NAUTICAL MONOGRAPHS, No. 5 
 
 GREAT STORM 
 
 OFF THE 
 
 ATLANTIC COAST OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 MARCH 11-14, 1888 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 i V 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 GIF"T OF 
 
 Received 
 
 Accessions -/Vb.c^^^j^ Shelf No. 
 
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(? < ilili/niii'irj.) Of 
 
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G. L. DYER. LIEUTENANT, U. S. N., 
 
 Hydrographer to the Bureau of Navigation. 
 
 THE GREAT STORM 
 
 OFF THE 
 
 ATLANTIC COAST OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 11-14, 1888. 
 
 BY 
 
 EVEEETT HAYDEN, 
 
 IN CHARGE OF THE DIVISION OF MARINE METEOROLOGY. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 
 1888. 
 
 3540 si 
 

 A- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The accompanying monograph gives a brief but concise account of one of the most notable 
 storms of this century. In its preparation the primary object has been to preserve the principal 
 facts in a clear and intelligible form for such deductions as can be drawn from them hereafter. 
 The work was commenced under the supervision of Commander J. R. Bartlett, U. S. Navy, who 
 saw the importance of publishing, whenever possible, all data relative to marine meteorology in 
 order to make them accessible to meteorologists for study and to contributing navigators, who 
 naturally look for some return for their observations and reports. With this object in view, efforts 
 have been made to put the Division of Marine Meteorology upon a footing commensurate with the 
 importance of the subject, and at the same time to insure a certain amount of continuity in the 
 services of its personnel, without which the successful prosecution of the study of the subject is 
 impossible. The support of Commodore John G. Walker, U. S. Navy, chief of Bureau of Navi- 
 gation, who has cordially approved of every effort to increase the efficiency and usefulness of the 
 Hydrographic Office, both to the naval service and to the merchant marine, has rendered it pos- 
 sible to carry these plans into effect, although the field covered is so vast that long continued and 
 persistent effort will be necessary to secure a really effective organization. It will, therefore, be 
 understood that this account has been prepared under certain difficulties which have delayed its 
 publication, but which, it is hoped, will not diminish its value. Mr. Everett Hayden, U. S. Navy, 
 the author of this monograph, as chief of the Division of Marine Meteorology, is the editor of the 
 Pilot Chart of the North Atlanic Ocean. In addition to the regular four years' course of study 
 at the U. S. Naval Academy and three years' experience at sea, he has had a tour of duty at the 
 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, and has served with the U. S. Geological Survey and at the 
 observatory of Harvard University. His assistants have been Ensign Ernest Wilkinson, U. S. 
 Navy, and Messrs. O'Leary, Lerch, and Duttou, all graduates of the Naval Academy. 
 
 GEORGE L. DYER, 
 Lieutenant, U. S. -.Vary, Hydrographer. 
 
 3 
 
WEATHER CHART. MARCH 11. 
 
 Meteorological conditions at noon, Greenwich mean time 7 A. M. r 75th meridian time). 
 
 / I / / / 
 
 ' 232 30lC ,' Jf2 y% 
 
 < 
 
 A?.' 1 
 
 Barometer. Isobars in full black lines for each tenth of an inch, reduced pressure. The trough of low barometer is shown by a line of dashes. 
 Temperature. Isotherms in dotted black lines for each ten degrees Fahr. Temperatures below freezing (32 F.) in shades of blue, and above freezing in red. 
 Wind. The small black arrows flv with the wind at the ]>osition where each is plotted. The force of wind is indicated in a general wav bv the number of feathers 
 on the arrows, according to the scale given in the following table: 
 
 PLOTTED OH 
 CHABT. 
 
 FORCE. BY SCALES IN PRACTICAL USE. 
 
 POUNDS PKR 
 SQUARE FOOT. 
 
 MILES PER ROCR. 
 
 KlLOXETERS PER 
 HOUR. 
 
 METERS PER 
 
 SECOND. 
 
 013 
 
 010 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 Calm. 
 
 
 
 li 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 0. 
 
 0. 
 
 0. 
 
 . 1 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 - 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 
 
 0. .40 
 
 0. . 
 
 0. 14.4 
 
 0. - 4. 
 
 > i 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 1 
 
 3 4 
 
 8 
 
 0.41 2.53 
 
 9.1 28. 5 
 
 14.5 - . 
 
 4.1 10.1 
 
 >* 3 
 
 57 
 
 56 
 
 3 4 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 2.54 8.90 
 
 22. 40.9 
 
 36.3 K.I 
 
 10.8 18.1 
 
 4 
 
 8 10 
 
 78 
 
 5 - 6 
 
 6 
 
 45 
 
 8.21 MO) 
 
 40.6 67.5 
 
 65.3 10*1,7 
 
 18.3 80.1 
 
 > 5 
 
 11 ri 
 
 9 - 10 
 
 7 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 2S. 81 and over. 
 
 67.6 and over. 
 
 106.8 and O'er. 
 
 30.2 and over. 
 
 It will l>e noticed that the Beaufort scale (0-12), in general use at sea, has been converted into the international scale (0-10) for the sake of clearness in plotting data 
 on the chart. The absence of arrows over large areas indicates absence of simultaneous data; at sea, however, this has been partly compensated for in the construction 
 of the chart l>y mforrnation obtained from journals and special storm reports of vessels in the vicinity. 
 
WEATHER CHART. MARCH 12. 
 
 Meteorological conditions at noon, Greenwich mean time (7 A. M., 75th meridian time). 
 
 Y /+ / X..-- //7 
 ' 
 
 I / 
 
 Barometer. Isobars in full black lines for each tenth of an inch, reduced pressure. The trough of low barometer is shown by a line of dashes. 
 Temperature. Isotherms in dotted black lines for each ten degrees Fahr. Temperatures below freezing (32 F.) in shades of blue, and above freezing in red. 
 Wind. The small black arrows fly with the wind at the position where each is plotted. The force of wind is indicated in a general way by the number of feathers 
 on the arrows, according to the scale given in the following table : 
 
 PLOTTED ON 
 CHABT. 
 
 
 FORCE. BT 
 
 SCALES IN PRACTICAL CSE. 
 
 POUNDS PEE 
 SQUARE FOOT. 
 
 MILKS PER HOI-R. 
 
 KILOMETERS PEE 
 
 HOUR. 
 
 KERBS PER 
 
 SECOND. 
 
 012 
 
 010 
 
 0-8 
 
 7 6 
 
 O Calm. 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 0. 
 
 0. 0. 
 
 J 2 
 
 34 
 
 i a 
 
 34 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 2 1 
 3 4 2 
 
 0. .40 
 0.41 2. 58 
 
 0. _ .. 
 S.I 2S.5 
 
 n. 14.4 
 14.5 . 
 
 0. 4. 
 4.1 10.1 
 
 > " 3 
 
 -"> 7 
 
 56 
 
 3 4 
 
 5 8 
 
 2.54 8.30 
 
 2. 40.5 
 
 36.3 65.2 
 
 10.2 18.1 
 
 4 
 
 810 
 
 78 
 
 5 6 
 
 6 4 5 
 
 8.M 2B.W 40.6 7.5 
 
 5.3 108.7 
 
 18.2 80.1 
 
 X i 
 
 11 12 
 
 910 
 
 7 8 
 
 - 6 
 
 1 
 
 2S.D1 and over. 
 
 67.6 and over. 
 
 108.8 mnd orer. 
 
 30.2 and over. 
 
 It will be noticed that the Beaufort scale (0-12), in general use at sea, has been converted into the international scale (010) for the sake of clearness in plotting data 
 on the chart. The absence of arrows over large areas indicates absence of simultaneous data; at sea, however, this has been partly compensated for in the construction 
 of the chart by information obtained from journals and ?pecial storm reports of vessels in the vicinity. 
 
WEATHER CHART. MARCH 13. 
 
 Meteorological conditions at noon, Greenwich mean time (7 A. H., 75th meridian time). 
 
 i fV 
 
 \ I I V / / / 
 
 Barometer. Isobars in full black lines for each tenth of an inch, reduced pressure. Tb trough of low barometer is shown by a line of dashes. 
 Temperature. Isotherms in dotted black lines for each ten degrees Fahr. Temperatures below freezing (32 F.) in shades of blue, and above freezing in red. 
 Wind. The small black arrows fly with the wind at the position where each is plotted. The force of wind is indicated in a general way by the number of feathers 
 on the arrows, according to the scale given in the following table : 
 
 PLOTTED ON 
 CHAKT. 
 
 FORCE. BY SULKS is PEACTICIL csa. 
 
 POUNDS PEE 
 SOCABI TOOT. 
 
 MILES PEE HOC* 
 
 KILOMETERS PEE 
 
 HOUR. 
 
 : 
 
 Kims PEE 
 
 SECOND. 
 
 .-,,. 
 
 -10 
 
 8 7 
 
 ( 
 
 O Calm 
 . 1 
 
 
 12 12 
 
 
 1 12 
 
 
 1 
 
 0. 
 0. .40 
 
 0. 
 0. 9. 
 
 
 0. 14.4 
 
 
 
 0. - 4. 
 
 ' i 
 
 34 S 4 2 J 4 
 
 t 
 
 0.41 8.58 
 
 9.1 22.5 
 
 14.5 M.2 
 
 4.1 10.1 
 
 8 3 - 
 
 56 3 4 5 ( 
 
 2.54 8.80 
 
 K.t 40.5 
 
 M.S 692 
 
 10.2 18.1 
 
 4 810 
 
 78 
 
 5 6 t 4 5 
 
 8.S1 88.90 
 
 40. 7 .5 
 
 65. 1 108.7 
 
 18.2 SO.l 
 
 * > 11 12 
 
 9-10 
 
 7 8 7 
 
 t 
 
 22.91 and over. 97.6 and over. 
 
 108.8 and ow 
 
 80 . 2 and over. 
 
 It will he noticed that the Beaufort scale (0-12), in general use at sea, has been converted into the international scale (0-10) for the sake of clearness in plotting data 
 on the chart. The absence of arrows over large areas indicates absence of .simultaneous data; at sea. however, this has been partly compensated for in the construction 
 of the chart I iy information obtained from journals and special storm reports of vessels in the vicinity 
 
WEATHER CHART.--MARCH 14. 
 
 Meteorological conditions at noon, Greenwich mean time 7 A. M., 75th meridian time). 
 
 Barometer. Isobars in full black lines for each tenth of an inch, reduced pressure. The trough of low barometer is shown by a line of dashes. 
 Temperature. Isotherms in dotted black lines for each ten degrees Fahr. Temperatures below freezing (32 F.) in shades of blue, and above freezing in red. 
 Wind. The small black arrows fly with the wind at the position where each is plotted. The force of wind is indicated in a general way by the number of feathers 
 on the arrows, according to the scale given in the following table: 
 
 PLOTTED OK 
 CHART. 
 
 FORCE, BY 
 
 SCALES IK PRACTICAL me. 
 
 Poems rat 
 
 SQUARE FOOT. 
 
 MILES pxa HOCK. 
 
 KILOMETERS PER 
 
 HOUR. 
 
 METERS PER 
 
 SECOHD. 
 
 012 u 10 
 
 8 07 
 
 
 
 O Calm. 
 
 a 
 
 1-2 12 
 34 34 
 
 
 1 18 
 2 3 4 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 0. 
 0. .40 
 0.41 Z.5S 
 
 0. 
 0. t. 
 t.l 5.5 
 
 0. 
 0. 14.4 
 14.5 M.i 
 
 0. 
 0. 4. 
 
 4.1 10.1 
 
 3 
 
 .-, - 7 3-6 
 
 3 4 5 t 
 
 8.54 8.SO 
 
 22. 40.5 
 
 M.I 65.! 
 
 10. 18.1 
 
 " 4 
 
 8 10 78 
 
 5 
 
 4 5 
 
 8.S1 M.0 
 
 40. 7.5 
 
 85.3 108.7 
 
 18.9 90.1 
 
 * * 5 
 
 11 - 910 
 
 7-6 7 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 29.91 and over. 
 
 67.t and over. 
 
 108.8 and over. 
 
 30. 2 and over. 
 
 It will be noticed that the Beaufort scale (0-12), in general use at sea, has been converted into the international scale (0-10) for the sake of clearness in plotting data 
 on the chart. The absence of arrows over large areas indicates absence of simultaneous data ; at sea, however, this has been partly compensated for in the construction 
 of the chart by information obtained from journals and special storm reports of vessels in the vicinity. 
 
TRACK CHART. 
 
 Positions of the trough of low barometer and tracks of Tel, March 11-14, 1888. 
 
 C~~" TOCNDLAWD 
 
 \.-M~~J<~-~-JV- 
 
 5??^S 
 
 Positions at 7 A. M. Greenwich noon) are indicated on the chart by a point; at noon, ship's time, by a small circle. 
 
 Black. The line of dashes indicates the position of the trough of low barometer, or the line of sudden change from easterly to westerly winds, with brief intervals 
 of calm, shifts of wind in heavy squalls of rain or snow, colder, and, finally, clearing weather. 
 
 Red. Positions and names of land stations and names and tracks of vessels plotted in red are those whose barometer curves are shown in the accompanying 
 Barometer Diagram. 
 
 Bine. The tracts of certain other vessels from which storm reports have been received are plotted in blue. In addition tit these, however, storm reports have been 
 received from the following vessels, omitted from the chart in order to avoid confusion : 
 
 TraneaUantif fieam*hipt, ttttgrtran? bound: Glendevon, Lydian Monarch, St. Ronans, Werra. 
 
 Goatling tleamthipe, bound touth: El Monte. Morgan City, New Orleans. Bound north: Newport. 
 
 Sailing rttttis of the toad from Montaut point to cape Canaveral: Spartan, Charles H. Marshall, Caprice, Coryphene, Phebe, Isaac Orbeton, John H. Krantz, 
 Arcot, Iroquois, Welaka, Serene, Warren B. Potter, Normandy, Lottie Stewart, Melissa Trask, Wilhelm Birkedal, Johanna, James S. Stone, Anita. 
 
BAROMETER DIAGRAM. 
 
 Illustrating the fluctuations of the barometer from noon, March 11, to noon, March 14 (75th meridian time). 
 
 Barometer Curves. As it is only practicable to illustrate graphically the barometer record* of a few vessels and land stations, the following have been selected 
 being of special interest; the small circles mark the points of observation : 
 
 SIGNAL STATIONS. 
 
 Norfolk. 
 Hatteras 
 Atlantic City. 
 New York. 
 Block Island. 
 Nantucket. 
 Yarmouth, N. S. 
 
 VESSELS. 
 
 British steamship Andes. 
 American schooner Kensett. 
 British steamship Lord Clive. 
 American schooner Lida Fowler. 
 American schooner George Walker. 
 British steamship Serapis. 
 British ship Glenburn. 
 
 Barometer Normal. The barometer normal for the 5-square from latitude 35 to 40 N., longitude 65 to 70 W., assumed for the present purpose as the 
 normal for the entire area, is 29.98, and is indicated by the blue line on the diagram. 
 
 The positions of the above-mentioned signal-stations and the tracks of these seven vessels are all indicated in red on the accompanying Track Chart. This diagram 
 should therefore be studied in connection with the chart, in order to form a clear idea of the general eastward movement of the trough of low barometer, and the accom- 
 panying rapid deepening of the depression upon reaching the coast. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Pmge. 
 
 Preface 3 
 
 Plates : 
 
 Four weather charts, March 11, 12, 13, and 14 4 
 
 One track chart 4 
 
 One barometer diagram 4 
 
 Chapter I. Introduction 7 
 
 II. March 11, 7 a. m 9 
 
 III. Meteorological conditions off the coast 10 
 
 IV. The night of March 11-12 13 
 
 V. March 12 18 
 
 VI. March 13 and 14 20 
 
 VII. The use of oil to prevent heavy seas from breaking 24 
 
 VIII. Conclusion 28 
 
 Appendix : 
 
 Miscellaneous meteorological data..... 33 
 
 Wreckage along tlie coast 37 
 
 Detailed storm reports 40 
 
 Greenwich noon observations 56 
 
 Index to names of vessels - 64 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The history of a great ocean storm can not be written with any completeness until a long inter- 
 val of time has elapsed, when the meteorological observations taken on board hundreds of vessels 
 of every nationality, scattered over the broad expanse of ocean, and bound, many of them, for 
 far distant ports, can be gathered together, compared, and, where observations seem discordant, 
 rigidly analyzed and the best data selected. It is only wh n based upon such a foundation that 
 the story can fully deserve the title of history, and not romance fact, and not hypothesis. At 
 best there must be wide areas where the absence of vessels will forever leave some blank pages 
 in this history, while elsewhere, along the great highways of ocean traffic, the data are absolutely 
 complete. Last August a tropical hurricane of tenific violence swept in toward onr coast from 
 between Bermuda and the Bahamas, curved to the northward off Hatteras, and continued its de- 
 structive course past the Grand Banks toward Northern Europe. Hundreds of reports from mas- 
 ters of vessels enabled us accurately to plot its track, a great parobolic curve tangent to St. 
 Thomas. Hatteras, Cape Race, and the northern coast of Norway. Six months later a report for- 
 warded by the British meteorological office, from a vessel homeward bound from the equator, 
 indicated that it originated far to the eastward, off the coast of Africa; and only the other day the 
 log of the British ship Glenburn, Captain Johansen, at New York, March 30, from Calcutta, 
 supplied data by means of which the storm track can be traced still more accurately westward of 
 the Cape Verde islands. Not only that, but this same vessel on the llth of March was about 500 
 miles to the eastward of Bermuda, and while the great storm was raging between Hatteras and 
 bandy Hook was traversing a region to the northeastward of Bermuda, from which our records 
 are as yet very incomplete. It will thus be clearly understood that while the most earnest efforts 
 have been made not only to collect and utilize all available information but to be careful and cau- 
 tious in generalizing from the data at hand, yet this study must be considered as only preliminary 
 to an exhaustive treatise based on more complete data than it is now possible to obtain. 
 
 Four charts have been prepared to illustrate the m< teorological conditions within the area from 
 i'."P to ."HP north latitude, 50 to 85 west longitude, at 7 a. in., seventy-filth meridian time, March 
 11, 12, 13, and 14, respectively. Data for laud stations have been taken from the daily weather 
 maps published by the U. S. Signal Service, and the set of tri daily maps covering the period of 
 the great storm has been invaluable for reference throughout this discussion. Marine data are 
 from reports of marine meteorology made to this office by masters of vessels, and not only from 
 vessels within the area charted, but from many others just beyond its limits. The refined and ac- 
 curate observations taken with standard instruments at the same moment of absolute time all over 
 the United States by the skilled observers of the Signal Service, together with those contributed 
 to the H\ drographic Office by the voluntary co-operation of masters of vessels of every nationality, 
 and taken with instruments compared with standards at the branch hydrograpLic offices imme- 
 diately upon arrival in port, make it safe to say that never have the data been so complete and 
 reliable for such a discussion at such an early date. 
 
 It will not be out of place briefly to refer here to certain principles of meteorology that are 
 essential to a clear understanding of what follows. The general atmospheric movement in these 
 
 T7IHVERSIT7 
 
8 * tfHE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 latitudes is from west to east, aiid by far the greater proportion of all the areas of low barometer, 
 or centers of more or less perfectly developed wind systems, that traverse the United States move 
 along paths which cross the Great Lakes, and thence reach out over the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
 across the Atlantic toward Iceland and northern Europe. Another very characteristic storm path 
 may also be referred to in this connection, the curved track along which West Indian hurricanes 
 travel up the coast. The atmospheric movement in the tropics is, generally speaking, westward, but 
 a hurricane starting on a westward track soon curves off to the northwest and north, and then, 
 getting into the general eastward trend of the temperate zone, falls into line and moves off to the 
 northeast, circling about the area of high barometer which so persistently overhangs the Azores 
 and a great elliptical area to the southwestward. The circulation of the wind about these areas 
 of low barometer and the corresponding changes of temperature are indicated graphically on the 
 daily weather map; the isobars, or lines of equal barometric pressure, are, as a rule, somewhat 
 circular in form, and the winds blow about and away from an area of "high" in a direction with 
 the hands of a watch (in nautical parlance, "with the sun"), toward and about "low," with an op- 
 posite rotary motion, or against the hands of a watch ; in front of a " low" there will therefore be, 
 in general, warm southeasterly winds, and behind it cold northwesterly winds, the resulting 
 changes of temperature being shown by the isotherms, or lines of equal temperature. Moreover, 
 in a cyclonic system of this kind the westerly winds are generally far stronger than the easterly 
 winds, the motion of the whole system from west to east increasing the apparent force of the 
 former and decreasing that of the latter. Upon reaching the coast such areas of low barometer, 
 or storm systems, almost invariably develop a great increase of energy, largely due to the moisture 
 in the atmosphere overhanging the ocean, which, when the air is chilled by contact with the cold, 
 dry air rushing in from the " high," is precipitated and becomes visible in the form of clouds, with 
 rain or snow. The latent heat liberated by the condensation of this aqueous vapor plays a most 
 important part in the continuance of the storm's energy, and indeed in its increase of energy; 
 the warm, li ht air, flowing in toward the central area of the storm, rises rapidly into regions 
 where the pressure is less, that is, where the thickness and consequently the weight of the super- 
 incumbent atmosphere is less; it therefore rapidly expands, and such expansion would result 
 in a much more rapid cooling and a corresponding decrease in its tendency to rise still higher, 
 were it not for the Intent heat liberated by the condensation of the moisture which it contains. 
 Thus the forces that are conspiring to increase the energy of the storm are powerfully assisted by 
 the presence and condensation of aqueous vapor, and the increasing up-draught and rarefaction 
 are at once marked by the decreasing barometric pressure at the center. For example, a storm 
 was central over the Great Lakes on January 25, with lowest barometer 29.7 ; the following day it 
 was central off Nantucket, barometer 29.2 ; and on the 27th and 28th over the Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence, with barometer below 28.6. But such instances are so common as to make it the rule aud 
 not the exception. As stated above, the isobars about an area of low barometer are somewhat cir- 
 cular in form; more strictly speaking, they are somewhat oval or elliptical in shape, and the more 
 elongated the north aud south axis of this ellipse the greater the resulting changes of tempera- 
 ture, because as it moves along its broad path toward the Atlantic the iii-draught, or suction, is 
 felt in front far down toward the tropics, and in rear far to the northward, beyond the territorial 
 limits of the United States. 
 
 Similarly with regard to the general movement of areas of high barometer, certain laws of 
 motion have been clearly established by means of studies of the daily international charts; instead of 
 a motion toward east-northeast, these areas, when north of the fortieth parallel, have in general a 
 motion towards east-southeast, aud as a rule move more rapidly and with greater momentum than 
 "lows," so that they may be said to have the right of way when the tracks of two such systems 
 converge or intersect. These laws, or at least that relating to the Great Lake storm track, as it 
 may be called, soon become evident to anyone who watches the weather map from day to day, upon 
 which are charted the systems of low and high barometer as they follow one another across the 
 continent, bringing each its characteristic weather. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 MARCH n, 7 A. M. 
 
 The first of the accompanying weather charts indicates graphically the meteorological condi- 
 tions over the wide area charted, comprising about 3,000,000 square miles, of which one-third is 
 laud aud two-thirds water. Over the land there is a long line or trough of low barometer, ex- 
 tending from the west coast of Florida up past the eastern shore of Lake Huron and far northward 
 toward the southern limits of Hudson Bay. In front of this advancing line the prevailing winds 
 are southeasterly, and the warm moist air drawn upirom southern latitudes spreads a warm wave 
 along (he coast, with generally cloudy weather and heavy rains, especially south of Hatteras; the 
 Signal Service observer at Peusacola, for example, reports the heavy fall of 4.0 > inches on the 10th. 
 About midway of this trough of low barometer there is a long, narrow region of light, variable 
 winds; of rapid changes in meteorological conditions; calms, shifts of wind, intervals of clearing 
 weather ; then overcast again,' with cooler weather, and fresh northwesterly winds, increasing to a 
 gale. The front line of this advancing battalion of cold northwesterly winds is more than a thou- 
 sand miles in length, and covers the whole breadth of the United States; its right flank is on the 
 Gulf, its left rests on the Great Lakes, or even farther north ; the temperature falls rapidly at its 
 approach, with frost far south into Louisiana and Mississippi, and heavy snow in central Kentucky 
 and eastern Tennessee. The long swaying line is advancing toward the coast at the rate of about 
 600 miles a day, followed by a ridge of high barometer reaching from Texas to Dakota and Mani- 
 toba. At points along the trough the barometer ranges from 29.70, a hundred miles north of To- 
 ronto, to 29.86 at Pittsburgh, 29.88 at Augusta, and 29.94 at Cedar Keys. Along the ridge the 
 barometer is very high; 307 to the northward about Lake Winnipeg, 30.6 in Wyoming, 30.7 in 
 Indian Territory, and 30.5 south of the Rio Grande. The difference of pressure from trough to 
 ridge is thus measured by about an inch of mercury in the barometer. Moreover, the chart shows 
 that there is another ridge of high barometer in advance, curving down off the coast from northern 
 Newfoundland, where the pressure is 30.6, toward Santo Domingo, where it is about 30.3, and 
 passing midway between Hatteras and Bermuda. Farther to the eastward the concentric isobars 
 show the presence of a storm which originated about Bermuda on the 9th, and is moving off toward 
 Europe, where, iu a few days, it may cause northwesterly gales with snow to the northward of its 
 track, and southeasterly gales with rain to the southward. Storm reports from the steam-ships 
 Erl King and Glenderon, the ships Glenburn and Anna, and the brig Olire Branch show that this 
 storm was of hurricane violence, with heavy squalls and high seas; but it need not be referred to 
 iu this connection further than to say that it sent back a long, rolling swell from northeast, felt 
 all along the Atlantic sea-board the morning of the llth, nd quite distinct from that caused by the 
 freshening gale from the southeast. 
 
 
 
 3546 ST 2 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS OFF THE COAST. 
 
 While this great trough of low barometer, with all its attendant phenomena, is advanc- 
 ing rapidly eastward toward the Atlantic, and the cold wave in its train is spreading over 
 towns, counties, and states, crossing the Great Lakes, moving up the Ohio Valley, and extending 
 far south over the Gulf of Mexico, we may pause for a moment to consider a factor which is to play 
 a most important part in the warfare of the elements so soon to rage with destructive violence be- 
 tween Hatteras and Block Island, and finally to disturb the weather of the entire North Atlantic 
 north of the twentieth parallel. 
 
 The great warm ocean current called the Gulf Stream has, to most people, a more or less vague, 
 mythical existence. The words sound familiar, but the thing itself is only an abstract idea; it 
 lacks reality, for want of any personal experience or knowledge of its characteristic effects. To 
 the navigator of the North Atlantic it is a reality; it has a concrete, definite existence; it is an 
 element which enters into the calculations of his every-day life sometimes as a friend, to help liiin 
 on his course, sometimes as an enemy, to endanger, harass, and delay. Briefly, the warm waters 
 of the tropics are carried slowly and steadily westward by the broad equatorial drift-current and 
 banked up in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, there to constitute the head or source of the 
 Gulf Stream, by which the greater portion is drained off through the straits of Florida in a com- 
 paratively narrow and swiftly-moving stream. This great movement goes on unceasingly, subject, 
 however, to certain variations which the changing seasons bring with them. As the sun advances 
 northward in the spring, the southeast trades creep up toward and across the equator, the volume 
 of that portion of the equatorial current which is diverted to the northward of Cape San Koque is 
 gradually increased, and this increase is soon felt far to the westward in the Yucatan and Florida 
 Straits. Figures fail utterly to give even an approximate idea of the amount of heat thus con- 
 veyed from the tropics to the north temperate zone by the ceaseless pulsations of this mighty 
 engine of oceanic circulation. To put it in some tangible shape for the mind to grasp, however, 
 suppose we consider the amount of energy in the form of heat that would be liberated were this 
 great volume of water reduced in temperature to the freezing point. Suppose, again, that we con- 
 vert the number of heat units thus obtained into units of work, so many foot-pounds, and thence 
 ascertain the corresponding horse-power, in order to compare it with something with which we 
 are familiar. Considering only the portion of the Gulf Stream that flows between Cape Florida and 
 the Great Bahama Bank, we find from the latest and most reliable data, collected by the U. S. 
 Coast and Geodetic Survey, that the area of cross section is 10.97 square miles (geographic 
 or sea miles of 6,086 feet each); mean velocity at this time of the year, 1.305 miles per hour; mean 
 temperature, 71 F. These figures for mean velocity and temperature from surface to bottom are, 
 it will be noticed, far below those for the surface current alone, where the velocity is often as great 
 as 5 knots an hour and the temperature as high as 80. The indicated horse-power of a great 
 ocean steam-ship La Bourgogne, Werra, Umbria, and City of Fete York, for example is from 9,000 
 to 16.000; that of some modern vessels of war is still greater; the Vulcan, now building for 
 the British Government, is 20,000, and the Sardegna. for the Italian Government, 22,800. 
 10 
 
THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 11 
 
 Again, if we convert into its equivalent horse-power the potential energy of the 270,000 cubic 
 feet of water per second which rush down the rapids of Niagara and make their headlong 
 plunge of 160 feet over the American and Horse-Shoe Falls, we get the enormous sum of 5,847,000. 
 The Gulf Stream, however, is every hour carrying north through the straits of Florida 14^ - cubic 
 miles of water (more than three thousand times the volume of Niagara), equivalent, considering the 
 amount of heat it contains from 71 to 32 F., to three trillion and sixty-three billion horse-power, 
 or more than five hundred thousand times as much as all of these combined ; indeed, considering 
 only the amount of heat from 71 to 50, it is still two hundred and seventy-five thousand times as 
 great. 
 
 Sweeping northward toward Hatteras with its widening torrent, its volume still further in- 
 creased by new supplies drawn in from about the Bahamas and the northern coast of Cuba, 
 its color a limpid ultramarine, like the dark blue of the Mediterranean or of some deep mountain 
 lake, it then spreads northeastward toward the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, and with decreas- 
 ing velocity and lower temperature gradually merges in the general easterly drift that sets toward 
 the shores of Europe about the fortieth parallel. 
 
 The cold inshore current must also be considered, because it is to great contrasts of tempera- 
 ture that the violence of storms is very largely due. East of Newfoundland the Labrador cur- 
 rent flows southward, and during the spring and summer months carries gigantic icebergs and 
 masses of field-ice into the tracks of transatlantic steam-ships. Upon meeting the Gulf Stream a 
 portion of this cold current underruns it and continues on its course at the bottom of the sea ; an- 
 other portion is deflected to the southwest and flows, counter to the Gulf Stream, along the coast 
 as far south as Hatteras. 
 
 The broad features of these great ocean currents have thus been briefly outlined, and, although 
 they are subject to considerable variation as to temperature, velocity, and limits, in response to 
 the varying forces that act upon them, this general review must suffice for the present purpose. 
 
 Now to consider for a moment some of the phenomena resulting from the presence and relative 
 positions of these ocean currents, so far as such phenomena bear upon the great storm now under 
 consideration. With the Pilot Chart of the North Atlantic Ocean for March there was issued a 
 supplement descriptive of waterspouts off the Atlantic coast of the United States during January 
 and February. Additional interest and importance have been given to the facts there grouped 
 together and published by their evident bearing upon the conditions which gave rise to the tre- 
 mendous increase of violence attendant upon the approach of this trough of low barometer toward 
 the coast. In it were given descriptions, in greater or less detail, of as many as forty waterspouts 
 reported by masters of vessels during these two months, at various positions' off the coast, from 
 the northern coast of Cuba to the Grand Banks; and since that supplement was published many 
 other similar reports have been received. Moreover, it was pointed out that the conditions that 
 give rise to such remarkable and dangerous phenomena are due to the interaction between the 
 warm, moist air overhanging the Gulf Stream and the cold dry air brought over it by northwesterly 
 winds from the coast and from over the cold inshore current, and the greater the difference of 
 temperature and moisture the greater the resulting energy of action. Reports were also quoted 
 showing that the Gulf Stream was beginning to reassert itself after a period of comparative qui- 
 escence during the winter mouths, and with increasing strength and volume was approaching its 
 northern limits as the sun moved north in declination. By way of more vividly illustrating the 
 violence of the energy thus developed, a few of these reports may well be quoted here. 
 
 Captain Dexter, American steam-ship City of Para, saw several large spouts, January 22. about 
 300 miles east from Savannah. Three huge spouts were seen at once, and six iu the course of half 
 an hour. The water seemed to be drawn up from the sea, mounting in spiral columns of tremen- 
 dous thickness, with a loud roaring sound. 
 
 Captain Cleary, British steam-ship Hirer A ron, states that on January 2.S, latitude .39.30 N., 
 longtitude 57.20 W., he saw what he took to be a heavy squall to the southeast. Upon looking at 
 it with his glass he saw that it was a whirlwind, raising the water to a great height. It must have 
 been over a mile in diameter, but he hesitates even to estimate the height to which the water was 
 raised or the size of the spout, although it must have had terrific power. 
 
 The American bark Reindeer, Captain Strandt, was, on the morning of February 11, about 300 
 
12 THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 miles west of Bermuda, running to the northward with a fair wind and all sail set. The vessel was 
 suddenly struck by a waterspout; all her masts went over the side with a crash, with yards, sails, 
 standing rigging, and running gear. The force of the blow shattered the immense column of water, 
 which luckily did not fall upon her decks, or it might have resulted in loss of life. The crew were 
 paralyzed with fear, hardly knowing what had happened, so sudden was the shock. 
 
