re 824- C7L II r:. ^ IT J LIBRARY (JMJVESSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS /. .(,£ IfERSITY OF CALIFOflJIlA LIBRARY DAVIS COPY 2 HWi STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DIVISION OF RESOURCES PLANNING MX fp Bulletin No. 68 RECLAMATION OF WATER FROM SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES PROGRESS REPORT JULY 1, 1953-JUNE 30, 1955 GOODWIN J. KNIGHT Governor f\V January, 1958 vv( HARVEY 0. BANKS Director of Water Resources STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DIVISION OF RESOURCES PLANNING Bulletin No. 68 RECLAMATION OF WATER FROM SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES PROGRESS REPORT JULY 1, 1953-JUNE 30, 1955 GOODWIN J. KNIGHT Governor HARVEY O. BANKS Director of Water Resources January, 1958 LIBRARY .UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PA VIS '.\.- Typical sewage treatment plant constructed and placed in operation during 1953-1955 TABLE OF CONTENTS FRONTISPIECE Page LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL oaooaooaaoaoaoooaoaaaav 1.V ORGANIZATION 5 STATE DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES, DIVISION OF RESOURCES PLANNING , o . o . . . o , o o . o » . « v ORGANIZATION^ CALIFORNIA WATER COMMISSION .0.00........ vi ACKNOWIitiiUO^ ENT oooaooooooooaoooooooaooaoo Vlj. CHAPTER lo INTRODUCTION iiLLX'XlOj/ XZo. vXOIl oooooooooooooooo»oo«eooooaa X Prior Investigations and Reports 00000. ooooooooooo 1 Status of Current Investigations oooooo„„„„oooo..o 2 Feasibility of Reclamation of Water from Sewage at International Outfall Sewer^ Tia Juana Valley^ oan Diego County oooooooooooooooooooooo 3 Water Quality and Water Quality Problems, Ventura County <> . » 3 Feasibility of Reclamation of Water from Sewage, Los Angeles Metropolitan Area .000.0.00000000 3 Scope of Investigation o. .......oo. h Progress of Investigation ......„., ..,.,.. h Reclamation of Water from Sewage and Industrial Wastes, San Jose Area, Santa Clara County ......... h Objective and Scope .o....... ....... ........ 5 r xexd xnves LfXga'uiLon .................o... p Laboratory Methods and Procedures ..........ooo. 6 Water Quality Requirements ..... ....... 6 iJ6XXIlj. uXOZlS oaa«oooo«aeooo«9**»»*»»e«a»* [ CHAPTER II o WASTE DISCHARGE TO TIDEWATERS San Francisco Bay Region (No. 2) ...o... .....«...« 10 Central Coastal Region (No. 3) ................o. l5 Page Los Angeles Region (NOo l4)o<>o«co<>oooooooo»ooo<>. 16 Central Valley Region (No. 5) .0.0.0. 18 Santa Ana Region (No. 8). ...... ......' 19 San Diego Region (No. 9) 00000.0.00000......... 20 CHAPTER IIIo RECLAMATION OF WATER FROM SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES Existing Reclamation Projects ..................o 22 Proposed Reclamation Projects . . . o , . 23 Table TABLES Noo Page 1 Average and Total Waste Discharges to Tidewaters in San Francisco Bay Region, 1953-55 12 2 Average and Total Waste Discharges to Tidewaters in Central Coastal Region, 1953-55 .... 16 3 Average and Total Waste Discharges to Tidewaters in Los Angeles Region, 1953—55 .o........ . 17 U Average and Total Waste Discharges to Tidewaters in Central Valley Region, 1953-55 .............o 18 5 Average and Total Waste Discharges to Tidewaters in Santa Ana Region, 1953-55 ................. 20 6 Average and Total Waste Discharges to Tidewaters in San Diego Region, 1953—55 oo.oo.o.o«..o.oo« 21 Plate No. PLATES 1 Locations of Waste Discharges, San Francisco Bay Region 2 Locations of Waste Discharges, Central Coastal Region 3 Locations of Waste Discharges, Los Angeles Region k Locations of Waste Discharges, Santa Ana Region 5 Location of Waste Discharges, San Diego Region ii APPENDIX Sewerage Facilities^ Waste Discharges^ and Waste Analyses Xll IKICTOII QOODWIN J. KNIGHT GOVERNOR «■»»%»»•• B»Mi V vn :Y O. banks address reply to p. o. BOX loTs Sacramento 5 P.O. BOX 388 SACRAMENTO 2 1 130 N Strett Hickory 5-471 1 STATE OF CALIFORNIA SACRAMENTO January 27, 1958 Honorable Goodwin J. Knight, Governor, and Members of the Legislature of the State of California Water Pollution Control Boards Gentlemen: I have the honor to transmit herewith the third progress report to the Governor, Legislature, and the several water pollution ' control boards on "Reclamation of Water from Sewage or Industrial Waste," as authorized and directed by Section 230 of the Water Code, This report presents a statewide inventory of sewage treat- ment facilities discharging to tidewaters, and status of sewage reclamation projects for the two-year period July 1, 1953 through June 30, 1955. Investigation of the feasibility and practicability of reclama- tion of waste waters, under Section 230 of the Water Code, is an integral part of the study and planning activities of this Department in support of the California Water Development Program, Verj^ truly yovirs. HARVEY 0. ^ANKS Director ORGANIZATION STATE DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DIVISION OF RESOURCES PLANNING Harvey Oo Banks ... o .» oo. ...» . Director of Water Resources M. J. Shelton .. ..,....,. . Deputy Director of Water Resources i William L. Berry . , . . . . . . Chiefs Division of Resoiirces Planning The activity -under which this report was prepared is directed by Meyer Krarasky*. ..... .,o ,.,,o . Principal Ifydraulic Engineer The activities in northern California are under the supervision of Willard R. Slater ,.» ........ . Supervising Ifydraulic Engineer The activities in southern California are under the direction of Max Bookman ....................o District Engineer supervision by David B. Willets ...........o Supervising I^draulic Engineer -0- This report was prepared by Claude W. Hewitt ............. Associate hydraulic Engineer Harry G. Behrens ............. Assistant I^draulic Engineer Tom Y, Fujimoto ................ Assistant Civil Engineer Harold V. Willshon ... ...... ...... Junior Civil Engineer assisted by Edwin N. Seward ....,,,,..,.,... Assistant Civil Engineer Allan Joy ..,.,....,..,......, Junior Civil Engineer Richard C. Lee .....,.,.,..,.,.. Junior Civil Engineer *Prior to March 1^^ 1957^ this activity was under the direction of Philip J. Coff^, Paul L, Barnes .,...,..,,. Chief, Division of Administration Isabel C, Nessler . « . , . » . » . » . . = . Coordinator of Reports NOTE; Prior to establishment of the Department of Water Resources on July 5j 19^6, the following organizational positions were in effect under the Division of Water Resources s Harvey 0. Banks .<..o<.<...o...oooo.,. State Engineer* L, 0. Jopson o. Assistant State Engineer Henry Holsinger >o 0...000,. Principal Attorney T. Ro Merryweather .. . » , . » . o . o <. » » Administrative Assistant *A, D. Edmonston was State Engineer until his retirement on November 1, 1955 « ORGANIZATION DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES CALIFORNIA WATER COMMISSION Clair Ao Hill, Chairman, Redding A. Frew, Vice Chairman, King City John Po Bunker, Gustine Wo Po Rich, Marysville Everett L. Grubb, Riverside Phil D, Swing, San Diego Kenneth Q. Volk, Los Angeles William M, Carah Administrative Assistant George Be Gleason Staff Engineer vi ACKNOWLEDGMENT The valuable assistance and cooperation given by many individuals 5, public agencies and private organizations in the preparation of this report is gratefully acknowledgedo Particular recognition is due the followingj ^l^tlO provided technical assistance and important data; State Water Pollution Control Board Regional Water Pollution Control Boards State Department of Public Healthy Bureau of Sanitary Engineering and Division of Laboratories City and County of San Francisco City of Los Angeles City of San Diego Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County Los Angeles County Flood Control District Orange County Sanitation Districts East Bay Municipal Utility District University of Southern California The collection of a large portion of sewage effluent samples for mineral and sanitary analyses reported herein was made possible through interest and assistance frcsn the staffs of many sewage treatment plants. The competent help of these individuals is greatly appreciated. Many of the analyses reported herein were performed ty the United States Geological Survey 5, Quality of Water Branch, under cooperative agree- ment with the Department of Water Resources » Many of the analyses reported for southern California wer« per- formed by the State Department of Public Healthy Division of Laboratories, vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION This is the third of a series of reports pertaining to reclamation of water from sewage or industrial wastes in Califomias and covers the period from July 1^ 19^3s to June 30s, 1955o This report presents basic data on quantity and quality of waste discharges and pertinent information regard- ing development of sewage treatment facilities and status of reclamation projectSo Authorization The State Department of Water Resources is authorized by Section 23O of the Water Code to conduct investigations pertaining to reclamation of water from sewage or industrial wastes » Chapter 15^2 <, Statutes of 1914.9 added Section 230 to the Water Codej, which reads? "23O0 The Department^ either independently or in cooperation with any person or any county^ state^ federal, or other agency j, to the extent funds are allocated therefor, shall conduct surveys and investigations relating to the reclamation of water from sewage or industrial wastes for beneficial purposes, including but not lim- ited to the determination of quantities of such water presently wasted, and possibilities of use of such water for recharge of underground storage or for agricultural or industrial usesj and shall report to the Legislature and to the appropriate regional water pollution control board thereon, annually," Prior Investigations and Reports In December 1952^ the Division of Water Resources submitted to the Legislature and to the regional water pollution control boards the first progress report on "Reclamation of Water from Sewage or Industrial Wastes", for the period May 19^1^, through June 19^2 „ This report presented funda- mental considerations and preliminary data on status of waste water reclamation, utilization of reclaimed water for beneficial purposes and statistics on quantity and quality of wastes discharged to the Pacific Ocean and tidal waters. The second progress reportj, submitted in June 195Uj continued the inventory for the period July 1, 1952 j through June 30 j 19^3 » and summarized changes in sewered areas and in sewage treatment facilities o It also discussed progress of studies on sewage reclamation projects by the Division of Water Resources and other public agencies « The following publications j, in addition to previously mentioned progress reports dealing with the reclamation of water from sewage and indus- trial wastes, were reviewed and abstracted during the preparation of the present reporto lo Caldwell^, Do Ho, Hyde, C„ G„, and Rawn, A„ M<, "Report on Collection, Treatment and Disposal of the Sewage of San Diego County, California" o September 1952.. 