knoll malady chary fellow guile quota quality carriage fetch highway quoth shapely lair ferry hire shore tallyho lake jello life told vampire lady leaf like volley vanity lame leak lilac worry wallop lamp leave lily bureau watery lap leap lip curry belief latch leash lithe cube derive lath ledge mire duly hemlock laugh leer Nile fudge require mail leeway quick furor venom mare leg quire funny dimly marriage Lehigh Shiloh July fifth marry mellow ship lull fishhook maya mesh silo lure linotype nail Nellie tissue mush litany Nash query vim rule ridicule pare real viny rush shipwreck quack reef widow Russia Shylock quaff rely winnow tush victim quash sheaf witty foil vitally rash sheath bold doily forage rarely sheathe coal vouch phonetic shadow shield cold halt hollyhock shady shelly folk haul lofty shake thief foray Cauley loophole shame venue goal Laura quorum shave veto gold vault votary shape wearer hoar look futurity share wheel hold loony lunatic Yeddo holly tear moor purely 12 LOCATING MEDIAL AND FINAL VOWEL SOUNDS 1. Medial and final T, D, Ray, N, H, Y, Qu, and upward L and Sh strokes, imply a vowel sound following. Medial and final P, B, Ch, J, K, G, F, V, Th, Th, M, Mp, Lt-d, are lengthened to show a vowel sound following . _rope ^_ropy tack ^tacky z_ 1_ L — * dnm L . dummy 2^_leaf .leafy .teach touchy -moth -Matthew -dumpy -redeem .hammock -Dakota X hf- zv. satanic bigamy hoggish legatee refectory iA=_ vilify .revive L — j damage \ peachy 1/V terrific *- — J\ humility moldy Cathay ravage 3 2. Medial and final T, D, Ray, N, Qu, and upward L and Sh, are lengthened to show that two successive vowel sounds follow them. A Cora Corea ratio radio folio A iZ. \yf burial )/[ cereal k. meteor •shadowy Joshua nausea .medium .vacuum /\ radially 13 THE DOUBLE CONSONANT ALPHABET 1. In Scientific Shorthand, each consonant sound is expressed in two ways. The second way of expressing some of the consonants is (a) by making the strokes longer, as set forth in paragraph one on the pre- ceding page; (b) by writing the strokes upward and downward, as in the case of L, Sh and R; (c) by a small final hook, as in the case of T, D and N, which will be given later. 2. The purpose of this double representation of the consonant sounds is to show whether or not a vowel sound follows the medial and final uses of the consonant strokes, and other characters which represent them. In this way, we differentiate such words as fun and funny; pit and pity; need and needy; vale and valley; bush and bushy; dare and dairy; bug and buggy. 3. We must request the student to master the plan of this work, and in all cases to use the correct consonant characters; because some of the consonant characters are to be used medially and finally, when they are followed by a vowel sound, and the others are to be used when they are not followed by a vowel sound. Therefore, the correct uses of the double consonant representatives constitute the theory of Scientific Shorthand, in very large part. 4. No other system of shorthand writing contains a complete double representation of consonant sounds. No other system of shorthand writ- ing, therefore, can locate the vowel sounds except by making extra char- acters for them, thereby adding greatly to the length of the shorthand outline for any word. 5. It is well known that very few words require the writing in of the vowel sounds, provided their exact locations are shown by the struct- ure of the consonant outlines. This fact is clearly shown by the hyphen- ated outlines for words given in the Writing Exercises throughout this work. 6. Scientific Shorthand is the briefest writing system it is possible to construct, and maintain necessary legibility. WORDS MUST BE WRITTEN IN CONTRACTED FORM 7. All shorthand writing of necessity is contracted writing. In Sci- entific Shorthand, words arc contracted as follows : (a) By omitting all silent letters; (b) by locating the vowel sounds, thereby overcoming the necessity of expressing them by either connected or disjoined characters; (c) by omitting the first of repeated conson- ants, as heard in carriage, buffalo, effect, associate — writing them cariage, bufalo, efect, asociatc. 14 COMPLETE CONSONANT ALPHABET Pee \ p, as in pay, rap See ) s, as in say, seedy Bee \ b. as in boy, rub Zee __)_ z, as in zinc, Ezra Tee J t, as in tie, pity Shay y sh, as in ship, ash Dee _| d, as in do, ready Yea J y, as in yes, bunion Chay / ch, as in chop, etch Em m. as in me. time Jay /_ j, as in jog, rage Emp ^^ mp. as in damp, lumpy Hay h, as in hay, behave En . „ n, as in no, rainy Wha i wh, as in whip, whine Ing ^__, ng, as in song, among Kay k. as in key, take El /"" 1, as in lay, folly Gay p-. as in go, rug Elt-d /^ lt-d, as in fault, mold Fee _V, f ? as i n f oe , muff Ar -., r, as in arm, dare * ee V^ v. as in view, move Way ^\ w. as in willow, wine The _£ th, as in thigh, both Way -^ w, as in away, awake Thee _£ th as j n t| leC) bathe Way "^ w. as in byway, leeway ^ a . v / r. as in roe, bury Qu ~^ qu. as in quick, accuse EXACT VOWEL EXPRESSION 1. The method by which the vowels are located has now been given. 2. On the page opposite, we present the method by which medial and final vowel sounds may be exactly expressed. There is greater need of exact vowel expression in words of one syllable than in other word?. The greater the number of consonants expressed and vowels located, the lesser the need for exact vowel expression. 3. The student should rewrite the words given in preceding writing exercises, pages 5, 7 and 11, and write into the outlines the exact vowel sounds, thereby securing accuracy and facility in exact vowel expression. 15 MANNER OF EXPRESSING VOWEL SOUNDS 1. Medial and final vowel sounds, and initial short vowel sounds, are expressed by the following characters : A E I O u Oo Oi, oy, as in oil, boy Ou, ow, as in out, now Au, aw, as in audit, law 2. The vowel characters are written on the right hand side of per- pendicular and inclined strokes, and on the under side of horizontal strokes to show that the vowel sound follows the sound of the stroke; and they are written near the end of any stroke to show that the vowel has the long sound. V pay In due V be v __ D °y L tie / bow v. foe /< raw \^> boo t law now may J_ thy she cow go 3. Long vowel and diphthong sounds between strokes are written either after the first stroke, or before the second stroke, as may be most convenient . \..- _ bake \, ^ dime A home peal bowl rainy A. share ripe shame N/" 7 below I deep j ^ doom 4. Short vowel sounds between strokes are written after the first of the two strokes, at the beginning end of the stroke. A, as heard in calm, tarry, is expressed by writing the vowel at the center of the stroke. \ back A — dim {T^"^ lamp A A, hem chum L— s. thump ship mop rang A tarn- calm whim 16 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRECEDING PRINCIPLES Revenue, r-v-n- /"V Lottery, l-t-ry V/\ Phillip, f-l-p K. Foppery, f-p-ry _ Tammany, t-m-ny , Cholera, k-l-ry __ Tobacco, t-b-ko — Dignity, d-gn-ty — Coterie, k-t-r- — ^ — ■ y. — Factory, f-kt-ry )±J- Felony, f-l-ny ^y -Happily, h-p-ly ■ *wl Debility, d-b-l-ty -Bamboo, b-niboo -Bouquet, b-ka •Hackney, h-kny \ r-i ^r — ■ V J/3/ -=L \^ ^L Lineage, l-n- -j Jubilee, j-b-l- Polarity, p-l-r-iy Lullaby, l-l-by Demagogue, d-m-g-g Military, m-l-t-ry Manifold, ui-n-f-ld Tonnage, t-u-j Mammoth, m-m-ih Militia, m-l-sh- Di rectory, d-r-kt-ry Victoria, v-ht-r- - Mahogany, m-h-g-ny Bonafide, b-n-f-d- Nebula, n-b-la Cupola, qu-p-la Malaria, m-I-r- - — Decalogue, d-k-l-g Note: — The italicized letters shown above, represent the consonant sounds in the respective words. The Scientific Shorthand outlines must express, not only those exact consonant sounds, but they must be positioned and constructed so they show that vowel sounds are exactly where the hyphens are printed. Position is used either to express or to locate the initial vowel sound. The lengthening of certain strokes is used solely to show that a vowel sound follows the sound of the stroke. If the stroke implies a vowel sound following (as in the case of medial and final T, D, Ray, N, Lay, Sha), then such stroke is lengthened to show that two successive (con- current) vowel sounds follow it. 17 WRITING EXERCISE 1. The words given in the several writing exercises throughout this work should he written in longhand on the left margin of the student's note book ; and the shorthand outline, which exactly expresses the itali- cized letters, and locates the unrepresented vowel sound or sounds as shown by the hyphens, should be written as near as possible to the word. The student's work should be carefully examined and criticised by the teacher. The student should then write each word as many times as the line space will permit. Great care should be exercised in the formation of each alphabetic stroke, as to length, direction and position. The student should fully understand why and how the consonant outlines, aided by position, locate vowel sounds exactly as shown by the hyphens. pump, p-mp hump, h-mp wreathe, r-th fang, f-ng hath, h-th bump, b-mp heath, h-th hack, h-k thing, th-ng vamp, v-mp path, p-tJi faith, f-th fake, f-k sheath, sh-th dump, d-nip dug, d-g gum. s;-m Goth, 'G-th thump, tJi-mp bath, b-th sheathe, sh-th jump, j-mp wrath, r-th lump, l-nip lung, l-ng teeth, t-th lathe, 1-th rhythm, r-th in long, l-ng beer, b-r tare, t-r jeer, ]-r gore, g-r hear, h-r fire, f-r near, n-r pair, p-r bore, b-r tire, t-r dear, d-r care, k-r rear, r-r queer, qu-r hair, h-r pore, p-r tore, t-r chair, cli-r core, k-r veer, v-r dare, d-r pure, p-r bear, b-r door, d-r chore, ch-r gear, g-r hare, h-r fare, f-r pier, p-r perry, p-ry Jerry, J-ry Harry, H-ry very, v-ry sherry, sh-ry bury, b-ry jury, j-ry hurry, h-ry Laury, L-ry merry, m-ry tarry, t-ry carry, h-ry hoary, h-ry wiry, iv-ry sorry, s-ry cherry, ch-ry gory, g-ry fiery, f-ry yarrow, y-ro narrow, n-ro pale, p-l ball, b-l peal, p-l bail, b-l tall, t-l pile, p-l bowl, b-l tile, t-l pole, p-l bawl, b-l tool, /-/ jail, j-l hale, h-l vail, v-l dare, d-r mile, m-l kneel, n-l dale, d-l keel, k-l heel, h-l rail, r-l fail, f-l vile, W mole, m-l deal, d-/ cool, k-l reel, r-i hole, ft-/ mail, m-l mule, ?»-/ quail, qu-l gale, £-/ rile, r-/ howl, h-l fowl, /-/ meal, m-l nail, «-/ shale, j/i-/ pulley, p-ly chilly, ch-ly rally, r-ly fully, /-/y bully, fr-/y jelly, j-ly hilly, /t-/y valley, v-ly 18 WRITING EXERCISE CONTINUED willow, zv-lo shallow, sh-lo fallow, f-lo tally, t-ly Cauley, K-ly holy, h-ly lily, l-ly harrow, h-ro furrow, f-ro sheer, sh-r tulip, t-l-p daily, d-ly folly, f-ly Malay, M-la gallop, g-l-p bellow, b-lo push, />-^/t cash, k-sh lash, /-j/i foolish, f-l-sh Pasha, P-sha mushy, m-shy bush, b-sh gush, £-,?/» gash, g-sh mulish, m-l-sh bushy, b-shy wishy, w-shy dish, d-sh hush, h-sh Polish, P-/-j/i dishy, rf-j/ty dashy, d-shy josh, /-*& fish, f-sh rake, r-fc fishy, ^-j/iy Joshua, J-sh-- fop, /-/> rub, r-b knob, n-fr peach, />-c/i peachy, p-chy *'og, /-£ foppy, f-py nobby, n-by ruby, r-&y foggy, f-gy mop, »»-/> beech, b-ch log, /-£ mopy, w-/>y vvebby, w-by ditch, d-c/t beechy, b-chy knock, n-k tack, /-& tacky, t-ky league, /-g loggy, l-gy pith, />-#» dum, d-m lime, l-m timely, t-mly lively, l-vly reverie, r-v-r- verily, v-r-ly revenue, r-v-nu lottery, l-t-ry parish, p-r-sh cubic, qu-b-k pithy, p-thy dummy, d-my limy, l-my dumbly, d-mly moth, m-th chum, ch-m pillow, p-lo Phillip, F-l-p Matthew, M-thu chummy, ch-my below, b-lo comic, k-m-k redeem, r-d-m tonic, t-n-k happy, h-py comedy, k-m-dy mimic, ni-m-k livery, l-v-ry vilify, v-l-fy foppery, f-p-ry fathom, f-th-m baggage, b-g-j parity, p-r-ty verity, v-r-ty revoke, r-v-k referee, r-f-re panic, p-n-k Tammany, T-m-ny Timothy, T-m-thy botany, b-t-ny pigmy, p-gmy legatee, l-g-te badge, b-j banana, b-n-n- bedeck, b-d-k borrow, b-ro by-law, b-lazv chicory, ch-k-ry cholera, k-l-ry tobacco, t-b-ko notary, n-t-ry dignity, d-gn-ty dogma, d-gma famish, f-m-sh gummy, "•-;;/ v bailiff, b-l-f ' readily, r-d-ly vanilla, v-n-l- camera, k-m-r- knife, n-f coffee, k-f- coterie, k-t-ry debauch, d-b-ch dilemma, d-l-m- factory, f-kt-ry felony, f-l-ny knave, n-v navy, n-vy roguish, r-g-sh shiny, sh-ny 19 WRITING EXERCISE CONTINUED damage,, d-m-j ravage, r-v-j happily, h-p-ly bakery, b-k-ry beautify, b-t-fy IxDttom, b-t-m cavity, k-v-ty comedy, k-m-dy derrick, d-r-k debility, d-b-l-ty heretic, h-r-t-k bamboo, b-mboo battery, b-t-ry bookish, b-k-sli bouquet, b-ka vitally, v-t-ly codify, k-d-fy covey, k-vy delay, d-la hackney, h-kny hammock, h-m-k leafy, l-fy magnify, m-gn-fy decalogue, d-k-l-g merino, m-r-no bequeath, b-qu-th dynamo, d-n-mo rebuke, r-b-k tunic, t-n-k thorough, th-ro pagoda, p-g-d- territory, t-r-t-ry fatigue, f-t-g package, p-k-j hurrah, h-razv lack, l-k lackey, l-ky jubilee, j-b-le luck, l-k lucky, l-ky polarity, p-l-r-ty meadow, m-do mighty, m-ty peerage, p-r-j radish, r-d-sh lullaby, l-l-by relief, r-l-f retire, r-t-r demagogue, d-m-g-g Jericho, j-r-ko villa, v-l- gallery, g-l-ry military, m-l-t-ry monopoly, m-n-p-ly menagerie, m-n-j-r- nullify, n-l-fy buggy, b-gy manifold, m-n-f-ld julep, j-l-p tonnage, t-n-j rotary, r-t-ry lyric, l-r-k mammoth, m-m-th melody, m-l-dy relieve, r-l-v shampoo, sh-mp- village, v-l-j militia, m-l-sh- directory, d-r-kt-ry mature, m-t-r victory, v-kt-ry lovely, 1-vly maritime, m-r-t-m necktie, n-kti ravish, r-v-sh repair, r-p-r mahogany, m-h-g-ny monetary, m-n-t-ry coupe, k-pa pedagogue, p-d-g-g pomatum, p-m-t-m bona fide, b-n-f-d- Paulina, P-l-n- nebula, n-b-l- revoke, r-v-k zenith, z-n-th cupola, qup-la minimum, m-n-m-m picnic, p-kn-k fidelity, f-d-l-ty magic, m-j-k memory, m-m-ry peevish, p-v-sh rupee, r-pe ratify, r-t-fy quarry, qn-ry kodak, k-d-k Lackawanna, L-k-w-n- colic, k-l-k bigamy, b-g-my cabbage, k-b-j defame, d-f-tn female, f-m-l Gothic, G-th-k humanity, h-m-n-ty jubilee, j-b-le knavery, n-v-ry logic, l-j-k majority, m-j-r-ty nobility, n-b-l-ty pathetic, p-th-t-k qualify, qu-l-fy repay, r-pa savory, s-v-ry topic, t-p-k vivify, v-v-fy beguile, b-g-l beverage, b-v-r-j lumpy, l-mpy cajole, k-j-l calico, k-l-k o canopy, k-n-py Catholic, K-th-l-k chamois, sh-my chemic, k-m-k comma, k-ma Quebec, Qu-b-k faulty, f-lty demolish, d-m-l-sh depot, d-po fumatory, f-m-t-ry heavily, h-v-ly ■ 20 ALPHABETIC DRILL PRACTICE. 1. Read par. 7, page 21, and note its application in the writing of the words payee, boa, dewy, Leo-, Noah and Joab. 2. Write the alphabetic strokes lengthened, in Second Position, to show that two (concurrent) vowel sounds follow the sound of the stroke. 3. Pronounce the concurrent vowels ac, ie, oe, tic. Therefore, name the lengthened P stroke, payee, pice, poee, pewey. Likewise, name the lengthened B stroke, bayec, byce, boee, bezvey; the T stroke, tayce, tyee. toec, teivey, etc. 4. Write the strokes of the entire alphabet lengthened, in Second Position, as the teacher or dictator pronounces them, associated with the concurrent vowel sounds, as above given. 5. It is advisable to alternate the strokes with the regular alphabetic lengths, thus: pay, pea, pie, poe, pew; payee, pyee, poee, pewee; bay, bee, by, boe, bcu; bayee, byce, boee, beucy, etc. 6. Read par. 3, page 21, then write the following initial syllables: Ap, ep, ip, op, up (P stroke in Third Position) ; ab, eb, ib, ob, ub ; at, et, it, ot, ut; ad, ed, id, od, ud ; atch, etch, itch, otch, utch; aj, edge, ij, oj, uj ; ack, eck, ick, ock, uck; ag, eg, ig, og, ug; af, ef, if, of, uf : av, ev, iv, ov, uv; ath, eth, ith, oth, uth; athe, ethe, ithe, othe, tithe: al, el, il, ol, til; am, em, im, om, urn; amp, emp, imp, omp, timp; an, en, in. on, un; ang, eng, ing, ong, ting; ash, esh, ish, osh, ush (down stroke) ; ar, er, ir, or, tir, (curved R stroke). 7. Read par. 4, page 21, then write the following syllables: Apy, epy, ipy, opy, upy; aby, eby, iby, oby, uby; aty, ety, itv, oty, uty. Continue with the other consonant strokes in like manner. 8. Write each of the alphabetic strokes in Third Position, and alternate their lengths ; thus : Ap, ep, ip, op, up (P stroke, written five times, normal length, in Third Position) ; apy, epy, ipy, opy, upy (P stroke lengthened, written in Third Position, five times). Continue in like manner with each of the other strokes. 9. Scientific Shorthand is a syllabic system. The alphabetic drills give the syllabic representatives. Writing words in Scientific Shorthand is simply a matter of joining the syllabic representatives. m INITIAL SHORT VOWEL SOUNDS LOCATED BY POSITION 1. Third Position: Where a perpendicular or inclined stroke is written across the ruled line, or a horizontal stroke is written just under the ruled line, such stroke, or the entire word of which it is a part, is in Third Position. 2. The initial stroke determines the position of any shorthand out- line, and also locates the first vowel sound in any word. 3. A stroke is written in Third Position to show that a short vowel sound immediately precedes it. v if _) us \- up / etch \.. ebb _/ edge -1 — at Eck ^_^ am j^ are s~ ill -^ — away 4. A Third Position stroke is lengthened to "show that a second vowel sound follows the stroke. ^_ abbey ^ Ella V^ Ef fie ^==^ 7 Z - Emery - edd y ^_^Anna _y ashy "— ^ agony 5. The greater portion of a Third Position stroke may be written below the ruled line to show that a long vowel sound follows the stroke. -} , adieu ,<\^ alive . i , avouch A assume 6. The greater portion of a Third Position stroke may be written above the ruled line to show that a short vowel sound follows the sound of the stroke. elegy \ /O abolish —J— attach /] . allege /^/ 7. Any Second Position stroke may be lengthened to show that two successive vowel sounds follow the sound of the stroke. \__ pay _X_ boa ^— Lee -^- Noah payee do ZL Leo — 4- i° b \ boy _ 1 dewy -**-*- no 4^~ J oab EXACT VOWEL EXPRESSION 1. Initial short vowel sounds are expressed exactly by writing the vowel character before the initial stroke (the left side of perpendicular and inclined strokes, and the upper side of horizontal strokes). n v -/- up at odd etch '/ edge A ezz on A -V off ill J ashy , Emma ahoy ahem awhile Eddie 2. In words of two or more syllables, a final long vowel or diphthong sound is expressed, generally. review rupee T Buffalo Matthew =s decay bamboo purity tomato EXACT EXPRESSION OF MEDIAL AND FINAL VOWELS ^z payee -1_ Noah t -r- Leo duel adieu avouch J,_ revoke i / y roguish \A Duluth t- famish L tonic /\ retire boil \^y fuchsia ¥ Y fowl ^r rubv VOWEL LOCATION AFFORDS ALL NECESSARY LEGIBILITY Remarks : Because of the legibility secured from exact expression of consonant and initial long vowel sounds, and exact vowel location, it is seldom necessary or even advisable to give exact expression to medial vowels, either long, short, or diphthongal ; nor to initial or final short vowel sounds. Nor does the advanced stenographer but seldom find it necessary to give exact expression to final long vowel sounds. Complete initial long vowel and consonant expression, and exact vowel location, af- fords all needed legibility in practically all classes of words. However, the student should practice vowel writing, until all needed exactitude and speed is secured. Exact vowel expression seriously retards speed in writing, and must be dispensed with largely, if not entirely, in rapid verbatim reporting. 23 WRITING EXERCISE Second Position bayou, b— bovvery, b—ry burial, b-r--l buyer, b— r chaotic, k— t-k cereal, s-r--l denial, d-n— 1 diadem, d--d-m dial, d-1 dialogue, d~l-g diary, d— ry dairy, d-ry duality, d— 1-ty fiery, £— ry foliage, f-1— j folio, f-l~ fuel, f-1 gayety,g-ty jewel, j— 1 fosiah, J-s— laity, 1 — ty lineage, 1-n— j loyally, 1 — ly magnolia, m-gn-1-- malaria, m-l-r— maniac, m-n— k medially, m-d— ly meteoric, m-t— r-k newel, n— 1 notarial, n-t-r~l notoriety, n-t-r— ty pneumonia, n-m-n- piano, p~no piety, p~ty radium, r-d— m really, r— ly reappear, r~p-r re-issue, r— shu royal, r— 1 shadowy, sh-d-- shower, sh— r tactual, t-kt~l towage, t— j towel, t— I vacuity, v-qu~ty variety, v-r— ty viola, v— la voyage, v— j vowel, v— 1 poem, p— m zodiac, z-d--k WRITING EXERCISE Third Position aback, -b-k abash, -b-sh ability, -b-l-ty ebony, -b-ny oblong, -bl-ng obloquy, -bl-quy academy, -k-d-my acme, -km- acquire, -qu-r occupy, -qupi Adam, -d-m admonish, -dm-n-sh adore, -d-r idiom, -d~m affinity, -f-n-tv afield,' -f-ld effigy, -f-jy Alabama, -!