 Finally, the British steam-ship Pavonia, Captain McKay, was off the Grand Banks (latitude 
 41.59 K, lougtitude 47.32 W.) April 10, when a large spout fo.rmed to the southwest and traveled 
 to the northeast at the rate of about 30 miles an hour. The vessel's course was changed to avoid it. 
 As it passed, the whirling rush of air was felt on board. The great column of water reached up to 
 a dense low-lying cloud, and was in shape like a huge hour-glass. It was accompanied by a terrific 
 roaring, and the water at its base was churned into a mass of foam, causing such a commotion that 
 it made the great ocean steam-ship tremble. When off the starboard bow the spout broke, with 
 vivid lightning, heavy thunder, and a deluge of rain and hail, some of the pieces of ice being from 
 four to six inches in diameter. 
 
 Such, then, were the meteorological conditions off the coast awaiting the attack of the advance 
 guard of this long line of cold northwesterly gales conditions still further intensified by the 
 freshening gale that sprung up from the southeast at its approach, drawing re enforcements of 
 warm, moist ocean air from far down within the tropics. The few reports which have been quoted 
 illustrate the intensity of the energy developed when storm systems of only ordinary character 
 and severity reach the Atlantic on their eastward march toward northern Europe. Let us now 
 return to the consideration of this storm which is advancing toward the coast at the rate of about 
 600 miles a day, in the form of a great arched squall whose front is more than a thousand miles 
 in length, and which is followed, far down the line, by northwesterly gales and temperatures below 
 the freezing point. 
 
CHAPTER IV- 
 
 THE NIGHT OF MARCH 11-12. 
 
 Sunday afternoon at 3 o'clock the line of the storm center, or trough, extended in a curved 
 line, convex to the east, from Lake Ontario down through New York State and Pennsylvania, 
 along about the middle of Chesapeake Bay to Norfolk, across North Carolina to Point Lookout, 
 and thence down through eastern Florida to Key \Vest. 
 
 Northeasterly, easterly, and southeasterly gales were therefore felt all along the coast from 
 the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Florida Keys, except in the bight between Lookout and Canav- 
 eral, where the barometer had reached and passed its lowest point, and the wind was northwest, 
 with much cooler weather. Reference to the Barometer Diagram shows pretty clearly that the 
 trough passed Norfolk a short time before it reached Hatteras, where the lowest reading was 
 undoubtedly lower the evening of the llth than it was at Norfolk. 
 
 By 10 p. m. the line has advanced as far east as the seventy-fourth meridian. Telegraphic 
 reports are soon all in from signal stations along the coast. The barometer is rising at Hatteras 
 and Norfolk and still falling at Atlantic City, New York, and Block Island, but there is little or 
 no indication of tlie fury of the storm off-shore along the seventy-fourth meridian, from the thirtieth 
 to the fortieth parallel, where the cold northwesterly gale is sweeping over the great warm ocean 
 current, carrying air at a temperature below the freezing point over water above 75 F., and where 
 the barometer is falling more and more rapidly, the gale becoming a storm and the storm a hurri- 
 cane. Nor are there any indications that the area of high barometer about Newfoundland is slow- 
 ing down, blocking the advance of the rapidly increasing storm and about to hold tbe center of 
 the line in ciieck to the westward of Nantacket for days, which seem like weeks, while a terrific 
 northwest gale plays havoc along the coast from Moutauk Point to Hatteras, and until the right 
 flank of the line has swung around to the eastward far enough to cut off the supply of warm, moist 
 air pouring in from the southeast. Long before midnight the welcome "good night" message has 
 flashed along the wires to all the signal stations from the Atlantic to the Pacific slope, whilst at 
 sea, aboard scores of vessels, from the little fishing-schooner and pilot-boat to the great transat- 
 lantic liner, a life-or-death struggle with the elements is being waged, with heroism none the less 
 real because it is in self-defense and none the less admirable because it can not always avert 
 disaster. 
 
 The accompanying Track Chart gives the tracks of as many vessels as can be shown without 
 confusion, and illustrates very clearly where data for this discussion are most complete, as well as 
 where additional information is specially needed. Thus it is here plainly evident that vessels are 
 always most numerous to the eastward of New York (along the transatlantic route) and to the 
 southward, off the coast. To the southeastward, however, about the Bermudas, there is a large 
 area from which comparatively few reports have been received, although additional data will doubt- 
 less be obtained from outward-bound sailing vessels, upon their return. Of all the days in the 
 week, Saturday, iu particular, is the day on which the greatest number of vessels sail from Nt-w 
 York. The 10th of March, for instance, as many as eight transatlantic liners got under way : The 
 Aurania. City of Chester, and Brooklyn City, tor Liverpool. Li Xormandie for Havre, the Sorrento 
 for Hamburg, the EWr for Bremen, the Amsterdam tor Rotterdam, and the Wruteritltiiul for 
 
 13 
 
14 THE GEEAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 Antwerp; southward-bound, the Finance sailed for Eio, the Colon for Aspinwall, the Andes for 
 Cartagena, El Monte and New Orleans for New Orleans, and the Old Dominion and Roanolce for 
 Chesapeake Bay. Out in mid-ocean there were plowing their way toward our coast, to encounter 
 the storm west of the fiftieth meridian, the Wandrahm for Halifax; the Bulgarian, Carthaginian, 
 Kansas, Madura, and Glendevon, for Boston; the Alaska, Furnessia, Celtic, Switzerland, Werra, La 
 Gascogne, Slavonia, Nederland, 8t. Ronans. Benison, State of Georgia, Lydian Monarch, Edam, Egypt, 
 France, The Queen, Bohemia, City of San Antonio, and Serapis, for New York ; the Lord Clive tor 
 Philadelphia, the Baltimore for Baltimore, and the City of Lincoln and Erl King for New Orleans. 
 Northward-bound, off the coast, were the Samana, Faedrelandet, State of Texas, Newport, Ailsa, and 
 Knickerbocker, not to mention here the many sailing vessels engaged in the coasting or foreigu 
 trade, whose sails whiten the waters of our coasts. 
 
 Fully to understand the reports that are quoted it will be well to refer to the chart and con- 
 sider each vessel's position at any given time, relative to the corresponding position of the trough 
 of low barometer. There is no permanency of location about these signal stations of ours at sea, 
 and this fact introduces an element of confusion which should be carefully guarded against. For 
 this reason it is thought that this Track Chart, with vessels' positions plotted for certain dates and 
 times, will be found useful for reference. 
 
 Of all the steam-ships that sailed from New York on the 10th, those bound south, with hardly 
 a single exception, encountered the storm in all its fury off the coast. Eastward- bound vessels 
 escaped its greatest violence, although all met with strong head winds and heavy seas, and had 
 the storm not delayed between Block Island and Nantucket on the 12th and 13th would have 
 been overtaken by it off the Grand Banks. Captain Hathorne, American steam-ship El Monte, 
 reports that he was so far south as to feel little or nothing of the storm, although he could see that 
 there was a disturbance to the northward. Captain Wetherill, British steam-ship Thornhill, 
 encountered a gale from southeast March 10, and the barometer continued to fall, although he 
 was steaming south, until early the following morning, when it was 29.87 about 130 miles east- 
 northeast from Cape Canaveral. We thus find the energy of the storm increasing already and the 
 barometric pressure deepening, for the lowest recorded barometer reading at Cedar Keys on the 
 llth was only 29.91, and at Titusville and Jupiter Inlet, 29.88. Indeed, had the Thornhill not 
 been moving southward the barometer would undoubtedly have reached a still lower point. This 
 deepening of the depression was still more marked farther north, where the contrasts of tempera- 
 ture were greater. For instance, Captain Stevens, American steam-ship Manhattan, encountered 
 a gale from SE. off Cape Rouiaiue, shifting to S., SW. and NW. ; highest velocity of wind, about 50 
 miles per hour, and lowest barometer 29.83, at 4 p. m., 75 miles SE. from Savannah. Captain 
 Gardner, American steam-ship Morgan City, passed Hatteras at 7 a. m., bound south; barometer 
 30.10, wind ESE., force 5, hauling gradually to SSE. and increasing in force ; 10 a. m., barometer 
 29.90, wind SSE., force 8; 5 p. m., 29.50, S., force 10, in squalls, accompanied by a deluge of rain. 
 At 5.30 p. m., when 25 miles S. by E. from Point Lookout, the wind shifted to NNVV. and fell to a 
 light breeze. Tfap barometer remained steady till 7 p. m., when it commenced rising. At 10 p. m. 
 the wind had increased in force to 10, moderating the following morning. The American bark 
 James S. Stone, Captain Barstow, was off the coast below Hatteras, bound north. At 5 p. m., lati- 
 tude 32.45 N., longitude 74.45 W., the wind was blowing a strong gale from SSE. ; 6 p. m., incessant 
 lightning from S. to NW., wind blowing a furious gale from SSE., with rain and very heavy sea; 
 barometer 29.60. At 8 p. in. the wind died away, leaving the vessel in the trough of a terrible sea; 
 weather thick and rainy ; position, about 120 miles SSE. from Hatteras. In an hour the wind 
 blew up in a strong gale from westward and continued for three days between WN W. and NN W., 
 with fierce squalls of hail and sleet ; barometer low and unsteady. Captain Catherine, American 
 steam-ship City of Augusta, experienced a gale from SE., shifting to S. and N W., highest force, 10, 
 lowest barometer, 29.35, at 1 a. m.,off Hatteras. Captain Halsey, American steam-ship New Orleans, 
 reports that from noon, off the capes of Chesapeake Bay, to midnight, off Hatteras, the southeast- 
 erly breeze increased to a gale, the gale to a furious storm from south (with high seas breaking 
 over the vessel and sweeping the decks fore and aft), shifting at 10 p. m. to a hurricane from NW. 
 The following day the gale moderated slightly, as the vessel steamed south, the sea running A'ery 
 high, and at 6 p. m., when off the Carolina coast below Cape Fear, it cleared up, with fine weather 
 
THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ALTASTIC COAST. 15 
 
 and rising barometer. Captain Williams, American steam-ship State of Texas, reports that when 
 abreast of Hatteras Shoals, at 9.30 p. m., northward-bound, the wind, which had been blowing a 
 heavy gale from SB., shifted in a violent squall to NNW., with thunder and lightning, blowing 
 very hard and followed by freezing weather. About 20 miles north of Hatteras Shoals the Amer- 
 ican schooner Melissa Tratik, Captain Fletcher, encountered this same violent shift of wind. She 
 had been running north under close-reefed mainsail and staysail, making 8 knots before a strong 
 gale from SSE., with thunder and lightning to the SW. at 8 p. m. At 9.20 p. m. the increasing 
 gale shifted to XXW. very suddenly, moderating for about three minutes and then blowing with 
 terrific force. At 11 p. m. it shifted to X\V., with a heavy cross sea, and blew with hurricane 
 force till 7 a. m. of the 12th, when the barometer commenced to rise and the wind moderated to a 
 heavy gale, with snow and hail. The lowest reported reading of her barometer was 29.80, and 
 this report agrees very well with the 10 p. m. weather map published by the Signal Service, although 
 that map does not indicate, for lack of marine data at time of publication, that another marked 
 depression, or secondary, had already formed off shore north of Hatteras, in addition to that which 
 had only just moved eastward from over central Georgia and had passed the coast with increasing 
 energy between Point Lookout and Cape Fear. The fact that the barometer of the Melisna Trasl; 
 remained steady at 29.80 from 10 p. m. till 7 a. m., in spite of the rapid eastward movement of the 
 whole storm system, shows how rapidly the barometric depression was really deepening. The 
 continued low reading may have been partly due, however, to the fact that the vessel was blown 
 off her course about 200 miles to the southeast, thus following the storm. She experienced a con- 
 tinuous gale from XW. to NNW. till the night of the 14th, with a high, confused sea and occasional 
 snow and hail. 
 
 About 50 miles XNE. from Hatteras Captain Kinney, American bark Lottie Steicart, reports 
 that at 10 p. m. the wind shifted suddenly from SE. to NW., blowing very hard and increasing 
 toward midnight to a terrific hurricane, with blinding rain, blowing away both topsails and break- 
 ing yards. The barometer had fallen from 30.02 at noon to 29.62 at 10 o'clock. It continued to 
 blow very hard, with low barometer, till the morning of the 12th, the vessel lying perfectly help- 
 U->s in the heavy sea, and drifting southeastward across the Gulf Stream. The weather cleared up 
 a little on the 12th. with rising barometer, which at 2 p. m. on the 13th had risen to 29.92, when it 
 began to fall again, and on the 14th the gale increased from the northward, with heavy snow squalls, 
 followed finally by rising barometer and fine weather. This second fall of the barometer is fully 
 explained by reference to the weather charts of the 12th and 13th, and will be referred to again 
 later on. 
 
 A little farther northward we have a report from Captain Richardson, American schooner 3Ta- 
 tasl-et, who gives a lowest barometric reading of 29.50 at 10 p. m., 70 miles east from Cape Henry. 
 He calls special attention to the fact that for the first twelve hours, and indeed for nearly twenty- 
 four hours, the oarometer vibrated in the most remarkable way, as much as .13 at a time, which 
 well attests the violence of the squalls attending the formation of the secondary storm-center men- 
 tioned above, as well as the increasing severity of the entire storm. The velocity of the wind, he 
 estimates, was as high as 100 miles per hour. 
 
 The above report is sustained very well by the following from Captain Andrews, American 
 schooner Warren B. Potter, who had passed within 20 miles of Hatteras at 11 a. m., bound north, 
 strong breeze from SE., overcast and rainy, falling barometer. The wind increased gradually in 
 force, but remained steady at SE. till 11 p. m., when it shifted suddenly to WNW., throwing every- 
 thing aback. Had reduced sail, expecting heavy weather, as the barometer had been falling all day 
 and the wind increasing. In a few minutes the wind hauled to XW.; overcast and black overhead, 
 so dark could not make out clouds; occasional lightning and heavy thunder; high sea from SE., 
 which broke on board and did considerable damage. Lowest barometer 29.40; position (estimated ). 
 50 miles E. by S. from Cape Henry. 
 
 Off Henlopeu we have a very interesting report from Captain ^Norton, sailing-master of the 
 88-ton steel schooner-yacht Iroquois, owned by Mr. T. Jefferson Coolidge, of Boston. The Iroquois 
 passed Sandy Hook the afternoon of the 10th, bound south. The next day the wind continued to 
 freshen from SE., with falling barometer, sea increasing fast : 10 p. in., wind increasing and canting 
 southeasterly, occasional rain squalls, and weather looking bad. especially to the NVV. ; 11.40 p. m.. 
 
16 THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ALTANTIC COAST. 
 
 wind shifted suddenly to NW. iu a squall blowing very hard, but nothing to what came later on; 
 by 1 a. m. it had increased to a most terrific gale, blowing at the rate of 60 or 70 miles an hour. 
 
 A few miles to the northwestward of the Iroquois the American brig Arcot, Captain Gates, was 
 lyiug-to off Five-Fathom Bank light-ship, in an easterly storm and heavy cross sea from NE. and 
 ESE.; barometer 29.20 (apparently this reading is .3 too low for this position the evening of the 
 llth). At 1 a. m. she was struck by a violent hurricane with blinding snow from NNW., com- 
 pletely overwhelming the vessel in a wild, confused sea which blew half mast high. To save his 
 vessel from swamping, Captain Gates had to bear off before the gale, which blew at the rate of 
 80 or 90 miles an hour for twenty-four hours, with steady snow and hail. Hundreds of land-birds 
 were about the vessel, struggling in the gale and dropping into the sea. On the 13th the wind 
 backed to NW. by N., blowing a whole gale, with heavy squalls of snow and hail, for forty-eight 
 hours, followed by a fresh gale from WNW. for thirty-six hours more. 
 
 Last, but by no means least, in our glance along the coast this memorable night, let us look off 
 Barnegat and Sandy Hook, where the shift of wind came later, but with still greater violence, 
 fiercer squalls, lower temperature, and more blinding snow. 
 
 The American bark Coryphene, Captain Grosse, at noon of the llth was off the capes of the Dela- 
 ware, bound north. Beautiful weather and moderate easterly breeze, but the barometer, which 
 had previously been very high, was now falling slowly. During the afternoon it became hazy 
 about the horizon, the wind increased, the barometer fell more rapidly, and it commenced raining, 
 the weather getting thick and threatening; 6 p. in., 28 fathoms of water, wind very unsteady, 
 sometimes inclined to haul to S., sometimes to N., moderately high sea from eastward; 8 p. m., 
 furled all sail but lower topsails and foretopmast staysail ; 10 p. m., wind increasing to a strong gale, 
 lay-toon the starboard tack, heading NNE., and sounded in 25 fathoms; midnight, blowing very 
 hard, with heavy rain, barometer falling very fast; did not dare to reduce sail on account of the 
 lee-shore. At 4.30 a. m. the wind shifted suddenly to NNE., blowing with hurricane force, with 
 extreme cold and heavy snow, the vessel icing up very fast, and the barometer still falling; 5 a. 
 m., -tried to wear ship, the water shoaling rapidly, but the vessel ranged ahead on a course about 
 WNW., on her beam ends, and would not mind the helm. At 5.30 cut the ropes of the lower 
 main-topsail, and let it blow away. Tried again to wear ship under foretopsail and staysail, but 
 again she refused her helm. Gut away the two remaining sails, to prevent her from ranging ahead 
 toward the shore. At 10 a. m., yellow seas ahead, wind and sea driving the vessel toward the 
 beach, crew paralyzed with wet and cold, when, at 10.30, the wind shifted suddenly to NNW., 
 with increased violence and still colder weather. But the shift of wind had thrown the vessel's 
 head off-shore, and, assisted by the helm, she came around and ran for the Gulf Stream, to get 
 relief from the cold. Captain Grosse states that he has experienced many a tropical hurricane, but 
 none of such long duration; it blew with hurricane force for twenty-four hours, and then a hard 
 gale for a day and a half. The barometer ranged from 30.31 on the 10th to 29.21 the night of the 
 llth (exact time not noted). Relative to this low barometer reading, it would seem from other 
 data to be fully .2 too low, unless the 12th be meant, and not the llth. 
 
 Not far from the Coryphene was the American schooner Phebe, Captain Medero. In the after- 
 noon it had been cloudy, with light rain, and a moderate breeze from ENE. to ESE. In the 
 evening heavier rain, increasing easterly sea, falling barometer. Between 2 and 3 a. m., off Barne- 
 gat, in 8 fathoms of water, the wind went around to N., and in half an hour it was so cold that 
 nothing could be done. Kept the vessel before the wind and ran out into the Gulf Stream. At 
 10 a. m. the wind was blowing almost a hurricane from NW., and the barometer, which had fallen 
 to 29.10, remained the same throughout the day. March 13, still blowing a hurricane from WNW., 
 very cold, with occasional squalls of suow; latter part, moderating, with rising barometer, but 
 continuing squally, with occasional rain and snow, till the evening of the 15th. 
 
 On the afternoon of the 10th, the American schooner Kemett, Captain Smith, was about 100 miles 
 E. from Cape Henry, bound N.; ESE. wind and fine weather. During the night the sky became 
 overcast, and in the morning the sun rose red, and a long sea began to roll in from the east. At 
 10 a. m. picked up a pilot off Henlopeu. In the afternoon it commenced raining, with falling 
 barometer, but neither storm nor sea were very heavy. At 8 p. in. wore ship, wind blowing a 
 double-reef breeze from east; Barnegat, by account, SW. 15 miles. The wind remained steady and 
 
THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 17 
 
 did not increase till 3 a. in. of tbe 12th, when there was a heavy squall, but the wind did not shift. 
 At 3.30 calui, so that the sails came amidships. At 4 o'clock the wind came from north with ter- 
 rible force, blowing away all sail set: barometer 29.41. In an hour the vessel was covered with ice; 
 7 a. m., barometer 29.33. The wind continued XW. to WXW. throughout the day, the barometer 
 rising slowly till 2 p. in., when it was 29.61, but after dark it fell again, reaching 29.41 again at 2 a. 
 in., with wind XV.*.. and 29.26 at 7 a. m. Wind XW. to WXW. during the 13th, with heavy cross 
 seas. Squalls less frequent, dying away during the night of the 13th ; 14th, nearly calm, with snow 
 squalls. Continual snow during the 12th and 13th ; thermometer 23. 
 
 Ten miles SE. from Sandy Hook the American schooner George Walker, Captain Mitchell, re- 
 ports the wind blowing with hurricane force from ESE. at midnight, corrected barometer reading 
 30 05 (this would seem to be fnlly .10 too high, indicating some error not accounted for). At 1 a. 
 m. the wind shifted to E., barometer 29.85, and at 2 o'clock to XE., blowing a fresh gale with snow 
 and very cold weather ; 10 a. m., wind fully 60 miles per hour, barometer 29.55 ; 2 p. m., from 75 
 to Su miles, 29.05. At 4 p. m. the wind was XX W., and on the 13th, 75 miles SE. from the High- 
 lands, wiud XW., barometer 29.45, clearing weather. 
 
 Also, about 33 miles SEJE. from Sandy Hook, at midnight, the pilot-boat Caprice, Captain 
 Sullivan, was in the central calm area which had just passed the coast; barometric pressure 29.80, 
 decreasing rapidly. At 4 a. m. the wind came out suddenly from XXE., blowing a moderate gale, 
 barometer 2!.~o. From 5 to 6 a. m. wiud increasing in force, and finally blowing a hurricane from 
 XX \V., tbe barometer oscillating from 29.60 to 29.70, high cross sea from SE. and XE., fierce snow 
 squalls and blinding spray. Lay-to under close reefed foresail and main-trysail, but had to take 
 in the foresail, wiud and sea were so high. The barometer fell to 29.50, and the vessel was boarded 
 bv combing seas which threw her on her beam ends. Lowest barometer 29.20, at noon on the 12th, 
 oscillating until the gale moderated, the forenoon of the 13th. 
 
 We have now reviewed the whole line of coast from the Straits of Florida to Sandy Hook, and 
 by means of various storm reports, selected from the large number at hand, have watched the 
 eflects of the great storm as it reached and passed the coast. These reports have clearly illus- 
 trated the general character of the storm, the phenomena attending the arrival and passage of the 
 trough of low barometer, and its tremendous increase of energy upon reaching the coast. We may 
 now go on to the consideration of the Weather Chart for 7 a. m., March 12, which illustrates more 
 graphically than words can do the changes that the past twenty-four hours have seen developing. 
 3546 sx 3 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 MARCH 12. 
 
 The chart shows the line, or trough, with isobars closely crowded together southward of Block 
 Island, but still of a general elliptical shape, the lower portion of the line swinging eastward 
 toward Bermuda, and carrying with it violent squalls of rain and hail far below the thirty-fifth par- 
 allel. The high land of Cuba and Santo Domingo prevented its effects from reaching the Caribbean 
 Sea, although it was distinctly noticed on board the American bark John J. Marsh, Captain Whittier, 
 southward of Cape Maysi, in the Windward Channel, where three hours of heavy rain were expe- 
 rienced during the day, -with a shift of wind from S W. to NW. by if. The isotherm of 32 F. reaches 
 from central Georgia to the coast below Norfolk, and thence out over the Atlantic to a point about 
 100 miles S. of Block Island, and thence due N., inshore of Cape Cod, explaining the fact that so 
 little snow, comparatively, fell in Ehode Island and southeastern Massachusetts ; from about Cape 
 Ann it runs eastward to Cape Sable, and farther east it is carried southward again by the north- 
 easterly winds off the Grand Banks. These northeasterly winds are part of the cyclonic system 
 shown to the eastward of this and the preceding chart; farther south they become northerly and 
 northwesterly, and it will be noticed that they have now carried the isotherm of 70 below the 
 limits of the chart. Thus this chart shows very clearly the positions of warm and cold waves 
 relative to such cyclonic systems; first, there is this cool wave iu rear of the eastern cyclonic sys- 
 tem, then a warm wave in front of the system advancing from the coast, and finally a cold wave 
 of marked intensity following iu its train. 
 
 By reference to the accompanying Track Chart and the storm reports published herewith the 
 experience of any particular vessel can be referred to and studied in connection with each of these 
 weather charts. Similarly, eacli wind-arrow on these charts represents a. set of Greenwich noon 
 observations, which can be referred to in the tables in the appendix by using as co-ordinates the 
 date of the chart and the latitude and longitude of the center of the arrow. It will therefore be 
 unnecessary to quote them in any great detail here, and only a few need be referred to. 
 
 Aboard the British steam-ship Serapis, Captain Dobson, the shift of wind took place very 
 suddenly, in a heavy squall; there was no hauling or veering, and no cairn intervened. This was 
 between 5 and 6 a. m.; barometer at 6 o'clock, 29.7, falling .1 per hour; position, about latitude 39 
 50' N., longitude 73 W.; it had been blowing a heavy gale from E^B., overcast, misty and rainy. 
 After the shift it blew with hurricane force from NW., accompanied by a heavy fall of snow, and 
 the barometer continued to fall rapidly, not reaching its lowest point until 2 p. m., when it read 
 29.29 (position, about latitude 39 50' !N\, longitude 73 W.). Captain Dobson reports that at about 
 6 p. rn. of the llth, latitude 39 K, longitude 71 40' W., a bank of thick, black, inky clouds was 
 seen to the SW.; it will be noticed, also, in the report from the British bark Nora Wiggins, that 
 during the same afternoon, position about latitude 38 30' N"., longitude 67 30' W., heavy, dark 
 banks of clouds were seen both to the southward and northward; each of these vessels encoun- 
 tered the storm in great violence. 
 
 One of the very best reports is that received from Captain Urquhart, of the British steam-ship 
 
 Lord Clive, westward-bound, whose position, when the trough reached him, was about latitude 39 K, 
 
 longitude 71 30' W.; time, from 8.30 to 9 a. m. He states that at 8 o'clock the wind, which had 
 
 been blowing a strong gale from ESE., moderated somewhat, with heavy rain; barometer 29.42. 
 
 18 
 
THE GEEAT STOEM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 19 
 
 At 8.30 the weather cleared np a little. At 9 the -wind shifted suddenly to SW., blowing a whole 
 gale, and at 9.30 to NW., blowing a complete hurricane, with violent squalls of hail and sleet. 
 The barometer continued to fall (showing that the depression was still deepening), reaching the 
 lowest point at 10 a. in., when its corrected reading was 29.18. This vessel's barometer was mer- 
 curial, compared with standard as soon as she reached Philadelphia, and as the central calm area 
 passed directly over her this report gives reliable data by which to calculate the rate at which the 
 depression was deepening. Assuming the reduced pressure at the center to have been 29.2, which 
 is probably a trifle lower than it actually was, and that it was 28.9 at 10 p. m. (which we can safely 
 do, as it was recorded as low as 28.92 at Wood's Holl, Mass.), we still have a decrease of pressure 
 at the center of .30 inch in thirteen and one-half hours, or .18 in eight hours. This is almost as 
 great a rate of decrease as was observed at times during the preceding twenty-four hours ; thus the 
 lowest recorded reading of the barometer at 7 a. m., the llth, was 29.88 at Augusta, Ga.; at 3 p. m., 
 29.68 at Wilmington, X. C.; at 11 p. m., 29.35 on board the British steam-ship Andes, in the central 
 calm area about 75 miles EXE. from Hatteras an average rate of decrease of very nearly .23 in 
 eight hours, and a maximum, from reliable observations, of .33. 
 
 These reports seem to indicate quite clearly that the secondary storm center that has formed 
 off-shore, north of Hatteras, is becoming less elongated in shape and is developing enormous 
 energy. The barometer diagram may well be studied in this connection, referring at the same time 
 to the positions of signal stations and tracks of vessels plotted in red on the Track Chart. Although 
 in several cases very low barometer readings have been reported, notably from the British bark 
 JYora Wiggins (l'S.57), the Norwegian bark WilJielm Birkedal (28.64), and the American schooner 
 Messenger (28.91), yet a careful consideration of all the data at hand indicates that these observa- 
 tions are not reliable. There can be little doubt that the lowest pressure occurred the night of 
 the 12th, when the center was about Buzzard's Bay, or a little farther S., the corrected reading 
 of the barometer at Wood's Holl, at 10 p. m., being 28.92 ; at Nantucket, 28.93 ; and at Block 
 Island, 29. There happened to be no vessels at this time between Nantucket and Block Island, 
 so far as our records show fortunately for the vessels, no doubt, but unfortunately for the com- 
 pleteness of our meteorological data and these readings must be considered about the lowest 
 reliable readings recorded during the storm. At this time, too, the steepest barometric gradients 
 are found, as indicated in the following table : 
 
 3farimum barometric gradients. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grac 
 
 lient. 
 
 Station. 
 
 Barometer. 
 
 Range. 
 
 in 
 nautical 
 miles. 
 
 Difference of 
 pressure in 
 15 nautical 
 mile*. 
 
 Difference of 
 pressure in 
 100 statute 
 miles. 
 
 Block Island 
 
 29 00 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 000 
 
 000 
 
 
 M 11 
 
 11 
 
 26 
 
 063 
 
 365 
 
 
 29.36 
 
 .36 
 
 62 
 
 .087 
 
 504 
 
 Sew York 
 
 29.64 
 
 .61 
 
 116 
 
 .083 
 
 480 
 
 Albanv 
 
 9 T6 
 
 76 
 
 126 
 
 090 
 
 5'4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 At 7 a. m. the following day very low readings are also reported : New Bedford, Mass., 28.91; 
 Block Island, 28.92 ; and Wood's Holl, 28.96. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 MARCH 13 AND 14. 
 
 The chart for 7 a. in., March 13, shows a marked decrease in the intensity of the storm, 
 although the area over which stormy winds are blowing is still enormous, comprisiug, as it does, 
 almost the entire region charted. From the Great Lakes and northern Vermont to the northern 
 coast of Cuba the wind is blowing a gale from a direction almost invariably not th west, whilst 
 westerly winds and low temperature have spread over a wide tract of ocean south of the fortieth 
 parallel. North of this parallel the prevailing winds are easterly, the isobars extending in a general 
 easterly and westerly direction. At the storm center off Block Island the pressure is 28.90, but 
 the gradients are not so steep as on the preceding chart, and the severity of the storm, both ashore 
 and at sea, has begun to diminish. About this center, too, the isobars are noticeably circular in 
 form, showing that, although it first formed as an elliptical area, it gradually assumed the character 
 of a true revolving storm, remaining almost stationary between Block Island and Nan tucket until it 
 had actually "blown itself out," while the great storm of which it was a conspicuous but not es- 
 sential part was continuing its eastward progress. The enormous influx of cold air brought down 
 by the long-continued northwesterly gale is graphically shown on this chart by the large extent 
 and deepening intensity of the blue tint, where the temperatures are below the freezing point. 
 From the northwestern to the southeastern portion of the chart we find a difference in temperature 
 of more than 80 F. (from below 10 to above 70), the steepest barometric pressure being found 
 to the northwest of Block Island, where the pressure varies 1.80 inches in 750 miles (gradient, .036 
 inch in 15 nautical miles), and ,66 inch in 126 miles (Block Island to Albany, N. Y. ; gradient, .079). 
 
 On the chart for 7 a. m., March 14, the depression off Block Island has almost filled up, and 
 the stormy winds have died out and become light and variable, with occasional snow squalls. 
 The other storm center has now regained its ascendency, and is situated about 200 miles south- 
 east from Sable Island, with a pressure about 29.3. The great wave of low barometer has over- 
 spread the entire western portion of the .North Atlantic, with unsettled, squally weather from Lab- 
 rador to the Windward Islands. The area of high pressure in advance has moved eastward, to be 
 felt over the British Isles from the 17th to the 21st of the month, followed by a rapid fall of the 
 barometer as this great atmospheric disturbance moves along its circuit round the northern hemi- 
 sphere. The isotherm of 32 is still south of Hatteras, reaching well out off-shore, and thence 
 northward, tangent to Cape Cod, as far as Central Maine, and thence eastward to St. John's, New- 
 foundland. Great contrasts of temperature and pressure are still indicated, but considerably less 
 marked than on the preceding chart, and the normal conditions are being gradually restored. 
 
 It will be of interest briefly to refer here to a few reports selected from among the many which 
 will be found printed in full in the appendix, in order to get a general idea of the character of 
 the storm as it traversed the southward and eastward portions of the area charted. To the south- 
 ward of Bermuda the Track Chart shows the tracks of the American bark Wakejield, Captain 
 Crowell, and the German steam-ship Catania, Captain Franck. Captain Crowell's report shows 
 that during the evening of the 12th it was clear and pleasant, wind freshening from SE. and S., 
 sea smooth, barometer 30.02 at midnight (ship's time). During the forenoon of the 12th the wind 
 increased rapidly from SW.; barometer 29.92. In the afternoon it clouded up, with passing 
 showers, wind and sea increasing. From 4 p. m. to midnight, wind N W. and still increasing. At 
 20 
 
THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 21 
 
 8 p. m. the wind shifted suddenly to NSW. iu a heavy squall of wind and rain ; barometer 29.92. 
 From midnight to 8 a. m. (14th), cloudy, with a strong breeze from W. by N. ; sea rough, with a 
 heavy swell. The barometer continued to fall till the evening of the 15th, when its corrected 
 reading was 29.72; weather cloudy, with heavy squalls of wind and rain, blowing furiously from 
 NW., the vessel laboring heavily and shipping large bodies of water. The weather did not mod- 
 erate till the evening of the 16th. 
 