2„ California State Department of Public Works, Division of Water Resources » "Feasibility of Reclamation of Water from Sewage in International Outfall Sewer, Tia Juana Valley, San Diego County" o Unpublished Reporto 3o California State Water Pollution Control Boardo "A Survey of Direct Utilization of Waste Waters o" Publication Noo 12 „ 1955. l|o Rawn, Ae Mo, Bowerraan, Fo Ro, and Stone, Ralpho "Integrat- ing Reclamation and Disposal of Waste Water," Journal American Water Works Associatiopo May 1953 o 5o University of Southern California^ Engineering Centero "Waste Water Reclamation and Utilizations" Monthly Progress Report NOo 1, NOo 2, Noo 3j> No,, ii, Noo 5> Noo 6, Noc 7, Noo 8, and Noo 9o 1955o Status of Current Investigations As of June 30, 1955s the Division of Water Resources was conduct- ing investigations and preparing several reports pertaining to the reclamation of watero Feasibility of Keclamation of Water from Sewage at International Outfall Sewer, Tia Juana Valley^ San Diego County The scope of this investigation was outlined in the second progress reporto During the reporting period^, field and office work on this investi- gation was completed^ and a draft of the report was under preparationo Results of the investigation were to be reproduced as an office reporto Water Quality and Water Quality Problems, Ventura County As a part of this investigation^ a study was made of the feasibility of reclamation of sewage at Oxnardo The scope of that investigation was out- lined in the second progress reporto During the period of this study ^i the study of the feasibility of reclamation of water from sewage at the City of Oxnard was completedo The results of that study indicate that water reclaimed for irrigation purposes would cost about $23 initiallyj and reduce to about $1$ per acre-foot in a 20-year development program. These costs include polishing treatment and distributiono Feasibility of Reclamation of Vfeter fran Sewage^ Los Angeles Metropolitan Area The largest waste discharges to the ocean occur in the Los Angeles -'' Metropolitan Area where more than ^00^000 acre-feet of waste waters are discharged annually „ The principal sewerage systems include the City of Los AngeleSp the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County^ and the Orange County Sanitation Districts,, Rapid groirth in population and industry in this large metropolitan area has greatly increased water requirements to the point that the local ground water basins have been seriously depleted, and sea-water intrusion has taken place in the coa,stal areao With the urbanization and industrialization of the area^ the volume of waste waters being discharged to the ocean has greatly increasedo It is reasonable^, therefore^ to examine -3- these waste discharges as a possible source of supply for the replenishment of overdrawn ground water basins and possible utilization for industrial purposes. Scope of Investigation . This investigation includes study and evaluation of the following items? lo The amount of water which could be reclaimed from sewage pres- ently discharged by the three major systems in the metropolitan area, 2. Survey of the mineral quality of sewage at the principal treat- ment plants and major trunks of the three principal sewerage systems. 3o Survey of potential sites for plants to reclaim water from sewage, U. Preliminary surveys of potential markets for reclaimed water. 5. Preliminary estimates of cpst of reclaiming water from sewage and cost of conveyance to place of use. Progress of Investigation . As of June 30, 19^5, the field surveys and quality surveys have been completed for the City of Los Angeles system and the Orange County Sanitation Districts, Work was initiated on the preparation of maps showing principal trunk sewers and sewered areas in the metropolitan area. Contacts were made with the city and county agencies to secure infor- mation on present sewage flows and anticipated future expansion of their sewerage system. Reclamation of Water from Sewage and Industrial Wastes, San Jose Area; Santa Clara County This investigation was outlined in the second progress report. Shortly thereafter, the Bay Barrier Investigation was started. Both this and the fact that San Jose was planning construction of a sewage treatment plant were expected to alter the position of waste reclamation. Consequently, this investigation was postponed. ^u- Ob.jective and Scope This report presents an inventory of reclamation projects and waste treatment facilities for the period July 1, 19^35 through Jxine 30, 1905 > and evaluates the quality and quantity of water being wastedo These waste waters are viewed as potential sources of additional supply and where reclamation of these waters appears feasible, these data can serve as a basis for more detailed study. Waste discharges reported herein are confined to facilities dis- charing more than one million gallons per day to tidewaters, except for the San Francisco Bay Area, where one-half million gallons per day was used as the lower limito Cooling water returns are not includedo The data are presented by water pollution control regionso Of the nine regions in the State, the Lahontan and the Colorado River Basin are inland regions without access to tidewaters, and one, the North Coastal Region, does not contain any single discharge exceeding the above UmitSo The data in this report, therefore, are confined to the Central Valley Region, the San Francisco Bay Region, the Central Coastal Region, the Los Angeles Region, the Santa Ana Region, and the San Diego Region, The data include present sewerage facilities, recorded flows for these facilities, and mineral and sanitary characteristics of these waste discharges. Descriptions of waste water reclamation projects, existing and proposed, are also included. Field Investigation The field program to obtain pertinent data for the preparation of this report comprised the following? 