REPORT LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE FROM THE STATE OF NEW YORK TO THE ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION 1909 TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE JANUARY 25, 1910 ALBANY J. B. LYON COMPANY, PRINTERS 191 CHARLES EVANS HUGHES Governor of the State of New York Born Glens Falls, April 11, 1862. Graduated Brown University 1881; Columbia Law School 1884. Connected with the firm of Carter, Hornblower & Byrne, New York City, 1891. Professor Law of Cornell University, Ithaca, 1891-93. Member firm Carter, Hughes & Dwlght 1893-1903. Member of firm Hughes, Rounds & Schurman, 1904-1906. Counsel 1905 of the Legislative Joint Committee to investigate Gas and Electric Lighting Companies, New York City. Counsel in 1 905 of the Legislative Joint Committee to investigate Life Insurance. Elected Governor of New York State November, 1906, receiving a plurality of 57,897. Re-elected Governor In the fall of 1908, receiving a plurality of 69,462. tr REPORT of the Legislative Committee from the State of New York to the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition ALBANY, N. Y., January 15, 1910. To the Legislature: We hereby submit the final Report of the Legislative Committee from the State of New York to the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition. Very respectfully, B. M. WILCOX, Chief Executive Officer. JOHN T. McCALL, J. M. WAINWRIGHT, JAMES S. PARKER, FRANK S. BURZYNSKI. Table of Contents PAGE. Rise of Exposition Idea 9 Resume of Scope and Object of Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. 13 Invitation to States and Governments 17 Acceptance of New York State 21 Appropriation; Nature and Organization of Committee 25 New York State Building 31 Nature of Exhibits 37 List of Awards 43 Personnel of the Staff 53 Attendance 57 List of State and General Functions 63 New York Day 73 Address by Governor Hughes 77 Banquet to Governor Hughes 87 Seward Monument and Seward Day 119 Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition 181 Summary of Expenditures 191 BENJAMIN M. WILCOX Chairman and Executive Officer, New York State Committee Born at Fleming, Cayu&a County. Educated In public schools of City of Auburn where he has resided since 1865. Clerk Board of Supervisors and Deputy County Clerk 1877-1882. County Clerk 1883-1891. Member of Assembly 1894-1895. State Senator 1896-1909, and Is engaged In wholesale and retail coal business and is president of the Hewltt-Wllcox Coal Company, Auburn, New York. RISE OF EXPOSITION IDEA Rise of Exposition Idea THE prevalence of expositions during the last twenty years has often been attributed to the industrial growth and com- mercial expansion of the present age, together with the desire, in this country, to celebrate the anniversaries of historic events. But while the latter reason has often actuated the fixing of dates, the idea of expositions is older than the Christian era, and has always been firmly implanted in the human mind. It has been a great factor in national development and in promoting international commerce. The recurring Roman festivals of religious significance were always accompanied with the exhibition and sale of merchandise and the performance of plays and games. In fact, the three main divisions of an exposition of to-day the exhibits, the amusements, and the congresses have their respective counter- parts in all of the ancient fairs of Europe and Asia. The market-fairs of the Middle Ages were a continuation of the same idea, and were usually held under the warrant of the lords spiritual or lords temporal, to whom a large royalty was paid for their protection and support. Some of these fairs became famous for their extent and patronage, such as Beaucaire and St. Denis in France, Leipsic in Germany, and Southwark in England. The regular recurring fairs of Hurdwar in India and Nijni-Novgorod of Russia, were also famous in drawing caravans and traders from every country for the barter and exchange of commodities. The development of the modern exposition has generally been attributed to the genius of Napoleon, who encouraged their frequent holding in France for the sale of French industrial and art manu- 10 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION factures. No nation has held so many fairs of national and inter- national scope as France. The first international exhibition proper was held in the Crystal Palace, London, in 1851, and is so denominated because of the official government invitation to all civilized countries to participate, and because of the exhibits Governing every phase of human endeavor. Eight others have been held since that time four in Paris, in 1867, 1878, 1889 and 1900; one in Vienna in 1873, and three in the United States at Philadelphia in 1876, Chicago in 1893, and St. Louis in 1904. Invitations have also been issued for one in Japan in 1917. The great amount of time and money required for such inter- national, universal expositions has created a tendency to restrict their scope in one of two directions: either to localize the participa- tion, or to specialize the nature of the exhibits to be shown. The former method is more common in this country, the latter in Europe. JOHN T. McCALL Member New York State Committee. Born in New York City in j the Greater City of New York, Was fo K the e twelve years a member of the Board of Aldermen of tire period of which he was Democratic leader in that 3oard. Finance Committee, which office entitled him to a seat in the Sinking Fund Commission of New York City. He resigned in July, 1906, to enable him to be a candidate at the election in that year for State Senator from the i6th Senatorial District, and was successful by a majority of 12,000. He served on the Committees on Banks and Public Health during the years 1007 and 1008, and after the resignation of Hon. T. B. Dunn, of Rochester, as a member of the Seattle Exposition, being delegated by the President pro tern of the Senate, the Hon. John Raines, to visit Seattle and report as to the advisa- bility of New York State being represented at the proposed Exposition. His report was presented to the committee, of which the Hon. Benj. M. Wilcox was then Chairman, taking Senator Dunn's place on the Commission, and they unanimously adopted Senator McCalPs report that the State should be represented. He is in the real estate and insurance business at 13 Park Row, New York City, being a member of the firm of Hyman & McCall. RESUME OF SCOPE AND OBJECT OF THE ALASKA -YUKON -PACIFIC EXPOSITION Resum6 of Scope and Object of the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition THE Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition may be classified in the list of national expositions, such as Omaha, Buffalo, Port- land, etc., but it included also in its scope nations border- ing on the Pacific ocean, and therefore possessed many inter- national features. The holding of the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposi- tion celebrated no historic date, but was purely a commercial and business affair. Its inception was an accident. At the time of the Portland Exposition, in 1905, Governor Brady of Alaska had authorized Mr. Godfrey Chealander to collect an Alaska exhibit and forward it to the Lewis and Clark Exposition; but when it became apparent that the time was so short that an Alaskan exhibit would practically amount to nothing, Mr. Chealander wrote to the secretary of the Alaska Club in Seattle suggesting that, inasmuch as nothing representative could be exhibited at Portland, that an Alaska Fair be held in Seattle in 1907, under the auspices of the Alaska Club; that the exhibit be confined to Alaska, and be placed in one building of suitable capacity; and that the total cost of the exhibit be $100,000, the money to be subscribed by the busi- ness men of Seattle. This suggestion was taken up by the newspaper and business men of Seattle, and the more it was discussed, the more it grew; and in the early part of 1906 at a dinner to fifty of the leading busi- ness men and bankers of the city it was decided, by a resolution, to hold an Alaska- Yukon Fair in Seattle, and to incorporate an exposition company with a capital stock of $500,000. It was decided 13 14 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION that 1907 would be too early to hold such an exposition, and, as 1908 was a presidential year, that 1909 would be the best selection for the date of holding it. On May 26, 1906, the Executive Committee of the Fair passed the following resolution : "Resolved, that the scope of the fair is to be primarily the exploitation of Alaska resources and those of the countries border- ing on the Pacific ocean." From this time, the development of the exposition progressed rapidly, and the capital stock of the corporation was oversubscribed by $126,000 on the first day the books opened. In December of the same year, supplemental articles of incor- poration were filed, increasing the capital stock to $800,000. Later a bond issue of $350,000 was authorized and sold entirely within the limits of the city of Seattle. It was decided to open the exposi- tion on June 1, 1909, and to close it on October 16th of the same year; and invitations for participation were promptly sent to the various States of the United States and to the nations bordering upon the Pacific ocean. J. MAYHEW WAINWRIGHT Member of New York State Committee. Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright, Member of Assembly from the Fourth District of Westchester County (now Senator), was born in New York City in 1864, but has lived most of his life in the Town of Rye in the County of Westchester. He is a Republican and was first elected to the Assembly in 1901, serving in that body continuously for seven years, until his elevation to the Senate in 1908. He graduated from Columbia College and School of Political Science, New York City, in 1884, and from the Columbia Law School in 1886, being admitted to the Bar in that year. He was President of the Westchester County Bar Association for the years 1904 and 1905. He was for thirteen years an officer of the New York National Guard, being successively Lieutenant, Regimental Adjutant and Lieutenant-Colonel of the Twelfth N. Y. Infantry. During the war with Spain he volunteered and served as Captain in the Twelfth New York Volunteers. He was Chairman of important committees in the Assembly, being prominently identified with much of the important measures of recent years, and is now Chairman of the State Commission on the Employers' Liability Law, Unemployment and Lack of Farm Labor. In 1908 Columbia University conferred on him the degree of Master of Arts for faithful public service. INVITATION TO STATES AND GOVERNMENTS JAMES 5. PARKER Member New York State Committee Born Great Harrington, Mass., June 3, 1867. Educated Cornell University. Master at St. Paul School, Concord, for several years. Resided at Salem, Washington County, since 1888, where he has been engaged in farming. Nominated for Member of Assembly from Washington County 1908, serving continuously since that time. Chairman of Committee on Railroads. Member of Commit- tees on Electricity, Gas and Water Supply, Labor and Industries. Invitation to States and Governments THIS invitation was responded to very completely by the States west of the Rocky Mountains, but, for some reason, the States east of the Rocky Mountains failed to make the necessary appropriations, although several seemed at one time upon the point of doing so. Finally, however, New York was the only State east of the Rocky Mountains which had an official representation at the fair and erected a building for exposition pur- poses. This was in accord with New York's policy of being repre- sented at all expositions held in this country, and particularly appro- priate at an exposition held in a city which does over eight millions dollars business annually with the city of New York. Japan and Canada were the only foreign nations to be officially represented at the exposition, although the Chinese Merchants' Association maintained a fairly representative exhibit. Italy and France also occupied a large space in the foreign building, but their exhibits were purely commercial and under the control of com- missioners appointed by the exposition officials. The Pacific de- pendencies of the United States, Alaska, Hawaii and the Philippines, occupied a separate building each, with attractive and instructive exhibits. The exposition was fortunate in its location, occupying a wooded slope covered with a fir forest and bordered by Lake Washington on the east and Lake Union on the south. It covered an area approximating 250 acres a part of the campus of the University of the State of Washington. The scenic possibilities inherent in a site of this nature were very wisely delegated by the exposition 18 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION officials to Olmsted Brothers of Boston, and the entire arrangement of the walks, gardens, parks, and building sites was left to them. Another wise action on the part of the exposition was to make John Galen Howard, of New York and San Francisco, the consulting architect, and nothing was placed in the grounds which did not have the approval of these two eminent authorities. The result was an exposition picture which has never been surpassed, and the exposition will pass into history as one of the most beautiful creations of artistic skill. Chicago had its Court of Honor, Paris had its Champs de Mars, St. Louis had its Plaza Saint Louis and Cascades; but the Alaska -Yukon -Pacific Exposition, while having a grand central Cascade Court, carried out the complete picture in detail in its vistas, gardens, terraces and wooded slopes in a manner never before approached. The educational value of such an artistic gem can never be overappreciated in its influence and effect upon the people of the Pacific coast. The buildings were thoroughly in harmony with the arrangement of the grounds, and seven of them are permanent structures erected by the State of Washington and revert to the use of the University of the State of Washington after the close of the exposition. A detailed account of the organization and management of the exposition will be found in a subsequent chapter. FRANK S. BURZYNSKI Member New York State Committee Was born in Buffalo, N. Y., December 8, 1876. Attended a parochial school. At 12 entered Canisius College. Graduated from there, then studied law in the Law Department of the University of Buffalo. Graduated from it with the degree of LL. B. in 1899, was admitted to the Bar the fol- lowing year and practiced law ever since. Served as Member of Assembly from Erie County in the years 1905, 1906, 1907 and 1908. ACCEPTANCE OF NEW YORK STATE Acceptance of New York State THE invitation for New York State to participate in the exposi- tion was brought by Professor Edmond S. Meany, of the University of Washington, to the Legislature of 1907, and Professor Meany was given a hearing before the Finance Committee of the Senate and the Ways and Means Committee of the Assembly and presented forcible arguments for New York's participation. A favorable impression was created in the committees but nothing was done at that session of the Legislature. A year later, how- ever, during the Legislature of 1908, an item was inserted in the Supply Bill, Chapter 466, Laws of 1908, authorizing an appropria- tion of $75,000 to cover the expenses of the New York Building and exhibits. The full text of the item is as follows: , "For a state exhibit at the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition to be held at Seattle, Washington, in the year nineteen hundred nine, seventy-five thousand dollars ($75,000), or so much thereof as may be necessary. The temporary president of the senate shall appoint two members of the senate, and the speaker of the assembly three members of the assembly, who together shall constitute a joint committee for the purpose herein provided. Such joint committee shall elect a chairman, who shall be chief executive officer of the committee, who may appoint a secretary, employ an architect and such clerical and other assistance and provide such facilities as he deems necessary within the appropriation hereby made, but no salaries or expenses shall be incurred for a longer period than ninety days after the close of the exposition. Such secretary and employees shall be deemed confidential and may be appointed and employed without regard to any competitive list. 21 22 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION "Such chief executive officer shall have charge of the interests of the state and its citizens in the collection and preparation of the exhibits for the state at such exposition, including the planning and construction of a suitable building to be known as the New York state building and furnishing and maintaining the same as a rendez- vous for the people of this state and for the display of such exhibits as may be made on behalf of the state, and at the close of such expo- sition may dispose of such building and the contents thereof with the approval of the committee as may be deemed for the best inter- ests of the state. The members of such committee other than such chief executive officer shall be entitled to their personal expenses during the period said exposition shall be open not to exceed one thousand dollars each, payable upon audit of the comptroller upon vouchers approved by such chief executive officer of the committee. The money hereby appropriated shall be paid by the treasurer to the chief executive officer of the committee on the warrant of the comp- troller issued from time to time upon requisitions signed by such chief executive officer and vouchers for the expenditures of all such moneys shall be thereafter filed with the comptroller. "Within ninety days after the close of the exposition such chief executive officer shall make a verified report to the comptroller of the disbursements made by him, and return to the state treasury any unexpended balance of money so drawn or which may be received upon the disposition of said buildings and contents; and said com- mittee shall make a report to the legislature next succeeding the close of such exposition. No indebtedness or obligation shall be incurred under this act in excess of any appropriation made, and the com- mittee and such chief executive officer shall from time to time, if requested by the governor, render reports to him of their proceedings respectively." HOWARD J. ROGERS Secretary of Committee and Director of Exhibits. APPROPRIATION; NATURE AND ORGANIZATION OF COMMITTEE Appropriation; Nature and Organization of Committee THE Legislature of 1909, upon the report of the Chairman of the Committee, appropriated $12,000 additional for the pur- poses of the exposition, and also reappropriated an unex- pended balance of $18,000 left over from the Jamestown Exposition, making a total additional appropriation of $30,000. The total appropriation, therefore, for New York's participation in the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition was $105,000. It will be noted, from an examination of the clause in the Supply Bill, that precedent in reference to the appointment of commissions by the Governor, for control of the exhibit, was departed from, and that a legislative committee was provided for, of which two members were to be from the Senate, appointed by the Temporary President of the Senate, and three members from the Assembly appointed by the Speaker of the Assembly. This committee was empowered to elect a chairman from among their number, who should be the Chief Executive Officer in charge of the expenditure of the funds and all details of the participation. Pursuant to the statute, the Temporary President of the Senate, Hon. John Raines, of Ontario, appointed as the members from the Senate Hon. Thomas B. Dunn, of Rochester, and Hon. John T. McCall, of New York city. The Speaker of the Assembly, Hon. James W. Wadsworth, of Livingston, appointed as members from the Assembly Hon. J. Mayhew Wainwright, of Westchester, Hon. James S. Parker, of Washington, and Hon. Frank S. Burzynski, of Erie. 25 26 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION During the summer of 1908 nothing was done in the way of organization or preparation. The Chairman of the Committee, Senator Dunn, made a trip to Seattle to look over the grounds, but at the time of his return he was nominated for State Treasurer by the Republican State Convention at Saratoga, in September, 1908, and thereupon presented his resignation as member of the Committee. There was at this time some doubt prevalent in the East as to the scope and extent of the exposition, and an uncertainty as to whether it would meet with success the promises which had been made concerning it. This doubt arose principally from lack of exploita- tion on the part of the exposition and from an absence of any definite knowledge concerning the state of its preparedness, and the extent to which other states and nations had agreed to participate. It was, therefore, deemed advisable to have made a careful investiga- tion of the prospects of the fair before proceeding with expenditures. Accordingly, in November, 1908, Hon. John T. McCall was dele- gated to visit Seattle and make such investigation and report. Senator McCall made a very complete and thorough report upon the proposed exposition, covering its finances, the participation of other states and foreign countries, transportation facilities to and from the fair, the building and landscape gardening plans, and its state of preparedness with reference to the opening of the exposition. He also visited the capitols of several states on his return trip, and consulted with state exposition officials as to their plans for partici- pating in the exposition. His report, when submitted to the New York State Committee, was a thoroughly satisfactory warrant for proceeding, and no time was lost in the formation of plans of procedure. Hon. Benjamin M. Wilcox, of Auburn, senator from the forty- first district, was appointed to membership in the Committee, in the place of Senator Dunn resigned, at a meeting of the Committee called at the Hotel Belmont, in New York city, December 15, 1908. At this meeting, Senator Wilcox was elected Chairman of the Com- APPROPRIATION; NATURE AND ORGANIZATION OF COMMITTEE 27 mittee, and Howard J. Rogers, of Albany, was appointed Secretary of the Committee and Director of Exhibits. Senator Wilcox and Secretary Rogers were also authorized to proceed at once to Seattle, make all arrangements necessary for a suitable building to represent the State, and for the exhibits and the installation of such exhibits as it should be decided to make. The Chairman and Secretary arrived in Seattle on December 30th, and spent the next five days in consultation with the exposition officials in reference to the site of the New York State Building, and in arranging the various details regarding the erection of such build- ing and the application for exhibits and their installation. It was found that one of the choicest spaces on the exposition grounds had been reserved for the State of New York and that, owing to the failure of one or two eastern states to make appropria- tions, there was available about this site considerable ground which could be used for ornamentation and serve to enhance the beauty of the building to be erected. A formal assignment was made and accepted of the entire triangular plot of ground north of the Forestry Building and bounded by Seward Avenue and the Service Road. The nearest neighbors to New York were the California Building diagonally across Seward Avenue, the Arctic Brotherhood Building, near the point of the triangle. The States of Washington, Oregon, Utah and Idaho were located in the immediate vicinity. The courtesy extended to the Chairman and Secretary by the officials of the exposition, and the assurances of pleasure at the determination of New York to erect an adequate state building, were extremely gratifying, and on their return to the East prepara- tions were made for the rapid construction of the building and the collection and installation of exhibits. The Executive Officer and the Secretary were met also on this trip by the officers of the New York State Society of Seattle, a flourish- ing organization comprising nearly eight hundred members. The president of the society, Mr. H. L. Sizer, formerly of Fonda, New York, had taken great interest in the appropriation to be made for 28 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION the state's participation, and had written and caused to be written many letters from Seattle to members of the Legislature. Senator Wilcox met the society at a special meeting and laid before them the plans of the New York Committee for the participation of the State in the exposition, and assured them of the gratitude of the Committee for the hearty cooperation which had been offered by the officers of the society in making the presence of New York at the fair a success. Members of the society, including the officers and delegates, were present at the functions given by the State at the exposition, and materially assisted the Executive Officer and the hostess in receiving and entertaining guests. President Sizer also kept a close watch of the people who registered in the New York State Building from New York State, in order to place at their disposal the assist- ance of the society in making their stay in the city pleasant. The Committee and its officers wish to make this public acknowl- edgement of their appreciation of the assistance rendered the Com- mittee by the New York State Society of Seattle during the exposition period. WILLIAM CROMWELL LEHMAN Assistant Secretary New York Committee THE NEW YORK STATE BUILDING The New York State Building CLARENCE E. LUCE, of New York city, was selected by the Chairman of the Committee as the architect of the New York State Building. Mr. Luce had designed and superintended the construction of New York State buildings at the St. Louis Exposition, 1904, the Portland Exposition of 1905, and the Jamestown Exposition of 1907. Exposition architecture is quite a different affair from the erection of ordinary buildings, as due regard must be paid to the temporary character of the structure, to its adaptability for official and social functions, and to its con- venience for entertaining and making comfortable the citizens of New York State who may be present during the exposition. Mr. Luce's wide experience in exposition building, in addition to his high reputation as an architect in general, made his choice a fortu- nate one, and saved the Committee a great deal of time and money in the preparation of plans and the erection of the building. It was early decided by the Committee that the New York State Building should be modeled after some one of the historic mansions of the State, in order that an added interest and significance might be given to it. Several mansions were considered, such as the Jumel and Van Cortlandt mansions of New York city; but it was a happy suggestion of Senator Wilcox to consider the home of William H. Seward at Auburn, which led to its immediate adoption. No character in the history of the United States stands in higher regard with the people of the Northwest than New York's great statesman, William H. Seward, and his prophetic utterances at St. Paul, regarding the future and development of the Northwest Terri- 31 32 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION tory and of Alaska, and his quick, decisive action in the purchase of Alaska in 1867, while Secretary of State, cause this section of the country to regard him as the foremost statesman of his time. Con- sidering, also, the fact that Seattle is the commercial, banking and business center for Alaska's business, and that the rapid growth and development of the city is coincident with the discovery of gold in the Yukon and Nome districts and with the subsequent development of Alaska, there was peculiar and appropriate significance in making the New York State Building a replica of the home of William H. Seward. The Seward home is of Dutch Colonial type, two stories in height, and the replica erected on the exposition grounds faithfully reproduces the details of the exterior of the building. It was neces- sary, however, to adapt the interior to exposition purposes, and no attempt was made to follow the original building in the arrangement and disposition of rooms. The dimensions of the reproduced build- ing are 86J feet front and 36J feet side, surrounded by a porch 12 feet wide. From the center of the rear of the building an extension was run back for a banquet hall; the dimensions of this extension are 64 feet depth and 36 feet width; surrounding the extension is a covered piazza 15 feet in width. The banquet hall interior is 48 feet by 37 feet and was large enough to contain the exhibits in wall-cabinets arranged on two sides. The height of the banquet hall is 20 feet to the cornice; above which is an arched ceiling, the highest point of which is 4 feet above the level of the cornice. One of the features of the building was the monumental entrance hall, 51 feet in length by 15| feet in width, leading directly from the front of the hall to the banquet hall. On either side of the main entrance hall were the ladies' recep- tion room and the gentlemen's reception room, each 35 feet by 19 feet and connected with the main entrance hall by corridors 9J feet in width; there were also two offices, 15 feet by 12| feet in dimension one for the Executive Officer and one for the Secretary on either side of the main entrance hall. MRS. BENJAMIN M. WILCOX Hostess New York Building THE NEW YORK STATE BUILDING 33 The interior halls and the banquet hall were finished in pure colonial style, and received many complimentary notices during the exposition period. The entire lower floor was strikingly well arranged for entertainment and social purposes and highly satisfactory to the Committee, to the exposition and to the visiting public. The second floor of the building was divided into ten sleeping rooms, with which were connected five bath rooms, and were used for residence purposes by the Executive Officer and Secretary and by New York State officials and prominent guests during the exposi- tion period. There was also a dining room for the Executive Officer on this floor, and an Exposition Club room running the entire length of the banquet hall, where many of the smaller luncheons and official functions of the exposition were given by the exposition officials. The contract for the erection of the building was let by the Executive Officer to the M. L. Ryder Building Company, of Albany, New York, for $27,566. The erection of the building was under- taken, under the direction of the Ryder Building Company, by Phil E. Dunnevant & Company, of Seattle. They began work February 15th, and the building was entirely completed and furnished during the last week in May, before the opening of the exposition. The entire construction was of the best grade of Washington fir; and the exterior of the building was covered with staff painted cream color in imitation of the brick in the original home of Seward. The house was very beautifully furnished throughout by Frederick & Nelson Company, of Seattle, under the direction of the hostess, Mrs. Benjamin M. Wilcox. The entire cost of the furniture and furnishings was about $8,000. A feature of the building was the very complete restaurant which was managed by Mr. W. L. Patterson, steward of the Rainier Club, of Seattle. It was easily the finest restaurant on the grounds; and the modern kitchen which was put in underneath the banquet hall made it possible to handle any function which did not include over two hundred guests. The porch surrounding the banquet hall made a very beautiful and attractive open-air dining place, overlooking Lake 34 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION Washington. It was the favorite place for luncheons and dinners for Seattle residents and for visitors during the period of the exposition. The exposition officials had made no provision for a place in which to hold official banquets and luncheons, and an arrange- ment was made with the New York State Committee whereby the New York Building was made available for this purpose. The building, therefore, became practically the official entertainment headquarters of the exposition, and proved to be very well adapted for this purpose. A list of the functions held in the building during the summer will be found on pages 39-46. The extra expenses connected with the completion of the build- ing and grounds, such as grading, sodding and planting the outdoor space, extra plumbing and gas fitting, necessary changes in interior construction, etc., amounted to approximately $7,000; making the entire cost of the building about $34,500. A detailed report of expenditures is submitted in the last chapter of the report. It was found, upon examination by expert builders and archi- tects, that the New York Building was so well constructed that it was desirable to retain it as one of the permanent buildings of the exposi- tion, and upon application by the Regents of the University of the State of Washington, the New York Committee decided to turn over the building to the University as a residence for the president. It was found that by putting a stone foundation under the main part, replacing the staff on the exterior by cement or by brick veneer, and installing a heating plant, a commodious and appropriate official residence for the University's president could be had. This arrangement was an advantage to New York State, inasmuch as it would have been incumbent on the Committee, under their con- tract with the exposition authorities, to have razed the building and restored the ground to its former condition. This could not have been done under an expense of several thousand dollars. The donation of the building, therefore, to the University was a distinct financial advantage to both sides, apart from the sentimental and historic value of the gift. NATURE OF EXHIBITS THE LATE SENATOR JOHN RAINES President pro tem of New York State Senate, who Appointed Senate Members of the New York Committee to the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition. Nature of Exhibits IT was early decided by the Committee that it was useless, with the time and money at its disposal, to attempt a large exhibit in each of the main buildings of the exposition classifications. Neither of the reasons above mentioned permitted the installation of an exhibit in agriculture, forestry or mining which would be commensurate with the resources of New York and the dignity of the State. While New York could easily have stood first in such features as manufactures and machinery, time for the collection and installation of such bulky exhibits, and the excessive freight rates, rendered it practically impossible. It was determined, therefore, that in addition to the building designed as a home and reception place for New York visitors, the energies of the New York Com- mittee be devoted to promoting the social features of the exposition and representing the governmental activities of the State. A particular feature was made of the exhibit of the transporta- tion system of the State of New York, as being particularly appro- priate for a western exposition, inasmuch as the products of the West must be carried by rail and water to the great shipping port of the country, New York city. The New York Central and Hudson River Railroad and the Pennsylvania Railroad systems, which are the great western feeders to New York city, both made interesting photographic and statistical exhibits of their connecting lines, ton- nage, administration, rolling stock, general equipment and the terminal facilities in New York city now under process of construc- tion. The New York State Engineer and Surveyor's Department had an interesting exhibit of the Barge Canal, showing by photo- 37 38 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION graphs, maps and statistics the enlargement of the canal now under way and its probable effect upon the carrying trade of the West. The Good Roads Commission of New York State made a valuable