UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 WAR SERVICE RECORD 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 ACADEMIC YEAR 1917-1918 
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 WAR SERVICE RECORD 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 ACADEMIC YEAR 1917-1918 
 
 [Reprint from the University of Califorxia Chronicle, Vol. XX, No. 3, July. 1918] 
 
 • > o ' • : 
 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS 
 BERKELEY 
 October, 1918
 
 E4,Cz 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 WAR SERVICE RECORD 
 
 FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 1917-1918^ 
 
 FOREWOED 
 
 The University of California, responding with an in- 
 stinctive loyalty and an eager patriotism to the nation 's call 
 for service, is dedicated to the vitally important task of 
 training men and women throughout the state in war work. 
 With upwards of three thousand stars shining from its ser- 
 vice flag, the University, through its several departments, 
 its faculty, its alumni and its student body, is employing 
 its full resources in striving towards the one great goal of 
 bringing the war to a " speedy and successful termination. ' ' 
 On the firing line in France, with the nation's battle fleet, 
 in the shipyards, in the laboratories of war science, in the 
 mines and on the farms, at home and abroad, wherever the 
 call to serve has come. University men and women are at 
 work. The University has given of its members, gladly and 
 proudly. Not only are Californians listed on the Army, 
 Navy, and Marine Corps rolls, but names on the lists of 
 the California Council of Defense, the National Council 
 of Defense, the United States Shipping Board, the Pacific 
 Coast Research Conference, the United States Department 
 of Agriculture, the United States Public Service Reserve, 
 the War Trade Board, the Red Cross, and scores of com- 
 
 1 Reprinted from the University op California Chronicle, Vol. XX, 
 Xo. 3, July, 1918. 
 
 41 R09r^
 
 4 UNIVEBSITY OF CALIFOENIA 
 
 mittees and sub-committees of these and other organiza- 
 tions, bear substantial testimony to the part the University 
 is playing in America's supreme crisis. 
 
 Further significant of the University of California's 
 service to the nation and to the state is the unfolding of 
 at least a dozen new plans and projects since the war record 
 contained in the following pages was placed in the printer's 
 hands. 
 
 Under the direction of Ira B. Cross, Associate Professor 
 of Economics, a School of Emploj^ment Management has 
 been instituted. The purpose of this school is to instruct 
 employers of labor how to minimize personal and national 
 loss resulting from the frequent turnover of labor; and 
 how to keep their men content by a spirit of cooperation 
 and mutual confidence between worker and director. 
 
 To aid the Signal Corps of the United States Army, 
 the University has contracted with the War Department 
 Committee on Education and Special Training to establish 
 a School for Radio Electricians. Three hundred enlisted 
 men will be given instruction in a continuous thirteen 
 weeks' course with a view to fitting them to serve as noii- 
 commissioned officers. 
 
 The Navy also has called upon the University for 
 
 trained men. It is announced that there will be a naval 
 
 unit on the campus, either as part of the Students' Army 
 
 Training Corps or as an exclusive training unit for pros- 
 
 'pective naval officers. 
 
 Uniforms worn by men of the Students' Army Training 
 Corps will predominate at Berkeley when the fall term 
 opens. College men will be enrolled in this new branch of 
 the Army, will observe military discipline, and will pre- 
 pare themselves for officers' training camps. It is proposed 
 to develop in the universities of the country a large por- 
 tion of the new officers, at the same time permitting prop- 
 erly ([ualified young men to continue their studies at 
 iiislilutions of tlieir own choice.
 
 WAE SEEVICE BECOBD, 1917-18 5 
 
 Although specific mention is not made of the work of 
 the members of various administrative departments of the 
 University, the successful development of war work could 
 not have reached its present mark without their earnest 
 cooperation and their zeal in aiding the country in the 
 capacity for which they were best fitted. 
 
 President Benj. Ide Wheeler, in appointing a Military 
 and Naval Administrative Board to coordinate the activities 
 of the various military and naval schools on the campus, 
 has made it possible to establish and maintain complete 
 harmony between the academic and military authorities. 
 It is expected that the Board will secure the maximum 
 benefit from the University's resources by the elimination 
 of duplicate governing bodies. The Board represents 
 President Wheeler in matters connected with the admin- 
 istration of military and naval affairs for the University. 
 It cooperates with the Advisory Committee of Deans of 
 the University, Professor Charles Mills Gayley, Dean of the 
 Faculties, Professor William Carey Jones, Dean of the 
 Graduate Division, and Professor H. Morse Stephens, Dean 
 of the College of Letters and Science. The personnel of 
 the Board consists of T. M. Putnam, Associate Professor 
 of Mathematics and Dean of the Lower Division, chairman ; 
 James Sutton, Recorder of the Faculties ; Ivan M. Lin- 
 forth, Associate Professor of Greek; Robert G. Sproul, 
 Assistant Comptroller of the University, and Morse A. 
 .Cartwright, Assistant to the President. 
 