1. Interviews with waste discharging agencies to obtain flow records, changes in facilities and reclamation practices. -5- 2, Collection of hourly waste water samples over eight hour, sixteen hour, twenty-four hour or weekly periods for quality determinations, dependent upon local conditions. The samples were generally composited by flow to obtain an analysis more nearly indicative of the average quality of the discharge. When composite samples could not be obtained, single grab samples were substituted. 3. Field analyses were made on individual hourly samples to determine pH, temperature, and electrical conductivity. Hourly flows were also recorded. Laboratory Methods and Procedures Composited samples were analyzed for sanitary and mineral quality, in accordance with the current edition of "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water, Sewage, and Industrial Wastes". Sanitary analysis included determi- ation of five-day 20°C biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, most probable number of coliform organisms, and ether soluble material. Mineral analysis consisted of determination of electrical conductivity, pH, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, nitrate, fluoride, boron, silica, total dissolved solids, and hardness. Sanitary analyses were performed by the Department's mobile labora- tory in northern California and permanent laboratory facilities in southern California. Mineral analyses were performed by the United States Geological Survey in Sacramento, the Department's laboratory in southern California, and by the State Department of Public Health, Division of Laboratories. Water Quality Requirements ~f Water quality requirements for industrial use are extremely varied. Requirements for irrigation uses fall into two classes: miheral and sanitary. -6- Criteria for mineral quality of irrigation water used by the Department of Water Resources are those developed at the University of California at Davis and at the Rubidoux and Regional Salinity Laboratories of the United States Department of Agriculture o-*«- Because of the diverse climatological conditions^ and the variation in crops and soils in California^ only general limits of quality for irrigation waters can be suggested. The following broad classi- fications of irrigation waters are used by the Departments Class I - EXCELLENT TO GOODs Regarded as safe and suitable for most plants under any condition of soil and climateo Class II - GOOD TO INJURIOUS? Regarded as possibly harmful for certain crops under certain soil conditionso Class III- INJURIOUS TO UNSATISFACTORI? Regarded as prob- ably harmful to most crops and unsatisfactory for all but the most toleranto The sanitary regulations governing the use of sewage to irrigate crops are given in Bulletin Noo ^9 of the State Department of Public Healtho These regulations provide thats (l) untreated sewage shall not be used to irrigate growing crops^ screening and grit removal not being considered as treatment I (2) settled sewage or partially disinfected effluents shall not be used to irrigate certain specified types of growing crops j and (3) no restric- tions apply against the use of a well oxidizedj reliably disinfected effluent where the treatment works have adequate safety factors to insure the production of an effluent always meeting certain specified bacteriological standards o \, Definitions The following terms are used as defined in connection with the discussion of water reclamation from waste waters in this reports * Lo Vo Wilcox and Oo Co Magistad^, "Interpretation of Analyses of Irrigation Waters and the Relative Tolerance of Crop Plants" 5, Uo So Regional Salinity Laboratory c, 19U3o Sewage. "Any and all waste substances liquid or solidj, associated with human habitation;, or idiich contains or may be contam- inated with human or animal excreta or excrement, offal, or any feculent mattero"* As used in this report, sewage includes all liquid wastes carried Icty commiinity sewer systems. Industrial waste, "Any and all liquid or solid waste substance, not sewage, from any producing, manufacturing or processing operation of whatever nature."* Waste water. A term including sewage, industrial wastes, or any combination of the two. Reclaimed water. Water recovered from sewage and/or industrial waste that is put to beneficial use or is held available for beneficial purposes. Reclamation. The process of reclaiming water from sewage or industrial wastes for beneficial purposes. Planned Reclamation. That process of recovery of waste from sewage or industrial waste >jhich was originally conceived and planned for the primary purpose of putting the recovered water to beneficial use. Incidental Reclamation. That process where the recovery of waste waters for beneficial use is secondary to sewage treatment. Involuntary Reclamation. The recovery of waste waters for beneficial use which have lost their identity through mixing with natural stream flow or ground water to vdiich they were discharged in the process of final disposal. ■»■ From Section 1300? of the Water Codec -8- Primary sewage treatmento That process ^ich removes a portion of %he suspended and floating matter from sewage or indus- trial waste by screenings, skiramingj sedimentation,, or other physical means o Secondary sewage treatment- Any process of sewage or industrial waste treatment which follows primary or intermediate treat- mentj and which accomplishes