exhibit of road-making processes, machinery, mileage completed and under construction, in the form of photographs, maps, statistics and models. Supplementary to these exhibits were two from New York city, one representing the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, demonstrating the extent and nature of the subway and rapid transit facilities in Greater New York, and the other of the New York City Dock Department, with a view, particularly, of showing the facili- ties for handling trans-Atlantic and coast commerce in that port. The Forest, Fish and Game Department of New York State gave an interesting exhibit of its forestry and preservation methods which was peculiarly attractive in a country where these topics are under constant consideration. Supplementing this State exhibit, the Committee also had an exhibit prepared by Romeyn B. Hough, of Lowville, N. Y., show- ing photographs and cross sections of ninety-six of the principal trees of the State of New York. This was undoubtedly the most scientific exhibit in forestry at the exposition, and attracted very wide attention. An exhibit which created much favorable comment was made by photographs of historic buildings and scenes in New York State. It was photographic in nature and included buildings and scenes along the Hudson which figured in the colonial and revolutionary period such as the Fraunces Tavern, Jumel and Van Cortlandt mansions, battlefields of Harlem Heights and White Plains, the treason house at Haverstraw, West Point chain, battlefields and monuments in and around Saratoga, and the Champlain region and others extending as far as the Mohawk valley and Oriskany. These photographs were especially made for the exhibit and were excellent in detail and subject. Supplementing this was another exhibit of the natural scenic beauty of New York State, including views from New York Harbor NATURE OF EXHIBITS 39 and Long Island, the Hudson River and Champlain region, Mohawk and Central Valley region, the Adirondacks and Thousand Islands, and Niagara. Another exhibit which attracted much favorable comment was a photographic exhibit of typical industries of the State of New York, including such well-known companies as the General Electric Company, of Schenectady, Eastman Kodak Company, of Rochester, the Larkin Soap Company, of Buffalo, and the Shredded Wheat Company, of Niagara Falls. Many other industries were also included in this representation. Adorning the walls of the reception rooms and the banquet hall were large bromide representations of natural scenery views in New York State, which easily surpassed any exhibit of its kind on the grounds, and received a gold medal from the jury of awards. Upon the walls of the main entrance hall were hung pictures of the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor of the State, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the Assembly, and the President and the Vice-President of the United States. Supplementing these was a full-length portrait of William H. Seward, taken at the time when he was Governor of the State; and also a steel engraving of Lelitz's famous painting of the signing of the treaty between the United States and Russia, ceding Alaska to the United States. These pictures were sent to the Committee for use in the building, by the courtesy of General William H. Seward, of Auburn, N. Y., and at the close of the exposition were turned over to Mr. Manson F. Backus, of Seattle, a former resident of New York State, to be held by him until such time as there shall be erected a capitol building for Alaska, in Juneau, when they are to be presented to Alaska. Small photographic exhibits were also made by the Lunacy Commission and by the Prison Department of the State, but these were not extensive enough to bring to the attention of the jury of awards. The New York Committee were indebted to the courtesy of Stein way & Sons, New York city, for the exhibit and use of a grand 40 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION piano, which was placed in the women's reception room. This piano was not entered for award, as it is contrary to the policy of the house, whose instruments have been hors concours at all recent expositions. The Committee was similarly under obligations to the Wegman Piano Company, of Auburn, N. Y., who sent, for the furnishing of the men's reception room, an upright piano of their manufacture. Many of the exhibits attracted so much attention as to be solicited by other States and foreign governments, and it was deter- mined by the Committee to present to the Japanese government the exhibit of forestry and the photographic exhibit of the Good Roads Commission of the State of New York. The latter exhibit was turned over to the Japanese commission with the approval of the Hon. S. Percy Hooker, Chairman of the Good Roads Commission. To the Museum of the University of the State of Washington was presented the New York historic exhibit, the New York scenic exhibit, the exhibit of typical industries, the Interborough Rapid Transit exhibit and the exhibit of the New York City Dock Department. In the various buildings of the exposition were installed many manufacturing and mercantile exhibits of the State of New York, in accordance with the classification of the exposition. These exhibits were, however, made at the expense and under the control of the exhibitors themselves. HON. JAMES W. WADSWORTH, JR. Speaker of the Assembly, who Appointed the Assembly Members of the New York Committee to the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition. LIST OF AWARDS HON. J. E. CHILBERG President Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition List of Awards A FULL list of the exhibits from the State of New York, together with the awards granted each by the international jury, is herewith appended. The list is highly creditable to the State, and the grade of awards received by New York is thoroughly satisfactory and indicates the high character and excel- lence of the exhibits. New York received in all departments: Sixty-six grand prizes (66). Twenty-four gold medals (24). Seven silver medals (7). One bronze medal (1). One honorable mention (1). . New York State Building New York State Committee: General installation and arrangement of exhibits Grand prize. New York State Engineer and Surveyor's Department : Statistics, maps, charts, photographs of Barge canal Grand prize. New York State Forest, Fish and Game Com- mission : Photographs of Adirondacks and forest culture and preservation Silver medal. Distinctive trees of New York Grand prize. 43 44 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION Homey n B. Hough, through New York State Committee : Cabinets showing tree, bark, leaf and sec- tions of common trees of the State Grand prize. New York State Good Roads Commission: Statistics, maps, models and photographs. . Gold medal. New York State Historical Exhibit: Views of noted historic places and buildings. Gold medal. New York State Scenic Exhibit: Bromide enlargements of views of natural scenery and photographs Gold medal. New York State Typical Industries: Photographs of famous industries Silver medal. New York City Department of Docks and Ferries : Maps, charts, statistics and photographs. . . Gold medal. Interborough Rapid Transit Company : Maps, charts and printed matter and photo- graphs Gold medal. New York Central and Hudson River Railroad : Maps, statistics, folders and photographs . . Gold medal. Pennsylvania Railroad Company: Maps, statistics, folders and photographs. . Gold medal. Wegman Piano Company, Auburn, N. Y Silver medal. Manufacturers' Building Frank L. Churchill, Buffalo, N. Y.: Ideal toilet ventilator Gold medal. W. F. Wheeler, Buffalo, N. Y.: Exhibit of modern inventions Silver medal. C. R. Shefer, Syracuse, N. Y.: Pocket fastener Honorable mention. Myers Track Tool Company, Buffalo, N. Y. . . . Gold medal. LIST OF AWARDS 45 U. S. Automatic Vending Company, New York: Automatic stamp vending machine Grand prize. American Thermos Bottle Company, New York city 5 grand prizes. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York city: (1) The New International Encyclopaedia, complete in 20 volumes, revised with International Year Book to date of pub- lication Grand prize. (2) Helmolt's History of the World, a sur- vey of man's record (8 volumes) Gold medal. W. & L. E. Gurley, Troy, N. Y.: Engineers and surveyors' instruments, sci- entific and laboratory apparatus, standard weights and measures Grand prize. International Time Recording Company, Endi- cott, N. Y.: International Rochester card time recorders, payroll time-keeping and cost-keeping systems for offices, stores and factories . . 2 grand prizes. Keuffel & Esser Company, New York: Surveying and mathematical instruments . . Grand prize. Otis Elevator Company, New York: One traction elevator Grand prize. Scientific American Compiling Department, New York: The "Americana" Gold medal. Singer Sewing Machine Company, 149 Broad- way, New York city: Oscillating shuttle lock stitch machine No. 15 Grand prize. Oscillating hook No. 66 machine Grand prize. Singer automatic machine No. 24 (chain stitch) Grand prize. 46 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION Vibrating shuttle, lock stitch, No. 27-4 machine Gold medal. N-U-Way stocking darner Grand prize. Auto-Piano Company, New York Grand prize. Columbian Phonograph Company, New York. . Grand prize. M. Welte & Sons, New York: Piano player Grand prize. Engelhart & Sons, New York: Peerless Electric Piano Grand prize. Decker & Sons, New York: Pianos Gold medal. Marshall & Wendell, East Rochester, N. Y.: Pianos Silver medal. The Chas. Wilder Company, Troy, N. Y.: Household, incubator, office and retort thermometers Grand prize. Chautauqua Society, Chautauqua, N. Y. : Books, pamphlets and educational litera- ture Not before jury. Kny-Scherer Company, New York: Surgical instruments Grand prize. Agricultural Building The Genesee Pure Food Company, Le Roy, N. Y.: Jell-O, the dainty dessert Grand prize. James Pyle & Sons, New York city and Edge- water, N. Y. : Pearline (soap powder) Gold medal. Radio Telephone Company, 49 Exchange place, New York city : Wireless telephones and sparkless wireless telegraph Gold medal. LIST OF AWARDS 47 The Shredded Wheat Company, Niagara Falls, N. Y.: Miniature factory for making Shredded Whole Wheat Biscuit and Triscuit Grand prize. Welch Grape Juice Company, Westfield, N. Y. : Grape juice Grand prize. Machinery Building Buffalo Gasoline Motor Company, Buffalo, N. Y.: Two horse-power engine lighting plant; 6 horse-power stationary engine; marine engines, 3, 12, 15, 36 and 50 horse power. Gold medal. The Cameron Steam Pump Company, New York: Mine station and singing high-pressure steam pumps Bronze medal. Clark Bros. Company, Belmont, N. Y. : Band mill, saw-mill carriage, edger, lath machinery (2), steam feed 5 grand prizes. Live rolls 1 gold medal. Utica Drop Forge and Tool Company Gold medal. General Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y. : Apparatus for cooking by electricity; appa- ratus for heating by electricity; motor generators; mine locomotives; rheostats; automatic motor starters; circuit break- ers; switches; lightning arresters; bonds; incandescent lamps; arc lamps; sockets; cutouts; cabinets; wiring devices; indi- cating instruments; integrating instru- ments; recording instruments; motors for direct current; motors for alternating cur- 48 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION rent; insulated wires; insulated cables; rectifiers (mercury arc); transformers; fans; superior installation 27 grand prizes. A. Schrader's Son, Inc., New York: Diving apparatus, etc Grand prize. Exhibits on the Grounds American Locomotive Company, New York city: Logging locomotive, contractor's loco- tive, steam shovel, trolley trucks, rotary snow plow Grand prize. Landscape Department Arthur Cowee, Berlin, N. Y.: Gladioli Gold medal. Mines Building The Mining Supply Company, New York city: Jackson hand-power rock drills in operation. Gold medal. Swedish Iron and Steel Corporation, New York city: Anvils; tool, drill and high-speed steel Grand prize. Foreign Building E. Comely, 711 Broadway, New York: Embroidery machines Gold medal. Oriental Building Fucigna's Studio, New York: Marbles Grand prize. M.Tozzi, New York: Oil paintings Silver medal. HON. I. A. NADEAU Director-General Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition LIST OF AWARDS 49 A. Villoresi, Milan and New York: Carved and artistic furniture Gold medal. De Caro, New York: Decorations Gold medal. Prof. D'Alessio, New York: Patented chart for cutting clothing Silver medal. Ceribelli & Co., New York: Wines and liquors Gold medal. De Laval Separator Company, New York city: Cream separators Grand prize. The New York State Committee also wish to express publicly their appreciation of the courtesy of the management of the following newspapers who sent copies of their publications regularly for the files of the reading-room of the New York State Building: Albany Journal. Auburn Daily Advertiser. Auburn Citizen. Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Buffalo Evening News. Gloversville Leader. New York American. New York Evening Post. New York Herald. New York Morning Telegraph. New York Tribune. Norwich Sun. Rochester Post-Express. Rochester Evening Times. Daily Saratogian. Syracuse Herald. Syracuse Post-Standard. Troy Record. Utica Daily Press. PERSONNEL OF THE STAFF MR. CLARENCE LUCE Architect New York Building. Personnel of the Staff THE persons connected with the New York State Building during the period of the exposition were as follows: The hostess of the building was Mrs. Benjamin M. Wil- cox, of Auburn, N. Y. As stated previously, Mrs. Wilcox had charge of the furnishing and decoration of the building on both floors, and the credit for the luxurious furnishings and their artistic arrangement is due to her. Mrs. Wilcox also presided over the official functions given by the State and over many private entertain- ments given by the Executive Officer and the hostess. The matron of the building was Mrs. William H. Van Antwerp, of Albany, N. Y., who together with Mrs. Wilcox looked after the details of the running of the building and the entertainment and care of New York visitors and friends during their stay at the exposition. In February, 1909, Mr. William Cromwell Lehman was appointed assistant secretary, a position which he filled with credit until the close of the exposition. Mr. Garfield Prindle, of Norwich, N. Y., was made superin- tendent of the building, and Mr. D. Y. Bray, of Union Springs, N. Y., assistant superintendent. The following attendants, whose duties were general, were also appointed for the period of the exposition: Mr. William C. Edmons- ton, of Phelps, N. Y.; Dr. Howard McClellan, Salem, N. Y.; Mr. Edward S. Donovan, New York city. Mr. J. Lewis Grant, of Auburn, was appointed bookkeeper for the Committee, but resigned shortly after the exposition opened, and was succeeded by Miss Barbara Applegate, of Seattle. 53 54 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION During the crowded portion of the exposition, in July and August, Mr. Charles G. Lewis and Mr. Leverett S. Lewis, Jr., of Auburn, and Mr. Edwin J. Rogers, of Albany, N. Y., were appointed pages. Mr. George F. Bard, of Syracuse, held the position of night watchman during the entire exposition period. ATTENDANCE o H GJ 8 I CL g X 5 o I > UJ | : 5 i a Attendance THE attendance at the exposition from the East and Central West was one of the great surprises of the summer. During the entire tourist season, the transcontinental trains were crowded to their utmost capacity, and the resources of the railroads were taxed almost to the breaking point to provide extra trains and sections for carrying the traffic. Some part of this large attendance was undoubtedly due to the many large conventions which were held in the western section of the country during the summer of 1909, whose itinerary included Seattle, either on the going or return trip. Prominent among these conventions were: The National Education Association, at Denver; the Elks and National Guard Association of the United States, at Los Angeles, and many smaller conventions held in Seattle itself and other western cities. In addition to the impetus given to travel by these conventions, the regular tourist trade of 1909 seemed unusually large, as proven both by the exposition records of attendance and by the railway passenger records. There were registered in the New York State Building during the four and a half months period of the exposition over 7,500 resi- dents of New York State. Undoubtedly, many hundreds passed through the city without taking the trouble to report at the New York State Building or to register there; but the authentic record which the Committee has is evidence of the magnificent attendance of the Empire State at the Seattle exposition, and was a subject of gratifying comment on the part of the exposition authorities. 57 58 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION Among the prominent visitors from New York State at the New York State Building during the exposition period were: Governor Charles E. Hughes and his military secretary, Col. George Curtiss Treadwell; Chief Judge Edgar M. Cullen, of the Court of Appeals; Hon. J. May hew Wainwright, senator from West- chester and member of the Exposition Committee; Hon. James S. Parker, of Washington, member of the Assembly and member of the Exposition Committee; Hon. Thomas E. Finegan, Assistant Commissioner of Education of the State of New York; Hon. William J. Tully, ex-senator from Steuben, attorney for the Association of Life Insurance Presidents, New York city; General William H. Seward and William H. Seward, Jr., of Auburn; Congressman George W. Fairchild, of Oneonta; Congressman William Sulzer, New York city; Congressman Joseph Goulden, of Brooklyn; Hon. William E. Vorst, of Amsterdam; Hon. William E. Dickey and Joseph M. Dickey, of Newburgh; Judge R. F. Thompson, Canan- daigua; Hon. Lafayette B. Gleason, Clerk of the Senate; Hon. J. Henry Walters, of Syracuse; Hon. Raymond A. Pearson, State Commissioner of Agriculture; Judge John D. Teller, of Auburn; Warden Frost, of Sing Sing; Warden Cole, of Dannemora; Professor Landrith, of Union University; Mr. Haley Fiske, president of Metro- politan Life Insurance Company, New York city; George W. Per- kins, of J. P. Morgan & Co.; John Hays Hammond, of New York city; Elbert Hubbard, East Aurora, N. Y.; J. W. Burdick, Albany, N. Y.; Dr. John Gerin, Auburn, N. Y.; John D. Murray, Auburn, N. Y.; John Meyer, Auburn, N. Y. President William H. Taft was a guest at New York State Building on September 30th, and after the official luncheon tendered him in the building held a reception, and afterward retired for two hours for rest in one of the upper rooms of the building. Mr. Taft registered in the New York State register with the following inscrip- tion: "I am grateful to New York for its imperial hospitality." The New York Building was also the scene of many State reunions and receptions, inasmuch as none of the States east of the ATTENDANCE 59 Rocky Mountains except New York had a building on the grounds. Prominent among these days were: New Jersey Day, July 29th; West Virginia Day, August 1st; Pennsylvania Day, August 16th; Nebraska Day, August 17th; Maryland Day, August 26th; Wisconsin Day, September 1st; New England Day, September llth; Ohio Day, October 5th. One of the most notable days was Brooklyn Day, at which were in attendance a delegation of nearly one hundred Brooklyn people sent out under the auspices of the Brooklyn Eagle Excursion Bureau. Addresses were made by Mr. Levy, representing Borough President Bird S. Coler; address of welcome to the Brooklyn people by Director- General Nadeau, and response by W. I. Comes, of Brooklyn. The courtesies of the building were extended to the Brooklyn delegation by Chairman Wilcox. LIST OF STATE AND GENERAL FUNCTIONS List of State and General Functions THE principal functions given under the auspices of the New York State Committee during the exposition period were the banquet to President Chilberg and the exposition officials on Friday, June llth, at which eighty ladies and gentlemen were present. The dinner was presided over by Executive Officer Mr. Wilcox and Mrs. Wilcox as hostess, with the president of the exposition, Mr. J. A. Chilberg, and Mrs. Chilberg as the guests of honor. It was one of the most successful dinners of the entire exposition season, and the table and other decorations were extremely attractive and artistic in style. The principal after-dinner speeches were made by Senator Wilcox, President Chilberg, Vice-president McGraw, Judge Burke and Mr. Josiah Collins. On June 22d a luncheon was given by Chairman Wilcox to the members of the Executive Commissioners Association of the exposition, twenty-five in number, in the Exposition Club room. On Monday, June 28th, a luncheon was given by Mrs. Wil- cox, the hostess, to the wives of the members of the Bankers Association. On Monday, August 2d New York Day a luncheon was given by the Executive Officer in honor of Governor Charles E. Hughes in the Exposition Club room. There were present also at this luncheon Governor John A. Johnson, of Minnesota; Gover- nor M. E. Hay, of Washington, and Governor Glasscock, of West Virginia. On Friday, September 10th, a luncheon was given by the Executive Officer in honor of General William H. Seward and his 63 64 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION son, of Auburn, who had arrived to take part in the unveiling of the Seward statue. This luncheon was given in the Exposition Club room, and about thirty of the prominent exposition officials and Seattle public men were present. In the evening of the same day a banquet was given by the Chief Executive Officer in honor of General Seward, to which eighty invitations were issued. A descrip- tion of this banquet is given in full in the chapter entitled "Seward Day." On Monday, September 13th, a luncheon was given to the Hostesses Association of the exposition, by the hostess of the New York State Building, Mrs. Benjamin M. Wilcox, at which about eighty persons were present. As previously stated, the New York State Building was the official place of entertainment for the exposition, and practically all of the functions given were held in the New York Building, with the exception of two or three where the numbers were so large as to make it inconvenient. A full list of these functions is given, but the more notable were: Opening Day luncheon and banquet, on the afternoon and evening of June 1st. Luncheon to Ambassador Jusserand of France, on June 14th. Banquet to the Bankers Association on June 26th. Japanese Commissioners Banquet, on July 20th. Luncheon to Baron Takahira, Japanese representative, on August 16th. Dinner to Governor Hughes, of New York, on the evening of August 2d. For full description see chapter entitled "New York Day." Dinner to five visiting Governors on August 17th. Luncheon to President William H. Taft on Thursday, Sep- tember 30th. LIST OF STATE AND GENERAL FUNCTIONS 65 List of Functions Held in the New York State Building JUNE 1 Opening Day luncheon, given by Exposition officials, 12:30 to 2 p. M. (600 present). Opening Day banquet, given by Exposition officials, 8-11 p. M. (275 present). JUNE 5 Dinner by President Chilberg to Colonel Dyer and army officers. JUNE 7 - Luncheon to Chicago Association of Commerce, given by Exposition officials (80 present). JUNE 8 Luncheon by Mrs. Wilcox, hostess, to Mayor Rose, of Milwaukee. JUNE 9 Luncheon to Catholic Order of Foresters by Exposition officials (60 present). JUNE 11 - Official dinner to Exposition officials given by New York Committee (80 present). Luncheon to Yakima County visitors and commission by Exposition officials (40 present). JUNE 12 - Luncheon given by Exposition officials to the Mayor of Van- couver and delegates (40 present). JUNE 14 Luncheon given by Exposition officials to Ambassador Jusserand of France (40 present). JUNE 15 Luncheon given by Exposition officials to California delegation (200 present). JUNE 16 Dinner to California Promotion Committee given by Seattle Chamber of Commerce and A. Y. P. E. (150 present). 66 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION JUNE 22 - Luncheon given by New York Committee to members of Executive Commissioners Association (25 present). JUNE 26 - Banquet given by Exposition officials to Bankers Association of Washington, Oregon and Idaho (254 present). JUNE 28 - Luncheon by Mrs. Wilcox to wives of members of Bankers Association. JUNE 29 - Banquet by Exposition officials to crews of Ford cars 1 and 2, Shawmut and Acme, of New York-Seattle race and pre- sentation of Guggenheim cup by Mr. Robert Guggenheim. JULY 3 - Luncheon given by Railway Men's Association (50 present). JULY 7 - Luncheon given by Knights of Pythias (40 present). JULY 9 - Luncheon given by Exposition officials to Governor F. W. Benson, of Oregon, and staff (35 present). Dinner by Exposition officials to Major-General Bell, U. S. A., of Washington, D. C. (90 present). JULY 10 - Luncheon given by Society of Mining Engineers (60 present) . JULY 12 - Luncheon given by Lumbermen's Association (60 present). Luncheon given by the Exposition officials to Lumbermen's wives (30 present). JULY 14 Buffet luncheon for 700 persons given by International and National Society of Women's Clubs. Banquet given by Exposition officials to officers of the above and International delegates as guests. LIST OF STATE AND GENERAL FUNCTIONS 67 JULY 16 - Luncheon given by the Pharmaceutical Association (300 present). Luncheon given by Educational Convention (40 present). Banquet given by Exposition officials to Washington Press Club (100 present). JULY 17 Luncheon given by Washington State Dental Society (500 present) . JULY 20 - Dinner given by Exposition officials to National Editorial Association (300 present). JULY 21 - Banquet given by Japanese Commissioner Hajime Ota (250 present) . AUGUST 2 Luncheon to Governor Hughes by New York Committee at 12:30 four Governors present, Gov. Hughes, of New York; Gov. Hay, of Washington; Gov. Glasscock, of West Virginia, and Gov. Johnson, of Minnesota. Reception to Governor Hughes from 3 to 5 about 3,000 people. Banquet in evening, given by Exposition officials, to Governor Hughes (200 persons present). AUGUST 3 Luncheon given by Exposition officials to Governor Johnson. Dinner in evening given to Governor Hughes by Brown and Cornell Alumni Associations (70 present). AUGUST 10 Dinner given by American Association of Titlemen (80 present). AUGUST 12 Luncheon given by Sir Charles Rivers- Wilson, London, presi- dent of Grand Trunk Railroad. AUGUST 16 Luncheon given by members of Pennsylvania Society (50 present) . 68 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION Luncheon given by Exposition officials to Baron Takahira, Japanese Ambassador (40 present). Dinner to Senator and Mrs. Wainwright, given by President and Mrs. Chilberg (20 present). AUGUST 17 - Reception, 11 A. M., and luncheon, 12:30, given by Exposition officials to Governor Schallenburger and staff, of Nebraska. Banquet at night to Governor Schallenburger, of Nebraska; Governor Vessey, of South Dakota, and Governor Gilchrist, of Florida, by Exposition officials. AUGUST 18 Luncheon by Exposition officials to German officials (20 present) . AUGUST 21 Dinner to Caledonian Society given by Exposition; Mayor McDougal, of Vancouver, and staff of Governor Hay present (60 present). AUGUST 25 Luncheon by Exposition officials to Governor Spry, of Utah, and staff, in Exposition Club room (40 present). Luncheon by Exposition officials to Mystic Shriners (50 present). Buffet luncheon given by Mystic Shriners from 3 to 5 P. M. (1,000 present). AUGUST 26 Luncheon by President Chilberg to delegates and ladies from Maryland (45 present). Dinner in evening given by Leland Stanford University Alumni Association (80 present). AUGUST 27 - Luncheon by President Chilberg to Hon. John Barrett, director of International Bureau of American Republics, and General Marion P. Maus, of West Point Academy (20 present). AUGUST 31 Luncheon given by Idaho Commissioners to Executive Com- missioners Association (40 present). LIST OF STATE AND GENERAL FUNCTIONS 69 SEPTEMBER 22 Luncheon to Hon. Walter E. Clark, Governor of Alaska, ex-Governor John H. McGraw presided (30 present). SEPTEMBER 23 Dinner to French Committee and wine merchants of California (50 present). Banquet in Exposition Club room to officers of Sovereign Grand Lodge, I. O. O. F. (20 present). SEPTEMBER 24 Dinner to State Commissioners and guests, in the Exposition Club room (40 present). SEPTEMBER 29 Luncheon by Exposition officials to Mr. Elbert Hubbard, of East Aurora, N. Y. (12 present). SEPTEMBER 30 Official exposition luncheon to President William H. Taft (200 present) . OCTOBER 1 - Luncheon to American Institute of Mining Engineers (100 present). OCTOBER 4 Luncheon by Exposition officials to National Guard Association of the United States (90 present). Dinner given by J. W. Clise, chairman of the Live Stock Com- mittee, to the National Live Stock Association (130 present). OCTOBER 5 Luncheon by Exposition officials to delegates and members of Ohio Society. OCTOBER 6 Luncheon in Exposition Club room to Executive Commissioners Association, given by President Chilberg. OCTOBER 9 Luncheon to Executive Commissioners Association given by the Oregon State Commission. 70 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION OCTOBER 12 Luncheon to Hon. William Jennings Bryan, of Nebraska, given by the Democratic State Committee of Seattle (40 present). OCTOBER 13 Luncheon to Executive Commissioners Association, given by Commissioner General Hajime Ota and Assistant Com- missioner T. Takasawa, of Japan. OCTOBER 14 Dinner of Exposition officials to Imperial Japanese Commission, in Exposition Club room (70 present). Dinner to the Hostesses Association given by the Washington State Commission (80 present). OCTOBER 15 - Dinner of Washington State Commission to members and attaches, given in the Exposition Club room (20 present). NEW YORK DAY MONDAY, AUGUST 2, 1909 71 New York Day THE date of New York's official day was made to suit the con- venience of Governor Hughes in making his western trip. The Champlain Ter-centenary Celebration, which occupied the week of July 4th to July 10th, and the Hudson-Fulton Anniver- sary, which occupied the two weeks between September 26th and Octo- ber 9th, fixed the extreme dates between which the Governor could find it possible to be in Seattle. August 2d was fixed upon as New York Day, and Governor Hughes' itinerary made to correspond. The Governor left Albany on July 20th and, after making a tour of Yellowstone Park, arrived in Seattle on the evening of August 1st. Hon. J. M. Wainwright and Mrs. Wainwright arrived on July 30th, to be present for the New York Day exercises; and Hon. James S. Parker and Mrs. Parker, who had arrived earlier, returned from their Alaskan trip on July 29th and formed a part of the official party during the New York celebration. This was the only time during the exposition period that a majority of the New York Exposi- tion Committee was present in Seattle. Governor Hughes and the official party spent the forenoon of Monday, August 2d, in visiting the state and government buildings at the exposition. An informal luncheon was given him at 12 : 30 in the Exposition Club room of the New York Building by the Com- mittee and included the leading exposition officials and prominent men of Seattle. This luncheon was notable from the fact that three other Governors were present, namely : Governor Glasscock, of West Virginia; Governor John A. Johnson, of Minnesota, and Governor M. E. Hay, of Washington. 73 74 ALASKA-YUKOX-PACIFIC EXPOSITION Following the luncheon, Governor Hughes, accompanied by the guests at the luncheon, marched from the New York Building to the Auditorium, where the Governor delivered the only address made during his western trip. The Governor was greeted by a large and enthusiastic audience, which taxed the capacity of the hall and numbered at least 5,000 persons. His speech was not a political address in any form, but was rather a greeting from the State of New York, and a message, abounding with admiration, graciousness and humor, from the people of the East to the people of the West. It was received with great enthusiasm, and left the Governor still higher in the estimation of the people of the Coast than he had ever been before. The address is given in full on pages 77-86. After the address in the Auditorium, the official party returned to the New York State Building where a reception was held by Governor Hughes, for which 2,000 invitations had been issued to the prominent people of Seattle and of the Exposition. The receiving party was: Mr. Josiah Collins, Chairman of the Depart- ment of Ceremonies, and Mrs. Collins; Colonel Treadwell, Governor Hughes, Chairman and Mrs. Wilcox, President and Mrs. J. A. Chilberg, Governor and Mrs. M. E. Hay, Senator and Mrs J. M. Wainwright, Director- General and Mrs. I. A. Nadeau, Mrs. R. A. Ballinger, Governor and Mrs. John A. Johnson, Mrs. Glasscock and Mrs. Hill. Buffet refreshments were served in the afternoon and music was furnished by Wagner's Exposition Band. In the evening one of the most notable banquets of the exposi- tion period was tendered to Governor Hughes in the New York State Building by the Department of Ceremonies of the A. Y. P. Exposition. Two hundred invitations were issued, and the decora- tions were very elaborate and artistic; music was furnished by Wagner's Exposition Orchestra and by the Hawaiian Troubadors. At the speakers' table were seated: Governor Hughes and Mrs. Chilberg, President Chilberg and Mrs. Wilcox, Senator Wilcox and Mrs. Nadeau, Senator Wainwright and Mrs. Collins, Governor Johnson and Mrs. Rogers, General Nadeau and Mrs. Wainwright, Mr. Rogers and Mrs. Johnson. The banquet was one of the finest NEW YORK DAY served by Mr. Patterson during the entire exposition period, and the after-dinner speeches were witty and appropriate. Occasion was taken by the exposition officials to express their great appre- ciation to Governor Hughes and the New York State Committee for the generosity and courtesy of New York State in maintaining so appropriate a residence on the exposition grounds, and for their loyal support of the exposition authorities in all matters pertaining to the official and social life of the exposition. The addresses at the banquet are given in full on pages 87-115. On Tuesday forenoon Governor Hughes was a guest of the Cornell Alumni Association of Seattle, who took him upon an auto- mobile ride around the city of Seattle and vicinity, returning to the New York State Building about 12 o'clock. From here a rapid run was made to the Seattle Golf and Country Club, where the New York State official party were the guests of Hon. Josiah Collins, chairman of the Department of Ceremonies, at a luncheon. There were invited to meet Governor Hughes at this luncheon prominent bankers, business and professional men of Seattle. Returning from the luncheon about 3:30 p. M., Governor Hughes completed his tour of the exposition buildings and devoted the remainder of the afternoon to this purpose. On Tuesday evening, Governor Hughes and the New York official party were the guests of the Cornell and Brown Alumni Associations of Seattle at a dinner given in the Exposition Club room of the New York State Building. This dinner, at which about seventy were present, was one of the most enjoyable functions of the Governor's trip, and the spirit of good fellowship and absence of all restraint made the occasion a notable one. Governor Hughes made a very witty and interesting speech, recalling his old-time experiences at Colgate, Brown and Cornell, and complimenting the enterprise and success of the graduates of these institutions who comprise in their number many of the leading citizens of Seattle. Other addresses were made by Chairman Kittinger and Mr. Stevens, representing the Brown Alumni, Senator Wilcox, Senator Wain- wright, Assemblyman Parker, Director Rogers, and others. 