 Recognizing that modern war is a contest waged not 
 only by those wearing khaki or the bluejacket, but also 
 by the non-combatant population at home, the Committee 
 on Non-Military War Emergency Courses contemplates 
 courses preparing men and women to solve the great prob- 
 lems connected with civil life in war time and with the 
 days of reconstruction to come. 
 
 Under the direction of K. C. Leebrick, Assistant Pro- 
 fessor of History, the University is providing speakers to
 
 6 VNIVEBSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 talk to selective service men on topics relating to health, 
 and to the aims of the war. The idea was conceived by 
 Adjutant-General J. J. Borree at Sacramento, who called 
 upon the University of California to carry it out in detail. 
 Local exemption boards at Berkeley and Oakland already 
 have availed themselves of this branch of University 
 activitj'. 
 
 To acquaint the public with the underlying causes of 
 the great war, to give information upon the international 
 significance of events transpiring on the battle front, and 
 in the legislative bodies of the belligerent countries, it is 
 proposed to give lecture courses on current events, not only 
 in the class rooms in Berkeley but also in the cities of the 
 state. Through the University Extension Division and 
 other agencies, the enlightening influence of the University 
 of California will be felt by thousands of citizens through- 
 out the state. 
 
 Thus far the University of California's war record is 
 a compilation of evidence of its services in time of war to 
 America and to California. And its record will be as sig- 
 nificant and inspiring for the remaining months of the year 
 and for as many j'ears as are necessary to "vindicate the 
 principles of peace and justice in the life of the world as 
 against selfish and autocratic power." 
 
 .: SCHOOL OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS 
 
 The School of Military Aeronautics at Berkeley is 
 conducted by the University of California for the United 
 States Army under a contract by which the University 
 receives a specified tuition fee for each cadet receiving 
 instruction. The University provides instructors, all neces- 
 sary buildings for barracks and instructional purposes, and 
 laboratory equipment, except special equipment such as 
 airplanes and engines furnished by the United States 
 Army.
 
 WAS SEBVICE EECOED, 1917-18 7 
 
 The original coutract, made in May, 1917, was for one 
 year; a new contract is under consideration and will be 
 signed shortly. 
 
 The Army is represented by the Commandant, who is 
 in direct charge of the cadets and is the head of the school. 
 » The University exercises its control through an execu- 
 tive head known as the President of the Academic Board. 
 This official is directly responsible to the President of 
 the University and to the Commandant of the School. 
 Assisting the President of the Academic Board are a 
 Vice-President, a Board of Examiners, and the following 
 standing committees : Budget, Equipment and Buildings, 
 Publications, and Schedule and Curriculum. 
 
 The course of instruction is prescribed by the United 
 States Army. The course of eight weeks was increased in 
 March, 1918, to twelve weeks. The curriculum has been 
 changed from time to time by the authorities in Washing- 
 ton. At present there are six departments : Military 
 Subjects, Signalling, Gunnery, Airplanes, Engines, and 
 Observation. Each department follows a course definitely 
 prescribed as to the number of hours devoted to each topic 
 and as to the scheduling of work throughout the twelve 
 weeks. 
 
 The work of each department is administered by a 
 department head, appointed by the President of the Aca- 
 demic Board. Originally, the heads of departments, besides 
 being responsible for the work of their departments, devoted 
 some time to instruction. With the continual growth of the 
 school, however, the work of the department heads is becom- 
 ing more largely administrative. 
 
 Following is a list of the administrative officers, stand- 
 ing committees, and heads of departments on duty at the 
 school :
 
 UNIVEBSITY OF CALIFOENIA 
 
 Commandant 
 
 George B. Hunter, 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel, Signal 
 Corps, United States Army. 
 Adjutant 
 
 Charles B. Crane, 
 
 Captain, A. S., Sig. E. C. 
 Detachment Commander 
 W. C. Brady, 
 
 Captain, A. S., Sig. E. C, 
 Supply Officer and Quarter- 
 master 
 Jacob Mary, 
 
 2nd Lieut., A. S., Sig. E. C. 
 Post Surgeon 
 
 Bruno F. Sandow, 
 Captain, Med. E. C. 
 Assistant Post Surgeon 
 Jesse C. Edwards, 
 
 1st Lieut., A. S., Sig. E. C. 
 Albert S. Gough, 
 
 1st Lieut., A. S., Sig. E. C. 
 Post Dental Surgeon 
 G. F. Stoodley, 
 
 1st Lieut., Dental E. C. 
 Summary Court 
 Harold B. Eeed, 
 
 1st Lieut., A. S., Sig. E. C. 
 