 The Catania was about 200 miles SW. by W. from Bermuda the morning of the llth ; barom- 
 eter 30.22, fine weather, light breeze from EXE., dying out toward night. The afternoon of the 
 12th, strong gale from SSW. to W. and XW., with heavy rain during the night, followed by fine 
 weather and moderate sea ; lowest barometer 29.71, at 3 p. m. (75th meridian time) ; position, lat- 
 itude 280 20' N., longitude 65 D 50' W. It will be noticed that the Catania was steaming to the SB., 
 thus running out of the storm ; the gale, as she experienced it, only lasted a few hours, with highest 
 force of wind 10, and was followed by light variable winds and fine weather, with a high rolling sea 
 from XXW. 
 
 To the northward and eastward of Bermuda the reports from the British ship Glenburn, Cap- 
 tain Johansen, and the British steam-ship Caribbean, Captain Daniel, may be mentioned. The 
 Glenburn had encountered very heavy weather in the storm indicated to the eastward on the 
 Weather Charts of March 11 and 12, and there was an interval of only one day between this storm 
 and the succeeding one. The evening of the 12th there was a freshening southerly breeze, with 
 cloudy, gloomy weather, vivid lightning all around the horizon, and occasional squalls. At 10 p. m. 
 (ship's time) the wind shifted to the westward, with heavy rain, and increased t.> a fresh gale, with 
 hard squalls; barometer 29.63. The weather continued unsettled and squally, with occasional rain 
 and much thunder and lightning, for several days, the barometer rising slowly till the evening of 
 the 14tb, when it commenced to fall again, reaching its lowest point (29.47) the afternoon of the loth. 
 
 Tbe Caribbean was steaming in a direction about EXE., ner position at noon of the 12th (ship's 
 time) being latitude 34 38' N., longitude 63 20' W. She was overtaken by the storm on the 12th, 
 the wind increasing to a gale from the SSE., ugly, threatening weather, with frequent squalls, ac- 
 companied by thunder and lightning. At about midnight it fell suddenly calm, barometer 29.30, 
 and after a short interval the wind sprung np from the westward, increasing to a moderate gale, 
 with squalls, passing showers, and a heavy cross sea. 
 
 To the northward the data are very complete, but it will answer for present purposes to refer to 
 the report of the British steam ship Brooklyn City, Captain Fitt, and the German ship Anna, Cap- 
 tain Menkens. The former was eastward-bound, along the transatlantic route, and during the 
 forenoon of the 12th was heading into an increasing gale ami heavy sea from ESE. At noon, 
 latitude 40 45' X.. longitude 65 39' W., squally, with heavy rain, wind ESE., 9, barometer 29.70. 
 Wind and sea continued to increase, with falling barometer, till 11.30 p. m. (ship's time), when 
 the wind shifted to W.. with a high confused sea. The barometer continued to fall till 4 a. m. of 
 the 13th, when its corrected reading was 20.36. The easterly winds were noticeably stronger than 
 those from westward, due, at least iu part, to the eastward motion of the vessel. 
 
 The Anna was farther eastward ; her lowest barometer (29.57) was also experienced at 4 a. m. 
 (ship's time). March 13, the wind blowing a strong gale from ESE. ; position, latitude 41 10' X., 
 longitude 54 30' W. Toward noon there were very heavy squalls of wind and rain, followed by an 
 interval of calm at noon and then light southerly winds and six hours of heavy rain. During the 
 evening heavy rain squalls, with thunder and lightning; and on the following day calms, variable 
 winds, occasional heavy squalls, rain, thunder, and lightning. From the fact that the barometer 
 commenced to rise several hours before the shift of wind, it is to be inferred that the depression 
 was filling up and the energy of the storm decreasing. Still farther east, however, the depression 
 deepened again, the result of the great contrasts of temperature and humidity always to be found 
 off the Grand Banks, conditions that were intensified iu the present case by the long-continued 
 southerly and easterly winds that prevailed iu advance of the storm, bringing up warm, moist air 
 into contact with the cold Labrador current and the ice-fields in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Captain 
 Hughes, of the British steam-ship Lord Gough, for instance, reports a lowest corrected barometric 
 pressure of 29.05, the afternoon of the 17th. latitude 48 42' N., longitude 35 09* W. ; the gale set 
 in on the 16th from S., coming np suddenly in a thick, black cloud, with torrents of rain and a high, 
 
22 THE GREAT STOEM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 confused sea. It blew with hurricane force for six hours, then fell calm for an hour, and blew with 
 hurricane force for five hours more, the glass continuing to fall for some time after it had moderated ; 
 shifts of wind, S. to SSW. and WNW., then back to S. agaiu. Other reports show that on the 
 17th, when the storm center was in about latitude 49 N., longitude 43 W., the reduced pressure 
 was as low as 28.7. 
 
 The special feature of this great storm, or at least the feature that gave it such destructive 
 violence ashore in the vicinity of New York, was the secondary storm center that remained so long 
 about Block Island, moving about over a limited area, aud gradually losing its identity as a dis- 
 tinct storm center. The following extract from the report made by Boat-keeper Kobinson, in be- 
 half of the pilots of New York pilot-boat No. 3 (the Charles H. Marshall), can not fail to be read 
 with interest, giving, as it does, a very complete and continuous record of the weather a short 
 distance off the coast, while the great " blizzard " was raging in New York. The gallant and 
 successful struggle made by the crew of this little vessel for two long days and nights against 
 such terrific odds is one of the most thrilling incidents of the storm, and well illustrates the dan- 
 gers to which these hardy men are constantly exposed. 
 
 The Charles H. Marshall was off Barnegat the forenoon of the llth, and as the weather looked 
 threatening two more reefs were put in the sails and she was headed to the northward, intending 
 to run into port for shelter. During the afternoon the breeze increased to a strong gale, and sail 
 was reduced still further. When about 18 miles SE. from the light-ship a dense fog shut in, and 
 it was decided to remain outside aud ride out the storm. The wind hauled to the eastward toward 
 midnight, and at 3 a. m. it looked so threatening in the NW. that a fourth reef was taken in the 
 mainsail aud the foresail was treble reefed. In half an hour the wind died out completely, and 
 the vessel lay in the trough of a heavy SE. sea that was threatening every moment to engulf her. 
 She was then about 12 miles ESE. from Sandy Hook light-ship, and in twenty minutes the gale 
 struck her with such force from NW. that she was thrown on her beam ends. She instantly righted 
 again, however, but in two hours was so covered with ice that she looked like a small iceberg. By 
 8 a. m. the wind had increased to a hurricane, the little vessel pitching and tossing in a terrific 
 cross-sea, and only by the united efforts of the entire crew was it possible to partially lower and 
 lash down the foresail aud fores taysail. No one but those on board can realize the danger she 
 was in from the huge breaking seas that rolled down upon her. The snow and rain came with such 
 force that it was impossible to look to windward, aud the vessel was lying broadside to wind aud 
 sea. A drag was rigged with a heavy log, anchor and hawser, to keep her head to sea and break 
 the force of the waves, but it had little effect, and it was evident that something must be done to 
 save the vessel. Three oil bags were made of duck, half filled with oakum .saturated with oil, and 
 hung over the side forward, amidships, aud on the weather quarter. It is -admitted that this is all 
 that saved the boat and the lives of all on board, for the oil prevented the seas from breaking, and 
 they swept past as heavy rolling swells. Another drag was rigged and launched, although not 
 without great exertion and danger, and this helped a little. Heavy iron bolts had to be put in 
 the oil bags to keep them in the water; and there the little vessel lay, fighting for life against 
 the storm, refilling the oil bags every half hour, and fearing every instant that some passing ves- 
 sel would run her down, as it was impossible to see a hundred feet in any direction. The boat 
 looked like a wreck; she was covered with ice and it seemed impossible for her to remain afloat 
 until daylight. Three oil bags were replenished every half hour during the night, all hands taking 
 turn about to go on deck and fill them, crawling along the deck on hands and knees and secured 
 with a rope in case of being washed overboard. Just before midnight a heavy sea struck the 
 boat and sent her over on her side ; everything movable was thrown to leeward, aud the water 
 rushed down the forward hatch. But again she righted, and the fight went on. The morning of 
 the 13th it was still blowing with hurricane force, the wind shrieking past in terrific squalls. It 
 cleared up a little toward evening, and she wore around to head to the northward and eastward, 
 but not without having her deck swept by a heavy sea. It moderated and cleared up the next 
 day, and after five hours of hard work the vessel was cleared of ice and sail set for home. She 
 had been driven 100 miles before the storm, fighting every inch of the way, her crew without a 
 chance to sleep, frost-bitten, clothes drenched and no dry ones to put on, food and fuel giving out, 
 
THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ALTANTIC COAST. 23 
 
 but they brought her into port without the loss of a spar or sail, and she took her station on the 
 bar as usual. 
 
 Do the pages of history contaiu the record of a more gallant fight f Nothing could show more 
 graphically than this brief report the violence and long duration of the storm. No wonder that 
 this terrific northwest gale drove the ocean itself before it, so that the very tides did not resume 
 their normal heights for nearly a week at certain ports along the coast, and the Gulf Stream itself 
 was far south of its usual limits. The damage and destruction wrought ashore are too fresh in 
 mind to be referred to here, aud losses along the coast can only be mentioned briefly. Below Hat- 
 teras there was little damage done to shipping. In Chesapeake Bay 2 barks, 77 schooners, and 17 
 sloops were blown ashore, sunk, or damaged; in Delaware Bay, 37 vessels; along the New Jersey 
 coast and in the Horseshoe at Sandy Hook, 13 ; in New York Harbor and along the Long Island 
 coast, 20; and along the New England coast, 9. The names of six vessels that were abandoned 
 at sea have been reported, and there are at least nine others missing, among them the lamented 
 New York pilot-boats Phantom and Enchantress and the yacht Cythera; moreover, shortly after 
 the storm seven derelicts, which can not be identified with any previously reported, were sighted 
 off the coast, to take their places amongst the other obstructions to navigation whose positions 
 and erratic tracks are plotted each month on the Pilot Chart, that other vessels may be warned 
 of the danger of collision. The abandoned schooner W. L. White has started off to the eastward 
 in the Gulf Stream, and will soon become a source of anxiety to the captains of steam ships along 
 the transatlantic route, and furnish a brief sensation to the passengers when she is sighted. There 
 is thus an intensely human side to the history of a great ocean storm, aud to one who reads these 
 brief records of facts and at the same time gives some little play to his imagination there is a very 
 pathetic side to the picture a side that is only too often "out of sight, out of mind" to the great 
 majority who live ashore, and to whom the slowly accumulating evidences of a great storm at sea, 
 with its fragmentary and always incomplete record of disasters, sometimes seem, in this age of 
 the electric telegraph, like pages of ancient history. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE USE OF OIL TO PREVENT HEAVY SEAS FROM BREAKING. 
 
 The following reports are selected from those received relative to the use of oil by vessels 
 caught in the heavy cross-seas of this great storm. In accordance with the policy followed 
 hitherto by the Hydrographic Office, which has already resulted in the almost universal recogni- 
 tion of the practical benefits to be derived from the use of oil at sea to quiet dangerous waves, 
 these reports will be quoted verbatim. The object has been, and is now, to call attention as 
 widely as possible to this subject; to publish facts, actual experiences, with dates, positions, 
 names, and all details that may tend to bring it vividly and graphically before every navigator, 
 that each one may see for himself what others think of it, how they have tried the experiment, 
 and the results gained. In this way it is shown very clearly that very little trouble and ex- 
 pense are involved; that almost any kind of oil may be used to advantage; and that under- 
 writers, owners, agents, and masters, all over the world, have become thoroughly convinced 
 that the recent revival of the knowledge and use of this old but almost forgotten principle is 
 a matter of the greatesF importance to them all. Many vessels are now fitted out with special 
 apparatus for distributing oil most advantageously; numerous patents have been taken out for 
 special kinds of oil and special methods of distribution ; but the most important fact of all is 
 brought out by each and every one of the following reports, namely, that every vessel has on 
 board at all times materials which, by means of a little ingenuity and care, will answer the pur- 
 pose, and which may, by such use, avert not ouly discomfort and damage, but even serious dis- 
 aster. 
 
 From some of these vessels separate storm reports have been received, which have been 
 referred to already in this discussion. Others, however, are new, and in addition to the special 
 information relative to the use of oil will be found to contain interesting data about the storm 
 itself. 
 
 Several of the New York pilot-boats used oil to advantage, and their hazardous occupation 
 would seem to make a knowledge of its use on such occasions of the greatest value. Captain 
 Sullivan, of the Caprice, for instance, whose interesting storm report has been quoted above, states 
 that when he was boarded by combing seas off Sandy Hook, which threw his vessel on her beam 
 ends, he broke out oil-bags, stuffed them with oakum, rags, and anything he could lay his hands 
 on, poured in a mixture of 1 gallon lard oil, 1 gallon paint oil, and 3 gallons petroleum (all he had 
 onboard), and punched them with a brad-awl. One of these he hung over the weather bow and 
 the other over the side, abreast the weather-main rigging, so as to just clear the water when on 
 an even keel; he also rigged out two drags over the weather-bow, each composed of 15 fathoms 
 of chain on five fenders, held by 75 fathoms of hawser. After the oil was used no water came on 
 board, although before using it the sea was making a clean breach over the vessel. A breaking 
 wave would rush toward her, meet the oil slick, the crest would quiet down, and the wave roll 
 harmlessly past. He used the oil for thirty-six hours, and says it saved his vessel. 
 
 The pilot-boat Charles R. Marshall was struck by the storm at 10.30 p. m. on the llth, 10 
 miles E. from Sandy Hook, wind WXW., with snow. A brief report from Pilot Partridge states ' 
 that the vessel drifted 100 miles before the gale, till she was brought head to wind the morning of 
 24 
 
THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 25 
 
 the 13th, with anchor and 90 fathoms of chain which held for 24 hours, the wind blowing 100 
 miles per honr. Used three oil-bags, and except for them he thinks the vessel would have gone 
 down. The detailed report of Boat-keeper Robinson, printed in full elsewhere, can not fail to be 
 read with the greatest interest. The account of the use of oil is such an essential part of the 
 report that it is quoted entire therewith. Similarly with regard to the pilot boat William H. 
 Starbucl; off Barnegat, the night of March 11. The report communicated by Pilot Heath, printed 
 in full elsewhere, may be referred to in this connection, and no stronger testimony regarding the 
 advantages to be derived from the use of oil could be desired than the brief but eloquent facts 
 stated in these two reports. 
 
 The experience of the yacht Iroquois, off Henlopen, has been spoken of already, but the 
 special feature of the report received from her sailing-master, Captain Norton, is that relating to 
 the use of oil. At 1 a. in., the 12th, when it was blowing a most terrific gale, he found the vessel 
 was making too much headway for safety ; took in the reefed fore-stay-sail and fore try-sail, and put 
 over a patent sea-drag, but the hawser carried away and he lost it. He then thought of a case of 
 oil on board, containing four 5-gallon cans; made three bags of No. o cotton, large enough to 
 hold about 2 gallons apiece ; put 2 quarts in each, and hung them over the weather-bow, but the 
 oil congealed and would not run out through the holes he had made with a sail-needle. Then 
 tried the oil through the pipes of the closet in the forecastle, near the bow, putting a few table- 
 spoonfuls in the bowl and then pumping it out. It was truly wonderful to see the effect it had on 
 the sea. A huge comber would come down upon the vessel, threatening to bury her 20 feet deep. 
 The comb would strike a patch of oil no larger than a common dining-table, and in an instant the 
 top of the sea was smooth and round, without even a wind ripple, and the little schooner would pop 
 up on top of it as easy as a gull. He stood on the deck for more than an hour watching the 
 effect, and then went below feeling that so tar as breaking waves were concerned he was perfectly 
 safe as long as the oil held out. The oil used in this ease was a soft, greasy oil, wh.ich he thinks is 
 the best. The yacht rode out the storm in perfect safety, without any damage, although both top- 
 masts were on end and jib-boom out. Used 15 gallons of oil in thirty-six hours. Captain Norton 
 has followed the sea for the past thirty years, seventeen of them as master, but never experienced 
 a worse gale than this. 
 
 Captain Trim, of the American schooner Isaac Orbeton, was caught in the hurricane off Ab- 
 secon ; fore-sail blown away ; sea very high and irregular; rain, sleet, and snow; wind from WN\Y. 
 The vessel was heavily laden with sugar, and Captain Trim hove-to and prepared to use oil to 
 prevent the sea from breaking over her. Rigged six oil-bags as follows: from the weather cat- 
 head, from each weather-chains, on the boat davits, and on a buoy to windward (a heavy piece 
 of timber secured to the vessel by a lanyard) ; filled the bags with oakum, pricking the canvas 
 well with a sail needle, and used equal parts offish-oil and kerosene, refilling the bags about every 
 two hours. No water came on board during the thirty hours the oil was used. The vessel was very 
 deep and must otherwise have been greatly damaged by the heavy seas, which, though very high 
 and irregular, were reduced by the oil to long rolling swells. He never tried the experiment before, 
 but regards the use of oil as a most valuable thing, if the bags are attended to and not allowed 
 to get empty. Used about 10 gallons each of fish oil and kerosene. 
 
 The American schooner John II. Krantz. Captain Pitcher, was at anchor off Brandywiue Shoal, 
 Delaware Bay, at the beginning of the storm ; her chains parted and she was driven to sea. scud- 
 ding under bare poles. Captain Pitcher reports that heavy seas broke on board, smashed his 
 booms, and made it unsafe to move about the deck. lie immediately set to work to use oil, placing 
 a can in the after closet in such a way as to allow the oil to drip slowly out. He also poured oil 
 on deck, from forward aft. The effect was wonderful; no more water came on board, and the 
 vessel ran before the hurricane in perfect safety. He considers fish-oil best, and intends never to 
 go to sea without a supply. 
 
 Captain Cortrall, American schooner Welaka, was struck by the hurricane off Five-Fathom 
 Bank at 1.'>U a. in . Mai, -a !_': snowing, and bitterly cold; dangerously heavy and irregular sea. 
 At 2 a. in. he squared away aud ran for the Gulf Stream under bare poles, having placed an oil- 
 bag in each mizzen-chains; the bags were tilled with oakum and fish-oil, and perforated with a sail- 
 needle, There was a tremendous following sea, and, finding that the waves broke over the vessel 
 3546 ST 4 
 
26 THE GEE AT STOEM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 amidships, be carried the bags forward, one on each jib-boom guy, after which he ran witn perfect 
 safety and comfort, so far as taking water was concerned. He continued to use oil for fifty-two hours, 
 and the high following seas were reduced to harmless swells as they struck the slick. Two attempts 
 were made to bring the vessel by the wind, but it proved to be too dangerous until the Gulf Stream 
 was reached and some sail could be made. Captain Cortrall states that the magical effect of the 
 oil is absolutely incredible until one sees the experiment tried, and he will never go to sea again 
 without being in readiness to use it. 
 
 Captain Segerman, American bark Serene, was hove-to off the Chesapeake from the llth to the 
 15th of March, and used oil with marked effect to prevent seas from breaking on board. Canvas 
 bags were hung from each weather-channel, containing a little oakum and about a quart of oil each. 
 Only 4 gallons of linseed-oil were used during the gale, which lasted three days. 
 
 Captain Andrews, American schooner Warren B. Potter, was to the eastward of Cape Henry 
 and ran to the southeast before the storm. As the vessel was shipping a great deal of water, and 
 the seas very high and irregular, he prepared to use oil. Took a sheet off a bed and dipped it in 
 paint oil, put it in a bag and towed it astern. Then hung bags on each side of fore-channels, filled 
 with rags and oil. The result was that the waves no longer broke over the vessel. He has tried 
 kerosene, but can not advise using it. 
 
 The American schooner Normandy, also to the eastward of Cape Henry, was in the hurricane 
 for three days, and lost main-gaff, mainsail and foresail, and split the jib. The long-boat and one 
 davit were carried away, companion-way doors and window-shutters broken, binnacle washed away, 
 cabin flooded, and main deck swept of everything movable. Further damage was avoided by 
 simply pouring oil over the side. 
 
 The American schooner Ellen M. Golder, Captain Johnston, encountered the storm off the coast 
 of Long Island. The vessel was hove-to, but as the wind and sea increased it became necessary 
 to wear ship and scud before the gale. A tremendous sea was running and the vessel was under 
 bare poles, all sail haviug been blown away. In order to perform the maneuver in safety the cap- 
 tain decided to try the use of oil ; poured 5 gallons of paint-oil over the lee-quarter, and the vessel 
 wore around without taking a drop of water on board, although the captain feels sure that with- 
 out the use of oil it would have been wholly impossible. 
 
 Captain Saint John, American schooner Spartan, was struck by the gale off Moutauk Point, 
 March 11, and blown 200 miles off shore, losing all of his sails and much of his standing rigging. 
 While running before the gale, with a prospect of foundering in the heavy sea, the captain threw 
 overboard a number of oil-soaked bags of oa,kum. The waves, however, washed the bags back 
 on deck as fast as they were thrown over. The captain finally poured a quantity of oil through 
 the closet pipe and secured comparatively calm water, saving his vessel. 
 
 Storm reports are quoted elsewhere from the British bark Nora Wit/gins, the German bark 
 Johanna, the American schooner Messenger, and the American ship Annie M. Smull. From each of 
 these a report has been received regarding the use of oil in the great storm, and in every case its 
 use was regarded as of great advantage. 
 
 Mr. Collins, mate of the Nora Wiggins, states that, when hove-to in the hurricane, the vessel 
 was boarded by breaking seas. Oil-bags were used with great effect to prevent the combing 
 waves from breaking over the vessel, and oil was also poured on oakum put in the bowls of the 
 closet, and allowed to run slowly out the pipes. The bags were made fast to the main rigging just 
 clear of the water, and kept the sea smooth. No water came on board after the oil was used. 
 
 Captain Falker, of the Messenger, made use of oil for the first time in this storm; he was 
 thoroughly converted, and is now a firm believer in the great advantages to be gained. Not hav- 
 ing any regular appliances, he put a can of porpoise-oil, with a small hole in the bottom for the 
 oil to drip through, in the after closet, thus allowing the oil to drip slowly into the sea. The result 
 was astonishing. The oil cut the combers completely from the running seas and made the water 
 so smooth about the vessel that little or no water came on board. The vessel was hove-to for fifty- 
 two hours, and only five gallons of oil expended. 
 
 Finally, Captain Meyer, of the Johanna, when he found it necessary to abandon his vessel, 
 in a sinking condition, was lying-to on the starboard tack, a strong northwest gale blowing, 
 the seas running very high and breaking. The German bark Weser ran down to leeward and 
 
THE GREAT STOEM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 27 
 
 hove-to. Got two boats ready, hove two cans of rape &eed oil over to windward, punctured so that 
 the oil could run out, and manned the boats, each of which was supplied with fish oil, in cans. 
 Pulled under the lee of the Johanna to the Weser, all the time pouring oil over the stern of the 
 boats. The boats were half full of water when they got alongside the Weser, but he thinks they 
 would never have reached her had they not used oil. 
 
 Such reports need little or no comment. The mere publication of the facts is enough to con- 
 vince any one. With the memory fresh in mind of the loss of the gallant New York pilot boats 
 Phantom and Enchantress, of the lamented yacht Cythera, and other vessels, some of them not yet 
 given up but probably lost in this terrific storm, these brief reports convey a lesson which can 
 not fail to be heeded and remembered. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 The great storm tbat has thus been briefly described, as well as can be done from the data 
 now at hand and iu the limited time at our disposal, would seem to deserve more notice than a mere 
 sensation over its fierce onslaught and destructive progress. This study can not be brought to a 
 conclusion more fittingly than by pointing out certain things which it, has emphasized, certain les- 
 sons which it has taught, that we may learn from the lesson of experience to-day how best to shape 
 our course to-morrow. 
 
 First of all, it has furnished a most striking and instructive example of a somewhat unusual 
 class of storms, and this on such a grand scale, and iu a part of the world where the data for its 
 study are so complete, that it must long remain a most memorable instance. It is a case where 
 the law of storms, founded on the circular theory and the eight-point rule, is to a large extent 
 inapplicable as a guide for action ; because here, instead of a more or less circular area of low 
 barometer at the storm center, there is a great trough of " low " between two ridges of " high," the 
 whole system moving rapidly eastward, and including, "within the arc of its majestic sweep,'' 
 almost the entire width of the temperate zone. Eelative to the law of storms, however, this much 
 may be said with perfect safety : no storm, however abnormal its character, is goiug to lessen con- 
 fidence in general rules derived from experience in thousands of storms and in every ocean. The 
 "trough phenomena." as an eminent meteorologist has called the violent squalls, with shifts of 
 wind and change of conditions generally at about the time of lowest barometer, are to be expected 
 and guarded against in every storm, and sailors have long ago summed them up. to store away 
 iu memory for practical use when occasion demands, in the well known lines 
 
 First rise after low 
 Indicates a stronger blow. 
 
 These lines do not, of course, take into consideration the fact that if the depression of the storm 
 center is deepeuing,,or, as we may say, the energy of the storm increasing, the violent shift of wind 
 and "stronger blow" will be experienced before the time of lowest barometer, an occurrence vei-y 
 frequently illustrated during the storm now under consideration. On the other hand, if the storm 
 is decreasing iu violence, the change may occur some time after the barometer has begun to rise. 
 There are many similar verses that are well known among sailors, and while most of them may 
 seem very crude and some of them involve rules of action that can not be recommended, yet on the 
 whole they serve a very useful purpose, and are often remembered and acted upon long after more 
 elaborate rules have been forgotten. 
 
 It has called attention anew to the sudden deepening of depressions upon reaching the coast, 
 and the corresponding increase of energy to be expected, a lesson that should be boine in mind 
 by every navigator leaving port with a falling barometer and other signs of a storm. It has re- 
 minded us of the vitally important influence of the Gulf Stream iu causing such increase of energy, 
 and to the necessity of closely watching this great warm ocean-current and noting any abnormal 
 conditions of volume, velocity, temperature, or position ; especially so during the spring and autumn 
 months, the periods of most rapid change in the conditions of oceanic and atmospheric circulation. 
 The accompanying Barometer Diagram, if studied in connection with the Track Chart and the 
 Weather Chart for March 11, illustrates very clearly this deepening of the depression at the 
 28 
 
THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 storm center. It may be said in this connection, however, that it would seem wholly impossible to 
 have foretold the formation and persistency off Block Island of a secondary storm center of such 
 energy as was developed in this case, so far as onr present knowledge is concerned, and a predic- 
 tion to that effect made under similar circumstances would probably prove wrong in at least nine 
 cases out of ten. 
 
 It has enforced in most unmistakable terms the importance, not only to our extensive shipping 
 interests but to the people of all our great sea-board cities, of the establishment of telegraphic 
 signal stations at outlying points off the coast: at St. Johns (or Cape Race) and Sable Island, to 
 watch the movement of areas of high barometer, upon which that of the succeeding " low " so 
 largely depends; and at Bermuda. Nassau, and various points in the West Indies and Windward 
 Islands, that we may be forewarned of the approach and progress of the terrific hurricanes which, 
 summer after summer, bring devastation and destruction along our Gulf and Atlantic coasts, and 
 of whose fury this great storm is an approximate example and a timely reminder. Moreover, 
 there are other important objects to be gained, in addition to the better forecasting of stormy 
 weather off our coasts and along the transatlantic routes. Every edition of the Pilot Chart re- 
 cords the latest reported position of numerous derelict vessels and other dangers to navigation 
 submerged wrecks, buoys adrift, icebergs, and masses of field ice. But at present such reports 
 are necessarily several days old, and the present positions of these dangerous obstructions must 
 be roughly estimated, allowing for their probable drift in the interval of time that has elapsed since 
 the report was made. There are recorded, also, the probable limits of frequent fog for the ensuing 
 month and the regions where fog was most frequently reported during the preceding mouth. But 
 general averages only give the regions where fog is most likely to be encountered; they do not and 
 can not attempt to state whether or no there will be a fog at a given place at a given time. But 
 scientific research and practical inveutive genius, advancing hand in hand for the benefit of man- 
 kind, have discovered not only the laws governing the formation of the dense banks of fog that 
 liave made the Grand Banks dreaded by navigators, but also the means by which certain facts 
 may be observed, telegraphed, charted, and studied a thousand miles away, and the occurrence of 
 fog predicted witli almost unfailing accuracy, even whilst the very elements themselves are only 
 preparing for its formation. By means of such predictions the safety of navigation along the 
 greatest higway of ocean traffic in the world would be vastly increased routes traversed yearly at 
 almost railway speed by vessels intrusted with more than a million human lives and property of 
 an aggregate value of fully a billion dollars. 
 
 To masters of vessels of every nationality whose voluntary and cordial co-operation have 
 alone rendered it possible to write this history with any completeness, it is hoped that this brief 
 .discussion will emphasize the importance of accurately and carefully taking and recording meteor- 
 ological observations, both at frequent intervals during stormy weather, when the conditions are 
 changing rapidly, and at stated times during fair weather as well. The character and progress of 
 a storm are not isolated phenomena which can be considered and discussed from a knowledge of 
 the conditions that hold good over a limited area; on the contrary, to be thoroughly understood 
 there must be at hand a large number of reliable observations, taken with instruments whose errors 
 are known by means of a recent comparison with standard, and from vessels at various points over 
 a wide tract of ocean. The importance of the simultaneous observations is illustrated by the ac- 
 companying charts, based almost entirely upon them. By means of such data the isobars and 
 isotherms of the continents, plotted on the daily international chart by means of data taken at laud 
 stations in every civilized country of the globe, can be extended across the intervening oceans, 
 forming on one sheet an instantaneous photograph, as it were, of the meteorological conditions of 
 an entire hemisphere. 
 
 Finally, it may be safely said that nothing will more forcibly attract the attention of the practial 
 navigator than the new and striking illustrations which have been furnished by reports from vari- 
 ous masters of vessels, caught in the terrific winds and violent cross seas of this great storm, rel- 
 ative to the use of oil to prevent heavy broken seas from coming on board. Nor can anything be 
 more gratifying to this Office than to receive constantly such conclusive proof that its eftbrts to 
 force this subject upon the attention of navigators by means of the Pilot Chart and various other 
 publications have resulted in such a notable decrease in the unavoidable dangers of the sea. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS METEOROLOGICAL DATA. 
 WRECKAGE ALONG THE COAST. 
 DETAILED STORM REPORTS. 
 GREENWICH NOON OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 31 
 
MISCELLANEOUS METEROLOGICAL DATA. 
 
 TOTAL WIND MOVEMENT, MARCH 11-14. 
 The following figures are selected from data published by the U. S. Signal Service : 
 
 Milea. Miles. 
 
 Block Islaud, R.I 2,992 Hatteras, N. C 2,292 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa 2, 552 j Boston, Mass 2,212 
 
 Eastport, Me 2,529 Norfolk, Va 2,201 
 
 Atlantic City, N. J 2,526 New York, N. Y 2,189 
 
 SMUV AND RAIN-FALL IN SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND, MARCH 11-14. 
 
 Prof. Winslow Upton, secretary to the New England Meteorological Society, says (American 
 Meteorological Journal, May, 1888) : 
 
 In the region embracing nearly the southern half of Vermont and of New Hampshire west of the Merrimac, the 
 western half of Massachusetts, nearly the whole of Connecticut and of New York east of the Hudson as far north as 
 Luke George, the average depth of uumelted snow exceeded 30 inches, while in central Connecticut and a large part 
 of eastern New York the average fall was over 40 inches. Within this area there seems to have been a region near the 
 Connecticut River in Massachusetts where the fall was a little less than 30 inches, and a more marked region in the 
 vicinity of Hartford, Conn., where the fall was less than 20 inches. In Rhode Island and eastern Massachusetts, 
 where the precipitation was snow and rain mixed, the amount of rain was excessive. Some of the snow-drifts actu- 
 ally measured were of astonishing height. In Bangall, Dntchess County, N. Y., the measurements gave heights from 
 15 to 40 feet, and in Cheshire, New Haven County, Conn., one of 38 feet was measured. The maximum precipitation 
 reported was at Middletown, Conn.. 5.76 inches. 
 
 The detailed chart of isobars and isotherms for 10 p. m., March 12, accompanying Professor 
 Upton's paper, shows a difference of temperature of 25 in 75 miles (from southeastern Massachu- 
 setts to central Connecticut). 
 
 The precipitation mentioned above may be considered heavy, although by no means remark- 
 able. Had it not been for the fact that in the vicinity of New York it was almost wholly iu the 
 form of snow, causing great obstruction to traffic and almost entire suspension of business, it would 
 not have attracted such great attention. The heaviest rain-falls probably occur in India; in northern 
 Bengal, for instance, a daily average of 12,1 inches of rain fell from May 28 to June 3, 1887, and at 
 Dewangunj. district of Mymeusingh, 19.67 inches iu one day (June 1, 1887), equal to 1,600,000 tons 
 of water per square mile. At Cherrapungi, Assam, about 300 miles NE. from Calcutta, the arer- 
 age annual rainfall is 493 inches, of which 325 inches fell in June, July and August ; iu one year 
 (1861) 905 inches fell, in one mouth (August, 1841), 264 inches, and in one day (June 14, 1876), 
 41 inches. 
 