further stabilization of organic matter by biological or chemical actiono -9- CHAPTER II, WASTE DISCHARGE TO TIDEWATERS This chapter discussep quantity and quality of waste waters dis- charging to tidewater for the period JuJly 1, 1953 throxjgh June 30, 1955* and describes development of sewage treatment facilities during that period. The quantities of waste water discharged to tidewaters were deter- mined from records of metered flow maintained by the discharging agencies when such records were available e Where such records were not obtainable, flow data were estimated? (a) by discharging agencyj (b) from intermit- tent measurements or partial monthly recordsj or (c) from calculations on basis of population, using per capita discharge estimates. The quality data for this report were obtained by analyses of composite samples. When composite samples could not be obtained, single grab samples were collected. Also included are those analyses obtained dtirlng the course of other Departmental investigations and those supplied by the discharging agencies. A summary of the data is presented by water pollution control regions. San Francisco Bay Region (No. 2) Data are presented for agencies discharging waste to tidal waters in the amount of one-half million gallons per day or moreo There were 39 such agencies on June 30, 1955o These are listed in Table Ij the loca- tions are shown on Plate 1. Data on treatment facilities are presented in Table 2 of the appendix. During the 1953-55 period, new treatment plants were constructed by the City of Millbrae, and by the Hayward, San Pablo, Sausalito-Marin City, and Stege Sanitary Districts. These new facilities treat an estimated 9«8 mgd or 11,000 acre-feet per year of waste water formerly discharged without treatment. These and other developments are summarized in Appendix Table 1. -10- Appendix Table 3 shows monthly dis charges o The total volume of waste discharged in this region is estimated to have been 2^65,1420 acre-feet in 19^3-^h and 268, 9U5 acre-feet in 195i;-55o These same discharges totaled an estimated 2^0^260 acre-feet in 19^2-53o About ten per cent of the waste water discharged receives secondary treatment, 68 per cent primary treatment, and 22 per cent no treatmento Min- eral and s^itary analyses are presented in Appendix Tables k and ^o In accordance with the adopted standards for classification of water, approxi- mately ten per cent of the above waste water would be Class I irrigation water, and thirty-five per cent Class IIo The remaining 55 per cent would be Class III5 however, much of this approaches the limits of Class II, with excessive chloride and total dissolved solids content being the limiting factors in most caseso A review of previous data for 15 discharges showed that electrical conductivity increased in eight discharges and decreased in seven during the period 1952-53 to 1953-55.. One of the requirements of any reclamation project is that there be a need for supplemental watero Recent studies by the Department have shown that a present an overdraft exists in the Santa Clara Valley at the south end of San Francisco Bay, and that this overdraft is expected to increase under conditions of ultimate development o The quality of ground water in this area is generally excellent. Therefore, reclaimed water having excessive mineral content could be diluted with ground water, providing a mixture of usable quality. ■11= TABIfi 1 AVERAGE AND TOTAL WASTE DISCHARGES TO TIDEWATERS IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION 1953-55 : 1953-5U 195i;-55 Agencies ; Average: :rate of: : flow : Annual total in : Average : rate of : flow Annual total in :in mgd : acre-feet : in mgd acre-feet Marin County Sanitary- District No. 1 and No, 2 2.2 2, 1^60 2.8 3,110 City of Mill Valley 0.8 875 0.9 1,020 San Rafael Sanitation District 1.9 2,130 1.9 2,ll;0 Sausalito Marin City Sanitary District 0.6 630 0.9 975 City of Vallejo 6.8^ 7,620 6.8b 7,620 City of Benecia 0.6^ 720 0,6b 720 Central Contra Costa Sanitary District 3.1i 3,770 3.8 U,2Uo' Cities of Fairfield and Suisun 0.6b 720 0.6b 720 City of Richmond 8.2^ 9,200 8.2b 9,200 City of Martinez 0.7^ 8U0 0.7^ 8U0 City of Concord 1.3 l,ii80 1.6 1,850 San Pablo Sanitary District 2.9b 3,230 2.9b 3,230 City of Pittsburg 0.9 1,020 0.9 1,020 Stege Sanitary District 2.7^ 3,0U0 2.7b 3, Oho City of San Leandro 3.2 3,620 3.2 3,550 East Bay Municipal Utility District 5U.8 6l,U00 53.9 60,li00 Hayward Sanitary District 1.9* 2,090 2.8 3,090 Oro Loraa Sanitary District ?.7 6,3140 6.5 7,260 a. Discharge estimated from partial records. b. Discharge estimated on basis of 80 gallons per capita per day, -12- TABLE 1 (Continued) AVERAGE AND TOTAL WASTE DISCHARGES TO TIDEWATERS IN SAN FRANCISCO BAT REGION 1953-55 1953-5U 195l.»55 Agencies s Averages srate ofs § flow ? sin mgd ° Annual total in acre-feet s Average s rate of s flow s in mgd s Annual s total i in s acre-feet Union Sanitary District 0,6 710 O06 710® City of Mountain View 0,8 885 loO lpl60 City of Palo Alto l4,2 U,7liO licU U9920 City of San Jose 16,0^ 17,900 18 oC^ 20,100 City of Sunnyvale 2,9^ 3.250 3o3® 3,700 City of Burlingame 1.U lp560 IcU 1,580 City of Mi librae 0.6^ 620 o„5 580 City of Redwood City 3.0 3i,U00 3»1 3,h70 City of San Mateo U.5 5,000 i;.6 5, mo Cities of South San Francsico and San Bruno 3.3 3.670 3o5 3,960 Menlo Park Sanitary District 2.U 2,690 2,6 2,970 San Carlos-Belmont Sanitary District 1.7 1,950 2,0 2,300 City and County of San Francsico s North Point 33 » 2 37,200 35o8 Uo,ooo Richmond-Sunset Plant 12,2 13,600 12o9 lilsUOO Southeast Plant ll^oO 15,700 l5o6® 17,500^ United States