 Administrative Officers 
 
 President of the University 
 
 Dr. Benj. Ide Wheeler. 
 President of the Academic Board 
 
 Dr. Baldwin M. Woods. 
 Vice-President of the Academic 
 
 Board 
 
 Mr. G. M. Thomas. 
 
 Board of Examiners: 
 
 Prof. B. F. Eaber, President. 
 
 Lieut. E. J. Heffner. 
 
 Mr. Walter Dreyer. 
 Equipment and Buildings: 
 
 Prof. B. F. Eaber, Chairman. 
 
 Mr. E. A. Waite. 
 Publications: 
 
 Mr. H. A. White, Chairman. 
 
 Mr. G. M. Thomas. 
 
 Lieut. A. G. Smith. 
 
 Standing Committees 
 
 Schedule and Curriculum : 
 Mr. G. M. Thomas. 
 Lieut. D. J. Conant. 
 Budget : 
 
 Lieut. H. L. McLean, Chair- 
 man. 
 Mr. G. M. Thomas. 
 Mr. E. M. Underhill, Account- 
 ant.
 
 WAR SERVICE RECORD, 1917-18 9 
 
 Heads of Departments 
 
 Military Subjects 
 
 Eoy J. Heffner, 1st Lieut., A. S., Sig. R. C. 
 Signalling 
 
 Eobert B. McPherson, 1st Lieut., A. S., Sig. R. C. 
 Gunnery 
 
 Mr. G. R. McDonald. 
 Airplanes 
 
 Howard L. McLean, 2nd Lieut., A. S., Sig. R. C. 
 Engines 
 
 David J. Conant, 2nd Lieut., A. S., Sig. R. C. 
 Observation 
 
 Mr. R. A. White. 
 
 Finances 
 
 Shortly after the formation of the school in Maj^ 1917, 
 a Budget Committee was appointed to keep the President 
 of the Academic Board informed on finances. 
 
 The principal part of the accounting is done by the 
 Accounting Department of the University. The Budget 
 Committee makes monthly reports showing : 
 
 1. Receipts and disbursements from the opening of the 
 school to the date of the report. 
 
 2. Receipts and disbursements for the month of the 
 report. 
 
 3. An estimate of receipts and expenditures for the com- 
 ing month, divided according to accounts and departments. 
 
 The cost of permanent improvements for the duration 
 of the war, such as barracks and laboratory buildings, is 
 charged off in monthly installments extending over periods 
 ranging from six months to a year. Three laboratory build- 
 ings and five barracks have been built since the establish- 
 ment of the school.
 
 10 UNIVEHSITT OF CALIFOSNIA 
 
 Buildings and Equipment ' < 
 
 The University has constructed laboratory buildings 
 for the School of Military Aeronautics on the campus near 
 the Mechanics Building. The first building constructed 
 was 60 X 120 feet and provided sufficient space for labora- 
 tories essential in the study of signalling, gunnery, air- 
 planes, engines, and aerial observation. As the size of the 
 school increased the building became inadequate, and it 
 was necessary to make two additions to the original struc- 
 ture. It also has been necessary to construct an engine 
 laboratory on another part of the campus. For lecture 
 purposes, the rooms of the regular University buildings 
 have been placed at the disposal of the School of Military 
 Aeronautics. 
 
 At the opening of the school, cadets were quartered iu 
 fraternity and boarding houses near the campus. The 
 University at once undertook the construction of barracks, 
 and there is now available one large two-story building just 
 :south of the campus and four smaller units on the campus, 
 Ithe last four units being of similar construction. Space 
 for any future increase will be provided by building addi- 
 tional units of the same type as the four smaller barracks. 
 
 Department of 3Iilitary Subjects 
 Lieutenant E. J. Heffner, Head 
 
 The Department of Military Subjects has been in oper- 
 ation since the opening of the school in May, 1917. At that 
 time the work of the department covered four lecture hours 
 per week, given by one instructor, and divided into three 
 topics: Army Regulation, Military Law, and Organization 
 of Modern Foreign Armies. 
 
 Tn July, 1917, the staff of the department was increased 
 to two instructors. A total of sixteen hours per week 
 and a final examination at the completion of the series of
 
 WAR SERVICE RECORD, 1917-18 11 
 
 lectures were provided. The scope of the course was 
 enlarged to include one lecture each on the organization 
 of the United States, German, British, and French armies. 
 Since that time instructors and lectures have been con- 
 tinually added. Both the topics discussed and the number 
 of hours devoted to each have been increased. 
 