-b-ma alack, -1-k albino, -lb-no alchemy, -lk-my alibi, -\-h\ allay, -la Alleghany, -1-g-ny aloof, -1-f alpaca, -lp-ka alpha, -lfa appear, -p-r elbow, -lbo olfactory, -lf-kt-ry ultimatum, -lt-m-t-m among, -m-ng anatomy, -n-t-my anew, -nu enemy, -n-my epic, -p-k epidemic, -p-d-m-k epilogue, -p-l-g opera, -p-ra uphold, -ph-ld equipage, -qu-p-j equity, -qu-ty armada, -rm-da armory, -rm-ry army, -rmy aroma, -r-ma arrow, -ro early, -rly ashore, -sh-r aspire, -sp-r assignee, -s-ne assault, -s-lt assay, -sa assume, -s-m asthma, -sma asylum, -s-l-m esoteric, -s-t-r-k espy, -spy Esquimau, -sk-mo esquire, -squ-r esteem, -st-m Isabella, -s-b-la ossify, -s-fy athletic, -thl-t-k atom, -t-m atomic, -t-m-k attire, -t-r Italy, -t-ly awake, -w-k 24 NON-ALPHABETIC WORD CHARACTERS 1. A few of the most common words are represented by arbitrary, non-alphabetic characters. These word characters must be memorized in the most thorough manner. They must be practiced upon until they can be formed with the utmost precision or exactitude with reference to their length, their slant, and their position. They should be formed not more than onc-jourth the length of the alphabetic stroke characters for P, or K. to a-an, but '—— a » an > and \ of 1 of the - — of a-an V to _*, too, two — a ^ _j_ the, he, should _i_ before to the J*— before the 2. The word the is the most frequently used word in language. It is expressed by a word character — a short Ray, or short Cha stroke. It is joined, generally, to the stroke that precedes it. \ pay the j go the v may the _Ny_ by the ^ why the _., know the I do the y if the I say the \ up the ( though the J show the _i , add the f~" lay the -n are the 3. The words a, an, and, may be represented by either a quarter- length T or K stroke, where the brief stroke is joined initially or finally. \_ pay a, an -=*- S° a > an » and -\ are a. an / Y V by a, an why a, an J show a, an L do a, an -X - if a, an /"V^ leave a _i add a, an V, - view a, an 1 take r a. an THE ONE THOUSAND MOST FREQUENTLY USED WORDS 1. In several installments, we give a list of what is claimed to be the One Thousand Most Frequently Used Words. 2. We most earnestly advise that these one thousand words be writ- ten and rewritten until speed and accuracy is attained. First Installment. add belong duty judge money share affair beg early July move she ago both escape keep name ship alike body fail lady know show allege buy fair lake now sorry allow came family lay occupy take already carry few leave off teach although cash field ledge or they am catch fifth life page though among check file like pair time appeal copy five live pay tire appear dash feel look power to-day are deal follow love push to-morrow assume day game mail reach took athletic death gave make ready up avenue deep hold many really us baby delay hope marriage i repair who back door if may require wholly became duly it me say why CONTRACTIONS. 3. Pages 27 and 35 present lists of words represented by a partial writing thereof; thus: abou (-b-) for about; aqui (-qu-) for acquire; apoi (-p-) for appoint; ob (-b) for object; ich (-ch) for zvhich; sha (sh-) for shall; espe (-sp-) for cspecial-ly, etc. 4. It is of the utmost importance that all contractions given in this work be analyzed (a) as to their phonic representation; (b) that they be written correctly as to length and position; (c) that great rapidity be attained in writing and reading them, and (d) that they be used in all reporting. Although they may be dispensed with entirely, yet wisdom and experience dictate that they be employed rather than the completely written outline, thereby insuring a much greater speed in writing than could be attained without their use. 5. Ly and ed, in words of two or more syllables may be omitted, generally. Thus, the outlines for especial, regular, irregular, represent also especially, regularly, irregularly; and the outlines for question, ac- quire, number, publish, astonish, manufacture, represent, acknowledge \ etc., express also the past tense form of tho c e verbs. 26 THE VOWEL STROKES 1. An initial long vowel or diphthong sound must be exactly ex- pressed. 2. The vowel strokes are distinguished from the similar consonant strokes entirely by Position. The vowel strokes are used initially only, and always in First Position. They are as follows : V_ .A E I ) y o u Oo ( Oi, oy as in oil Ou ow, as in out Au. aw, as in audit ILLUSTRATIONS ^-/ Omaha odium owly ^O aureola W { opaque 22^L Oolong 27 THE VOWEL STROKES CONTINUED 1. The vowel strokes are shaded to add R. S air °' er . our S heirship ear J your /__ hourly v/" heirloom w ire ^_ oyer ^ Irish ^ air pump 2. The strokes E, I, U, Au and Ou, are formed half length to add T or D. 3. The strokes E, I and U, are- modified by a small initial hook to add N. Any vowel stroke, modified by an initial hook, expresses the short vowel sound . m anv ! — unto end 4. The En stroke, shortened and shaded, expresses exactly the pre- fixes enter, pnder; the In stroke, shortened and shaded, expresses inter, indor; and the Un stroke, shortened and shaded, expresses the prefix under . ^ ^ J .enter inter under V — interview — under v^_ in! 5. The I stroke, modified by a large initial hook, expresses I am; and formed as a semi-ellipse, opening upward, expresses / will. (See page 28, column 1.) CONTRACTIONS 1. A few of the most frequently used words are represented by a partial writing thereof. 2. The words given below, separated by the comma, are expressed by a common outline, and they are differentiated by the context -about _j had J shall ) was _>y_ acquire-d _jl_ have — L — that, them /_ which, much -^—appoint ^-v may be . I , thing, think who, whom •^=- can, company_\_publish-ed . / their, there ^ will / \ public - / - change-d _Zl_ question-ed— ^_ to be / without 28 SENTENCE WRITING. C ±3_ J2. i2L 3 J_ am :i am to be am to do J^_ am to have L will say will know will have do had may may be may do may have may show may go may say can can be can do can have can take think know take make ^1 n He may He may be _ He may go _ He may do _ He may take _ He may have _ He can _ He can be __ He can do He can have / — She may She may be She may go She may do She may have She shall J It may l It may be It may do It may go It may have PHRASE AND SENTENCE WRITING. 29 U. __ Who may Who may be _Who may do _Who may have /\ Which may / • Which may be / Which may do 1 Which may have / Which may go ; Who can _Who can do Who can be — v Who can have IS Who shall ^\ Who shall be ^j Who shall do ^V Who shall have ^C— ^ There may /^^ There may be y There can be / l There had _^rl_ Am I ^~C~^ May I y^ Shall I ^-^ Will I " Can I 1 w Do I ^^ If I i^^ Have I ^=^z_ May he 1 — Can he _^^_Will he ^A Shall he ^-^ y May she / Can she ^J Will she J . Shall she - — - 1 May it 1 C*" it 7 n_Will it ^\ Shall it I I Do it -V By the 1 Have the J_ Shall the _L_ Had the ^ Will the I Do the / Which the / Who the Why the Publish the / Change the _C_ Think the ( Without the _C_ That the ) Saw the jL_Was the -s Are the ""Y Question the ~x Acquire the Appoint the About the 30 ALPHABETIC PRACTICE DRILL 1. Read par. 1, page 31, then write: Spay, spee, spy, spoe, spew, spoy, spow, spaw, spoo; spray, spree, spry, spro, sprew, sproy, sprow, spraw, sproo; stay, stee, sty, stovve, stew, stoy, stow, staw, stoo ; stray, stree, stry, strow, strew, stroy, strow, straw, stroo ; skay, skee, sky, sko, skew, skoy, skow, skaw, skoo; skray, skree, skry, skro, skrew, skroy, skrow, skraw, skroo; slay, slee, sly, slow, slew, sloy, slow, slaw, sloo; smee, smy, smo, smew, smoy, smow, smaw, smoo ; snay, snee, sny, snow, snew, snoy, snow, snaw, snoo; sway, swee, swy, swo, sweu, swoy, swow, swaw, swoo; squa, sque, squi, squo, sqaw. 2. Read par. 3, page 31, then write: Sap, sep, sip, sop, sup ; sab, seb, sib, sob, sub ; sat, set, sit, sot, sut ; sad, sed, sid, sod, sud; sach, sech, sich, soch, such; saj, sej, sij, soj, suj ; sack, seek, sick, sock, suck ; sag, seg, sig, sog, sug ; sar, ser, sir, sor, sur (curved R only); saf, sef, sif, sof, suf; sav, sev, siv, sov, suv; sath, seth, sith, soth, suth; sal, sel, sil, sol, sul; sam, sem, sim, som, sum; samp, semp, simp, somp, sump ; san, sen, sin, son, sun ; sang, seng, sing, song, sung; sash, sesh, sish, sosh, sush (down Sh only). CONSONANT STROKES IN ALL POSITIONS 3. The alphabetic strokes given above are to be written as word outlines for all the words for which they form the consonant outline. Thus, P stroke, Second Position, is to be pronounced pay, pea, pie, poc, pew, poy, pow, paw, pa, pe, pi, po, pu, poo; lengthened P stroke, payee, pyee, poee, pezvee; P stroke, First Position, spay, spee, spy, spoe, spew, spoy, spow, spa, spe, spi, spo, spu; P stroke, Third Position, ap, ep, ip, op, ap: lengthened P stroke Third Position apy, epy, ipy, opy, upy: P stroke, Fourth Position, sap, sep, sip, sop, sup. This practice is the shortest, quickest, and surest road to a success- ful mastery of the system, with its grand scheme of vowel location. 31 INITIAL S AND S- EXPRESSED BY POSITIONS 1. Any consonant stroke may be written in First Position to ex- press the sound of S immediately before the sound of the consonant stroke thus written. Such strokes are shaded to add the sound of R. Spr-, Str-, Scr-, take the forms of B, D and G strokes respectively. Words do not begin with Sb, Sd, or Sg; therefore, the B stroke in First Position may be used to express Spr-; the D stroke to express Str-; and the G stroke to express Scr-. 2. Strokes M and N, written in First Position to express Sm- and Sn- respectively, must be lengthened so as to differentiate them from the vowels E and I. \ \ spy spry stay stray sky ^ stony i — - steam I— ^ stream ' — strike sweep V , squab squire V screw ' slav story skim scream if squally «f ' swallow V swear S\ slip ■> sway \ scrape ^> slab V isle 3. Any consonant stroke may be written in Fourth Position; that is, just under the base line — horizontal strokes about one-eighth inch below the ruled line — to express the sound of sa, se, si, so, su (the vowels hav- ing the short sound), immediately before the sound of the stroke thus written. 4. The horizontal strokes — M, N, K, G — may be lengthened in Fourth Position to imply a vowel sound following, as in the words sanity, sanitary, sagacious, sagacity, saccharine, similar, senate, etc. \ sap / seag \ sob ' .sick 1 — sit sag sad sin 32 MEDIAL AND FINAL S OR Z EXPRESSED BY A CIRCLE 1. A small medial or final circle, termed S circle, expresses the sound of S or Z not followed by a vowel sound. Final S circle is formed on the right hand side of P, B, T, D, Ch, J, H and Wh r on the upper side of K, G, Ray and Ou (anti-clockwise), and on the concave side of all curved strokes. \, pose _^_ -. face %, spys T eels \, base V* vase \> sprays ^t snails I ties C those L stays Y aisles I does f laws I strews ±- ails I choose ^~h mice — ° skys r\, sleeps / jaws --P news —* screws x, saps _* case ~^ ways r slays L sets e_ _ goes _^__ _ quizz "^ sways sells I rise hews J J shows yeas 1 V squeeze stories sieves sacks 2. Final S circle is continued across the stroke to add T or D not followed by a vowel sound. T stroke must be used when a vowel sound follows it. St, final, implies a vowel sound preceding. Therefore, strokes followed by -st need not be lengthened to show a vowel follow- ing, but they may be lengthened to show whether the vowel following has the long or short sound, or to indicate that the accented vowel follows the lengthened stroke. ^ *T past pasty _ \*__ best V bestow _ ta.'te testv 1 dust dusty gust gusty rust rustv ZL n 7^ lust lusty must musty dullest duelist V I" "ST _ ebbest _ oddest _ adduced _ aghast _ saddest _ sobbest 33 MEDIAL AND FINAL S OR Z EXPRESSED BY A CIRCLE 1. Medial S circle, between a curved stroke and a straight one, is written on the concave side of the curved stroke. Fisk's masks /""X, Hsps wasps ^7 jmysterfes ^mysterious 2. Medial S circle between straight strokes, drawn in different di- rections, is written outside the smaller angle; and between straight strokes, drawn in the same direction, it is formed according to the di- rections for final S circle . J — o tasks — * gasps hasty 1 dusty I 3. Words of two or more syllables beginning with S followed by a short vowel sound, are written in Third Position, and the initial S is expressed by the S circle . '\ sappy Jf city .^l salify .satire ^ WRITING EXERCISE B-ro, d-ly, s-da, m-ny, n-dy, f-ly, f-lo, p-ty, p— ty, j-b, J— b, y-lo, r-th, r-the, Sh-k-go, Ch-t-n-g-, W-n-p-g, G-th-m, d-l-m-, p-n-k, d-m-j, t-m-to, v-l-fy, v-r-ly, n-t-r— ty, h-m-ny, r-v-k, s-sh-ly, b-g-my, f-th-m, S-b-r— , ch-r-ty, v-kt-ry, V-kt-r— , m-m-th, r-f-ree, P-n-ma, B-l-v--, t-m-thy, 1-t-ry, r-b-rv, B-v-r— , b-t-ny, r-chly, p-l-g-my, v-n-la, L-b-r— , Qu-b-k, t-p-k, n-th-ng, t-l-p, Om-ga, M— b, p-r-ty, v-qu— m, K-n-b-k, v-l-d-ty, b-l-d-na, i J -l-sh, sh-pr-k, -p-ra, t-m-d-ty, d-thl-k, 1-v-t-ry, 1-d-l-k, h-m-d-ty, m-r— t-k, -t-k, t-k. 34 USES OF THE C CIRCLE 1. The S-Z circle is enlarged to show that a vowel sound follows the sound of S or Z. This larger circle is termed the C circle. Medial and final C circle conforms to all the rules that apply to the S circle, as to direction in its formation . ^o posy No busy Ng> busiest .hazy H lazy / rosiest Ac — fussy ^~o — mussy -wP noisy cheesy -juciest -wheezy 2. A vowel sound does not follow the sound of any stroke to which C circle is joined initially or medially; but, any stroke following medial C circle may be lengthened to show that a vowel sound follows it. ^ ^t beset bestow opposite T I dusty h deceit y\ reside y\ residue A receipt A rusty ^-v__ mask music \o y poison \q_, fasten ^„ listen nuisance 3. Initial C circle joined to a consonant stroke written in Second Position, shows a long vowel or diphthong sound immediately after the sound of S." A vowel sound is not indicated, however, after the stroke ; but, a second vowel sound may be shown by using the S stroke initially. ^ soap ) soapy rt— ^ seem )-^ seamy ^L J/ seed . seedy sore sorry V safe ) sofa _dd_sail V silo 0^ seen L^ Sinai L suit sooty 35 THE SES CIRCLE 1. The C circle is enlarged to express the syllables ses, sis, sus, ces, zes, etc. This largest circle is termed the Ses circle. It is seldom em- ployed initially or medially. It is continued across the stroke to add final T or D. The C and Ses circles may be dotted to show the sound of N preceding . \q possess \q_ possesses abscess . abuses J^ doses V offices \Q. vases /O molasses Q recesses necessity necessary possessive Njq possessed obsessed f ^ -^je- CP resist ^ desist <^P insist \~ fancy Ko fences V offences "7^ winces 7^ quinces /O lances J[ rancid 2. The C and Ses circles may be shaded to add R no, sir -c;z^- answer ^_P sincere J£_ necessary 3. The R and Ray strokes should be used where a facile outline is formed . J_Z\. lesser V baser A denser .act ^__ r _along, long language | almighty 1 altogether another / advantage CONTRACTIONS between ^ her -1— defendant ^ ^ — hirm number <=^- engage-d ^ — - irregular-ly ^L .cancer -object -party _quit, quite \ especial establish fact God, good / gentleman, large manufacture-d acknowledge - \ astonish-ed . \ happy T /\ represent / regular . memoranda-um I together . month A when wish-ed nothing ^ 36 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRECEDING PRINCIPLES ^ TV Acquiesce, -v( When they ~\s- When will M When do they ~\/7 When will they J^jx When are ' j, Why does the / Why should they ' ,, Why should he 1 + Does the Which is the ^y There is the y Where is the 4 Why is it Note : Use the Au stroke for on where it is followed by a vertical or inclined stroke. 46 SENTENCE WRITING \- ,> ■ '— ^ L ) ^D J_ James and Mary may both go to the field. Thomas and Laura think it is not so easy a task after all. Edith, Dorathea and Alice are to go to the show tomorrow. Do you all say I should do this now, or wait for Lee? What have they to do with this affair, anyway? Shall I visit you when I go there with the boys next week? I think I shall go there after the big box. Joseph says he knows he can do all that without any money at all. How many boys are there in the house now ? It is a big advantage I think to have him on our side today and tomorrow. That will be a good opportunity for us all, I know. I think I shall appoint him in a day or two, if he will take it. What is the object of all this noise and fuss, anyway? I say to you now that it is an opportunity of a lifetime. You should not fail to take advantage of it. I should think it is about time for him to be here. I think that is what he would do with it if it were his. He was there between the big houses, when I saw him. Between this and that, there is not much choice. He is the defendant in the case, I think. 47 SENTENCE WRITING " I a /*,— *"^ ^^1 ) U ^- i ^ s /X \ L±± ^^ov^ 7—v u p I I a i o> ^ l> X2 o o . u / 3 NQ ) X ^7 j^ VQ^ c ^ K t^( n^*- "^ y- ! \ <^ [i ^ C ° _ v"^-^ ° _,)L Have you seen him here at any time since last week? I shall go there in a clay or so without you. In two days I shall go far away to live for the next two months. Will they all be with you when you go there? You may question him about it when I go away. Oh, how I do wish you were here now to do this for me. I know he will acknowledge his receipt when you show it to him. If I ever see him, I will ask him. I think you will receive the money very soon, may be today. I will decide it for you before many days. Why do you not go there to see him, as you said you would ? You would have to go there with me. I will take the boys with me tomorrow. They may be there already. You will also do this for him. - He was almost here when you came last week to see us. Would you not like to see him? We were with you all the time that you were here. I know just what you will do about it. I am to go there with you. Do you ever see him there? It is very singular if that is not his signature. I know it is his signature, so do you. 48 PHRASE AND SENTENCE WRITING A Is to be is to be It has to be Which is to be .Which has to be V 1 ' g He is to be ^ He has to be ^A^ She is to be p7 She has to be /\ There is to be A She is to have L I It is to have \ / Which is to have b^ By and by Between us Both sides X She is to do ¥ She has to do 3^ Who is to do \~^ By return mail ^ 9_y For some reason ~T *<2_J> .By the way .Can have the .Can do the Can be the Ever since v. -V For several days . Every dav Y...,, ........ "1~ And have the y\ There has to be _i And that is the . t/\ Where is to be *> And we were the *T 1 Every time Good time i/? Where has \ What is to be \ ^v And without the Are the, or the p Has had o_s Has not . He is to do A year ago 1 ^\ What has to be ^\ As shall be °N. Who is to be ^ c As to whether _p And has the o/ Who has to be z He can have the -P And is the Who is to go He could have the As the J — She is to go t J She has to go 2 — He is to go He may have the i At first -% .He might have > the ^Because this is P Because the ±, Before the 49 THE ONE THOUSAND MOST FREQUENTLY USED WORDS Second Installment. absence desire last request some Sunday any does least said something suppose anyway dozen lesson sale sometimes testimony assist each lost salary song those August east miss same soon use auto easy most says south vessel beside else must seen small visit box fix news serious speak wait busy goes pass sell stamp walk cast guess piece sick stole war cause guest police side story watch citizen history raise sight study wear city ice reason since success week colonies issue receipt size such well decide just receive sold suggest wife The letters given in the following pages have been prepared specially in order that the student may enter upon letter dictation thus early in his study and practice of Scientific Shorthand. It is rather difficult to compose a set of business letters, when the vocabulary must be limited so as not to bring in words which more advanced principles would require a change in the manner of their writing. However, we believe the students will enjoy and appreciate the work more deeply from now on, because they are able to take and transcribe real business letters, simple though they are in both form and substance. While progressing through the letter writing, we admonish the students to give to the preceding part of the book a most careful and searching review. Every principle should be understood so thoroughly that its application may be applied instantly. The proper length, slant, shading and direction of strokes must be carried into this early practice. Neatness and accuracy rather than speed, should characterize all students' work. Build speed upon the bed-rock of understanding. Refuse to become a careless, slovenly shorthand writer. Take real pride in becoming a real expert shorthand pen- man, for there is a shorthand penmanship just as there is a longhand penmanship, and the one is just as important as the other. A critical study of the engraved outlines, not only in the letters, but in the words illustrating the text, and much practice in the writ- ing thereof, will insure any industrious, determined and reasonably intelligent student, neat, accurate and rapid Scientific Shorthand writing. • The letters will present a few contracted forms for words and phrases. They are readily understood, easily applied, and should be memorized and employed in all future writing. 50 KEY TO OPPOSITE PAGE May 6th, 1917. J. B. Lee, Decatur, 111. Dear Sir: Our business is now very satisfactory to all of us and we shall thank you if you will pay the party the money we owe him. We are willing to take A. B. Ames in the business with us after next Tuesday. Very truly, Dubuque, Iowa, July 4, 1917. L. R. West, Boise, Idaho. Dear Sir : We have two sets of nice vases which we desire to sell and which we will sell cheaply. If you buy them before the last of this week, we will take 70 cents for; each of them. We hope you will take advantage of this offer. Very truly, Dallas, Texas, July 24, 1917. A. P. Roe, New York City. My dear Sir : We will sell you all the sheep we have in our fields if you will pay us as much as two thousand dollars cash at the time of sale. If this suits you we will have everything fixed up by the 15th of the month. Very truly, Dear Sir: We ask you to give us a box of your best tomatoes for our use at tomorrow's picnic. We shall not be able to pay you for them for a few days, but you may rest easy about the money for it will be at your store in the mail next Thursday P. M. If you will do this, you may ship the tomatoes today. With our best wishes, we are, Very truly yours, Minneapolis, July 10, 1917. Messrs. Joseph & Co., Marietta, Ohio. Dear Sirs: I beg to acknowledge receipt of your favor of May 9th. I will make you four copies of the large map of the United States for two dollars each. If you wish to see one of the maps before you buy them, I will ship a copy to your office and if it does not suit you, you may ship it back to us any time this month and you will have nothing to pay. Hoping to have as much of your business this season as we received last year, and wishing you well in all things, I am as ever, Very truly, 51 LETTER WRITING EXERCISE *> j 7??7 > z_x. t£-4* ,^)Ly ^ . \ \ . ^t j^^ * I, , A" ^ 1 V^ ^/ c ^v / ^1 V _7i2 ^ ( * c ^r ■> ~T v /C~ t" -^l n > JL-J. ^r^r '"O L ^7^ r r - c ^j^\ -^ /< ?, - 7py . ^L 4r ^■ "X < * " > K a y ^ ^ bw /—,'-* i . U> V— + ^L u ' l \ i i ■ r ^X I \ = ^^ V) ^ - ^/V s- | s X * <^ ^7^ 6 ^ , l, J X? 4 ^ /_ ^__/^ — ^ 52 KEY TO OPPOSITE PAGE Dear Sir : Do you know that Harry Cady told me that the company he represented in Duluth a month ago will move to Winnipeg? I was aston- ished to hear that. May be they are already there; if so, I shall have to buy all of our fish at the lake shore store. J hope to receive a letter about this to-day. Very truly, Dear Sir: I wish to buy a copy of the new book "Good Language" by E. I. Oakley, published about a month ago by A. O. Kelly May I ask a question or two about the book? I have two questions that I think are especially good. I should like to have the book by to-morrow, or at the latest by next Thursday. I am Very truly, Dear Sir: I know that you can buy the book, the name of which ii "Good Language." I am in Omaha now and you know I represent a large company here which published that book about a month ago, so I will see that you have the book by to-morrow. Miss Mary Kennedy, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Dear Miss Kennedy: Why have we not received any answer to our letter of last week in which we questioned you about Joseph O'Neill who told us that he represented a large company in your city, the name of which I think he said is the Manitoba Security Gold Company. He said that he was a citizen of Canada, a member of the Olympia Lodge, and that he knew you very well. When he was here, his one purpose was to sell stock for cash, and he took advantage of every opportunity to do so. It is necessary that we hear about him as soon as possible. Yours truly, Messrs. James O'Reilly & Company, Chicago, 111. Dear Sirs : I wish you would secure me a copy of A. E. Smith's Religi- ous Works. I am to give a lecture on this subject next week and wish you would not delay in securing the book for me. If you will suggest anything new on the subject, you will do me a favor. I hope to receive an answer by return mail. Yours truly, 53 ~x 1 n s y iR WRITING EXERCISE 2± i^u^ ^ L c ~"1 ^•i^r Ax ^ i. i^~< V "^ x < ^ \ c \>y^ ■c JJ \ ^T ^ O v ^x* ^ x ■ '■ -; — ^ >■ ^ -/\-/ - /\ c \ \-1- >,f ^ ~ T i^-h- / 1" V -£ ^^--/^ X( < V ' f \ )<<*-/ -*z&- f f , " °V1 _C rfc 1 -r a. .^ * * * > ~ i ^ — » ^ X L_ r ^^- L / N ^^v ^ c ^\- Q V * ^/^ \S~ ± C - !) v^ _u ^L v ^ *=zA "V Q^ TIE 1 s. g 3- -5^- A£± k2 A. \- X Y ^-^^-ys^.^1^- ^ C N^, ^>^ v -y 54 KEY TO OPPOSITE PAGE Minneapolis, Minnesota, May 28, 1917. J. E. Bigelow, Sioux City, Iowa. Dear Sir: Your letter received to-day. We wish to thank you for the good work you are doing for our company. For some reason business is not as good as it was a year ago, but every day we are looking for a change for the better. There are a few disadvantages to the business that I wish to speak to you about and ask your advice. Our advertising agent is out of the city almost all the time. We are aware that his absence is not good for the business. What do you think of it? In my opinion, it is poor business policy, but I have not said much about this to them yet. Each member of the firm is assessed a small sum every time he re- ceives a visitor in the office. By the way, do you think that is a wise thing to do? It is singular, but some of the members are seldom on time, and that is the reason there is so much delay in the work. It would be a good time for you to offer some advice to the company now. I must say it is quite necessary that they listen to you, because this is the time to make a change. Can you suggest something to-day? No one else can give advice as good as you can. Yours truly, Cincinnati, Ohio, February 1, 1917. O. P. Jackson, Memphis, Tennessee. Dear Sir: Last Tuesday I saw the cashier of the Equality Security Company, and he told me that the business for this year is especially good. In fact, he said he was astonished at the change for the better in the work, since August A. Dickey became a member of the firm. In another month he is going to give me a memorandum together with some other particulars which I questioned him about long ago. He is engaged in a large business and I would suggest that you go and see him before he leaves the city, which might be quite soon. With best wishes to you, I am Very truly, Dear Sir : We have before us your letter of the 4th inst. In answer to it, we would say we are not able to ship the buggy to you for at least one week yet, as it must go to the factory for some very necessary repairs. Hoping that we shall succeed in satisfying you in all ways, we beg leave to be, as ever Yours truly, 55 LETTER WRITING EXERCISE v?c? r -^C / /^ y ;^(^\ A± ^ \JL *TT s/sV^V ? \L y L k o - • r — > u> -\233r i_ a.l.lr — — > [\ vv, ■ ~y - ■ l^L 4~^ T^C te ^V W L -\ J -" ^^4- A^ ^ " ' C^vr ^=i t? ^^_ *J3 )p ^X_£, „ -^ u ? tt /^ — X? ^ «L KZ^^ L^ >, V. /, ff/y. \ zl P^r ^/ -^ ^T vT "V > iL ~T /No-- ,. ( . - ) ^ I , /\ i f / rOl Q^ . ' \^ „ . S^| , / ') - V h 1 ^ C V^ V_P \ f-* ~ 7 — rv . I I y^O ^\ « < x ( -> ■V "^ 1-; v- 1 ^ — *£. =¥ 56 LETTER WRITING EXERCISE Dear Sir: To-morrow I shall pay you the money due on my house at Rochester. I am sorry I could not pay it before, but many serious mat- ters which I must take up and dispose of have caused this delay. I hope you will be in your office early to-morrow to receive the money. Yours truly, Dear Sir: Emma Smith, widow of James Smith, holds a large legacy with which she wishes to buy city houses and Dakota farms. She may take out a policy to cover any damage to her rye and barley fields. If you think you can make a deal with the said party, I will do all I can to assist you. She is very wealthy and has considerable money at her disposal. Yours truly, Dear Sir: I shall give notice to the city authorities that the boys and girls of this academy desire a large swimming pool in their new gym- nasium). This is one of the most necessary things to make a gym- nasium) popular. They must have also the best of shower baths and many other things that I shall suggest to you some other time. You must do your best to assist us so we may secure these necessary things. Yours truly, Mrs. Victor Wood, City. Dear Madam: I have a large store in South Minneapolis. I sell the very choicest things to eat, and should like to have you visit us some time soon and taste the delicious strawberries, raspberries, cakes and cookies that I carry. You will do me a favor just to take a look at the variety of fancy goods that this store carries. I hope to see you in here before long. Yours truly, Mr. Julius Johnson, Dubuque, Iowa. Dear Sir : Do you know where I can buy a set or a dozen of Webster's Rhetorics? For several days I have wished to purchase these particular books, but could not do so as the book stores here do not carry them. I would like a dozen copies of Fisk's Civics also. We are using this work and like it very much. I hope to receive an answer to this letter by return mail. Yours truly, 57 LETTER WRITING EXERCISE. :^w, \*L =t^f- cjkC ^-W ■/- • i \^~' \ '^^^^ Km V-V^ ■=•»-■ ^ •V 7 1 £ \ ^1 -4 2 I ^ *t -¥- ■■> :x f /—^ P.^ ) '^K^O C V ~~ s o V p ) 2^ - 1- . K? L ^ j> ^*y 1 ^L V^ l^L^_w fv=^^ Y- ^X. .js. I a s_ -y- -W L *~t <\ ^ N v^X> f Z 1 . X, x y_ 58 LETTER \\ "KITING EXERCISE Mr. Louis Adams, Salem, Mass. Dear Sir: Your letter of the 14th inst. received. If you will give me the house you hold in Salem as security, I will give you the money you wish. I do not consider the house is very good security, but I will leave it that way for one year. I hope business is good in your city. It is astonishing how good all business is in this vicinity. The rye and barley sales are especially good this year. A year ago they were slack, but the high cost of living seems to push business along. If you have a system to work by, you will see that you will have better success. That is the way we do business in Canada. With best wishes for your success and welfare, I am Very truly, Mr. Thomas Smith, Tomahawk, Wisconsin. Dear Sir: I wish to acknowledge your letter of the 6th inst., saying that you will ship the five boxes of raisins to our store at Topeka next Tues- day. You may ship us also the following: 2 dozen jugs of molasses 1 dozen small picnic hams 5 pecks of turnips 4 boxes of tomatoes If you have some nice bananas, you may also ship us some of them. Yours truly, Mr. Selby Thistle, Reno, Nevada. Dear Sir: I should like to sell you a large jug of oil before you go away. The jug will hold one-half barrel of oil, and I think you will like it very much. I wish to receive a letter by return mail. Truly yours, Mr. Jesse E. Harrison, Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Dear Sir: Your letter of the 17th inst. received. I think you can buy Webster's Rhetorics at A. E. Kennedy's book store, No. 41- 4th Avenue South. He may have the book on Civics which you desire, also. I know he advertised this work a year ago. I am of your opinion when you fay that these text books are particularly good. We hope you will be able to secure these books. Yours truly, 59 LETTER WRITING EXERCISE. _^ Q_ "-L; ^vjvi . "/-v r ( ^_v. -N^o^t: ^H /^ ^ V^. ^ 1 ( jx Slo' ^ ** v -^r c vj ^ _D -j^^- £j_L _o ^ , ^f 7 ^ L -^ Jb. A^v v \_£> ^-^T ¥■ X Z u Z_ ,V ^L : X, z^ 1 v^ . u XT^ T : "T ^ t ^— ^ //c X.-r^-x t -^ f V , V, , ^r ^ ^L •7) -\ y< queens _s/__ shines w 7*- offense /Vq, roughens aligns y\ refines winced /Va ravens owns /\ ravines moans eJ yawns -^ — fenced V-* demons 2. The C and Ses circles are too large to be written within the N hook. Therefore, a dot or period is written inside such circle:; to ex- press the sound of N before a medial C or Ses circle, and before a final C and Ses circle on curved strokes. _W ^3 3t 2l fancy fences winces quinces Jr* lances ^d_ — rancid N, bouncer ransack Benson tinsel J-< handsome -=^ ££l. lonesome Spencer dispenser announces affiances 3. Final Ns, Nz, following the sound of a straight stroke, may be expressed by closing the N hook into a small circle. J s pens tins dunce whines X J- s_ bones joins gains rains 2± chains stains ripens attains against saddens regions rejoins 4. The sounds of nsy, nces, nzez, etc., final, following the sound of a straight stroke, may be expressed by closing the N hook into a C circle for ncy, nsy, and into a Ses circle for nses, nces. \ pansy a tansy d _tenses -dunces -Kansas .ounces ^ sL •inses lances .chances .X X \ .nounces .bounces .rebounces 62 THE USES OF SHUN AND -NG HOOKS 1. A large final hook on the right hand side of P, B, T, D, Ch, J, H, Wh, on the upper side of K, G, Ray and Ou, and on the concave side of curved strokes (except Th) expresses the syllables having the sound of Shun spelled sion, sian, Hon, cian, cean. The S and C circles may be written within the Shun hook. d 2- V ocean ration option motion nation action ^ passion ._ Hessian suasion _So , fashion petition sections orations logician effusion 7~- V ^o illusion radiation laudation N^~L . politician mutations elocution IT r=r 2. A large N hook on any straight stroke, and on Th strokes, ex- presses ng. X ^L J rowing kink king- tongue J 1 — pang — bung — hung ZL — ring 3. The ending seeshun, spelled sition, cission, cision, sician, etc., is expressed by S circle and Shun hook; sheation, spelled tiation, elation, is expressed by S circle, continued across the stroke, and joined to Shun hook; -nshun (spelled nsion, ntion, ntian) is expressed by a dot and Shun hook — the dot to be written in N hook position. stung string gong going L thong bathing springest strongest ^ position decision causation accession recission _Ld — physician s^Z t musician & secessions v- abscission -n ,., acquisition -association ■d- ascension -^r— annunciation — ^ — pension / renunciation <^~s -mention -i-! — tension ^~~^ dimension attention /L. retention hr 63 MISCELLANEOUS PRINCIPLES 1. -n-n, as in tenancy, penance, finance, etc., is expressed by N hook and N stroke ; but the N stroke must be lengthened where a vowel sound follows it, as in fineness, meanness, etc. X tenant \_5> penance j> evenness ^ ^ eminent v-^ o permanence L 9 finance \ , pennant J_r> tenancy V^ jp fineness 2. Con, com, may be expressed by an initial dot. \a composition ±, continent _ concede 3. -nguish, -nquish, may be expressed by -ng-sh, joined or disjoined. /^~3 languish V vanquish — ^- distinguish 4. Ology, may be expressed by J stroke written through the preced- ing part of the Avord ; ological-ly by the J-K strokes joined, and so written. —)L- theology V/p physiology V/» physiological 5. Fication, may be expressed by the K stroke written through the preceding part of a word. specification ■- a notification _i edification 6. Graph, may be expressed by the G stroke written through the pre- ceding part of a word. \- biograph \- biographer \j biographical 7. Ing a-an, may be expressed by a disjoined short T or K stroke written in place of ing dot. .doing a > y) knowing- a - — - 1 making an 8. Ing the, may be expressed by a disjoined short Ray or Cha stroke written in place of ing dot. _l doing the ^ ... making the _^ seeing the \, paying the 64 USES OF N STROKE AND N HOOK Affiance, -f- -ns _V^2__ Evinces, ev-nses >» Evinced, ev-nst k° Silences, s-l-nscs / Koran 1 K-r-n q Announces, -n-nses ^q Annoyances, -n- -uses ^/___ Renounces, r-n-nses v ^o Alliances, -/- -uses ;Benison, b-n-s-n .Canada, k-n-d- . Candy, k-ndy Avenge, -v-nj \ |_ Handy, h-ndy Hinsdale, h-nsd-i Minnesota, M-n-s-t- „ P Monastic, m-n-st-k l_ ^ Demonetize, d-m-n-t-s \_^— Panic, p-n-k . Pancake, p-nk-k V \ Pinion, p-ny-n -zr — Bunyan, B-ny-n \ ■ -, Pendulum, p-nd-l-m \ Pantheon, p-nth- -n \ Pantomime, p-nt-m-m I — ^— N \ Bandana, b-nd-n- ' — / \ Banditti, b-nd-ty !