76 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION On Wednesday morning, August 4th, the Governor, accompanied by Colonel Treadwell, left the New York State Building and the exposition grounds at 9:00 o'clock, taking the boat to Vancouver and returning to New York by way of the Canadian Pacific Railway. His visit to the exposition, undertaken entirely at his own expense, was a compliment to the New York State Committee which was highly appreciated and was a source of the greatest satisfaction and pleasure to the exposition officials and the people of Seattle. Governor Hughes has always stood extremely high in the esteem of the people of the Northwest, for his magnificent record as Governor of the State of New York, but they had never before had an opportunity of personal contact with him, and his genial personality and rare faculty for saying the right thing in his formal and informal addresses won their high personal regard in addition to the esteem in which they had theretofore held him. The visit of the Governor was the crowning point in New York's participation at the fair and it was a matter of great satisfaction to the Committee that it was such an acknowledged success and was marred by no untoward event. The address of Governor Hughes at the Auditorium on the afternoon of August 2d and the entire proceedings at the banquet on the evening of the same are given in full as a matter of record and of interest to the people of the State of New York and the city of Seattle. The magnificent hall of the Auditorium was filled to its utmost capacity, and on a stage were seated the exposition officials and the leading men of Washington and Seattle. Governor Hughes was introduced to the audience by President Chilberg as follows: Ladies and Gentlemen : The Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition since it has been opened has been honored by the visit of a number of great men. We have to-day among us the Governor of the great State of New York (applause), other than whom there stands no man, unless it be the President of the United States, in greater esti- mation of the people of the Pacific coast. The Hon. Charles E. Hughes, Governor of the State of New York. (Applause.) Address of Governor Hughes. PRESIDENT CHILBERG, FELLOW CITIZENS: I thank you from the bottom of my heart for this cordial greeting. I did not come here to make a formal address but to see the Expo- sition, which has excited the admiration of the entire country. I came here to feel the impulse of your vigor, to see the vision of the Northwest, and to warm my heart in western enthusiasm. (Applause.) I came to bear the greetings of the Empire State, a State which holds within its bounds one-tenth of the entire popula- tion of the United States, of industry wonderfully diversified, of commerce unsurpassed, the State of Hamilton and of James Kent, of Marcy, and of William H. Seward. (Applause.) The State which in recent years has given to the nation Grover Cleveland and Theodore Roosevelt. (Applause.) A VOICE: And next Governor Hughes. (Applause.) Gov. HUGHES: We are divided by a continent rather let me say we are united by a continent, for it is an American continent and we are all one. (Applause.) Sometimes in the East people with scant perceptive think that America is made; here America is in the making, and no one in the wildest dreams of fancy has yet compassed the possibilities of the great Northwest, the empire of the future. (Applause.) Other expositions have been commemora- tive, this is prophetic (applause) ; other expositions have had histori- cal significance, and by fitting ceremonies have commemorated great names and great deeds; this is an exposition not commemo- rative of any one event or any one great deed but with its exhibits of resources and suggestions of marvelous possibilities bids us look to the future. (Applause.) A little while ago in the State of New York in that charming valley which separates the Green mountains of Vermont from the beauti- 77 78 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION ful forests of the Adirondacks we celebrated the 300th anniversary of the discovery of Lake Champlain. There met those who repre- sented the two nations then in a bitter struggle for the possession and control of the new world; there we retraced the historic strife between the French and the English; there each nation found its hero, a man typical of its best. The French found him in the pure- minded patriot, devout Champlain, and in that knight of his day the unexcelled Montcalm; England found him in Lord Howe, a splendid specimen of the English soldier, who fell before the battle, in a little skirmish, near Ticonderoga. Then we celebrated the final victor, the nation that emerged, the nation of destiny, with its own hero, our Ethan Allen (applause) ; and away off there in the northeast- ern part of this great country we reviewed the significance, which we cannot over emphasize, of the struggle of those who yearned to possess that which they did not know, and to compass a continent whose limits they could not then imagine. They were the heroes of the East; but who shall tell the story; yes who shall even identify the heroes of the Northwest ? (Applause.) The perils of the sea are as naught compared with the perils of the land, the unknown land with its savage enemies and its trackless forests. You have undoubtedly again and again followed in your imagination those early trappers and hunters as they made their way through the dense thickets and the vast forests and over the mountains, until every part of this great country became known. We talk of the discoveries along the Atlantic coast; we justly laud the name of Columbus, who, braving the perils of an unknown sea, discovered the new world; we talk of the enterprise and endurance of Champlain, but in those unknown men who taught us the way to the Seattle Exposition may be found the true heroes of this great continent. (Applause.) They prepared the way for the builders, and here everything is in process of construction; you wake up in the morning and it is not the same as it was when you went to bed at night. (Applause.) I do not know how greatly the population of Seattle has increased since I arrived last evening. (Laughter and applause.) NEW YORK DAY 79 I would there were a few more governors here in order that we might strike a fair average with our good Gov. Hay of Washington. (Laughter and applause.) We have boasted that we draw the best from all the nations of the earth the hardiest, the most ven- turesome, the most adept; those who easily adapt themselves to novel situations, those who never turn back, and are always pressing forward, forward toward the goal of their ambition. We have had the best of all races. I dislike the notion that the term "American" is confined to those of any particular stock. Americanism is a word of the spirit, not a word of the flesh. (Applause.) We are all together in this country, and we owe our greatness to the fact that here are the representatives the best representatives of their respec- tive races not necessarily in social condition or in advantage of birth; not by reason of accident or of fortune, but because of the energy which they possess and the indomitable spirit which Provi- dence has given them. But you in the Northwest have been drawing the best of the best (applause); you have been taking them from New York (laughter and applause) ; we have lots of them left. (Laughter.) It seemed to me last fall when I visited the Mississippi valley, and the states to the immediate west, that every third man I met had his home in New York originally; and since I have arrived at Seattle I have spent most of my time shaking hands with New Yorkers. (Laughter.) If we look for New England now we do not look for it in the old New England, in the modern mill towns, we look for New England in the west. If you look for that exhibition of conscientious determination to have things straight; if you look for that moral force, conspicuous in its intensity, which so character- ized the New England of the last generation you had better search for it in the middle west and onward to the coast. (Applause.) I wish I could tell you my vision of this country. Every man has his point of view; every man has his particular objective and his dream about that which he prizes. We make them as we look into the future and think of the richness of the mine and the soil, of the 80 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION bounties of nature discovered and put to practical use by rare initiative and energy. No one can forecast what Alaska means and I take it that in the coming day it will be thought that no contribution made to our national life was of greater importance on the part of any New Yorker than that made by Seward in securing the purchase of Alaska. (Loud applause.) We cannot measure the prosperity which is in store for our children. Nowhere in the world are such opportuni- ties for the development of such extraordinary resources waiting only for the touch of intelligence. No; we can set no bounds to what may be expected in material wealth, in the heaping up of possessions, in making this nation the most rich and prosperous in a material way that the world has ever beheld, far greater than the dreams even of the eastern potentates. Nor need we set any bounds to what may be accomplished in the direction of education. The people of this country are intent upon knowing everything and there is nothing that can be found out but it will be found out right here. (Applause.) It is signifi- cant that this Exposition is held on the site of a great university and I am very glad of the part which New York has taken in contributing to what eventually will be a part of the plant of that university. (Applause.) I had hardly finished the reading of the election returns after my first election as Governor when a representative of this Exposition was at my door asking that New York should take part. (Applause.) He had a very taking way with him and he captured us. In my first message I made a reference to this Exposition and New York is here to-day, not temporarily but to stay as a factor in the education of the West. Our methods of education naturally are taking practical lines. We are about to witness a great develop- ment in the realm of technical instruction. I suppose you are taking here as we are in the East an interest in vocational training in our public schools. We want to have every boy and girl understand that they are learning something worth while. We want to cultivate that interest which must depend upon appreciation of the advantage of study and application. You must set no limit to the educational NEW YORK DAY 81 progress of the country save that limit which our common human nature imposes. We shall have development in higher education; we shall have development in technical education; we shall have re-enforcement of the underlying common school education. But what of it ? What if we become the wealthiest nation upon earth; what if we become the most intelligent nation upon earth; what if every boy and girl is instructed ? Oh, my friends, the pros- perity of the nation in the best sense cannot be measured by statistics of the output of mines or by columns telling of commercial inter- course, or by long inventories of wealth in crops or in any of the riches of nature. Education may give an ability and an adaptability essen- tial to individual success, but our ultimate prosperity must depend upon those moral resources without which wealth and education would be a mockery. (Applause.) The test of life in the Northwest will not be simply what comes from the rich and still unexplored Alaska ; it will not be found merely in the exchanges of this commu- nity destined to be one of the greatest commercial centers of the world; the test will be found in the uplift of the common life and in the general benefit of society. (Applause.) To realize that, we must have something more than natural resources, something more than technical skill, something more than that splendid energy and indomitable spirit which will concede no defeat. We must have a fundamental sense of justice and be willing to give, in recognition of a common obligation, as well as to get by the divine right of individual talent. (Applause.) I have no fear that there will be a decrease in our philanthropies. No better index of our present generous disposition can be found than in the wide extent of philanthropic enterprise rivalling in its ingenuity almost the enterprise of commerce and finance. Side by side with every undertaking which gives opportunity for the play of individual ability is some great philanthropic scheme conducted for the benefit of one's neighbors. But we cannot be satisfied with philanthropy poured from the ' top down. (Applause.) That is good and I hope we will have a great deal of it and certainly we 82 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION should appreciate it and we should yield the full meed of praise to those who bestow it. But better than philanthropy from the top down is the common sense of justice, the common appreciation of our collective rights (applause), the disposition in a man's heart that puts a limit to what he will do, though he knows he can do it with impunity, because it is better that he should not. (Applause.) Sometimes we bear men telling us that we do not have very much respect for law in this country as compared with some other countries. Some of our foreign friends visiting us are apt at times to take a pessimistic view of the future because of what they seem to think is a lack of respect for law as such. Now the difference is that we have not been trained through generations of obedience to authority as such. We have grown up differently. If you are to have respect for law in this country the law must be based upon those sentiments which win common appreciation because of their justice and their fairness. (Applause.) You cannot expect an American to bow to the mere exhibition of authority as such, but the average American is a very sensible man and he is very quick to see what is for the advantage of all. He may not be so eager to limit himself but he is anxious that the other fellow should be limited so that the common advantage should not suffer. (Laughter.) Our growth in the development of this sense of justice rests first upon our appreciation of what is due to a man's self, of his right to a fair opportunity. There is no danger of socialism in this country. The reason of this is that the average American boy to-day, the same as fifty years ago, starts out from his home to see what he can make of himself and he wants the reward to which honesty and persever- ance entitle him. (Applause.) But with the development of our crowded communities and with the increase of the complexity of our civilization there comes another thought, and that is, not simply of what is due to a man's self, not simply of the opportunity to which he is entitled as his birthright and which it was the object of our institutions to keep free, but also, looking more broadly at what is essential to equality of opportunity, of what is due the com- NEW YORK DAY 83 munity, of the public interest, of the vast importance of fair and impartial administration of government. Matthew Arnold said that conduct was three-fourths of life. When you come to government which rests upon this common sense of justice, administration, fair, impartial and straightforward is nine- tenths of it. We may have our disputes about policies, about schemes of legislation which may prove beneficial, about those methods of law making which may be improved. As I look at it, the chief need of the nation throughout, in all of its divisions, in states and municipalities and down to the lowest community is simply good, straightforward, honest administration of the laws. (Applause.) The time has gone by very largely when legislation can be warped to private advantage with impunity. We have no desire to withhold the gifts of privilege which are for the public benefit, but we desire that they shall be exercised for the public benefit and in accordance with the conditions upon which they are bestowed. Simple justice ! There is no grander conception, justice to the honestly invested dollar; justice to the man who works and gets what he has by proper means and is entitled to have it safeguarded against attack ; justice to the public that there may be no improper discriminations and that when grants are made it may have the returns to which it is entitled by virtue of the merits of the grant. There is no chance for demagogy on any large scale in this country because of the growing appreciation of justice and of its essential relation to the success of democracy. (Applause.) We talk to-day of our ninety millions of people. Why, the time will come when these great areas will be filled with people, when all these wastes which we now look upon will blossom like the rose, when we shall have teeming commonwealths not rivalling the present populations of the East but far surpassing them even as those popula- tions themselves will grow more and more dense. What are we coming to ? Are we to have tumult and confusion and uncertainty, tossed about by every wave, driven about by every chance wind; or are we to have that solid basis upon which national 84 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION life can prosper and grow to an unlimited degree? I believe that we are to have the latter because you can depend upon the good sense and the fairness of the average American citizen. (Applause.) We are to. be ruled by intelligent public opinion. We are safe- guarded by extraordinary bulwarks of conservatism in this country in our constitutional provisions, but our security is not in constitution however difficult to change; our security is in the intelligence, the educated intelligence of the average man and his appreciation of what is due to his neighbor. You cannot police a nation. You cannot hold down the people by officers. This great American com- monwealth is prospering and is making progress securely and sanely, not because of militia or police, not because of criminal courts into which, thank God, few of us enter, but because of conscience and the sense of restraint and the appreciation of obligation. Therefore it is that I look to this great future of which this Exposition speaks in such an emphatic way with absolute confidence. Underlying all is our sense of national unity. It is a far cry from Coney Island to Mount Rainier, but we are a great deal closer to you than we are to Montreal. (Applause.) If there were any trouble in this country, if we were threatened by enemies, if there were any call for us to defend the flag, the boys of Texas would join with those of New York, and Massachusetts, and Minnesota, and California, and Washington, and no one would think of any of those diverse interests which lead to such extraordinary diversities of opinion but the dominating sentiment of our common country would control all. (Applause.) Every locality must have something in which it is interested and it is right and proper that it should struggle for that interest, but, after all, the prosperity of the country as a whole is more important than any particular interest, and the general sentiment of our people is that not only united do we stand but that by virtue of our union do we prosper. But the test of the success of our great nation so powerfully supported by this sentiment of union is not to be found entirely in the doings at the national capital at Washington or in those departments of activity which deal with our I NEW YORK DAY 85 federal affairs. They are to be found most truly in the county and town, and cib . No man is much of a citizen of the United States who is not looking after the welfare and the administration, the hon- est administration, of his home government. (Applause.) That is the test. You can be a patriot and shout for the flag lustily but are you trying to get anything at home, that you are not entitled to, out of the public purse ? (Applause.) It is easy to let off a great blast of enthusiasm for the people as a whole, but how about the little circle of people which you touch? We have plenty of problems, we have a few in the State of New York and we rejoice in them. We New Yorkers and I am glad to see so many of them here, in fact, my eyes are almost blurred by the purple that is before them we like our size, we like to think of our great metropolis and actually we do rejoice in the problems which our great cities offer because they are the problems of humanity. If anywhere in this broad earth they can be solved, it is here. If anywhere, with just conservatism and fairness, we can raise the stand- ards of living, and can better the common life of a community, it is right here. I said a moment ago a word of praise of the great heroes who made this country possible, who opened it to trade and com- merce; but, ray friends, don't think that because our country is united by steel rails and there are but few unexplored portions, there are no chances for heroism to-day. There are more chances of heroism in some wards of the city of New York than existed on the prairies in the times of the Sioux. (Applause.) But as I say, while we rejoice in this problem we do not minimize the difficulties. We do not forget the elements of our human nature. We know that government, and legislation, and administration must reflect all the frailties and weaknesses of humanity. The wonder is, that with the opportunities of our great country, we have so few object lessons of that sort. We have diversities of laws and in this lies one of the great problems of the future. There was opened up by the former Presi- dent of the Urited States a wonderful avenue of opportunity when he 86 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION called that conference of governors in Washington a year ago. We have need to come together as the representatives of the people of our respective commonwealths ; to talk over not what shall be done federally but what can best be done locally ; to take advantage of our great opportunities of local experimentation; to realize two strains or bonds of unity, one through Federal relationship and another through State harmony made possible by a clearer conception of our common interests. You have chosen a great name for this State and you will do well if you live up to the name of Washington. (Applause.) Against everything that is mean, low and contemptible, against everything that is avaricious and simply bent upon individual attain- ment, against every form of improper exploitation, against every- thing that is base and sordid in our life, stands the character of Washington. (Applause.) You have here priceless opportunities; here individual effort may have reward denied in many other places, here everything seems possible and it only needs the con- tinuance of this resistless energy to make you powerful and pros- perous, the empire of the West; and if, along with that, you cherish the memory and character of the pure-minded patriot after whom you are named, whose zeal was only for the common good, then your legislation will not be bartered by political rings, then your adminis- tration will not be for the selfish benefit of party or individual, then you will have parties to maintain efficiency in government, to rival in plans for the betterment of the life of the community and the individual, strong, capable, alert, ready to seize every oppor- tunity which this expanding country offers, animated by a high ideal of service, by love to God and man. (Loud applause.) Proceedings at the Banquet Given in the New York State Building, August 2, 1909, in Honor of Hon. Charles E. Hughes, of New York A DESCRIPTION of this notable banquet, which brought together the most notable Governor of the East and the most notable Governor of the West, is given earlier in this chapter under the proceedings of "New York Day." President Chilberg presided and acted as toastmaster. The speeches are herewith given in full. PRESIDENT CHILBERG: The thanks of the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition are due to the Empire State for the magnificent contribution which they have made to our Exposition, and I desire furthermore to congratulate Governor Hughes upon the gentlemen he has selected to represent his State as hosts. (Applause.) And he is also to be congratulated upon the great hostesses. Governor Hughes and the State of New York did much more for the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition than the appropriation of $75,000. At the time, sir, that you sent the word ringing across the continent that you recognized, and that you were willing and the great legislature and State of New York were willing to support the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, we were staggering under a bur- den of adversity we were meeting with discouragement from State after State and many of them have maintained their positions still. It was said that the Jamestown Exposition had been a failure and that nothing in the Northwest could succeed; but that word of yours from New York, from the State of New York, stimulated in us the energy to go ahead and, I hope, to succeed. The welcome of our State and of our Exposition this evening will be extended by Hon. M. E. Hay, Governor of Washington. 87 88 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION GOVERNOR M. E. HAY: As Chief Executive of this Commonwealth, it gives me great pleasure to welcome to our State so many distinguished men as we have with us this evening. If I ask you to take your cards and write upon the back thereof the names of six of the most prominent men in the United States, three of those names from each of the great political parties, and I came to pick up those cards, I would find upon the backs of the cards the names of two of the gentlemen we have with us this evening. Governor Johnson, it was my pleasure to live for six years in the State of Minnesota, six short summers and six very long winters. Minnesota has furnished to this nation many prominent men : Senator Cushman, C. K. Davis, Knute Nelson, the stalwart Scandinavian, Charles Towne, the silver orator, Governor Lind, Governor John- son, Congressman Tawney and many others who are with us to-day from the Gopher State. It was in Minnesota that I lost my heart, and of course, Governor Johnson, I have a warm place and affection in my heart for the great Gopher State, the North Star State. We are indeed glad of the opportunity afforded by the visit of Governor Hughes, to entertain so distinguished a guest as the Chief Executive of the great Empire State. I can assure you that the great work you are doing in replacing old and discredited political practices, grown up under a system of bossism and servitude to special interests, by constitutional methods and democratic prin- ciples, has been watched with as much interest here as in your home State. The entire country has followed with deep interest your efforts to re-establish the principles of representative government as interpreted by the founders of this country, and the success which has attained your course is proof sufficient that our institutions are fundamentally right and that "government of the people, by the people, for the people," is not now merely a rhetorical phrase. We, of the State of Washington, feel that our State is destined to assume the same relative importance on this coast that New York NEW YORK DAY 89 occupies on the Atlantic seaboard. Much of the advantage of our position here is due to the acquirement of Alaska by a former Gov- ernor of New York, who, as Secretary of State of the United States, negotiated the purchase of that immense territory, a transaction which was then denounced as pure folly, but the wisdom of which has been vindicated many times over in recent years. The State of Washington deeply appreciates the participation by the State of New York in this Exposition and is indeed grateful for the assistance rendered in the erection here of the handsome State building; a replica of the home of William H. Seward, whose prescient statesmanship recognized the possibilities of the develop- ment and future commercial importance of the great Northwest. Again, I wish to assure you of the pleasure your visit gives to the people of the State of Washington, and on behalf of this Common- wealth, I extend, through you, greetings to the people of the Empire State. PRESIDENT CHILBERG: This toast, The Empire State, ladies and gentlemen, will be responded to by Hon. Charles E. Hughes, Governor of New York. GOVERNOR HUGHES (who was received with round after round of applause) said: Mr. President, Governor Hay, Governor Johnson, Ladies and Gentlemen: I came to Seattle with the anticipation of witness- ing evidences of enterprise, scenery of the utmost charm, and of enjoying a few hours of most delightful respite. I have seen as yet but a fraction of the remarkable exposition which has brought us together. I am sure you will pardon me if I say that in all that I may see and in all that you have provided of beauty nothing will equal what I see before me to-night. The beauty and the bravery of Seattle have gathered here and New York is honored by having the opportunity of entertaining that which expresses better than any of the statistics of wealth the vigor and loveliness of the city which you call your home. 90 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION I have attended dinners of various societies of other States in the State of New York. I have constantly toasted the pride and glory of other commonwealths, and I assure you it affords me the rarest pleas- ure in another State to respond to the toast of the State of New York. I am reminded of the old story of the catechism. A boy was asked the difference between the Lord and the devil, and he said that "the Lord excelled the devil in original power, but the devil made up for it in infernal activity." I shall not attempt to criticise the activities of the West. (Laughter.) I know that you no longer speak of the wise men of the East. You are accustomed to think and sometimes to speak of the wicked men of the East. We are supposed to be a set of sordid money grabbers. I would not contest the palm with any western State in that respect. (Laughter.) In fact if it were not for some of the western importations I think our character would be vastly improved. (Laughter.) But we indeed marvel at the West. As I journeyed across Montana, and thought that in Montana we had an equivalent in area of New York and Pennsylvania and Ohio and Massachusetts and Connecticut, I could not but marvel at the opportunities that were offered for enterprise. And then I thought of the population in that great area, scarcely more than that of Rochester and, I believe, less than that of Buffalo cities within a few miles of each other. Then we think of Texas, with nearly twice the area of Montana, and of Alaska with more than twice the area of Texas, and imagination becomes fatigued in contemplating the possibilities of the vast empire that we include within our national boundaries. Now, I had the western fever very young. When a boy my father brought me a book, giving an account of the wonders of Minne- sota, and I thought if I grew up to be a man I should journey to Minnesota, and if it had not been for an opening in New York at a critical time when I left the law school I should be one of the subjects of our good friend, Governor Johnson, to-night. But I love the State of New York. I was born in the State of New York, and with the exception of a few years I have passed my NEW YORK DAY 91 life there. We have our difficulties in New York. We have one of the greatest German cities in the world ; we have one of the greatest Italian cities in the world, and one of the greatest American cities. (Cheers.) We have a problem of fusion both kinds of fusion, the larger fusion as well as the political; and, take it all in all, we are meeting the problem fairly well. The activities of a great State like New York are sometimes little appreciated. We are spending, or we have arranged to spend, fifty million dollars upon the improvements of our roads (cheers), and we have developed a system of highway supervision, largely taking account of the very successful work done in Massachusetts, which we think will be second to none in the country. Without assistance from the Federal government, we are developing our waterways, and we are spending over a hundred million dollars in the improvement of our barge canal. Everything that appertains to the development of the commerce of the State enlists a large and influential support. We are perfecting our statutes as to supervision. I think it would be difficult to find a better code of banking laws than we have in the State of New York. In our recent legislation we have been trying to deal justly with public service corporations, to see that every question is examined on its merits, that agitation shall not have the opportunity which is due to lack of proper investigation of griev- ances making sure that the corporation on the one hand and the public on the other shall have a fair hearing. While we have a great many difficulties in connection with the administration of government dealing with nine millions of people and such a variety of interests you will find in every community in the State, practically without exception, a body of men uniting together solely for the purpose of civic betterment. Nothing is more remarkable in our life than the groups of men in almost every county and in many of our villages and in all our cities who are devoting themselves unselfishly, without thought of reward in office or money, to the betterment of social conditions, to wise philanthropy, to the encour- 92 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION agement of proper civic pride. Many of you have come, perhaps, from New York and have the advantage of knowing the western life and the eastern point of view. I hope that you will prove to be a means of adjustment, so that we shall not only take a mutual pride in the great achievements which reflect credit on the American name, but we shall have that understanding of each other and that fellowship and sense of unity of purpose and that appreciation of common and high ideals which are essential to true citizenship in a great democracy. The West is very direct and straightforward, and we in the East are sometimes accused of paying too much attention to form; of encouraging here and there snobbishness, both intellectual and social, and we share to some extent in the discredit which attaches to the effete nations of despotic Europe. But, after all, we are not so different, we are just about alike, all of us. In our little area of opportunity we are trying to cultivate our chances and we are just as eager to get the right thing in New York as you are in Seattle, and you are as eager to do right here as we are in New York. We are fast getting rid of sectional prejudice in this country. The blue and the gray meet together and the veterans of the awful struggle of the Civil War fraternize in delightful companionship. So it is and should be with the East and the West, which should be knit together, not simply by commercial relations, not simply by oppor- tunities to make money, but by reason of mutual respect and affection. We in the East recognize that you, in large measure, are fighting the battle for the country. You have rare opportunity success in taking advantage of which spells prosperity for the Union. I traveled with a man through Yellowstone Park the other day who seemed to have an idea that in New York and Pennsylvania there was standing room only. He was surprised that there were any lands at all in New York which were not actually used, if not stood upon, by the inhabitants. The idea that we had a forest reserve in New York of over 1,300,000 acres of forest land for the benefit of all the people seemed extraordinary to him. We are a trifle NEW YORK DAY 93 crowded. I know what you mean when you say you have elbow- room out here. I have "expanded" since I came here. I feel the intoxication of this air and this spirit of aggressiveness is contagious. I read the other day that you were going to make Seattle Day at your fair the greatest day at the Exposition, and someone said they