 At the close of last year a total of twenty-eight hours of 
 work per week was provided for in the curriculum, in- 
 cluding a final examination and lectures on Organization 
 of the Schools of Aeronautics, Militaiy Law, Military Dis- 
 cipline, Esprit de Corps, Military Courtesy and Ideals, 
 Administration and Organizaton of the Unted States Army, 
 Regulations of the United States Army, Military Hygiene, 
 Sanitation and First Aid, Army Paper Work, Methods of 
 Modern Warfare, and Morale of the Air Service. 
 
 In March, 1918, the number of hours of work per week 
 was virtually doubled, and at present reaches a total of 
 fifty-four hours. The course includes lectures, demonstra- 
 tions and examinations. The following brief outline of 
 the present instruction may prove of interest: 
 
 The subjects of Military Hygiene, First Aid and Sani- 
 tation are discussed and demonstrated in a series of seven 
 lectures. Elementary principles of personal hygiene, com- 
 municable diseases, camp and barracks sanitation, emer- 
 gency treatment for the injured, etc., are explained. 
 
 Military Discipline receives but one hour in the lecture 
 room, but its principles are practiced throughout the entire 
 course of twelve weeks. 
 
 Military Courtesy is discussed in a series of two lec- 
 tures. Rules for saluting, honors and courtesies to the 
 colors and the national anthem, etc., are explained and 
 emphasized. 
 
 The principles of Guard Duty are brought out in two 
 lectures. 
 
 The subject of Administration and Organization of tlie 
 United States Army is taken up in brief synoptical form, 
 three hours being given to such discussion.
 
 12 UNIVEBSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 The Paper Work of the Army, including military corre- 
 spondence, blank forms, requisitions, accounts, reports, etc., 
 receives attention, ten hours being devoted to lectures, dis- 
 cussions and practice. 
 
 Army Regulations governing both officers and enlisted 
 men are studied. 
 
 Military Law and the Articles of War, including the 
 system of military tribunals, courts and commissions, is 
 discussed in a series of lectures covering five hours. At 
 the completion of this series the students themselves hold a 
 mock court-martial for practice in legal work. 
 
 Methods of Modern Warfare, including construction of 
 trenches, service in the trenches, methods of attack and 
 defense on European battle fields and organization of mod- 
 ern foreign armies are discussed in a series of four lectures. 
 Seven hours of discussion and drill in the use of gas masks 
 give the student elementary instruction in defense against 
 gas attacks. 
 
 One hour is spent in discussing the elementary prin- 
 ciples and benefits of infantry drill as practiced by mem- 
 bers of the Aviation Service. The proper methods of giving 
 commands as well as general theories of drill movements 
 are explained. This is coordinated with the practical work 
 on the drill field. 
 
 In the last lecture the subject of Morale in the Air 
 Service is discussed with an idea of building up pride in 
 the organization, faitli in its progress and powers and gen- 
 eral satisfaction among its members. 
 
 Eleven instructors are connected with the department. 
 Students are furnished with sets of notes mimeographed 
 in skeleton form and are instructed to fill in details from 
 the material presented in the lecture room. In this manner 
 a logically arranged set of notes is assured the student, who 
 is given the opportunity of assimilating the information 
 through the act of writing it himself, rather than reading' 
 it from a text. Each week sees changes and improvements 
 in accordance with tlie policies of the War Department.
 
 IV AE SERVICE FECOED, 1917-18 13 
 
 The practical work in the Department of Military Sub- 
 jects, consisting of drill, guard mount, etc., although listed 
 under this department is actuall}' conducted separately, 
 under the direction of Lieutenant Harold B. Reed as the 
 Department of Drill and Discipline. 
 
 Department of Signalling 
 
 Lieutenant E. B. McPherson, Head 
 
 The Department of Radio and Signalling was organized 
 as a part of the school in May, 1917, for the purpose of 
 instructing cadets in radio telegraphy, and the Radio Labor- 
 atory of the College of Mechanics was turned over for its 
 use. First practice in signalling was given in one of the 
 fraternity houses, where the cadets were quartered at the 
 beginning of the school. 
 
 The name of the department was later changed to the 
 Department of Signalling, altliough the scope of the course 
 remained practically the same. Practice in sending and 
 receiving the International Morse Code occupies most of 
 the time of the cadets. This work is given on silent code 
 practice apparatus which permits several hundred students 
 to have simultaneous individual practice time without any 
 interference. 
 