 WATERSPOUT* REPORTED DURING THE STORM. 
 
 Captain Brunu, Norwegian steam-ship Fatdrelandet, observed a number of small waterspouts, 
 probably twenty or thirty, March 14, between 4 and 8 a. m. (ship's time), latitude 34 50 7 N., longi- 
 tude 74 41' W., to latitude 353 3' X., longitude 74 41' W. They were traveling with the wind, which 
 was blowing a heavy gale from NN\Y., and rotating in a direction opposite to the motion of the hands 
 of a watch. The weather was threatening and stormy looking, with very wet fog. Temperature of 
 the air 4G 3 ; water 72 3 . Barometer 29.72 (corrected). This report is especially interesting when 
 3346 ST 5 33 
 
34 
 
 THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 considered in connection with the following report, received from Captain Bermpobl, British steam- 
 ship Samana, who was about 60 miles to leeward of the Faedrelandet, and who reports that on March 
 14, latitude 34 10' N., longitude 74 16' W., he observed many waterspouts between 8 a. m. and 
 noon. It will be noticed that both vessels were in the southwest quadrant of the storm; a cold 
 northwesterly gale was blowing over the warm Gulf Stream current, and the waterspouts sighted 
 by Captain Brunn near the western edge of the stream were evidently associated with those sighted 
 a few hours later by Captain Beriopohl, 60 miles to leeward. An excellent detailed report iu;ide 
 out by First Officer O'Brien, of the Samana, gives many interesting particulars regarding the spouts 
 sighted from that vessel. They were of different sizes, all ascending with a spiral motion to the 
 clouds and then disappearing. One came within about a mile of the ship, and they were all within 
 from one to three miles. They appeared to rotate in a direction against the hands of a watch, and 
 were traveling in a southerly direction. There was a strong gale from west, hauling to northwest, 
 with occasional snow, and a blinding spray flying over the vessel. Clouds, cirro-cumulus and 
 stratus. Temperature of water 74. 
 
 A FEW GULF STREAM REPORTS. 
 
 From among the many reports at hand relative to the Gulf Stream, the following may be quoted 
 as being of special interest in this connection. 
 
 Captain Freeman, American steam-ship Hudson, at New York, February 28, from New Orleans, 
 reports that he encountered an unusually strong current in the straits of Florida, strongest 
 between Fowey Rocks and Jupiter. Passed Fowey Rocks at a distance of about miles, Jupiter 
 Inlet, 12 miles; there was a light SSE. wind, and it had been blowing from that direction for 
 several days. From Sombrero to Alligator had a 4 knot current, arid it continued strong as far 
 north as latitude 31 N., when it slowed down, running about 2 knots with the ship, from latitude 
 31 N. to latitude 34 N., on a course about NE., near the western edge of the stream. The tem- 
 perature of the surface water was as follows, at noon, Greenwich mean time, each day : 
 
 Date. 
 
 T.at. N. 
 
 Long. W. 
 
 Temperature. 
 
 Feb. 24... 
 
 ' 24. 20' 
 
 82. 05' 
 
 77 
 
 Feb. 25.... 
 
 29 .08 
 
 79 .47 
 
 78 
 
 Feb. 26.... 
 
 33 .34 
 
 76 .43 
 
 72 
 
 Feb. 27.... 
 
 37 .24 
 
 74 .30 
 
 48 
 
 The above is a fair sample of reports, showing that the current was unusually strong toward 
 the end of February; during the first ten days of March the prevailing winds were southeasterly 
 and southerly, still further increasing its volume, velocity, and temperature. 
 
 The reports that are quoted below are merely isolated reports, indicating in a very gt-neral 
 way the effect upon the Gulf Stream of the long-continued northwest gale. 
 
 Captain Philbrook, American schooner Fostino, reports that at noon, March l.'i, li is position 
 was latitude 26 10' N., longitude 79 49' W. The wind was then NNW., force 8, and the se.i 
 heavier than he had ever seen it in the Gulf Stream. To the northward of the thirtieth parallel 
 he could detect no current whatever. 
 
 Captain Daniel, British steam-ship Caribbean, states that on March 14, at G p. in. (ship's 
 time), latitude 37 50' N., longitude 54 53' W., he encountered a strong race of current, with a 
 strong current ripple at times; temperature of water, Go . A current ripple was also noticed on 
 the IGth, latitude 40 27' N., longitude 47 1' W. 
 
 Captain Cates, American brig Arcot, reports that on March 1G he found a band of warm Gulf 
 current, temperature 75, latitude 35 2' N., longitude 70 5' W., to latitude 35 20' N., longitude 
 71 33' W., setting to the south westward, with a band of cold water (temperature 4.3) between it and 
 the main stream, which seemed to be some 60 miles to the southeast of its usual position. 
 
 Captain Barstow, American bark James 8. fit-one, reports as follows: March 19. latitude 30 12' 
 N., longitude 73 17' W., crossed the inner edge of the Gulf Stream, which was very clearly denned 
 
THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 35 
 
 as far as the eye could reach. The current itself, running about ENE., could be easily di.s 
 tinguished, flowing past the colder wall of water along its western boundary. The wind at the 
 time was very light and the sea smooth. 
 
 BAROMETER OSCILLATIONS. 
 
 Remarkable fluctuations of the bargmeter are reported as follows: 
 
 American schooner Xantasket, about 70 miles E. from Cape Henry. Lowest barometer, 29.50, 
 at 10 p. in., March 11. For the first twelve hours, and in fact for nearly twenty-four hours, the 
 barometer vibrated in the most remarkable way, as much as .13 inch at a time. 
 
 Xew York pilot boat Caprice, off Sandy Hook. From 5 to C a. m., March 12, the barometer 
 oscillated between 29.60 and 29.70. 
 
 New York pilot-boat Edu-ard E.Barrett; position at noon, March 13, latitude 40 23' N., 
 longitude 70 15' W. Barometer 29.21 at 4 a. m., oscillating from 29.10 to 29.26. 
 
 American schooner Ellen M. Golder, about 30 miles S. from Shinnecock, Long Island. March 
 12, 2 p. m., barometer vibrating between 29.09 and 29.07. 
 
 ELECTRIC PHENOMENA. 
 
 The following table has been prepared, for convenience of reference, of reports of electric 
 phenomena. The original reports may be consulted for additional and more detailed information. 
 
 Vessel. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Approximate position. 
 
 James S. Stone 
 
 Mr. 11 
 do .. 
 
 Latitude 33 X., longitude 75' W. 
 Latitude 41 V loir'itude 57 D W. 
 
 Mtlissa Trask 
 
 do 
 
 Off Hattera.s. 
 
 
 .. do 
 
 Latitude 4 V. longitude 50 W. 
 
 
 do 
 
 Latitude 32 D \. longitude 7(P W. 
 
 "Warren B Potter . . 
 
 do 
 
 Off Hatteras 
 
 Bengore Head 
 
 Mar. 12 
 do .. 
 
 Latitude 39? X., longitude 6:T> W. 
 Latitude 35 : X longitude 63 W. 
 
 
 do 
 
 Latitude 39^ X. longitude 72 W. 
 
 
 do 
 
 Latitude 31 a X. longitude 74 W. 
 
 Glenburn 
 Anna 
 Faedrelandet ... 
 
 Mar. 13 
 Mar. H 
 ....do 
 
 Latitude 32 3 X., longitude 60 W. 
 Latitude 41 3 X., longitude 52 W. 
 Latitude 35 X.. longitude 74 W. 
 
 Anna 
 
 Mar. 15 
 
 Latitude 42= X., longitude 54 W. 
 
 EXTRACT FROM THE CANADIAN MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 
 
 The following extract from the Monthly Weather Review for March, published by the meteor- 
 ological service of the Dominion of Canada, Prof. Charles Carpmael, director, will be found of 
 interest in connection with the history of the great storm : 
 
 Until the morning of the 8th the pressure in the northwest had been generally of an anti-cyclonic nature, with con- 
 tinned cold fine weather. A depression, however, which had apparently moved in from the Pacific, had crossed the 
 Rocky Mountains on the 8th, and its northern limits, which then extended over the northwest, caused a snowfall 
 throughout the Territories, and for a short time a little milder weather in Manitoba, which, however, was succeeded 
 again on the 9th by higher pressure and fine cold weather. 
 
 On the night of the 9th the reports showed a new developing anti-cyclone over the whole northwest and western 
 Stites and Territories; the earlier anti-cyclone which had hovered in the northwest, now central over Quebec, and 
 the cyclonic system from the Pacific as an elongated trough of low pressure stretching from Lake Superior to Texas. 
 
 During the 10th a slow easterly progression of these systems took place. The wind increased in the Lake Dis- 
 trict from the E. and S., and higher temperature and rain became general. Next day this movement continued, the 
 anti-cyclones keeping their relative positions, and the cyclonic trough now showing as two distinct but small depi-es- 
 sions. one of which was by night dispersing over Quebec, whilst the other was increasing in .energy over the Middle 
 Atlantic coast, and snow had extended with higher temperatures to Quebec. 
 
 At 7 a. m. on the 12th the northern depression had disappeared, the two anti-cyclones had apparently joined 
 forces over eastern Canada, and the southern cyclone was developing in energy, accompanied by a heavy snowf:;Jl 
 in the New England States. By the 13th it had developed into a severe storm ; a'gale of wind extended throughout 
 
36 
 
 THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 the Lake and eastern districts, accompanied by snow in Ontario, Quebec, aud New Brunswick, and rain in Nova Scotia, 
 heavy drifts seriously impeding railway traffic. The cyclone continued to hover over or near the New England 
 coast and gradually dispersed there, causing a continuance of high winds in Quebec and the maritime provinces 
 till the night of the 14th, by which time high pressure had spread over the country with fairer weather, accompanied 
 by decidedly low temperatures in Ontario, and continued moderate temperatures in the eastern provinces. 
 
 
 
 BAHAMA ISLANDS. __ 
 
 Commander Ed. Scohell Clapp, R. N., inspector of imperial light-houses, Nassau, N. P., has 
 forwarded a very complete detailed report of observations made on board the light-house tender 
 Richmond, March 10-15. The report came to hand too late to be used in the preparation of this 
 monograph, but the following extracts are published as of special interest in this conectiou : 
 
 Date. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Wind. 
 
 Barom- 
 eter. 
 
 Tber. 
 raometer. 
 
 Weatber. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Mar. 11 
 
 Noon 
 
 S.byE. 6 
 
 30.068 
 
 U 
 
 o. m. 
 
 At ancbor 1J miles WNW. from 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Elbow Cay light, Abaco. 
 
 Mar. 12 
 
 4 a. m 
 
 N. 7 
 
 29.884 
 
 C8 
 
 o.g. 
 
 2 a. m., trinil shitted from SW. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 toNNW.; 2.30 a.m.,bar. 29.864. 
 
 
 8 a. m 
 
 N. 7 
 
 29. 968 
 
 69 
 
 o.g. 
 
 
 Mar. 13 
 
 Noon ..... 
 
 WNW. 6 
 
 30. 037 
 
 69 
 
 b. c. m. 
 
 1 p. m., passed oat through Man 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of War Channel. 
 
 
 4 p. m 
 
 W. 7 
 
 29.9U7 
 
 68 
 
 b. c. m. 
 
 
 Mar. 14 
 
 8a. m 
 
 NW. 5 
 
 30. 039 
 
 69 
 
 be. 
 
 7a.m., off Nassau; bar .break- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing, danger flag hoisted at 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 light-house. 
 
 BERMUDA. 
 
 The following extracts are quoted from the weekly report of the weather at Gibbs' Hill Light 
 Station, Bermuda, published in the Bermuda Royal Gazette; observations made by Josephus 
 Perinchief, at noon, local mean time. 
 
 Date.' 
 
 Wind. 
 
 Barome- 
 ter. 
 
 Tber. 
 mouieter. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mar. 11 
 
 NW. 4 
 
 30. 02 
 
 58 
 
 Fine. 
 
 Mar. 12 
 
 S. 7 
 
 29.55 
 
 53 
 
 Tbick, rainy. 
 
 Mar. 13 
 
 WNW. 4 
 
 29.61 
 
 6 
 
 Unsettled, squally. 
 
 Mar. 14 
 
 SW. 5 
 
 29.50 
 
 57 
 
 Do. 
 
 Mar. 15 
 
 W. to NW. 7 
 
 29.49 
 
 55 
 
 nail, squalls, aud rain. 
 
 Mar. 16 
 
 NW. C 
 
 29.83 
 
 C9 
 
 Fine, cloudy. 
 
WRECKAGE ALONG THE COAST. 
 
 NOTE. This list has been carefully revised from (he latest and best data at hand. 
 
 NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Along the New England coast 15 schooners and 1 tag were damaged, the names of which 
 follow : 
 
 Schooner Ida E. Latham, Schooner Nornia, Schooner S. A. Farkhurst, 
 
 Schooner Cordova, Schooner John Somers, Schooner Wanderer, 
 
 Schooner Pamet, Schooner Dreadnaugbt, Schooner Maggie Brnce, 
 
 Pchooner A. C. Parker, Schooner Emma Jane, Tng Deo Volente. 
 
 Schooner Lnln, ' Schooner Lizzie Hayan, 
 
 Schooner Ella, Schooner M. B. Linscott, 
 
 NEW YORK AND LONG ISLAXD. 
 
 Of the vessi-ls in and about New York and near the Long Island shores, 2 barks, 6 schooners, 
 3 tug-boats (one with a tow). 5 pilot-boats. 2 lighters, 1 ferry-boat, 1 barge, 2 tows of G barges each, 
 and 5 canal boats were either sunk or badly damaged. The following is a list of the vessels re- 
 ported damaged : 
 
 Bark Stadacona, Ferry-boat Maid of Perth, Pilot-boat Ezra Nye, 
 
 Bark Anna, Tug-boat S. E. Babcock, Lighter International, 
 
 Schooner Mary McCabe, Tug-boat Gracie, Lighter Cement Rock, 
 
 Schooner Lester A. Lewis, Tug-boat Trojan and tow, Barge Charles N. White, 
 
 Schooner Favorite, Pilot-boat Hope, Two tows of 6 barges each, 
 
 Schooner Little Charlie, Pilot-boat Caldwell H. Colt, Canal-boat Green Mountain, 
 
 Schooner Job H. Jackson. Pilot-boat Thomas D. Harrison, Canal-boats Nos. 14, 15, 40, and 
 
 Schooner S. S. Scranton, Pilot-boat Edmund Driggs, 3065. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Along the Xew Jersey coast and in the Horse-shoe at Sandy Hook. 3 schooners, 4 sloops, 5 
 pilot-boats, 1 barge, and two vessels (names unknown) were damaged: 
 
 Schooner Mary Hfitman, Sloop Alert, Barge Hazeltine, 
 
 Schooner A. B. Crosby, Sloop Neptune, Two unknown vessels. 
 
 At Horse-slioe, Sandy Hoot. 
 
 Schooner Mayflower, Pilot-boat Edmund Blunt, Pilot-boat W. W. Story, 
 
 Sloop P. T. Baruum, Pilot-boat E. H. Williams, Pilot-boat Edward Cooper. 
 
 Sloop Pocahontas. Pilot-boat Centennial, 
 
 DELAWARE RIVER. 
 
 In the Delaware Ki ver the shipping suffered severely. Of the large fleet of vessels which sought 
 refuge at the Breakwater, scarcely one escaped without damage. Most of those blown ashore at 
 the Breakwater were badly wrecked. From reports received, 1 ship, 3 barks, 2 barkentiues, 26 
 schooners, 2 pilot-boats, and 3 tugs were damaged : 
 
 Ship Esther Roy, Schooner W. II. Rntan, Schooner Kocheco, 
 
 Bark Brimiga, Schooner Rebecca F. Lamdin, Schooner Howard Williams, 
 
 Bark Giacomo Mortola. Schooner Benjamin C. Cromwell, Schooner Williams C. Wickham, 
 
 Bark Vanadis, Schooner Irene Crawford. Schooner Windsor. 
 
 Schooner E. G. Irwin, 
 
 37 
 
38 
 
 THE GEEAT STOEM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 Barkentine Zephyr, 
 Barkentiue Eva Lynch, 
 Schooner Allie H. Belden, 
 Schoouer Elliot L. Dow, 
 Schooner John Proctor, 
 Schooner Hester A. Seward, 
 Schooner Rebecca M. Smith, 
 Schooner Ahbie P. Craiimer, 
 
 At the Breakwater. 
 
 Schooner Paul & Thompson, 
 Schooner George L. Fessenden, 
 Schooner Isabel Alberto, 
 Schooner Earl P. Mason, 
 Schooner Flora A. Newcomh, 
 Schooner Elizabeth S. Lee, 
 Schooner George W. Anderson, 
 Schooner Providence, 
 
 MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA. 
 
 Schooner Lizzie V. Hall, 
 Schooner Index, 
 Schooner William G. Bartlett, 
 Pilot-boat C. W. Tuuuell, 
 Pilot-boat Enoch Turley, 
 Tug-boat George J. Simpson, 
 Tug-boat Li/./ie Crawford, 
 Tug-boat Tamesi. 
 
 In the harbor of Baltimore there was no in.iteriul loss. In consequence of the strong 
 gale the water in the harbor was lower than it has ever been in the memory of the oldest 
 steam-boat men. Ferry-boat travel was interrupted; steamers at the Pratt and Light street 
 wharves at the head of the harbor were lying in the mud ; ocean steamers at the lower-harbor 
 wharves stopped loading; but on Wednesday, the 14th, the Oregon, drawing 24 feet 9 inches, left 
 the harbor without difficulty. 
 
 The inclosed list gives the names, so far as can be found, of only the vessels actually reported 
 as having been damaged in the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, and is by no means a com- 
 plete record of the loss to the small dredgers and fishing-boats in the bay. Both sides of the bay 
 seem to have suffered alike, and even in the harbors on the eastern shore, considered very safe 
 ones, the loss was great. 
 
 The number of lives lost in the bay and its tributaries was not less than twenty, all incident 
 to the loss of shipping. 
 
 The following list gives the names of 2 barks, 78 schooners, and 17 sloops sunk, wrecked, or 
 
 badly damaged : 
 
 Sunk or totally wrecked. 
 
 Schooner Harriet Ann, 
 Schooner C. O. Dougherty, 
 Schooner West Wind, 
 Schooner W. F. Hines, 
 Schooner Mohawk, 
 Schooner Fire-fly, 
 Schooner Little John, 
 Schooner Long Line, 
 
 Bark Henry Warner, 
 Bark Harvester, 
 Schooner Fanny Southard, 
 Schooner Brunette, 
 Schooner Win . T. Goldsborough, 
 Schooner Solomon F. Kerwin, 
 Schooner Daniel Brown, 
 Schooner Georgia, 
 Schooner Annie Jones, 
 Schooner Caroline, 
 Schooner Cornelia, 
 Schooner Frolic. 
 Schooner Hugh Bolton, 
 Schooner Three Sisters, 
 Schooner Edward Cobb, 
 Schooner William Schmiuk, 
 Schooner Stephen Chase, 
 Schooner Frank Bateman, 
 Schooner Thomas Hooper, 
 Schooner Kate Lawson, 
 Schooner Mary E. Dennis, 
 Schooner Alonzo Lee, 
 Schooner Shearwater, 
 Schooner- American Yacht, 
 
 Schooner Eastern Light, 
 Schooner Canton, 
 Schooner Antietam, 
 Schooner Leading Breeze, 
 Schooner William Turner, 
 Schoouer Wenonah, 
 Schooner Galena, 
 Schooner M. J. Mardeu, 
 
 liloirn asJiorc and badly damaged. 
 
 Schooner Lancelot, 
 Schooner Carrie M. Mass, 
 Schooner Ann R. Rodgers, 
 Schooner Capo Charles, 
 Schooner Commodore, 
 Schooner Crosswell, 
 Schooner Eva, 
 Schoouer S. T. Muir, 
 Schooner Ella Daris, 
 Schooner Buffalo, 
 Schooner Maud S., 
 Schooner Anna Brown, 
 Schoouer George Lewmon, 
 Schooner Mary Virginia, 
 Schooner Cleveland, 
 Schoouer Augusta, 
 Schooner Bratten, 
 Schooner Ocean Bird, 
 Schooner William B. Price, 
 Schooner A. H. Schultz, 
 Schooner C. A. Brown, 
 Schooner Mary E. Coulborn, 
 Schooner Mary C. Ward, 
 Schooner Sea View, 
 
 Schooner Constitution, 
 Schooner Vineyard, 
 Schooner Queen, 
 Schooner Gypsy, 
 Sloop Fire-fly, 
 Sloop T. T. Francis, 
 Sloop Flying Trapeze, 
 Sloop Laviuia. North. 
 
 Schoouer John J. Bell, 
 Schooner Lydia Sanderson, 
 Schooner Greyhound, 
 Schooner Fashion, 
 Schooner Eva Alice, 
 Schooner Mount Vernon, 
 Schooner Emma, 
 Schooner Hattie Estelle, 
 Schooner Lizzie and Mirrie, 
 Schooner Nona May, 
 Schooner Qui Vive, 
 Sloop Humming Bird, 
 Sloop Lizzie, 
 
 Sloop Lady Mollie E. Leonard, 
 Sloop Little Dorrit, 
 Sloop Daniel H. Mayue, 
 Sloop Fleetwing, 
 Sloop O. C. Summers, 
 Sloop Thomas R. Powley, 
 Sloop Anna Peterson, 
 Sloop Howard T. Leach, 
 Sloop Fly, 
 Sloop Lydia, 
 Sloop Lucy V. Fletcher. 
 
THE GEE AT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 39 
 
 SOUTH OF HATTERAS. 
 
 Very little damage was done to shipping in the sounds and along the coast of North Carolina, 
 or farther south, the only report received being that of the schooner Aid, sunk at the wharf at 
 
 Columbus, Gu. 
 
 LOST AT SEA WEST OP 40 WEST LOSGITUDE. 
 
 Bark Johanna, Bark Nansika, Schooner Alice Montgomery, 
 
 Bark Cortesia, Schooner W. L. White, Schooner James Ford. 
 
 VESSELS MISSING AND PROBABLY LOST. 
 
 Schooner John F. Merrow, Schooner Rachel Ann Collins, Pilot-boat Phantom, 
 
 Schooner Henry S. Cnlver, Fishing-smack Peter Cooper, Pilot-boat Enchantress. 
 
 Schooner William G. Lewis, Yacht Cythera, 
 
DETAILED STORM REPORTS. 
 
 With tlie exception of a few reports quoted in fall iu the text, the following list is complete. It 
 is arranged alphabetically by names of vessels, and contains all detailed storm repoits at baud 
 from vessels within the area charted at any time during the four days under consideration, with 
 the exception stated above. Barometer readings have been corrected by means of a recent com- 
 parison with standard, unless otherwise noted. 
 
 American bark Adam W. Spies, Captain Field. 
 
 March 14. Position at noon, latitude 28 11' N., longitude 64 22' W. Wind W. by S., 8, veering to WNW. on tl e 
 
 15th, and continuing from same direction till noon of the 16th. 
 March 16. Position at noon, latitude 26 43' N., longitude 65 17' W. 
 This was the same westerly gale experienced by the Wakefield. 
 
 British steam-ship Ailsa, Captain Evans. 
 
 March 11. Gale set in from S., shifting to W., NVV., and NE. 
 
 March 14. 7 a. m.: Latitude 37 7'N., longitude 74 W., barometer 29.89t. 
 
 Ma*ch 15. Gale ended ; highest force of wind, v 10. 
 
 British steam-ship Andes, Captain KUnksliel. 
 
 (Southward-bound, along the meridian of about 73 40' W. Position at 11 p. m., March 11, about 100 miles NE 
 by E. from Hatteras.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Temperature. 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 AViiid. 
 
 Barom- 
 eter. 
 
 
 Keinai ks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Air. 
 
 Water. 
 
 
 Mar. 11 
 
 4 a. ni ..... 
 
 SE. 4-6 
 
 30.32 
 
 
 
 
 
 Noon 
 
 
 30 01 
 
 
 
 Latitude 37 D 19' N., longitude 73 43' W. Wind very unsteady. 
 
 
 4 p. ra 
 
 SSE 
 
 29. 91) 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 Wind increasing and squally. 
 
 
 
 
 29.57 
 
 
 
 Wind blowing a gale and increasing. 
 
 
 
 
 20.33 
 
 54 
 
 51 
 
 Lowest barometer. 
 
 
 
 SSE 
 
 
 
 
 Strong gale, increasing, anil heavy sea from SE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wind died out, and for 10 minutes there was a dead calm, with 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 the sky very dark and threatening; very heavy squalls of rain; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 barometer steady at 29.35 (lowest); the wind then jumped out 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 from WNW. and blew with hurricane force; barometer com- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 menced to rise. 
 
 Mar. 12 
 
 Mid oight . 
 
 
 29.61 
 
 
 
 Rising rapidly. 
 
 
 4 a. m 
 
 NW 
 
 29. Cl 
 
 r,i co 
 
 Hard gale, with a tremendous heavy sea and fierce squalls. Gale 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 continuing with unabated force. 
 
 
 G a. m 
 
 
 
 29.63 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Noon 
 
 
 
 
 
 Latitude 34 20' N., longitude 73 42' W. Very heavy gale and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sea ; sky covered ; barometer rising. 
 
 
 6 p. m 
 
 NW 
 
 29.93 
 
 
 
 
 
 Weather still unsettled ; the wind continued to decrease in force 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and the barometer to rise until midnight, when it registered 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 29.96. It then commenced to fall slightly and wind to increase 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to moderate gale, and continued squally and unsettled through- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 out March 13. 
 
 Mar. 13 Konn . . -. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Latitude 30 21' N., longitude 73^ 36' W. High westerly winds 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and squally weather continued until 10 p. m., March 14; then 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fine weather throughout rest of passage. 
 
 40 
 
THE GEEAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 41 
 
 American schooner Anita, Captain Small. 
 
 March 13. 8 a. m. : Gale from XXW. 
 
 March 14. 4 a. m. : Latitude 33 N., longitnde 78 24' W. Barometer 29.83 (lowest). 
 
 March 16. 8 p. m. : Storm ended. Highest force of wind, 10 ; shifts of wind, XXW., XW., SW. 
 
 German ship Anna, Captain Metikeng. 
 
 March 11. 7 a. m.: Latitude 39 47' N., longitude 58 10' W. ; wind EKE., 9; barometer 29.90; squally and rainy. 
 March 12. 7 a. m. : Latitude 40 38' X., longitude 56 e 20' W. ; wind EXE., 7 to 8; barometer 30. 12; overcast and squally. 
 March 13. 7 a. m. : Latitude 40 48' N., longitude 55 37' W. ; wind ESE., 8 ; barometer 29.77 ; overcast and gloomy. 
 March 14. 3 a. m. : Latitude 41 W N., longitnde 54 30' W. ; barometer 29 57' (lowest). 7 a. m. : Latitude 41 16' 
 
 N., longitnde 54 38' W. ; wind, W. by N., 4 ; barometer 29.67 ; rainy. Noon : Calm ; then light southerly winds, 
 
 6 hours of rain, thunder and lightning. 3 p. m. : Heavy squalls, with heavy rain. 
 March 15. Calms and light southerly and westerly winds, with heavy squalls and a great deal of rain, lightning, and 
 
 thunder. 7 a. m. : Latitude 41 33' N., longitnde 53 42' W. ; wind SSE., 3 ; barometer 29 64 ; gloomy. 
 March 16. Gale set in from the NW., and for ten hours blew a whole gale, with very heavy squalls and rain ; very 
 
 high sea. 7 a. m. : Latitude 41 46' N., longitnde 53 47' W. ; wind SW., 2 ; barometer 29.04 ; clearing. 11 a. m. : 
 
 Latitude 41 46' N., longitude 53 36' W. ; barometer 29.01 (lowest). 
 
 American ship Annie M. Smutt, Captain Bailey. 
 
 (Voyage from Colombo, Ceylon, to New York.) 
 
 March 11. Midnight to 8 a. m. : Fresh breeze and dull overcast sky. 5 a. m. : Went out of the stream, hauled up 
 XXE.. and went in again. 6 a. m. : Barometer 30.11 ; chopping cross-sea all night ; wind SE., 5. 10 a. in. : 
 Fresh and quite fine for a SE. wind; went out of the stream again on aX. by E. course, and the sea got smooth 
 at once: barometer 30.06. Noon : Latitude 36 38' X., longitnde 74 9* W. ; barometer 30.02. 2 p. m. : Wind 
 SE., 5; barometer 29.96. 4 p. m. : Barometer 29.86. 6 p. m. Barometer 29.76, wind increasing to force 6. 
 10 p. m. : Wind still at SE., force 7 ; barometer 29.71 ; sails furled to lower top-sails, foresail, and upper main- 
 lopsail ; weather thick and rainy. Midnight : Barometer 29.66 ; course all day between X. and XXE. 
 
 March 12. 2 a. m. : Wind shifted to XXW., force 11 to 12; barometer 29.61, but at 4 a. m. fell to 29.36, then steadily 
 rising until noon, when, in latitude 39 X., longitude 73 40' W., it reached 29.51 ; barometer record endod here. 
 At - a. m., when wind shifted to XXW., braced around, clewed down upper main-topsail and hauled np foresail 
 and mizzen-topsail and sent men to furl them, but gale increased to a hurricane and blew them to pieces, also 
 blowing lower foretop-sail away, and main-topsail yard broke short off in the slings. We also lost both topsails. 
 Terrific gale and blinding snow, ehip lying on beam-ends with yard-arms in water and making water fast. Ship 
 covered with snow, and ice making fast. At 10 a. m. shipped a sea which took two boats, one man, and every- 
 thing about decks; saved the man ; five m"n with hands and feet frost-bitten and three injured by washing 
 about : all hands lashed to pumps and working them continually. All rooms and galley washed ont ; ship lying 
 with hatch-coamings under water. Cargo shifted at 8 p. m. ; wheel-shaft broke, and steering-gear com- 
 pletely smashed ; secured rudder with tackle as well as possible. Foreyard sprung, main-yard gone at sheave- 
 hole, and the remainder of sails cut from the yards to keep ship to wind. Tarpaulin in inizzen rigging. Mid- 
 night : Gale still raging and frightful sea ; oil-bags over, which work well for the XW. sea, but have no effect on 
 the XE. and SE. sea. Pumps still going, but don't gain any; 4 feet of water in the ship; snowing hard all the 
 time. This is the worst gale I ever experienced ; ship making bad work of it and straining badly. Eight men 
 unfit for duty ; bad outlook ; covered with snow and ice. Hard luck ! 
 
 March 13. Midnight to 8 a. m. : Xo change, still suowing, and gale as bad as ever; ship straining badly, and can't 
 gain any on the pumps, working them continually as well as we can with a disabled crew ; sea very bad, making 
 a clean breach over the ship ; at daylight a little less wind, and sea more regular ; still snowing. Xoon : Moder- 
 ating. At 3 p. in. : Set upper foretop-sail and jib ; managed to get before the wind ; lost the jib. I intend to run 
 for warm water and thaw out; steering with tackles on tiller ; pumps going constantly, no suck ; ship has about 
 4 feet list to starboard aud steers badly. Bent spare lower foretop-sail and set it. More moderate at midnight. 
 Xo suck on the pumps, but the water don't gain any on us; all right. Heavy snow squalls. Large sea from N. 
 My hands are swelled so I can hardly hold a pen. 
 
 British steam-ship Baltimore. Captain Trencry. 
 
 I).itc. 
 
 ; 
 
 T.aMti.lo I-ongitmK- 
 
 li.iniini'trr. Ti-mpcratiirt-. 
 
 Win.1. 
 
 Sea. Remarks. 
 
 Mur. 11 
 
 41' aV 
 
 
 
 
 30.02 
 
 H 
 
 XE. 
 
 8. 
 
 XE. 
 
 7. H. 
 
 12 
 
 
 fil = 03' 
 
 30 02 
 
 -8.71' 48 
 
 48 
 
 EXE. 
 
 1 
 
 SE. 
 
 6. 
 
 M. Kainy. 
 
 13 
 
 41 W 
 
 .. 
 
 29.42 
 
 29.52 46 
 
 40 
 
 W. 
 
 1 
 
 Var. 
 
 - 
 
 C. 
 
 Snow. 
 
 14 
 
 39- 
 
 - n 
 
 29.62 
 
 29.82 40 
 
 40 
 
 Var. 
 
 
 XXE 
 
 5. 
 
 M. 
 
 Snow. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 jr. n: c.-r <: 
 
42 THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 British steam-ship Benison, Captain Aitkenhead. 
 
 March 13. Position at noon, latitude 37 57' N., longitude 63 02' W. Gale set in from NW., 8, shifting at noon to W.; 
 
 barometer 29.49. 
 March 14. Position at noon, latitude 39 05' N., longitude 65 10' W. Wind backed to NW. by N., continuing till 
 
 5 p. m., when it was NNE., 8 to 7; barometer at noon, 29.44. 
 March 15. Position at noon, latitude 39 40' N., longitude 67 17' W. Continuation of gale from NE. to NE. by E., 
 
 9 to 10, and moderating ; barometer 29.62. 
 