Steel, Columbia-Geneva Divisions Cooling water 10,5 11,750 10c 5^ 11,750 Oil Waste 5o5^ 6, 160 5o5^ 6,160 ao Discharge estimated from partial records b. Discharge estimated by agency -13- TABLE 1 (Continued) AVERAGE AND TOTAL WASTE DISCHABGES TO TIDEWATERS IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION 1953-55 1953-5U 195U-55 Agencies ; Ave rages :rate oft i flow i ;in mgd • Annual tot^l in acre-feet : Average; : rate ofs : flow s : in mgd : Annual total in acre-feet 2.0^ 2,2iiO 2.0^ 2,2UO lo8^ 2,020 1.8^ 2,02p lc7^ 1,900 1.7^ lp900 Uo3^ U,,820 U.3^ U,?20 1«6 1,790 lo6 1,790 io5b 1,680 1.5^ 1,680 228.9 256,U20 239 o 9 268,9U5 Mill scale waste Johns-Manville Corporation Pioneer Rubber Mills General Chemical Coiporation Shell Chemical CcMnpany C & H Sugar Refinery char waste a,, Discharge estimated from partial records, bo Discharge estimated by agency. Central Coastal Region (No. 3 ) On June 30^, 19^^s there were six agencies in this region discharg- ing one million gallons or more per day of waste^ as shown on Plate 2o Data on their treatment facilities are presented in Table 2 of the appendix. During the reporting period j, no major developments in treatment facilities occurredo An estimated 11*5 735 acre-feet of waste water were discharged in 195U-55. In 19^3~^h} 13j675 acre-feet were discharged;, and 13^,570 in 1952-53<. Monthly discharges^, where recorded, are shown in Appendix Table 3o About ^0 per cent of the waste water in this region receives primary treatment, 33 per cent secondary treatment, and 17 per cent no treatment other than screening. Mineral and sanitary analyses are presented in Appendix Tables k and 5o About ho per cent, or 5,700 acre-feet, of this water is of Class I mineral quality for irrigationj, ten per cent in Class II, and 50 per cent Class IIIo The largest single discharge, ii,8iiO acre-feet per year at Santa Barbara, is Class III due to its high chloride content. As the present chloride content of ground water in this area is generally high, considerable dilution would be necessary to improve appreciably the quality of this waste dischargee -15- TABLE 2 AVERAGE AND TOTAL WASTE DISCHARGES TO TIDEWATERS IN CENTRAL COASTAL REGION 1953-55 Agency 1953-5U 5 Average § Annual srate of : total s flow ' in gjn mgd s acre-feet 195U-55 Average : Annual rate of s total flow s in in mgd s acre-feet City of Santa Barbara Carmel Sanitary District City of Monterey City of Pacific Grove City of Santa Cruz City of Watsonville TOTALS ilol ii,620 U.3 U,8U0 Oo8^ 975 0,8* 975 1.3 1,510 loU 1.570 0.7 785 1.0 1,190 2,9 3,260 3.2 3,550 2,2a 2,525^ 2.3 2,610 12o0 13,675 13c 1 ili,735 a. Estimated by agency from partial records, Los Angeles Region (No, k ) There were six waste discharges in this region greater than one million gallons per day on June 30, 1955, as shown on Plate 3-> Although no new facilities were constructed during the reporting period, the City of Oxnard is planning an additional treatment plant of six million gallons per day capacity. The City of Ventura is planning additional facilities to increase the capacity of its present treatment plant by 50 per cent. The City of Los Angeles is planning to convert frcxn secondary to primary treat- ment at its Hyperion Plant, These six agencies discharged an estimated 14885,6140 acre-feet in I95I4-55, and 1465,350 acre-feet in 1953-514. In 1952-53, the same discharges totaled 1436,14140 acre-f^et. -16- Mineral analyses, presented in Appendix Table ks show that 2795,010 acre-feet of the waste water discharged to tidewater in 19^k-^^ fell within the limits of Class II waterso The remaining 2092,630 acre-feet was equiv- alent to Class IIIj generally because of high total dissolved solids contents Most of this Class III water was discharged by the Los Angeles County Sanitation Districto Sanitary analyses are shown in Appendix Table 5. Of the six dis-^ charging agencies^, three provided secondary treatment to 210s,570 acre-feet of wasteo The remaining three j, discharging 2785OOO acre-feet provided only primary treatment. TABIE 3 AVERAGE AND TOTAL WASTE DISCHARGES TO TIDEWATERS IN LOS ANGELES REGION 1953-55 1953-5U 195U-55 Agency § Average ° Annual srate of s total ' flow s in sin mgd g acre-feet Average s Annual rate of : total flow i in in mgd s acre-feet City of Los Angeles Hyperion Plant Terminal Island plant City of Oxnard^ City of Ventura^ Los Angeles County Sanitation District Port Hueneme (United States Construction Battalion Center) ° TOTALS 239.2 5.6 267,900 6,230 2ii3o9 6„1 273,200 6,8iiO 3.7 Up 100 3.3 3,680 1.8 2,020 lc9 2,130 l6Uo2 183,900 180 „0 201,600 1.1 1,200 lol 1,190 Ui5o6 U65,35o U36o3 U88,6U0 a^ Meter registered high from July 1953 - April 195iio Actual discharge in 195U-55 was greater than discharge for 1953-5Uo bo Discharge in 195^-55 estimated by agencyo Co Estimated from partial records o -17- Central Valley Region (No. $ ) Many small communities discharge waste water to tidal waters in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta areaj however, the only discharges greater than one-half million gallons per day during the reporting period were the City of Antioch and the Fibreboard Products Corporation, Antioch and San Joaquin Divisions. Data for these facilities are included in Table 2 of the appendix. It is estimated that these discharges totaled 23,300 acre-feet per year. The City of Antioch provides primary treatment » No treatment, how- ever, is given to the two industrial discharges. Mineral and sanitary analyses presented in Appendix Tables k and 5 show that all three discharges lie within the limits of Glass II irrigation water, the