 The signalling laboratories are located in the "aero" 
 laboratory and the barracks units built by the University, 
 the laboratory- in "C" barracks being large enough to 
 accommodate 240 men doing individual work at the same 
 time. Sufficient apparatus is available at the barracks for 
 the cadets to engage in a certain amount of night practice 
 in addition to the regular work required in the daily cur- 
 riculum. 
 
 The course also includes lectures on the theory of wire- 
 less telegraphy and several hours are devoted to visual sig- 
 nalling.
 
 14 UNIVEESITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 As the size of the school has been increased it has been 
 necessary to increase the staff from month to mouth and it 
 is believed that the efficiency of the department has more 
 than kept pace with its growth. 
 
 Department of Gunnery 
 Lieutenant G. E. McDonald, Head 
 
 The Department of Gunnery is intended to fit the cadet 
 for the advanced training which he is given at the flying 
 field. The curriculum followed is based on the experience 
 gained b}^ the Allies, the cadet being taught to use the 
 machine gun effectively as a weapon of offense and defense. 
 Special attention is given to w^ork in the laboratory, as the 
 aerial gunner must possess a fair amount of skill as an 
 armorer. This qualification enables him to keep his gun in 
 action under the most trj^ing conditions, where the inability 
 successfully to reduce a jamb would be fatal. 
 
 Laboratory work covers practice in the dissembling and 
 assembling of the various guns as well as the removal and 
 replacement of important parts of the gun mechanism. 
 After the work is understood the adjustment and manipu- 
 lation of the fully assembled gun is practiced. This is 
 followed in a systematic manner until the cadet, even when 
 blindfolded, is able to perform any operation which the 
 instructor may direct. This is the final proof of a knowl- 
 edge of the gun mechanism, and insures against the fum- 
 bling or maladjustment of parts when working under 
 adverse conditions. 
 
 The training in the laboratory is supplemented by firing 
 practice on the range where attention is paid to marksman- 
 ship in handling of the gun. Trap shooting is a valuable 
 adjunct to this work, as the prospective aerial gunner 
 thereby df^velops facility in judging accurately when firing 
 at a swiftly moving target. An interesting feature of the 
 firing practice is tlic drill in correcting stoppages and
 
 WAR SEFVICE RECOBJ), 1917-18 15 
 
 jambs. By applying the knowledge gained in the labora- 
 tory and in firing practice he is able to diagnose the trouble 
 and put the gun in action. 
 
 Space for this work is provided in the temporary build- 
 ings erected for the School of Military Aeronautics on the 
 campus, and on the range back of the Big " C ". Machine 
 guns and accompanying material of the same pattern as 
 the Allies are using at the front, enable the cadets to gain 
 the experience needed to make them practical gunners. 
 
 Trap shooting, although included under Organized 
 Sports, is conducted by the Department of Gunnery. 
 
 Airplane Department 
 Lieutenant H. L. McLean, Head 
 
 AVhen the School of Military Aeronautics started in 
 May, 1917, the Airplane Department was housed in one end 
 of the original Aeronautics Laboratory. Two obsolete 
 training machines were used for instruction in alignment 
 and a few lectures were given in Theory of Flight, Slicing, 
 Care and Types of Machines. 
 
 The department has gradually grown until it is the 
 exclusive occupant of one building, in addition to a large 
 part of the original building and annex. Eight airplanes 
 are in use for instruction purposes, two being of the very 
 latest type of training machine. A repair laboratory has 
 also been fitted up where cadets are given practical instruc- 
 tion in making wire splices of different kinds and in patch- 
 ing punctured and torn wings. 
 
 Lectures are given, forty-eight hours in all, on the 
 Theory of Flight, Repair and Care of Airplanes, Instru- 
 ments, jMeteorology, and Types of Airplanes at present 
 in use. 
 
 The faculty of the department at the present time is 
 composed of ten instructors, with three more to report 
 within the next few weeks.
 
 16 UNIFEBSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Engines Department 
 Lieutenant D. J. Conant, Head 
 
 The Engines Department began its instruction in June, 
 1917, the curriculum consisting of a series of lectures with 
 a laboratory course. The lectures covered the use of tools, 
 fundamental principles of airplane engines, the theory and 
 operation of carburetors and magnetos, lubrication and 
 cooling systems. In the laboratory the cadets were divided 
 into groups of eight, each group having' an instructor who 
 illustrated the details of construction, operation, and adjust- 
 ment of two makes of airplane engines. 
 
 At first the staff consisted of three members, but with 
 constant changes in the curriculum and the addition of 
 new equipment and engines, more instructors had to be 
 secured. A number of large colored charts and working 
 models of parts of engines were made by members of the 
 staff and were used extensively in the class rooms. 
 