had started a slogan "I'll be there." That struck a responsive chord with me. I said, "That is the spirit that we must have in all our work, 'I'll be there.' " In New York they think that New York is going to "be there" all the time; they feel that things will go on just about the same, and they are taking it for granted. It is a splendid thing to feel that co-operative work is essential; that men must work together and find their individual opportunities in mutual helpfulness and in trying to build up everything that makes for the prosperity of the place they call their home. I love New York. We have in our beautiful valleys, in our charming hill country, in our lovely lakes, in the majestic Hudson that moves with stateliness to the sea, in our fertile lands, in our picturesque villages and teeming cities, the treasures and the pride of one of the most prosperous commonwealths the world knows. Yes, I love New York, and at the same time I do admire your western spirit. And I must say that I feel that I have a great deal in com- mon with you because a man in this world, no matter where he is, whether in the East or the West, has just a few years to live, a short time in which to express himself, a little opportunity to exercise whatever talent he may have; and, as I understand it, the western spirit is to make the most of that little time, to give the best expres- sion to that individuality, to get the rewards that are honestly due to the constant putting forth of effort in the exercise of that God- given power. That is what we want in the North and the South and the East and the West. The charm of this beautiful city has suggested to me that it was impossible you should go on in your development without pro- ducing a poet. Surrounded as you are by inspiring mountains and with your outlook, with everything to encourage sentiment, I have 94 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION thought you must produce the epic of the Northwest. And yet I must confess that the idea of a Seattle poet strikes me as a little incongruous. When you get through with your exposition and you have established your half million or million inhabitants by census (laughter) by the way, I should hate to be a census taker in Seattle; I would rather be Governor of New York, and that is saying a good deal but after you have passed that, and your university has ten million a year at the expiration of the fifty-year lease of which I have heard, when all the things that Seattle is waiting for have come true, you may have the poet of the future; and if he can write of Seattle he will do as well as a painter who can paint the grand canyon of the Yellowstone. But what I have said is really without proper regard for the blessing that you now enjoy, for indeed you have a poet. When I opened my mail this morning I found a sonnet written by a Seattle man and copied for me on Mount Rainier, to which it refers. It is a sonnet by Professor Meany, and it so beautifully expresses what I would say and seems to sound so truly the note of this hour that I will close my remarks by reading it. " Thou king, in ermine robes of crystal snow, Lift high thy royal head, serene and proud, Disdain the stress of storm embattled cloud That we on earth thy majesty may know. Thy crown in myriad hues doth glint and glow A lure for some in each swift hurrying crowd Whose hopes are raised and hearts anew are vowed To catch, like thee, God's light and onward throw. May now thy imaged grandeur live and burn In brain of men who scan thy glistening dome, Who cut the mooring cord and listless roam ; Give them the wit to mountain magic learn; That lofty heights but type the souls that yearn For supreme love in perfect human home." 3 I CO I NEW YORK DAY 95 PRESIDENT CHILBERG: Another great State is represented here this evening by another great man, the State, the twin cities of which might be called the eastern gateway to the Pacific coast. The man who represents that State is a man who has been honored by his own people as almost no other man has been honored by the people of his State in the history of the United States. Twice, when a presidential candidate carried his State against his party by an overwhelming majority, the people of his State have given him an overwhelming majority at the same election. Such an honor is seldom bestowed upon any man and such confidence is seldom placed in any man by the people of any State. I take pleasure, ladies and gentlemen, in requesting the Hon. John A. Johnson, Governor of Minnesota, to respond to the toast of "The Great Northwest." The Hon. John A. Johnson (who was received with loud and continuous cheering) spoke as follows: GOVERNOR JOHNSON : Mr. President, Your Excellency, the Governor of the Empire State, Ladies and Gentlemen : I count it indeed a great privilege to be permitted to be present upon this occasion when you do honor to the great Governor of the greatest State of the Union. I count it also a great privilege to be requested at this time to say just a word in behalf of the Great Northwest, and yet I am undecided as to how to approach that subject. We have, as you know, out in this country, and which possibly you provincials east of the Alle- gheny mountains are not aware of, two great northwests: that of which I am a part, and the great Pacific Northwest, of which we in the eastern Northwest are very sincerely jealous. I shall, I think, by the very force of natural circumstances, of which I am best familiar myself, possibly be very brief in my allu- sions to the Great Northwest. Those of us who come from the middle section into this country occasionally are overwhelmed with 96 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION delight and surprise as we contemplate the variety and vastness of these regions. It was my good fortune to come into the Northwest some three and a half or four years ago. We have heard of Mount Rainier, and we went on Washington Heights to behold Mount Rainier, and whether it was obscured or not visible at that time from here I know not, but we did not see Mount Rainier. Time has worked wonders because now the stranger can easily behold Mount Rainier even from Seattle. (Laughter.) This is a great Northwest, and one has but to come into it to appreciate that even to such an extent as to nonplus the man who beholds it. As I say, three and a half years ago I came here, and to-day I come into an entirely new country, different entirely from the country I saw three or four years ago. Its wonderful develop- ment has been a matter of amazement and wonder to me, and I often think as I come here on such an occasion as this how pleasant it would be if in going east of the Alleghenies we might find a similar transformation. Coming through the State of Montana, to which Governor Hughes alluded, I was equally impressed with its wonderful mileage and acres. I had to change my watch twice in the State of Montana. In New York one has to be very careful whether someone changes his watch once. (Laughter.) But this is a great section. A man said to me in Montana, "This is God's country;" and this is God's country. You view Mount Shasta and Mount Hood and Rainier and the Olympic mountains, and one is touched with the majesty and beauty of it all. New York applies a touch, but it is in Wall street. (Laughter.) This section, with its enterprise and energy and because of its character, is making its impression upon the continent. This great gateway out into the Pacific ocean, leading in the north into terri- tory which was not considered worth "A pinch of snuff" by many who opposed its purchase, is destined to become the great com- mercial metropolis of the West, and I believe in my time we shall see here the greatest city west of the Mississippi river. People will NEW YORK DAY 97 come here because it is God's country. He made it logically that gateway, and people will come also because men and women here realize that while God made some things He asked man to help Him out in their embellishment. This great western country is not properly understood by the East and when I speak of the East now I am speaking of my view as well as the view of Gov. Hughes and it is possibly fortunate for me that I can refer to the East as being my country here and when I go to Gov. Hughes' country I can refer to the West as being my country. I am conveniently situated on the border line so that I belong both to the East and to the West. But when you stop to think that less than or about a hundred years ago a couple of men, Lewis and Clark, started from the East to trace this wilderness, and they found it practically a wilderness, that even within the memory of men living to-day there has come this wonderful develop- ment which finds its highest and best expression in this magnificent exposition, it startles men to think of it. I think it was Josiah Quincy I am not sure who opposed the introduction of Louis- iana into the Union and I think some man about that same time said that the whole country west of the Mississippi river was not worth a pinch of snuff. Eli Perkins, I think it was and he used to live in New York sometimes (laughter), but there are men there whose veracity has improved since Eli's time who said the entire west from Bismarck, Minnesota fortunately for us, Bismarck is located in North Dakota to the southwest part of California was a desert. It would be the finest geographical problem which could present itself to any man to find a desert spot anywhere west of the Mississippi river. Irrigation, the work of man, generally has transformed the entire region until to-day west of the Mississippi river there are something like thirty millions of energetic excellent people possessed of the same culture as might be found east of the Allegheny mountains. It produces the foodstuffs for not only our country but for a large percentage of the people abroad. The State of Montana furnishes one-half of all the copper used in industrial 98 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION activity. The State of Idaho produces one-half of all the lead found in this country. One little county in my own State I could speak of eighty-four counties if I chose produces one-half of all the iron produced in the western hemisphere and one-quarter of all the iron produced in the world. And yet a young lady at Pittsburg and I am purposely translating her from New York to Pittsburg because I have said enough unkind things about New York as she was proceeding on her bridal tour into the West or talking about it, when I said to her, if you are going west you will come into Minne- sota, she replied, "I don't know, we are going over the Great Lakes and I don't know whether they touch Minnesota or not;" yet the city of Pittsburg would become a desert industrially but for the iron we send there; and the United States Steel Company puts iron into the industrial life of the country and into the souls of the people as well. (Laughter.) I stood a few weeks ago on the very spot in Jamestown where Pocahontas was baptized and later I think married to Rolfe and I thought of the progress made by the United States. To-day as ever, the march of civilization has been west as it has ever been for the last thousand or two thousand years and to-day we have not only ninety millions of people but we have them in the Hawaiian Islands, and another eastern country exemplified on this ground as I saw them to-day. We are becoming a world power with our possessions. I wish some of these people were a trifle better clad, but I am quite sure our industry will take into that country a prosperity which will enable them to buy at least one suit of clothes during the year. What I have said in the way of praise of this northwest section has not been to discount the great East, because we all appreciate, we of the West, what the East has done and is doing; we all realize that New York city is the great hopper into which we put our prosperity and we send it down there in order that there may be blessing in the city of New York as well as in this country. It is a great country and seriously reflects its virtue over all the country. Governor Hughes spoke of some of the laws of New York NEW YORK DAY 99 State. Two years ago the commissioner of insurance of the State of Minnesota had written into the statutes what was confessedly the best code of insurance possessed by any nation, and the man sits at the head of this table who is responsible for every line, syllable and punctuation mark of all that code of insurance law. Seattle and New York they stand there like great mountain peaks to be worshipped and loved and respected by the people of all sections and we of the middle west love to look at Mount Rainier in Seattle, and the great mountain of enterprise and virtue, and everything else on the eastern seaboard, and yet do you know that people who live don't care after all to live on the summits of mountains of either end ; they live in the valley, and Seward described the great center and great valley of the country as being the city of St. Paul. Gov. Hughes was not the only great man from New York who could see the great national situation. Seward saw it as I doubt whether this illustrious citizen sees it to-day. My friends, I do indeed count it a great privilege to be here on this occasion to do honor to one of the great men of this country. He said, had he been a migratory bird, rather nomadic than gre- garious, he might have been a subject of mine. If he had come then, I would have been a subject of his in my State and every man and woman in the United States would to-day be a subject of Charles E. Hughes of New York. (Loud applause.) PRESIDENT CHILBERG: While we all appreciate the most eloquent remarks of Gov. Johnson of Minnesota, there was one slight reflection he cast upon our Exposition that did not exactly appeal to me. The Governor does not know that Dr. Matthews, Judge Burke, Gov. Hughes and myself personally inspected those Igorrotes and determined that they had all the clothes they should wear. 100 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION GOVERNOR JOHNSON: I think it was Bill Nye who said that his best thoughts always came after he got through speaking and your president has reminded me now of one thing I had intended to say. I came to this Exposition. I had been to Chicago and that is saying enough. I went to St. Louis, and to Buffalo, and Omaha, and I wanted to say that of all the expositions I have ever seen the Exposition at Seattle was the gem of all of them and that while Nature put her artistic hand upon all things round her, the finest and best architects of the world have placed upon it a touch which makes it the gem of all expositions held in the United States. (Loud applause.) PRESIDENT CHILBERG: I am glad I called the Governor's attention to that mistake. (Laughter.) We have with us this evening Mr. Clyde E. Stevens, one of the alumni of Brown University, of which Gov. Hughes is a graduate. Mr. Stevens will reply to the toast of Brown University. MR. STEVENS: With all respect to Gov. Johnson I want to say that I think it was Mark Twain who said that he made his best after-dinner speeches on his way home after the banquet all the things he had forgotten to say at the banquet. I have not forgotten my speech but I must admit that the triumvirate of statesmen who have preceded me have stolen all my thoughts. I am in the position of the boy who went to a picnic. He was apparently very hungry and all the good ladies thought it was due to them to see that the boy had a good feed and each of them encouraged him to have a piece of pie until the boy was full, and one lady said, "Johnnie, here is a piece of pie, will you eat this?" and Johnnie said, "I can chew it but I can't swallow it." I am sure I express the sentiments of every one present as well as the alumni of Brown University and Cornell and Colgate, all of which NEW YORK DAY 101 Gov. Hughes knows something of, when I say that there is something more than ordinarily interesting about this occasion. We are met to commemorate the visit of Gov. Hughes to this State and it is a pleasure to me and an honor to officiate on this occasion. Gov. Hughes in 1881 graduated at Brown University and upon our hearing of his coming to Seattle we naturally began to recall the old days, and some of his classmates, or one at least who is not here at this time, recalled some of the anecdotes that happened to Gov. Hughes at the time he was there. Those reminiscences and recollections crowd my mind although our terms of sojourn there may have been widely separated. He was there some twenty years before I was, neverthe- less, we walked up and down the same paths and over the same campus and cheered and played in the same athletic field and attended lectures in the same hall and it all comes back to us, though we were not there at the same time. But Brown University welcomes Gov. Hughes as the man. The standard of ideal in Brown University has always been high and no youth ever passed through the halls without feeling the thrill and inspiration of old masters. Gov. Hughes is carrying out the ideal which has been set up and carried out by all or nearly all who have made themselves a name in this country and there are many who have come from Brown University who are standing and have stood rather high. I might mention just a few who are to-day stand- ing high in the educational world President Angell of the Uni- versity of Michigan, Chancellor Andrews of the University of Nebraska, President Faunce of Brown University, and President Wheeler of the University of California. There are many men also from the old university who have become eminent in the State, Secre- tary Olding, Secretary John Hay and Gov. Charles E. Hughes. We welcome Gov. Hughes in the spirit of the old university. We would like to welcome him once more in the interests of Seattle. We have come here to live the rest of our lives and we take a great deal of pride in our city and our home and Gov. Hughes' visit here simply makes us feel that we are glad he is interested in us. We 102 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION believe we have a New York of the Pacific started here. We have what we consider a gateway to a large portion of the future commer- cial trade of the world. We will admit that Seattle at the present time is upon the operating table, but probably in a few years we will have the superfluous parts removed and have an ideal city. There is one thing I would like to impress upon Gov. Hughes and I am going to get hold of him privately for there is one gentleman he has still left unreformed. That gentleman took occasion to write a scintillating and sarcastic article in one of the Eastern magazines. He bounded the United States on the north by Canada, on the east by the Atlantic and the south by Mexico and the gulf, and on the west by Mount Rainier. That offended our feelings somewhat, but we believe that he was in a stupor and had spent the greater part of his time in the Catskill mountains where Rip Van Winkle had his long sleep. We welcome, yea, thrice welcome Gov. Hughes in the interests of old Brown as a man and for his interest in us. PRESIDENT CHILBERG: The next toast will be responded to by a Seattle man, an orator of whom we are all proud, a citizen of whom we are proud. The toast that he will respond to will be "New York, Seattle and the Orient;" the response will be made by the Hon. Thomas Burke. HON. THOMAS BURKE: It seems an ungracious thing first, that the President of the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition should call me out at this time and it is a still more ungracious thing to respond to a call. I think it was W. M. Evarts who once said when called upon to make a speech when he was not on the programme that he had better be omitted; that he was like a parenthetical clause in grammar he could be omitted without affecting the sense. All the adjectives in the English language, especially all the good ones, have been exhausted in praising New York and Minnesota and I do not see what there NEW YORK DAY 103 is left for me to say. The Governor of New York, living in the effete East where policy is an important thing, was too polite to say anything about us out here except that we were unconventional. Our western friend from Minnesota overrated the truth by saying we were immodest, going without clothes. Those are the only observations that I can recall that were not embellished with very flattering adjectives. I am a native of the State of New York and I am very proud of the fact. I had to leave there when young because there was no prospect of my making a living if I remained there. I came out here as soon as I was able to do it and have largely made my living thus far off the New Yorkers. I have never allowed a capitalist from New York to escape if I could help it. One of my first enterprises in that line was engaging some of them to help us build a railroad here. They put in some money but I found that they were sharp enough to insist that the western man should put in an equal amount or a little more. We did it and at the con- clusion they had all the money and they had a receiver for the road besides. A few experiences of that kind have taught us wisdom and now we have arrived at the point where we allow the New York- ers to come here and put in all the money and have all the railroads and we notice when they do that that they never have a receiver. They do, however, proceed in the receiving business in another and perhaps a more pleasant way, but we have been able by reason of the richness and fertility of our country to maintain ourselves against the latter kind of receivership. But in spite of that I want to say for the State of Washington and for the character of its people that they have always been a people hospitable to capital. They have welcomed it here and they have endeavored to keep it when it came here. But, seriously, this has been a community hospitable to capital. Its laws are distinguished by fairness to foreign enter- prise. The people themselves of course are eastern people trans- planted. They have brought with them a sense of justice and fair- ness in dealing with capital as well as labor. It might be noted here that it was only within the last ten or twelve 104 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION years that we ever had put on the statute book a statute on the sub- ject of usury, and we profited by the wisdom which prompted that sort of thing because we were able, by that attitude toward eastern capital to induce those of far-seeing ability to come out here and engage in enterprises in a community where they felt absolutely sure that their interests would be as well protected by the laws of the territory, as it then was, as those of any State east of the Allegheny mountains. It was noteworthy to us who observe the effect of such an attitude that when our rate of interest in this State was lowered, although a State with less population than our two neighbors on the Pacific coast, it was lower than they could command to the south of us. We are familiar with the great service which has been rendered in the East by the distinguished representative of the State of New York, who is here as our honored guest to-night, and there is nothing that will show more completely the unity of this country than the fact that contrary to what is recorded in history of countries in other times the farther away you go from the seat of government in the United States the more intense is the patriotism and the prouder are the people of their country. The compliments which have been paid to Gov. Hughes at the banquet board and in his introduction at the Auditorium this afternoon are as nothing compared with the genuine compliment that was paid to him by the hundreds and thousands of people who gathered in these grounds before that meeting. Any one who passed through those crowds might have heard the people say, "Where is he going to speak, and when: can you direct me to the building?" There was more genuine sincerity and admiration in that amongst the people who had never looked upon his face, who had never heard him utter a word than it would be possible to express in the most eloquent language by the most eloquent speaker at this or any other board. And why is it that people three thousand miles from his home take such an interest in this man who but a few years ago was simply engaged in private practice as a lawyer in the city of New York ? It is because they know that he has recently been engaged NEW YORK DAY 105 in a great contest where the forces of law and order were pitted against the forces of wickedness and they know, because they are readers and intelligent people, that he has been teaching over again that lesson, a lesson almost forgotten and that that lesson taught by him with a clearness and a power and an emphasis that has led every elector in every State of the Union to be a learner of that lesson, and that is: fairness and justice and impartial enforcement of law in this country. I want to say one thing more. I have not heard it here to-day but I have heard it said, I have heard speakers say, "Well, I wish we could have the good days of the better times of the republic when the people were more patriotic and more observant of the law." I disagree with that sentiment entirely. These are the best days of the republic. (Applause.) The moral and intellectual standard of the people of America to-day is higher than it ever was before, higher than it is amongst the people of any other nation, and the proof is plain and easy and it is furnished in the example of the distinguished guest at the head of this table. When he was making his appeal to the common sense, the good reason and the sense of justice of the American people the response came not alone from his own State of New York, but it was listened to and heeded in every hamlet of every county of every State in the United States. Suppose that appeal had been made to an ignorant, unintelligent or corrupt people or electorate, what would have been the response ? There would have been no more response than to the whistling of the wind. We have sporadic cases of corruption, the greatest cases of rapacity, but they are marked with universal contempt and abhorence of the great mass of the people and this shows plainly that the heart and the conscience of the American people are what they ought to be. We are under a debt of gratitude in every part of the United States for the splendid services rendered by our distinguished guest. He brings home to us the very tradition of the earlier not the better days of the republic when merit was the only question for office and when the office sought the man as it has done in his case. 106 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION We are fortunate in having at our board to-night another dis- tinguished executive officer, one of whom every American citizen may well be proud; a man whose career furnishes an example and inspiration to every poor boy and every ambitious boy in every humble home from one end of this country to the other; a man whose life and career is an absolute refutation of the calumny which we hear uttered against this country that the door of opportunity to-day is shut to the poor boy and to the boy without strong friends to favor him; for he has shown in his own career the very reverse of that and has shown that the opportunities which mark office to-day in her equal laws, in her high sense of justice, in her impartial treatment of rich and poor furnishes greater opportunities than any other country in the world can give or any other country in the world has ever shown. If these two men have never done anything more than to demonstrate that there still remains and forever will remain in America an open field and no favor, the same chance for the boy from the lowly hut, from the poor cottage, that there is for the boy that comes from the palace, they would have rendered an inestimable service to the American people and to the American electorate. I know we will all unite in expressing our sincere thanks to these gentlemen for honoring us with their presence here to-day. (Loud applause.) PRESIDENT CHILBERG: The Atlantic and Pacific of course love the navy. Admiral Evans informed me that which I did not know, that the warmest support of the navy came from the Central States, including the great State of Minnesota. Now I feel we would all be disappointed if Admiral Sebree did not respond to the toast of the Navy. ADMIRAL SEBREE: After hearing the Governor of New York and the Governor of Minnesota, and Judge Burke, I don't think you want to hear much from me. I am very glad to be here to-night. Whether it is New NEW YORK DAY 107 York, or Washington, or Mississippi, or Minnesota, or any other State, we of the Navy are with you all. We belong to the whole nation. I did not know I was to be called on or I would have had a speech written out. I am very glad to see the Governor of New York and the Governor of Minnesota and I think that possibly within the next four or five years one of them will be my commander-in- chief. I have the honor of commanding all the vessels on the Pacific ocean. We have not got as many here as I would like to have on this coast, but we have got a pretty good lot and I will say to the peo- ple of Seattle, and I hope the Governors will stay with us, that our ships will be here on the 18th, and I shall be glad to see the Governors on board and also the people of Seattle and the people of the Exposi- tion. (Applause.) PRESIDENT CHILBERG: For the next toast I will call on the Hon. John L. Wilson, ex- Senator of the State of Washington. HON. JOHN L. WILSON: I supposed I was to have the exquisite pleasure of being left out on this occasion; however, I congratulate myself on having the honor of being present at a banquet given in honor of two distinguished guests, the Governor of New York and the Governor of Minnesota. The Governor of New York seems in the last few lines of his remarks to think or to express himself that we are sadly in need of a poet. I can relieve his mind by telling him that a year or so ago we discovered a poet in our midst. Perhaps some of our friends have forgotten it. The lines are about as follows: " There was an old chief named Seattle Who owned broad lands and stole many cattle; The white man came along, Stole his land and his cattle, And that is the spirit of Seattle." 108 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION Mr. Governor, there is one little historic event, when there started to this country a woman from the great Empire State of New York without which I doubt if very few of us that are present upon this occasion would be here now. It is entirely due to a good woman who leaving the altar at which her prayers had been offered, mounted her horse and rode from a little village in the State of New York across the country toward the Pacific. She opened up the good book, offered a prayer to Almighty God and dedicated this country to Christian civilization. It is a picture to stand out upon the canvas, like the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers, or Paul upon the hills of Greece. We are under many obligations to the great Empire State and the great Empire State is under many obligations to us and to the people west of the great Missouri river, because, Mr. Governor, a little band of men with the rudest and crudest of transportation facilities gave to the world a commerce, a business, and a trade, one-half of all the metallic currency of the world without which the great enterprises which emanated from your business center would not have been possible. Speaking of crossing the great State of Montana, giving its size as you did give it, one fact remains that all of the 1,500,000,000 of people who inhabit the world can be placed in the State of Montana and only fifteen to the acre. California, upon the Pacific seaboard, would stretch from Boston, Massachusetts, to South Carolina. Idaho, that has given out of her mines nearly one-half of all the lead produced in the United States and has given to the world of commerce a trade of $300,000,000 of the precious metals, would extend from Toronto on the north, to Raleigh, North Carolina, on the south, and the southern boundary line would reach from Washington city to Columbus, Ohio. Occasionally in the East we are reminded that one of our States is a land of sagebrush and jack rabbits, and yet, sir, the State of Nevada with its sparse population (coming into the Union against her own protest in order that the fruits of Appomattox might be VIEW OF SIDE HALLS, CROSSING MAIN HALL, NEW YORK STATE BUILDING NEW YORK DAY 109 perpetuated), has given a thousand millions of gold and silver to enrich the world. Oh, sir, this is a great part of the Union and we are glad, thrice glad, to see in consequence of this beautiful Exposition so many of our people coming to see us learning of the prosperity we are enjoy- ing to-day in the western world. You spoke, or I think the Governor of Minnesota spoke and I could be happy with either were the other dear charmer away of what we had accomplished in the limited time that we have been working in this western world. He spoke of Lewis and Clark. Why, yes, it is only a hundred years since they made their last sound- ing on the Columbia river near which now stands the beautiful city of Portland under the shade of old Mount Hood; and further to the southward San Francisco looks out from her golden gate, Spanish no longer; to the northward Seattle sits queen of the Puget sea. But the pioneer, where is he ? The distinguished Admiral, who I hope will live long enough to have two or three more commanders-in-chief, spoke of the need of the navy. Oh, yes, we need it. We had a magnificent object lesson a few months ago when there came into Seattle harbor sixteen great battleships and we had two battleships for every merchant vessel that sailed under the American flag on the Pacific ocean. But the time will come when these errors will be corrected. The time will come when upon the Pacific ocean we shall have a great fleet for our protection the same as on the Atlantic. There is inscribed upon the House of Representatives in the northwest corner in stained glass the old territorial motto of territorial Wash- ington, "Alki-bye and bye." By and by when the center of popu- lation shall have crossed the Mississippi river we will control and administer the policies of this country. By and by we will have, Mr. Admiral, a great Pacific fleet that shall be the wonder and admiration of the world, standing for law, for order, standing for the peace of the world. 110 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION PRESIDENT CHILBERG: Last but not least will be a gentleman born in Maine, who has lived a part of his life in the middle west, and is now an honored citizen of Seattle, Col. Alden J. Blethen. COL. BLETHEN: Mr. Chairman, Honored Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen: I have learned from long experience that there are a few men in this world whom you cannot trust. One of this class is the man who runs a bank and an exposition. I was invited here this evening to be a guest and not a speaker. You have had speeches from three Governors, you have had a delightful talk from probably the next Senator from Washington, the Hon. Thomas Burke. The hour is now 11 o'clock. Now, Mr. Chairman, there is such a thing as stuffing a fellow too full and giving a guest too much but since you have called upon me I want to say this, there is no propriety in asking the editor of a newspaper to speak in public. He is talking all the time to the biggest audience you ever heard of. The Seattle Times with its 65,000 issue talks to 300,000 people and these gentlemen here are only talking to 200. We have a preacher in Seattle who exceeds all other preachers. He came over the Rockies, the Rev. Dr. Matthews, who is so tall that he is sometimes represented as a beanstalk by the cartoonist. He built a great church, to show his energy, and he has an auditorium in the new church that seats 3,000 people and he fills it every Sunday night, but before he talks to his 3,000 people I talk to 80,000 subscribers of the Seattle Sunday Times. It is said that five people read every issue of the Sunday Times. I know that three people read every issue of the Sunday P.