principal detriments being total dissolved solids and boron content. The locations of the discharges are shown on Plate 1. TABLE k AVERAGE AND TOTAL WASTE DISCHARGES TO TIDEWATERS IN CENTRAL VALLEY REGION 1953-55 t 19?3-5U • 195h-55 Agency : Average srate of : flow sin mgd Annual s total s in ; acre-feet s Average s rate of : flow : in mgd ° Annual total in acre-feet City of Antioch 0.8 900 0.8 900 Fibreboard Products Antioch Division 5.0 5,600 5.0 5,600 San Joaquin Division 15.0 20,8 16,800 15.0 20,8 16, 800 TCTAI£ 23,300 23,300 -IB- Santa Ana Region (No. 8 ) The City of Newport Beach and the Orange County Joint Outfall Sewer were the only two agencies discharging more than one million gallons per day in this region in 1953-51io In 195U-55> they were absorbed by the County Sanitation District of Orange County, The District commenced operation on July 1, 19$k} and presently operates two treatment plants 3 one of which was formerly operated by the Orange County Joint Outfall Sewer, The treatment plants of the Cities of Newport Beach and Huntington Beach were deactivated when these two agencies joined the district. Sewage from these latter cities is now treated at the District Plant No, 2, The locations of these facilities are shown on Plate k> and brief descriptions of the facilities are presented in Appendix Table 2o The District's Plant Noo 1, discharged 13,260 acre-feet in 19^h-^^} while Plant No. 2 discharged 10,100 acre-feet. The mineral quality of Plant No. 2 discharge, as given in Appendix Table Us is extremely poor. The discharge from Plant No. 1, however, is equivalent to Class II waters. Both plants provide primary treatment, and sanitary analyses of their discharges are presented in Appendix Table 5. At present, serious water shortages exist in the Los Angeles-Santa Ana area. Large quantities of water are being imported at present, and future increases are anticipated. Therefore, the potentialities of waste reclamation are of considerable interest in this area. -19. TABLE 5 AVERAGE AND TOTAL WASTE DISCHARGES TO TIDEWATERS IN SANTA ANA REGION 1953-55 1953-5U l951i-55 s Average s Annual : Averages Annual Agency :rate of : total : rate of; total : flow : in : flow : in sin mgd : acre-feet 5 in mgd ; acre-feet City of Newport Beach^ Orange County Joint Outfall sewer^ Orange County Sanitation District Plant Noo 1 Plant No. 2 TOTALS 2.6 13.7 16.3 2,910 15,300 11.8 13,260 9.0 10,100 18,210 20,8 23,360 a. Annexed to Orange County Sanitation District on July 1, 195U» bo Estimated from partial records. San Diego Region (No. 9 ) The locations of the six agencies -vdiich discharge to tidewaters with- in this region are shown on Plate 5o Data concerning the facilities are listed in Appendix Table 2, The total discharge was 53,l80 acre-feet in 195U-55s and 53,630 in 1953-51;« The discharge in 1952-53 was 5l,05O. The City of San Diego dis- charges the largest quantity, amounting to about ii3,000 acre-feet per year. Monthly discharges are shown in Appendix Table 3o Appendix Table h shows mineral analyses of discharges for this regicxi. Only about 13 per cent, or 6,700 acre-feet of the waste water, is equivalent to Class II waters. The remaining U6,U80 ac3?e-feet are in Class III, principally -20- due to excessive chloride contento Primary treatment is provided for U6j050 acre-feetj, and secondary for 960 acre-feeto No treatment is provided for the remaining 6,170 acre-feet. Sanitary analyses are presented in Appendix Table 5o This area, like the Los Angeles-Santa Ana area, is one of increasing water importation„ The possibility, therefore, of providing a portion of the area' s ultimate water requirements through reclamation of waste is of consid- erable economic importance* TABI£ 6 AVERAGE AND TOTAL WASTE DISCHARGES TO TIDEWATERS IN SAN DIEGO REGION 1953-55 1953-5h 195U-55 Agency s Average s 5 rate of s s flow t ' in mgd ; Annual total in acre-feet : Average s rate of '. flow ; in mgd t Annual : total : in : acre-feet City of Chula Vista J Street Plant lo2 1,370 1.U 1.570 City of Coronado* lo8 2,000 1.8 2,000 City of Laguna Beach Oo9 loOlO 0.9 960 City of Oceans ide 1.3 1,UU0 I.I4 1,530 City of San Diego 39.0 U3,660 38.3 U2,950 International Outfall Sewer 3.7 ii7.9 U,i5o 3.7 U7o5 U,170 TOTALS 53,630 53,180 -^ Discharge estimated 'hy agency. =21- CHAPTER III. RECLAMATION OF WATER FROM SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES ^- The use of waste water for agriculture and industry is not a new concept. Irrigation with sewage and industrial waste effluents has been practiced for mariy years o Industry has put reclaimed waste water to use for cooling and boiler feed pxirposes and for various other plant processes. Recreational use has included irrigation of parks and golf courses, and the formation of artificial lakes, streams, and wildlife refuges. Projects for reclamation of sewage and industrial wastes can be considered either as "planned" or "incidental", depending upon the intent and concept under which the project was developed. Involuntary reclamation commonily occurs where waste water is dis- charged to a stream or ground water basin from which water is subsequently withdrawn and put to beneficial use. Since this report pertains only to the discharge of waste waters to tidewater, involuntary reclamation has not been considered. It is planned to include an inventory of discharges where involiintaiy reclamation occurs in succeeding progress reports. Existing Reclamation Projects In Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, planned reclamation of water from sewage has been practiced since 1931o An activated sludge