 When it became necessary to run the airplane engines, 
 they were mounted on special stands outside of the building. 
 The troubles experienced in engine operation were observed, 
 the cadets studying the causes of the difficulties and learn- 
 ing how to remedy them. 
 
 The new curriculum, a twelve weeks' course, gives the 
 Engines Department a broader field of activity. The new 
 course requires work in assembling and disassembling of 
 engines, their testing, and the careful consideration of the 
 care and operation of engine accessories. The increased 
 duties of the department required a larger number of 
 engines and equipment and it became necessary to erect a 
 new building. Nine test stands and eight work rooms for 
 assembling and disassembling, besides a small shop for the 
 mainteanance of the engines and the tool equipment were 
 provided. 
 
 The engine equipment totals twenty-four complete 
 engines and the parts of two others. The staff comprises 
 fifteen instructors.
 
 WAR SEEVICE EECOED, W17-18 17 
 
 Depart men f of Observation 
 E. A. Waitc, Head 
 
 The work in the Department of Aerial Observation, as 
 it was called in May, 1917, consisted of lectures and prac- 
 tice in Map Reading, and lectures on Cooperation of Air- 
 planes with Artillery, Cooperation of Airplanes with In- 
 fantry (or Contact Patrol), Reconnaissance, and Aerial 
 Photography. The miniature range, or the artillery obser- 
 vation range, was built for the practical work in this 
 department, princii')ally in connection with the course on 
 Cooperation of Airplanes with Artillery. 
 
 Until January, 1918, all instruction in this department 
 was taken directly from present day British methods. 
 After January the modern French system was substituted. 
 In October, 1917, the course in Map Reading was taken 
 from this department to form the basis for a new Depart- 
 ment of Aids to Flight. Lectures on Theory of Flight, 
 Cross-country Flying, Meteorology, Night Flying, Astron- 
 omy, and Instruments comprised the remainder of the 
 work in this department. In January, 1918, the new min- 
 iature range, capable of accommodating seventy-two men, 
 was put into operation and the old range, with a capacity 
 of twentj'-six men, was abandoned. 
 
 In May, 1918, following a very material change in the 
 work, the name of the department was changed to Obser- 
 vation. The lectures on Cooperation of Airplanes with 
 Artillery and the practice work on the miniature range 
 were increased. The lectures on Cooperation of Airplanes 
 with Infantry and Reconnaissance were eliminated. The 
 lectures on Aerial Photograph}'- were reduced to two lan- 
 tern slide lectures covering the interpretation of aerial 
 photographs. The work in Map Reading was increased 
 slightly and again brought under the Department of Obser- 
 vation. The work that had been given in the Department 
 of Aids to Flight was either eliminated or transferred to 
 other departments.
 
 18 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 The activities of the Department of Observation now 
 cover Map Reading, lectures and practice, including the 
 interpretation of aerial photographs; Cooperation of Air- 
 planes with Artillerj^, and lectures and practical work on 
 the artillery observation range. 
 
 The artillery observation range, or miniature range, was 
 adopted in the aviation ground schools to provide some 
 practical means of aerial observation. The general method 
 was taken from the British ground schools, but the manner 
 of working out the details and of giving instruction differs 
 in each of the various ground schools in this country. 
 
 The essential feature of the range is a painting of a 
 certain section of country as it would appear from an air- 
 plane. The painting is made on canvas, sized to render it 
 translucent, and is taken from a certain section of the artil- 
 lery map furnished each cadet. The scale is such as to 
 present to the eye of the observer in the gallery sixteen 
 feet above it, the same appearance as the actual country 
 from a height of about eleven thousand feet. 
 
 There are two balconies extending around the room, the 
 upper one being the observers' gallery and the lower one 
 the battery commanders' gallery. There are seats for 
 thirty-six iiicn in each gallery, thus making it possible for 
 two instructors to supervise a class of seventy-two men, 
 working in pairs. Communication between two men work- 
 ing together as observer and batter}^ commander is estab- 
 lished through imitation wireless sets. The observer may 
 receive messages by head telephone, signal lamp or by 
 miniature ground-strips, the battery commander receiving 
 always l)y head telephone. 
 
 In the floor are set about five hundred small electric 
 lights. Some of these illuminate numerals which represent 
 definite points for the observer to locate and report. 
 Others are points of light representing bursting shells 
 around the thirt3^-six targets, one for each battery table. 
 The latter, or "bursts," are controlled by switches on the 
 battery table, which the battery commander can operate
 
 WAE SERVICE BECOBD, 1917-18 19 
 
 when the signal to fire is given by his observer. The 
 observer then estimates the correction for this burst and 
 signals it to the battery commander by wireless. In this 
 way practice is given in estimating corrections for artillery 
 fire, and later, in conducting shoots. 
 