-I. That would mean that there are 400,000 people I preach to every Sunday against the biggest minister who preaches to 3,000, and yet you call me up at eleven o'clock to two hundred people. I had a letter the other day from the wife and son of a friend of the President asking me how best to see Seattle. They happen to know that we have three automobiles; that meant I was to take the party NEW YORK DAY 111 and show them Seattle, and I did. Rome was built on seven hills; Seattle was built on seventy, and from each hilltop you can see a city. When we passed Denny hill the lady said, "What are those men doing?" I said, "They are removing that hill." She said, "How much?" I said, "Twenty blocks." She said, "How much will it cost?" I said, "Four million dollars." She said, "How soon will it be done?" I said, "In a year." She said, "What for?" I said, "To make room for business." She was thunder- struck. We then went on the top of the first hill; she said, "What is that?" I said, "That is the biggest temple in the United States, the cathedral Bishop O'Dea built in three or four years, a man who did not live here but came to build the cathedral." I said, "Do you know it is the largest in the United States? You could put St. Patrick's, of New York, inside of it and never hit the roof." She took another long breath. We went on two blocks more and came to a building two stories high, the assay office. She said, "What is that?" I said, "In 1867 William H. Seward, Secretary of the United States, bought Alaska, which has 600,000 square miles of territory and he paid $7,200,000 for it, and was hooted by every statesman and denounced by every man in Wall Street." "Well," said I, "through that little building in eleven years, for it was built in July, 1898, has passed $190,000,000 through the crucibles, and every dollar was brought from the north and most of it from Alaska." And then the boy calculated what was the percentage on the invest- ment of Seward, and then there were several more long breaths. And then I said to her, "Do you remember the old State House in Boston?" And she said, "Yes." And I said, "You remember the codfish that used to hang in front of the speaker's stand in the State House; do you know what that represents?" And she said, "No." I said, "That represented the codfish aristocracy." She asked, "Why ?" I said, "Because the fisheries of the North Atlantic made Boston what she was in the first place and made Massachu- setts wealthy." I said, "Madam, the fisheries of the Northern Pacific from here to the Bering sea produced eight million dollars, 112 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION and we will have a Seattle aristocracy, but it will not be the codfish, but the salmon." We had a delightful time. In 1896 improve- ments here were absolutely nill one man built a stable and another man painted his house, but during the seven months just past thp building improvements in Seattle alone have reached the sum of $12,000,000, and only seven months of the year gone. That is about as much as Portland did last year in the whole year. Port- land is one of the most beautiful sleepy old towns you ever saw in your life. When I was in Minneapolis I published the Tribune, and a gentleman by the name of Johnson was publishing the St. Paul Gazette, or Journal; which was it, Mr. Governor? GOVERNOR JOHNSON: Neither, but that doesn't make any dif- ference, go on. COLONEL BLETHEN: That is the first time I ever thought that the Governor is a fraud. He published something called a news- paper, and I am sure he owns it to-day; but I had no dream at that time that after having come to Seattle and living here for thirteen years that Governor Johnson, after having been Governor of Minne- sota for five years, would come out and deliver the remarkable speech he has made to-night, specially in view of the fact that there was some unpleasantness a few days ago about the Swede. That reminds me that at one time in Minneapolis, when I first went there, there was a banquet given to the Scandinavians, and I would not wonder if Governor Johnson was there. If we are born in this country, we are Yankees immediately according to my mind. I was the only gentleman present at that banquet of four hundred who was not invited expressly as a Scandinavian. Things moved on till about twelve o'clock, and the program was finished, and I was not on the program any more than I am to-night, but Mr. Olson, one of the biggest merchants of Minneapolis, said to the audience, who were about to leave, "Wait a minute, I want to introduce to you the only foreigner here present." That touched my temper a bit, and I got upon a chair and I said: "Ladies and gentlemen, I will NEW YORK DAY 113 convince you in about five minutes that I am the only true Scandi- navian here." And I called the toastmaster's attention to the fact that the Norwegians conquered Scotland in about the seventh cen- tury, and I was Scotch-Irish. In the eleventh century they came here to Rhode Island, and the Indians drove them away. Later on more Scandinavians came from Scotland into England and Ireland, and we came to this country and drove out the Indians and civilized the country and made it possible for the Swedes and Norwegians and Danes to come; and they voted that I had proved myself to be the only Scandinavian there. But it always makes me feel sort of unpatriotic when I hear the clannish word mentioned, because without regard to the fact that in Minnesota, for example, there may be 400,000 Scandinavians, the majority of them I think were born in Minnesota or nearby States ; and I hold this truth to be true, that no matter who your grandmother or grandfather may have been, who your mother or father may have been, or where they were born, if you were born on American soil and under the Amer- ican flag, you are an American and you ought not to be called any- thing else but citizens of the United States, without reference to pedigree. PRESIDENT CHILBERG: Colonel Blethen has done so well without preparation I am almost inclined to warn him and see what he could do if he were prepared. Our hostess, Mrs. Wilcox, has asked me to call upon Mr. Josiah Collins, the chairman of our Ceremonies Committee, for one more final speech. MR. JOSIAH COLLINS: I am reminded this evening on being called upon at this time of the story of a man that went to fish for trout, and happening to slip he fell into the water and was about to drown when some farmers who were plowing close by came running up and pulled him from the water, and as they dragged him to dry land one said to him, 114 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION "Why, how in the world did you come to fall in ?" And he replied, "Oh, hades, I didn't come to fall in, I came to fish." I came here to enjoy a delightful sit-down here at the end of the table, and I believe it is said that the meek and lowly will inherit the earth. If you cast your eyes down at this end of the table you will at least say that they have furnished that which is most beautiful and attractive. I want to say just a word to Governor Hughes and Governor Johnson when they have spoken of the fact of the greatness of the city of Seattle and the unconventionality of our people, that perhaps we are unconventional, but we are not provincial; we are at least catholic and broad in our views. We recognize the greatness of the State of New York and its attraction. Our ladies go there to buy their gowns and to see the theaters, and much more than that, we are so proud of the city of New York and the city of St. Paul that we often refer with pride to the city of New York as the Seattle of the Atlantic and the valley of the Mississippi and the city of St. Paul as the Columbia of the middle west and as the Spokane of the middle west. And as for our poet, I wish to call your attention to-night to that beautiful, eloquent and tender piece of poetry that Senator Wilson quoted, and it was rendered by no less a personage than the gentleman we will call the Mark Twain of Seattle, Mr. M. F. Backus. Governor Hughes, I want to congratulate you upon one thing, and Governor Johnson as well, that while both of you are able men, great statesmen, good politicians, there are other things that neither of you lack; and I am reminded in speaking of that of the story of the Methodist bishop who went out to fish another fishing story. He had with him two very beautiful and charming women; as he came across a part of the trout stream a fellow sat there well primed and said, "Hello, pard, are you a real sport and going to fish?" "Sir," said the bishop, "I am a fisher of men." "Well, pard, I'll tell you you know the right kind of bait to use." When you travel you know the right kind of ladies to bring NEW YORK DAY 115 along, and in closing permit me to say we are proud indeed to have two Governors of two great States visit us, but our appreciation of welcome must appear to you in more ways than words. PRESIDENT CHILBERG: A final toast: Hughes and Johnson, Johnson and Hughes, whether one or both may be President in the future, we are for both to-night. SEWARD DAY FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 10, 1909 117 Seward Day ONE of the most important events of New York's participa- tion at the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition was Seward Day, and the unveiling of a monument to the great Secretary of State, William H. Seward. When Chairman Wilcox and Secretary Rogers first visited Seattle in January, they learned that a movement had been on foot for over a year for the erection of a monument to Seward in some part of Seattle yet to be determined; and it was found that this monument was being cast in Paris, in accordance with the design and model of the sculptor, Richard E. Brooks, of New York city, and that, in all probability, the finished statue would arrive in Seattle by the last of August. Senator Wilcox made the proposition to the exposition officials that this statue, upon its arrival, should be placed, temporarily at least, in the triangular garden north of the New York State Building, and that appropriate exercises for its unveiling be planned. In this proposition he was warmly supported by Hon. Thomas Burke, who was chairman of the Seward Statue Committee, and a former resident of the State of New York, and Mr. Manson F. Backus, another mem- ber of the Statue Committee, who is also a former resident of New York State. The idea was approved by the committee and by the exposition authorities as having a peculiar and appropriate significance to the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, and later, when accurate news was obtained of the time of the arrival of the statue, September 10, 1909, was fixed as the date for the ceremonies of unveiling. The place of Seward in the estimation of the people of the North- 119 120 ALASKA-YUKOX-PACIFIC EXPOSITION west is excelled by none of our national figures as a prophetic states- man. His keen discernment, at so early a day, of the possibilities of the Puget Sound region and of the great wealth and prestige which the Territory of Alaska was bound to bring in the development of the Pacific coast, has been so amply fulfilled by material results that it is little wonder that his name and reputation lie so close to the hearts of the citizens of the Northwest. Late in the summer of 1906, Mr. G. Beninghousen, a jeweler and goldsmith of Seattle, wrote a brief article for the Post-Intelligencer calling attention to the fact that, as Seattle had benefited so largely from the expanding trade with Alaska, the citizens could well afford to honor the memory of the statesman who purchased that territory for the nation by erecting a statue of William H. Seward in a con- spicuous part of the city. The Seattle Chamber of Commerce responded at once to the proposal and appointed the following as a special committee to raise the money ($15,000) and secure the statue: Judge Thomas Burke, G. Beninghousen, M. R. Maddocks, Governor John H. McGraw, Judge C. H. Hanford, W. T. Dovell, Judge W. H. Moore, Jacob Furth, Manson F. Backus, Charles D. Stimson, Professor Edmond S. Meany, Fred E. Sander, Rev. M. A. Matthews, James D. Hoge, Philip F. Kelly and Joseph Shippen. The commission was awarded to the sculptor, Richard E. Brooks, of New York, who had gained high rank among American sculptors for his work, including such statues as that of Colonel Thomas Cass, in the Public Gardens, Boston; of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, and John Hanson, placed in Statuary Hall, at Washington city, by the State of Maryland; and that of Robert Treat Paine, for Taunton, Massachusetts. The Cass statue brought the sculptor a gold medal at the Paris Salon in 1899 and a first-class gold medal at the Paris Exposition in 1900 and a like honor at the Pan- American Exposition at Buffalo in 1901. Among other honors in his profession, Mr. Brooks was made chairman of the jury on sculpture at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis in 1904. SEWARD DAY 121 On receiving the commission for the Seward statue, Mr. Brooks entered upon an extensive study of the subject, being greatly aided by the great secretary's surviving sons, Frederick W. Seward and General William H. Seward. When he had completed the model, he took it to Paris for casting in bronze by the same founders with whom he had obtained such successful results during his many years of work in that center of art. The people of the Pacific Northwest believe that Seward's greatest achievement was the purchase of Alaska. That belief was impressed upon the sculptor, who has portrayed the statesman at that important hour of his great career. Around the upper rim of the pedestal appear the memorable words of Seward: "Let us make the treaty to-night." Seward was born on May 16, 1801. Probably the first time the anniversary of that event was publicly celebrated was in the new auditorium of the University of Washington, at Seattle, on the evening of Monday, May 17, 1909. Many prominent citizens participated in the ceremonies. Mayor John F. Miller presided and the following addresses were delivered: "Seward and his Message," by Professor Maynard Lee Daggy; "Seward's Home Life," by Hon. B. M. Wilcox, of Auburn, N. Y.; "Seward and the Purchase of Alaska," by Professor Edmond S. Meany. It is likely that the University of of Washington may continue the annual celebration of Seward's birthday. The New York State Commission to the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, having erected a replica of the Seward home at Auburn as the New York State Building, on Seward avenue, this fine statue was placed in front of that building and unveiled with impressive ceremonies on September 10, 1909. At twelve-thirty o'clock p. M. a luncheon was given at the New York State Building, by Chairman Wilcox, to Gen. William H. Seward, of Auburn, N. Y., a son of the late Secretary Seward, and to William H. Seward, Jr., a son of General Seward and grandson of 122 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION Secretary Seward, and the members of the Seward Statue Committee and others. The following gentlemen were present as guests: Gen. William H. Seward Mr. Jacob Furth Mr. William H. Seward, Jr. Mr. M. R. Maddocks Hon. Wm. J. Tully Mr. M. F. Backus Hon. Thomas Burke Mr. Charles D. Stimson Hon. J. E. Chilberg Hon. Edmond S. Meany Mr. I. A. Nadeau Mr. F. E. Sander Mr. G. Beninghousen Rev. M. A. Matthews Hon. John H. McGraw Mr. James D. Hoge Hon. C. H. Hanford Mr. Joseph Shippen Mr. W. T. Dovell Mr. J. E. Hinds Hon. William Hickman Moore Mr. H. J. Rogers Mr. W. C. Lehman At two o'clock P. M., the formal ceremonies at the unveiling of the Seward statue occurred on the grounds of the New York State Building. Hon. Thomas Burke, chairman of the Statue Committee, pre- sided. The following prayer was offered by the Rev. M. A. Mat- thews, D. D., of Seattle: Prayer by Rev. M. A. Matthews KIND Heavenly Father, we are grateful to Thee for the preser- vation of our lives until the present moment. We thank Thee for the rich provision Thou hast made for us, for Thy tender care, loving kindness and never-failing protection. We are more than grateful to Thee for the opportunities Thou hast created and offered to us, and for the matchless privileges we have enjoyed. "We thank Thee, our Triune God, for the men whom Thou hast raised up to lead the people, mold public sentiment and do for the people the things Thou hast planned for them. "We thank Thee for him in whose memory this monument is unveiled. The great Seward was Thy child, Thy servant, and he did for the people the things Thou didst direct him to do. We thank Thee for his family, his children, and the son who is with us. They have lived lives of righteousness and have tried to teach us to reverence, honor and obey our Triune God, who has provided for us, protected us and led us out into the fields of opportunity. "We are grateful to Thee, O God, our Saviour, for the territory Mr. Seward purchased. We ask Thee to give us wisdom that we may rightly use it, correctly develop it, and make it a great benefit to all the people. We beg Thee to bless the citizens of Alaska, may they be true, consecrated, Christian men and women. "Teach us how to live righteous lives and be God-fearing, honorable, honest, upright Christian citizens. We recognize that it is impossible for us to be all Thou wouldst have us be unless we accept Christ as our personal Saviour, and become, by the second birth, children of Thine, having Thy nature, doing Thy will and hastening the complete establishment of Thy Kingdom. Make of us and of this great government a world power, not primarily in a com- mercial sense, but in a spiritual sense. Make this nation a moral and 123 124 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION spiritual force the whole world will respect, and through its influence establish international peace and fellowship. "O Lord, our Saviour and our God, bless the men who shall take part in these unveiling ceremonies, teach them what to say, and may all that is said and done redound to Thy glory and to the advancement of Thy Kingdom. And especially would Thou bless the son of him to whom the monument is unveiled, as he brings us the greetings of the Seward family, and the best wishes of his native State. "These blessings we ask for Christ's sake. Amen." Judge Burke, after paying an eloquent tribute to the life work and memory of Secretary Seward and giving a history of the labors of the Statue Committee, and what the far-sighted statesmanship of Mr. Seward meant to the United States, and particularly to the State of Washington and city of Seattle, introduced Gen. William H. Seward, who delivered the following address: WILLIAM H. SEWARD Address by Gen. William H. Seward MR. PRESIDENT: It is hardly necessary to say that I have listened with interest and gratification to what has been said here to-day. Let me assure you of my deep and heartfelt appreciation of this great tribute to my father's memory. It was a frequent remark of his during life, that however much he might be misrepresented or misunderstood by his contemporaries he intended that his public acts should be such as would stand the test of time and the verdict of posterity. This gathering, nearly forty years after his death, attests that his faith and confidence in the ultimate sound judgment of the American people was not mistaken nor misplaced. When Alaska presented herself at the door of our national domain there was an outburst of objections to her admittance. First, she was too far away. Next she was too cold. Finally she was too poor. That she is not very far away is shown by the fact that we are nearer to her, here to-day, than we are to Chicago, Omaha or San Francisco. That she is not very cold is amply proven by the heaped up wealth of vegetation from forest, field and farm that surround us at this exposition. That she is not very poor is attested by the mil- lions that she is pouring into the national treasury, as well as into the pockets of the seekers for wealth. Yet there are some of us here, who remember the days when grave statesmen stood upon the floor of Congress to declare that there was not a pound of mineral wealth in the whole territory, and that its products consisted chiefly of ice- bergs and polar bears. The public spirited men who have planned and organized this exposition are entitled to the thanks and gratitude, not only of Alaska and the Pacific coast, but of the whole American people for by it they have rendered valuable service to the nation. The civilized world is indebted to them for the instruction here given. It shows 125 126 ALASKA-YUKOX-PACIFIC EXPOSITION what a vast and rich field for varied enterprise lies open at the north- west for all who choose to seek it. Every one who this year revisits Seattle finds it has grown and expanded beyond his past remembrance or his sanguine expectation That development, I trust, is to continue and endure. Already its future is in sight, as a great commercial emporium on the Pacific. And Now a Few Historical Facts Two ships came sailing over the North Pacific ocean, more than a century and a half ago. One was named St. Peter and the other was named St. Paul. Over both flew the broad blue cross of St. Andrew. They had been blessed and prayed for in churches and cathedrals, after the fashion of those times, for their errand was to convey civilization and Christianity to regions unexplored and unknown. They had been sent by the government of Russia, to continue explorations begun by order of Peter the Great, to ascertain the extent of his vast dominions, and to find out whether Asia and America were connected by land, or separated by water. Captain Vitus Behring was in command. In the long daylight of June, they crossed the narrow sea with a favoring wind. Soon a lofty mountain was seen in the distance, over the St. Paul's bow. To right and left and all around it were a myriad of islands and rocky islets, partially covered with evergreens. No white man had ever seen them before. Now they were discovered by Russians and so they would henceforth be Russian soil. He cruised along the shore to north and east, far into the Arctic ocean. Then storms assailed his craft. Sickness attacked his crew. He sought to return, but was wrecked on a desolate island and Beh- ring's life ended in Behring sea. The survivors made their way back to Russia. They had mar- velous tales to tell of the newly discovered coast, of its seals, its sables, its martens, its foxes and its sea otters. Already Siberia and Kam- chatka had been ransacked for these costly furs, and now here was a SEWARD DAY 127 new field, overflowing with opportunities for wealth. Traders and trappers from Siberia, merchants and adventurers from Moscow and St. Petersburg hastened there by hundreds and even thousands. They had to improvise their own means of conveyance. The first ones hewed canoes out of trees, built boats of planks lashed together with strips of rawhide or sealskin. Later, wealthy merchants built ships and regularly engaged in the fur trade. One man brought back the first summer 5,000 skins and so achieved a fortune. Every such story brought a rush of fresh seekers for wealth. It was a wild and lawless region for a time. There was no governmental authority to check the sway of drunkenness and robbery, fraud and force. The white men sometimes killed each other, but the chief sufferers were the poor natives. However this came to an end, when the imperial government slowly extended its long arm of power and grappled with its unruly colonists. Military and naval and civil officers were sent out. Forts were built and garrisoned. Landing places and trading settlements were established and a governor appointed to supervise the whole. Of the successive Russian governors some traditions are still extant, especially of the benevolent Shelikoff, who built churches and schools, opened courts, heard and redressed grievances, and sought to supersede savage customs by the usages of civilization. Also of the rough, rugged, hospitable Baranoff, who built his castle on the rock at Sitka, and from thence ruled his subjects with a rod of iron, though in the main with sagacity and rude justice. Adventurers and traders from other lands began to find their way to Russian America in such numbers as to threaten the ultimate extermination of the fur bearing animals. The Russians wanted to keep the fur trade in their own hands. They were ready to sell furs to all comers, but preferred to control the hunting and trapping themselves. The Americans wanted to share in the profitable traffic. The British wanted to push their Hudson Bay Company's stations across the continent to the Pacific. So arose questions of boundary and of commercial and national rights. It soon became 128 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION necessary to make treaties to define them. Negotiations were begun and lasted several years, in which participated such eminent diplo- mats as Nesselrode and Poletica on the part of Russia, John Quincy Adams, Richard Rush and Henry Middleton of the United States, and Sir Charles Bagot, Stratford Canning and the Duke of Wellington for Great Britain. Finally all was duly and peaceably settled. Russia conceded maritime rights and privileges, in accordance with international law, but held tenaciously to her sovereignty over the forests and broad plains to the north, and the long and narrow lisiere at the south, between the mountains and the sea. Thus matters remained for forty years. The Prediction It was during this period that a senator of the United States, in a speech at St. Paul, Minnesota, made his memorable prediction: "Standing here and looking far off into the Northwest, I see the Russian as he busily occupies himself in establishing seaports and towns and fortifications on the verge of this continent as the outposts of St. Petersburg; and I can say: 'Go on and build up your outposts all along the coast, up even to the Arctic ocean, they will yet become the outposts of my own country monuments of the civilization of the United States in the Northwest/ " Russia's Friendship Soon after came our great Civil War. There were many evi- dences of unfriendly feeling on the part of foreign powers. But Russia remained a constant friend. Unequivocal good wishes for the maintenance and restoration of the union were expressed by the emperor, Alexander II, his prime minister, Prince Gortchackof, and their diplomatic agents. As a manifestation of national amity, two fleets were sent over, one anchoring at San Francisco, and the other visiting Washington and New York, where exchange of hos- pitalities marked the entente cordiale between the governments. SEWARD DAY 129 Senator Seward had now become secretary of state. One of the lessons which the war had forcibly impressed upon him was the lack of naval outposts in the Caribbean sea and the North Pacific ocean. The cordial relations existing with Russia enabled him to at once open informal discussion of the subject with Mr. Stoeckl, the Russian minister. He found that Russia would in no case allow her American possessions to pass into the hands of any European power. But the United States always had been and probably always would be, a friend. Russian America was a remote province, not easily defensible, and not likely to be soon developed. Under American control, it would develop more rapidly and be more easily defended. To Russia, instead of a source of danger, it might become a safeguard. To the United States it would give a foothold for commercial and naval operations accessible from the Pacific states. The Treaty Seward and Gortchackof were not long in arriving at an agreement upon a subject which, instead of embarrassing with con- flicting interests, presented some mutual advantages. After the graver question of national ownership, came the minor one of pecuniary cost. The measure of the value of land to an individual owner is the amount of yearly income it can be made to produce. But national domain gives prestige, power and safety to the state, and so is not easily to be measured by dollars and cents. Millions cannot purchase these, nor compensate for their loss. However, it was necessary to fix upon a definite sum to be named in the treaty not so small as to belittle the transaction in the public eye, nor so large as to deprive it of its real character as an act of friendship on the part of Russia toward the United States. Neither side was especially tenacious about the amount. The previous treaties for the acquisition of territory from France, Spain and Mexico seemed to afford an index for valuation. The Russians thought $10,000,000 would be a reasonable amount. Seward proposed $5,000,000. 130 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION Dividing the difference made it $7,500,000. Then, at Seward's suggestion the half million was thrown off. But the territory was still subject to some franchises and privileges of the Russian Fur Company. Seward insisted that these should be extinguished by the Russian government before the transfer, and was willing that $200,000 should be added on that account to the $7,000,000. At this valuation of $7,200,000, the bargain could be deemed satisfactory, even from the standpoint of an individual fisherman, miner or wood cutter, for the timber, mines, furs and fisheries would easily yield the annual interest on that sum. On the evening of Friday, March 29, 1867, Seward was playing whist in his parlor with some of his family, when the Russian minis- ter was announced. "I have a dispatch, Mr. Seward, from my government by cable. The emperor gives his consent to the cession. To-morrow, if you like, I will come to the department and we can enter upon the treaty." Seward, with a smile of satisfaction, pushed away the whist table, saying: "Why wait till to-morrow, Mr. Stoeckl ? Let us make the treaty to-night." "But your department is closed. You have no clerks, and my secretaries are scattered about the town." "Never mind that," responded Seward, "if you can muster your legation together before midnight, you will find me awaiting you at the department, which will be open and ready for business." In less than two hours afterward, light was streaming out of the windows of the Department of State, and apparently business was going on as at midday. By four o'clock on Saturday morning the treaty was engrossed, signed, sealed and ready for transmission by the president to the senate. There was need of this haste, in order to have it acted upon before the end of the session, then near at hand. Perhaps it is proper that I should say here that this resume of the incidents attending the treaty of purchase is in accordance SEWARD DAY 131 with the recollection of my brother, Frederick W. Seward, who was at that time assistant secretary of state. To him had been assigned the duty of finding Mr. Sumner, the chairman of the senate com- mittee of foreign relations, to inform him of the negotiations in progress, and to urge his advocacy of the treaty in the senate. Leutze, the artist, subsequently painted an historical picture, representing the scene at the department. It gives with fidelity the lighted room, the furniture and appointments. Seward sitting by his writing table, pen in hand is listening to the Russian minister, whose extended hand is just over the great globe at the secretary's elbow. The gas light streaming down on the globe illuminates the outline of the Russian province. The chief clerk, Mr. Chew, is coming in with the engrossed copy of the treaty for signature. In the background stand Mr. Hunter and Mr. Bodisco, comparing the French and English versions, while Mr. Sumner and the assistant secretary are sitting in conference. On the following morning, when the senate was considering its favorite theme of administrative delinquencies, the sergeant-at-arms announced "a message from the president of the United States.'* Glances were significantly exchanged, with the muttered remark, "Another veto." Great was the surprise in the chamber when the secretary read: "A treaty for the cession of Russian America." Nor was the surprise lessened when the chairman of foreign relations, a leading opponent of the president, rose to move favorable action. His remarks showed easy familiarity with the subject, and that he was prepared to give reasons for the speedy approval of the treaty. \ The Storm of Opposition The debate which followed in the senate was animated and earnest, but in the end the treaty was confirmed without serious opposition. But the purchase was not consummated without a storm of raillery in conversation and ridicule in the press. Russian America was declared to be "a barren, worthless, Godforsaken 132 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION region, whose only products were icebergs and polar bears." It was said that the ground was "frozen six feet deep" and "the streams were glaciers." 1 "Walrussia" was suggested as a name for it, if it deserved to have any. Vegetation was said to be "limited to mosses," and "no useful animals could live there." There might be some few "wretched fish," only fit for "wretched Esquimaux" to eat. But nothing could be raised or dug there. Seven millions of good money were going to be wasted in buying it. Many millions more would have to be spent in holding and defending it, for it was "remote, inhos- pitable and inaccessible." It was "Seward's Folly." It was "John- son's Polar Bear Garden." It was "an egregious blunder," "a bad bargain," palmed off on a "silly administration by the shrewd Russians," etc., etc., etc. Most of these jeers and flings were from those who disliked the president and blamed Seward for remaining in his cabinet. Perhaps unwillingness to admit that anything wise or right could be done by "Andy Johnson's administration" was the real reason for the wrath visited upon the unoffending territory. The feeling of hostility to the purchase was so strong that the house of representatives woufd not take action toward accepting the territory or appropriate any money to pay for it. The Transfer The Russian government courteously waived any demand for immediate payment and signified readiness to make the final transfer whenever the United States might desire. Accordingly, commissioners were appointed, who proceeded to Sitka. On a bright day in August, 1867, with brief but impressive ceremonies, amid salutes from Russian and American naval vessels, the American flag was raised over the new territory to be thenceforth known as "Alaska." It was not until the 27th day of July, in the following year, that the act making appropriation to pay for Alaska was finally passed and approved, the chairman of the foreign affairs committee of the house, Gen. N. P. Banks, being its effective advocate. On the SEWARD DAY 133 next day the secretary of state made his requisition upon the treasury for $7,200,000 to be paid to the Russian government. Military and Naval Supervision The United States at first merely garrisoned the forts at Wrangell, Tongas and Sitka with small detachments of troops. The Russian inhabitants generally remained, but they were few. The Indians were peaceable and friendly in the neighborhood of the forts, though sometimes belligerent in the remoter regions. A shrewd old Indian chief was one day watching the soldiers drilling. He said to the commander, "What for you work your men on land with guns? Why you no work them on water with canoes?" It was a valuable suggestion. As the Indian lived principally on fish and marine animals, their villages were all on the shores of bays, sounds and rivers. Armed vessels patrolling the waters could easily control them while soldiers cooped up in garrison or struggling through forests would be useless. When this became understood at Washington, naval vessels and revenue cutters were ordered to Alaskan waters and rendered good service there. Alaska was left for some years under the supervision of the mili- tary, naval and revenue officers of the government, their chief duties being to keep the peace, arrest criminals, collect the revenue and prevent smuggling, especially of illicit liquors and firearms. Miners, fur traders and explorers continued to go there in increasing num- bers, but emigrants generally were deterred from going to a region where the settlers could not get a title to house or land and could not feel assured of adequate protection or redress at law. Congress was engrossed by other interests, and so neglected the remote province, which the general public seemed to regard with indifference, for the old notion of its being all bleak and barren still had hold of the popular imagination. 