plant in the park intercepts a main trunk sewer to the Richmond-Sunset sewage treatment plant and draws off influent as needed at the rate of about one million gallons per day or 1,100 acre-feet per year. The reclaimed water is used for the maintenance of decorative lakes and for irrigation in the park. Camp Pendleton Marine Base near Oceanside also has practiced reclamation for some time, using the secondary effluent from the camp's -22- sewage treatment plant to maintain lakes for conservation and recreational purposes and to irrigate a golf course o In addition to these larger projects, several discharging agencies utilize small portions of their effluents for irrigation of plant grounds and operation of plant equipment such as chlorinators and scum removal sprays„ Proposed Reclamation Projects Recognition of reclamation as a beneficial and economical means for final disposal of waste water as well as a means of augmenting or replacing other water supplies has led to new interest in and consequent study on the feasibility of reclamation projects by the State^ municipal, and other public and private agencies. The City of Los Angeles is planning to convert the Hyperion acti- vated sludge plant to a primary treatment planto Tentative proposals contem- plate the utilization of the secondary treatment facilities as a water reclamation planto The Los Angeles County Flood Control District is currently conducting exhaustive pilot studies to determine the feasibility of using water reclaimed from the ffyperion discharge to supply injection wells in the West Coast Basin for the purpose of preventing sea-water intrusiono The Talbert Water District is proposing to use effluent from the Orange County Sanitation District for pre-irrigation of beans. It is pro- posed to divert a portion of the discharge to a regulating reservoir, thence to a distribution system to serve individual fanners o Because of the rela- tively poor mineral quality of the reclaimed water, it is proposed to use one and one-half acre-feet per acre for pre-irrigation of beans, or about 3,600 acre-jfeet per year for the entire district, in lieu of the generally used one acre-foot per acre., -23- The City of Oceanside is considering the reclamation of water from sewage* It is proposed that all the effluent from its sewage recla- mation plant be pumped to percolation ponds which would be \ised to recharge the San Luis Rey ground water basin. Utilization of the effluent from a planned six mgd secondary plant of the City of Oxnard has been considered by local interests. -2li- APPENDIX SEWERAGE FACILITIES, WASTE DISCHARGES AND WASTE ANALYSES TABLES Number 1 Development of Sewerage Facilities in California 2 Sewerage Facilities in California 3 Waste Discharges to Tidewaters ii Mineral Analyses of Sewage and Industrial Wastes ^ Sanitary Analyses of Sewage and Industrial Wastes o ^ 1^ o >^ ITN S O M iH CO •> w o M cr> E-i M X X X X X X X X X n C\J X X X X o o 8 Q O Q o O o O O 8 o o Q O Q o o o l/N o o o o O (3 o o o 1^ O^ o ff^ •v •\ '^ •\ •> ffv o\ •^ «\ OV <^ to o vO C\J o C\J o o xO o en en » -P O -P -P cd 43 X( S " g ^43 r-{ O 'fn Q) >» •H O to s •d 3 tH ffi s s C -P O t CO CO o o u CO ° s tfl cd c H 43 Cd cd tH <+-! Cm CO -p cd o tH tH 43 •H 43 CO Ch to to o O O •H ^H a, o o cd •^•d O 0) -H x: c Pb u o. •H ;:i !>j !>j !>» +3 cd •d s !>> to cd t>0 >s 4^ CO +3 -P -P ^^ CO § < 4? 4? 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(t b c *r C t cT c > ♦J tj a u t c ( f E f tl U t c T C Ih X c y Vh a I] c rA C "l tf i- 1 c ] u J UJ _| v> < < Q *-< ••-^ >- - — < Z < UJ < 1 'O O •H 9 > ■'6 o o c s rH H XI 2 :15 rH 'O OTMCR CONSTITUENTS ppm to •rt r- rH -; o to r- f-t $ o O CO 2 O (n ■o o •H 0-- rH O O rH "Jo o II ^1 8 o § o o SB 88 o o if- o o 8 8 8" 8 o'd 8 O 8' o cT 88 o q o'd 8,8 -J -4 CNt CV 8 O o o o 88 o o S"8 CM v3 s 8 O o CTH£R SOLUBLE MATERIAL ppm rH rH -J cc o rH a rH to t o to c:) rH r-i rH rH «0 C<> o LA CM 1 -J- -4 ■J *: ^ w ^ o o i ~ !^ I 1 , -^ o ■ U-' c- O r - i/\ lA [ rH CM ^ CM I- LA CM --i- tr I A (M 111 rH fH rH rH u^ O LA o O to rH CO 3? O cr- t- CM ,~i rH r-i O O C- rH rH CM -J CM -J tH CM o CO rH rH -1- <5 r-i O a- o O. CT rH rH O rH r' LP. <;i r rH UA rH CC CI O lA o LA ajjisoatnoj sanoH u\ a f^ ?J rH -£) O c^ ^?J rH f- -C ■--! rH CM fV ?} CO CO CO d « ^ o CM CO rH CM 00 rH TO r—i rH rH lA to rH lA u- ft ^ r-i c\ CV rH rH r-- LA CM LA -:J •^- .r CM n- T^ rH rH r' lA LA -J ir. OJ CA -4 lA ^' CM c'^ -3 CM CA " -1 -H o 3 r- -3 P r •X ^•^- lA rH -V -a 0) c •H t: --- o ■H tr >■ o; cr o u U) •H (J c: c c o in a i: -p t: n o 0) ff". 1 w o V, a) O c •i? L. ( C i ( [ c ■t r t TO rH 1/1 1 o o o V t c t L ■ E O t: I) a; 1 L_ 1 n '0 o .J IT, O 1 in c t». c > c CI o t a T t C V n t- 1 a a. t.. c > C 't- (/ H- c c *- i I 1 r a C o > a ■P c £:; +^ b) t. fc- OJ c TO :i 0! X t c {; (, c t. {' c. -f (_ i- I c c .c (t j: c c (/ '^ c C t t T i a i c c i.".: E- _ +-■> o ■H •d i; o -rl +3 ■P i: a) ■0 {> c p C Q) t.. c: :n ^. o L ;_( CO hi I- (O J OT < 5:1 R _ < 2 < ui < to 1 It o V3 sanoH I O IT O r- 11/ O u" p U" ■ E -a +■ c c L.^ : ^ ■n THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW RENEWED BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO IMMEDIATE RECALL m. FEB i ''"-'■' RET. MAR 1 4 :057 ^ AUG2;jR£C'0 LIBKAKV ^UESEP 29 1971 SEP 2 8 R£C' ) LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Book Slip-20m-8,'61(C1623s4)458 2kOli98 California. Dept. of water resources. TV.T T _x J C^i{c PHYSICAL SCIENCES UBRARY fYO.^, LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORMK DAVIS 240498 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS 3 1175 02468 3867