 Department of Organized Sports 
 F. L. Kleeberger, Director 
 
 General Statement. — The work of the Department of 
 Organized Sports of the School of Military Aeronautics 
 has been under way during the past four months. From 
 the very beginning a definite plan of organization of ath- 
 letic activities has guided the work of this department. 
 Due to the curtailment of the time originalh^ allotted for 
 athletic sports, and due to the frequent readjustment of 
 the curriculum of the School of Militarj^ Aeronautics, the 
 work so far has been in a state of experimentation from the 
 standpoint of detailed procedure. Throughout the organ- 
 ization and administration of the athletic work the prin- 
 ciples originally presented by General Squier have been kept 
 constantly in mind. It has been the aim of the Department 
 of Organized Sports to provide athletic activity which 
 would react on the men of the school in the maintenance 
 of health, in the promotion of recreative values and in the 
 development of physical cleverness. The work is expected 
 to prove of practical value to fighters in meeting the exi- 
 gencies of their future work. Care has also been exercised 
 to provide types of group competition which might prove 
 conducive to the development of group loyalty, esprit de 
 corps and personal morale. 
 
 Organization of Athletics. — Squadrons A to 0, inclu- 
 sive. Boxing drills and wrestling drills. Individual 
 competition, each corporal forming his squad into a ring 
 and pitting his men one against the other in rotation, 
 grading each man upon his individvial efficiency. Each 
 squad, through this process, to determine the two boxers
 
 20 UNIVEESITY OF CALIFOBNIA 
 
 wlio are to represent it in the intersquad and intersquad- 
 ron competition to be arranged each week. Efficiency of 
 the individual to be graded by the corporal in connection 
 with the athletic instructor. 
 
 Squadrons E and F. Agility training through indi- 
 vidual and team participation in competitive games, 
 relay racing, wall scaling, practice in lifting and carrying 
 injured or helpless persons, hand wrestling, tug-of-war, etc. 
 Efficiency of the individual to be graded by the corporal 
 in consultation with the athletic instructor. Intersquad 
 and intersquadron competition to be arranged for each 
 week. 
 
 Squadrons G and H. Track and field training. Groups 
 to be kept in military units (squads, platoons, etc.), dur- 
 ing the practice of running, jumping, hurdling, vaulting, 
 grenade throwing, etc. Individual competition within 
 each squad under the direction of the corporal to determine 
 the representative for the intersquadron field and track 
 meet, based upon six events : high jump, broad jump, hand 
 vault, grenade throw, hurdle race, and short dash. (The 
 competition will also include a relay race.) Efficiency 
 grading of each individual by the squad leader in consul- 
 tation with the athletic instructor. 
 
 Squadrons I to M, inclusive. Trap shooting on a range 
 constructed by the University on thp hills back of the 
 Big ''C." Each squadron has two two-hour periods at 
 the traps and in addition has one hour scheduled for a 
 "hike" through the hills followed by a plunge in the swim- 
 ming tank or shower at the gymnasium. Trap shooting, 
 althougli included under supervised sports, is conducted 
 b}^ the Department of Gunnery.
 
 WAE SEEVICE EECOED, 1917-lS 21 
 
 DEPAETMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS 
 
 The total enrollment in the Department of Military 
 Science and Tactics in August, 1917, was 1265 (47 officers 
 and 1218 non-commissioned officers and privates). As a 
 result of the selective draft and voluntary enlistment, by 
 April 29, 1918, but 38 officers and 810 non-commissioned 
 officers and privates remained. 
 
 Under General Order No. 49 of the War Department 
 there was established at the University of California a unit 
 of the Senior Division of the Reserve Officers' Training 
 Corps, in charge of Captain L. M. "Welch, Professor of 
 Military Science and Tactics. Graduates of the Senior 
 Division were eligible to enter officers' training camps. 
 Students, if under twenty-one years of age, were required 
 to attend the summer camps provided by the government. 
 
 The prescribed amount of military work has been three 
 hours a week. This will be increased materially under the 
 new Students' Army Training Corps plan of the AVar De- 
 partment. A unit of this corps will be established at the 
 Universitv of California.
 