134 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION Development and Education Yet there were sagacious and enterprising business men, espe- cially on the Pacific coast, who perceived that there were potentialities of wealth in Alaska. They availed themselves of the opportunities and organized companies for seal fishing, fur trading, salmon canning and quartz mining, most of which succeeded beyond expectation. But most important and beneficent of all was the work done by the missionaries and schoolteachers. Various denominations at the East established missions, churches and schools at widely sepa- rated points. The Presbyterians took the lead, but were soon followed by others. Wisely devoting their chief attention to the education of the native children, they soon wrought a marvelous transformation. Laying aside the habits and ideas of savage life, these pupils soon began to acquire those of educated American citizens. The government at Washington next took part in the good work, and congress made an appropriation for schools, that were placed under the supervision of the bureau of education. Under the judicious direction of Dr. Sheldon Jackson and others, instruction was given, not merely in school books, but in useful trades and handi- crafts, enabling the pupils to become at once civilized and self- supporting. It was a surprise to the Eastern public, when they were informed, a few years since, that the neglected territory was already paying into the national treasury more than it had cost and that its pro- ductions and revenues were yearly increasing. Within another decade, the explorers, miners and prospectors began to report their discoveries of gold, silver, copper and coal in apparently inex- haustible supply. Alaska commenced repaying its cost price over and over again, each year, so that now, in lieu of seven millions, we are likely to have seventy times seven. FREDERICK W. SEWARD Ex-Assistant Secretary of State. SEWARD DAY 135 Alaska's Progress and Future The rush of gold seekers and the varied opportunities for wealth have had their inevitable result. Steamers are finding active traffic, railways are built and prospering, cities have sprung up as if by magic. Besides those who go to seek wealth and bring it away with them, there is a steady influx of permanent population, such as indicates the growth of future states. The general government has taken note of the changed aspect of affairs, and now wise measures of legislation and administration are adopted, to help forward the progress of the territory. Alaska has now her courts of justice, her territorial officers and her delegate in congress, and land laws, mining laws and railway laws adapted to her needs. The climate and soil of Alaska have been the subjects of much hasty generalization and many wrong judgments. It is frequently spoken of as if its climate and soil were everywhere alike. But Alaska is a vast region covering more ground than all our Pacific coast states together with a sea coast stretching as far as from Maine to Florida. The valley of the Yukon with its gigantic river is as long as the valley of the Mississippi. Such a vast region has many climates and soils, as many as are found in England, Scotland, Ireland, Denmark, Sweden and Norway. This exposition attests the multitude and variety of its products, even during the compar- atively brief period that Americans have made their homes there. In the great northern portion beyond the Yukon valley, the forests cease, and the great open plains begin to be covered with mosses, like those of Lapland and Northern Sweden. While the missionaries and the bureau of education were planting schools in this sparsely inhabited region, it occurred to them that here was a place suited to the reindeer. In similar portions of Northern Europe, the domesticated reindeer take the place of cattle and horses. They live and thrive on the mosses that cover the ground, and are invalu- able for subsistence and comfort. They supply meat, milk, clothing 136 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION and means of transportation. Even their horns and hides are valuable articles of commerce. Through the efforts of Dr. Jackson and others, congress was induced to make an appropriation for trying the experiment of bringing reindeer to Northern Alaska. Sixteen were brought over from Siberia on a revenue cutter. As the climate, soil and food seemed to suit them, arrangements were made to bring more; and now the government has many reindeer stations, each with its herd. There young Alaskans are instructed how to use and care for the animals and enabled to set up herds of their own, thus replacing semi-savage hunters by communities of thrifty and prosperous farmers. Still another development of Alaska begins to loom up in the future. Railway systems and modern civilization are steadily pushing up towards Behring Strait, both in the Eastern and Western hemispheres. When they meet at its shores, it will be found that America and Russia are separated only by the same distance that separates England and France. Trade and travel will inevitably open communication between them, and Alaska may ultimately be destined to become a thoroughfare between the Old World and the New. During the last year of Seward's life, he was visited at Auburn by Frank Carpenter, who painted the historic picture of "The Emancipation Proclamation." The artist asked him: "Governor Seward, which of your public acts do you think, will live longest in the memory of the American people ? " Seward replied: "The purchase of Alaska. But," he added, "it will take another generation to find it out." That was thirty-seven years ago. A new generation has come, and they have "found it out." At this point in the proceedings, little Miss Harriet Baxter, granddaughter of ex-Governor John H. McGraw, of the State of Washington, unveiled the statue amid great applause. SEWARD DAY 137 Hon. Edmond S. Meany, professor of history, Washington University, then read the following original poem: Hail to Thee, Seward Far through the rumble of years that are gone, Come echoes that ring an intensified chorus, Echoes that tell of new days at their dawn; Come echoes that hallow the flag that is o'er us; The glorified flag is now fluttering o'er us. Sharp was the conflict when South faced the North With hatred of brothers from angry eyes gleaming, Hatred that blurred the full meaning and worth Of banners o'er each of them still gaily streaming; The Nation's proud banners o'er all of them streaming. Out o'er the clamor of anger-fed mob. The voice of brave Seward in silver tones ringing; Conscience was higher than law that would rob A star from that emblem in Heaven still swinging; Each star was a hope in the blue field yet swinging. Climax of gloom, through the year's cruel strife, Came blows from the night, when our Chieftain was falling ; Mourned the great Nation the loss of that life, How softly were banners and bugles then calling; The requiem bugles were then softly calling: Peace, wounded Peace, on her crutches and canes, So wounded and crushed, faltered feebly in sorrow. Forth stood our Seward ! Though scorned for his pains, He planned for the people a more fruitful morrow; He gave to the flag a more glorious morrow. Hail to thee, Seward! Let everyone hear The paeans of joy across lands we are flinging; From seas thou didst love we send thee a cheer, Thy praises our children are joyfully singing; Behold; 'neath our flag the whole Nation is singing. Dedicated to Hon. Benjamin M. Wilcox of Auburn, New York, for his efforts toward reviving an interest in the life and works of William H. Seward. September, 1909. Judge Burke then introduced Hon. William T. Dovell, of Seattle, who delivered the oration as follows: Oration by William T. Dovell MR. CHAIRMAN: I have thought it would not be unprofit- able to devote a few minutes to the consideration of the life and public service of a man who played a large part in the making of the history of our country. Such a review at this time must necessarily be superficial because its thorough consideration would involve a study of our nation's history during a term of years when it was pregnant with tremendous events. The estimate which a later generation makes of a man who has participated in the shaping of a nation's history is not always veracious. There are men whose chosen, or if you please, prov- identially allotted task, restrains them from appearing in that flaming orbit where mankind may readily observe the grandeur of their sweep. And again it happens that a certain period a single character appears looming in such grand proportions as to seem to dwarf all others of that generation. Were this not true, it is not unlikely that by popular estimation William H. Seward would be accorded a more prominent place in the line of those heroic men who have builded and maintained our nation through vicissitudes and conditions more varied and severe than ever devolved upon a people in the history of self-government. With a fine self-centeredness, we people of the Pacific North- west have been inspired to honor the name of Seward because, by his far-seeing statesmanship, there was added to the national posses- sions a domain which is so nearly adjacent to our shore that its development has been the very foundation of our material prosperity. Great as this achievement was, however, even the casual student of his life will readily learn that it does not constitute his largest claim to the grateful remembrance of a patriotic people. It is not easy for men of the present generation who view this government of ours as builded upon the solid rock of a wise and 138 SEWARD DAY 139 comprehensive constitution to realize that half a century ago under that same constitution we appeared to be resting upon the shifting sands of prejudice and sectional distrust. At this day there is nothing novel in the narrative of the internal struggle for cohesiveness of a nation composed of different sovereign- ties under one constitution, which was a departure from anything which had ever before been conceived in the history of government upon earth. Scarcely had this government been formed when there were those who began to doubt the wisdom and practicability of the experiment. There soon came to be asserted the fundamental right of any one of the separate sovereignties to withdraw from the compact at will, whenever it was deemed that the policy of the national government did not consist with the policy of that particular state. The two sections of the nation were divided by a line almost as certain and distinct as if it had been physically constituted. To the south of that line there dwelt a people who were wedded to the peculiar institution of human slavery. These people had yielded their full share of the intellect, the chivalry and the patriotism of the young nation. As proud as they were patriotic, as arrogant as they were brave, they maintained the inviolability of their institu- tions, and contended that an interference with them, or a failure to recognize them as an essential constituent of the American institu- tion, would destroy the pact which bound them in the union of the states. For forty years, during the progress of the struggle, which never ceased but to be renewed, the aggressiveness and boldness of the representatives of the people of the South enabled them to main- tain the position they had assumed. They taught the people of the North a timorousness which in turn begat arrogance and positive contempt. It is far beside my purpose to comment upon the vast issue involved, an issue which was never closed until northern valor and southern heroism had reddened the land with blood. If their 140 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION course was wrong, surely absolution comes for any wrong when the depth of desolation has been reached. They paid an awful penalty, as human bondage is an awful sin. To-day in the providence of God there remains nothing of this awful struggle save the memory of the heroism there displayed, and sober judgment now proclaims that stupendous as was the cost it was justified in the eradication of the most hateful institution which ever beset a civilized people. At the beginning of his career in the national congress, Senator Seward sat alongside those three men whose great intellects shaped the policy of our nation for a generation, Webster, Calhoun and Clay, and of the four men Seward stood farthest in advance upon the question which most of all vexed the people. Clay, a fervent patriot, recognizing always the antagonism between the North and South, con- tinually sought some compromise which would satisfy their respective demands and permit the institutions of each section to co-exist. Webster was first of all a Unionist; he idealized the constitution, and because he saw less evil in slavery than in disunion, easily con- sented to its continuance rather than jeopardize the Union. Calhoun, and it is but fair to say he represented the most intel- ligent and militant element of the South, had scant regard for the binding power of the constitution. He believed fundamentally in slavery, and he became the great advocate he was of the doctrine of state rights merely because he foresaw that through that doctrine alone could slavery be preserved. Seward alone of the four instinctively detested this "peculiar institution" of the South, and as his political experience enlarged he came more and more to hope for its final eradication. He was the first of all the great statesmen to reach the point of boldness where he could say that the interests of the white race demanded the ultimate emancipation of all men; and in 1858, standing in advance of all others who were with him in Congress, he answered the arrogance of the slaveholder with his inexorable prophesy of the "irrepressible conflict between freedom and slavery." Still he hoped that its elimination might be brought about in peace and the Union yet SEWARD DAY 141 preserved. It was the contention of the southerner that the consti- tution recognized slavery, and in this they were correct; therefore, they reasoned with an exact logic that as the constitution stood so must the institution of slavery remain. Seward's answer that there is a law higher than the constitution was unfortunate, and it brought down upon him the frenzy of his opponents. Neither he nor Lincoln nor any of the statesmen of the time had yet had borne in upon him the great truth, the great principle of constitutional interpretation, which it required the sacrifice of a million lives to make plain to man, that destiny had brought mankind to the point where human slavery must disappear, and the constitution which was builded for all time must be strong enough to keep pace with that destiny and broad enough to enfold a nation where all men are free. Seward became the exponent of a growing sentiment in the North, a sentiment distinguished from the rabid abolitionist on the one side and the laissez faire temporist on the other. About the position he assumed came men who were awakened to a realization that the aggression of the South must be squarely met by a front equally as firm. Recognition of slavery in the slave states they felt bound to concede; more than that they would not grant. If they cherished a hope for its total abolition, it was to be brought about in an orderly and peaceful manner, but they declined to accept that narrow interpretation of the constitution which required that slavery be recognized in the territories and that a slaveholder should have the right to go into a free state and demand his slaves by a more summary process than that by which he might reclaim his chattel. In Congress and out, Seward was looked to as the authoritative exponent of these principles, while about him as the very center finally clustered a majority of the people of the North. When out of the pregnant incidents which immediately preceded the war there came a crystallization of thought and patriots, for the welfare of their republic must bind themselves together as a party, it was the unwavering voice of Seward which rang high and true enough to collect them about the principles he declared for and espoused. 142 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION Thus was erected that political party which became in the civil struggle the party of the Union. Whether the present principles of that great political party which, with almost complete continuity, has controlled the affairs of this government for half a century, be right or wrong is not for our present consideration. The only fact I would impress upon you to-day is that of that party which has had the largest share in the shaping of our nation's course Seward was the very masterbuilder. It is an unfortunate fact that in passing down to posterity an estimate of public men, it is often thought necessary by the historian to detract from the fame of one man in order to add to the merit of another who was cotemporary. It is not to be denied that the most magnificent figure of the time with which we are concerned is that of Lincoln. He was so deep in his wisdom, so God-like in his mental and moral stature, that his numerous biographers have been inclined to dwarf all those who stood beside him. This inclination has been responsible for a misconception in many minds of the career of Seward while he was secretary of state in Lincoln's cabinet. There is no real warrant for the conclusion that there was ever any serious, and certainly, there was no lasting difference of opinion between Lincoln and Seward. It would appear that no higher proof of this statement is necessary than the fact that Lincoln, spite the unremit- ting attacks that were leveled at Seward, never wavered in his determination to retain him as his first minister. One of the darkest chapters in the history of diplomacy is to be found in the conduct of the great European nations toward the United States during the Civil War. With the exception of Russia it is doubtful if there was one of those nations which would not have viewed with favor the downfall of our government. To have taken up the gage which was repeatedly thrown to us and have gone to war with one of those powers would have meant the success of the rebellion, the wreck of our Union. Yet the dignity of our government must be preserved and we must avoid the reproach of pusillanimity. Vol- umes of diplomatic documents and correspondence attest the enor- SEWARD DAY 143 mous and delicate task which fell to the lot of him in whose hands rested the conduct of our foreign relations. When the awful tragedy of Lincoln's death fell upon a bleeding nation all men stood in awe at the simple grandeur of his life. Such is the quality of human sympathy that detraction is buried as the victim is lowered to a martyr's grave, and ever since that day the sad and Christ-like man has stood by common measure the most heroic figure of an epoch. But it is not to be forgotten that the same fate which in the one instance guided with such certainty the bullet to Lincoln's brain, caused the assassin's weapon to glance in that same hour from the prostrate form of Seward and left him to go on with the stupendous task of reconstructing a shattered nation. Though perhaps it would serve no useful purpose, it is at least interesting to contemplate how a halo might have been thrown about the name of Seward had the attempt upon his life been successful and he had died as Lincoln died upon the very altar of his country. Some public men have lived whose careers have ever been clothed in a romantic interest and each chord they struck had seemed to ring a sympathetic response in the hearts of their countrymen, and there are other men whose task is always so unadorned that mankind, unmoved by sentiment, may let them pass without a comprehension of their greatness and the page of history which records the story of their lives is not the page of tensest human interest. The great debt which is owing to the memory of Seward is one which is due by all Americans alike, but there is a special obligation upon the people of Seattle, so that it is entirely fitting that his effigy should stand within the precincts of that city whose growth and material prosperity is due in such large part to that master stroke of statesmanship whereby he laid an empire open at our door. It is a strange commentary upon the fallibility of human judg- ment that the design of Secretary Seward for the acquisition of Alaska should have been accomplished only after bitter opposition. Early in 1866 the legislature of Washington Territory memorialized 144 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION congress, calling its attention to the value of the fisheries which lay along the Alaskan coast and praying that steps might be taken to secure a participation in those privileges. There is much reason to believe that by this memorial the interest of the State department was first awakened in the Russian- American possessions. Shortly after- wards it was intimated to the secretary that Russia was not undesirous of disposing of these possessions. It cannot be denied that the motive which induced the secretary to look with favor upon the proposition coming from this government was not entirely devoid of sentiment. As I have declared before, in the darkest hour of the rebellion from which we had so lately emerged, when almost every other European nation appeared anxious to take advantage of our peril, Russia alone had maintained and given tangible demonstration of her friendliness. To treat with such a nation was no unwelcome task for Seward, and with a despatch for which his enemies bitterly criticised him at the time, he completed a treaty for the cession of Alaska. There arose at once the bitterest opposition to the carrying out of the contract. Even after the State department had negotiated the contract agreeing with the Russian government for the payment of a sum certain in consideration of the cession of the territory, mem- bers of the lower house of congress strenuously opposed the making of the appropriation necessary to fulfill the faith the government had pledged when the treaty was made. At this day it is interesting to consider the variety of reasons which were seriously urged for and against the acquisition of this territory. One member of congress undertakes, as he says, "to demonstrate that the country is absolutely without value." An advocate of the treaty, with an ignorance of geography not unusual at the time, declares that the Aleutian Islands constitute a chain of harbors which will permit of navigation in an open boat between the Ameri- can continent and Asia. Another urges the construction of a line of telegraph across these islands connecting the two continents. It was seriously contended that the new territory would be of SEWARD DAY 145 value because it would afford a supply of ice to the people of the torrid zone of California. A member of congress with an interesting prescience contends that, inasmuch as precious minerals had been discovered in Peru, Mexico and California, it is reasonable to presume their existence along the same coast in Alaska, but he is compelled to admit that he has no evidence of their presence. During the debate in congress, a gentleman from a Southern state greatly amused his fellow members by a declaration that he " looks forward to the time, not far distant, when the civilization of the world will be transferred from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean, when what is excellent and exalted in human affairs will be found upon the shores of that benign sea." It is quite clear that most of the members of congress had dif- ficulty in considering seriously the annexation of Alaska; they seemed only to hear : " Waft o'er the waves' tumultuous roar The wolf's long howl from Unalaska's shore." They could not bring themselves to view this far Northland as other than an inaccessible barren and forbidding waste. The bargain would not have been completed had it not been made in advance of its submission to congress, so that the majority in that body believed that the faith of the government having been pledged by Seward, the compact must be carried out. This was done reluctlantly and the blame was laid upon Seward for the sad bargain he had made. At the time it was declared that the treaty for the acquisition of Alaska was a bargain privately and hastily considered and con- summated between the secretary of state and the representatives of the Russian government. The lapse of a short time would probably have made our government better acquainted with the character and wealth of that territory; but it would likewise have increased the knowledge possessed by the Russian government of the value of its possession, so that had the bargain not been made at that time, it is 146 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION improbable that it could have been made at a later day for any monetary consideration which our government in the depleted con- dition of its treasury would have undertaken to pay. The conclusion cannot, therefore, be escaped that had the affair been managed with less promptitude and skill at that time the Alaskan territory would to-day be a Russian or English dependency, or perhaps a part of the Japanese empire. When the people of America have been able to understand what is comprised within this great territory; when they have come to correctly measure her resources and estimate her potentialities, then history will more correctly record how much is due to the statesman- ship of Seward. I shall not risk your patience by attempting to appraise the character of the man to whose memory we are giving tribute. In this more progressive day and shiftier generation, the type of states- manship represented by him is all too seldom found. He epitomized his own political doctrine when he declared that "personal, partisan, temporary and subordinate questions may lawfully be compromised, but principles never." Had he but slightly served expediency he might easily have been exalted to the chief magistracy of the nation. With a deep sense of fairness he had set his face against the despicable doctrine of the Know-nothing party, which would make religious belief a test of Americanism, and this course cost him the presidency. In the great reconstruction problem his views were tempered by the quality of mercy, and if he called down upon himself the execration of those who would have laid a harsher hand upon a prostrate people, time has long since proved that his mercy was a part of wisdom. An appreciative state and nation honored him with many offices and there were laid upon him many tasks for the welfare of the republic, and in all of them his guiding star was simple patriotism. Always he turned from petty measures and time-serving expedients to engage himself with principles; and if, while so employed, he was at times so far forgetful of self as to invite the blame of less considerate men, it tests him all the more the patriot. SEWARD DAY 147 Is it too much to hope that as this statue stands where it may be constantly observed by all the people of our great metropolis, it will serve as an inspiration to the citizens of a state who have yet to acquire the highest political ideals ? Will not the silent lips of this almost speaking likeness seem to say to the man who looks upon it that he often serves his country best who strives the least to serve himself; that it is idle for men who have in their hands the affairs of government to engage themselves with the promulgation of whims and ill-considered fancies ? Will it not say to the citizen who aspires to lead his fellows, and ambitious to have a hand in the upbuilding of a great commonwealth that he must despise the gospel of pettiness and learn that in affairs worth while principles are all controlling ? " A life in civic honor warm A soul on highest mission sent, A potent voice in parliament, A pillar steadfast in the storm." The benediction was pronounced by Rev. Dr. Matthews and the ceremonies were declared closed. Music for the occasion was fur- nished by Wagner's A.-Y.-P. E. Band. Proceedings at the Banquet IN the evening a banquet was given by Mr. Benjamin M. Wilcox, Chief Executive Officer of the New York State Building, and Mrs. Wilcox to General William H. Seward and Mr. William H. Seward, Jr. The following guests were present and Hon. Thomas Burke acted as toastmaster : General William H. Seward Mr. William H. Seward, Jr. Hon. William J. Tully Mr. and Mrs. B. M. Wilcox Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Chilberg Mr. and Mrs. I. A. Nadeau Hon. and Mrs. Thomas Burke Mr. G. Beninghousen Hon. John H. McGraw Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Hanford Mr. and Mrs. W. T. Dovell Mr. and Mrs. William Hickman Moore Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Furth Mr. and Mrs. M. R. Maddocks Mr. and Mrs. M. F. Backus Mr. and Mrs. Chas. D. Stimson Mr. and Mrs. Edmond S. Meany Mr. and Mrs. F. E. Sander Rev. and Mrs. M. A. Matthews Mr. and Mrs. James G. Hoge Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Shippen Mr. and Mrs. Samuel H. Piles Mr. and Mrs. Samuel F. Rathbun Mr. and Mrs. J. D. Lowman Mr. and Mrs. Warren A. Worden 148 SEWARD DAY 149 Mr. and Mrs. Chas. R. Collins Mr. and Mrs. Josiah Collins Mr. and Mrs. Geo. B. Kittenger, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. E. F. Elaine Hon. and Mrs. John F. Miller Mrs. Eliza Leary Mrs. Richard A. Ballinger Mr. and Mrs. Thomas F. Kane Mr. and Mrs. Harry W. Treat Hon. Hajime Ota, of Japan Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Van Antwerp Mr. and Mrs. L. P. Hornberger Mr. and Mrs. A. F. Knudsen Mr. and Mrs. Henry L. Sizer Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Clise Mr. and Mrs. A. S. Kerry Mr. and Mrs. Wm. H. Shippen Mr. and Mrs. F. W. Baker Mr. and Mrs. Frederick A. Betts Mr. and Mrs. Andrew R. Bradley Mr. and Mrs. Quincy W. Farr Mr. Hailey Fiske Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Craig Miss Mabel Chilberg Dr. A. F. Knight HON. THOMAS BURKE: Ladies and Gentlemen: I have been requested to act as toast- master this evening and accept the post more willingly because it gives me an opportunity to make my acknowledgments to the State of New York as well as to our genial host and our charming hostess. (Applause.) I do not know what we could have done here on these exposition grounds during the last five months if it were not for the State of New 150 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION York. (Applause.) This house, which is a reproduction of the historic home of the great comrade, the great senator, the great sec- retary of state and the far-seeing statesman, has been the scene since the opening of this exposition of as continuous and charming hos- pitality as has ever been dispensed from any house or any home. (Applause.) The latch-string has always hung outside the door and every comer to every event has been welcome to the New York State house. We pride ourselves in this part of the world, as westerners do generally, upon our hospitality, but if I were to suggest that we fell below our standard in anything in this beautiful exposition it would be in our failure to make on our own account adequate provision for the hospitality which we should have extended to those who came here. Fortunately for us the Empire State supplied the deficiency. (Applause.) They supplied it in a well-appointed house and they supplied it in sending as representatives here a man and his wife who know how to dispense hospitality with tact and gracefulness. (Applause.) Every kindly act as well as an act of hospitality is greatly heightened by the way in which it is done, and when I say it is done here in such way as to leave nothing to be desired I am only giving scant praises to those to whom we are indebted. It is my place here, as toastmaster, to introduce to you one who enjoys two distinctions; he enjoys many distinctions, but he is peculiarly entitled to praise for two things, and those are that he is himself the greatest introducer and the greatest welcomer of this year. (Laughter and applause.) He is as hospitable in that line as our charming friends from New York are in the ordinary line of hospi- tality. Before, however, introducing him I want to do what I should have done a moment ago, to ask you to drink the health, happiness, and long life of our charming host and hostess. Now I will make my introduction short by introducing to you Mr. Welcome Chilberg. (Laughter and applause.) Address of Welcome by Mr. John B. Chilber, President Alaska- Yukon- Pacific Exposition MR. CHILBERG: Mr. Toastmaster, Ladies and Gentlemen: When I come to think it all over I believe Judge Burke is right. This new name ought to suit me well, for, I think, so far as concerns welcome, welcome and repeated welcome, there is no one in Seattle who has extended more verbally than myself. It is, however, certainly a great pleasure and an honor that I appreciate to have the opportunity this evening of extending the welcome of the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition to our most distinguished guest, General Seward, and his son (applause); the more so because William H. Seward and his purchase of Alaska was the original inspiration of the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition. And just a word about Alaska that I hope will appeal to you as it does to me. You have all been told of the millions of gold there and the millions of copper and the magnificent opportunities for the pro- duction of wheat and rye and reindeer and many other things, including coal, but do you realize, and some of us here in the west are proud of the fact, that we or our fathers or our grandfathers as far back as years ago were pioneers ; that we and our people have fought on the frontier of this nation in a peaceful way against the elements and the obstacles that we had to contend with for the development of this country; that many of us of the best blood of the nation and the best men of the nation have been pioneers who have fought on the frontiers. William H. Seward has given us and has given to our chil- dren the last opportunity for the last fight of the American pioneer on American soil. (Applause.) When the possibilities of Alaska are exhausted, when the opportunities are developed to their uttermost, then the fight must begin, if we go west, in the East. The progress of civilization has been traced from a particular kind of civilization, civilization that has come westward from the Caucasians, from the Caucasus between Asia and Europe, until it has 151 152 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION reached this westernmost part of America, and the westernmost part of Alaska is as far west, ladies and gentlemen, of Seattle as Seattle is west of New York city, and there or at the last of the Aleutian Islands western time stops and eastern time commences. If then we are to conquer more worlds in peace or in war they must be east of the pur- chase of Mr. Seward. It seems to me sad when I think, and I think I am western I know my father was, I know my grandfather was that this little or big last chance is going to come so soon to an end. We will have nothing left to conquer unless we follow Peary's or Cook's or both their footsteps to the north pole, and honestly I don't think that is worth doing. (Laughter and applause.) It seems most fitting that at this time and in this city a monu- ment should have been erected to the memory of that great statesman, William H. Seward, because of his purchase of Alaska, though he had many other reasons for being honored, of which some possibly were greater than that. I take great pleasure in extending to General Seward and to his son, the welcome of the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition. (Applause.) HON. THOMAS BURKE: Ladies and Gentlemen: I desire to add another word in regard to the guest of honor on this occasion. It is not all serene absolutely to be the son of an illustrious father, because no matter how great his own merits may be, under those circumstances, he never gets any credit for them. Now, General Seward is entitled to greater welcome from the citizens of Seattle, from the citizens of this community, from the citizens of any community in the United States, on account of his own merits. When the life of this nation was threatened, he, like other brave, patriotic young men, entered the army of his country and fought for the preservation of this government, for the liberty we enjoy and for the privileges which it is ours and those who come here to enjoy. (Applause.) On that account, ladies and gentlemen, he is entitled to our regard and to the most cordial welcome that we can extend to him. SEWARD DAY 153 I may add before sitting down in continuation of what has been said by Mr. Chilberg, that William Henry Seward belongs to a class of statesmen whose familiarity grows with years as they go by and that he will be a more commanding figure to the people of the twentieth century than, great and honored as he was in the estimation of the people of his time, he was to the people of the nineteenth century. And beautiful as is this monument that the people of Seattle have raised in honor of William H. Seward, again I want to say as a citizen of Seattle, and loving this city, it makes me proud to feel that Seattle took this position as a leader in doing honor to the memory of that illustrious man; but beautiful as that monument is, in his lifetime William Henry Seward built a greater monument than any that can be made of bronze, that great monument consists in bringing in and adding to the national domain that vast treasure which is known as Alaska, and in the years to come that Alaska will produce not one, but several states, and the first and richest and greatest of the states to be carved out of Alaska will be named Seward. (Applause.) General Seward, our guest, has therefore a double title to as hearty and cordial welcome as has ever been extended to any man here in Seattle. Ladies and gentlemen, we shall have now a response from General Seward. Response by General William H. Seward GENERAL SEWARD: Mr. Toastmaster, Ladies and Gentlemen: I wish that I could find adequate words to make response to the kind expressions that have been made by yourself and by Mr. Chilberg, but unfortunately, I am unable to do so. I would like to acknowledge all the privileges that have been extended to my son and myself in the few weeks here, which have been many, and we are deeply appreciative, I assure you, of what you have said of William H. Seward, which will be treasured in our memory and in the memory of our children and handed down to their children. 