> ^ Bandage, b-nd-j Bantam, b-nt-m V ^ Benign, fr-ft-n J Tenpins, t-np-ns I ^ — Tonic, f-n-fc J Tenth, t-nth J Edinboro, -d-nb-ro Dentist, d-nt-st J Danish, D-n-sh I > ■ Canby, K-nby Sponge, sp-nj /d Stainless, st-nl-s r Stingy, st-njy _ Monday, M-udy ^ Wednesday, U'-usd- USES OF N STROKE AND N HOOK 65 <= V~ Mendacious, m-nd-sh-s J J c Mendacity, m-nd-s-ty N^ Whine, ivh-n Whinny, wh-ny J- Dispenser, d-sp-ns-r Bouncer, b-ns-r Ransack, r-ns-k Rancid, r-ns-d ± 7 * IT -L JL Mendicant, m-nd-h-nt <*> Handsomest, hans-m-st Spontaneous, sp-nt-n- -s /' Tr ~ N _ Lonesome, l-ns-m X Gainsay, g-ns- Rainbow, r-nbo Runaway, r-n-zva Reindeer, r-nd-r Vanishes, v-n-sh-s Lonely, l-nly Arranges, -r-nj-s Mantilla, m-nt-l- Potency, p-t-nsy Evenness, ev-nn-s Fineness, f-nn-s Finance, f-n-ns Hancock, H-nk-k Titanic, t-t-n-k Spencer, Sp-ns-i' U \ -^ t Density, d-ns-ty Tenancy, t-n-nsy Penance, p-n-ns /\$ Lieutenancy, l-t-n-nsy ^_^ Amanuenses, -m-n- -ns-s \& Positions, p-s-shuns Opposition, -p-s-shun Physician, f-s-shun _ Acquisitions, -qu-s-shuns Suspension, s-sp-nshun Punctuation, p-ngt- -shun -& Emaciation, ems- -shun 51) Negotiation, n-g-s- -shun Association, -s-s- -shun J /fe Denunciation, d-n-ns- -shun 66 WRITING EXERCISE pan, p-n wane, ro-n pains, p-ns fanned, f-nd tan, l-n Spain, Sp-n chains, ch-ns manned, m-nd can, fc-n stain, st-n rains, r-ns bent, b-nl fan, f-n skein, sfy-n veins, v-ns tend, t-nd than, th-n swain, sn>-n wanes, iv-ns Kent, K-nl span, sp-n dean, d-n beans, b-ns rend, r-nd pen, p-n lean, /-n tans, i-ns lent, J-n< ten, t-n mean, m-n Dan's, D-ns fend, f-nd ken, fc-n dine, d-n chance, ch-ns went, lv-nl hen, h-n Rhine, R-n cans, fc-ns queens, qu-ns been, fc-n spine, sp-n fans, f-ns pines, p-ns din, d-n swine, sw-n vans, v-ns fines, /-ns fin, /-n vine, v-n spans, sp-ns lines, l-ns win, n>-n wine, V>-n pens, p-ns mines, m-ns spin, sp-n nine, n-n dens, d-ns cones, k' ns John, /-n tone, t-n whence, wh-ns tunes, t-ns pun, p-n hone, n-n thence, ih-ns spoons, sp-ns gun, g-n boon, b-n bins, b-ns dawns, d-ns fun, f-n moon, m-n dins, d-ns danced, d-nsd won, n>-n pain, p-n fins, /-ns canst, fy-nst pawn, p-n chain, ch-n mince, m-ns rinsed, r-nsd fawn, f-n again, -g-n spins, sp-ns fenced, f-nsd spawn, sp-n fane, /-n puns, p-ns pant, p-nl ban, b-n lain, l-n dunce, d-ns chant, ch-nt Dan, D-n main, m-n guns, g-ns rant, r-nt ran, r-n sprain, spr-n Danes, D-ns land, 1-nd van, v-n strain, slr-n gains, g-ns pent, p-nt man, m-n slain, sf-n fanes, f-ns tent, t-ni scan, sfc-n bean, b-n lanes, {-ns dent, d-n< Ben, B-n keen, fc-n mains, m-ns rent, r-nt den, J-n wean, lv-n leans, l-ns spent, sp-nt wren, r-n pine, p-n dines, d-ns lend, J-nd pin, p-n kine, fc-n vines, v-ns vend, \>-nd tin, t-n whine, tt/i-n wines, v>-ns band, b-nd chin, c/i-n stein, sf-n bones, b-ns wend, w-nd thin, m-n fine, f-n moans, m-ns wind, l»-nd shin, sh-n thine, m-n moons, m-ns pond, p-nd skin, sfc-n mine, m-n spawns, sp-ns donned, d-nd gone, g-n cone, fc-n tensed, t-nsd wont, n»-n( done, J-n moan, m-n chanced, ch-nsd hunt, h-nt run, r-n known, n-n tens, t-ns runt, r-nl none, n-n tune, t-n hens, /i-ns chained, ch-nd spun, sp-n June, /-n fence, f-ns meant, m-nt dawn, d-n pans, p-ns pins, p-ns tint, i-nl lawn, Z-n bans, b-ns tins, /-ns chinned, ch-nd down, d-n lance, l-ns chins, ch-ns thinned, th-nd coon, £-n manse, m-ns against, -g-nsl rained, r-nd spoon, sp-n scans, sf-ns winced, w-nsd sprained, spr-nd Dane, D-n thins, th-ns lanced, l-nsd waned, tv-nd Jane, /-n wince, »-ns tanned, t-nd fiend, f-nd gain, g-n skins, s£-ns cant, %-nr weaned, re-nd rain, r-n duns, J-ns means, m-ns bind, b-nd vain, v-n runs, r-ns weans, lv-ns kind, \-nd 67 WRITING EXERCISE CONTINUED hind, h-nd fined, f-nd wind, iv-nd toned, l-nd loaned, l-nd tuned, t-nd mend, m-nd pinned, p-nd dint, d-ni hint, h-ni lint, l-nl mint, m-nt bond, h-nd fond, f-nd punt, p-nt dunned, d-nd shunt, sh-nt gained, g-nd strained, sir-nd feigned, f-nd quaint, qu-nt leaned, l-nd pinned, p-nd dined, d-nd rind, T-nd whined, luh-nd lined, l-nd honed, h-nd moaned, m-nd fawned, f-nd spooned, sp-nd downed, d-nd gowned, g-nd mound, m-nd sound, s-nd pants, p-nls chants, ch-nli hunts, h-nis mends, m-nds accounts, -}(-nis panted, p-nl-d chanted, ch-nt-d landed, l-nd-d dented, d-nl-d mended, m-nd-d tinted, t-nl-d rounded, r-nd-d wanted, ro-nt-d haunted, h-nt-d slanted, sl-nt-d pounces, p-ns-s tenses, t-ns-s chances, ch-ns-s rinses, r-ns-s fences, f-ns-s bound, h-nd hound, h-nd found, f-nd wound, lu-nd fount, f-nt tends, t-nds rents, r-nts finds, f-nds wends, ro-nds amounts, -m-nts banded, b-nd-d rented, r-nt-d tended, t-nd-d vended, v-nd-d wended, Tv-nd-d bounded, h-nd-d sounded, s-nd-d founded, f-nd-d stunted, st-ni-d pansy, p-nsy tansy, l-nsy dances, d-ns-s Kansas, K-ns-s fancy, f-nsy mind, m-nd offenses, -f-ns-s lances, l-ns-s laces, l-s-s mosses, m-s-s manses, m-ns-s winces, n>-ns-s passions, p-shuns tuition, l--shun option, -pshun edition, -d-shun actions, -l(shuns caution, fc-shun occasions, -l(-shuns rations, r-shuns Hessians, H-shuns mutation, m-t-shun petition, p-t-shun repetition, r-p-t-shun mediation, m-d—shun reduction, r-d-^shun negations, n-g-shuns fashion, f-shun refashion, r-f-shun vision, v-shun ding, d-ng ring, r-ng revision, r-V-shun lotion, l-shun illusions, -l-shuns motions, m-shuns demolish, d-m-l-sh donation, d-n-shun ruination, r—n-shun equation, equ-shun oration, -r-shun rejection, r-j-fyshun station, st-shun suasion, sru-shun position, p-s-shun abscission, -hs-shun recission, r-s-shun causation, fy-s-shim musicians, m-s-shuns pangs, p-ngs bangs, h-ngs dong, d-ng hang, h-ng fang, f-ng THE ONE THOUSAND MOST FREQUENTLY USED WORDS Third Installment. whole arrange evidence nationalism section whose arrangement fine nine session witness attention finish noon sincerity sudden wreck band found obtain account century happen our summon addition decision human outside spent against diamond land own spring alone disappoint man point station amount discussion machine position stone Monday distinguish mountain pound tenth second around election men region upon event motion round want 68 CONTRACTIONS. PHRASE AND SENTENCE WRITING. ^f What sees Must see Must not see -> We see the \ Bank \ Bankrupt Bankruptcy \ Objection J Denominate _JL__Denomination _i Denominated [j Condition . Notwithstanding 6 -^\^2. Nevertheless _j Beforehand | Advance I . Advanced | Advancement _j At once Amendment _L Within \ y Backward Upward if Say that Takes up Take us 1 o Takes us Ten times Ten days This day I H \ a a Sent, send \ Upon such 9 t Very certain \- Very soon V^ Was received ) Was said Well done Well known -f\ =*x -^ -^ u Well meaning _ Goes up _ Advise the _ Advise us Each time ^ Ever)- month COMMON PHRASE AND SENTENCE WRITING 69 -Has been .It has been .Which has been s °^ v JSw -H=r ^ I „«> ( .^J ^ -T -, ^ ( J "^ " ^ A^ — ^h ^ Kyi ^ i . „ s ^ v v ^ ^ ^ ' > ^f ^ -^ -^ vy 1 ) ( v ( / ^Jx ^_L /I A [ v ^ r ^ v. ^ V» ^ j?=- zx^ ^ s^^s^^i <-y ^ [ j —y- vV fXi C ^'-^-J-C^'^C T ^y- ^-4- 74 LETTER WRITING EXERCISE. Dear Sir: If I find time, I-shall attend-the Physicians' Alumni to be given in-the Canby Hall next Wednesday evening. There will-be physi- cians representing every denomination, and I-wish you- would attend this reception. I am particularly well acquainted with-a well-known physician whose advancement has-been due largely to-his kindness and many other fine qualities which he possesses. Notwithstanding the fact that at-first he- was behind in-a-few of-his studies, he finished his course at-the univer- sity within-the length of time required by-the average student. He found that his success depended upon himself alone; so he went to work with all of-his hidden powers to qualify himself for-the highest position in life. Consequently, he found success awaiting him everywhere. I mention these things to you because I-know what-has-been said to you before about this man. If you-are going to the City Hall soon, I would like to- go down there with-you. Yours-truly, Dear Sir : I-wish you-would-go and hear Miss Irene Jones speak at-the Meredith Hall next week, (may be Wednesday) at-the noon hour. She- is going to speak on "Necessary Qualifications of a Stenographer," not- withstanding the fact that she-is-not-a good stenographer herself. She-has-been teaching stenography for thirty years, and-is well- known in-the business world. You-should go and hear her if you- can find-the time to-do-so. Yours-truly, Dear Sir: We-have on hand a large amount of bankrupt stock, which we are disposing of at a big discount. If you desire anything in-this line we-will arrange to-have one of the salesmen go to-your residence at-once, and show you our fine line-of woolens. It-is-a well-known fact that we furnish the very best goods, and guarantee every-thing that we sell. We-have no objection to-receiving your bank bonds as cash payment, on-the condition that you guarantee them to be good. If you decide to send us a payment within ten-days, you-will receive-a second discount. If we can-be of any assistance to you in-the selection of goods, we- shall-do all we-can to favor you. Yours truly, 75 LETTER WRITING EXERCISE . i.C^U^J^ ^ 7^ Vs L ^/ u XT" ^\7 ^ Ik ■Or kL +^S 1_^_ ■^o — ^ .J? ( ^>^l/ /No tT^^^ i ^ ° ' L^TC n u ^ n > j ^ ^ n ^ r/~ -> ^>^- c Y\^V ^*=-v ^ _£) 'I \ >^ ,^ -V _jD i. ^v^ *-Nr _2^ -f V^^ 2 - j^ =\ ^SL + "T ( ^ -W 4- -U* 5 ^ ^V i X d v- , ii — \. n cL_ "-r "-t /- r T^C ^ -> ^f. - / n / k ^ >/*» « ^ c >N-;-Tt ( ^r* ■V -v ^L -Z. -\- J "-J x. X. ^ n \ -° ^< ^ ' \ ' t} ^ " ' J ^rx .X ; ^ X -^J- ^V ■> x ^^" V> > _^ X sJL ^ . "t V /\ ^T Ax "C /- J — x N ^ ^7 ~Z^ ^ \ r' ^ ) * * Xr^ J \ \\^ r V y c ^ T ^^-^^ 1 i— -w j^-^ 1 ^ j l 'J ^ v> y -7 A ^JU v ^ " U ^~ ' \ Q S ~/ /[ S~ ^ .V. CL — V Y- Dear Sir : — Will you be able to pay us as much as $450 dollars on your account, which is long past due, by the first of next month? Kindly answer this letter by return mail. Very truly, 78 USES OF THE T, D HOOK 1. The sound of T or D, final, preceded by a curved stroke, is ex- pressed by a small semi-circle opening to the right, or to the left, and joined angularly. The semi-circle that forms the best joining with the stroke should be used. V V .fate vote -v ^L thought laid .made .night y sheet _S ate 2. The sound of T or D, preceded by a straight stroke, is expressed by a small final hook written on the right hand side of P, B, T, D, Ch, J, H, Wh; and on the upper side of K, G, Ray and Ou strokes. ^ put bed -i tight 1 .did / / / cheat head jet whet S cut God right out 3. A small semi-circle, opening upward or downward, and joined finally to any stroke at an angle, expresses the sound of ts or dz. X, .X s, L .fits .wits aids pets bets jets cuts s* outs / heats -^-y — votes .—■^ meets whets %t _ goods _Z^a quits y" shuts J2 =pits .debts JL r^ lights ^~ nights sweets smites -^— — writes states — skates spreads -thoughts No L N, jL=>> Jetsam .Methodism 4. Final sts may be expressed by the S circle and the ts semi-circle. ^— — rest — * dust ^ a npgts ' rests — * dusts *-*» — mists \, posts ^ fists 79 USES OF THE T-D HOOK AND T AND D STROKES 1. The semi-circle for T or D may be dotted to express D only where it is deemed necessary or advisable to distinguish between final T or D. V fight y vat /^ late ^-^ — . might \ fade .vat void lead .mode 2. Final D may be joined at an angle on any straight stroke, if nec- essary to differentiate D from T. / N, bet \ bid \j_ peat \— . paid i hot head uL write read 3. A large final semi-circle opening to the right or left, and joined angularly to any stroke, expresses the final syllables tet, ted, det, ded. Where greater exactitude is desired, the strokes t-d, d-d, may be used. V faded J_ \ . shouted .sprouted .stated deeded .outvoted posted V voted /^ loaded . — c netted ^V quitted 4. The T and D strokes, modified by a wide initial hook on the right hand side, expresses Tw- and Dw- respectively. x /\i raided ^ o nested l-i decided recited \p boasted —4 attested f_ad justed _L ousted L L .twice -twist JL JL .twine - twenty £ I twined dwell -twig -L Dwight _1^ — Dwyer dwelling t>— rTs tweezers V_L twilight 5. T stroke initial, disjoined, expresses the prefix Trans. 1\, transpose IV ^ transfix -^transposed 1^> transmission transpire 1 transact -lVx- transfusion |\» transposition |/* translate 1 1 transit -^-transparent \ / ~j r transmarine |^-^ transmutes 1U, transfuse _L=s_ transalpine W/° transparency 80 ILLUSTRATIONS OF ABOVE PRINCIPLES -^ — -Past, p-st -^ — Pats, p-ts ^s*- Pasty, p-sty N , Opposite y -p-s-t V Best, b-st \« Beats, b-ts \ Bestow, b-sto Beset, b-s-t \ Obsessed, *> -bs-st X , Taste, t-st _L Tights, t-ts Tasty, t-sty i Tacit, t-s-t L Tastes, t-sts Tasted, t-st-d J, Dust, d-st L Dusty, d-sty U Deceit, d-s-t _h Decide, d-s-d 1 Debts, d-ts 4 Dusts, d-sts I -^-Rust, r-.yf -^— -Rusts, r-.sty /i Rusty, r-.yfy s\ Receipt, r-s-t si Reside, r-s-d A Residue, r-s-du S 1 Ruts, r-ts . / Reads, r-ds A Haste, h-st J Hasty, h-sty A. Hates, h-ts ^r s~k Must, m-st Musty, m-sty Meets, m-ts Mists, m-sts ^— g Nest, n-^f >^a/ Nests, «-^^ Nasty, n-jfy Nets, n-to Needs, n-rfj Nested, n-st-d ^f — ^ — Positions, p-s-shnns — \- — Opposition, ^ -p-s-shun \a Abscission, . -bs-shun — L — Decision ,« d-s-shun -^— — Recissions r-s- shuns > Accession, -ks-shun 7* Causation, k-s-shun ~^ Acquisition, -qu-s-sliiin XL- Deluded, rf-/-rf-rf V* Polluted, />-/-/--d.j Kate, #-* goad, g-d pad, />-d fates, f-ts rate, r-t rode, r-d bad, &-d beats, &-fa paid, />-d hoed, A-d fad, f-d cheats, ch-ts raid, r-d mowed, ra-d pet, />-* heeds, h-ds fate, f-f load, l-d bet, b-t speeds, sp-ds laid, /-d showed, sh-d debt, d-f feats, f-ts mate, m-t Butte, B-t whet, w/i-^ weeds, zv-ds spade, sp-d jute, /-* let, l-t bites, b-ts straight, str-t cute, &-£ met, m-£ chides, ch-ds slate, sl-t root, r-t net, n-t acquit, -qu-t cheat, ch-t hoot, /&-/ sweat, sw-t abode, -b-d wheat, wh-t feud, f-d pit, £-* sift, s-ft deed, d-d viewed, v-d bit, b-t street, str-t read, r-d mute, w-£ writ, r-£ summit, s-m-t feet, f-/ lute, l-t hit, h-t annoyed, -n-d neat, w-£ dude, d-J whit, w/z-J added, -d-d lead, l-d pawed, p-d skit, .?&-£ avoid, -v-d 82 WRITING EXERCISE CONTINUED guides, g-ds slides, sl-ds lights, l-ls nights, n-ts lots, l-ts gods, g-ds hods, h-ds buds, t-Ji spuds, sp-ds thuds, ih-ds baits, b-ts jades, j-ds hates, /i-ts skates, sfy-ts deeds, d-ds reeds, r-ds sleets, sl-ts leads, l-ds sheets, sh-ts kites, k-ls fights, f-ls boats, b-ts goads, g-ds coats, l(-ts votes, V-ts roots, r-ts dudes, d-ds scouts, sfy-ts bats, b-ts rats, r-/s spats, sp-ls mats, m-fe pets, p-<« debts, d-ts heads, h-ds lets, l-ts sweats, sie-ls spits, sp-ta fits, f-ls pots, p-fs dots, d-ts nods, n-ds pitted, p-ted goats, g-/s nodded, n-ded moats, 771 -is budded, b-ded toads, f-d* baited, b-led hoots, h-ts dated, d-led lutes, /-ta rated, r-led spouts, «p-/s hated, h-ted pats, p-ts hats, /i-fe faded, f-ded mated, tn-led slats, sl-ts waded, ro-ded vats, v-fa shaded, sh-ded gnats, n-ts spaded, sp-ded jets, }--ts beaded, b-ded whets, lvh-ts deeded, d-ded nets, n-ts needed, n-ded hits, /i-ts guided, g-ded slits, s/-ts lighted, l-led wits, IV- ts slighted, sl-ted jots, /-is goaded, g-ded gods, g-ds loaded, l-ded duds, d-ds slated, sl-ted thuds, t/i-ds skated, s^-ted apt, -pt netted, n-ted aft, -/t squatted, squ-led act, -ki jaded, j-ded ant, -71/ jotted, j-ted ebbed, -id raided, r-ded etched, -chl doubted, d-ted egged, -gd Boyd, B-d oft, -ft rides, r-ds edged, -jd tights, t-ts patted, p-ted nuts, n-ts batted, b-ied buds, b-ds chatted, ch-ted whetted, U>h-led fatted, f-ted guided, g-ded padded, p-ded voted, V-ted matted, m-ted doited, d-led petted, p-ted fitted- f-ted abetted, -b-led stated, sl-ted leaded, l-ded heeded, h-ded sledded, sl-ded spotted, sp-ted Ment, final, preceded by a consonant sound, in words of two or more strokes, may be expressed by nt loop. ^\ shipment \ pavement ~u testament -sentiment / judgment yf regiment °\ _ attachment detachment 83 PHRASE AND SENTENCE WRITING ^ Forward Afterward (^ Onward ^•v Leeward I Downward [/ Downright For the For one S> ^ -J- Which one If one It is one Which is one y? There is one ^-j — He said -4r He says — — How is it — , — I said k — k — I think so A55— H so ^2Tl_In no 2^L — In our -4=^— -Just now /^-^ Last time w .„. Long ago I It would not w\ -You would not have S Where is one — £& — You were not s^— c — At one ^ He is not a , At one time J~* She is not the Every one ^\ .1 will not think ^ I will ^ I will see w~ I will not I will have -That is all C? ) That is so (x This afternoon Cause to be ^ o Knows it to be _2 So as to J So as to be At the time At no time At the same time At some time At such time ( At this time IT" At any time % ^1 t—f ^ 1 Every such case ^o Express purpose \Z\ Fellow citizens For as much as it At what time At which time So as to do ) So as to go As you are J As von are not -#• ■Y As you know 84 LETTER WRITING EXERCISE Miss Marietta Reed, New Bedford, Mass. Dear Miss Reed: We-have just opened up-a new store on Fourth Street and Second Avenue. We carry the finest stock of furs and winter coats in-the city. Our goods are of a better quality than you-can-find anywhere-else in-the city. We have-a carload lot of fine wash silks, also. If, at-any-time, you-should need anything in our line, you-should- not hesitate to let-us-know and we may be able to furnish you with what- you want. Any goods will-be sent by mail to out of town purchasers. We hope we can-be of some assistance to you, and should like to receive an answer at-an early-date. Yours-truly, (128) Albert Whitehouse, Big Rapids, Mich. Dear Sir: We-have-your letter of the 15th inst. stating that-the deed on-your house and lot in New London is lost. We-are very sorry if such-is-the case. On-the 2nd day of August we sent you- the deed, and hope that you-have received it by-this-time. Write-us to-day and let-us-know whether or-not the deed has reached you. Yours-truly, (76) Dear Sir: We-have written you again-and-again ; in fact, every-day of the week for-the last ten-days. Therefore, it-seems-to-me that you- should acknowledge our letters. You-may-not know how-many we- have sent you, but I-ask-that if it-is possible you write-us at-once. You- would-not-have to answer all of-them as you are very busy with your work; but, as you-know, it-is-necessary to acknowledge business cor- respondence. The letters were sent to your office, and if you-were-there when-the office received them, I-beg-to-say to you that for-the sake of your business, you-should-not-have overlooked this matter. Do you mean to be on-the square with-us? For sometime there has-been some doubt in our mind as-to your honesty of purpose. For- instance, the checks you wrote out for-us were returned half-an-hour ago, and-we-were told that you-have-not had-a bank account with-that bank. It-is-a serious offense to write out bogus checks ; it-is, and always has-been, against-the laws of Minnesota even to attempt to deceive in such-a way as you-have-done in this matter. Nevertheless, if you-will make things right with-us now, everything will-be satisfactory. Let-us-know by-return-mail. Yours-truly, (236) Dear Sir: — Your order for forty books just received this A. M. We will print, bind and ship them to you by Monday, July 10th. Trust- ing this will be satisfactory to you, we are, Yours truly, 85 LETTER WRITING EXERCISE. v- V ^L_U_ ^f" .V / K. s* ^ f-"-v^< ^ ^/^K. -j V- lis <■■ -^-r^i f ^^^ ■\~^.i X 4-^— ^-^ "^oil ~\-q - f y^ // ^s£. M I. •'/'^-/T/* -^M- ■f V~^ ^L 1 ~v ^x 7 V " '"^"T V^ n ^ J< ^ ^=^- 5 W V, x-^ / " c /J r^ A /V -f^l * U c ^ ^^r+ ^ L ^ I ^ -^ " x 7^ ^ i, t— fc* -r-—^ -I ^ , v. ^ ^ vrr ^=^ * Mini final, after T hook or V loop, may be represented by ent. ^__ apartment ^_ achievement _\^_ abatement 86 LETTER WRITING EXERCISE E. E. Gard, Port Huron, Mich. Dear Sir: I write to let you-know that I-have-been appointed guardian for-the heirs of the late Harriet Metz. Harriet Metz, widow of the late Goodrich Metz, died a-year-ago, and left her whole estate to her two sons, Hubert and Whitney. The boys are-not yet of age, and-the courts ad- vised that-a guardian be appointed at-once. The debts on-the estate are quite large, and must-be paid within two years. The boys must-be sent away to be educated, and they are delighted to-go. They are dignified and handsome appearing young-men, and are-not addicted to any bad habits. Will you kindly write me and suggest some good school for boys, as I want them to attend one of the very-best schools in-the United-States (U. S.). Very-truly, (146) Gast's Wholesale House, Joliet, 111. Gentlemen : I-wish you-would send me the following goods : One white iron bed, Two medium-sized settees, One Panama hat, with ribbons to match, One red woolen jacket for-a child nine years old, Forty feet dark red striped hall carpet. Send directions how the carpet should-be laid and matched. Yours-truly, (59) Robt. H. Boyd, Aurora, 111. Dear Sir: The goods you shipped me last Monday reached me to-day, but they look as though they had-been damaged by fire. It-seems strange that you send out goods that are-not fit to be laid on-a counter. The red woolen jacket was faded in spots; the curtain goods were spotted with red, and cannot be used ; so I-have had-the goods packed and shipped back to you. Yours-truly, (79) Leroy Finan, Fort Smith, Ark. Dear Sir: I-have-your letter of the 17th inst. advising me to buy stock in-your-company. I-have every reason to-think that it would-be-a good business scheme, but at-this-time I-do-not feel that I-have-the money to pay for it. I-have suffered such heavy losses of late that I-have all I-can-do to pay up my old debts. If I-find that I-can spare a-few thousand-dollars, I-shall buy some stock in-your-company very-soon. Yours-truly, (98) 87 LETTER WRITING EXERCISE. > r>\>~ ^ ^i^rv i v ^ ' ^ ^* 1 i ^r N^ tr X ~Z V. w fi -fi c -^ ^7: -v^/ ->_k ^r <* i ^ - ^ ■— f ^-^: ^^ s ^>^ ^ ^ ^v ^_L 3^ Day of the week Day of the month -\^ — And have been .1 have done .Is not the _A__ Anything else v — *"£ Any where else "T \ Do you mean to be v^ y For his own account yA v For the purpose of _s^o_By express 1 For the sake of Ever been ^"^ Here and there Va For us sQ H How many How long is it """^ I do not think so --^-^ I remain c ^-^ We remain ^-Os I sent ^t_I ask that *sr If it is ^ *r Long after ■ a/ Round about ^ Kouna apout . iq ,<--> — ^ Seems to me Bank account . But one, but