 British steam-ship Brooklyn City, Captain Fitt. 
 
 March 11. 11.30 p. m. : Latitude 40 35' N., longitude 67 27' W. ; wind ESE., 8; barometer 30. 
 
 March 12. 3.30 a. m. : WindESE., 8; barometer29.85; heavy sea. 7.30a.m.: WindESE., 9; barometer 29.80. 11.30 
 a. in. : Latitude 40 45' N., longitude 65 39' W. ; squally, with heavy rain ; wind ESE., 9 ; barometer 29.70. 4 p. 
 m. : Wind ESE., 10; barometer 29.55 ; heavy sea, rainy. 7.30 p. ui. : Latitude 40 45' N., longitude 64 40' W. ; 
 wind SE., 10 ; barometer 29.40. 11 p. m. : Wind veered to W. ; high, confused sea. [The barometer continued 
 to fall after shift of wind, but the wind from W. seems to be noticeably less severe than from SE. (before shift ), 
 probably in largo part due to the fact that the vessel was steaming to the eastward.] 11.30 p. m. : Latitude 
 40 53' N., longitude 64 20' W. ; wind W., 7; barometer 29.35. 
 
 March 13. 3.30 a. m. : Wind W.,C; barometer29.36 ; overcast; high confused sea. 7.30 a. m. : Wind W., 5; barom- 
 eter 29.38. 11.30 a. m. : Latitude 40 53' N., longitude 62 51' W. ; wind W., 5 ; barometer 29.40 and rising. 
 
 British steam-ship Caribbean, Captain Daniel. 
 
 March 12. Gale set in from SSE., 8. Noon position, latitude 33 N., longitude 63 W. Barometer 29.30, lowest. Mod- 
 erated at midnight. 
 
 German steam-ship Catania, Captain Franck. 
 
 (Baltimore to Rio Janeiro.) 
 
 March 11. About 200 miles SW. by W. from Bermuda. At 7.30 a. m., light breeze from ESE. ; fine weather ; barom- 
 eter 30.22. Wind then died away. 
 
 March 12. From morning to afternoon, strong gale from SSW., shifting to W. and NW. Heavy rain during night, 
 followed by fine weather and moderate sea. Lowest barometer at 3 p. m., 29.71, in latitude 28 20' N., longitude 
 6.") 50' W. Gale lasted only a few hours. Highest force of wind, 10. 
 
 March 13. Light, variable winds, fine weather, and high rolling sea from NNAV. 
 
 New York pilot-boat Charles H. Marshall (No. 3). 
 
 (Report communicated by Boat-keeper Robinson, in behalf of the pilots of No. 3.) 
 
 March 10. A. M. : Left Statenlsland on a cruise to the southward ; moderate breeze from ENE., which continued all 
 day. At 7 p. m. we hove to, with the Highland Light in sight, bearing NNW. distant 18 miles. At 8 p. ni. the 
 wind began to increase .and it commenced to rain ; double-reefed the sails and lay hove-to all night. 
 
 March 11. At 4 a. m. the wind had moderated considerably, and, as it hauled more to the southward, put all sail on 
 the beat and steered to the south in company with No. 4 and No. 6. At 7.30 a. m. put Pilot Ackerman on board 
 of an inward-bound vessel. At 9 a. m. it commenced to blow from SE., so concluded to go no farther to the 
 southward. Put single reefs in all sails and laid to for about an hour ; were then about 18 miles E. by S. from 
 Barnegat Light. At 10 a. m. the pilots, who are good judges of the weather, thought by the threatening weather 
 that there was going to be a storm, but not so bad a one as it proved to be. Put two nioie reefs in the sails and 
 steered to the northward, intending to go in for harbor if possible. At 4 p. in. it was blowing a moderate gale 
 from SE., increasing at 5 p. in. to a strong gale, when put three reefs in the mainsail and furled the jib ; were 
 then about 18 miles SE. from the light-ship; but it shut down a dense fog, so would not run in, but concluded to 
 stop out and take it as it came, which it did. Hove to on the starboard tack, heading to the eastward, remaining 
 that way until 2 a. m., March 12. 
 
 March 12. At 2 a. lu. wore around, the wind hauling to the east. At 3 a. in. the wind moderated, but the weather 
 looked so threatening in the NW. that the fourth reef was taken in the mainsail and treble reefed the foresail. 
 At 3.30 a. m. the wind died out completely, and the boat lay broadside on to the heavy SE. sea, which was threat- 
 ening every minute to engulf the little craft ; but she did not have to wait long for wind, for at 3.55 a. m., at 
 which time were about 12 miles ESE. from Sandy Hook Light-ship, it came out from the NW. with such force 
 that the boat went over on her beam ends, but righted again immediately. In two hours the boat was so 
 much iced up by the snow and water that struck her that she resembled a small iceberg. At 8 a. m. the 
 wind increased to a hurricane. Had to lower the foresail, but before the sail could be hauled down had 
 to get iron bars and sledge-hammers to beat the ice off the ropes and mast, and even then only got it down 
 about half-way, so had to lash it up with ropes the beat way possible, to save it from blowing away. Then hauled 
 down the fore stay-sail and did the same thing with it, much at the risk of the lives of the crew, for the seas by this 
 
THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 43 
 
 time were running in every direction, owing to the NW. sea coming down in contact with the one from SE. 
 The little vessel was in danger of being swamped, for no one but those who were ont in that blizzard and saw 
 those large breaking seas coming down on top of her know what danger she was in. At 10 a. m. the snow and 
 rain came with such force that it was impossible to loot to windward, and the boat was lying broadside on to the 
 sea, heading about SW.* At 10.30 a. m. Captain Partridge proposed that a drag of some kind should be put out 
 to help keep the boat head to sea. So took the hawser, which was of 5-inch rope and 85 fathoms in length, and 
 put a sling upon the anchor pole (which was a heavy piece of teak-wood 16 feet long, 5 inches in diameter, and 
 iron bound), then took the hawser through the hawse-pipe and bent it to the sling on the pole; then lashing the 
 two windlass-brakes and a small kedge-anchor to the pole, hove it overboard, paying out the full length of the 
 hawser. This checked the boat a little, but did not have the desired effect. It was certain that something must 
 be done to save the boat, so oil was proposed, and three oil-bags were made oat of dock, about 20 by 14 inches, 
 and half filled with oakum saturated with oil. These were put over the side, one forward, one amidships, and 
 one on the weather-quarter. This is positively what saved the boat and the crew's lives, for the oil would break 
 the sea and nothing but the swell would remain, which was bad enough itself. The boat still continued to lie 
 broadside onto the sea, and another drag was proposed, consisting of the working anchor and 65 fathoms of 4-inch 
 rope; the stock of the anchor was lashed to the shank to prevent its holding on the bottom ; then, putting a long 
 sling on it, it was let go, but not without a perilous struggle. This kept her head up a little more to the sea, 
 and gave a little more assurance of safety. One of the oil-bags washed in-board, so a heavy iron bolt was put in 
 it to keep it in the water; this being a success, the same was done to the other two bags. While lying there 
 fighting for life against the gale the oil-bags were filled every half hour with fresh oil, and it was expected every 
 moment that some passing vessel would run the boat down, for one conld not see from one end of her to the other ; 
 but trusting in Providence to pull her safely through, not one man on board showed the least sign of fear, the 
 feelings of each one known only to himself. When it got dark on the evening of the 12th t the boat looked like a 
 wreck, being encased in ice ; it was not expected that she would live until daylight, but continued replenishing 
 the oil-bags every half hour during the night, the members of the crew taking turn and turn about to go on deck 
 to haul them in, taking care, however, that each man had a rope around him as a precaution against being 
 washed overboard, for it was necessary to crawl on hands and knees along the deck to reach the bags. No one 
 on board slept that night. At 11.45 p. m. a heavy sea struck the boat and sent her over on her side, shifting 
 everything that was movable down below, sending all flying to leeward; the water rushed down the forward 
 hatch, and it was thought all were lost, when all of a sudden the little boat righted again ; but had another sea 
 struck her at that time she would have been done for. 
 
 March 13. Blowing the same, with squalls that came down shrieking as though they would lift the boat out of water. 
 Going forward at 5 a. m. to inspect the oil-bags, discovered that l>oth the hawsers were gone at the hawse-holes, 
 but did not make this known to the crew at once for fear of making them uneasy. At noon, however, it bright- 
 ened up to the westward, and at 4 p. m. it moderated ; but the foresail could not be set, it was frozen so hard, but 
 the storm try-sail was bent and set instead, and the boat came up more head to the sea. At 5 p. m. drifted on top 
 of a pilot-boat's broken mast (No. 6), and this was a very discouraging sight; but it was shoved clear with a boat 
 hook. At 6 p. m. wore around to the northward, but not before considering the risk that would be run of the boat 
 foundering on account of the great weight of ice; but she got around, her deck being swept, however, upon 
 broaching to, and one man was nearly washed overboard, but escaped with a bruised arm. At 7 p. in. commenced 
 to start to clear the ice off the fore stay-sail. After three and a half hours' hard work the sail was set and the 
 boat rendered safer. 
 
 March 14. Clear and moderate weather. After five hours' work the sails and spars were cleared of ice, and with all 
 sail set and a moderate breeze stood to the westward. Steered NXW. for 96 miles, and made Jersey Beach 20 
 miles to the southward of the Highlands, after drifting over 100 miles in forty-eight hours. By nightfall, although 
 all were worn out by fatigue, resumed station on the bar, arriving there at 4 a. m. on the 15th. 
 
 3farch 15. At 5.30 a. in. spoke pilot boat No. 16, and learned that several pilot-boats had been lost and several more 
 were still at sea, the Marshall being the first one that had arrived. The faces and hands of all the crew were 
 liadly frost-bitten ; all the oil, coal, wood, and many other supplies had given out; for no matter how much coal 
 was put on the fire but little heat was felt, not enough to dry the clothe*, so all on board had to keep on their 
 wet clothes throughout the storm, which was far from comfortable. The boat sustained no damage beyond the 
 loss of the anchor and hawsers, and all were glad to escape so easily. The barometer gave no sign of the 
 approaching blizzard until about fifteen minutes after it had struck, when it fell .4 for a few minutes, when it 
 went up ajraiu to its old place, .1 above "change" (29.50). The lowest barometer was about 29.20. 
 
 * Ran SSW. 15 miles from 4 to 10.30 a. m. on the 12th. 
 \- I p. in. was 12 miles ESE. from Sandy Hook Li^ht-ship. 
 
44 
 
 THE GEEAT STOKM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 British steam-ship City of Chester, Captain Lewis. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Wind. 
 
 Barom- 
 eter. 
 
 Temperature. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Air. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Mar. 11. 
 
 Noon .... 
 
 E. 6 
 
 
 
 
 Latitude 40 23' N., longitude 70 30' W. 
 
 
 2p.m 
 
 E. 6 
 
 30.01 
 
 28 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 4 p. m 
 
 E. 6 
 
 29.95 
 
 38 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 6p.m 
 
 E. 6 
 
 29.80 
 
 39 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 8 p. m. 
 
 E. 6 
 
 29.78 
 
 46 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 10 p. m 
 
 E. 6 
 
 29.72 
 
 48 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 Midnight - 
 
 E. 
 
 29.70 
 
 48 
 
 45 
 
 Strong head-sea throughout. 
 
 Mar. 12. 
 
 2 a. in 
 
 E. 6 
 
 29.70 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 4 a. m 
 
 E. 6 
 
 29.46 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 a. m 
 
 ESE. 7 
 
 29.48 
 
 47 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 8 a. m 
 
 ESE. 7 
 
 29.41 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 10 a. m ... 
 
 ESE. 7 
 
 29.43 
 
 53 
 
 C9 
 
 
 
 Noon .... 
 
 ESE. 7 
 
 29.48 
 
 52 
 
 58 
 
 Latitudo 40 22' N., longitude 66 8' \V. 
 
 
 2p.m.... 
 
 ESE. 7 
 
 29.49 
 
 53 
 
 GO 
 
 
 
 C p. m 
 
 ESE. 7 
 
 29.50 
 
 53 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 8 p. m 
 
 ESE. 7 
 
 29.50 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 10 p. m . . 
 
 ESE. 7 
 
 29.53 
 
 52 
 
 60 
 
 Kongh head-sea throughout. 
 
 Mar. 13. 
 
 2a. m 
 
 ESE. 6 
 
 29.48 
 
 52 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 4 a. m 
 
 ESE. 6 
 
 29.38 
 
 54 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 8 a. m 
 
 ESE. 7 
 
 29.33 
 
 53 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 10 a. m... . 
 
 ZSE. 7 
 
 29.25 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 Noon . 
 
 ESE. 7 
 
 29.24 
 
 55 
 
 CO 
 
 Latitude 40 21' N., longitude G0 38' W.(?) 
 
 
 2p.m 
 
 ESE. 7 
 
 29.27 
 
 55 
 
 59 
 
 Very heavy head-sea. 
 
 
 4 p. m 
 
 ESE. 7 
 
 29.30 
 
 56 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 p. m 
 
 ESE. 7 
 
 29.35 
 
 58 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 8 p. in 
 
 ESE. 7 
 
 29.41 
 
 58 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 lOp. m 
 
 ESE. 6 
 
 29.43 
 
 38 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 Midnight. ESE. 29.45 
 
 1 
 
 58 
 
 63 
 
 
 British steam-ship City of Lincoln, Captain Fry. 
 
 March 14. Gale set in from WSW., shifting to WNVV., highest force 10. 8.48 p. in. : Latitude 31 44' N., longitude 
 
 63 38' W. ; barometer 29.51, lowest. 
 March 16. Moderated. 
 
 American steam-ship Colon, Captain Henderson. 
 
 March 11. Experienced a severe gale, commencing at SE. and shifting suddenly to the westward and NW. Very 
 heavy, confused sea, heaviest from the northward. Violent squalls from the NNW., with much rain and hail, and 
 thick weather; ending with clear weather at NNW. At 11.03 p. m., in latitude 35 20' N., longitude 74 \V., 
 barometer 29.60, lowest. 
 
 March 12. Gale moderated. 
 
THE GEEAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 45 
 
 German ship Dora, Captain Meyer. 
 
 The report from this vessel was received too late to be used in the preparation of this mono- 
 graph, but the following abstract will be fonnd of interest: 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Wind. 
 
 Karntn 
 uter. 
 
 Mar. 10 Midnight... XX W. 
 
 Mar. 11 Forenoon... XX W. 
 
 Xoou XNW. 
 
 Mar. 11' Forenoon... XXW. 
 
 Xoon SW. 
 
 8p.m SSW. 
 
 Midnight... SSW. 
 
 Mar. 13 4a.m NW. 
 
 6a.ro WSW. 
 
 30.19 
 
 30.19 
 
 H 
 
 12 
 
 I 
 
 Squally, rainy ; high sea from XX W. 
 Wind, weather, and sea showing tendency to moder- 
 ate. 
 Latitude 38 32 1 X., loagitu-k 04 C7' W. Weather 
 
 same. 
 
 Barometer falling rapidly ; wind moderate, and haul- 
 ing to westward. 
 29. 77 Overcast, and passing showers : wind increasing. 
 
 Latitude 39= 2.V N., longitude 6 39- W. 
 29.56 
 
 29. 32 Steady rain: very high sea from SW. 
 29.42 j Weather same; sea moderating. 
 
 Moderating: wind veering to W. and NW; barom- 
 eter lining. 
 
 Xoon 29.53 
 
 Mar. H Xoon SW. 
 
 29.49 
 
 Latitude n 3 56- X., longitude 02^ 49- W. Barometer 
 
 steady until midnight. 
 Barometer falling slowly; light swill from west- 
 
 ward ; overcast and cloudy. Latitude 39 56' K., 
 
 longitude 60 3 34' W. 
 
 Pilot-boat Edward E. Barrett. 
 (Report communicated by Pilot Charles E. Hughes.) 
 
 March 10. Noon: Latitude 40 39' N., longitude 68 10 ; W. : wind XXE. ; fresh breeze and very clear; barometer 
 30.61. 8 p. m. : Latitude 40 50' X., longitude 67 W. : \viud NE. by N. ; moderate breeze all night ; clear. Mid- 
 night : Wind light from EXE. to E. ; barometer 30.41. 
 
 March 11. 4 a. m. Wind EXE. ; clear, mild weather; barometer 30.36. 8 a. m. : Wind E., freshening np toward 
 noon. Xoon: Latitude 40 52' N., longitude 67 40' W. ; barometer 30.36. 8p.m.: Latitude 40 50' N., longi- 
 tude 67- 55' W. ; slightly cloudy overhead, with very clear hoiizon ; barometer 30.21 ; wind from E. to E. by X., 
 toward midnight hauling E. 
 
 March 12. 4 a. m. : Wind from E. to E. by S. ; cloudy, and breeze freshening ; boat running W. ; barometer 29.86. 
 7 a. m. : Wind E. by S. ; barometer 29.71, and falling steadily ; boat running under doable-reefed foresail and 
 head of fore stay-sail. 8a.m.: Wind ESE. ; commenced raining; barometer 29.61 ; bent main try-sail and frap- 
 pedjib; running W. i S. ; continued thick and rainy, with a heavy sea getting up from the east ward. 11. 30 a. m. : 
 Blowing heavy, with very heavy gusts of wind, and rain squalls; barometer 29.31 ; set main try-sail, luffed to, 
 furled foresail, bent fore try-sail and set it, furling main try-sail; squared away W. by N. Noon: Latitude 
 40 C 30' X., longitude 70 W., both by dead reckoning ; barometer 29.26. 1 p. m. : Wind moderating ; set fore stay- 
 sail and main try-sail ; heavy cross-sea from S. to SW. and W. ; wind hauling SE. and then, baffling, to SSE., dying 
 out; rain squalls; barometer 29. 1 1 ; boat headed to westward. 7p.m.: Wind hauled toXW. ; moderate breeze, 
 with light drizzling rain. 7. 30 p. in. : Blowing heavy from W.. with snow; furled main try-sail and fore stay-sail ; 
 wore ship head to southward, heading from S. to SSW., lying under fore try -sail ; continued to blow very heavy, 
 with heavy squalls, until midnight ; wind from W. to W. by S. and WSW., with thick snow-storm, and freezing 
 hard; heavy cross-sea from WSW. and E. Midnight: Sea coming from W. to SW., easterly sea having run 
 down ; latitude 40 30' N., longitude 70 35' W. ; barometer 29.21. 
 
 March 13. 4 a. m. : Wind WSW., with snow-squalls, and freezing; heavy sea from SW. to W. ; barometer 29.21, 
 oscillating from 29.16 to 29.26. 7 a. m. : Wind SW. to S\V. by W., moderating: wore ship to the northward; 
 barometer 29.31. 8 a. m. : Set head of fore stay-sail : boat head-reaching and heading up from NW. by W. to 
 XW. by X. Xoou : Latitude 40 : 23' X., longitude 70 15' W. ; wind SW., moderating, with occasional snow- 
 squalls ; sea going down fast ; barometer 29.41. 4 p. m. : Moderating to a light breeze, hauling around to NE. 
 by way of S. and then to X. : through night dying out to a calm; snow. 
 
 American schooner Ellen J/. Golder, Captain Johnson. 
 
 March 11. 6 p. m. : Barnegat, WSW. 18 miles; wind SE., 6. Xoon : Wind ESE., 7. 6 p. m. : WiudESE.. 8 ; barometer 
 
 29.14 ; weather perfectly dry, sky slightly overcast. 8 p. m. : Half-way between Shiuue cock and Fire Island, 14 
 
 miles off shore; wind backing to XE., 8. 
 March 12. 4 a. m. : 18 miles off shore and standing to the SE., hove to. 5 a. m. : Wind XE.. 9 ; soon commenced to 
 
 blow heavy from XXE. to X. 10, snowing hard ; barometer 29. 12 and falling. 10 a. m. : Wind XW.. 12. 2 p. m. : 
 
 Barometer vibrating between 29.09 and 29.07. 
 
 March 13. Xoon : Position by dead reckoning, latitude 39 56' N., longitude 73 30' W". The gale moderated just after 
 midnight, when the barometer was about 29.10. 
 
46 THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 British brig Energy, Captain McBride. 
 
 March 12. Latitude 25 38' N., longitude 68 50' VV. ; wind S. to SSW., 7, veering about 2 p. m. to NW., 8, continu- 
 ing throughout tho day from NW. to NNE., and back to NW. by W. ; barometer at noon 29.86. 
 March 13. Wind NW. to W., 8 to 10. 
 March 14. Wind NW., 10 to 12. 
 March 15. Latitude 28 40' N., longitude G8 5' W. ; moderated. 
 
 British steam-ship Erl King, Captain Priske. 
 
 March 11. Portion at noon, latitude 34 48' N., longitude 47 52' W. ; moderate breeze and light squalls, with sharp 
 showers of rain ; wind veeriug fro m SW. to W. During afternoon wind increased to a fresh gale from SW., with 
 heavy squalls, rain, and very heavy sea; vessel pitching, water keeping decks continually flooded. At midnight 
 a heavy gale, continuing with succession of squalls, blowing with hurricane force; heavy rain. 
 
 March 12. Noon position, latitude 33 38' N., longitude 51 18' W. ; heavy gale, continuing with violent squalls of rain 
 and terrific head-sea, decreasing during afternoon to a strong breeze with clear weather and heavy sea. 
 NOTE. The hurricane encountered by this vessel was that shown to the eastward of Bermuda on the Weather 
 
 Charts of the llth and 12th. No report of the weather experienced during the 13th and 14th, when she must have felt 
 
 the effects of the great storm, has been received as yet. 
 
 Norwegian steam ship Faedrelandet, Captain Brunn. 
 
 March V.. Gale set in from SSW. and shifted suddenly by way of W. to NNW. in a heavy rain shower. Position at 
 
 7 a. m., latitude 28 N., longitude 74 3' west. 
 
 March 12. At 5 a. m., in latitude 30 20' N., longitude 75 W. ; barometer, 29.80. 
 March 13. Wind NW. by N., 10. 
 March 14. 1 a. m.: In latitude 33 30' N., longitude 75 5' W. ; barometer 29.72. Between 4 and 8 a. m. the air had ;i 
 
 very ugly appearance, stormy looking, and had a numerous lot of small waterspouts and masses of dripping fog 
 
 coming from the water; temperature of water was about 72 and the air 46. 
 
 British steam-ship Furnessia, Capt. J. Redderwick. 
 
 March 12. Gale set in from N. ; shifted from N. by W. to NNW. and NW. 
 
 March 13. 7.45 a. m. : Latitude 39 24' N., longitude 71 47' W. ; barometer 29.26. 8.30 a. m. ; gale abated; highest 
 force 11. 
 
 British ship Glenburn, Captain Johansen. 
 (At New York, March 30, from Calcutta.) 
 
 [NOTE. The log being kept by sea time, it follows that afternoon observations are for the 
 preceding civil date; for forenoon observations civil date is the same as that given in the log.] 
 
 March 8. P.M. : Moderate W. and NW. wind and light showers of rain; barometer 29.95. 4p.m.: Moderate W. and 
 NW. wind and light showers of rain ; barometer 29.95. 8 p. m. : Calm and light variable air, sky overcast and 
 gloomy; barometer 29.99. Midnight: Light to SE. to SW. winds, sky overcast and gloomy; barometer 29.99. 
 4 a. in. : Fresh SW. winds and gloomy; barometer 29.95. 8 a. m. : Fresh SW. winds and heavy rain; barometer 
 29.92. Noon : Latitude 31 19' N., longitude 58 28' W. ; fresh WSW. winds and dull, with a heavy NW. swell. 
 
 March 9. P. M. : Fresh WSW. winds and dull; barometer 29.85. 4 p. in. : Fresh WSW. winds and dull ; barometer 
 29.85. 8 p. m. : Light NW. winds and cloudy ; barometer 29.86. Midnight : Moderate NW. winds and clear ; 
 barometer 29.95. 4 a.m.: Squally; barometer 29.88. 8a.m.: Fresh winds and squally; barometer 29.96. 
 Noon : Latitude 31 8' N., longitude 59 33' W. ; strong NW. wind and squally. 
 
 March 10. P. M. : Strong NW. wind and squally; barometer 20.96. 4 p. m. : NW. winds and fierce squalls; barometer 
 29.97. 8 p. in.: Strong WNW. winds, with fierce squalls and heavy rain; barometer 30.03. Midnight: Strong 
 WN\V. winds, hard squalls, with heavy rain; barometer 30. 4a.m.: Barometer 29.98. 8a.m.: Fresh winds and 
 clear; barometer 29.99. Noon : Latitude 31 54' N.. longitude 59 18' W. ; strong WNW. winds and squally. 
 
 March 11. P. M. : Strong WNW. wind and squally ; barometer 30. 4 p. in. : barometer 29.99. 8 p. m. : Fresh gale. 
 hard squalls, and wind; barometer 29.98. Midnight: Hard gale, with fierce squalls ; barometer 29.94. 4 a.m.: 
 barometer 29.93. 8 a. m. : NW. gale and squally ; barometer 29.93. Noon : Latitude 32 49' N., longitude 58 58' 
 W. ; hard NW. gale and violent squalls. 
 
 Miu-i-h 12. P. M. : Hard gale and violent squalls; barometer 29.98. 4 p. in. : Fresh NW. gale and clear; barometer 
 J9.9:>. 8 p. m. : Moderate NW. gale ; barometer 30.01. Midnight : Moderate to light wind from NNW. to WNW. 
 and overcast ; barometer 30.02. 4 a. m. : Light winds and clear ; barometer 30,. 8 a. m. : Light winds and clear ; 
 barometer 30.02. Noon : Latitude 32 20' N., longitude 59 30' W. ; light southerly winds. 
 
THE GREAT STOEM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 47 
 
 March 13. P. M. : Light southerly winds and clear ; barometer 29.99. 4 p. m. : Freeh winds and cloudy, gloomy 
 weather; barometer 29.79. 8 p. m. : Fresh wind, cloudy, gloomy weather, and gusty ; barometer 29.76. 9 p. m. : 
 Vivid lightning all around the horizon, with frequent squalls. 10 p. m. : Wind shifted to the westward, with 
 heavy rain. Midnight : Fresh westerly gale, with hard squalls; barometer 29.63. 4 a. m. : Fresh westerly gale, 
 with hard squalls; barometer 29.65. 8 a. m. : Fresh westerly gale, with hard squalls; barometer 23.68. Noon: 
 Latitude 33 : 30 ' X. longitude 60 56' W. ; moderate -westerly wiuds and clear. 
 
 Mari-h 14. P. M. : Moderate westerly wiuds and clear; barometer 29.69. 4 p. m. : Moderate westerly wiuds aud 
 clear; barometer 29.69. 8 p. m. : W. winds and cloudy; barometer 29.69. 11 p. m. : Threatening appearance 
 and vivid lightning to the NW. Midnight: Dull, gloomy weather, with vivid lightning and fierce squalls; 
 barometer 29.68. 4a.m.: Moderate WSW. winds and gloomy ; barometer 29.69. 8a.m.: SW. wiuds; barometer 
 29.68. Noon : Latitude 34 r,5 X., longitude 61 40' W. ; SW. winds and clear. 
 
 March 15. P. M. : Moderate SW. winds and clear; barometer 29.65. 4 p. m. : Light wiuds aud gloomy; barometer 
 29.63. 8p.m.: Vivid lightning all around the horizon ; barometer 29.62. Midnight: Vivid lightning all around 
 the horizon; barometer 29.55. 4 a. m. : Vivid lightning all around the horizon; barometer 29.52. 8 a. m. : 
 Fierce squalls ; barometer 29.49. Noon : Latitude 36 07' X. ; longitude 62 28' W. ; strong NW. gale and broken 
 clouds. 
 
 March 16. P. M. : Strong NW. gale and broken clouds; barometer 29.47. 4 p. m. : Increasing NNW. gale with 
 fierce squall; barometer 29.49. 8p.m.: Hard gale and fierce squalls ; barometer 29.49. Midnight: Hard NNW. 
 gale and fierce squalls with heavy showers of hail and rain and heavy SW. sea running; barometer 29.54. 4 a. 
 in. : Hard NNW. gale and fierce squalls, with heavy showers of hail and rain, and heavy SW. sea running ; barom- 
 eter 29.61. 8 a. m. : Hard NNW. gale and fierce squalls, with heavy showers of hail and rain, and heavy SW. sea 
 running; barometer 29.77. Noon: Latitude 35 34' X. ; longitude 63 02' W. ; strong NW. winds and equally. 
 
 March 17. P. M. : Strong NW. winds and squally ; barometer 29.86. 4 p. in. : Strong NW. wimis and squally; barom- 
 eter 29.86. 8 p. m ; : Fresh WNW. winds and cloudy, with lightning to the north-north westward ; barometer 
 29.89.(?) Midnight: Fresh WXW. winds and dull gloomy weather; barometer 29.69. 4 a. in.: Fresb WNW. to 
 WSW. winds and overcast; barometer 29.87. 8a.m.: Fresh SW. winds and puffy with rain; barometer 29.83. 
 Noon : Latitude 35 14' N. ; longitude 63 C 36' W. ; strong SW. wind and squally with rain and heavy .SW. swell. 
 
 March H. P. M. : Strong SW. winds and squally with rain ; barometer 29.75. 4 p. m. : Strong SW. wiuds aud squally 
 \\ithrain; barometer 29.73. 8p.m.: Strong SSW. gale and black sky, with vivid chain lightning aud tremen- 
 dous loud thunder, with heavy down-pouring of hail and rain ; barometer 29.73. Midnight : Strong SSW. gale aud 
 black sky, with vivid chain lightning and tremendous loud thunder, with heavy down-pouring of hail and rain ; 
 barometer 29.66. 4a.m.: Strong SSW. gale and black sky, with vivid chain lightning and tremendous loud 
 thnnder, with heavy down-pouring of hail and rain, and fierce squalls ; barometer 29.55. 8 a. m. : Strong increas- 
 ing gale ; lightning and thnnder still keeping up, and heavy SSW. sea; winds from WNW. to SSW. ; barometer 
 J.i. I-. Noou : Latitude 35 39' N. ; longitude 64 50' W. ; whole northerly gale, with fierce squalls and hail and 
 rain. 
 
 March 19. P. M. : Whole northerly gale and fierce squalls; barometer 23.48. 4 p. m. : WNW. gale and fierce 
 squalls aud heavy hail and rain showers; barometer 29.60. 8 p. m. : WNW. gale and fierce squalls and heavy 
 liail and rain showers ; barometer 29.81. Midnight : Hard gale with heavy squalls and hail and rain; barometer 
 29.85. 4 a. m. : Fresh gale aud squally ; barometer 29.93. 8 a. m. : Strong NNW. wiuds aud hard squall, with 
 hail and rain. Noon : Latitude 35 07' N., longitude 64 50' W. Strong winds and squally. 
 
 March -JO. P. M. : Strong NNW. wind and puffy ; barometer 30.08. 4 p. m. : Strong NNW. wind and puffy ; barome- 
 ter 30.09. 8 p. m. : Moderate winds and cloudy; barometer 30.16. Midnight: Moderate winds and overcast; 
 barometer 30.19. 4 a. m. : Moderate winds and overcast ; barometer 30.18. 8 a. m. : Moderate winds and over- 
 cast ; barometer 30.21. Noon : Latitude 35 6' N., longitude 6tP 3' W. Light NW. airs and calm, cloudy weather. 
 
 British steam ship Glendexon, Captain Peterson. 
 
 March 10. 4 p. m.: In latitude 38 50 7 N., longitude 60 37' W., fresh gale from NNW., 8. Barometer, lowest read- 
 ing, 29.70. At 10 p. in. sudden shift to NE., and blew a hurricane ; continued with force of 12 until 8 a. m., March 
 11, with steadily-rising barometer, when it commenced to moderate. 
 
 March 11. 8 p. m.: Fresh breeze from NE.; barometer 30.23. 
 
 American schooner Herald, Captain Eeagan. 
 
 (Northward bound, through the Straits of Florida.) 
 
 March 11. Off Sagua, Cuba; wiud WNW. to X., force 8. 
 
 March 12. Latitude 25 5' N., longitude 79 37' W. ; same gale, varying to N. by E., force 9. 
 
 March 13. Latitude 23 14' X., longitude 79 15' W. ; same gale, X. by E. to X., backing to NNW., aud moderating 
 
 for a few hours, afterwards increased again to gale from WNW., force 9, varying to N. and N. bv E. 
 March 14. Latitude ->-- -J'l N., longitude 78= 11' W.; wind backed to WNW., force 10. 
 March 1.". Latitude 29 24' N., longitude 78 38' W. ; wind WNW., force 8; veered to ENE. at noon, and moderated. 
 
 (No barometer record.) 
 
48 
 
 THE GREAT STOEM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 German bark Johanna, Captain Meyer. 
 (Northward bound, in the Gulf Stream below Hatteras.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Wind. 
 
 Kemarks. 
 