154 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION I feel also that Senator Wilcox and his wife have honored me greatly in bringing me here to-night to meet many of the prominent citizens of Seattle, men who have helped build a great city. I feel as though I would like to make expression to you in fitting terms were it possible. Senator Wilcox is a prince of entertainers (applause), and I am quite sure that his wife has helped him. (Applause.) Now, I am very glad the State of New York has erected this building and has afforded opportunity for the entertainment that takes place in this building. This reproduction of the front of the old Seward mansion, where you go in, as it exists now in the city of Auburn, erected nearly one hundred years ago, if you could see it, you would say was almost perfect. That old house was erected by Mr. Miller, by my mother's father, a very particular old gentleman, who kept accurate account of everything that was done, and among his notes and in his notebook I find this : "I am erecting this house, this brick house, the first brick made here, and I am bringing them from some twenty miles away ; the mason is the one who erected that block of houses in Washington square some years ago, you will remember as the first very considerable houses that were used for residence in the city of New York;" and then he goes on to tell that Jones is the laborer and Smith is the plumber and that Brigham Young is one of the carpenters. Some thirty-five years ago, with Mrs. Seward, I visited Salt Lake and we were entertained at that time at dinner by Brigham Young. He said, "Who lives in Judge Miller's old house in Auburn?" I said, "I do." He said, "Did you know that I worked in that old house as a journeyman carpenter?" Think of him saying that the head of the Mormon church. The beautiful statue, executed by Brooks, which has been dedicated to-day, is an excellent representation of my father. (Applause.) The occasion which brings us here to night is one that will long be remembered by myself and by the sons of a man who believed in God, who was fearless in what he thought to be right and who believed that this United States would eventually become the leader of nations. That prophecy is commencing to be fulfilled. SEWARD DAY 155 Coming here, as I do, six years after my previous visit, I am astonished, surprised beyond measure, to see the change which has occurred in your city and the progress that has been made, the upbuilding, which energy and pluck alone could do; without it it would have been impossible to make any such accomplishment in the East. Within a half century you have built up the great city which is rapidly becoming great commercially before you and will be one of the com- mercial cities of the world, if it is not so already. (Applause.) And to you, gentlemen, is the credit. There is a little story of Bishop Whipple: In Georgia, riding through the pine forests, he encoun- tered at a cross-road one day, a man who was known as a practical joker; as he neared the cross-road he said, "Bishop, can you tell me the road to heaven?" And the bishop said, "Certainly, certainly, turn to the right and keep straight on." My good friends, who have entertained us most of the time since we have been here in the most hospitable manner, were kind enough to take my son and me to Tacoma a day or two ago to visit, and on the way in some manner we got off the right road and encountered a passing farmer; the question was asked which was the way; he said, "Turn to the right and keep straight on and you will fetch it, I guess, stranger." (Laughter.) That made me think that, perhaps, the citizens of Seattle have wisely been turning to the right, and certainly they have kept right straight on until they have reached and accomplished the great success which you are enjoying to-day. (Applause.) HON. THOMAS BURKE: Ladies and Gentlemen: There was one remark of General Seward that excited my curiosity greatly, and, like all boys, I must have that curiosity satisfied. You will remember that he said that on one occasion he dined with Brigham Young. Now, my curiosity leads me to ask, were all the family present? (Laughter and applause.) GENERAL SEWARD: That is a pretty serious question. 156 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION MR. BURKE: About twenty-five years ago there came to this city it was little more than a wooden village a young stripling, who was an entire stranger save that he had one acquaintance, a classmate from the University of Michigan. He came from the country and he had that qualification of success which belongs to the country boy in America ; he was as green as they make them; he, however, had the resource- fulness and the energy and the industry of the American boy and he set himself to work, he soon made of himself a good lawyer, he soon became a successful one, and to-day he is the chief magistrate of this beautiful city and second only to Mr. Chilberg as a welcomer during this year. (Laughter and applause.) The description of the man will, of course, suggest his name, but for fear that the stranger who is with us may not know it I will go to the trouble of naming it: That is Hon. John F. Miller, who will also give us an address of welcome. (Applause.) Address of Welcome by Honorable John F. Miller, Mayor of Seattle MR. MILLER: Mr. Toastmaster, General Seward, Ladies and Gentlemen: To-day, for the third time in the history of American cities, a statue was unveiled to the memory of William H. Seward. The first stands in front of the Seward home, Auburn, New York; the second in New York city; the third stands in the city of Seattle. (Applause.) I had hoped to live to see the day, and I still hope to live to see it, when at our national capital will be unveiled a glorious monument to the memory of that same statesman. (Applause.) No one could listen to the words of General Seward to-day, and to the eloquent oration of Mr. Dovell, without having a higher and a better opinion of American statesmen. I remember when a little boy of reading an oration, or an address rather, of William H. Seward in the Freeman trial; it occurred, I believe, near Auburn; one of the greatest forensic efforts, one of the greatest addresses ever delivered SEWARD DAY 157 by an American lawyer, an address that Gladstone said was the greatest forensic effort ever made by any lawyer in the history of the world. That trial and the address of William H. Seward stands to-day as one of the landmarks of the American lawyer's advance. William H. Seward is not only to be remembered as a great states- man, but he was the first great expansionist to come under the Ameri- can flag. The year following the acquiring of Alaska he negotiated a treaty by which the Danish West Indies should have come under the American flag, but the United States senate did not see fit to adopt that treaty, and consequently the great Danish West India islands, which should have been American soil and would have been had Seward had his way, remained for centuries under a foreign I am glad to see that we are the third city on the continent. We, above all others the coming New York of the West, my fellow citizens (applause), imitating and following the New York of the East, built the city to honor the memory of this illustrious statesman. And you, General Seward, we are glad to have you here. We are glad to have the honor to perpetuate the memory, if we can, of William H. Seward, the builder of American soil. (Applause.) TOASTMASTER HON. THOMAS BuRKEI I hope that the example set by Washington State to Washington city will result in a noble monument to one of the greatest statesmen in America. I have not the honor of the acquaintance of the gentleman whom I shall next call to respond to this address of welcome, but I have been assured by Senator Wilcox that he is an old-time friend of his, one whom he values very highly, and according to the definition of the Frenchman which has been fixed in the books and in the memories of men by the New York newsboy, I have no doubt that we ought to congratulate ourselves on having him as a guest at this table. (Applause.) When the old gentleman asks the newsboy the question, "Who is that boy whom you have just been talking to?" "Why," 158 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION he says, "he is my friend, he is my friend." The old gentleman asks, "What do you mean by a friend?" The boy says, "Oh, my friend, I mean a friend what knows all about you and still likes you." (Laughter and applause.) If our friend, Senator Wilcox, says he is a friend of Senator Tully, I am satisfied that we ought to agree. Ladies and gentlemen, it gives me great pleasure to introduce to you Honorable William J. Tully of Corning, New York. Response by Honorable William J. Tully HON. WILLIAM J. TULLY: Mr. Toastmaster, Ladies and Gentlemen: I have had the pleasure of a somewhat intimate acquaintance with Senator Wilcox for a num- ber of years. I have tried to make up my mind recently whether he is handsomer now than what he was in 1894, when I first met him. I will draw you a pen picture of him as he was then and I will leave it to your superb judgment, Seattle people, whether he was handsomer then than now. Talking with him last evening and reviewing some political experiences which he and I have had, I recall the fact that in 1894, at Saratoga, New York, where we hold all of our State con- ventions, I was sitting in the room of a candidate for Governor, when a very distinguished gentleman came in and asked if he might see this candidate for governor, and I was introduced to him. He was then a member of the lower house of the State of New York. He was no taller than he is now, but he was a great deal darker and he wore a very handsome Van Dyke beard, and there was no man in the con- vention that day, my friends, who had a more distinguished appear- ance, black as he was, than the Honorable Benjamin M. Wilcox. He has lost both his whiskers and black hair, but I am rather inclined to think as he grows older he grows handsomer. There is one thing that has impressed me here to-night with reference to home and friends, and that is the innate modesty which characterizes him at home has followed him all the way across SEWARD DAY 159 the continent. I think you will agree with me that he is innately modest, for as head officer of the New York State Building he removes himself from the head of the table and places himself at the foot. It is a very happy coincidence and a very proper one that we are here unveiling a statue to General Seward in the presence of his son and grandson, and that General Seward and the Se wards that have come after him all come from the city of Auburn, Cayuga county, New York, and for fifteen years the citizens of Auburn have been represented in the legislature by the Sewards' fellow townsman, Senator Wilcox. It was a very distinguished compliment, I think, that we paid to the senator when he was designated to come here, living, as he does, in the city of Auburn, to represent our great Empire State at the gate- way of Alaska. I am very proud and happy to hear the things that Judge Burke has said with reference to this being the scene of hospitality within your gates. I recollect that two years ago at Jamestown it was said to us there, even when all of the eastern states had buildings, that the New York building there was the scene from which hospitality and good cheer radiated, and it has impressed me very greatly that no state east of the Rocky Mountains has been sensible enough, has been generous enough, to erect within the gates of this exposition a building save our own State of New York. (Applause.) I shall go back home with the feeling that we builded wisely and well and that we have not on any hand contributed any more to the success of your exposition than we ought to have done. Yesterday when I came on the grounds I had the pleasure of meeting, among the first, Professor Meany. (Applause.) I recall his visit to Albany some two years ago to interest us in this exposition. It was my fortune to serve at that time on the finance committee of the senate of the State of New York, the committee that handles the purse strings. I want to assure you, men and women of Seattle, that he plead ably and courageously for your cause, that we were invited to 160 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION come out here and erect, as I recollect it, a building which might cost a quarter of a million dollars, and then donate it to your university. (Laughter and applause.) I regret more than I can tell that this same committee didn't vote a sufficient appropriation for this permanent building, but it was a great privilege to be on that committee and to have voted for a smaller one, and I am happy to know since coming here that for a time at least this building is to be permanent and the house of the president of your university. (Applause.) It has never been my good fortune to visit Seattle before, and so, unlike General Seward, I cannot mark the progress that you have made in the last six years, but I can assure you that my eyes and the eyes of those that are in my party have been opened wide to see this magnificent city on the far western coast. We have been told all sorts of Alladin-like tales, and now that I see you all together, you able-looking men and you very handsome and well-dressed women, I cannot doubt for a moment that those stories have been accurate and at least fairly truthful. We are told day after day as we have been here and see that man going along: "Yes, well he came here ten, fifteen, eighteen or twenty years ago and he only had money to buy his lodgings with, now he is worth two millions, four millions, six millions, eight millions." (Laughter.) I congratulate you upon your material prosperity. The signs of it are everywhere to be seen and not the least joyous feature of it is that a great many of you came from New York. (Applause.) I am going to be very discreet in anything that I have to say about Seattle, because I have learned a very severe lesson since I reached the Pacific coast, and I am going back to New York chastened. It was my privilege to be asked to come to San Francisco to assist in the dedication of a beautiful building that has been erected there by one of the great life insurance companies of the country, and the vice- president of which is honoring us with his company here to-night, and he was good enough to ask me to make a speech, and I put forth my very best effort; I thought I was doing splendidly and I was astonished that after all my efforts at witticism, in the presence of 350 distin- General William H. Seward and little Miss Harriet Baxter who unveiled the Seward Statue, taken on the platform immediately after the ceremony Miss Baxter Is a granddaughter of Ex-Governor John H. McGraw of Washington SEWARD DAY 161 guished sons of San Francisco, I didn't get a hand when I referred to it as "Frisco." The next morning the San Francisco Examiner, not referring to any effort of mine, advised all the visitors from the East to San Francisco of the very cordial contempt San Francisco entertained for anybody that called their splendid city "Frisco." So I thank my stars that the city of Seattle is so named that is has not occurred to me in the three days I have been here how I might shorten your name. (Laughter.) I have been very deeply touched, coming from New York, by the very cordial welcome Mr. Chilberg and your able mayor have extended to us, and greatly regret that our own governor could not be here to-night as well as he was on New York day, but from what he tells since his return from Seattle and from his impressions of the fair, I am quite within the truth when I say he is wishing that he might be with us here to-night. (Applause.) I am quite sure this exposition has had no more sincere and cordial admirer than Governor Hughes, and I only hope that he made upon you people one-half as pleasant an impression as you made upon him. (Applause.) I know that a dinner where so many ladies have honored us with their presence it is not in good form for men to take very much time in speaking, and you have heard a good many speeches already. I am reminded of the story of the barrister who appeared before the court and, after making a very long and somewhat deep argu- ment, he turned to the judge and said, "I trust I am not trespass- ing upon your time," and the judge said, "No, but there is a vast difference between trespassing upon time and encroaching upon eternity." (Laughter and applause.) So I have but one word to say, and that is to thank you sincerely, not only from the bottom of my own heart, but from many New Yorkers who are with us to-night, for this very generous reception, for the cordial words you have said as to Senator Wilcox and Mrs. Wilcox, which I can cor- dially reiterate, having sat alongside Senator Wilcox for four years in the senate and having met Mrs. Wilcox every Monday evening in the senate. We are deeply grateful for the compliment you have 162 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION paid us and for the distinction you have shown to the great son of New York whose monument you have unveiled to-day. We appre- ciate more than we can tell the opportunity that has been given us to build our building here and contribute in a small way to this exposition, and let me say in closing that, while it has been my good fortune to attend perhaps all of the great expositions in the country in the last fifteen years, and while perhaps yours is not as large as some of them, the great charm of your exposition lies in its physical location, and if anybody can come here and walk about your beautiful grounds and see what you have made of them so far as the physical geography of it is concerned, and returns to the East without a due and adequate appreciation of what you have done, I fear he is not worthy to be called a son of the East. You have a beautiful expo- sition, the Seattle spirit is everywhere, we are glad we came and we shall take back to New York nothing but the pleasantest and inspir- ing impressions of your city and of your fair people. (Applause.) To ASTM ASTER HON. THOMAS BURKE: I am sure you will all join heartily in the request that Senator Tully take back to the Governor of the State of New York the message that while here he made troops and troops of friends, and indeed all the people of Seattle are his friends and admirers. (Applause.) I want to add, too, that I think that our distinguished guest while traveling about here has met the right kind of people; they have given him in full measure a proper and exact statement of the enormous wealth of this city. I can add and this is something that he can take back to the young men and to the beautiful girls in his state that he has observed that his old friend Senator Wilcox not only continues to be a handsome and distinguished friend, but seems to be growing more and more so every day, and that it is due very largely to the salubrious climate here. Now, although, as my friends say, I am not very religious, I am forced to admit that every important movement like the exposition at Seattle must have, to be successful, its missionary, its evangelist. We SEWARD DAY 163 found the gentleman who is to respond to a toast, which I have inserted and which is not printed on the list. He has every qualification of a traveling evangelist; he can wear and does wear, from the length of his legs, the knee boots, and we selected him purposely and with, I think, the good business judgment that we flatter ourselves belongs to the people of Seattle, and we sent him as a missionary, as an evangelist, of this exposition, to the eastern states. He succeeded admirably. He united to his other qualifications that of a diplomat and his persistence has proved to be extraordinary. I won't say he is a diplomat of the old school, but went East as a gentleman to lie for his country, but what he did, whether in truth or in exaggeration, resulted in bringing about admirable results. A member of the com- mittee of which our friend speaks to-night hinted to me that they tried in every way to get rid of the professor from the University of Washington; some suggested that they throw him out of the window and somebody else said there was not one large enough to get him out of. At all events, the only way they could get rid of him was to give him, not quite all he asked, but a great deal more than they intended to do. It is to such men as Professor Meany that this (applause) exposition owes a great deal more than it has yet acknowledged. He has been industrious and zealous. He was not only a missionary and evangelist in the East, but since his return he has taken an industrious and active part in every movement connected with the advancement of this exposition, in every movement to bring in art to adorn the place, in every movement to make it attractive to those who came from every part of the country. Now, Mr. Meany will tell you something about how he managed to accomplish the excellent things he did for us when he was down amongst the inhabitants of the East. (Applause.) MR. MEANT: Mr. Toastmaster and Friends: I think enough has been said about the missionary trip and I will occupy only a moment to follow the best I can the Arabian proverb which says that the best form of 164 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION speech is that which makes of the ear an eye. If it is possible for me to make you hear so that you can see the one thought that this day has burned into my heart it will be a few moments well spent. In the present civilization of this and other countries it is probable that the contest between labor and capital over the eight-hour law has a place, but for you and for me there is no place, for the man who wishes to succeed and at the same time keeps his eye upon the clock waiting for that eighth hour to strike. Talleyrand, when he came to America and returned back to his people in France, took them one ringing message. He had seen Alexander Hamilton spurning his father-in-law's wealth in a desire to practice law. Possibly Talleyrand said, "I have seen the eighth wonder of the world a man who is the creator of a nation, burning the midnight oil that he might provide his family bread." You, all of you, know that one name that has been spoken to-day with all tenderness has been the one that has overtowered the one honored, Abraham Lincoln, and you all remember that Abraham Lincoln stood ready at any hour of day or at any hour of the night to arise and sign some public document of importance or to affix his name God bless his memory to the pardon of some poor boy caught sleeping at his post. Abraham Lincoln, when the hour struck for the ceasing of the day's labor, never ceased, and so I think with this day's lesson, if it impresses itself on the Americans as it has upon you and upon me, they will say that there is no eight-hour law for the young American who desires to make himself all that this grand country offers in the way of opportunities. (Applause.) There are many peoples of this earth who are called hasty, hasty to rashness. The American people are hasty often and you know that when the American people seize upon some new fad like the silver question for instance they will rise to the apex of the wave and they will shake their heads and plunge down the slippery slope of the other side of the wave and come to the safe harbor they were aiming at; and so I think, if you scan your country's history, you will find on every occasion that while the American people have SEWARD DAY 165 been in haste about many things, there has been something in their character that has held them solidly to the true foundations of this republic of ours. How true it is with the people who live out here, where it has been my pleasure to make my home, that the people of the East have scorned at us frequently in their papers and their pictures by calling us the wild and woolly West and figuring us in the cartoons with our pants in our boots and our pistols by our sides; and those pistols, if you ever came in contact with one of them, were very quick moving, as well as the fists that clasped them. But you who have come from the East have beheld to-day in this exposition and in this unveiling something, the one fact the people of the United States will awaken to, at least a great part of them who have come out here to visit us, that this great wild and woolly West has been conquered by the love of the beautiful, when a people is conquered by the love of the beautiful the civilization that we hold dear has come to stay, and to-day, if you will look across your country, you will find between the Atlantic on the one side and the Pacific on the other lays a great continent, throughout which is a splendid specimen of people welded together by the same love of the beautiful, the same desire to progress, the same insistence upon the higher things, such as education, such as religion, such as the newspaper, as the magazine and all that goes for culture and refine- ment. The wild and woolly West is a thing of the past. To-day we clasp hands over the apex of the Rocky mountains as one united people. (Applause.) And this conquest of this greater West, this wild country, those of you whose hair has grown white here upon the shores of the Pacific, who have seen the forests fall and the cities rise, you, I think, are in a position to appreciate this progress of the entire nation. Now we sing the same songs, there is no chance for another "Maryland, My Maryland" to be written; all of the tele- graphs and the wireless messages and the newspapers; to-morrow morning the people of New York city will open their papers and read General Seward's great speech just the same as our people will open their papers and read it here on the Pacific coast; and so with all of 166 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION this energy, with all of this magnificent development of a race of people extending from one ocean to the other, across this continent, I think it is fitting that I should ask you, my friends here in Seattle, to seize, appropriate and to appreciate this great American trait of alertness. "Let us make the treaty to-night." (Applause.) TOASTMASTER HON. THOMAS BuRKEI Ladies and Gentlemen: We are honored here to-night by the presence of another Seattle man who came here about a quarter of a century ago, a poor, penniless young man; by his honorable character, his industry and his devotion to his profession he has arisen step by step until he occupies the highest position that can be given to a man by the State of Washington. In a time like that in which we are living, when there seems to be an epidemic of calumny throughout the country against public men, when it seems to be the fashion to abuse and belittle rather than see the points of merit for which they should be praised, it is refreshing to have one who, having done a duty, could not escape all censure, still has come out scathless as a public servant and against whom no serious charge has ever been made. (Applause.) That ought not to be a matter to speak of before an American gathering, that a public man has not been accused of serious offense, but such is peculiarly the condition of the public mind through indiscriminate general abuse that it is refreshing to find a man, who, though fearless in the performance of his duty, has stood and does stand comparatively free from what other honest men suffer. We love him, as has been said by another, we love him for the enemies he has made, for every honest man who does things is apt to have enemies. I am sure you and I and all of us will be delighted to hear from our senior United States senator, Samuel H. Piles. (Applause.) Address by Honorable Samuel H. Piles HON. SAMUEL H. PILES: Mr. Toastmaster, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am indeed gratified to participate in this delightful occasion. I feel to-night as I have already felt that we owe a great deal to the Empire State, which built this building. We owe a great deal to-night for this beautiful occasion, not only to the distinguished senator from the State of New York, Mr. Benjamin M. Wilcox, who is entertaining us so gra- ciously here to-night, but to our charming and delightful hostess, Mrs. Wilcox. (Applause.) This exposition, beautiful and successful as it is, owes much to the State of New York. In the first place New York gave us our most distinguished, our most eloquent and our most patriotic citizen, our honored toastmaster, Judge Burke. (Applause.) When the question of whether or not the government of the United States would recognize this western empire was pending before the senate of the United States and when I, young in the service of my country and my state, scrambled for the issue, an old patriot from New York, that man whose great work, whose magnificent eloquence and whose service to his country is not without renown, arose in his place in the senate of the United States without solicitation on my part and with- out knowledge on my part and spoke one of the most eloquent speeches that was ever heard in the senate of the United States with respect to an exposition, the Honorable Chauncey M. Depew from the State of New York. (Applause.) I shall always feel grateful to him because I was young and embarrassed on that great occasion in that great body. I shall always feel grateful to him for what he said, for what he did and for the fact that he sustained me in the great contest which I had in that body. Had it not been for the fact that there was pending before the senate the great tariff issue he would have been here upon the invitation of the state which he had accepted, to deliver the oration upon the opening of this great exposition. 167 168 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION Now, ladies and gentlemen, I think our country is most fortunate in its history. While we are not a nation of hero worshippers, we nevertheless entertain for our great men a respect and esteem which may not always be apparent in the lifetime of a man who rendered a great service to his country, but in the end the American people never fail to pay tribute to patriotic and lofty statesmanship, and while William Henry Seward was not honored in his day and his genera- tion, as became the great service which he rendered his country and the splendid ability which the man possessed, he nevertheless to-day lives in the hearts of the American people as few men live in this day and generation. (Applause.) When you stop to think that Mr. Seward as the great cabinet minister went through the War of the Rebellion assuming the great responsibility which he did assume, and that an attempt of assassination was made upon him and that he carried the wounds to his grave which the attempted assassin placed upon his body, I sometimes feel that the American people failed in their duty that they didn't make him president of the United States, which he ought to have been. (Applause.) I need not attempt here to-night to speak in detail of the splendid service which this statesman and patriot rendered our country. In all of his public utterances, in all of his public life, he was always at heart a western man. While Thomas H. Benton was speaking of the East Indies, William H. Seward was speaking for this great western empire of ours. He was one of the first men in the senate of the United States that advocated the construction of a transcon- tinental railway from the East to the West; he was one of the men who contended that the Pacific ocean, which was then unsurveyed, should be surveyed by the government at the earliest possible date, that our commerce might be built up upon the Pacific ocean. But while he rendered much to his country while in the senate of the United States, his greatest service was rendered to the people of this country while he was secretary of state. I care not what historians may say, I care not what the common thought may be; to my mind Mr. Seward was one of the men and one of the chief men who contributed .