not Earlier than For instance For some time Half an hour In our own Has not been hope you will am not to be should not do t is necessary f these are f you were there f you would see Right or wrong f I I think it is I would say —f ,/ lust such as J Larger than s2 S May be able What would you ^ Would you not &> Were you not 89 USES OF F-V LOOP AND HOOK 1. A small final loop may be written on the right hand side of strokes P, B, T, D, Ch, J, H, Wh, and on the upper side of K, G, Ray and Ou, to express the sound of F or V not followed by a vowel sound. This loop is carried across the stroke to add T or D, thereby expressing ft, vd. \*. Nl X pave _paves paved dive give gift T, c gifted \ above / I achieved hoofs whiffed strive f A derived chieftains restive .positive The F-V loop may be joined angularly to a stroke to express //. reflect /*~ reflection inflict ^ inflection 3. A large medial hook (same as final Shun hook) may be written on the right hand side of P, B, T, D, Ch and J, and on the upper side of K, G and Ray, to express the sound of F or V followed by a vowel sound. A vowel sound does not follow the stroke preceded by the F-V hook, unless the stroke is lengthened V — befog Vi pivot devote devotee It— -? deafness u — ' defect lr— 9 deafens .reverie 4. Tive, medial or final, may be expressed by a semi-ellipse, open- ing either in the direction of Ray or Cha, and joined angularly to the stroke preceding. active >, € . native \ vocative y^ ablative activeness motive amative operative 5. Tiate, ciate (sheate) is expressed by C circle and T stroke, vowel- ized with A . -negotiate associate emaciate 6. Tiveness, may. be expressed by the Tens stroke written through the preceding part of a word. -f activeness positiveness relativeness 90 WRITING EXERCISE CONTINUED foreign, /-r-n sprocket, spr-k-l tangent, t-nj-nl rudiment, r-d-m-nl council, k,-ns-l census, s-na-s legend, l-j-nd rabbit, r-b-t famine, f-m-n assets, -s-ls veranda, v-r-nd- rusticate, r-si-fc-1 pilot, p-l-t guidance, g-d-ns admonition, -dm-n-shun comet, fc-m-1 stupid, st-p-d handicap, h-nd-k-p landau, l-ndat» navigate, n-v-g-1 appendix, -p-nd-l^s pencil, p-nt-l patent, p-t-nt response, r-sp-ns reckon, r-k~ n dynamite, d-n-m-t accountant, -\-nl-nt audit, aud-l debit, d-b-t agitate, -j-t-i humane, h-m-n copious, k'P" s pendant, p-nd-nt wainscot, n>-nst(-t saucer, s-s-r teapot, t-p-t tureen, l-r-n agate, -g-t etching, -ching illusion, -l-shun pica, p-£- desolation, d-s-l-shun casement, fy-sm-nl lodgment, l-jm-nt basket, fc-s%-f storage, st-r-j cogent, \-j-nt ascend, -s-nd diminution, d-m-n-shun dainty, d-nty descend, d-t-nd elocution, -l-qu-shun capacious, fc-p-s/i-s damask, d-m-jfc catechism, £-/-£-s/n hurricane, h-r-^-n mesmerize, m-tm-r-z monotone, m-n-l-n stagnant, st-gn-nt parasol, p-r-s-l reciprocate, r-s-pr-^-t opulent, -p-l-nt screen, ifyr-n vitaphone, v-l-f-n kinetic, \-n-t-\ abscond, -bs^-nd rheostat, r—sl-t telephone, l-l-f-n electioneer, -l-^shun-r facility, f-t-l-ty labyrinth, l-b-r-nth region, r-j-n chicken, ch-\-n pigeon, p-j-n animosity, -n-m-s-ty factions, f-^shuns absolute, -os-l-t lariat, l-r—l cement, s-m-nl rummage, r-m-j gasoline, g-s-l-n sponge, sp-nj resolute, r-s-l-t tabasco, l-b-s^o tenacious, l-n-sh-t appellate, -p-l-l cohesive, l(-h-s-v ferocious, f-r-th-s giant, j--nl scallop, sl(-l-p scrutiny, sfcr-Z-ny leaven, l-v-n checkrein, ch-fyr-n stirrup, sl-r-p lassitude, l-s-t-d disparage, d-sp-r-j dungeon, d-nj-n affix, -/-£s appetite, -p-l-t ethics, -i/i-fcs mutilate, m-l-l-l tendency, t-nd-nsy locket, l-k-t optician, -pt-shun pendulum, p-nd-l-m speculate, sp-qu-l-l diligence, d-l-j-ns obedience, -b-d—ns genteel, j-nt-l hemorrhage, h-m-r-j accustom, -i^-tl-m query, qu-r}/ monotonous, m-n-t-n-s destitute, d-at-t-l epistle, -p-s-l lucid, l-s-d lacerate, l-s-r-l laudanum, l-d-n-m nicotine, n-fc-<-n heinous, h-n-s physician, f-s-shun poison, p-s-n respiration, r-sp-r-shun diminish, d-m-n-sh dissolute, d-s-l-t ignition, -gn-shun runabout, r-n-b-t quorum, qu-r-m tension, t-nshun stations, st-shuns pugnacious, p-gn-sh-a dimension, d-m-nahun tuition, tshun mistletoe, m-a-lto phantom, f-nt-tn ballast, b-l-si careen, l(-r-n acquaintance, -qu-nl-na benediction, b-n-d-^ahun requisite, r-qu-s-t veracious, v-r-ah-a sluice, sl-s advocate, -dv-f(-t arraign, -r-n pittance, p-t-ns society, a-a— 1\/ codicil, fy-d-a-l defense, d-f-ns obelisk, -b-l-slt tolerate, t-l-}-i homestead, h-mst-d lynch, l-nch mendacious, m-nd-sh-s pandemonium, p-nd-m-n—m maintain, m *W-n testimony, t-at-m-ny unique, un-}( tyranny, l-r-ny ovation, ov-shun WRITING EXERCISE CONTINUED 91 locomotive, /-^-m-ii've raincoat, r-n\-t absolute, -bs-l-i allegation, -l-g-shun disappoint, d-s-p-nt abundance, -b-nd-ns attestation, -t-sl-shun coupon, qu-p-n perusal, p-r-s-l fiat, f-i homicide, h-m-s-d jurisdiction, j-T-sd-\shun litigate, l-i-g-l landscape, l-ndsfy-p jostle, j-s-l docile, d-s-l pacific, p-s-f-\ testament, t-st-m-nt bayonet, b—n-i resident, r-s-d-nt fumigate, f-m-g-l liquidate, l-qu-d-t albumen, -Ib-m-n meridian, m-r-d—n dictionary, d-\shun-r\} audience, aud--ns aberration, -b-r-shun currency, £-r-nsj> minion, m-ny-n obedient, ob-d—nl behooves, b-h-Vs penance, p-n-ns woolen, iv-l-n worsted, TD-rst-d bobbin, b-b-n succeed, s-^s-d deleterious, d-l-t-r—s benzine, b-nz-n fugitive, /-/-live pheasant, f-z-nt theism, ih—sm velocipede, V-l-s-p-d affiliate, -f-l-i Tennyson, T-n-s-n hilarious, h-l-r-s castigate, 1(-sl-g-t opaque, op-k hygiene, h-g-n myriad, m-r~d oblivious, -bl-V—s utensil, ut-ns-l salvation, s-lv-shun radiant, r-d—nt license, l-s-ns restitution, r-st-t-shun luscious, l-sh-s coalition, l^—l-shun violate, V—l-l acetylene, -s-t-l-n sustenance, s-si-n-ns warehouse, te-rh-s eyelet, il-t aviation, av— shun THE ONE THOUSAND MOST FREQUENTLY USED WORDS Fourth Installment. above devote give meet right act did gold minute separate adopt died lat need senate attempt doubt height night shed await elect hold old shut boat end late ought state bought estate let paid statement carried estimate left period stood child feet lead put stopped cold fight led rapid thought date foot light rate ticket dead get lot recent write 92 LETTER WRITING EXERCISE E. C. Betz, Fort Scott, Kans. Dear Sir: It-is-necessary that-the balance of the loan you-made on-your estate in Devon County be paid within two weeks ; otherwise we-shall- have to-take-the matter up with our attorney. Our notes are left in-the Twin City State-Bank. Let-us-know by-return-mail what-you decide to-do about-this matter. Yours-truly, (68) Mrs. Bertha Chafin, Quincy, 111. Dear Madam: At-this-time, I-take occasion to let you-know that-the rent on-your house is-not due before-the tenth of next month. Your mother came up to my office to-day and paid it in advance, so-that you- would-not-have to bother with-it. She-is-not-the party who was up here sometime-ago. At-that-time, however, I thought it was she. As-your mother forgot-the receipt, I-will-see that it-is sent to you when we send your tax receipts which were left here at-the-time your husband came and paid-the rent. Hoping this will-be-satisfactory, I am, Yours-truly, (119) J. Lee Porter, Springfield, Mo. Dear Sir : I-am-in-receipt of a letter dated June 4th, written by Dwight Dyer, and sent to the Transatlantic Transit Company which-is-not now transacting business in the United States (U. S.), Canada, or Europe. In his letter he-says that-the European war has-a bad effect on busi- ness all over-the world. Every-day of the week they receive letters stating that it-is absolutely necessary to ship food stuffs to Europe every- day of the month for-the-purpose-of maintaining-the support of the army. If I hear anything else about-this matter, I-will write you. Hoping to get a letter at-an early-date, I am, Yours-truly, (120) The Haven Land Company, Cascade, Iowa. Gentlemen : Your letter dated June 8th received. You say you-have-a lot for-sale 40x140 feet. If -the lot is located right and-is in a good neighborhood, I-will make you an offer on-it. I-have-not got-the money just now, but will give you notes in payment. Let me know what-has- been bid on-the lot you are advertising for-sale. Very-truly, (80) 93 LETTER WRITING EXERCISE. lA. \/^ r , v "T _v_ ( 3 T— V _^=, \ L_ -^=0- t ^~*c H _N„ JQ -, 2. aA_ __i=« -■ — j * S ? -, \ V M - N - 1 - J £-4 ../.. L, .^ - P / r /-\ ^v=^ ^ - <, ^ ^_ * t_ u £ ^L 3 ( ^y^a.\A. Nc c 1. ^ ^£ ^ \i- ^\T &a^ ^ r* °^~ c ^ ;).v/ V - —ff- -v= M S — ^ 7^ ^ v W~ My dear Sir: — We have been told fey A. O. Jones of this city that you are thinking of buying a farm very soon. If so, we ask you to see us at your earliest opportunity. Yours truly, 94 LETTER WRITING EXERCISE E. C. Stotts, Everett, Wash. Dear Sir: Last night the City-Council met and passed the following resolutions : (1) To put in a new cement sidewalk on Benson Street; (2) that-the main street designated as Robert Street leading to the outskirts of the city be paved, and (3) that-the neighborhood be lighted as-well- as-the down town wards. The council will meet again next Wednesday when anyone will-be allowed to attend its meeting and offer suggestions. I hope to-see you there. Yours-truly, (88) David Elliot, Butte, Mont. Dear Sir: Your letter dated June 14th received less-than half-an-hour ago. If you are going to sue the Hackett Stock Food Company, I advise- that you retain-an able attorney. As you-know, I-shall-not-be-in-the city at-the-time the court convenes, as it-is-necessary that I leave for Daven- port this afternoon and I-shall-be away for sometime. I hope you-will- be able to secure a good attorney, and when your-case is disposed of, write and let me know how things turn out. With best wishes for-vour success, I am Very-truly, (109) Byron & Stevens, Lansing, Mich. Dear Sirs : Our several letters sent you during-the past month in regard to our elegant line of window shades, window screens, and screen doors, either did-not reach you, or you-were too much occupied to-give the subjects mentioned the consideration they should-have. We-take it that this-is-the reason we-have-not received an answer to our letters. We have made-the manufacture of shades and screens a study for many years, and are making-a particular kind in either line that cannot-be equalled elsewhere. We desire to convince you of-this, and for-that reason we-are anx- ious to receive a letter very-soon. If you-are-not in-a- position to buy our goods now, we-beg-to-say to you that, if at any future time you wish to consider the purchase of-them, we-shall-be ready to favor you. We-will mail you a copy of our large catalogue, and give you all particulars upon request. Yours-truly, (174) 95 LETTER WRITING EXERCISE. ) t ^J \* -^ ^y , v~ ^ <5~^ \ ^L c ^ij^ . /^\>a ^^ 4-t -2* \ ^ W ^ ^p^X/^ J ^"^^ ^ V,n ^ ^ W* v, HL^ ' y J ^^f< -^ r^ u Y ^a ^ ^e^ As G_ ^L U-- -~v» (o ^ °Y J^L N»J h \y ru w^-" z^ 7 ^>Hr /^ ^s J ^s ^ !>-- ^/ Q— 2^— Z3 \ / ■^r T7~ f u L iri^ ^£- -"t ^^ -^v /L JZ2_ ZLC /" x ft-v \ Vs n (q \ "^ v^ , ^ . _^ -V Vy L — >■ r> ) t^V ^T / L . , r> N /°\ "^ \ * X V -^ ^1 v^ ^ ^ ^X 1 "T ; 96 THE L HOOK STROKES 1. The sound of L blends with that of P, B, K, G, F, forming the consonant combinations P1-, B1-, K1-, G1-, F1-. A vowel sound always follows these blended or coalescent consonants. 2. The sound of L blended as above shown, is expressed by a small initial hook on the right hand side of P, B and F, and on the upper side of K and G. The S circle is written within the L hook on PI- and Kl- for Spl- and Ski-. 3. These L hook strokes are used in all positions ; also initially, me- dially and finally. They are formed half length to add T or D. flounces disclosed v^ flown \ spleen \ splendid _5b blended <- '-^ claim , ^ acclaim c — n glance A displaced / ~ reclined ■V .applies application \ ^ obligation S. appliances Z\__ reply .1 doubly "V supply c^ 7 glycerine \^ v plainness y playhouse /*~ blacken \ plenteous Black Hand \ pliant declaim v— n blame -\— . blanch ^ blandish V~n blossom t=^ clayey ^= e> _ glances s — o client fleshy Flemish r gluey <— £ ~ glossary aglows _acclaims ^y florid vJ*-~^ florescence c afflictions flagstone replenish clandestine — ^ J "J decline /^ replete applaud 97 THE L HOOK STROKES CONTINUED 1. The L hook strokes may be written in First Position to express the initial syllables am, em, im, om, um before PI- and Bl- ; and to ex- press an, en, in, on, un before K1-, Gl- and F1-. \ ply imply <^ apply supplied V^ blame ^~^ emblem V^ ; v-^ emblason implicate implement clean unclean inclined closed enclosed glazed unglazed 2. The brief semi-circle which expresses ts, dz, may be employed finally on the L hook strokes; or, the strokes may be formed half-length with final S circle to express ts, dz. Words having a common outline, as bleats and bleeds; fleets and floods, may be differentiated, where deemed advisable, by employing the half-length principle for ts, and the semi-circle for dz. \ __ plot plots V plods blot So _So_ blots \> . bleeds clot clots clods glut gluts glades 3. The L hook strokes do not join facilely to medial circles, hooks and loops. Therefore, a consonant stroke may be formed one-quarter length to express al, el, il, ol, ul, after the sound of the shortened stroke, where such syllables occur medially or finally after a circle, hook or loop. The quarter-length B stroke modified by T hook expresses the ending bility. Nq possible Nq possibility ^ visible ^p visibility /*> risible /<* risibility _k plausible < \o plausibility UL , deducible a can sable ci Jesabel JL hostile > physical classical musical spindle mental /? rental -*=^ \p Pistol V spoonful \^ peaceful \. blissful 98 THE WIDE L HOOK 1. A wide initial hook on the right hand side of P, B, and on the upper side of K and G, expresses al, el, il, ol, ul, immediately after the sound of the stroke, thereby forming the syllables pal, pel, pil, pol, put; bal, bel, bil, bol, bul; cal, kel, kil, col, cul; gal, gel, gil, gol, gul. These syllabic strokes may be written in First Position to express the initial syl- lables am, em, im, om, um, immediately before the sound of the strokes P-l and B-l; and to express an, en, in, on, un, immediately before F-l, K-l and G-l. ^. pill -^=-call S — * callest / recall <" f gulls C , gulch c^ gulf /\ repel y\ reply J table -^ — tablet <\ <^/ chapels ^ wabble ~^ waffle "^ quibble ample uncle angle angles angled uncalled nickel tickled S impelled _^ ambled 2. A dotted wide initial hook on strokes F, M, N, Sh, Y, Qu, and an undotted wide initial hook on the left hand side of Ray expresses al, el, il, ol, ul immediately after the sound of the stroke, thereby forming the syl- lables fal, fel, fil, fol, ful; mal, mel, mil, mol, mul; rial, nel, nil, nol, mil; shal, shel, shil, shol, shul; yal, yel, yil, yol, yul; qual, quel, quil, quol; ral, rel, ril, rol, rul. I film l> — ^ filmy filches muffle milk camel J. ±L shells rills * ■^t g J> knells L funnel \y / barrel G~\ million ^r mildew bushel yells quells B. 0. BAKER LAWYER AS, TEXAS 99 THE L HOOK AND THE L LOOP 1. A small initial hook written on the right hand side of T, D, Th, V, Ch, J, H and Wh, expresses al, el, il, ol, ul, immediately after the sound of the stroke, thereby forming the syllables tal, tel, til, tol, tul; dal, del, dil, dol, did; thai, thel, thil, thol, thul; vol, vel, vil, vol, vul; chal, chel, chil, chol, chid; jal, jel, jil, jol, jul; hal, hel, hil, hoi, hid; whal, whel, whU, whul. These syllabic strokes are made half-length to add the sound of T or D. 2. A short vowel sound always occurs between above named strokes and L ; therefore, it is not necessary to widen the L hook on those strokes to show the presence of the short vowel sound. r till r until settle r r tilt J total _L dull — L— chill n q evils ^~> metal — L_ devil ^- anvil r addle V Bethel ^ helm saddle / gill __L_ whelm > spraddle hill ^ Mitchell 3. A large final loop on the concave side of curved strokes, and on the Shun hook side of straight strokes, expresses L preceded by a vowel sound. The vowel generally has the long sound. This L loop is used where the L stroke does not form a facile joining. It may be used on lengthened strokes also. ^ -fuel "-> f~ Newell ^- — rule ■ / \ — radial ^ vowel S-\- loyalty ^— real . -— ^ mutual loyal -3 — wild J__ shoal /\, labial ) .dial ~^ quailed — *=> goal \y boreal 4. A quarter-length B stroke expresses the suffix &-/, -b-l, and it may be used instead of the b-l stroke and hook where it forms a facile, an- gular joining with the preceding stroke. ^_ iV _ enable ^- durable A. .affable S^_ unable -**- durability >— **— nobility 100 WRITING EXERCISE \> Bicycle, b-s-k-l \ Appliances, -pi- -nses Multiple, m-lt-p-l Tweezers, tzv-s-rs Q _ Fulfill, /-//-/ 4; Stimulus, st-m-l-s Reserve r-s-rv Ostensible, -st-ns- b-l I W~^s Fee-simple, f-s-mp-l _ Settle, s-t-l b Potential, p-t-vsh-l Vn _ Philosophy, f-l-s-fy Satchel, s-ch-l Substantial, s-bst-nsh-l Affability, -f-bility A Desirability, d-s-r-bility \p Pistol, p-st-l y Beheld, b-h-ld s^-q^ Miserable, m-s-r-b-l Uncleansed, unkl-nsd Accident, -ks-d-nt Sensible, s-ns-b-l g— <" Glycerine, gl-s-r-n ^ Fiscal, f-sk-l So- Physical, f-s-k-l — 1 Gangway, g-ngzva ^ -- Obsequies, -bs-qu-s ^} Specialist, sp-sh-l-st «-■■ * Glisten, gl-s-n Synopsis, s-n-ps-s f /? Allentown, -l-ntown 1^. Ashland, -shl-nd ^^ — q_ Knoxville, N-ksv-l Danville, D-nv-l Eau Claire, Okl-r Chelsea, Ch-ls-- I K^ Delaware, D-l-w-r Vo Tallahassee, T-l-h-s- -r ^-7> Mississippi, M-s-s-p- Missouri, M-s-r- Austin, Aust-n _ Helena, H-l-n- J WRITING EXERCISE 101 play, pl- plea, pl- plow, pl- plays, pl-s please, pl-s pleased, pl-sd places, pl-ses pleases, pl-ses played, pl-d plowed, pl-d pleat, pl-t plates, pl-ts pleads, pl-ds pleats, pl-ts plain, pl-n plains, pl-ns planned, pl-nd plants, pl-nts ply, pl- imply, impl- apply, -pl- supply, s-pl- applies, -pl-s implies, impl-s implied, impl-d supplies, s-pl-s supplied, s-pl-d applied, -pl-d application, -pl-k-shun appliance, -pi- -ns appliances, -pi- -nses applaud, -pl-d applauds, -pl-ds blaze, bl-s blows, bl-s blazed, bl-sd blast, bl-st blazes, bl-ses bluffs, bl-fs blacken, bl-k-n blameless, bl-ml-s blemish, bl-m-sh blade, bl-d blowed, bl-d bleat, bl-t bleats, bl-ts blots, bl-ts blend, bl-nd blunt, bl-nt blinds, bl-nds cleave, kl-v cleft, kl-ft clays, kl-s clues, kl-s classed, kl-sd closed, kl-sd classy, kl-sy classes, kl-ses closes, kl-ses clad, kl-d cleat, kl-t clod, kl-d cloud, kl-d clouds, kl-ds cleats, kl-ts clots, kl-ts clods, kl-ds cloyed, kl-d clean, kl-n clown, kl-n cleans, kl-ns cleanse, kl-ns cleansed; kl-nsd cleaned, kl-nd cling, kl-ng clings, kl-ngs unclean, unkl-n uncleaned, unkl-nd uncleansed, unkl-nsd unclassed, unkl-sd unclosed, unkl-sd encloses, enkl-ses inclement, inkl-m-nt acclimate, -kl-m-t glee, gl- glow, gl- clue, kl- glaze, gl-s glass, gl-s glows, gl-s glues, gl-s glazed, gl-sd glasses, gl-ses glosses, gl-ses glad, gl-d glowed, gl-d gloats, gl-ts glove, gl-v glades, gl-ds gleans, gl-ns gleaned, gl-nd unglazed, un gl-sd ungleaned, ungl-nd agglutinize, -gl-t-n-s flay, //- flays, fl-s flees, fl-s fleeced, fl-sd fleecy, fl-sy fleeces, fl-ses flown, fl-n flute, fl-t unflown, unfl-n inflows, infl-s flaunt, fl-nt flaunted, fl-nt-d afloat, -//-/ floats, fl-ts a floats, -fl-ts flame, fl-m aflame, -fl-m inflame, infl-m flounces, fl-nses flint, fl-nt flints, fl-nts flayed, fl-d 102 WRITING EXERCISE reply, r-pl~ focal, f-k-l plane, pl-n photoplay, f-t-pla admissible, -dm-a-b-l platinum, pl-t-n-m affability, -/-fciliiu clandestine, fyl-ndrsi-n squirrel, squ-r-l glimpse, gl-mps bevel, b-V-l implement, -mpl-m-nt metal, m-t-l desirability, ladle, l-d-l level, l-v-l pistol, p-sl-l rifle, r-f-l scaffold, sfy-f-ld buckle, b-k-l saddle, s-d-l resemblance, divisible, d-V-s-b-l identical, id-nl-l(-l plausible, pl-s-b-l miserable, m-s-r-b-l scandal, s^-nd-l replenish, r-pl-n-th cleanse, £/-ns uncleansed, -n\l-nsd inclement, -n£/-m-ni tunnel, l-n-l affable, -f-b-l disability, d-s-bility muffle, m-f-l