 Mar. 11 
 
 Mar. 12 
 
 Mar. 13 
 Mar. 14 
 
 Mar. 15 
 
 A.M 
 
 Easterly 
 breeze. 
 S. 4 
 
 S. 7 
 S. 9 
 S. 12 
 
 Latitude 31 17' S., longitude 73 51' W. Ship running north ; 
 wind gradually increasing. 
 Had shortened sail to increasing wind. 
 Blowing a strong gale and splitting sails. 
 Blowing a hurricane, with steady, heavy rain, almost a deluge ; still 
 rtmningship; she would hardly steer; very difficult to keep her 
 before the wind. 
 Wind shifted suddenly from S. to NW., sea running very high 
 from all directions. Position about latitude 33 40' N., longitude 
 73 40' W. Brought ship to wind, aud lay toon port tack. 
 Wore ship and lay to on starboard tack, the sea breaking high 
 from every direction. Impossible to run. 
 Latitude 33 28' N., longitude 74 W. 
 Latitude 33 17' N., longitude 73 40' W. 
 Latitude 33 51' N., longitude 73 20' W. Wind blowing a strong 
 gale, at times in hurricane force, from N. to NW., until March 15. 
 Men working the pumps continually, but water gaining. 
 Abandoned the vessel with 7 feet of water in her hold. Lost sight 
 of her at 7 p. m., when she seemed to have settled somewhat and 
 probably went down before morning. 
 
 Noon 
 
 4 p. m 
 6 p. m 
 
 "' 
 
 8 p. m 
 
 10.30 p. m . 
 
 6 a. m 
 Noon 
 
 NW. 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 p. m 
 
 
 
 
 NOTE. The captain thinks the lowest reading of his barometer was about 29.213 (corrected). The captain of 
 the German bark Weser, who rescued the crew, states that the position where she was abandoned was about latitude 
 32 27' N., longitude 73 15' W. 
 
 American barkentine John J. Marsh, Captain Whittier. 
 (Bound south, through Windward Channel.') 
 
 March 11. 7 a. in.: Latitude 21 40' N., longitude 72 40' W. ; barometer 30.18; wind EXE., 4; clear weather and 
 
 no rain. 
 
 March 12. 7 a. m.: Latitude 20 N., longitude 74 1' W. ; barometer 30.10; wind SW., 3; clear. 
 March 13. 7 a. in.: Latitude 19 45' N., longitude 75 10' W. : barometer 30.10; wind NW. by N., 3; three hours of 
 
 heavy rain. 
 March 14. 7 a. m.: Latitude 19 32' N., longitude 77.5 W. , barometer 30 11 ; wind EXE., 3; clear weather and no 
 
 more rain. 
 
 American steam-ship; Knickerbocker, Captain Kewblc. 
 (Northward bound; off Hatteras at about noon, March 12.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tempc 
 
 rature. 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Wind. 
 
 Barom- 
 eter. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kcmarks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Air. 
 
 Water. 
 
 
 Mar. 10 
 
 Midnight . 
 
 SE. by E. 6 
 
 30.14 
 
 67 
 
 77 
 
 Cloudy and squally, with passing 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 showeis. 
 
 Mar. 11 
 
 4 a. m ..... 
 
 SE. 7 
 
 29. 95 
 
 70 
 
 76 
 
 Ship rolling heuv.iy. 
 
 
 8 a. m 
 
 SE. by S. 7 
 
 30.00 
 
 08 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 Noon 
 
 SSE. 8 
 
 29.97 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 Latitude 32 36' N.. longitude 77 17' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W. Between noon aud 4 p. m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wind shifted from SSE. to S. and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SW., force 9. 
 
 
 4 p. m 
 
 SW. 
 
 2!). 81 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 8 p. m 
 
 NW. 9 
 
 29. 81 
 
 68 
 
 74 
 
 Wind shifted in a heavy rain squall 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 at 5 p. m. 
 
 
 10 p. m 
 
 NW. 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Midnight 
 
 NW. 10 
 
 29.71 
 
 56 
 
 75 
 
 
THE GKEAT STOEM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 American steam-ship Knickerbocker, Captain Kembie Continued. 
 
 49 
 
 DBM. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Wind. 
 
 Barom- 
 eter. 
 
 Temperature. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Air. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Mar. 12 
 
 4 a. m 
 
 NNW. 9 
 
 29.81 ! 54 
 
 75 
 
 
 8 a. m 
 
 NNW. 9 29.84 44 
 
 65 Sea swell still heavy, liut decreasing 
 
 
 
 
 slightly. 
 
 
 Noon 
 
 XX W. 8 30.05 40 
 
 49 Latitude 35 28' N., longitude 74 53' 
 
 
 
 
 W. Weather fine and clear, sea 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 still heavy. 
 
 
 4 p. m 
 
 XX \V. 6 30.00 
 
 40 
 
 48 Sea rough, shipping much water. 
 
 
 8 p DI 
 
 IfNW. 6 
 
 30.04 39 
 
 45 
 
 
 Midnight . 
 
 NNW. 7 
 
 30.06 30 
 
 36 Weather boisterous, sea-swell very 
 
 
 
 
 
 heavy, frequent suow squalls, ship 
 
 
 
 
 
 all iced up. 
 
 Mar. 13 
 
 4 a. m 
 
 NW. 8 
 
 29.94 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 
 g a. m 
 
 XW. 8 
 
 29.88 27 
 
 34 
 
 
 Noon 
 
 NW. by W. 8 
 
 29. 71 *> 
 
 38 T.Qtif ll^ft 37O *>A' V Ittnn-itnHa 7RO 9A/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W. Heavy snow squalls. 
 
 
 4 p. m 
 
 NW. 8 
 
 29.76 
 
 28 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 8 p. m 
 
 X\V. 8 
 
 29.76 
 
 26 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 Midnight . 
 
 :cw. s 
 
 29.68 
 
 25 
 
 32 Passed Scotland Lightship at 4.15 
 
 
 
 
 
 a. m., March 14. 
 
 British bark Lady Lisgar, Captain Thomas. 
 
 March 12-18. In about latitude 40 30' N., longitude 55 W., encountered a heavy easterly gale; ship straining and 
 making much water; lay to for several days and had to jettison part of cargo to save ship. 
 
 American Schooner Lida Fowler, Captain Higgins. 
 
 During the llth, light airs .from E. with a heavy NE. swell; high barometer; noon position, latitude 36 05' N., 
 longitude 69 W. Towards evening, falling barometer, with increasing southeasterly breeze, which by midnight 
 became a gale. About noon of the 12th, in latitude 37 30' N., longitude 71 W., the wind, which was blowing with 
 hurricane force from SE., shifted instantly to S\V., with snow and hail, and at 2 p. m. to W., with lowest barometer 
 29.19. Towards midnight it moderated a little and the barometer rose, and during the forenoon of the 12th the wind 
 died out somewhat, with occasional snow squalls, and then increased to a moderate NW. gale. Position at noon, 
 March 13, latitude 38 N., longitude 70 10' W. During the forenoon of the 14th, light breeze from NNW., barometer 
 29.79, and by midnight a strong gale again from NNW., which lasted during the loth, when it cleared up, with 
 rising glass and fine weather. 
 
 British steam-ship Lord Clive, Captain Urquhart. 
 
 Dato. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Wind. 
 
 Barom- 
 eter. 
 
 Temperature. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Air. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Mar. 11 
 
 Noon 
 
 X. by W. 
 
 30.35 
 
 46 
 
 52 
 
 Latitude 39 51' N., longitude 66 3V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W. 
 
 
 2p.m 
 
 SW. by S. 2 
 
 30.29 
 
 44 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 4 p. m. 
 
 SW. by W. 3 
 
 30.24 
 
 42 
 
 50 
 
 Overcast. 
 
 
 6 p. in 
 
 SE. by E. 3 
 
 30. 24 
 
 44 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 8 p. m 
 
 SE. by E. 4 
 
 30.10 
 
 44 
 
 50 
 
 Overcast. 
 
 
 10 p. m 
 
 E. by S. 
 
 30.10 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 Midnight. 
 
 E. by S. 6 
 
 30.10 
 
 47 
 
 52 
 
 Cloudy. 
 
 Mar. 12 
 
 2a. m 
 
 ESE. 6 
 
 29.84 
 
 49 
 
 49 
 
 Wind increasing, with threatening 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 appearance to SW. 
 
 
 4 a. m 
 
 ESE. 8 
 
 29. 74 50 
 
 50 
 
 Wind still increasing, with heavy 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rain. 
 
 
 6a.m ESE. 
 
 29.54 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 Weather the same. 
 
 
 8 a. m 
 
 ESE. 7 
 
 29.42 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 Moderating a little, with heavy rain. 
 
 
 8. 30 a. m 
 
 
 
 
 
 Weather clearing. 
 
 
 9 a. ui . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wind suddenly shifted to S W., blow- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing a whole gale. 
 
 3540 ST- 
 
50 
 
 THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 Rritish steam-ship Lord Clive, Captain Urquhart Continued. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Wind. 
 
 Barom- 
 eter. 
 
 Temperature. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Air. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Mar. 12 
 
 9. 30 a. m 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wind shifted suddenly to NW.,f ,iw- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing a complete hurricane, with io- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 leiit squalls of wind, accompanied 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 by hail and sleet. 
 
 
 10 a> in ... 
 
 NW. 12 
 
 29.18 
 
 
 
 Lowest temperature of air 50. As- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sumed position, latitude 39 10/ N., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 longitude 71 45' W. 
 
 
 Noon 
 
 NW. 12 
 
 29.24 
 
 26 
 
 
 A complete huri HMIH with tremen- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dous sea and terrific squalls, ac- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 companied by heavy snow. Lati- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tude 39 14' N., longitude 72 10' W. 
 
 
 2 p. m. 
 
 NW. by W. 12 
 
 29.34 
 
 26 
 
 
 \Veather tlio sniiic 
 
 
 4 p. m. 
 
 NW. by W. 12 
 
 29.44 
 
 26 
 
 
 "Weather sumo. 
 
 
 Q i, in 
 
 NW. 
 
 29.52 
 
 28 
 
 
 Si in in moderating Imt still heavv 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 squalls and much snow. 
 
 
 S P Tn 
 
 NW. 
 
 29.69 
 
 24 
 
 
 \y iud and weather same. 
 
 
 10 p. in .... 
 
 WNW. 
 
 29.59 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 Midnight . 
 
 
 29.54 
 
 21 
 
 
 Wind and weather same. 
 
 Mar. 13 
 
 2 a. m 
 
 NW. 9 
 
 29.54 
 
 19 
 
 28 
 
 Strong gale with heavy squalls, ac- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 companied by sleet and fnow. 
 
 
 4 ;i. m 
 
 NW. 9 
 
 29.46 
 
 17 
 
 27 
 
 Assumed position, latitude 38 WX 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N., longitude 72 W W. 
 
 
 t; :i. in 
 
 NW. 9 
 
 29.46 
 
 18 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 8a.m 
 
 NW. 9 
 
 29.54 
 
 18 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 10 a. m 
 
 NW. 9 
 
 29.54 
 
 18 
 
 26 
 
 * 
 
 . 
 
 Noon 
 
 NW. 9 
 
 29.55 
 
 20 
 
 26 
 
 Latitude 38 40' N., longitude 73 "W. 
 
 
 3p.m 
 
 NW. 9 
 
 29.54 
 
 18 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 5 p. in 
 
 NW. 9 
 
 29.54 
 
 18 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 7 p. m 
 
 NW. 9 
 
 '29.64 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 Midnight . 
 
 NW. 9 
 
 29.64 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 High sea and much snow. 
 
 Mar. 14 
 
 2 a. m ..... 
 
 NW. 9 
 
 29.62 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 6 a. in . . . . 
 
 NW. 9 
 
 29.69 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 8 a. m. .... 
 
 NW. 9 
 
 29.74 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 Noon ..... 
 
 NW. 8 
 
 29.79 
 
 20 
 
 
 Fresh gale, with heavy squalls* sea 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 moderate ; came to anchor off the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 breakwater. 
 
 British steam-ship Lydian Monarch, Capt. T. C. Haggett. 
 
 March 11. Gale set in from NE., shifting to E., force 11 ; barometer 29.65. 
 
 March 13. Gale set in from SW., shifting to SE., S., and SW., force 11. 5 p. m. : Latitude 40 30' N., longitude 65 50 
 W. ; barometer 29. 05. 
 
 British steam-ship Madura, Captain Doyle. 
 (Liverpool to Portland, Me.) 
 
 March 11. 7 a. in.: Latitude 42 17' N., longitude 51 46' W.; wind NE., 5 ; barometer 30.12; stormy and rainy. 
 March 12. 7 a. m.: Latitude 41 23' N., longitude 56 17' W.; wind E.,4.; barometer 30.01,; stormy and rainy, and 
 
 wind shifting, with violent squalls. 
 
 March 13. 7 a. in.: Latitude 42 N., longitude CO 20' W. ; wind NW., 10 ; barometer 29.55 ; moderating a little. 
 March 14. 7 a. m.: Latitude 42 31' N., longitude 65 19' W.; wind NE., 6; barometer 29.51; changeable and foggy. 
 
 American schooner Messenger, Captain Falser. 
 
 March 11. Position at noon, latitude 36 37' N., longitude 74 22' W. ; wind SE., 7. 
 
 March 12. Wind backed to NW., 8 to 9. 
 
 March 13. Wind NW., 11, until midnight, then moderating ; lowest recorded barometer 28.91 ; time and position not 
 
 stated. 
 
 March 14. In latitude 37 34' N., longitude 72 9' W. ; wind N. to NNW., 8 to 9. 
 March 15. In latitude 37 18' N., longitude 73 3G' W. ; \\iud NNW., 9, then moderating. 
 
THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 51 
 
 American schooner yantasket, Capt. E. A. Richardson. 
 
 Marck 11, 12, before and during which barometer only fell to 29.50 (correct). But for the first twelve hours and for 
 nearly twenty-four hours it was nearly the same, vibrating .13, the most remarkable vibrations that I ever saw in 
 a barometer. Its lowest reading, 29.50, was at 10 p. m. on the llth, in latitude 37 X., longitude 74 5W W. 
 Wind (highest) velocity of 100 miles per honr. 
 
 British steam- ship Nessmore, Captain Elliott. 
 
 March 11. Gale set ill from ENE. 
 
 March 12. Between 7 p. m. and 9 p. m. of the 12th. About twelve hours before shifting into NW, the wind was shifting 
 suddenly in fierce squalls, attended by heavy rain, into the S., SE., SW., and WSW., with raging cross-sea from 
 every point of the compass; although the captain put the ship's head from one point to another all around to 
 prevent her rolling so furiously, yet his attempts were futile, as whichever way her head was she was in a trough 
 and remained so for some time, until the sea abated somewhat, owing to a heavy downpour of rain and the wind 
 shifting suddenly to NW. 
 
 March 13. 11 a. m. : Latitude 39 48' N., longitude 60 45' W. ; barometer (lowest) 29.10 ; moderated from E. ; high- 
 est force, 11. 
 
 March 16. A gale set in from SW., highest force 10, shifting to W. and NW. 3.55 p. m. : Latitude 42- 43' X., longi- 
 tude 43 : 31' W. ; barometer (lowest) 28.73. Midnight : Moderated. 
 
 American brig Nettie, Captain Lowry. 
 
 March 11. Latitude 38 W N., longitude 73 Iff W. ; wind SE., force 7 to 8. 
 
 March 12. Latitude 39 22* N. , longitude 73 5' W. ; wind backed from SE. to NE., force 9, and from that time increased: 
 
 to hurricane, backing to NW. 
 March 13. Latitude 38 32' N., longitude 71 33' W. ; wind NW., force 10, and moderating. 
 
 British bark Nora Wiggins, Captain Lawrence. 
 
 (Report communicated by Mr. Collins, first mate.) 
 
 At noon of the 10th, in latitude 38. 20' N., longitude GG : W., the barometer reed 29.67, falling rapidly ; moderate 
 breeze and heavy gronnd-swell from ENE. (The corrected reading of this vessel's barometer at this place and time is 
 considerably too low, and, unless her reported position is considerably out, it throws doubt upon the report of very low 
 barometer the evening of the 12th, when the reading, corrected and reduced to mean .oea level, was 28.57, the lowest 
 reported by any vessel that encountered the hurricane off the coast. The barometer was an aneroid, and every effort 
 was made by the New York Branch Hydrographic Office to verify the observation, the instrument having been com- 
 pared with standard as soon as the vessel reached port. On April 2 the barometer was ."7 high, and on the 14th .84 high, 
 showing such a decided difference that the reported low reading of the 12th can not be regarded as trustworthy, 
 especially in view of the rough usage she met with in the hurricane.) 
 
 On the 10th the barometer was falling rapidly, with a moderate breeze and heavy ground-swell from ENE. The 
 next day about the same, but with heavy, dark banks of clouds to the north and south. By midnight the wind 
 hauled ESE., with rain, increasing during the forenoon of the 12th to a gale with heavy rain and sea ; barometer 
 very unsteady. About 6 p. m. the wind shifted very suddenly, after moderating about 15 minutes, to t'ae south, grad- 
 ually veering toward the west, and at 8 p. m. was blowing a hurricane from WSW., with heavy sea and blinding 
 snow. A heavy sea struck the vessel on the starboard bow, crushing bulwarks, breaking thirteenstanchions, throwing 
 the vessel on her beam ends, and flooding the forward deck-houses. During the remainder of the night, and up to 6 
 a. m. of the 13th, the barometer was very low and unsteady, fluctuating from 28.57 to 28.67, and then rising slowly. 
 Heavy gale from W. and WNW., with snow, followed, by clearing weather. 
 
 British brig Olive Branch, Captain Manthorn. 
 
 March 10. Latitude 37 15' N., longitude 68 4' W. ; wind XW. to X., 9 ; barometer steady at 30.24 throughout the 
 
 day. 
 
 March 11. Latitude 37- 53' X., longitude 69 7' W. ; wind X. by E. to XE., 9 ; barometer steady at 30.25. 
 March 12. Latitude Z9 43' X., longitude 71 7 W. ; wind SE., 10; barometer 29.25. 
 March 13. Latitude 39 26' N., longitude 70 7' W. : wind SE., 10 ; at 3 p. m. sudden shift to W., 12 ; barometer 29.05. 
 
 Frequent squalls, with heavy snow. 
 March 14. .Wind W., 10; moderating and barometer rising ; heavy snow. 
 
 British bark Fatayonia. Captain Hibbert. 
 
 From March 9, in latitude 37^ 23' N., longitude 66 45' W., to March 14, latitude 39 36' N., longitude 66= 56' W., 
 continued succession of strong gales, commencing at NW., veering on the llth to SE., and on the 12th to SW. and 
 W. Gale continued to 15th, in latitude 39 38' X., longitude 6- 39' W., veering to XXE., 9, and moderating. Lowest 
 barometer March 13, 29.02, iu latitude 39 34' N., longitude 60 39 W. 
 
52 
 
 THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 Norwegian bark Rosenberg, Captain Johannessen. 
 
 March 11. Latitude 31 59' N., longitude 70 14' W. Experienced a severe electric storm. St. Elmo's fire on trucks 
 and yard-arms. Sea full of phosphorescence. Wind SSE., 7 to 8, backing to SE., 9, then moderating for a few hours. 
 
 March 12. Wind increasing to a strong gale and veering to NW., 9 to 10 (this probably about 1 a. m. , in latitude 33 30' 
 N., longitude 69 30' W.). 
 
 March 13. Wind NW., 11, throughout the day. 
 
 March 14. Wind NW. to NNW., 10 to 9. 
 
 March 15. Wind NNW., 8 to 10, with squalls of hurricane force. 
 
 March 16. 8 a. m. : Moderated ; latitude 34 37' N., longitude 68 4' W. 
 
 British steam-ship Samana, Captain Bermpohl. 
 
 March 11. Noon: Latitude 30 1' N., longitude 74 W.; wind S. by E v 6 to 8; cloudy. 2 p. m.: Wind SSE., 8; 
 threatening weather; wind continued same in direction, increasing in force to 9, until midnight; wind shifted 
 suddenly to NW. and increased in force to 10, with squally, threatening weather; latitude 31 30' N., longitude 
 7.3 30' W. 
 
 March 12. 2 a. m. : Wind NW. by N., 10 to 11, continuing the same in force and direction throughout the day. Noon : 
 Latitude 32 3' N., longitude 74 17' W. Midnight : Wind backed to NW. and moderated to force 8. 
 
 March 13. 2 a. m. : Wind NW., 8 to 7; threatening weather. 8 a. m. : Wind WNW., 8, continuing same in force unti 
 noon. Noon : Latitude 33 1' N., longitude 74 39' W. ; wind increased in force to 11, with violent squalls; cloudy 
 threatening weather. 3p.m.: wind shifted to W. by N., 11. 6p. m. : Wind NW., 11. 8 p.m.: Wind W., 11 to 10; 
 weather threatening and squally. 
 
 March 14. 2 a. m.: Wind W.,10; barometer 29.38. 7 a. m. : Wind NW., 10; barometer 29.48. Noon: Latitude 
 33 56' N., longitude 74 39' W. ; wind NW., 10; barometer 29.54. 4 p. in. : Wind NNW., 10; barometer 29.56; 
 wind same until midnight, with violent squalls. Midnight : Barometer 29.78. 
 
 March 15. 2 a. m. : Wind N. by W., 10 ; barometer 29.78. 4 a. m. : wind N. by W., 9; barometer 29.86. Noon: Lat- 
 itude 35 26' N., longitude 75 10' W. ; moderate gale from N. by W. 
 
 American bark Samuel B. Hale, Captain Haven. 
 
 March 11. Latitude at noon, 32 10' N., longitude 6? 40' W. ; wind SE., 7. 
 
 March 12. Wind N. by W. to NW. to NE., 8 to 9. Assumed position at noon, latitude 33 N., longitude 69 W, 
 
 March 13. Wind NE., 9 to 11. Assumed position at noon, latitude 33 40* N., longitude 69 20' W. 
 
 March 14. Wind NE., 9 to 11. Assumed position at noon, latitude 34 10' N., longitude 69 40' W. 
 
 March 15. Wind NW., P Assumed position at noon, latitude 34 40' N., longitude 69 30' W. 
 
 March 16. Position at noon, latitude 34 55' N., longitude 68 56' W. Wind N., 7 to 6, and moderated. 
 
 Norwegian bark Saranak, Captain Morthensen. 
 
 March 10. 4 a. m : Latitude 36 35' N., longitude 71 36' W. ; wind NNE., 7 ; barometer 30.19. 
 
 March 13. 4 p. m : Latitude 37 16' N., longitude 70 26' W. ; wind W., 10 ; ran before the wind ; barometer 29.44. 
 
 March 15. 8 a. m: Latitude 38 25' N., longitude 65 53' W. ; wiudSW., with heavy squalls from S. ; barometer 29.60. 
 
 March 16. Noon : Latitude 38 21' N., longitude 62 40' W. ; wind NNW. ; barometer 29.05. 
 
 March 17. Noon : Latitude 38 02' N., longitude 60 09' W. ; wind NW. ; barometer 29.52. 
 
 During this storm the wind shifted as follows : NNE., E., SE., S., W., SW., S., SW., W., NW., NNW. The weather 
 continued unsettled and variable until the 22d. \Viud shifting from S., SE., SW., and N. , with heavy squalls and rain. 
 
 British steam-ship Serapis, Captain Dobson. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 AVjnd. 
 
 Barom- 
 eter. 
 
 Sea. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Mar. 11 
 
 4 a. m 
 
 NE. 5 
 
 30.32 
 
 Mod. NE 
 
 Clear. 
 
 
 8 a. m 
 
 NE. 5 
 
 30.22 
 
 Mod NE 
 
 Clear. 
 
 
 Noon 
 
 ENE. 5 
 
 . 30.15 
 
 Mod. NE 
 
 Clear. Latitude 38 44' N., longitude 71 10" AV. 
 
 
 4 p. m 
 
 ENE. 6 
 
 30.10 
 
 Strong ENE .. 
 
 Slightly overcast. About 6 p. m., in about latitude 39 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N., longitude 71 W AV., a bank of heavy, thick, black, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inky clouds to SW". 
 
 
 8p.m 
 
 ENE. 6 
 
 30.00 
 
 Strong ENE... 
 
 Misty, with rain. 
 
 
 Midnight . 
 
 EXE. 6 
 
 29.90 
 
 Strong ENE 
 
 Mist}', with rain. 
 
 Mar. 12 
 
 2 a. m 
 
 EXE. 6 
 
 29.85 
 
 Strong ENE.... 
 
 Histy, with rain. 
 
 
 4 a. m 
 
 ENE. 6 
 
 2!l. 75 
 
 Strong EXE... 
 
 Misty, with rain. 
 
THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 British steam-ship Serapis, Captnin Dobson Continued. 
 
 53 
 
 Bat*. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 "Wind. 
 
 Barom- 
 eter. 
 
 Sea. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Mar. 12 
 
 
 5 a. in 
 
 X. 9 
 
 XW 12 
 
 29.80 
 29. TO 
 
 Strong EXE.... 
 Heavy XW 
 
 Weather game. Between 5 and 6 a. m. the wind shifted 
 suddenly in a squall from EXE. to XW. ; there was no 
 hauling or veering, and the change took place without 
 any interval of calm. 
 Thick snow continued blowing a hurricane, with thick 
 
 
 
 XW 12 
 
 29 60 
 
 
 snow and heavy XW. sea, until noon on the 13th. 
 
 
 
 XW 12 
 
 29 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 XW 12 
 
 29 45 
 
 
 
 
 
 XW 12 
 
 29.35 
 
 
 
 
 
 XW 12 
 
 29 31 
 
 
 Latitude 40 X., longitude 73 12' W. 
 
 
 
 XW 12 
 
 29 ">9 
 
 
 
 
 4 p. m 
 
 XW. 12 
 XW 1 
 
 29.31 
 29 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 XW 12 
 
 29,45 
 
 
 
 
 
 UW 12 
 
 29 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 XW 12 
 
 "9 39 
 
 
 
 Mar 13 
 
 
 XW 12 
 
 29 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 XW 1 
 
 99 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 XW 12 
 
 29 T> 
 
 
 
 
 
 XW 11 
 
 ^ 28 
 
 
 Moderating ; position bv dead reckoning, latitude 39 39* 
 
 
 
 XW 9 
 
 "9 28 
 
 
 X., longitude 7 35- W. 
 
 
 6 P m 
 
 
 9 32 
 
 
 
 
 , P 
 
 XW 9 
 
 29 37 
 
 
 After this, barometer rose rapidly; gale moderated. 
 
 1 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 British steam-ship Stockholm City, Captain Thompson. 
 
 March 13. Gale set in from E. by N., ending same day with wind S. ; highest force of wind, 11. At 10 p. m., in lati- 
 tude 42 45' N., longitude 64 40' W. ; barometer 29.23 (lowest). 
 
 British steam-ship St. Ronans, Capt. H. Campbell. 
 
 March 12. Gale set in from NE. 1 a. m. : Latitude 41 ^ N., longitude 51 12' W. ; wind XXE., force 9; barometer 
 
 29.50. 
 
 March 13. Wind SE., tlience to XW., force 9. 1 1 a. m. : Latitude 41 3' X., longitude 58 59' W. ; barometer 29.3a 
 March 14. Wind X. to WXW. ; latitude 40 53' N., longitude 60 26' W. ; barometer 29.50. Moderated. 
 
 British steam-ship Switzerland, Captain Uebericcg. 
 
 March 12. Xoon : Gale set in from SE., shifting to WSW.; highest force 8. 6.45 p.m. : Latitude 39 X., longitude 
 
 65 W. ; barometer 29. 50. 
 March 13. Xoon: Gale abated. 
 
 American baric Wakefield, Captain Croicell. 
 (Voyage from Pernambuco to Xew York.) 
 
 March 11. Xoon position, latitude 22 55' X., longitude 63 W. ; cloudy weather ; moderate breezes; long, rolling 
 
 swell from XW. All sail set. 
 March 12. Xoon position, latitude 24 12' X., longitude 64 50' W. From 4 p. m. to midnight : Wind hanling to SE. 
 
 and then to southward; continues clear and pleasant; wind freshening ; "sea smooth; all sail set; barometer 
 
 30.02 at midnight. 
 March 13. From midnight to 8 a. m. : Clear and pleasant : all sail set : sea smooth, but wind increasing rapidly from 
 
 SW. ; barometer 29.92 at 8 a. m. Xoon position, latitude 25-' :i:l X., longitude (W :' W. From 8 a. m. to 4 p. m. : 
 
 Cloudy, with a passing shower, wind and sea rapidly inereasiii^r : Took in light sails ; barometer 29.92 at 4 p. in. 
 
 From 4 p.m. to midnight: Wind XW. and incroasin;: : took in top-gallant sails; at 7 p.m. took in mainsail, 
 
 spanker, and flying jib ; at 8 p. m. wind suddenly changed to XX W. in heavy squall of wind and rain ; barometer 
 
 29.92 at midnight. 
 
54 
 
 THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 March 14. From midnight to 8 a. m. : Cloudy, and strong breezes from W. by N. ; sea rough and heavy swells ; at 4 
 a. m. set maintop-gallant sail and mainsail; at 8 a. m. tacked ship to SW. ; barometer 29.87. Noon position, lati- 
 tude 27 32' N., longitude 65 54' W. From 8 a. m. to 4 p. m. : At noon tacked ship to northward; w'nd backing 
 to westward; heavy swell from westward; barometer 29.87 at 4 p.m. From 4 p. m. to midnight: Wind increas- 
 ing ; at 8 p. m. took in mainsail ; weather windy looking. 
 
 March 15. From midnight until 8 a.m.: Cloudy and squally ; wind \V. and sea increasing; reduced ship down to 
 reefed top-sails, reefed foresail, mizzen-stay sail, aud foretop-mast stay-sail ; at 8 a. m. wore ship around on starboard 
 tack ; barometer 29.77. Noon position, latitude 27 18' N., longitude 65 50' W. From 8 a. m. to 4 p. m. : Cloudy, 
 with heavy squalls making in NW. ; took in upper foresail and furled it ; sea heavy, broken, and irregular. From 
 4 p. m. until midnight: Wind WNW. ; continuous heavy squalls of wind and rain; sea very heavy and irregular; 
 ship laboring and rolling badly ; barometer 29.72 at midnight. 
 
 March 16. From midnight until 8 a. m. : Blowing furiously from NW., with squalls and heavy rain ; sea heavy, with 
 heavy combers ; ship laboring badly and shipping large quantities of water; barometer 29.82 at 8 a.m. Noon 
 position, latitude 26 34' N., longitude 66 40' W. From 8 a. m. to 4 p. m. : Continues same, but sea not so bad ; 
 wind NNW. ; set upper foretop-sail, reefed. From 4 p. m. to midnight: Gradually moderating and the sea going 
 down ; took reef out of upper main-topsail and foresail ; barometer 29.92 at midnight. 
 
 German steam ship Wandrahm, Captain Relise. 
 
 March 13. Gale set in from E. by S., shifting to E. by N. ; highest force 10. 11 a. m. : Latitude 44 29' N., longitude 
 63 20' W. ; barometer 29.67 (correct). Captain Rehse reports further as follows : On the 13th, 4 p. m., must have 
 been close to Sambro, but too thick to see anything ; kept the ship outside till next afternoon. It blew very 
 heavy that night, with thick rain, hail, and snow, and very heavy sea. I received no damage, and got in all 
 right on the 14th, afternoon. 
 
 British ship Warrior, Captain Kitchen. 
 
 From March 12, in latitude 42 36' N., longitude 69 40' W., to March 17, in latitude 42 52' N., longitude 69 4' W., a 
 succession of strong gales, commencing at ESE., veering to E. by N. to N., and on the 16th to WNW. Lowest recorded 
 barometer reading was 29.37, on March 13, in latitude 42 48' N., longitude 69 48' W. 
 
 German steam-ship Werra, Captain Bussius. 
 March, 12. Wind SE., force 6. 
 March, 13. 11 a. m. : Latitude 40 20' N., longitude 69^ 25' W. ; bar. 29.25; gale shifted from SE. to S., SW., and W. 
 
 Belgian steam-ship Westernland, Captain Randle. 
 
 March, 12. Latitude 40 44' N., longitude 59 1'; wind, ESE., 10. At 5.55 p. m. barometer read 29.35 (lowest); 
 
 shifts of wind, E. by S., SE., S. 
 March 13. Wind S. ; gale moderated. 
 
 Norwegian baric Wilhelm Birkedal, Captain Stangebye. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Wind. 
 
 Barom- 
 eter. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Mar. 11 
 
 Mar. 12 
 Mar. 13 
 
 Noon 
 Sp. m 
 
 11. 30 p. m . 
 
 SE 
 
 SE. 10 
 
 28.79 
 
 Wind increasing, with fallingbarometerandrain. Latitude 34 11' 
 N ., longitude 74 23' W. 
 Vessel under two lower top-sails only. From 8 until 11.30 p. m. 
 wind and weather the same, heavy head-sea making ; indica- 
 tions of a shift of wind. 
 Wind shifted suddenly to northwest with heavy squalls of rain 
 aud great change in temperature. Wind not so strong as it 
 shifted, but increasing iu force towards the morning, blowing 
 very hard from NW. and WNW., and continuing the same 
 throughout the day, March 12th. 
 Latitude 35 57' N., longitude 73 22' W. barometer M.64, lowest 
 (time not given.) 
 Wind more moderate hut still strong aud shifting a little more to 
 the northward. Heavy snow squalls both on 12th and 13th. Sea 
 moderating. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 This vessel's barometer was mercurial, kept in cabin 16 feet above sea-level. It was compared with standard 
 at the New York Branch Hydrographic Office, March 23, when its error was .023 too high, aud this error has been 
 used in correcting the observed readings. The corrected readings, however, are very low, and do not agree with 
 other data. From the vessel's position on the llth, it is evident, by comparison of her barometer readings with those 
 of other vessels in the vicinity, that there is some error not accounted for, and this throws doubt upon the reported 
 low reading on the 12th. On April 20 her barometer read .101 high of standard. 
 
THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 55 
 
 Pilot-boat William H. Starbucl; of l?ew York. 
 
 (Report communicated by Pilot Heath.) 
 [XoTK. Barometer aneroid, said to be correct, bnl no comparison obtained with standard.] 
 
 March 11. Noon: The William H. Starbitck was 10 miles S. from Barnegat, about 8 miles off shore; -wind ENE., fresh 
 breeze, hazy, with light rain ; barometer 30. 4 p. m. : Wind hauled to ESE., blowing fresh breeze; light rain and 
 hazy ; stood off shore, heading ENE. 6 p. m. : Was about 18 miles ESE. from Barnegat, wind ESE., having 
 increased in force to strong breeze ; barometer 30 ; hove to, being far enough off shore. 
 
 March V2. 1 a. m : Wind N., blowing a gale and squalls; ugly, squally weather, accompanied by hail and rain ; glass 
 had fallen but a very little ; headed in W. by S. until soundings were obtained in 10 fathoms, about 8 miles from 
 shore. 4 a. m. : Wind N., blowing heavy squall; wore around and hove to on port tack. 6 a. m. : Wind NX\V., 
 blowing heavy gale, with terrific squall; snowing hard, and could see nothing; heavy sea, spray flying, decks 
 deluged with water; got out drags and put out oil-bags on weather-side, five bags strong along the side. Sea 
 would strike drags or sea anchor, and then come alongside perfectly harmless on account of meeting drag and oil 
 slick. 4 p. m. : About this time had worst of storm ; wind blowing a perfect hurricane from WNW. ; the only 
 things that kept the vessel up were the sea anchor and oil-bags ; at this time the barometer was 29.70, jumping 
 at least .1 each way ; had drifted so that we judged our position to be about 18 or 20 miles east from Barnegat. 
 About 11 p. m., while still blowing a gale from NNW., collided with the steamship Japanese. After this engaged 
 in cleariug wreck. Wind remained NNW., blowing a gale, moderating at ti mes, till the 14th ; snowing steadily 
 all this time. 
 
 March 13. Miduight: Glass commenced to rise. 
 
 March 15. Got first observations since storm set in, and found vessel to be in latitude 39 31' N., longitude 73 W. 
 
GREENWICH NOON OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 The following list gives a brief synopsis of marine data used in the preparation of the accom- 
 panying daily charts. Each wind arrow corresponds to an observation recorded in these columns, 
 and can be referred to, in any case, by using as co-ordinates the date of the chart and the latitude 
 and longitude of the center of the arrow. Laud data are from the daily weather maps published 
 by the U. S. Signal Service. In a few cases data have been obtained by interpolation from jour- 
 nals, storm reports, etc., in order to cover areas from which no other data are as yet at hand, but 
 in every such case it is so stated in a foot note. Barometer readings are in all cases corrected by 
 last comparison with standards at the various branch hydrographic offices (referred to the Kew 
 standard), and reduced to 32 F. and mean sea level. Readings of a mercurial barometer are fol- 
 lowed by the letter m; aneroid, a. 
 
 In preparing the four daily charts of the area under consideration, material assistance has been 
 obtained from observations of vessels beyond the actual limits of the area charted. It is only 
 practicable at the present time, however, to publish the observations taken on board vessels within 
 the limits of the charts (lat. 25 to 50 N., long. 50 to 85 W.), and these only in brief. 
 
 The symbols used in the various columns are explained as follows : 
 
 Wind. 
 
 Weather.* 
 
 Sea. 
 
 Beaufort's scale. 
 
 Miles 
 per hour. 
 Calm , ' 
 
 Meters 
 per second, 
 0.9 
 2.2 
 4.5 
 6.8 
 8.9 
 12. 
 15.6 
 18.7 
 22.3 
 2fi. 7 
 31.2 
 35.7 
 40.2 
 
 b. Clear blue sky. 
 c. Clondy weather, 
 rf. Drizzling, or light rain. 
 /. Fog, or foggy weather. 
 g. Gloomy, or dark, stormy-looking weather. 
 h. Hall. 
 I. Lightning. 
 in. Misty weather, 
 o. Overcast. 
 p. Passing showers of rain. 
 q. Squally weather. 
 r. Rainy weather, or continuous rain. 
 . Snow, snowy weather, or snow falling. 
 t. Thunder. 
 . Ugly appearances, or threatening weather. 
 v. Variable weather. 
 w. "Wet, or heavy dew. 
 z. Hazy. 
 
 B. Broken or irregular sea. 
 O. Chopping, short, or cross sea. 
 G. Ground swell. 
 H. Heavy sea. 
 //. Long rolling sea. 
 
 1. Light air 
 
 5 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 15 
 
 M. Moderate sea or swell. 
 R. Rough sea. 
 S. Smooth sea. 
 T. Tide-rips. 
 
 4. Moderate breeze 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 
 35 
 
 7. Moderate gale . 
 
 42 
 50 
 
 
 60 
 
 10. Whole gale 
 
 70 
 
 11. Storm 
 
 80 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 * To indicate greater intensity the letter is underlined thus : r, heavy rain ; r, very heavy rain, etc. 
 
 56 
 
THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 March 11, 1888. 
 
 57 
 
 Teasel. 
 
 Master. 
 
 Position. 
 
 Wind. 
 
 Barom- 
 eter. 
 
 Temp, 
 of air 
 Fahr.l. 
 
 Weather 
 symbols. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 LatN. 
 
 Long. W. 
 
 Direction, 
 true. Force, 
 Beaufort. 
 
 A D Bache 
 
 Lt Moser, T. 
 
 S.N. 
 
 ' 
 
 25 08 
 29 23 
 
 41 06 
 37 44 
 3947 
 41 55 
 25 26 
 
 37 41 
 40 38 
 
 40 23 
 43 12 
 33 10 
 42 40 
 
 31 05 
 
 37 50 
 40 27 
 34 30 
 38 06 
 38 32 
 
 40 39 
 40 50 
 
 41 24 
 
 40 20 
 
 28 00 
 40 14 
 32 40 
 4202 
 
 Vineya 
 25 05 
 38 25 
 31 47 
 
 41 14 
 40 40 
 40 35 
 
 39 K 
 
 38 45 
 33 03 
 
 28 54 
 41 17 
 31 57 
 
 o ' 
 81 11 
 
 74 09 
 
 68 06 
 73 42 
 58 10 
 54 58 
 68 00 
 
 65 30 
 70 48 
 
 69 52 
 66 16 
 67 40 
 67 00 
 
 69 00 
 
 74 " 
 74 00 
 76 13 
 7403 
 63 42 
 
 72 05 
 67 20 
 
 54 30 
 69 25 
 
 74 03 
 70 55 
 59 00 
 58 49 
 
 rd Haven. 
 80 07 
 74 00 
 77 42 
 
 65 05 
 73 10 
 67 52 
 66 00 
 
 61 11 
 
 72 00 
 
 55 07 
 55 40 
 79 45 
 
 SE. 
 E. 
 
 XE. 
 
 SE. 
 EXE. 
 EXE. 
 EXE. 
 
 X. 
 
 E'ly. 
 
 E. 
 EXE. 
 NE. 
 E5E. 
 
 EXE. 
 
 SE. 
 E. by X. 
 SE. 
 ESE. 
 XE. by X. 
 
 E. 
 E. by X. 
 
 EXE. 
 
 E ' 
 E. 
 
 X. 
 NW.by W. 
 XE. 
 
 ESE. 
 SE. 
 ESE. 
 SE. 
 
 XE. 
 E. 
 
 XK. 
 XE. 
 
 XXE. 
 E. 
 
 \VXW. 
 XE. 
 
 S. 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 j 
 6 
 9 
 9 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 3 
 2 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 2 
 7 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 11 
 
 
 
 30. 04 a. 
 30. 10 m. 
 
 30. 34 m. 
 30. 19 a. 
 29. 90 m. 
 29.91 m. 
 29. 91 a. 
 
 29.99m. 
 30. 40 a. 
 
 30. 39 a. 
 30.36m. 
 30. 17 m. 
 30.01m. 
 
 30. 22 a. 
 
 30. 14 a. 
 30. 45 a. 
 30. 07 a. 
 30. 25 a. 
 30. 20 m. 
 
 30.38m. 
 30. 36 a. 
 
 29. 91 a. 
 30. 33 m. 
 
 30. 20 a. 
 29. 43 a. 
 29.93m. 
 30. 11 m. 
 
 30. 26 a. 
 30. 17 a. 
 30. 16 a. 
 29.85m. 
 
 30. 19 m. 
 30. 23 a. 
 30. 37 m. 
 30. 38 m. 
 
 29. 95 m. 
 30. 34 a. 
 
 30. 09 a. 
 29. 98 m. 
 29. 93 a. 
 
 o 
 71 
 
 64 
 
 35 
 44 
 
 51 
 48 
 67 
 
 51 
 54 
 
 34 
 40 
 
 0. C. '[. 
 
 o. 
 
 Squally and rainy. Cross sea from 
 SSE. 
 Clouds SE. and E. Sea L. from X. 
 Fine weather. 
 Mod. E'ly sea ; clouds from W. 
 Mod. SE. sea. 
 Very high cross sea from EXE. 
 Clouds EXE. Sea H. from EXE. 
 Mod. EXE. wind and sea. Cloudy 
 at times. 
 Wind veered to ESE. at mid. L. H. 
 sea from XE. 
 Clouds and S. sea from E. Winds 
 variable. 
 Clouds and L. H. sea from E. 
 Clouds S. Fine weather. 
 Somewhat cloudy, long XE. swell. 
 R. SE. sea. Fresh breezes, snow 
 and hail past 24 hrs. 
 Long mod. sea from XXE. Calm 
 at midnight. 
 Much rain. Mod. SE. sea. 
 Clouds EXE. Sea H. from E. by X. 
 Mod. SE. sea. 
 Heavy clouds and mod. sea from SE. 
 Heavy storm ; high, wild sea past 
 day. 
 Clouds and mod. sea from E. 
 Clear, fine weather. Light to mod. 
 XE. and EXE. winds. 
 Clouds and H. sea from EXE. 
 Fair weather; Lt. S'ly and E'ly 
 winds past 24 hrs. 
 Clouds E. and SSE. Sea L. from 
 XXE. 
 Fine and clear ; wind falling dur- 
 ing past 24 hrs. 
 Mod. to strong gale with squalls 
 during past 24 hrs. 
 Strong gale thro'out Wind backed 
 two points. 
 Threatening sky. 
 Clouds and broken sea from SE. 
 Clonds SW. Sea L. from EXE. 
 All elements increasing. Sea B. H. 
 R from SE. and SSW. 
 Clouds EXE. Sea H. from NE. 
 Overcast after 4 a. m. Sea smooth. 
 Clouds XE. Sea H. from EXE. 
 Strong XE. gale, noon to 4 a. m., 
 then mod. and fine weather. 
 Clouds and L. sea from XE. 
 Clonds SE.; sea L. from XXE. 
 Weather mod. past 24 hrs. 
 Clonds XW. Sea C. from SSW. 
 Clouds and sea from X. 
 At 4 D. m . stron s breeze from XX W. 
 
 Ailsa --- 
 
 Alaska 
 
 Murray 
 Clinksel 
 
 0. C. 
 
 q.r. 
 o. a. 
 
 g- 
 
 c. 
 
 O. C. 
 
 b.c. 
 b.c. 
 
 Anna 
 Baltimore 
 
 Menkens 
 Trenery 
 Hubbard 
 
 
 Brady 
 
 
 Tvnriloll 
 
 Brooklyn City Fitt 
 
 Bulgarian Parry 
 
 Carthaginian 
 
 MacXichol. - - . 
 Franck 
 
 37 
 
 o.p. 
 
 O. D. 
 
 C. U. 
 0. C. 
 0. C. 
 
 c. 
 o. c. 
 
 b.c. 
 
 
 Catherine 
 
 43 
 37 
 64 
 46 
 46 
 
 38 
 
 City of Cheater 
 
 City of San Antonio Wilder 
 Colon Henderson , . 
 
 
 Edward E. Barrett* 
 
 Egypt 
 Elbe 
 
 Hughes 
 
 Sunnier 
 Meyer 
 
 Brunn 
 
 49 
 37 
 
 70 
 31 
 
 0. C. 
 
 b.c. 
 
 0. C. 
 
 g. q. s. o. 
 
 q- 
 
 c. n. 
 
 z. 
 b.c. 
 
 0. C. 
 
 c. r. q. 
 
 c. 
 b.c. 
 
 C. 8. 
 
 c. m. 
 
 c. q. r. 
 o. c. 
 
 q- 
 
 fi.L 
 
 0. C. 
 
 
 Hedderwick . . 
 , Johansen 
 For 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 ("! 
 
 
 77 
 50 
 70 
 
 35 
 10 
 37 
 40 
 
 50 
 62 
 
 66 
 55 
 66 
 
 Kensett Smith 
 Knickerbocker Kemble . . 
 
 
 
 
 deKersabiec.. 
 T~rquhart 
 
 Lord Clive 
 
 
 Lorenzo D. Baker 
 
 Wiley 
 
 Burgess 
 Haggett 
 Stevens... 
 
 
 Manhattan... 
 
 3546 ST- 
 
 * Data obtained by interpolation from journal or storm report. 
 
58 
 
 THE GREAT STOEM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 March 11, 1888 Continued. 
 
 Vessel. 
 
 Master. 
 
 Position. 
 
 Wind. 
 
 liarom- 
 oter. 
 
 Temp, 
 of air 
 (Fahr.). 
 
 Weather 
 by 
 symbols. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 LatN. 
 
 Long. W. 
 
 Direction, 
 true. Force, 
 Beaufort. 
 
 Nantasket 
 
 Richardson ... 
 Elliott 
 
 O ' 
 
 35 30 
 38 52 
 
 08 09 
 34 36 
 
 32 22 
 
 39 13 
 42 12 
 
 27 05 
 
 28 40 
 38 20 
 
 43 22 
 34 15 
 39 40 
 
 41 59 
 28 00 
 
 39 26 
 
 43 26 
 43 12 
 40 19 
 40 00 
 
 / 
 
 74 00 
 66 02 
 
 74 26 
 74 30 
 
 64 50 
 
 59 11 
 50 05 
 
 80 00 
 
 73 15 
 70 40 
 
 54 39 
 76 35 
 57 07 
 
 58 53 
 79 10 
 
 72 54 
 
 52 00 
 53 55 
 
 70 11 
 74 00 
 
 SE. 
 NNE. 
 
 E. 
 
 SE. 
 
 N. 
 
 ENE. 
 ENE. 
 
 SE.byS. 
 
 ESE. 
 NE. 
 
 NE.byN. 
 SE. 
 
 NNE. 
 
 NE. 
 SE. 
 
 ESE. 
 
 NE. 
 
 NE. 
 SE.byS. 
 ESE. 
 
 . 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 9 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 5 
 5 
 3 
 
 30. 16 a. 
 30. 07 m. 
 
 30. 25 a. 
 30. 12 a. 
 
 30. 01 a. 
 
 29. 91 a, 
 30. 04 a. 
 
 30. 04 a. 
 
 30. 33 a. 
 
 30. 18 ii. 
 
 30. 12 a. 
 30. 22 a. 
 29. 94 a. 
 
 30. 17 a. 
 30. 04 a. 
 
 29. 66 a. 
 
 30. 17 a. 
 30. 22 in. 
 30. 25 m. 
 30. 22 a. 
 
 o 
 
 47 
 
 42 
 63 
 
 58 
 
 39 
 65 
 
 e.g. 
 c. 
 
 e.g. 
 c. 
 
 b.c. 
 
 o. q. r. 
 b.c. 
 
 o. c. r. 
 o. c. 
 
 Wind veered NE. to SE. R. sea 
 from ENE. 
 Wind variable and unsteady. 
 Clouds NE.and NW. 
 Clouds and mod. sea from E. 
 Pleasant and partly cloudy during 
 the day. 
 Fine weather. Clouds from N. and 
 NW. 
 N. clouds and H. sea from ENE. 
 Continual sheet-lightning at SE. 
 and E. R., E'ly sea. 
 Clouds from SW. Mod. SE. and S. 
 sea. 
 Clouds from E., L. sea from NNE. 
 Mod. eale to fresh breeze from 
 NNW. to NE. Rain squalls first 
 part, clearing afterwards. 
 R., NE'ly sea. Mostly fair weather 
 during the day. 
 Lt. N'ly winds veering to SE. at 6 a. 
 m. R., SE. sea. 
 Clouds and sea from NE. Water- 
 spout at 6.30 p. m. 
 Clouds and mod. sea from NE. 
 Fresh gales, rain, and squalls dar- 
 ing night. Wind going S'd. 
 Clouds from N. Groundswell from 
 ESE. 
 Mod. gale and H. sea from NE. 
 Clouds and heavy sea from NE. 
 Fine clear weather, L., E'ly sea. 
 Clouds and C. sea from SE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Shackford 
 
 
 Oxford 
 
 
 Republic 
 
 Davison 
 Lewis 
 
 Saraana 
 
 Berrapohl 
 
 
 State of Georgia 
 
 Moodie 
 
 40 . 
 
 c. 
 n. 
 
 P- 
 
 o. c. 
 o.q. 
 
 g.u. 
 
 0. C. 
 
 b. 
 b. 
 o. c. 
 
 State of Texaa 
 
 Williams 
 
 
 Ueberweg 
 Heeley 
 
 50 
 
 43 
 
 74 
 
 45 
 
 37 
 43 
 37 
 42 
 
 The Queen .... 
 
 Thoriihill 
 
 "Wetherell 
 Fraser 
 Rehse 
 
 Trinidad 
 
 AVerra 
 
 
 
 Randle 
 
 
 
 
 
 March 12, 1888. 
 
 Ailsa 
 Andes 
 Anna 
 Baltimore , 
 
 Evans 
 Clinksel 
 Menkens 
 Trenery 
 Brady 
 
 32 44 
 35 06 
 40 38 
 40 55 
 38 50 
 
 40 43 
 34 15 
 29 03 
 
 34 20. 
 40 23 
 36 31 
 33 10 
 34 10 
 39 25 
 
 74 05 
 73 30 
 56 20 
 60 35 
 62 16 
 
 66 08 
 64 00 
 66 07 
 
 76 33 
 67 00 
 53 20 
 78 27 
 73 59 
 63 39 
 
 WNW. 
 NW.byW. 
 ENE. 
 ENE. 
 SE. 
 
 ESE. 
 SSE. 
 S. 
 
 NW. 
 
 E.by N. 
 NNW. 
 NNW. 
 NW. 
 S. by E. 
 
 10 
 11 
 
 7-8 
 
 3 
 5 
 6-7 
 
 10 
 8 
 
 9 
 8 
 
 29. 85 m. 
 29. 79 a. 
 30.12m. 
 30. 13 m. 
 29. 65 m. 
 
 29. 74 a. 
 
 29. 85 m. 
 29. 87 a. 
 
 29. 92 a. 
 29. 73 a. 
 29. 78 m. 
 29. 89 a. 
 29. 83 a. 
 29. 78 m. 
 
 49 
 
 o. c. q. 
 c.q. 
 d. g. 
 
 0. C. 
 
 b.c. 
 c.g. 
 
 Terrific gale. Sea H. from NNW. 
 Clouds NW. Sea H. from SSE. 
 Very high cross sea from NE. 
 Mod. ENE. sea. 
 At 4 a. m., wind veered to SE., in- 
 creasing. Midnight SSE. gale; 
 lightning. Sea H. 
 Clouds ESE. Sea R. H. from E. 
 byS. 
 Increasing wind and rain. Afmid- 
 night suddenly calm. Bar. 29.33. 
 At 3 p. m. wind shifted to SE. and 
 grew stronger. 
 Clear and cold. Sea^from NW. 
 Clouds ENE. Sea H. from E. by N. 
 Light var. winds; showery past day . 
 Clou3s NW. Sea mod. from NNW. 
 Clouds from NW. Very H. C. sea. 
 Irregular winds; confused seas 
 past day. 
 
 57 
 50 
 
 
 Brooklj'n City 
 
 Fitt 
 
 Caribbean* 
 
 
 Catania 
 
 
 n 
 
 40 
 50 
 
 0. . 
 
 b. 
 o. c. 
 b. 
 b.c. 
 b.c. 
 o.p. 
 
 City of Augusta 
 City of Chester 
 
 Catherine 
 
 City of Lincoln 
 City of San Antonio... 
 
 Fry 
 
 Wilder 
 
 44 
 46 
 57 
 
 Henderson 
 
 Dora 
 
 
 
 * Data obtained by interpolation from journal or storm report. 
 
THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 March 12, 1888 Continued. 
 
 59 
 
 VesaeL Master 
 
 Position. Wind. 
 
 Barom- 
 eter. 
 
 Temp, 
 of air 
 (Fahr.). 
 
 Weather 
 by 
 
 symbols. 
 
 ..marks. 
 
 Lat.N Ixnig.W 
 
 Direction, 
 true. Force, 
 Beaufort. 
 
 Edward E.Barrett*.... 
 
 Tltitrh*** 
 
 
 
 40 30 
 41 40 
 41 37 
 
 26 30 
 30 52 
 
 40 04 
 32 30 
 
 42 04 
 27 23 
 
 41 54 
 39 00 
 34 40 
 
 42 08 
 25 45 
 40 58 
 37 00 
 
 39 16 
 39 05 
 
 29 56 
 29 40 
 40 34 
 
 28 50 
 37 00 
 
 3945 
 
 34 20 
 
 3840 
 32 22 
 40 21 
 
 40 36 
 
 41 24 
 31 25 
 
 40 10 
 
 o 
 63 30 
 
 51 36 
 61 20 
 
 69 00 
 75 00 
 
 71 33 
 59 20 
 
 55 42 
 79 41 
 
 52 07 
 73 30 
 7520 
 
 60 04 
 80 15 
 61 12 
 70 30 
 
 71 30 
 57 22 
 
 72 40 
 54 43 
 
 61 19 
 
 80 20 
 73 40 
 
 62 55 
 
 74 20 
 
 7400 
 64 50 
 
 56 58 
 
 70 50 
 
 56 12 
 74 04 
 
 73 20 
 
 
 E. by a 
 
 EXE. 
 E. 
 S. by W. 
 
 vsw. 
 
 W.by X. 
 SW'ly 
 
 NB. 
 
 nrv. 
 
 XE. 
 
 x. 
 
 NNW. 
 
 E. 
 SE. (!) 
 E. 
 SSE. 
 
 ESE. 
 XE. 
 
 NW. 
 WNW. 
 E. 
 
 XE.by X 
 NW. 
 
 E. 
 NW. 
 
 xw. 
 ssw. 
 
 EXE. 
 E. 
 
 XE. by E. 
 NW. 
 
 jrw. 
 
 a 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 10 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 C 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 8 
 8 
 
 7 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 29. 73 a. 
 30. 00 a. 
 29.96m. 
 
 29. 95 (a). 
 29. 90 a. 
 
 29. 26 a. 
 M. 02m. 
 
 30.03m. 
 30. 07 a. 
 
 29.95m. 
 29. 33 a. 
 29.72m. 
 
 30.00m. 
 30.4a. 
 30.09m. 
 29. 55 a. 
 
 29.56m. 
 29.92m. 
 
 29. 94 a. 
 30. 09 a. 
 29.92m. 
 
 30. 13 a. 
 
 29. 56 a. 
 
 30.72m. 
 
 30. 00 a. 
 
 29. 73 a. 
 29.81 a. 
 30. 00 a. 
 
 29. 51 m. 
 
 30. 04 m. 
 29. 84 a. 
 
 29.60 a. 
 
 
 
 
 Clondlng up: bar. falling; wind 
 freshening from E. to E. by S. 
 Clouds from EXE. Sea H. from 
 EXE. 
 Fair. Cloudless at night ; overcast 
 in the morning. 
 Mod. S. to SSW. gale last part. 
 Strong gale. Heavy rain daring the 
 night. 
 Heavy WXW. sea, terrific squalls. 
 Strong XW. gale and squally, fol- 
 lowed by mod. weather. 
 Fresh gale for 20 hours. Strong 
 breeze last 4. 
 Broken sea from N. At times 
 cloudy. 
 Mod. XE. sea. 
 At 4 a. m. wind hauled to X. 
 SeaRH. Gale shifted by the S. to 
 NW. in a heavy squall. 
 Fresh to strong winds all day. 
 Clouds and H. sea from E. 
 Lt. rain during p. m. ; clearing. At 
 midnight gale from X. 
 Heavy clouds from E. Sea H. from 
 EXE. 
 At noon sudden shift to SW., and 
 at 2 to W. ; bar. 29.19. 
 Lightning from NW. ; heavy rain. 
 Clonds from EXE. and E. Long 
 sea from NE. 
 Gale from SE., changing to XW. 
 Stormy. 
 Clonds from S. Sea R. and irreg- 
 ular in direction. 
 Clouds from S. Fine breeze during 
 the day. 
 Clonds NE. Sea H. from EXE. 
 At 10 p. m. the SE. gale jumped to a 
 hurricane from XW. 
 Clonds SE. Heavy sea NE. Un- 
 steady breeze during past 24 
 hours. 
 Strong gale, shifting from E. to S. 
 and to NW. Bar. 29.60. 
 Clouds and heavy sea from NW. 
 Kain and bad weather past day. 
 Clouds EXE. and SE. Very heavy 
 EXE. sea. 
 Clonds and heavy sea from E. ; in- 
 cessant rain. 
 Clonds and sea NE'ly. 
 Rough, cross sea; blowing a gale 
 during the day. 
 Bar. falling steadily. Wind rising 
 from 5 to 12 XE. and ENE. About 
 6 a. m. (C. T.) suddenly shifted to 
 NW., blowing a hurricane. 
 
 
 40 
 45 
 
 0. C. 
 
 o. 
 
 Elbe 
 
 Meyer 
 
 
 
 60 
 23 
 
 45 
 
 66 
 
 36 
 35 
 46 
 
 39 
 70 
 45 
 
 o u. 
 
 s-q. 
 b. 
 
 o-g. 
 d 
 
 b. 
 
 a, 
 b.c. 
 
 O. C. 
 
 d. 
 
 a. 
 
 
 Hedderwick.. 
 
 
 Istrian ...... 
 
 Foi 
 
 
 Vieira 
 
 
 Gleiir 
 
 Kensett 
 
 Smith 
 
 
 
 
 Stewart 
 
 Lam pasas ..... 
 
 Crowell 
 de Kersabiec . 
 
 LidaFowler* 
 
 LordClive 
 
 Urqiihart 
 Hughes 
 
 Wiley 
 
 50 
 54 
 
 67 
 66 
 60 
 58 
 
 r. g. u. 1. 
 b. c. q. 
 
 c. u. 
 
 0. C. 
 
 c-g- 
 
 b.c. 
 o. h.u. 
 
 g- 
 
 b 
 
 o. m. q. 
 c.g. 
 
 0. U. 
 
 r. 
 
 o. c. q. 
 t-q.n. 
 
 
 Lucy W. Snow 
 
 Burgess 
 Haggett 
 
 
 
 
 Richardson . . . 
 Elliott 
 
 
 52 
 
 49 
 
 45 
 59 
 
 
 Halsev 
 
 
 Shackford.... 
 
 
 Oxford 
 Richmond Hill 
 
 Janes 
 Hyde 
 
 40 
 49 
 
 Kugia 
 
 Karlowa 
 Bermpohl 
 
 Serapia* 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Data obtained by interpolation from journal or storm report. 
 
60 
 
 THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 March 12, 1888 Continued. 
 
 Vessel. 
 
 Master. 
 
 Position. 
 
 Wind. 
 
 Barom- 
 eter. 
 
 Temp, 
 of air 
 (Fahr.). 
 
 Weather 
 by 
 symbols. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Lat. K. 
 
 Long. W. 
 
 Direction, 
 true. Force, 
 Beanfort. 
 
 
 Hoodie 
 
 1 
 
 42 20 
 36 50 
 42 30 
 41 22 
 39 00 
 41 06 
 26 00 
 
 43 3? 
 24 00 
 40 37 
 
 . 
 
 61 45 
 74 30 
 68 43 
 51 40 
 62 30 
 65 10 
 80 04 
 
 57 24 
 60 42 
 64 07 
 
 NE. 
 NW. 
 
 E.iN. 
 NNE. 
 SE. 
 E. by S. 
 NW. 
 
 NE.by E. 
 ENE. 
 E. by N. 
 
 
 5-6 
 
 11 
 7 
 5 
 6 
 6 
 4 
 
 6 
 3 
 5 
 
 SO. 11 a. 
 30. 12 a. 
 29. 92 a. 
 29. 87 a. 
 30. 11 a. 
 29 74 a. 
 30. 05 a. 
 
 30. 25 a. 
 30. 17 m. 
 29.84m. 
 
 o 
 33 
 
 o. r. 
 a. 
 o. u. z. 
 C- 
 c.p. 
 o.g. 
 b. 
 
 o. s. q. 
 c. 
 b.c. 
 
 Wind E. till mid. ; force 10-5 ; then 
 shifted to SW. 
 Strong SE. breeze veering to NNW. 
 Heavy thunder and lightning. 
 Increasing breeze, cloudy, hazy 
 weather. 
 High NNE. sea. Rain, snow, and 
 lightning during the day. 
 Fresh NE. gale, mod. at 8 a. m., and 
 hauling to SE. 
 Clouds from E. Mod. sea from 
 ENE. 
 A. M., fresh gale and rain ; clearing 
 at noon ; evening drizzling. 
 Rough sea from E. 
 Clouds and mod. sea from EXE. 
 Fresh to strong breezes; clear 
 weather during the day. 
 
 State of Texas 
 
 AVilliams 
 Thompson 
 Campbell 
 TTeberweg 
 
 Stockholm City . 
 
 35 
 
 48 
 52 
 48 
 68 
 
 
 
 The Queen 
 
 Tin 11 nil ill 
 
 Wetherell 
 Rehse 
 
 Wandrahm 
 
 Werra 
 
 
 41 
 49 
 
 
 Handle . .. 
 
 
 
 March 13, 1S88. 
 
 Ailsa 
 
 Evans 
 
 35 03 
 
 74 05 
 
 ' WNW. 
 
 10 
 
 29. 87 m. 
 
 37 
 
 Hi C. P Q. 
 
 Clouds NW, and N Sea H C from 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NW. and WNW. 
 
 Andes 
 
 Clinksel 
 
 30 18 
 
 73 36 
 
 W. 
 
 7 
 
 29. 93 a. 
 
 56 
 
 C. 
 
 Clouds and heavy sea from W. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Three hrs. of rainfall. 
 
 Anita 
 
 Small 
 
 30 33 
 
 80 24 
 
 NNW. 
 
 6 
 
 30. 05 a. 
 
 
 C. 
 
 Dry weather. StroD breeze since 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 yesterday noon. 
 
 Anna 
 
 Menkens 
 
 40 48 
 
 55 37 
 
 ESE. 
 
 g 
 
 29. 77 m. 
 
 57 
 
 O ET 
 
 Hiffh rrnss spa frn TVF 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 Trenery . 
 
 41 10 
 
 65 40 
 
 wsw. 
 
 6 
 
 29. 42 m. 
 
 48 
 
 u. g. 
 
 Clouds SSW Seib 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 We. 
 
 Ben^ore Head 
 
 Brady . . . 
 
 40 56 
 
 59 53 
 
 SE. 
 
 8 
 
 29. 23 m. 
 
 56 
 
 w. r. 
 
 Nine a. m. to noon whole gale. Noon 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shifted to W. ; heavy rain. 
 
 Benison* 
 
 
 38 00 
 
 63 00 
 
 WNW. 
 
 8 
 
 29. 55 a. 
 
 
 
 
 Brooklyn City 
 
 Fitt 
 
 40 50 
 
 63 31 
 
 SW. 
 
 t2 
 
 29. 39 a. 
 
 42 
 
 c. 
 
 Strong gale, heavy squalls and rain 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 past day. 
 
 Caribbean* 
 
 Daniel 
 
 35 45 
 
 60 10 
 
 W. by N. 
 
 6 
 
 29. 56 m. 
 
 
 
 At 1 a. m., increasing westerly 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 breeze. Noon, mod. gale and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 squall. 
 
 Catania 
 
 Franck 
 
 27 00 
 
 64 05 
 
 N. 
 
 4 
 
 29. 88 a. 
 
 69 
 
 C. V. 
 
 Morning to afternoon, strong gale 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 from SSW., W., NW. Heavy 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rain. Fine, mod. during night. 
 
 City of Chester 
 
 Lewis 
 
 40 22 
 
 61 00 
 
 E. & NW. 
 
 8 
 
 29. 33 a. 
 
 50 
 
 c. 
 
 Clouds NW. Cross sea. 
 