-f\ "H ~ f 2 a oj 2 a % o -oo c c (0 *r1 SEWARD DAY 169 during the Civil War towards the saving of this Union as no other man save Abraham Lincoln himself contributed towards it. (Applause.) The greatest question to my mind which came before him while he was secretary of state was the Trent affair. That may seem of comparative insignificance to-day, but remember the condition of the country at that time. If he had made one false step, the Union which we enjoy to-day would have been dissolved, this great north- western country, which has become our heritage, would have been lost to us. You will remember that in 1861, after Great Britain had so specifically recognized the belligerency of the southern states and the North had attempted to blockade the ports of the South, Mr. Davis sent to England and to France Mr. Mason and Mr. Slidell for the purpose of inducing England and France to recognize the Confederacy as an independent state. Captain Wilkes learning of this expedition seized the vessel, the Trent, in which these men had taken passage and when those men were taken off that ship and carried to Boston, where they were imprisoned, the whole country went wild in enthusiasm over the act of patriotism which Captain Wilkes had displayed; but in that one act was the crucial test of whether or not this nation should live or perish, and the question then to be determined was for Mr. Seward as secretary of state with his master mind to deal with these foreign nations, both England and France, which had I say recognized the Southern Confederacy as belligerent in that war before they had even given the North an opportunity to state their side of the case. It is a well known fact that in that period of our Civil War England was anxious and France was anxious to recognize the South as an independent power, and if that recognition had been brought about this republic would have gone out of existence, as every intelligent man well knows, so the question I ssfy was submitted to Mr. Seward, after England had made her protest against what she considered an insult to the British power by reason of taking charge of these men and taking them off of the steamer Trent. It is a well known fact in international law that it was within the power of Captain Wilkes to have seized that vessel 170 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION and to have brought her in port and had her tried before a proper court of admiralty to determine whether she was a spy, but Captain Wilkes instead of doing that seized the vessel and brought Slidell and Mason into Boston with the papers they carried to Great Britain in an effort to have that country recognize the Southern Confederacy. If Mr. Seward had made one mistake in that great question which was submitted to him, I say, the republic would have been lost. He, great statesman as he was, great lawyer as he was, investigated that question and notwithstanding the great enthusiasm that prevailed throughout the country Mr. Seward came to the conclusion that as a matter of right, a principle for which this republic had con- tended ever since the British had claimed the right to seize our ships and to police them upon the open sea for the purpose of deter- mining whether or not British seamen were aboard those ships, and he contended, as all America had contended in the first instance, that that was not within the power of the British government. So yielding to that principle of international law he had the wisdom to avert war with a foreign power, if not with several foreign powers, and he surrendered up to Great Britain Mr. Slidell and Mr. Mason and to my mind saved this republic to the people of this country to-day. (Applause.) We all remember that Mr. Seward at one time was thought to be somewhat at variance with Mr. Lincoln, but there is a historical incident of Mr. Lincoln's private secretary in his biography which testifies to the contrary. There may have been some feeling between the president and his secretary or some coolness in the early stages of their participa- tion in the governmental affairs, but when that magnificent and beautiful statue was unveiled at Auburn, New York, the home of William Henry Seward, John Hay, the man whom all the people of this country love to revere as one of the greatest secretaries of state this country ever had (applause), the man who wrote so beauti- fully, so tenderly and so touchingly of Abraham Lincoln in the great history of Nicolay and Hay, the man who delivered that masterful oration in the house of representatives upon the death of William SEWARD DAY 171 McKinley, being unable to be present himself, he sent his message in the form of a letter to the committee upon the exercises in which he said that William H. Seward was the closest friend and the most confidential adviser of Abraham Lincoln in all of his administration, and he said that Lincoln and Seward should shine together in the heaven of fame. (Applause.) And so it is true to this day, but I must not take up too much of your time in discussing the subject of this great man, as it has already been touched upon here to-day. We owe him more than we can express. We need not refer to his services to this western country, to what he did in a larger sense or rather in a general sense for the West itself, but the fact that Mr. Seward had the courage in the face of overwhelming opposition to purchase Alaska in 1867 for $7,200,000 is enough to endear him forever to the people of the State of Washington. (Applause.) The public records of congress show that when he undertook to make that purchase, which then seemed so insignificant, but which subsequently has meant so much to us, every man in pub- lic life without a single exception raised his voice against that act. Why, Mr. Washburn from the State of Minnesota rose upon the floor of the house of representatives and denounced the purchase in the name of the people of the United States. He said and he truthfully said that no newspaper in the United States had ever advocated the purchase, that no public man had ever advocated the purchase, that nobody in the United States had contemplated the purchase from Russia of that great empire except Mr. Seward, and he said that that country was absolutely worthless, that it would cost more than it was worth to police it and that its fisheries were of insignificant value, it had no mineral wealth and that the country itself would be a detriment to the United States, and that, nobody would ever live there except Indians and malefactors. Now that is the reputation that Mr. Washburn of Minnesota gave the Alaska country at that time. Benjamin F. Butler, one of the most distinguished representa- tives the country ever had, stood in his place in the house of repre- sentatives and said that if Seward wanted to present this vast sum 172 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION of money to Russia for the friendship which she had shown us during the Civil War for as you will remember when Great Britain undertook to make a naval display against us in that great contest, and France was ready to join her and this shall always hold the Russian people dear in my memory that Russia said if England should make a naval display against the North in the contest, that she herself would make a display in behalf of the North, and so when it became necessary Russia sent her fleet and it lay at anchor in New York harbor to render what service might be necessary in that contest; but Mr. Butler said in recognition of that act, if it was the intention of Seward to give her the $7,200,000 he was perfectly willing it should be done, but he didn't want to take that great ice- berg off of Russia's hands; he said it had been stated to him on various occasions that we could have Alaska any time by the mere asking, and no man except a man insane enough to purchase the earthquakes in St. Thomas and the icelands in Greenland would accept Alaska, but Mr. Seward stood out as the one great light in that purchase for the people of the United States, and before almost any one knew it he had concluded the treaty with the Russian minister, and Alaska, when it was ratified by the senate, as it was shortly thereafter, in a few days became the territory of the United States, and no man would part with it, no man in this section of the country would think of giving it up, and therefore it is fitting that in this imperial western state here should be reared a monument to Mr. Seward, that the rising generation may understand that to his foresight and his wisdom we owe the acquisition of that splendid territory which is to make us the imperial city of the universe. (Applause.) Now, somebody has said that Seattle is the second city in the United States. It may be; I guess it is in population; in all that goes to make a city of the third, someone said; in all that goes to make a city, it is the second city in the United States, and I except only the city of New York, and I do that in deference to Senator and Mrs. Wil- cox. (Laughter and applause.) Now, ladies and gentlemen, a great deal has been said here to-night by the distinguished senator from New SEWARD DAY 173 York about this section of the country and the beauty of the women here. I am not surprised that every man who comes here is charmed with the women of the State of Washington; I am not surprised that the senator should be charmed with those he sees here to-night, because they come not only from the city of Seattle, but they come from the beautiful islands of Hawaii. I have had the pleasure myself of visiting that beautiful section of our country and if there is anything more entrancing to be found on the face of the green earth it cannot be found outside of the Hawaiian Islands. (Applause.) And we gather here together the beautiful, the art and all that is glorious in both the new and the old world, coming as they do from several of the foreign countries of the world and from Japan, who I am glad to see has honored us here to-night by the presence of one of her distinguished subjects (applause) that empire of the rising sun of the far East, which is the spirit of the West I say I am not surprised that the senator should speak in glowing terms of the women of Seattle. There is something in this climate what it is possibly the ozone that comes wafted from these beautiful mountains that makes our women so beautiful. Do you know that in the State of Washington women never grow old ? It is said there is no state on earth where the women always retain their youth like they do in the State of Washington, and I am not surprised at that, because they have a peculiar way of retaining it. I remember in the early days a lady appeared in court here at one time. I believe my friend the mayor was the attorney on the other side. I don't know just what I said about the peculiar way of retaining their beauty, but the story runs that this lady appeared as a witness in court and the lawyer, an impertinent sort of a fellow, said, "Madam, what is your age?" She said, "I am thirty years of age." "What," said the judge, adjusting his spectacles and looking down from the bench, "did I understand you to say you were thirty years of age?" She said, "I did, your honor." The judge said, "Did you not appear in this court five years ago, Madam?" She said, "I did, your honor." The judge said, "And did you not then say, Madam, that you were 174 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION thirty years of age?" She said, "I did, your honor, and I will give this court to understand right here now that I am not one of those women that say one thing to-day and another thing to-inorrow." (Laughter and applause.) So that you see it is not at all surprising that the senator from New York is pleased with the beauty of the women of the city of Seattle. I must confess myself that it has always been very pleasing to me. Now, ladies and gentlemen, I am sure we are all gratified at this splendid entertainment that the senator from New York has given us here this evening. I am sure that we shall always hold it in grateful remembrance, and if New York shall ever have occasion to require the assistance of the people of the State of Washington, and especially those of the people of the city of Seattle, that they will come with their hearts and with their fortunes and pour it out lavishly in behalf of the great State of New York, so ably represented by the senator who has entertained us here to-night, and his gracious hostess. (Applause.) TOASTMASTER HON. THOMAS BlJRKE: This entertainment, delightful as it has been, would not be at all complete without a parting word from our worthy host. (Applause.) MR. WILCOX: Mr. Toastmaster, Ladies and Gentlemen: I wish to say at the outset that it is the last time I shall ever select Judge Burke as a toastmaster or ask him to serve, for the reason that we had a private understanding that no one seated at the foot of the table should be asked to make any remarks. But the judge is like some other people I know. A toastmaster can wander once in a while, and he has been serving us in this capacity as well as he does every place he occupies, and as he did to-day at the unveiling of the statue. My friend Tully speaks about some ancient history and perhaps he knows and perhaps I know but if I know I shall keep it to myself, and if he knows he has kept it to himself. (Laughter and applause.) SEWARD DAY 175 It is a great and distinguished honor to be a senator either at Albany, Olympia or Washington. When I first went to Albany as a senator I sat around a few days and wondered how I got there, and after being there about a month I wondered how some other people got there (laughter), but I wish to say, however, these thoughts occurred to me long before Senator Tully appeared at Albany. (Laughter and applause.) It certainly is a pleasure for me to be here and help entertain my distinguished fellow townsman, General Seward, and his son, William H. Seward, Jr., and the only regret I have is that the junior seated at the table did not bring another junior which he has. (Applause.) Like his father, he is a very modest man; but he has a family and in the city of Auburn we are determined to keep the name of William H. Seward alive, so we have now living with us three generations. When the fourth comes I know not; but as citizens of New York and residents of the city of Auburn, our hearts always swell with pride when we think of the name of Seward. Although William H. Seward was a distinguished statesman, which you have all heard about to-day and which you all know, and whose name and public life and acts you revere, I desire to say that his son, General Seward, is also a distinguished citizen of the State of New York (applause) and when the reunion of the Grand Army and his regiment or battalion takes place in central New York, I am somewhat envious that I was not an old soldier myself. (Applause.) Perhaps some of you do not know it, but young men often do wonder- ful things. Napoleon had all Europe at his feet when he was twenty- six years of age, and General Seward was a brigadier-general and had won his spurs at the same age (applause) and in the State of Wash- ington they would say that was going some. (Applause.) But it certainly has been a pleasure for me, and I know for Mrs. Wilcox, to be here with you so long. On the 10th day of May I started from the city of Auburn, the home of Seward, and have been at the city of Seattle ever since. When I shall leave I do not know but I do not intend to until Chief Chilberg turns the lights out (laugh- 176 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION ter) which I suppose will occur at midnight on the 16th of next month. I cannot see what the people of Seattle are going to do for excite- ment when that time arrives. In fact, as I understand it, they have lived on excitement ever since the 1st day of June, and some of them before. (Laughter.) Some of the speakers to-night have alluded to the beautiful women at this banquet. I have noticed myself that in the city of Seattle and in the State of Washington they have many beautiful women. I am not very observing, but I can see this once in a while. Some one asked how it occurred that Seattle women looked so sturdy, strong and handsome, and was informed that it was because they climbed the hills they are mountain climbers. We have enter- tained some distinguished guests from New York, some very high, and it was very hard to get them out of town for some reason, and they always referred to the beautiful women which they met at the ban- quets. Senator Tully, I am glad to say, is going to leave in the morning. That leaves a clearer field for some others of our friends. (Laughter.) But seriously, New York may have added a little to the exposition, but no more than it should have done. The city of New York, of course, is second to Seattle. (Senator Piles wanted to say it but he hardly had the nerve.) I do not blame any one for claiming Seattle as the center of the universe, although it has become the center but recently. I wish to thank the people I may not get another opportunity or those who are present, for their hospitable character, for the manner in which they have received us from the time we came until the present; in fact, they ask no questions about your ancient history. I wrote an Irish friend of mine, who formerly lived in Auburn and removed to New York city and has made a little money he wrote me asking about the conditions out here and what kind of people they were and I told him they asked no questions about you and it made no difference whether you came over in the Mayflower or in SEWARD DAY 177 the Celtic. Being an Irishman, he appreciated this and answered right back that that was the right spirit; so I wrote him again and said that all they want to know here is if you can "make good." Of course a few want to invest in real estate; but I understand now there is none to sell and all who have bought have made all the money there is to be made out of real estate; therefore, on the 16th of October we must go home and see what there is in the effete East for us. One evening I was asked to respond to "The Effete East" some call it effete. I looked through several books and finally discovered Professor Meany, who knows everything, and he told me it meant "worn out." I said, "Not on your life, we are just beginning to live in the East." Professor Meany delivered a wonderful speech here to-night, but it is no secret if I should tell you it is the same speech he delivered before the finance committee at Albany when he got us to come out here. (Laughter.) Under the law we have in the State of New York at the present time, he would have to file a statement in the office of the secretary of state that he was a "lobbyist" and he certainly is a success. While at Albany, he told me his whole history; that he had been a member of the legislature, and, of course, we took him in immediately because that is a pretty hard and unsatisfactory job. He went before our finance committee and he made his little speech and met many a rebuff, but he kept at it; and then when he tired the finance committee out, he saw every member of the senate and assembly about two hundred in number and he visited the Governor; and finally he landed the appropriation. He went down into the State of Connecticut, but he could hardly make the members of the legislature of Connecticut believe there was any place on the map called Seattle, or Alaska; in fact, they had never heard of them. I say this for the benefit of some of my friends here in the West who have lived in Alaska. All I can say, in conclusion is: If you ever come East by the way of the four-track railroad which we possess and wander off from Syracuse to Auburn, if General Seward will not enter- tain you, I am sure I will make the attempt; however, I feel sure the General would be delighted to entertain you at his home, if we can 178 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION move it back from Seattle. We moved if from the city of Auburn out here, and it has been the Seward home, and I have had the privilege of living in it since the 1st day of June; but I am a little sorry that when the General came here he had some other friends who determined he should not live here very much and they have kept him ever since which I hardly think is right, taking a man out of his own home although, of course, they foot the bills; and we are not glad to have them do that because we wanted to do it ourselves. We are grateful, however, that the General and his son have slept in the New York Building. I am very much pleased with the proceedings to-day and the ceremonies at the unveiling of the statue, and I am sure that General Seward feels gratified at the honor conferred upon him; and I feel proud, as a citizen of the city in which he lives, that such a welcome and such honor have been accorded such a distinguished citizen as Gen. William H. Seward. (Applause.) ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION Alaska -Yukon -Pacific Exposition A RESUME of the origin of the Exposition has been given in the beginning of this report, but for the purposes of future reference, the organization and details of management of the Exposition are here recorded. The historic dinner given in the old Hotel Washington of Seattle in May, 1906, was the beginning of the active work on the Exposi- tion, and it was here that the idea of Mr. Chealander that the Alaskan exhibit which was prepared too late for the Portland Exposition be the nucleus of an exhibit to be held in Seattle was adopted and amplified. As stated before, the year 1909 seemed to be the first available year for an exposition to be held, inasmuch as 1908 was a presidential year and 1907 was the year of the Jamestown Exposition. The articles of incorporation of the Alaska- Yukon Exposition were filed on May 8, 1906, with an authorized capital stock of $500,000. This was increased on December 28, 1906, to $800,000. On August 17th, amended articles were filed including in the cor- porate title the word "Pacific," as the project had gained such scope as the summer passed. The Board of Trustees and the officers were as follows: Board of Trustees Arai, T. Battle, Alfred Battle. Andrews, E. W. Blethen, A. J. Ainsworth, E. E. Boole, George. Baker, F. W. Broderick, Henry. 181 182 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION Calhoun, W. M. Chilberg, J. E. Clise, J. W. Collins, C. R. Collins, Josiah. Davis, John. Farrel, J. D. Fischer, G. W. Ford, J. C. Fowler, C. E. Fox, R. R. Furth, Jacob. Goldsmith, J. S. Hartman, John P. Hedges, S. H. Hemrich, Andrew. Henry, H. C. Hodge, Jas. D. Hughes, E. C. Kerry, A. S. Latimer, N. H. McGraw, John H. McLaren, Geo. S. Marmaduke, J. C. Meany, E. S. Moore, Jas. A. Moore, Wm. Hickman. Parry, Will H. Pigott, Wm. Powles, J. B. Price, John G. Rhoades, W. L. Roberts, John W. Shorrock, E. Smith, C. J. Stewart, A. B. Stimson, C. D. Treat, H. W. Webster, E. E. Williams, H. R. Wilson, John L. White, C. F. Officers President, J. E. Chilberg. Vice-Presidents, John H. McGraw, H. C. Henry, A. S. Kerry. Director-General, I. A. Nadeau. Secretary, W. M. Sheffield. Treasurer, C. R. Collins. General Counsel, John W. Roberts. ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION 183 The various committees formed for the control of the distinctive work of the Exposition were as follows : Executive Committee J. E. Chilberg, President and F. W. Baker. Ex-officio Chairman. E. S. Meany. John H. McGraw. Josiah Collins. A. S. Kerry. Jacob Furth. C. J. Smith. George Boole. E. C. Hughes. C. R. Collins. J. W. Clise. H. C. Henry. J. S. Goldsmith. N. H. Latimer, R. R. Spencer, and Will H. Parry. G. V. Holt, Associate Members. Finance Committee F. W. Baker, Chairman. W. M. Calhoun. Will H. Parry. A. B. Stewart. George Boole. E. E. Webster. Jacob Furth. N. H. Latimer. Geo. S. McLaren. R. R. Spencer and G. V. Holt, John G. Price. Associate Members. Agriculture and Horticulture Committee E. F. Blaine, Chairman. W. D. Church. Arthur Gunn. Committee on Machinery and Transportation R. R. Fox, Chairman. W. F. Richardson. Perry Poison. L. B. Peeples. Phillip Rowe. 184 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION Mines and Mining Committee George James, Chairman. C. E. Bogardus. Chester F. Lee. J. C. Ford. Live Stock Committee J. W. Clise, Chairman. R. M. Kinnear. C. D. Stimson. D. E. Frederick W. H. Paulhamus. Fisheries Committee E. E. Ainsworth, Chairman. Miller Freeman. Capt. D. H. Jarvis. John L. Riseland. W. T. Chutter. E. B. Deming. Education Committee E. Shorrock, Chairman. Austin E. Griffiths. Frank B. Cooper. E. O. Sisson. Henry C. Ewing. B. W. Johnson. Forestry Committee E. G. Ames, Chairman. C. C. Bronson. C. F. White. C. E. Patten. John Eddy. Fine Arts Committee Dr. Alfred Raymond, Chairman. J. W. Clise. A. J. Blethen, Jr. E. S. Curtis. Fred S. Sander. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION 185 Ceremonies, Music and Athletic Sports Josiah Collins, Chairman. Geo. F. Russell. J. C. Marmaduke. B. Pelly. A. S. Kerry. J. S. Goldsmith. A. B. Stewart. Concessions Committee J. S. Goldsmith, Chairman. R. H. Parsons Geo. B. Kittinger. Theo. N. Haller. Jas. T. Blakistone. Grounds and Buildings Committee C. J. Smith, Chairman. J. C. Hughes. J. E. Galbraith. E. W. Clise. James A. Moore. M. J. Carkeek. Col. A. J. Blenthen. Frank T. Hunter. Exploitation and Publicity Committee C. R. Collins, Chairman. Henry Broderick. Geo. S. McLaren. Claude C. Ramsay. Jas. D. Hoge. Legislative Committee E. C. Hughes, Chairman. A. B. Stewart. John H. McGraw. John W. Roberts. John P. Hartman. Wm. Hickman Moore. John L. Wilson. J. W. Clise. 186 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION The Executive Departments of the Exposition were as follows: President's Office J. E. Chilberg, President. Miss A. E. Moses, Assistant. R. W. Boyce, Secretary. Executive Committee of International Jury on Awards J. E. Chilberg, President Alaska- J. S. Goldsmith, Chairman Con- Yukon-Pacific Exposition. cession Committee. A. S. Kerry, Vice-President and I. A. Nadeau, Director-General. Chairman of Committee of Henry E. Dosch, Director of Exhibits and Privileges. Exhibits and Privileges. Director-General's Office I. A. Nadeau, Director-General. Miss Elsie Kuhn, Assistant to the Miss Dorithy Dunn, Secretary. Director- General. Secretary's Office W. M. Sheffield, Secretary. A. J. Wilkes, Assistant. L. L. Woodford, Assistant. Miss C. S. Jones, Chief Clerk. Division of Exhibits and Privileges Col. Henry E. Dosch, Director. W. E. Winks, Superintendent Man- Miss Bertha Moores, Assistant. ufacturers and Foreign Build- Miss Carrie Moores, Secretary. ings. F. M. Hamilton, Traffic Manager. S. O. Morse, Superintendent Agri- A. D. Miller, Superintendent culture and Horticulture Build- Machinery and Mines Build- ing. ing. ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION 187 Division of Concessions G. E. Mattox, Director. Miss M. W. Wilkinson, Assistant. Miss L. O. Chilberg, Secretary. Division of Works Frank P. Allen, Jr., Director. J. R. Thompson, Electrical Engi- Louis Baeder, Assistant Director. neer. Josef Schiffers, Assistant Director. A. J. Quigley, Assistant Engineer. James F. Dawson, Landscape Roberta L. Terry, Secretary. Architect. Division of Admissions C. R. Collins, Treasurer. H. R. George, Assistant. A. D. Barrall, Chief. H. C. Allen, Secretary. Division of Ceremonies Josiah Collins, Chairman Com- James Dunlavey, Superintendent mittee. Stadium and Auditorium. L. W. Buckley, Director of Dan C. Freeman, Special Corn- Special Events. missioner. W. M. Inglis, Director of Miss Thea Commentz, Chief Clerk. Athletics. Division of Exploitation James A. Wood, Director. Miss Lydia M. Witting, Chief R. W. Raymond, Assistant. Clerk. Publicity Welford Beaton, Chief. D. B. Duncombe, Chief Contest Mrs. M. P. Way, Assistant. Bureau. Miss Hattie Staples, Assistant. 188 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION Live Stock M. D. Wisdom, Director. Miss Rhoda Hobson, Assistant. Frank A. Welch, Secretary. Fine Arts G. L. Berg, Director. John Williams, Assistant. Mrs. E. Dutton, Assistant. Emergency Hospital Dr. E. M. Rininger, Medical Dr. M. W. McKenney, Assistant. Director. Miss Bertha Weise, Chief Nurse. Dr. W. C. Kautner, Physician in Miss Mary Anderson, Assistant. Charge. FINANCES Finances IT is a matter of great pride in Seattle that the entire issue of capital stock was oversubscribed by $126,000 on the first day on which the books were opened to the public. This is largely attribut- able to the energy of Mr. Will H. Parry of the Finance Committee. Subsequently, a bond issue of $350,000 was authorized, and, through Mr. Parry's efforts, they were also sold within the limits of the city. The Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition has the unique distinc- tion of having been absolutely ready on the opening day. This is a record unparalleled in exposition building, and reflects the highest credit on the enterprise and energy of the exposition management. Undoubtedly this is somewhat due to the fact that the winters on the Puget Sound are almost free from snow, and work could be prosecuted during the whole of the twelve months of the year; but so accurately were the plans laid that upon May 31st every building, every avenue, every piece of landscape gardening was in perfect condition, and needed not another hammer-stroke for use during the exposition. The monumental feature of the exposition was the Plaza and Cascade Court immediately in front of the United States Govern- ment Building. The cascades descended in a gentle slope from the basin, and surrounding them were sunken gardens which were rich in bloom during the whole exposition period. Beyond them, leading down to Lake Union, were the formal gardens and lawns. Mount Rainier, distant eighty miles, was outlined in the center of this vista and formed a wonderful scenic background to the main exposition picture. The diffusion of flowers at this exposition was a marked feature, and millions of blooms were to be seen daily, carefully planted in 191 192 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION harmonious effects. The cactus dahlia was the official flower of the exposition, and it was everywhere. Much attention was paid by the exposition management to the music, which was furnished at the fair free of all charge. Wagner's A.-Y.-P. Exposition band gave concerts every afternoon and evening in the principal plazas that were highly appreciated by the visiting crowds. In addition, special bands were engaged during the whole of the exposition period. Mr. F. N. Innes, of New York, was the Director of Music, and the Innes' band furnished concerts every afternoon and evening during the month of June. This band was succeeded by Liberati's band, of New York city, which gave a similar series of concerts through July; for the remainder of the exposition, Ellery's band, of Chicago, was engaged, and became prime favorites with the regular and visiting exposition attendance. The Philippine Constabulary band was also on the grounds for three weeks and was given the place of honor in the escort of President Taft on Taft Day. The Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition goes into history with a most honorable record of prompt and efficient management, attend- ance in excess of the estimates, all debts paid, and with a gratifying proportion of the capital stock to be returned to the subscribers. A report of this nature would not be complete without duly acknowledging the great courtesy and kindness to the New York Committee of the President of the Exposition, Mr. J. A. Chilberg; the Director-General, I. A. Nadeau; the Chairman of the Committee on Ceremonies, Mr. Josiah Collins, and the heads of the executive committees. It was clearly to New York's interest to have been represented at the exposition, and the high regard which was felt for New York through the northwest section was increased and intensified by her generous participation in the official, social and exhibit features of the fair. The State of Washington contributed one million dollars toward the exposition, the expenditure of which was supervised by a State commission, with the understanding that the buildings erected by flf FINANCES 193 the State should be of a permanent character and should revert to the use of the State University at the close of the exposition. In accordance with this policy, there were erected by the Washington State Commission the following buildings, at a total cost of $204,775 : Forestry Building $90,920 Washington State Building 71,124 Education Building 10,675 Woman's Building 12,000 Good Roads Building 7,120 Dairy Building 6,236 Dairy Barn 3,100 Live Stock Exhibit. . 4,000 This material contribution to the architecture of the exposition saved the Board of Directors a great expense. Out of the appropriation of One million dollars made by the State of Washington for the fair, $600,000 was placed at the dis- posal of the Board of Regents of Washington University for the erection of permanent buildings to be used for exposition purposes, and then to revert to the use of the University. The four buildings erected as follows were of brick, fire-proof, and cost approximately $560,000. The Auditorium, the Fine Arts Building, Machinery Building, and the Power House. The United States Government appropriation was $650,000, and the main building at the head of the Cascade Court was erected therefrom. Of this appropriation there was also expended $100,000 on the Alaskan Building and exhibit, $25,000 on the Philippine Building and exhibit, and $25,000 on the Hawaiian Building and exhibit. The balance expended on the three latter buildings and exhibits was contributed by the territories themselves. State and county buildings were of course erected by funds appropriated from corresponding sources, which left comparatively few buildings for erection by the exposition management for exhibit 194 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION purposes; these were the Art Building, the Auditorium, Machinery Building, Foreign Building, Oriental Building, Agricultural Build- ing, Manufactures Building and Mines Building. The first three mentioned were permanent and revert to the University. The entire cost of the laying out of the grounds, with their extensive landscape gardening, was assumed by the exposition company, except such portions of the grounds as were granted to States, counties and foreign governments for specific purposes. A summary of expenditures and attendance is given for reference : Cost of buildings erected by the exposition company. $439,490 61 Cost of grounds chargeable to the exposition com- pany 583,423 75 Total cost of exposition up to opening day 1,417,961 65 Total cost of exposition up to closing day 2,142,431 37 Amount received from admissions 1,096,475 54 Amount received from concessions 300,192 79 Amount received from exhibits 110,972 00 Amount received from other sources 11,797 81 $1,519,438 14 Attendance Month of June 670,389 Month of July 861,275 Month of August 901,711 Month of September 840,504 Month of October (lst-16th) 466,672 3,740,551 Total paid admissions 2,765,683 Total pass admissions 974,868 3,740,551 FINANCES 195 Attendance on Special Days June 1 Opening Day 91,450 June 5 Children's Day 40,064 July 3 Lumberman's Day 40,593 July 5 Independence Day 60,786 July 28 Elks' Day 43,638 July 31 Swedish Day 40,352 Aug. 3 Minnesota Day 35,642 Aug. 18 German Day 38,642 Aug. 20 Pay Streak Day 43,139 Aug. 21 Vancouver, B. C., Day 35,765 Aug. 30 Norway Day 42,026 Sept. 4 Japan Day 41,929 Sept. 6 Seattle Day 118,824 Sept. 11 New England Day 54,082 Sept. 18 Exhibitors' Day 61,579 Sept. 30 Taft Day 60,953 Oct. 3 Live Stock Day 39,014 Oct. 9 Children's Day 56,375 Oct. 16 Closing Day 61,257 Financial Report Expenditures COST OF BUILDING: Original building contract $27,566 00 Extras 5,715 14 $33,281 14 COST OF IMPROVING GROUNDS: Grading, soil and cement walk $1,555 00 Treating ground, sodding, etc 752 50 2,307 50 ARCHITECT'S FEES AND EXPENSES 5,306 28 ELECTRICAL FIXTURES 1,196 85 EXHIBITS, INCLUDING FREIGHT, ETC 4,772 51 196 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION FURNITURE AND FURNISHINGS HOUSE : Andirons and screens $109 00 Carpets and rugs 1,551 85 Linen and towels 1,074 84 Bedding and blankets 360 50 Draperies 1,050 84 Furniture 5,274 70 9,421 73 MISCELLANEOUS SUPPLIES 1,046 23 RESTAURANT FURNISHINGS 5,975 32 LIGHTING SERVICE 2,495 27 GAS SERVICE 59 40 WATER RENTAL 252 00 INSURANCE : Premiums paid $300 00 Less rebate on cancellation 116 47 183 53 PRINTING AND STATIONERY 1,139 56 RESTAURANT CHARGES: Exposition Club, for services at ban- quets, receptions, etc $9,568 90 Less credit allowance for restaurant privilege 2,000 00 7,568 90 EXPENSES: Howard J. Rogers, Secretary and Director of Exhibits $3,478 74 W. C. Lehman, Assistant Secretary. . . 809 46 B. M. Wilcox, Chief Executive Officer. 2,878 87 John T. McCall 730 70 J. Mayhew Wainwright 317 25 James S. Parker 423 50 Other employees 3,888 25 Paid to Hotel Washington 1,593 10 14,119 87 FINANCES 197 SALARIES: Howard J. Rogers, Secretary and Director of Exhibits $5,416 58 W. C. Lehman, Assistant Secretary 1,300 00 Other employees 5,765 80 12,482 38 LABOR 247 15 LAUNDRY AND CLEANING 415 06 PHOTOGRAPHS AND VIEWS 471 45 SEWARD DAY EXPENSE (unveiling statue, banquets, pamphlets, etc.) 514 71 FLOWERS AT BANQUETS, RECEPTIONS, ETC 300 40 CURRENT EXPENSES OF BUILDING 1,486 33 CASH ON HAND 2,823 28 $107,866 85 Receipts. APPROPRIATION LEGISLATURE OF 1908 $75,000 00 APPROPRIATION LEGISLATURE OF 1909 30,000 00 INTEREST ON DEPOSIT, AUBURN TRUST COMPANY, TO JUNE 30, 1909 120 69 INTEREST ON DEPOSIT, AUBURN TRUST COMPANY, TO JANUARY 1, 1910 31 58 RECEIPTS FROM SALE OF FURNITURE 2,690 58 RECEIVED FROM ALBANY ART UNION. . 24 00 $107,866 85 University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. 50m-5,'64 (E5474S8 ) 9482 D 000268617 8