goggles, g-g-ls plated, pl-ted sensible, s-ns-b-l negligence, n-gl-j-ns glycerine, gl-s-r-n hostile, h-sl-l muffler, m-fl-r diploma, d-pl-m- label, l-b-l suppliant, s-pl--nt plentiful, pl-nt-f-I client, \l—nt libel, l-b-l develop, d-V-l-p specialty, sp-sh-liy mental, m-nl-l musical, m-j-£-/ fiscal, f-sk-l glossary, gl-t-ry appliances, -pl—nt-s chaplain, ch-pl-n settlement, s-t-lm-nt symbol, s-mb-l monoplane, m-n-pl-n florid, fl-r-d multiple, m-ll-p-l tableau, (-bio channel, ch-n-l tweezers, Iv-s-rs chattel, ch-i-l fulfil, /-//-/ until, -nl-l tackle, l-k-l rival, r-v-l reciprocal, r-s-pr-k-l special, sp-sh-l rivals, r-v-ls bleached, bl-cht cannibal, fc-n-i-/ blaspheme, bl-sf-tn gable, g-b-l tillable, l-l-b-l replete, r-pl-l capital, b>-p-t-l bludgeon, bl-j-n byplane, b-pl-n glazed, gl-sd ostensible, -st-ns-b-l beveling, b-v-ling supplement, s-pl-m-nl loyalty, l»lty fee-simple, f-s-mp-l till, t-l settle, s-l-l potential, p-i-mh-l legible, l-j-b-l reptile, r-pt-l dispel, d-sp-l philosophy, f-l-s-fy cloak, fc/-fc pinnacle, p-n-h^-l satchel, s-ch-l flimsy, fl-msy substantial, guilty, g-lfy plenteous, pl-nl—s fickle, f-k-l needle, n-d-l repel, r-p-l pugnacious, p-gn-sh-s gangway, g-ngwa plateau, pi- to bicycle, b-t-\-l refusal, r-f-s-l nautical, n-t-l(-l obsequies, -bs-qu-s mosquito, m-sl^-to acclimate, -1%1-m-l specialist, sp-ih-l-tt local, l-k-l glisten, gl-s-n regal, T-g-l acquittal, -qu-l-l clemency, \l-m-my comical, fc-m-fc-/ clematis, l(l-m-t-$ burial, b-r—l vital, v-t-l physical, f-s-k-1 classical, £/-s-£-/ waybill, m-b-l deacon, d-£-n valentine, v-l-nl-n stimulus, st-m-l-s synopsis, s-n-ps-s merino, m-r-no definition, d-f-n-shun CITIES. Akron, -£r-n Allentown, -l-nlown Altoona, -li-n- ' Asheville, -shv-l Alemeda, -l-m-d- Alton, -li-n Appleton, -p-ll-n Ashland, -shl-nd Ashtabula, -sht-b-l- Atlantic City, Belleville, B-lv-l Buffalo, B-f-lo Cadillac, k-d-l-k Canton, £-n/-n Chicopee, C/i-^-pe Cleveland, £/-v/-nd Council Bluffs, Dallas, D-l-s Danville, D-nv-l Decatur, D-1(-l-r Duluth, D-l-lh Eau Claire, OKl-r Elizabeth, El-s-b-th Findlay, F-ndla Fond du Lac, F-nd-l-lf Hoboken, H-b-^-n Ithaca, -th-k- Jamestown, J-msiorvn Joplin, J-pl-n WRITING EXERCISE 103 Kalamazoo, K-l-m-z- Laredo, L-r-do Lebanon, L-b-n-n Lexington, L-^s-ngt-n Atchison, -ch-s-n Aurora, Aur-r- Binghamton, B-ngh-mt-n Cairo, K-ro Camden, K-md-n Chelsea, CA-is — Cincinnati, S-ns-n-t- Clinton, Kl-nl-n Covington, K-V-ngl-n Danbury, D-nb-ry Dayton, D-t-n Dubuque, D-b-fy Easton, Ett-n Elgin, -Ij-n Everett, -v-r-t Flint, Fl-nt Galveston, C-h-st-n Houston, H-sl-n Jackson, J-\s-n Joliet, J-l-l Kingston, K-ngxt-ri Knoxville, N-fav-l Lawrence, L-r-ns Lewiston, L—sl-n Loraine, L-r-n Alabama, -l-b-m- Arkansas, -r£-ns-s Delaware, D-l-to-r Idaho, Id-h- Kentucky, K-nl-ky Michigan, M-sh-g-n Mississippi, M-s-s-p- Phoenix, F-n-^t Tallahassee, T-l-h-s- Topeka, T-p-fy- Annapolis, -n-p-l-s Jackson, ]-\s-n Lincoln, L-ng\-n Tennessee, T-n-s- Utah, Ut- Richmond, R-chm-nd Belfast, B-lf-st Spain, Sp-n Glasgow, Cl-sgo Belgium, B-lj—m Lisbon, L-sb-n Moscow, M-slf- Japan, J-p-n Vienna, V— n- Russia, R-sh- Alaska, -l-sk- Colorado, K-l-r-d- Florida, Fl-r-d- Kansas, K-ns-s Maine, M-n Minnesota, M-n-s-t- Missouri, M-s-r- Denver, D-nv-r Atlanta, -ll-ni- Augusta, Aug-st- Boston, B-st-n Helena, H-l-n- Oregon, -r-g-n Texas, T-fys-s Austin, Aust-n Madison, M-d-s-n Bombay, B-mb- Ireland, Irl-nd Havana, H-v-n- Cuba, Qub- Milan, M-l-n Naples, N-p-ls Odessa, Od-s- Warsaw, W-rs- THE ONE THOUSAND MOST FREQUENTLY USED WORDS Fifth Installment. application clear finally official special awful close full only spell beautiful clothing flight play still bill club flower place supply block collect glad pleasant table blow declare held plan tell blue develop include plant terrible build especially kill political total built fell little possible until call fell local railroad unable class fill nearly reply usual clean final o'clock school volume 104 / However 9 . Howsoever a Whatever 4- — Whatsoever cs Wherever c/^- Wheresoever Whithersoever * Whoever _g Whosoever 4 Whomsoever / Whenever ^ Whensoever Whichever Whichsoever i- N^ Behave \^ Behaved J Differ J Differed _ld Different-ly p-- Di f f erence _1 .Out of CONTRACTIONS. -^ Out of the ., Set forth _£ Set off /\> . Representative Subjective ^> Subjection Jj Thank-ed Significance Significant Signify ^ Somehow ^ Somewhat Meantime ^7 Meanwhile Republic \q Behest ^L Behindhand \ Behold v Beholden _Any how In his ^T "T 1 r -^ Length Lengthen In his own In the way .Some Something Somebody Some where Some one Everything Everybody Everywhere , Every one — + Nothing ^ ^ Nobody ^/ Nowhere _2 No one ^"T. Anything Anybody Anywhere Anv one 105 CONTRACTIONS. SENTENCE WRITING f ; i win He will 2, She will _ It will ~ We will You will _ They will f Who will Which will / What will s How will / Why will r JP Where will ^/? There will f° We will see r /^> Yon will see ^ They will see 6 Who will see _qJ She will see ^\ I will be _ I will do ^ ^\ I will have been *\, Believe S^ Believed N& Unbelief-ved _£ Deliver-ed J^ Deliverance England English Children Capable Capability Challenge Circumstance P Circumstances J Circumstantial No Express >> Expressed No Expression \_ Expressive [ Generation /{j Regeneration _z Degeneration Generalize J Generalization sn Health-y .Healthful-ly Suggestion . Satisfy Satisfaction Overtake \ _ Overtaken _ 7 Overcharge r Oversight T Overstate ^ Override 4 C ,Over one Outrun X Outbid Outrage f , Outside .Outline Outreach 106 LETTER WRITING EXERCISE The Golden Gulch Clay Company, Klamath Falls, Oregon. Dear Sirs: We-are selling-the national flags of all-the allied na- tions on-the globe. I-suppose-that you-have just-received-the small English flags that we sent you as samples. A-few-days-ago, we received-a wire as-follows : "We-are-pleased to express satisfaction over-the beautiful flags that your company sold us a week ago. We-wish to suggest that you offer to sell and deliver these flags to every large firm in-the county. We believe that every home should-have-a flag, and-that every business house should carry them for-sale." This message was sent by-the Young Peoples Aid Association of the United-States, whose offices are in-the Kilsing Bldg., New-York-City. May our representative call on you, or on some-one in authority in-your-company, and talk over-the matter in detail? Very-truly, Mr. Gilbert Melville, Galveston, Texas. Dear Sir: Replying to your letter of the 18th inst., would-say that I-have known Clifford Nelson since he-was-a little boy. I-have always found him honest and faithful in everything, and accurate in all his work. He-did-a good-deal of the technical legal work for-us, as he-has rare knowledge of everything in-the legal line, and I-think he-can handle almost any case. I-shall feel very-much pleased if my influence will help young Nelson to secure a position in-your office. With best wishes, Yours-truly, Mr. Lionel Pillsbury Fletcher, Calumet, Mich. Dear Sir: I-am writing you regarding Walton Bonnell, the black- smith of Glencoe, who-was in-an accident while repairing a plough for-a man named Mitchell. A splinter or a spill fell on-the iron, and Bonnell was obliged to- take it off so-that he-could-see clearly. In doing so, he fell on a red hot iron and was struck almost blind by-the heat. Bonnell's left ankle was burned quite badly, also. Dr. Randall is now applying-a fluid, possibly glycerine, to-his ankle, and-it-seems to help consider- ably. In-this-case, I-think he-should receive-a large sick benefit. Mitchell cannot-be held, as he-is blameless. What-is-your opinion about it? Write me at-once and let me know. Very-truly, 107 WRITING EXERCISE ' T ^ ,^-C v— g> "V X *L* "t •-^^ ^a_L ^ ^r . ^ f ^ \. V-^ £_ r y . i ry ^ N = 1 . ^ P 2» ^ / I ■S SJ - ^ v. U ^- < ^> i_>c C. ^ ) ^ "^ '^ ^ . ^ r^ £ s — ^ -^ P x ^r 3_J H "V Qfi-v r^ JV. t 7 Ac_ > v '^ ^ ^V= ^T •^^ ^IXW Y ~ *0 V* c^ XL "^V^ — ^ -^2^ ^-V In^I f^r JLi / ^?-=^ T^V 9 ) 1 ^ 108 LETTER WRITING EXERCISE Mr. Ralph Gladstone, Laurel, Delaware. Dear Sir: We-have decided to lengthen the hours for our adult workers. It-will make but little difference to-them ; but as-the child labor law becomes effective next week, we-shall-have to dismiss all the children, although they are very capable in their work and-have challenged anyone to keep up with-them. It-is-necessary that we call a meeting at-once and notify all our workers of the change. The salaries will-be raised accordingly. Yours-truly, Mr. Abel Belmont, Milwaukee, Wis. Dear Sir: Will you please advise me about Clifford Nelson? He- is applying for-the position of clerk in-my law office, and-has referred me to you. I-have had an interview with him and he seems-to be well educated and very clever; still I should like to-have you tell me just what-you know and think about-the boy. Yours-truly, Mr. Wilbur Talcott, Belle Plaine, Iowa. Dear Sir : As my clerk will-be away most of the time this month, I-wish you-would help me out in-the meantime. Claudius Gillman's case will-be-called first, so I-will-give you some points on-the-subject : Not-a long-time-ago, the plaintiff, Claudius Gillman, and-the de- fendant, Rubel Wycliffe, lived in different towns. The defendant was then in-the implement business, and employed the plaintiff to-do work for him in-one of the New England states — I-think it was Maine. At-the suggestion of the defendant, the plaintiff delivered damaged goods, and knowing this, swore that-they were perfect. Now, the parties who bought the implements are suing Gillman, and he, in turn, is suing his former employer. But, all-men-are responsible for their-own actions, so it-may-not-be-an easy matter for Gillman to win. Let me know if you-will help me out in-this-case. Yours-truly, Mr. Hillman O'Donnell, Carrollton, Tenn. Dear Sir : Your stenographer, Miss Florence Milton, called at our office to-day. She declared that-your company sent-us-the clam shells the Delaware people found, and which are considered very valuable on-account of the pearls which are found in some of-them. It-seems strange that we never received-the shells. However, it- is-possible that they are still on-the road. As-soon-as we receive-the shells, we-will send you check for same. Yours-truly, 109 LETTER WRITING EXERCISE. t ^ K iih ^u J — } — 1__^. £ ^Tr <: J h-> > / _JL_L r ^ /I _* dL. 3^^L ) ■ / V ^ ^ V Jt v X» N ^ cn >K ^T * S- T^sTY LC -r^ (^ ^ / \ v. v ^ I ^s U. -»- > ( - wV ^I- S V ^ ^ . I 3 [ -— l ' ! / V r S ^ 6 ^ f c x ^— .^.\~ / \S~» : Y J ° ) ° ^^ ^ v. ^ _g> r^ . r* ^ ^ /"\ (q f3 + A, ^-^-1 U V t i^i n ^ r ^i i_ First time _^ For all \q_ y . For his own . F. O. B. r^ c. o. d. Good deal t) . Had been done J . Had not I have his _f__Hour by hour How soon is it How does the am in receipt know this is suppose that wish to be wish to go wish to see _lf you were the ^ -^ o _Q_ __Is his, his is _As has, has as ,/y Just received _7___Just such a case TZ A^ He was the How is this I shall be I shall see If such is , "~tN If these are _It is said It is best ~Most likely _As it was As follows v^° All alone -^v ■^c- Long time ago P~° May as well as ,S May be able- to do I advise At SP I am certain ft Most of the time t ft All men are By wire Days ago Few days ago Hundred dollars Weeks ago For this month For said purpose oi On the subject i^ For sale Ill THE USES OF THE R STROKES 1. The R stroke is formed half-length to add T or D. L .dared V fired , — -_ mired N»_ .bared spared / cheered A. hired ^ smeared 2. The R stroke is used initially before M, Sm or S-m V-> .room ^N^~^ romp ~>-\ resume .roomy ^"V— >, rumble ~ V^ resemblance 3. The few initial syllables ash, esh, ish, osh, ush, must be expressed by the Sh stroke written downward in Third Position. ashore ■t ashamed }<*=> Ashland — -J- — ashen 4. The R stroke used initially does not form a facile joining with the alphabetic strokes other than L, M, K and G. Therefore, the upward form of Sh stroke in Third Position is used to express initial ar, er, ir, or, ur, before all alphabetic strokes except L and M , and in some cases K and G. This stroke is termed the upward R stroke. > arm army early earliest armada arrange armful archway v urgent a ardency arduous earnest 7 oranges y\. artisan _^i. artesian .urban A ornament argosy ^/k> irreducible a/ arterial .Arizona irresistible Arness =4 -^- arson The student should give special attention to the instructions in paragraph 4. If the sound of L or M follows the initial sound of -r, the downward -r stroke should be written; if -r is followed by k or g, the student writer may use either -r stroke, preference to be given to the upward form, however,generally. The upward -r stroke may be written in Fourth Position to ex- press sor, ser, sir, sor, sur, cer before strokes T, D, Ch, J, F, V, and N. 112 ILLUSTRATIONS OF COALESCENT R 1. The sound of R blends or coalesces with that of P, B, T, D, K, G, F, Th and Sh, thereby forming the coalescent combinations Pr-, Br-, Tr-, Dr-, Kr-, Gr-, Fr-, Thr-, Shr-. A vowel sound always follows these blended or coalescent consonants. 2. The sound of R, blended as above shown, is expressed by a small initial hook on the under side of K and G, and on the left hand side of P, B, T, D, Sh, F and Th. 3. S and R (Sr) does not blend or coalesce, and W is silent in the combination Wr-. Therefore, we employ the S and W forms of strokes with small initial hook to represent Thr- and Fr-, thereby keeping the hooks on the left hand and concave side of all the strokes above named. The Shr- stroke must be written upward. ^\ — .shrub y\t — repress f atrocity -mattress _L depressed \ — abreast L debris ^ rnhra /\ redress acrostic 4. The R hook strokes may be written in First Position to express the initial syllables am, em, im, om, um before Pr-, and Br- ; and to ex- press an, en, in, on, un before Tr-, Dr-, Kr-, Gr-, Fr- and Thr-. _V X — press .impress * \ , oppress suppress JV X "V .brace .embrace .dressed undressed .crust encrust .grave ^engrave IL impression encroach j imprudent , incrustate 5. These R hook strokes may be formed half-length to add T or D. The method of distinguishing between final is, and dz, set forth in para- graph 2, page 87, may be employed with these coalescent R strokes also. -^ prayed _f^ bright \ I treats -trods -crates .creeds _^_ frets frauds 113 PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE USES OF R HOOKS 1. A small initial hook on the left-hand side of Ch, J, H, Wh, Y, V, and on Sh stroke written downward; and on the concave side of M and N expresses ar, er, ir, or, ur immediately after the sound of the stroke, thereby expressing the syllables char, cher, chir, chor, chur; jar, jer, jir, jor, jur; har, her, hir, hor, hur; whar, wher, whir, whor, whur; yar, yer, yir, yor, yur; var, ver, vir, vor, vur; shar, sher, shir, shor, shir; mar, mer, mir, mor, mur; nar, ner, nir, nor, nur, respectively. 2. The V-r stroke takes the form of Qu- stroke with initial hook, in order that the R hook may be formed on the left hand side of all ver- tical and inclined strokes. The V-r stroke may be written in First Po- sition to express an, en, in, on, un immediately preceding the sound of V-r. The V stroke, with small initial hook, must be used to express V-l, as already set forth. J- harpoon J sherbet whirl / shirking /0 lawyer ^S" shreds -± J^L vermin verse c^V shrive sheriff creation V J^ ^ * .dripping -drizzle t — -^ — -dromedary Iq_j? drowsiness c ^_°> fractional fractious fragmentary ._ p^, crystallization "\ 4r V % .drabble .dragnet drawbridge dreadful dreadfully drench 115 ILLUSTRATIONS OF COALESCENT R ^ ± > ? rv . friary friendliness Franciscan _ friendship _ frightful _ frightfully _ frigid = frisky _ frontage _ frontier _ frontlet — frostwork frothy froward frozen frock frugality fruitage fruition V^ _ fruitless frustration frustrum r^*> "=J -^ ~t ^ ^1 v^ ¥ > /? ! ■v =r frosts grand jury grandsire grandson graphic grasshopper grassplot gratuity greatness Grecian greedily greenroom ^ greensward gruesome f \ x ^f greyhound grange grievous grimalkin grindstone grocer grocery groundless -groundwork \<~ *\7 yzz ^ x -1 -T 8 - X V gruel precautionary precedent ^preceptress precipice precipitation preclusive precocity predecessor predisposition pre-empt pre-exist pre-existence preference prefix prejudge prelate premeditation preoccupy preordain presuppose I 116 THE COALESCENT R ^Z ^ T preparation .prepare -No procedure J \ -» procreate 3-->> \ => procreate \\ preponderance *X procure ' N \^ preposition ' V, » prodigy professor ^a prepossess \/ ^ prerogative Presbyterian prescribe prescription pressman presumably pretension pretentious t yV priesthood primordial °\^~ U princely °\ principal ^V=^ P rism \/l _priority probate problem "^q proboscis ^ 1 proficiency profligate propensity shrewdly .shrewdness .shrewish .shrill .shrimp ^yV. shrive e ^A shroud ^y -* shrieking t _y shrilly threadbare threescore threshold throb throng It V throttle tradesman .tradition L=^_traffic tramway treacherous V^ treatment \ treaty 1 treble trebly tribunal trustworthy triplicity 4 H i ^ triumph triune trousers truism trunnion U— *v trumpet troublesome trudging [ > — trunk 9 WRITING EXERCISE 117 bracelet Charlie precocity creature craziness shrub crosswise fragrance dreadful thrifty . broadside croton-oil fractious cruelly fratricide frothiness freshly drizzle freshness grandsire frontlet frailty trisyllabic gravitation grateful hard bridewell grievance prefix shirk bronchial predispose prepaid shriek greatness premium priority shreds grievously shrewdly prodigy chart primeval threescore shrink charts profligate friendliness treasury shorts threshold brazenness triplicity nature tram-road crystallization brachial pasture triumph shrewdness create prepay browbeat frowardness fragile proceed fragrantly preciseness frigid bravely frolicsome predisposition fruitage reverse grimalkin premeditation gratuity pressure precision prescriptive gridiron measure prepense predominate shrivel' closure crescent preliminary treaty frontage criticism fragmentary brasier fructify freehold fraudulent fruitful teacher pressman prescription prepare lecture primordial proficiency problem German proclivity groundwork fretful Germany propensity precipitation shrew harmony shrewish crimination probate lawyer tram-way broadcloth prattle crustily adversely bridegroom fruitless dreamer precipice cross-examine Grecian critically predecessor frankincense freckly freckle prejudge frightfully friary fretfully preparation preceptress cruciate fruition prescribe Presbyterian drabble grandson pri ma-donna threadbare dripping diverse professor priesthood credibly diversely shrinkage crustaceous criticise backyard threepence dreadfully crucial enclosure treatment frost-work frisket frugality trisyllable grand jury gruel grandeur braggadocio groundless briefly grossness brochure creation 118 STROKES MAY BE SHORTENED TO ADD R 1. All the strokes of the Consonant Alphabet may be formed. half- length to add ar, er, ir, or, ur t — the vowel having the short sound. But the R-hook forms for ch-r, j-r, m-r, n-r, sh-r and y-r, should be employed initially in all words; and medially and finally also where they form a facile joining. All other half-length strokes are used initially, medially and finally in all positions. J == __ drake J=™^ dark ? edger ' turkey rumor upper honor ^ usher j_. tinner ^ alert V dealer /^ reaper 2. Strokes M and N formed half-length may be used mediaHy and finally where the R hook on M and N does not form a facile joining; but, they must be dotted to distinguish them from M and N strokes shortened to add T. L. -fr dimmer customer \^ partner Gardner charmer -murmur . shriner damper 3. Above half-length strokes may be written in First Position to express the initial syllables am, em, im, om, urn before P and B, and an, en, in, on, un before any other half-length stroke. _^l important ^° embrace __ under r inverse interne No embers v^-^ aimer unlearned 1 undergo enter k interest inform v^ informer import ■w. infer \T unguarded endorsed undermine embargoes underlined 119 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE HALF-LENGTH STROKES \y^ barbarian \/ barbarism V barbecue ^ t =1 X 1 ^ darksome J darn ^ darnel bard barnacle birthplace border burglar burnt carbon carnally i,_ ■V darts _far-fetched .farm .farmer .farther farthing .fervency v^ first \^— * fortnight v fortune \s forward furlough furnace furnish furtive garden guardian gormandize T" T . gurgle hard _ harden __ hardihood ^_ hardly 7 l ^- 9 hardness 7 I 7 A> harmful _^ harper harpy harvest harken 4 Hl_ hermitage __/ ^ horticulture L _S. darkness garniture 120 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE HALF-LENGTH STROKES /X. larboard ^ lord • lnrk marble .