 City of Lincoln 
 
 Fry 
 
 34 52 
 
 57 27 
 
 NNW. 
 
 - 
 
 90 SI 
 
 
 Ci 
 
 Stron** variable wind 
 
 City of San Antonio . . . 
 
 Wilder 
 
 31 34 
 
 80 51 
 
 NW. 
 
 3 29. 95 a. 
 
 61 
 
 1). 
 
 Long swell from SSE. 
 
 
 Colon 
 
 Henderson 
 
 30 23 
 
 73 31 
 
 NW. 
 
 5 29. 97 a. 
 
 59 
 
 c. 
 
 Clear and fine; strong breeze; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 squally and heavy sea. 
 
 Dora 
 
 Meyer 
 
 39 56 
 
 62 08 
 
 NW. 
 
 5 29. 54 m. 
 
 48 
 
 0. 
 
 Heavy storm, hurricane-like squalls. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 High, wild sea past day. 
 
 Edward E. Barrett* 
 
 Hughes 
 
 40 25 
 
 70 25 
 
 SW. 
 
 7 20. 28 a. 
 
 
 
 Rain and freshening wind and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 squalls from E. by S. to SSE. At 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 p. m. (C. T ) hauled to NW., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mod. breeze; then heavy W'ly 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 snow squalls to midnight. Barom. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 slowly rising during the morning. 
 
 Elbe 
 
 Meyer 
 
 43 06 
 
 54 32 
 
 E. 
 
 6 29.82m. 
 
 47 
 
 c. 
 
 Strong breezes and squalls past day. 
 
 
 
 Faedrelandet 
 
 Brunn 
 
 32 39 
 
 74 57 
 
 NW. &.SW. 10 29. 92 a. 
 
 57 
 
 g.c. 
 
 Clouds NW. Heavy sea from N. 
 
 * Data obtained by interpolation from journal or storm report. t Storm report gives force of wind 5 all the forenoon. 
 
 NOTE. The City of Lincoln's observation was taken 46 minutes after Greenwich, noon. 
 
THE GEEAT STOKM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 March 13, 1888. Continued. 
 
 61 
 
 Vesm-l. 
 
 Master. 
 
 Position. 
 
 Wind. 
 
 Barom- 
 eter. 
 
 Temp 
 
 of air 
 (Fahr.). 
 
 Weather 
 by 
 symbols. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Lat.N. 
 
 Long.W. 
 
 Direction, 
 true. Force, 
 Beaufort. 
 
 
 Hadley 
 
 o / 
 42 01 
 
 33 20 
 
 26 00 
 42 20 
 28 26 
 42 20 
 39 15 
 
 37 00 
 
 42 57 
 29 53 
 
 41 28 
 38 00 
 
 38 40 
 
 39 35 
 26 15 
 30 DO 
 40 35 
 
 25 00 
 37 00 
 
 39 48 
 31 18 
 
 38 55 
 32 22 
 41 03 
 
 49 37 
 
 41 31 
 32 40 
 39 40 
 
 43 13 
 41 09 
 
 38 35 
 
 42 51 
 
 41 05 
 39 00 
 
 40 27 
 25 15 
 44 29 
 
 o / 
 51 53 
 
 60 40 
 
 79 54 
 51 40 
 79 26 
 58 30 
 72 50 
 
 74 25 
 
 55 11 
 80 30 
 
 51 01 
 70 10 
 
 73 00 
 
 52 31 
 73 42 
 55 22 
 66 14 
 
 80 25 
 71 50 
 
 60 20 
 80 15 
 
 73 40 
 64 50 
 
 53 48 
 
 67 05 
 
 50 23 
 
 74 40 
 72 40 
 
 55 30 
 66 58 
 
 74 46 
 66 14 
 
 58 06 
 66 50 
 
 69 30 
 66 15 
 62 42 
 
 ET 
 
 \Y. by S. 
 
 N. 
 E. 
 
 vnsrw. 
 
 EXE. 
 WXW. 
 
 sw. 
 
 E. 
 
 N. 
 
 E. 
 W 
 
 WHW. 
 
 E. 
 NW 
 
 S. 
 
 sw. 
 
 NNW. 
 XX W. 
 
 irw. 
 srw. 
 
 w. 
 
 w. 
 
 ESE. 
 S\V. 
 
 If E. by E. 
 NW. 
 NW. 
 
 E. 
 SW. 
 
 NW. 
 
 E. 
 
 SE. 
 
 wsw. 
 
 s\v 
 sw. 
 
 E. 
 
 4 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 5 
 6 
 5 
 9 
 
 8 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 5 
 7 
 11 
 
 5 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 6 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 10 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 4 
 
 8 
 7 
 
 
 6 
 9 
 
 29. 8) a. 
 29. C8 m. 
 
 30. 08 a. 
 29. 91 m. 
 30. 05 a. 
 29. 89 m. 
 29. 26 a. 
 
 29. 71 m. 
 
 29.80m. 
 30. 14 . 
 
 29. 87 m. 
 29. 40 a. 
 
 29.47m. 
 
 29.82m. 
 30. 04 a. 
 29. 79 . 
 29. 49 m. 
 
 30. 13 a. 
 29. 56 a. 
 
 29. 37 m. 
 30. 15 a. 
 
 29. 43 a. 
 
 2'.64a. 
 29. 95 a. 
 
 29. 3_9 m. 
 
 29.90m. 
 29.84n. 
 29. 32 a. 
 
 Z9.84m. 
 29 33 a. 
 
 29. 88 a. 
 29. 49 a. 
 
 29. 50 a. 
 29. 53 a. 
 
 29. 29 a. 
 30. 02 a. 
 29. 71 a. 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 b.c. 
 
 First part clear ; fresh NE. winds. 
 Latter mod. ; E'ly winds. 
 From tine weather tocloudy, squally 
 and W'ly gale. Vivid lightning. 
 Mod. sea from If. 
 Mod. to fresh breezes. 
 Clouds NNW ; sea N. ; air clear. 
 Clouds XE. Sea smooth. 
 High sea from W. and N. Contin- 
 uous snow past day. 
 Clear weather. Heavy puffs thro'- 
 ont the day. 
 Strong winds all day. 
 Fine weather ; fresh gale from NNE. 
 past day. 
 Clouds and heavy sea from E. 
 Heavy SE. gale shifting instantly 
 to a SW. hurricane, with snow 
 and hail at noon (12th), then haul- 
 ing to W. and moderating. 
 Tremendous, confused sea and 
 heavy snow squalls. 
 Mod. and cloudy weather past day. 
 Good weather past day. 
 Clouds W. Cross sea. WSW. 
 First part, heavy SE. gale; hitter 
 part, heavy SW. gale. 
 Clouds NW. and N. Sea C., EXE. 
 Bad weather ; terrible cross seas 
 from NW. and NXE. 
 NE'ly gale and squally. Very high 
 sea past day. 
 Fine and clear. Heavy to fresh If W. 
 gale past day. 
 Clouds W. Heavy NW'ly sea. 
 Fine weather past day. 
 Clouds S. and ESE. Rough broken 
 sea, EXE. and ESE. 
 Strong gale to fresh breezes, with 
 little snow squalls. 
 Clouds and rough EXE'Iy sea. 
 Clouds NW. Sea G. R. from NNW. 
 Thick snow and hurricane from N"\V. 
 all day. 
 Fine weather past day. 
 Wind unsteady and var. between 
 S. and W. Snow showers. 
 Rough NNW. sea. 
 Violent E'ly gale. Terriac snow 
 squalls past day. 
 Variable, gloomy weather past day. 
 Increasing to strong SE. gale, shift- 
 ing to WSW. at 11.45. 
 Clouds SW. Sea R. from WSW. 
 
 Strong gale all night with much 
 rain, snow, and hail. 
 
 
 
 Guido 
 
 Echeverria ... 
 Fox 
 
 
 b. 
 c. 
 b.c 
 o. m. 
 
 8. 
 C. 
 
 b. 
 b. 
 
 c.g. 
 
 50 
 63 
 42 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 42 
 57 
 
 
 Vieira 
 
 
 Gleig 
 
 
 
 Smith .... 
 
 
 Kemble . 
 
 
 Stewart 
 
 
 Crowell 
 
 
 de Kersabiec.. 
 Higgins 
 
 Lida Fowler* 
 
 
 Lord Clive 
 
 Crquhart 
 Hughes 
 
 16 
 
 57 
 68 
 70 
 34 
 
 58 
 
 0. 8. <\. 
 
 C. 
 
 C. 
 
 c.q. 
 
 8. 
 
 b. 
 
 g h. r. a. 
 
 c. n. 
 b. 
 
 o. c. u. 
 b.c. 
 c. 
 
 8-q. 
 f.c. 
 
 U. 0. 
 
 
 Lorenzo D. Baker 
 Lucy W. Snow 
 
 Wiley 
 Burgess 
 
 Manhattan 
 
 Stevens 
 Kichardson . . . 
 
 Elliott 
 
 
 61 
 56 
 
 33 
 
 58 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 Halsey 
 
 
 Shackford .... 
 Garvin 
 
 Orinoco 
 Oxford 
 
 Richmond Hill 
 
 Hyde 
 
 31 
 35 
 
 Kugia 
 Samana 
 Serapis* 
 
 Earlowa 
 Bermpohl 
 
 
 Slavonia 
 
 Schmidt 
 
 44 
 
 34 
 
 b. 
 
 B. 
 
 q.s. 
 c. 
 
 c. n. 
 c. s. 
 
 c. q. . 
 
 State of Georgia 
 State of Texas 
 
 Moodie 
 Williams 
 
 Stockholm City 
 
 Thompson 
 
 Campbell 
 TTeberweg 
 
 Heeley 
 
 34 
 
 54 
 38 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 The Queen 
 
 Wakefield' 
 Wandrahm 
 
 Crowell 
 Rehse. 
 
 
 r. 3. h. 
 
 
 
 
62 
 
 THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 March 13, 1888 Continued. 
 
 
 
 Position. 
 
 Wind. 
 
 
 
 
 
 VcMsrl. 
 
 Master, 
 
 
 
 Barom- 
 
 Temp, 
 of air 
 
 Weather 
 bv 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Direction, 
 
 
 (Fahr ). 
 
 symbols. 
 
 
 
 
 Lat. N. 
 
 Long. W. 
 
 true. Force, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Beaufort. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o / 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Werra 
 
 
 40 10 
 
 70 05 
 
 WSW. 
 
 8 
 
 29. 34 m. 
 
 23 
 
 s. 
 
 Variable and snowy weather past 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 day. 
 
 
 Handle 
 
 40 44 
 
 59 11 
 
 SE. by E. 
 
 10 
 
 29.39m. 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rain squalls past day. 
 
 March 14, 1888. 
 
 Ailsa 
 
 
 87 07 
 
 74 00 
 
 NW. 
 
 10 
 
 29.89m. 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 Risk.. . 
 
 25 00 
 
 80 15 
 
 NNW. 
 
 7 
 
 30. 04 a. 
 
 
 b.q. 
 
 Very fine, puffy. Wind basking to 
 
 
 Klinksel 
 
 26 48 
 
 74 20 
 
 W 
 
 R 
 
 29 97 a 
 
 67 
 
 
 W'd. 
 High sea from West. 
 
 
 
 41 16 
 
 54 38 
 
 W. by N. 
 
 4 
 
 29. 67 ro. 
 
 57 
 
 r. 
 
 2 p. m., 13th, to mid., whole gale from 
 
 
 Small 
 
 29 34 
 
 75 25 
 
 NW. 
 
 10 
 
 29 89 a. 
 
 
 
 E. ; then heavy rain squalls. 
 
 
 
 39 45 
 
 69 47 
 
 NE. 
 
 T 
 
 29 64 m. 
 
 37 
 
 
 Clouds from W. Sea, South and 
 
 Bengore Head 
 
 Brad.y 
 
 42 00 
 
 39 00 
 
 56 46 
 65 00 
 
 WSW. 
 
 N 
 
 6 
 
 g 
 
 29.33m. 
 29 50 a 
 
 59 
 
 b. 
 
 cross. 
 Wind died away at 1 p. m. t and was 
 var. all night. OKI sea E'ly. 
 Fresh gale backing from N W". to W. 
 
 Brooklyn City 
 Caribbean* 
 
 Fitt 
 Daniel 
 
 41 26 
 37 05 
 
 59 33 
 56 05 
 
 WSW. 
 WSW 
 
 6 
 | 
 
 29. 49 a. 
 29 55 m. 
 
 50 
 
 b.c. 
 
 Clouds SW. Var. winds. Very 
 confused sea. 
 
 Celtic 
 
 
 44 11 
 
 49 57 
 
 E. by N. 
 
 
 29. 88 m. 
 
 41 
 
 b. c. m. 
 
 and SSW. 
 
 Citv of Chester 
 
 
 40 04 
 
 55 00 
 
 NNW. 
 
 ( 
 
 29. 52 a. 
 
 53 
 
 c. 
 
 Clouds from NW. Cross sea from 
 
 City of Lincoln! . 
 
 Frv 
 
 32 52 
 
 60 20 
 
 SW 
 
 1 
 
 9 64 m 
 
 
 
 ESE. 
 
 Colon 
 
 
 26 30 
 
 74 06 
 
 WNW 
 
 ', 
 
 30 O 9 a 
 
 66 
 
 b. 
 
 Fine weather. Mod. NW. sea. 
 
 Dora 
 
 
 39 56 
 
 60 34 
 
 SW by W 
 
 5 
 
 29 50 m 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 
 
 35 00 
 
 74 41 
 
 NW by N 
 
 i 
 
 29 82 a 
 
 46 
 
 
 past day. 
 
 France 
 
 Hadley 
 
 41 30 
 
 57 22 
 
 WSW 
 
 5 
 
 29 49 a 
 
 48 
 
 b. 
 
 ing night. Passing fall of snow. 
 
 Fnlda 
 
 Ringk 
 
 41 25 
 
 66 13 
 
 WNW. 
 
 4 ."> 
 
 30. 15 m. 
 
 39 
 
 b. 
 
 heavy rain, wind veering to WSW., 
 ending fresh breeze and clear. 
 Mod. WNW. sea. 
 
 
 
 34 30 
 
 61 30 
 
 SW by S 
 
 4 
 
 29 68 m 
 
 
 
 
 Guido 
 
 
 29 30 
 
 77 30 
 
 NW by W 
 
 7 
 
 29 84 a 
 
 
 
 c. g. 1. Last part clearing ; SAV'ly 
 wind. 
 
 
 Vieira 
 
 29 36 
 
 77 15 
 
 NW. 
 
 7 
 
 29. 93 a. 
 
 65 
 
 c. 
 
 Squalls every hour. 
 Clouds and broken sea from NW. 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Gleig 
 Smith 
 
 42 25 
 39 10 
 
 64 34 
 
 72 00 
 
 NE. 
 
 E 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 29. 62 m. 
 29. 41 a. 
 
 38 
 30 
 
 m. 
 
 Air very clear. 
 Clouds from NE. Sea smooth. 
 
 
 
 40 10 
 
 73 50 
 
 N. 
 
 1 
 
 29. CO m. 
 
 24 
 
 o. c. 
 
 Gloomy, with frequent snow squalls; 
 
 
 Stewart 
 
 43 40 
 
 50 26 
 
 E by N 
 
 fi 
 
 29 61 m. 
 
 40 
 
 
 boisterous thro'out 
 
 Lampasas 
 
 Crowell 
 
 33 35 
 
 77 55 
 
 NW. by W. 
 
 7 
 
 29. 89 a. 
 
 42 
 
 b. 
 
 Fresh gale from NNW., backing to 
 
 
 
 38 00 
 
 70 10 
 
 NW bv N 
 
 3 
 
 29 80 a. 
 
 
 
 NW. by W. 
 
 Lord Clive ... 
 
 
 38 58 
 
 74 10 
 
 NW 
 
 fl 
 
 29 77 m. 
 
 18 
 
 
 the nighttoa gentle NNW.breeze. 
 Bar. rising. 
 
 Lury W. Snow 
 
 Bargesa 
 
 30 40 
 
 55 29 
 
 WSW. 
 
 3 
 
 29. 95 a. 
 
 67 
 
 b. o 
 
 Fair weather. Long NW. swell. 
 
 * Date obtained by interpolation from journal or storm report. 
 
 f The City of Lincoln's observation was taken 1 hour and 20 minutes after Greenwich, noon. 
 
THE GREAT STORM OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 March 14, 1888 Continued. 
 
 63 
 
 Vessel 
 
 Master. 
 
 Position. 
 
 LatX. 
 
 O ' 
 
 40 31 
 37 10 
 
 41 05 
 39 42 
 
 40 15 
 32 22 
 
 41 30 
 
 3657 
 40 52 
 33 45 
 
 42 09 
 
 40 27 
 42 38 
 
 40 42 
 38 57 
 
 26 58 
 44 25 
 40 42 
 
 27 00 
 
 Long. W. 
 
 
 
 O ' 
 
 71 OJ 
 70 30 
 
 49 53 
 55 24 
 
 73 58 
 64 50 
 
 51 20 
 
 75 40 
 62 50 
 7500 
 
 61 20 
 
 71 53 
 63 27 
 
 6246 
 70 30 
 
 80 03 
 63 42 
 54 27 
 
 65 50 
 
 Nan task et 
 
 Richardson . . . 
 Griffin 
 
 Nederland 
 
 
 Elliott 
 Shackford ... 
 
 Newport 
 
 
 
 
 Schade 
 
 Richmond Hill 
 
 Hyde 
 Bennpohl 
 
 Schmidt 
 
 
 State of Georgia 
 
 Stockholm City 
 
 Moodie 
 Thompson 
 
 Campbell 
 Ueberweg 
 Halsey 
 
 St. Ronans 
 
 
 
 
 Rehse 
 
 Westernland 
 
 Randle 
 
 \Takefield* 
 
 Crowell 
 
 Wind. 
 
 Direction. 
 
 true. Force, 
 
 Beaufort. 
 
 Barom- Temp. 
 &,. 
 
 NE. 
 
 N. 
 
 E. 
 SW. 
 
 NNE. 
 W. 
 
 ESE. 
 
 W. 
 
 E.byN. 
 NW. 
 
 tarn. 
 
 E.byN. 
 
 XE. 
 
 K. 
 W. 
 
 W. 
 NE. 
 W. 
 
 
 Weather 
 symbols. 
 
 Bemarks, 
 
 29. 78 m. 37 
 29.61 a. 
 
 29.65m. 
 
 42 
 
 29. 50 m. 61 
 
 29. 66 a. 
 29. 59 a. 
 
 5 29. 58 a. 
 
 5 29. 87 a. 
 3 29. 55 m. 
 29. 72 a. 
 
 29.45m. 
 
 29. 60 a. 
 29. 60 a. 
 
 29. 50 a. 
 29. 70 a. 
 
 32 
 54 
 
 37 
 42 
 
 31 
 33 
 
 55 
 31 
 60 
 
 30. 15 a, 
 
 29. 72 a 
 
 29. 50 m. 00 
 
 W. byN. 9 29.87 a. 
 
 Clonds from NE. Rough SW. sea. 
 g. h. r. s. Very bad weather. Heavy cross 
 
 - 
 r. ! Lt. to fr. E. wind, clear; long XE. 
 
 swell past day. 
 v. b-c. Variable winds. High cross sea 
 
 past Cay. 
 
 c. s. Rough X W. sea. Thick with snow. 
 c. Clouds W. and NW. Past day 
 
 showery and squally. 
 Strong gale; heavy sea. Much rain 
 
 past day. 
 
 Clonds and mod. sea X W. 
 b. c. Long X E.sea ; squally with showers. 
 High cross sea. W. and NW. gale 
 
 part day. 
 Long NE. sea. Stormy weather 
 
 past day. 
 
 s. q. Clonds XXE. Sea smooth, 
 o. m. z. Mod wind : fog from 12 hrs. to 22 
 
 hrs , then cleared; fr. breeze, 
 b. Long NE. sea. Past day gloomy 
 
 with rain and lightning. 
 b. c. Wind decreasing gradually ; passing 
 
 it. snow showers past day. 
 b. Smooth sea; clear and fine past day. 
 s. q. Hod. NE. sea. 
 b. c. Whole gale 1st part. Wind hauled 
 
 to W., with mod. breeze. 
 Wind and sea increasing. At 8 p.m. 
 heavy wind and rain squall from 
 NNW. 
 
 ' Data obtained by interpolation from journal or storm report. 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF VESSELS. 
 
 The following is a complete list of vessels mentioned in this report, with references to the page or 
 pages where each is mentioned. Although not all of these vessels encountered the storm, some 
 names appearing only incidentally in the text, yet a very large majority of them did, and all the 
 data at hand from each one of them can be readily referred to by means of this index : 
 
 Name. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Abbie P. Cranmer 38 
 
 A.B.Crosby 37 
 
 A.C. Parker .37 
 
 Adam W. Spies 40 
 
 A.D. Bache 57 
 
 A.H.Shaltz 38 
 
 Ailsa 14,40,57,58,60,62 
 
 Alamo 62 
 
 Alaska 14,57 
 
 Alert 37 
 
 Alice Montgomery 39 
 
 Allie H. Belden 38 
 
 AkmzoLee 38 
 
 American Yacht 38 
 
 Amsterdam . 13 
 
 Andes 14.19,40,57,58,60,62 
 
 Anita 9,41,60,62 
 
 Anna 21,35,37,41,57,58,60,62 
 
 Anna Brown 38 
 
 A mm Peterson 38 
 
 Annie Jones 38 
 
 Annie M. Small 26,41 
 
 Ann K. Kodgers 38 
 
 Antietam S8 
 
 Arcot 16,34 
 
 Augusta 38 
 
 Aurania 13 
 
 Baltimore 14,41,57,58,60,62 
 
 Barracoota 57 
 
 BengoreHead 35,57,58,60,62 
 
 Beiiison 14,42,60,62 
 
 Benjamin C.Cromwell 37 
 
 Bohemia 14,57 
 
 Bratton 38 
 
 Brooklyn City 13,21,42,57,58,60,62 
 
 Brimiga 37 
 
 Brunette 38 
 
 Buffalo 38 | 
 
 Bulgarian 14,57 
 
 O. A. Brown 38 
 
 CaldwellH. Colt 37 
 
 Cauton 38 
 
 Cape Charles 38 
 
 Caprice 17, 24, 3.'. 
 
 Caribbean 21, 34, 35, 42, 57, 58, 60, 62 
 
 Caroline 38 
 
 Carrie M. Mass 38 
 
 Carthaginian 14,57 
 
 Catania 20,21,42,57,58,60 
 
 Celtic J462 
 
 M 
 
 Name. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Cement Bock 37 
 
 Centennial 37 
 
 Charles M. White 37 
 
 Charles H. Marshall 22,24,42 
 
 City of Augusta 14,57,58 
 
 City of Chester 13,44,57,58,60,62 
 
 City of Lincoln 14,44.58,60,62 
 
 City of New York 10 
 
 City of Para 11 
 
 City of San Antonio 14.57,58,60 
 
 Cleveland 38 
 
 C.O. Dougherty 38 
 
 Colon 14.44,57,58,60,62 
 
 Commodore 38 
 
 Constitution 38 
 
 Cordova 37 
 
 Cornelia 38 
 
 Cortesia 33 
 
 Coryphene 16 
 
 Crosswell 38 
 
 C. W.Tunnell 38 
 
 Cythera 23,27,39 
 
 Daniel Brown 38 
 
 Daniel H. Mayne 38 
 
 DeoVolente 37 
 
 Dora 45, 57, 58, 60, 62 
 
 Dreadnaught 37 
 
 EarlP. Mason 38 
 
 Eastern Light 3S 
 
 Edam 14,57 
 
 Edmund Blunt 37 
 
 Edmund Driggs 37 
 
 Edward Cobb 38 
 
 Edward Cooper 37 
 
 Edward E. Barrett 35, 45, 57, 59, 60 
 
 E. G. Irwin 37 
 
 Kc.vpt 14,57,59 
 
 E. H. Williams 37 
 
 Elbe 13,57,59,60 ' 
 
 Elizabeths. Lee 38 | 
 
 Ella 37 
 
 EllaDaris 38 
 
 Ellen M. Golder 26,35,45 
 
 Elliott L. Dow 38 
 
 El Monte 14 
 
 Emma 38 
 
 Emma Jane 37 
 
 Enchantress 23,27,39 
 
 Energy 46,59 
 
 Enoch Turley 38 
 
 ErlKing 9,14,46 
 
 Esther Koy 37 
 
 Eva 38 
 
 Eva Alice 38 
 
 Eva Lynch 38 
 
 EzraNye 37 
 
 Faedrelaudet 14, 33, 34, 35, 46, 57, 59, 60, 62 
 
 Fanny Southard 38 
 
 Fashion 3g 
 
 Favorite 37 
 
 Finance 14 
 
 Firefly 38 
 
 Fleetwing 38 
 
 Flora A. Ncwcomb 38 
 
 Fly 38 
 
 Flying Trapeze 38 
 
 Fostino 34 
 
 Frank Bateman 38 
 
 Frolic 38 
 
 France 14, 61, 62 
 
 Fulda 62 
 
 Furnessia 14,46,57,59 
 
 Galeua 38 
 
 George J. Simpson 38 
 
 George Lewmon 38 
 
 George L. Fessenden . 38 
 
 George WjJker 17 
 
 Gforgi! \V. Anderson 38 
 
 Georgia 38 
 
 Giacomo Mortola 37 
 
 Gleuburn 7, 9, 21, 35, 46, 57, 59, 61, 62 
 
 Glendevon 9,14,47 
 
 Gracie 37 
 
 Green Mountain 37 
 
 Greyhound 38 
 
 Guido 61,62 
 
 Gypsy 38 
 
 Harriet, Ann 38 
 
 Harvoster 38 
 
 Hattie Estelle 38 
 
 Hazeltiue 37 
 
 Henry S. Culver 39 
 
 Henry Warner 38 
 
 Herald. 47 
 
 Hester A. Se ward 38 
 
 Hope 37 
 
 Howard T. Leacb 38 
 
 Howard Williams 37 
 
 Hudson 34 
 
 HughBoltou , 38 
 
 
INDEX TO NAMES OF VESSELS. 
 
 65 
 
 Name. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Humming Biid 38 
 
 IdaE. Latham 37 
 
 Indei 38 
 
 International - 37 
 
 Irene Crawford 37 
 
 Iroqnois 15,25 
 
 IsaacOrbeton 25 
 
 Isabel Alberto 38 
 
 Istrian - 57,59,61 
 
 James Ford 39 
 
 James S. Stone 14,34,35 
 
 Jane Adeline 57 
 
 Job H. Jackson 37 
 
 Johanna 26,27,39,48 
 
 JobnF. Merrow 39 
 
 John H. Krantz 25 
 
 JohnJ.Bell W 
 
 John J. Marsh 18,48 
 
 John Proctor 38 
 
 John Soniers 37 
 
 Julias 57,59,61,62 
 
 Kansas 14,59,61,62 
 
 Kate Lawson 38 
 
 Kensett 16,57,59,61,62 
 
 Knickerbocker 14, 48, 49, 57. 59, 61, C2 ! 
 
 Kot'heco ............ 37 
 
 LaBourgogne 10 
 
 LadyLisgar 49 
 
 LaGascogne 14,57 
 
 Lake Superior 57,59,61,62 
 
 Lampasas 59,61,62 
 
 Lancelot 38 
 
 LaNormandie 13,57,59,61 
 
 Lavinia North 38 
 
 Leading Breeze 38 
 
 Lester A. Lewis 37 
 
 LidaFowli-r 49,59,61,6.' 
 
 Little Charlie 37 
 
 Little Dorrit 38 
 
 Little John 38 
 
 Lizzie ............ 38 
 
 Lizzie Crawford 38 
 
 Lizzie & Mirrie 38 
 
 Lizzie Hayan 37 
 
 Lizzie V. Hall 38 
 
 Long Line 38 
 
 Lord Clive 14,18,35,49,57,59,61,62 
 
 LordGough 2L57, 59, 61 
 
 Lorenzo D. Baker 57,59,61 
 
 Lottie Stewart 15 
 
 Lncy W. Snow 57,59,61,62 
 
 Lucy V. Fletcher 38 
 
 Lnln 37 
 
 Lydia 38 
 
 Lydia Sanderson 38 
 
 Lydian Monarch 14, 35, 50, 57, 59, 61, 63 
 
 Madura 14,50 
 
 Maidof Perth 37 
 
 Maggie Bruce 37 
 
 Manhattan 14,57,59,61 
 
 Mary C. Ward 38 
 
 Mary E. Coulborn . 
 Mary E. Dennis... 
 
 Mary Heitman 
 
 Mary McCabe 
 
 Mary Virginia 
 
 MaudS 
 
 Mayflower 
 
 M.B. Linscott... 
 
 Name. 
 
 Page. 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 Melissa Trask 15,35 
 
 Messenger 19,36,50 
 
 M.J. Harden 38 
 
 Mohawk 38 
 
 Mollie E. Leonard 38 
 
 Morgan City 14 
 
 Mount Vernon 38 
 
 Nantasket 15,35.51,57.59,61,63 
 
 Nausika 39 
 
 Nederland 14,63 
 
 Neptune 37 
 
 Nessmore 51,58,59,61,63 
 
 Nettie 51 
 
 New Orleans 14,58,59,61,63 
 
 Newport 14, 58, 59, 61, 63 
 
 NonaMay 38 
 
 Nora Wiggins 18,19,26,51 
 
 Nonna 37 
 
 Normandy 26 
 
 Ocean Bird 38 
 
 O. C.Somerg 38 
 
 Old Dominion 14 
 
 Olive Branch 9,51 
 
 Oregon 38 
 
 Orinoco 58,59,61,63 
 
 Oxford 58,59,61,63 
 
 Pamet 37 
 
 Patagonia 51 
 
 Paul & Thompson 38 
 
 Pavonia 12 
 
 PeterCooper 39 
 
 Phantom 23,27,39 
 
 Phebe 16 
 
 Pocahontas 37 
 
 Polaria 61 
 
 Providence 38 
 
 P.T.Barnnm 37 
 
 Queen 38 
 
 QuiVive 38 
 
 Rachel Ann Collins 39 
 
 Rebecca F. Lamdin 37 
 
 Rebecca M. Smith 38 
 
 Reindeer 11 
 
 Republic 35,58 
 
 Richmond 36 
 
 Richmond Hill 59,61,63 
 
 Rio Grande 58 
 
 River Avon 11 
 
 Roanoke 14 
 
 Roseuberg 35,52 
 
 Rugia 59,61 
 
 Samana 14,34,35,52,58,59,61,63 
 
 Samuel B. Hale 52 
 
 S. A. Parkhnrst 
 
 Saranak.... ....... 
 
 Sardegna 
 
 Sea View 
 
 S. E. Babcock 
 
 Serapis 
 
 Serene 
 
 Shearwater 
 
 Sla vonia .. 
 
 Solomon F. Kerwin 
 
 Sorrento 
 
 Spartan 
 
 S. S.Scranton 
 
 S.T. Muir 
 
 Stadacona 
 
 State of Georgia 
 
 State of Texas 
 
 Stephen Chase 
 
 Stockholm City 
 
 St-Ronans 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Taniesi 
 
 The Queen 
 
 Thomas D. Harrison ... 
 
 Thomas Hooper 
 
 Thomas R. Powley 
 
 Thornhill 
 
 Three Sisters 
 
 Trinidad 
 
 Trojan (and tow) 
 
 T.T. Francis 
 
 Unibria 
 
 Tanadis 
 
 Vineyard 
 
 Vulcan 
 
 Wakefleld 
 
 Wanderer 
 
 Wandrabm 
 
 Warren B. Potter 
 
 Warrior 
 
 Welaka 
 
 Wenonah , 
 
 Werra 
 
 Weser 
 
 Westernland 
 
 West Wind 
 
 W. H. Rutan 
 
 Wilhelm Birkedal 
 
 William B. Price 
 
 William G. Bartlett 
 
 William G. Lewis , 
 
 William H. Starbuck... 
 Williams C. Wickham , 
 
 William Schmink 
 
 William T. Goldsboro. 
 
 Windsor 
 
 W. L. White 
 
 Wm. Turner 
 
 W. W. Story 
 
 Wyanoke , 
 
 i Zephyr - 
 
 37 
 
 52 
 
 10 
 
 ..". 38 
 
 37 
 
 .14, 18, 2,58,59,61 
 
 38 
 
 .14,61,63 
 38 
 13 
 26 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 .14,58,60,61,63 
 .14,15,58,60,61 
 
 53,60,61,63 
 
 ....14,53,60,61,63 
 .14,53,58,60,61,63 
 
 38 
 
 14,58,60,61 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 .14,58,60 
 38 
 58 
 37 
 38 
 10 
 37 
 
 10 
 
 20,53,61,63 
 
 37 
 
 .14,54,58,60,61,63 
 
 15,26,35 
 
 54 
 
 25 
 
 .10,14,54,58,60,62 
 
 26.27 
 
 .13,54,58,60,62,63 
 
 37 
 
 19,54 
 38 
 38 
 39 
 
 25,55 
 37 
 38 
 38 
 37 
 
 23,39 
 38 
 37 
 58 
 38 
 
 354G ST 9 
 
14 DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 LOAN DEPT. 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
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