^— s marginal _mark ~T margins g~-vp marshal er^y marshy ^ mart marvelous ^7 -£=^ merciful g-^ murder _s— ^ nerves .nervous ^7 t J ~tr T north northern northeast northward «^ o^ nursery c, a nursling t f nurture ^ o niirsp N^ a. -parsnip ^~ parsley partial participle ^y — partnership i V. \ parts u percentage .perceptive .percussion .perdition ^ \ . perfidious \ performer y pernicious Q-7 V perpetrate V perpetration -V perplex — perquisite persecute - ^P ,o perseverance ND persistence \^ personage >^, personal ^ persecution \l^* personify perspective .perspicuous pertinence \ perversity -As t; \jwi / perfunctory appertain \^~p permissive ^-^permissible V^_p portable portfolio \p _ pursuit ^ pursuer pursuance sardines serpent Y^- 9 surliness 121 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE HALF-LENGTH STROKES ~7 anchorage f unfurl unforged Sc^s 3_ unforgotten ^ unforgiven infirmity infirmary — in for the — unfermented — intercepted y* — unfertilized _z! unfurled ^ -^ offer A^ offered surname unforeseen un foreknown unfortunate — L_ -J- enlargement ^~> s v= ever . keeper /^ robber ^ wiper k^ stopper " _; snapper \ sweeper — ^_ neighbor _ garter ^1 later /* leader ^S\ shutter _ whiter madder nadir itcher -V-pi / / ledger loafer ^k > 1 vernacular 1^ other .shaker 122 PHRASE AND SENTENCE WRITING „ Because there is ~^~1 nothing i t Before no other .Before or since V pest recollection y Best of your ' recollection v Further than, ~ C for their own Call your attention ^H From time to time ^ II From day to day 2^_ From hour to hour "^ nr> From year to year "^/Z From house to house "^s^ From place to place v^ For my own part For the purpose of their For the purposes of -^ f Great while ago Greater or less Great part of Had there been We had therefore ^ Ought to have been Season of the year Send us by return mail ^t; Ten thousand dollars -^r-Four thousand dollars — ^-To all of those — ^- Of all that I am "^7 §-We are very glad We shall be glad Week after next -- "^V^u Yon should not have s~5 I am glad to see As low as possible And as there is And as there has been Should there, the other . But the other one Any other one v^w (^ — Any statement — ^==r — Anv part of their ^ As there is no other 123 PHRASE AND SENTENCE WRITING -On or after X)n our account 6 Onre in a while Ax Once or twice ^ ..One of our J One of the One or both ^ Some way yy To receive x To sell d To-night Toward the .That that ^ All in all ^ All around I am elad !_I am pleased -Are there -^- There are °-^ — As a rule J= All there is M, I will do it .Month by month Now and then " Over and over XI, Recent date .Up and down .Up-to-date I //W You will find h b Ynn will do so .5^ You are to be 2- oJ JU .You are to go .You are to see .You are to get We have to be ^-Qs In season ^~Q-^ In a season < ~- q -d In seeking ^-* 2 — => In a second -*? In the case of < —^\ In well doing .In a few days 124 PHRASE AND SENTENCE WRITING .About how far About how long About how soon After all After business V- >^ ■»■*— ^"V Always there Among all / Among all there Among its ^^~a Among these ■tr .At or near ^ At your service AZ — Bear in mind — \^\> By your orders =f Because there —4 Certain extent ^ CL Any statement Are all fd As little as /(I As lately as At all times _At all events f At last At least Before or after ^ Bill of sale VT1 Bill of lading Jj H" \ S t i , Before another X Better than c — . Greater than c~^ More than -/. Each of which ■i .Each other Each week \ Eastern states .No more than '"V ^ From all other \ By their own \l By virtue of "V By your own _y^ J Carloads Dear Sir My dear Sir L — ^ Dear Mother L Dear Father Dear Friend Dear Brother ^ -7- One or two Two or three .Three or four .Four or five Five or six Six or seven Seven or eight v -- ) ^_j? Eight or nine I o^ Dear Cousin 1 Dear Aunt _h Dear Sister J Nine or ten For another -^ For my part Further orders Great extent 125 PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE USES OF R HOOKS 1. A wide initial hook on the left-hand side of P, B, T, D, and 017 the under side of K and G expresses ar, er, ir, or, ur, immediately after the sound of the stroke, where such strokes are used medially and finally. These syllabic strokes are made half length to add the sound of either T or D. 2. Above strokes modified by the wide initial hook are used in both the Second and Third Positions; but, when thus used, the wide initial hook expresses the initial syllables am, em, im, om, urn, before P and B ; and the initial syllables an, en, in, on, un, before T, D, K and G. 3. To change an initial -m hook to an -n hook, insert a dot within the hook. X ^r ^ ^ 2^. paper _, proper _, improper ., briber _ daughter , editor _ water _ quitter „ kicker „ gagger _ figure _ totterest „ impose _ imbosom _ embarrass _into 1 X 1 X > :v ^ 3 <\ T i. ^ 1_ 2 T -intended -intuition -induced -indeed -indented -embezzle -embower -embodied -imposition .embolden -impossible .intention -inattention -induct .indicate .antiquated A. interior imbedded 2 -intensity -indicted -inadequate ^-——-inadmissible A__ —.appointed unappointed attended unattended action inaction -opposed .unopposed .addicted \ _unaddicted -f- 4- 126 USES OF THE INITIAL -M. -N HOOKS 1. The initial syllables an, en, in, on, un, preceding Ch, J, H, \\h, Ray and Ex strokes may be expressed by a wide initial hook on the left-hand side of Ch, J, H, Wh, and on the under side of Ray and Ex strokes. 2. The initial syllables an, en, in, on, un preceding F, V, Th, L, S, Z, W, Sh, Y, N and Qu, and the initial syllables am, em, im, om, um also, preceding F and M may be expressed by a wide initial hook written on the concave side of the strokes ; and such strokes may be written in both Second and Third Positions. But, in Third Position, a short vowel sound precedes the sound of the stroke letter, and therefore, comes immediately after the sound of the initial syllables expressed by the wide hook. 3. To change an initial -n hook to an -m hook, insert a dot within the hook. l inch J_ enjoins ^~^ inhuman 2 in his t^7 enrich c^/_ enraged t in relation /~^ in regard C^- in referring ^ t> in reference /f\ in response ..annexation -f-* •inexcusable ^/fjnexistent •s inexpedient o inefficiency J inexplicable unexpected inexorable < In some other Do you believe Mr. President To your account On one occasion On the part of Part of your Promissory note Quite certain Quite sure Quarter section Yours truly Yours very truly Very truly yours Truly yours Yours sincerely Sincerely yours L^_^^ It seems to me C Unless it is &L. Unless there is Unless there are J -C3T \j ¥^ fc 3 3 <4r 4 ^^ V n all probability f it is necessary f there is none f there is no one t is therefore t was to have been am in receipt of your favor am in receipt of your esteemed letter am in receipt of your esteemed favor am in receipt of your esteemed order We are in receipt of your letter ,Ve are in receipt of your esteemed letter A r e are in receipt of your favor decline to say do not think so shall therefore suppose there is n order to do so n order to have s not possible s there any objection PHRASE AND SENTENCE WRITING 129 -In hoping for the Jn the first place ^^"\= , In the second place ^ 3 Under separate cover In as much as it -Under the circum- stances Under consideration ns — -^ .J beg to inclose -You may be sure t — ^ — Inclosed please find In order to judge JL^ ^ What is your business .Up to the time _In order to see _In such manner Democratic party ^ Republican party o7% r/\ / I am very sorry _Several days ago •Some years ago State how many ^— Railroad company ( ' ' Railway company ^4 Real estate -> To call attention I 4- .Indian indictment .indigestion .indiscernible , .indispensable. .indisposition L .indulgence Zj .intensity .indwelling -ineffable -inelegance -inertia -inestimable -inevitable _1^. ^ y- 2^ n~/° 1 * 1 iu .infantry infatuate infinite .ingenious .inglorious .inhale -inherence inhospitable, .inquiry initial . initiation .injection .injudicious V/\ injuriously t , innovate J innumerable v^ .inoculate I .inoffensive .inordinate .inorganic insatiate insurable intelligence intemperance intentional intensify — intangible — inthrall — introduce — introduction f ££. inosculation J - untwist -invalid -invariably —involve —umbrage _umbrella — unaided - unaccepted -unacceptable —unaccustomed — inexistent 132 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE -M -N HOOKS £. ^> invention unaccountable unacquainted unaffected ^__^ nnanimated ^^cy/* unanswerable l X ^ r unheeded unhesitating unhinge unholy .unarmed -unaspiring -unassisted .untenable unattainable < — unredeemed -<*/ unregenerate unrewarded J -_, unshaken _ unship £SL WRITING EXERCISE 133 impel suppressed intentional antecedence plied imperial invitations impossible unjust impurity umbrella indescribable unless inaction unassisted inelegance unfair indelible unceasing inadmissible entail indicate incessant impoverish enact infallible ungallant indeterminate impart analysis untenable embellishment unwise ancestor inordinate enactment untrue endanger inoculate unsociable implied unfasten unwritten un regenerate supplied unhandy untimely indemnity pressed unknown unmerited impassable unused impious unlawful impassioned indorser enchant unlimited unworthiness industry entangle unhappily anatomical unyoke imitator unshaken unmistakable annual energize unfeigned unquestionable Indian enravish unsolicited unpardonable inquire unmask entangled unaccountable insure untidily analogous imperceivable intense emissary impolitic unavoidable another unusually unfurled unrighteous unborn envelope impeached unredeemed infinite uncalled impassive unnecessary entitle immodest invention unfavorable entirely impatient introduce unhappiness infidel inglorious endeavor • immaterial unable unlucky enjoyment immaculate invade innovate anticipate endowment unapt insurable embarrass unassumed inherit imbecile infectious unaffected initial untraveled ambitious intelligence enrage unvarying imperfect embroidered enigma endurance inaccuracy - introduction invalid enrapture incapable unacquainted inhuman immigrant immense unanswerable injustice unfinished unworthy unfortunate insatiate indictment intimately unnoticeable imperil incalculate inability unreasonable import unmanly inaugural unrewarded antidote unbiased immunity unvarnished impressed ingenious ambiguous indorsement oppressed enthusiasm immovable independence 134 THE ONE THOUSAND MOST FREQUENTLY USED WORDS Sixth Installment. across director important preliminary steamer address district imprison prepare suffer agreement doctor improvement present support appreciate drill increase president sure April driven inform » pretty surprise assure drown information price teacher board effort interest primary term born emergency January principal theater bridge enter learn principle third bring entertain letter print thirty broke entrance majority prison three brother express March private through burn extra matter proceed Thursday capture extreme measure progress track car father mere promise train card feature more prompt travel celebration figure morning proper treasure center firm mother property trip charge first near prove trouble children four neighbor provide true Christmas forty neither rather truly church forward provision recover trust circular fourth never refer try cordially free newspaper reference turn country Friday north regard understand course friend offer report warm court front other restrain water cover further over return weather crowd grant part river winter dark great perhaps Saturday wonder daughter heart perfect search wonderful December honor person short world degree horse personal sir yard department hurt pleasure sister yesterday destroy illustrate popular prefer yonder MISCELLANEOUS PRINCIPLES 1. Fulness, as in blissfulness, mirthfulness, truthfulness, etc., may be expressed by F stroke written near to or through the preceding part of the word. 2. Ship, as in seamanship, courtship, senatorship, etc., may be ex- pressed by Sh stroke written near to or through the preceding part of the word. 3. Larity, as in polarity, hilarity, regularity, etc., may be expressed by l-rt. 4. Tality, tility, as in futility, mortality, etc., may be expressed by t-lt. 5. Belness, as in feebleness, changeableness, etc., may be expressed by b-l-ns. 135 PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE USE OF STROKE S 1. The S stroke is used initially in Second Position (a) when it is the only consonant in the word; (b) when it is followed by shun, s-, or ss; and (c) in words of two or more syllables where it is followed by a long vowel sound. 1 say J says J ceased A A .1 saucy ceases session _d .secede I— ^ seamy d secession _satan Y? solo 2= sacred 2. The S stroke may be used to express the initial syllables s-s t s-z, s-s~, s-z-. J-*. schism ck. scissors J sister J system suspicion \ suspense sustains susceptible suspender ■V — --cistern -& — sizable -U- — saucily society \ sustenance o\ cisalpine 4 4, seaside seaport ) suspiration —A sausage j K Cicero 3. The S stroke is used initially in Third Position to express a short vowel sound before the sound of S. I .ask .assume .asbestos aspersion .aside 7^ V\ aslope .espy assertion -ascension 4^ — assessment _j assets assistance _5 H i . espousal essential assumpsit ostensible 4. Either S stroke or C circle may be used to express S before a long vowel and N; but Fourth Position is used to express S before a short vowel and N. .soon .soon n sounded JL^sounded scented T . since century 136 PREFIXES EXPRESSED BY DETACHED CHARACTERS 1. The initial syllables con, com, cum, cog, may be expressed by a dot or period written at the beginning end of the stroke that follows the prefix. 7* ^r .combatant .combative .combustible -combustion .convertible commercial \. competitor _\^_complainant _\=3_complexional _\__compliable \/ component 4r -&- A^ ^3- .s~lS commiseration commissioner communion 'y comportable \ composure \ comprehend T compact -^> — companion comprehensible ^r> comprehension , L .concerts concessive conciliation .conciseness concord .concrete -concordance comrade confessor confidential —^—comparable .\/ comparative — ^ — compassionate .comprehensive Jk==L_ configuration .cognate _L=e , confinements \*> compatible — * — compatriot i — compendious —compensate ^ compensation .compensatory — ^=^ — cumbersome — -£ — compulsive ^ — compunction , L — conceited L conceded * / f V v^ conceivable _a- conception ^-n, concernment A^ L .confraternity -congestion -congestive .cognizant -congruent .confluence congruity -conjecture 137 ADDITIONAL ILLUSTRATIONS OF CON, COM DOT jL conjoint - A— conjugal _4^ conjunction /^ conjunctive // conjuncture 1/ conjuration A. conqueror conscience conscientious v\ controllable U— g) contumacy *^ consciously v conscript J=^_ consecration va convenes v>— p convenience W convenient v^ conventional / conjure j^ conjurer connect ) — c consecrated consecutive > converge ^^ committee commence commended commissions incomplete incoming connote J o^ 7 <2 ^L -inconsistent _self-command .self-conscious .self-contented °^N Qy self-complacent cr l self-consistent •f self-conceit 3. Self, may be expressed by a small circle written at the beginning end of the stroke that follows. Circum, may be expressed by a small circle written near the middle of the stroke that follows. Accom, may be expressed by lengthened K stroke in Third Position. Contra, contri, contro, counter, may be expressed by a short stroke written at a right angle near the beginning end of the stroke that follows. Magna, tnagni, may be expressed by disjoined M stroke. \^_j£p — self-denial circumscribe -J^ controvert o -self-esteem .selfishness A self-interest ^F I circumspect accommodate accomplish X .counterfeit .counteract .Magna Charta A circumcision \, -/ contraband ^-^ magnify £. » circumflex \^ contribution L magnitude 139 PHRASE AND SENTENCE WRITING — ^ — I believe J call attention Jf possible -It will be J It will not -^\ — From your own — ^ To your ^=%^-In like manner — ^ Of your -P In the city — \ By your In the state -^ About your 4° Just as much as — k=2» — In the morning In -y fi Let us see J_ Let us hear _X Much more than full No doubt ^ .Of which Off and on On its On or before ■fy .In other words In everything sD In your state 1 (> > y cO In your city D In your way 1 J_ t £ i- N .In your own .In your day .It is clear .It was not .It was to be I consider it —Full extent _In all the _In all your _In all that ^_In all cases _Jn one case __In addition —In advance _In the X In its own v "* In other \ £ ^~~\^. I do not know r Enough of / In order that In which > In order to be 9 In your It will not do \ I stated 140 PHRASE AND SENTENCE WRITING Good conduct / v ^ Let us not Good sense Let us not do so f V Let us not have ( \Let us now have .1 will go by the _^ .Just so as the ^ j Had not i Had you not L Have seen _ Ladies and gentlemen On either hand — On the other hand. 17~ T On the one hand >g Have you seen /X There is nothing ^ X^7 ^ Have been -^ Have you been Have vou not -V Please find ^ ..Enclosed find n about n above n opposition n obtaining n defense n whose n heaven l^-P ? Z- Ln question In some cases sjl. Just so as the ___^_ _In such cases [n consideration [n substance [n several [n excess [n extent [n for the [n that In these . £)- We will not say x^ Price list \/)rs We at once sent \\ Per barrel d you ~f c — P In case it is s^, Per pint In my own time \ j^. Per dozen ^7 In the meantime -^3— Vice versa ^"^ In the course of J — p a ys ago — ^J9 In worse condi- V Few days ago As large as s\, . There is no doubt S z__7— — There is no such_C_ 1 v- We do not wish c~* n less time a tions. v — ^ U^ f 2_ 144 ILLUSTRATIONS OF INITIAL S CIRCLE. 1. Illustrations of the use of S circle in Second Position applied to half-length strokes. ^ scarf o_ scorpion \, spurs \, spurt -^—- — scarlet -scurvy _scorch L P stark L^ .spurn -start .storm ^ — spark \ sparkle ? sturgeon -?=* — scorn -A — spurgeon \ spurned _£ stars stormy . V^ starlight 2. A large number of words commence with the initial syllables an, en, in, on, un, followed by coalesent S. In such words, the initial syl- lable is expressed by a short curl before the S circle. *\. ensl ave SAL -inspiratory unsteady -a instance \/ . — inspirational L instill -k instanrerl _a=v inscriotion L-^ en stamp inspect \ -instanced J unstudied rt -inscription -inscrutable -instances -jd. — instantly —J instantaneous - I — 'instigate \/ inspirit _J — —^ unseen insomuch J^ T insecure y/ unsavory ( insobriety J£^. unseasonably _ r3 ^__unsalable _£ insanely jk unsocial -rrS~ unseemly c JL^y insane ^° unsold unseat unseated 3. In words commencing with an, en, in, on, un, followed by the sound of S, a short vowel sound and another vowel sound, the S circle must be used, and the stroke written in Third Position. s? insulation -v^V- m salubrious S^/^. inseparable Sl _^^ insanity ■^ en si form ^ insoluble -X^/>- insufferable _^a_ ensilage 4. The class of words, first above given, may be written as follows : Write the stroke in Fourth Position, modified by a large initial hook, to express the initial syllables an, en, in, on, un. 7* insect un supped insulted (V_c cA^ insubordinate unselfish unserviceable QS> incense in such unsaid 77" .insult inset .insert 146 — -, extinguished extirpation extract extricate extrajudicial extraneous extravagance t i-P— ^> exordial exorable exultant inexhaustible inexertion inaccessible inexact unexercised WRITING EXERCISE 147 association aside excommunicate ensconces silent assertion exordium sisterhood sacred astronomy expediency sustenance suspension assists explainable soliloquy suspense exchange expostulate ostensible exasperation extravagance extemporaneous exaggerate extraneous exposure extricate excruciate excitement existent commissioner exhortation exercised exporter comparative expatriate extract combination compensation expurgation exile comparison comprehension extemporary extension competitor conclusiveness extradition expressly misconduct congeniality extortioner expert recompense confidential combativeness commercial cognate congressional communion conclusion congress confluent complainant disconcern conscience conjunction comprehensive reconcile commotion conscientious compunctious congregate self-possessed conservatory conception convenes connect conversant concordance competition circumference convertible configuration discontinue counterfeit disconnect conglomeration convenience magnanimity commended conflagration comprehend suppose commingle consecutive committee counterpart selfishness conventional self-esteem skill circumjacent incompletely circumvent slanted circumspect disconsolate counteract spheres counterpoise recognize accommodate smart accomplishment commentator commonplace start sphere self-denial separation sport supposition circumnavigate schooled scarce suppressed contraband suppression instructed salacious accompany storm insomuch squirm Magna Charta splendid unsubstantial splutterest strangled sprays insalubrious sacrifice spherical inscription insubordinate .schoolmaster sufficed unseen secession scarlatina instrumental inseparable susceptible instantaneous unsprung unsaid seamanship unseasonably unsociable in such ascension unsufferable insensate sustains assessment unsatisfied insignia assortment asunder unserviceable insulted seclusion suspicious excellence glycerine 148 MISCELLANEOUS PRINCIPLES 1. On any straight stroke, the -n hook may be dotted to change il to -m, and the -m hook may be dotted to change it to -n. ( \, impute J image J into H in it %,, unpaid 7 unadjusted 'I empty _f|_Emmett 2. The prefix Un may be expressed by N stroke in Third Position. ^jT\ unwielded . ^ uninclosed ^,- unending „_, ■ unengaged .^JHunenrolled y unwarranted -^g=^-unmirthful -^ ===c=r unhonored 3. The prefix Un may be expressed by brief Y joined to half-length strokes. unendorsed _^Jl_uninformed -^> — unbarred _m_ unuttered _? — unenforced «\ unpardoned -^S — unburden _H__ unadorned _j unimportant 3 — Perfection, p-rf-kshun Imperfection, -mp-rf-kshnn ■A Persian, P-rsy-n Prussian, Pr-slum Pertain, p-rt-n \r — - Appertain, -p-rt-n \,*~ Apostle, -p-s-l ^y, Epistle, ep-s-I \*> Patient, p-shunt _^ Passionate, p-shun-t _ Support, s-p-rt _ Separate, s-pr-t _v ^ K7 \ v Applicability, -pl-k-bility Proprietor, pr-pr—t-r Appropriate, -pr-pr- -t -^- — Preparation, pr-p-r-shun -^^ Approbation, -pr-b-shun -^o Purpose, p-rp-s -^\3 Perhaps, p-r-ps —^7 — Prohibitive, pr- -b-tivc — ^b Probative, pr-b-tive v-^ < Prominent, pr-m-n-nt Permanent, p-rm-n-nt Preeminent, pr- -m-n-nt \^~> — Prompt, pr-mt ^ — > — Promote, pr-m-t ^ — * — Permit, p-rm-t ^ 1 Permeate, p-rm- -t .^p Precede, pr-s-d — ^P Prosody, pr-s-dy _ifc>_ Pursuer, p-rsur JV- Appraiser, -pr-s-r ,_ Placability, pl-k-bility \/* — .Inspirable. -nsp-r-bcl 150 WORDS DISTINGUISHED BY VOWEL LOCATION A v V Inseparable, -ns-pr-bel Insuperable, -ns-p-r-bel Provoked, pr-v-kt Perfected, p-rf-kted Pardon, p-rd-n Patron, p-tr-n Production, pr-d-kshun !X Predication, pr-d-k-shun \-.^ Beautify, b-t-fy Beatify, b- -t-fy Birth, b-rth Breath, br-th Baseness, b-sn-s Absence, -bs-ns J Turn, t-rn J Train, tr-n S. Stable, st-bel J_ Suitable, s-t-bel Traitor, tr-t-r Tartar, t-rt-r Utterly, -t-rly ■Net \ •\ 4^ /\ — Extract, cxtr-kt /\ ^ . Extricate, extr-k-t a Extension, ext-nshun -/L Extenuation, ext-n- -shun J Editor, -d-t-r U Debtor, d-t-r Auditor,, aud-t-r Adulation, -d-l-shun V— Delusion, d-l-shun U-~> Diminish, d-m-n-sh 1^ Admonish, -dm-n-sh rL Disappoint, d-s-p-nt 1 Despond, d-sp-nd J Destroy, d-str- _L Distortion, d-st-rsh-n b Decease, d-ses 1 Disease, d-s-z I Idleness, id-ln-s f. Dullness, d-ln-s ^_ Demonstration, d-m-nstr-shun j Administration, *^~~\. -dm-n-str-shun 151 WORDS DISTINGUISHED BY VOWEL LOCATION V/^ Violent, v- -l-nt ^ Valiant, v-ly-nt t/ Joined, j-nd e/ Giant, /- -nt j Agent, aj-nt J Gentle, j-nt-l J Gentile, j-nt-l ^ 1 T 1 Collusion, k-l-shun Coalition, k- -l-shun Credence, kr-d-ns Accordance, -k-rd-ns Corporal, k-rp-r-l Corporeal, k-rp-r- -I Garden, g-rd-n Guardian, g-rd- -n \^ s? Fairies, f-r-s \^/ Furious, f-r- -s L Favored, f-v-rd { Favorite, f-v-r-t ^ Flint, fl-nt N^ Fluent, fl- -nt ^^_^ Farm, f-rm ^^--> Frame, fr-m k^° Violation, v- -l-shun v Evolution, -v-l-shun Vo Valuation, v-l- -shun Ferociousness, f-r-sh-sn-s Avariciousness, -v-r-sh-sn-s Alum, -l-m Illume, -l-m Latitude, l-t-t-d Altitude, -It-t-d Zl ^1 y± Writer, r-t-r Reader, r-d-r ^y^ Orator, -r-t-r _ ^ Urgent, -rj-nt / / Regent, r-j-nt ^/ Origin, -r-j-n _Wrapt, r-pt Repeat, r-p-t _Reform, r-f-rin ^-Reframe, r-fr-m 152 WORDS DISTINGUISHED BY VOWEL LOCATION ^\ — Respond, r-sp-nd s*{ — Recipient, r-s-p- -nt . Dismiss, d-sni-s Deism, d- -sin _ Immeasurable, -m-sy-r-bel Moral, m-r-l r Immoral, -m-r-l C^ Inevitable, -n-v-t-bel C Unavoidable, -n-v-d-b-l — p Noisy, n-sy Uneasy, un-sy < ~^^ Unable, un-b-l ^^x Noble, n-b-l *X> Proved, pr-vd ^ Improved, -m pr-vd ^ Unimproved, -n-nipr-vd \~^ — Prism, pr-sm a^v Presume, pr-s-m y\> Repress, r-pr-s X^ Reapraise. r- -pr-s y^° Reapers, r-p-rs n n Casks, k-sks n „ Cossacks, k-s-ks _N k _=e_ Barks, b-rks j\ == o_ Breaks, frr-A\s- \y Barracks, b-r-ks I Tack, t-k I Tacky, /-fcy I Attack, -t-k WORDS DISTINGUISHED BY VOWEL LOCATION 153 ^ ^7 >x Sprays, spr-s Suppers, s-p-rs Suppress, s-pr-s . Reap, r-p Europe, Ur-p Isaac, Is-k ) Ask, -sk -v^ Afford, -f-rd -^ Afraid, -fr-d -^— — Rations, r-shuns Erosion , er-shun Jo . Vision, v-shun Evasion, ev-shun Caution, k-shun Action, -ksliun Occasion, -k-shun Rose, r-s Rosy, r-sy Roses, r-s-s Resist, r-s-sf Receipt, r-s-t ^L 2. 2- ^ l± A C Shriek, shr-k Shirk, sh-rk Sure, sh-r Assure, -sh-r At least, -tl-st At last, -tl-st Atonement, -t-nm-nt Tenement, t-n-m-nt Autumn, aut-m Time, t-m Wake, iv-k Awake, -zv-k Coolies, k-l-s Coalesce, k- -l-s Ragest, r-j-st Readjust, r- -j-st Copy, k-py Occupy, -qup- Thorough, th-ro Theory, th--ry Held. h-Jd 154 t Abstract X _Accept-ed CONTRACTIONS o-o Unbecoming Begin _ Acceptance Administration Beginner \ Beneficial-ly t t Administratrix J Beyond Administrate-or J\__Brother £_ Angel _ Angelic _ Archangel => *T jr Antagonist Architect Artificial Inartificial V Awestruck Attract Attraction At our At our own Baptism Baptist 4- V Become, come t/° Becoming-ly ^ Brotherhood \/^ Brother-in-law Cabinet c_ . Call difficult-y Certificate /--? Celestial-ly Changeableness Exchange Interchange -A Income ^ Overcome c •- > Correct =t~ Corrective =5_ Correction ^ Corrected Interchangeableness ^7 Unchangeable c — - — a Criminal-ly tr-fs — Cross-examine-d . — °? Cross-examination 7 Danger — L Dangerous-ly -I Dear, Dr. -«= Degree <1 Delinquent _d Delinquency I I Deliverer -Characteristic 1 Chargeableness L Discharge _s=£_Christianity Come, become Denominational P Undelivered A Redelivery U-5 Democracy I — ~— Democratic _JE=f Indifference CONTRACTIONS 155 Sa- 4^ L^=, ^r -^v Differential V^ Familiar-ly i Hereinbefore Dignify-ied Familiarize Unfamiliar ^n Hereinto Dignity n Hereto Direct ^V February r\ Heretofore Discriminate V^, Financial-ly —=^ Hereunto Indiscriminate ^ . Frequent-ly *> .Hereunder Distinctive •% Infrequent-ly — =v Hereupon Dollar ^ Unfrequented -^- -Herewith Domesticate ^ , From b-& Heavenly Electric-al-ly "S From it L — Unimportant Inexperienced Inferential-ly Unexpressed \ Inferable Extensive ^ Influence Extraordinary ^x_ Hereinafter ^ Influential 156 4^- Kingdom 2. Larger _£ Largest / Largeness _2 Enlarge _2 Enlarged Languish /7-~~ Legislature Longer - — a. A: Longest Manufacturer In order January ^^ j/ Junior, Jr. ^ y\ Jurisprudence — ^ l^Xi Jurisdiction ~CT ^3T \2. -*Zs~ Unmanu f actu red\, Manuscript Mistake Mistaken Mistook Unmistakable .\> CONTRACTIONS. Movement Nearly Neglect-ed Negligence November Outnumber-ed Objectionable Observation Only On our Not only Opinionated Owner Parallel Parliamentary Part-ly Counterpart Particulars-ize Peculiar-ly Pecuniary People Perfect-ly .*£_ \ Perform \ Performance \\ Perhaps J^> Perpendicular x l ^_ H. X X T X T Plaintiff Plaintiff and defendant Popularity — \- Unpopular N — ^ Practicability \ r> — Practice fr Principal-pie ' N # Preservation o Unprincipled *\ Probable-y r \ Proper-ly "\ Property Probability Improbability Publication Republication Unpublished \ Question 157 WORDS BEGINNING WT I A LONG VOWEL SOUND Jsinglass island iciest isolate isometric itinerant ^9 .enunciate ^~v\ idolatry .equestrian ^1 iodine .equipment "~1 iota .eradiate ' ionic .erection erosion ^D Isaac Isis a- V- L Y^ K> \S \~. \^. n y oasis -oats -obedience -obesity -obituary -odious -odoriferous ogre .oleander -oleomargarine .oriole -omission .omit -oriental oritund original 158 _ounce y si si so WORDS BEGINNING WITH A LONG ^~tx unitarian Iff universal 7 usual outrage js usurious outright - uniform outgrown . outlay -outreach ounces —^ — outbid ^\^~ outfit \ outwit. r overalls —2 overmarch overawe overthrown _£. overhaul _k^____ overplus c< S S i z .overseer .overturn .owner _ozone _uberty if ukase J. ^\ 4 K ii 4 j .union unitable usurper utilitarian European auburn auctioneer audacious audacity .audible audience J audiphone u (s* autocracy awkward authority authentic aurist VOWEL SOUND __A— -arbitrary ■ y\ k . L- 1- ^ I 4^-^ _2S LZ_ rv - 7^ p. ^-^^ V ^=v 1 v a ^ s •^ . <- i : :, .' ** ^L^L \ Na vr ~zr °\ f ■V J \ - . % —^- ^i V ^ i_ ^ \.-^ i~r IV L ^^ ^ —4 Vj ^1 U v -* ( , i^£ -\ ItT^ <\ -A- ( V " -V -4 J a * ^L "^7 _* -^ ,? " ■ ^e !i \ > j v s J ' — Ai_ J ^ ^ X ^f n Y ,\t-g i^. 162 You must do your own thinking, and the sooner you learn to control your thoughts the better. To learn well requires a concentration of the mind upon the subject of study. To establish the power of will over mind is a great achievement to the student, and the faculty of so doing should be diligently cultivated. Unless you can fix your thoughts upon your studies, and keep them there, you will make but poor progress. When you come into the school room banish all thought of the outside world, and of surrounding circumstances, and give your whole mind earnestly to the prosecution of your studies. Be honest; be independent; do not try to steal your work from the books of other pupils, for in so doing you only cheat yourself. Begin with the determination that you will lean on no one — but yourself. Look upon your teacher as your best friend, and receive his sugges- tions with kindness. Do not be discouraged if you cannot comprehend everything in one day, or in one week. It is an old proverb that "it is darkest just before the dawn of day." Take courage, and let your courage be of a cheerful character. Faith is a wonderful motive power, not less in temporal than in spiritual things. If a young man makes up his mind that he will accomplish any laudable object, and bends his energies to the task, he is almost sure to succeed. The special course of study you are about to enter upon is not what is termed a liberal education, nor is it all that one needs to pursue; yet the advantages to be derived from it are almost incalculable to a business man. But the benefit you will derive from it will depend in a great measure upon the thoroughness and accuracy with which your daily progress is marked. System leads to correct and rapid execution, and is an indispensable qualification to a good business man. Simply to do a thing is not all that is required, but to do it well. The work that you are to perform is both mental and manual, and your own ideas of how it should be done should not be considered as infallible. If your teacher is worthy of the position he occupies, he is presumed to be better qualified than yourself to judge of your execution and progress, and every suggestion coming from him should be care- fully considered and scrupulously heeded. A faithful teacher takes real delight in the true progress of his pupils. 163 M, ± _Q_^_ rT* \ J C , r .o\ > A ■o> - ii ^ £ *t £^ \-»:v ^L >-('^-->^ — ^~ \: * _x >> -> v ^-^-/ ' r^ =Y •^-n'Vl V JL V^ Z2 v , - V \ ^^ _> iL-V — 7 : -f t=T -^ V 3 ^k^~^ x ^ n. ^ i \~ ^; (/-"- W 1^\-* x (V A=^ "V ^S- \> - *»— V /■ ^ v L^rr i V 164 There is probably no general rule that has not its exceptions, but as a class it is an undeniable fact that professional teachers are the most unselfish, noble-minded and open-hearted individuals in the community. There is an over-ruling power, "which doeth all things well," that leads the true teacher into his field of labor, and kindly sustains him in the good work. Certainly neither the love of wealth, nor any other merely worldly ambition could induce a person to spend his life in a profession which is so poorly compensated, while there are thousands of avenues to busi- ness pursuits which are less annoying and ten fold more lucrative. It is written that "a faithful man abound with blessings ; but he that rriaketh haste to be rich shall not be innocent." The faithful student and the efficient teacher will surely find their reward; if not in material prosperity, it will come in the acquisition of culture, the consciousness of duty well performed, and in the final approbation and "well done" of the great Master when their life work shall be ended. There are some very important facts which have a direct bearing upon the responsibilities of the student, and which may very properly be men- tioned in this connection, since the sooner they are realized the better. Life, at its longest, is but short. What is to be done you should do with earnestness. Time is precious. Opportunities are limited. Money is valuable. You will not be justified in squandering your money, neglecting your opportunities, or wasting your time. If you have no settled plans for the future, it would be well for you, at least, to give the matter your careful consideration, and if possible decide upon a course to pursue which shall be congenial to your feelings and worthy of your best endeavors. Whatever may be your choice of a business pursuit, it should be remembered that the better you are quali- fied for it, the more likely will you be to succeed in it. It is a fact, which cannot have escaped the notice of anyone who has given the matter any thought, that those who are best educated for their business calling invariably take the highest positions. 165 S /^( L f >> °- ±^ - I, -v.. C * K ^vT T*" -C r ,(^ 1j V\^,- c. ^ - <\> , S f X. 1 ^Q^ , A« ^ \ , ^ ^ 6 , 0^ \^ "t -/- Z2. -^ y xi ( _ w^ \ ^. S, > , , ( A, ^ ^ -^ -nf^ ^JL -^xt^3 -^r •n ^ r\ X ^ ■/^^vA^'Pa ^ \^ ^s- -j? > Q y ( i J M ■i- •■ v, v>" ^v tr^^ ^^ i j.. L ^~4_ y Ns ~J. /- V / -A y\y ^ - 7 3 x a \^ n- ^— (, c^vi \V_^^ U- ^ 166 A business education has a wide range of usefulness, and cannot fail to prove advantageous, even to the most humble individual. The idea that the education in question can be secured without much personal effort should not be entertained for a moment. The least that is required of a business man in this age of the world is, that his orthography be correct, his knowledge of grammar and composition be acceptable; that he be capable of accuracy and rapidity in calculations, and be a good penman. These acquirements — with a thorough knowledge of accounts — are indispensable to the modern busi- ness man. The acquisition of knowledge, although requiring close application, and often laborious study, seldom fails to afford the student real pleasure and substantial profit. Knowledge is varied, and is not to be obtained wholly from books. Much benefit may be derived from the study of human nature. Much of our success in life depends upon the faculty of pleasing, and of being pleased. A person with a gloomy, sullen disposition, not only renders himself miserable, but makes all with whom he associates uncomfort- able ; while in the case of a person who is genial and frank, his good nature becomes infectious, and secures for him the warmest admiration and affection. The amenities of life should be seduously cultivated. Politeness is a cheap accomplishment, which possesses a magic power. Gentlemanly conduct is always in place, and never more so than in the school room. Vulgar language and bad manners are always out of place. They are the result of ignorance and ill-breeding, and should be abandoned at once. You are engaged in a good work, and are surrounded by those who take a sincere interest in your progress and welfare. If you are true to yourself you will be diligent in your studies, remembering that to reach the summit of a hill you must mount step by step, and laboriously accom- plish the whole ascent before you attain the view point, where you gather in all the beauties and benefits of your journey. You are now toiling up the hill of science. Let your progress be marked by patient and persevering effort, even though difficulties meet you at every step. Remember that "diligence is the mother of good for- tune." Overcome all obstacles until you reach the view point, where you shall be fitted in the best possible manner for your life work, and you will have no reason to regret the course you have pursued. 167 ^2- ^ ^o >n "V7( l^L — M V - ^ -' ^tT^ V °> Vs Na. ^ ■^) ' ^ ~ u V)J' >C ?" ^^ K-g A^L\M ^z^ ^InI., /v ^7 V -sl^./ \ „^\V. C \\; ; - ^ ^-^P- ^^ 168 ■^ SECRETARY BRYAN'S LETTER OF RESIGNATION ^~Nx V ^p v — - o U ' / > % ^J2 /- — va / l_ -n 7" \. s g_ V-3 N ^<. $ y^e ± a. ■^ ^l-Aw^/^ L l/>V,": ^t x^ /^ " I" ( ' " v - "7 -t 9 e (~V ^ l ^-'^..J> [ -^n-y \ ' s ^ PRESIDENT WILSON'S LETTER OF ACCEPTANCE ■=■ Va A&, ^P M- T «H= >. i^- 7^ ^ -~cKl\ r[ ; * - ' > -V -eb- rt r- >7 Q. 4^^ ^X^ n^ u ^ ^^ _^l xL -_p ■^v^ ■o r \, « ^ !___ -. ~n \ rr^, <"> ^1 ^P Li ^ 169 THERE IS A PREJUDICE ^L > r\.c ^uS^V V- "No /■'X , ^- X-: X" £r A- ^v v ~^ \> S^mVv^^v IF £. LC5 /_ZL -5=8- /■ _ /^ 1^ v-> -v- N/V\ ^°V^ ~Vf^ l\ Z^ ,Q 6— ^ ;M Iv — i_ ^U^' 1 ^ r ^--*Y l ^'- l ' VF-, yCv y „v /^d.^X^ ,<^>,>K, IL /f|U ^-.|^U^^ ^C 4> ^ 170 PATRICK HENRY'S FAMOUS SPEECH 1 L -^,J. ^ ^1 r. X ^ j\ ( R ,/. v !J s . x I _i ft** x ^~n q_ *t i^ ^T i^ ^V -^ - /C-, ? P*(V k)1\.,.C\,'-^- «L 7 --1' L N'N^ 7 ^ •'■A v i - — t .i / 2*-. ^ r v^s^^ ^ ^- y ',^,-N -J - L ^ - ^v - J ^o) \x*-< <* t ^ -^ \^- ^J ^t T 171 \ ) ^-g> (g cr~v^ —J. V I Vo \ \^a") v jL ^V _k I * a X -y fe£^_^ c O^ C^^ ^ V ( ^ ^O , ( -< _La 1^. II ^^/X-tO-)--'^'^ >\J. U^Ly^ >> y \ y? o } n a. J U -^ c ^ -1 /\ ^ c ( VN iV ^ W^ *-J ^^ -e /X )- ( - V ^ -\v' ^ A ^^V^ •^ ^\ r- % ( i X ^V ^-> t/g a N ;• <- Vt 172 ), ( ^ w,^ c -* c •^> - X. V. ? *VS C a ^ J " 2 ~f c 7 > -7^ Y* ^V • V) x I - -^-^x^nV^X ^-> - M. ri l^- ^ ^_la4 'JN, w-^ |,^-^s/1^1. ,^^ aX!> _^ ^ ^_ \^ — •^ C^ I / <* c ^ "T* * ( /y -^ ( o ° ^\ ) I ,^V \) l^ y ~^^\\ T j^ ^¥v UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. • a. f$5$ JAM '&"**» ILL- SEP 1 7 wco 2004 2 WKS FROM DAlTE RECEIVED SERVICES UCLA ACCESb interlibrary Loan H630 Universe B)x c )5157b xt i ^ ?«* Q LE / Resean h Library 35-1575 Form L9-25m-9,'47(A5618)444 MNIVEP^TTY ot CAUFUKHiA LOS ANGELAS TJRRAttY ! q?.Qr Cat on- L8 Cat on scienti c shorthan d. APR 9 Z56 C29s 1918 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY A 000 564 874 6 3. 0. BAKER LAWYER S, TEXAS Unive Soi Li