 22 rXIVEBSITT OF CALIFOBNIA 
 
 SCHOOL OF VOCATIONAL TEAINING 
 
 With approximate!}- 100 men assigned for service, the 
 School of Vocational Training opened at the University of 
 California on July 1, 1918, under the command of Captain 
 A. H. Allen, former Manager of the University Press, 
 assisted by Lieutenant A. "W. Mohr. Four University in- 
 structors are training the recruits in telegraphy, radio, 
 blacksmithing and electrical machinery. F. S. Foote, Jr., 
 Professor of Railroad Engineering ; W. C. Pomeroy, Assist- 
 ant in Physics, H. A. Scott, and G. W. Cattell, comprise 
 the faculty, while the following former students of the 
 University are included in the new school : W. V. Atkinson, 
 C. S. Capp, B. C. Harris, J. G. Larson, J. S. Moore, Jr., 
 P. Prell, H. F. Rohrbach and J. Wimmer.
 
 WAB SEBVICE BECOBD, 1917-18 23 
 
 TEAINING FOE THE UNITED STATES NAVY AND FOR THE 
 MEECHANT MAEINE 
 
 At San Francisco 
 
 Courses contributing to the training of men desiring to 
 qualify as officers in the United States Naval Forces and 
 in the Merchant Marine M^ere inaugurated during the sum- 
 mer of 1917 by the Berkeley Astronomical Department 
 and the Committee on Mathematical and Astronomical In- 
 vestigations of the Pacific Coast Research Conference of 
 the State Council of Defense. These courses led to an 
 active and effective cooperation of the University with the 
 United States Shipping Board and the United States Navy. 
 A course in Navigation and Nautical Astronomy, princi- 
 pally designed to produce a supply of qualified teachers, 
 was included in the Summer Session of 1917, under F. J. 
 Neubauer, Instructor in Astronomj^ 
 
 In the meantime these plans, through the National Re- 
 search Council, were brought to the attention of the United 
 States Shipping Board, Mr. Henry Howard of Boston, 
 Director of the Shipping Board's Recruiting Service 
 and founder of its Navigation Schools, and Dean Alfred 
 E, Burton of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 
 Special Expert of the Shipping Board in charge of instruc- 
 tion, who had decided to extend the Shipping Board's 
 chain of Navigation Schools to the Pacific Coast. 
 
 Mr. Farnham P. Griffiths, an alumnus of the University 
 and Lecturer in Law in the School of Jurisprudence, was 
 appointed Section Chief of the Recruiting Service in Cali- 
 fornia, to have complete charge of the Shipping Board's 
 Navigation Schools in California. In August, 1917, plans 
 for the cooperation of the Berkeley Astronomical Depart- 
 ment and the University Extension Division with the Ship- 
 ping Board were completed. Suitable quarters had been 
 secured from the State Harbor Commissioners in the Ferry 
 Building for the housing of the Navigation School of the
 
 24 UNirEESITY OF CALIFOENIA 
 
 Shipping Board in San Francisco, of the Navigation School 
 to be conducted bj- the Extension Division, and of the Navi- 
 gation School of the City and Countj^ of San Francisco. 
 The Harbor Commissioners, the San Francisco Board of 
 Education, and the Extension Division shared in the 
 expense of outfitting the quarters. 
 
 The following instructors, all present or former members 
 of the University, were appointed by the Shipping Board 
 to serve in various Pacific Coast navigation schools : F. J. 
 Neubauer and Sturla Einarsson, Instructors in tlie Berke- 
 ley Astronomical Department, for San Francisco ; H. D. 
 Curtis, Astronomer in the Lick Astronomical Department, 
 for San Diego ; W. F. Meyer, in charge of the International 
 Latitude Observatory of the U. S. C. G. S., formerly In- 
 structor in the Berkeley Astronomical Department, for San 
 Pedro ; A. R. Williams, Assistant in Mathematics, for Port- 
 land, Oregon; and C. D. Shane, Fellow in the Lick Obser- 
 vatory, for Bellingham, Washington. Captain George 
 Harding was appointed to complete the staff of the San 
 Francisco School. 
 
 Within three days after these arrangements were per- 
 fected instruction commenced at San Francisco, San Diego 
 and San Pedro, and a week later at the more distant places. 
 The original arrangements provided that in return for the 
 University's cooperation. Extension Division students with- 
 out sea experience should receive free instruction in the 
 Shipping Board's classes, to increase the number of each 
 class to thirty, as it was not expected that enough certified 
 applicants with sea experience would be immediately avail- 
 able. From the start, however, the response of men with 
 and without sea experience was so large that it became 
 necessary to organize separate classes for the Extension 
 Division. The University Extension Division opened free 
 day and night classes in Navigation and Nautical Astron- 
 omy, conducted in the Ferry Building, San Francisco, on 
 Septfmbfr 11, 1917. The courses wore under the general 
 supervision of A. 0. Lcuschner, Director of the Students'
 
 WAE SERVICE RECORD, 1917-18 25 
 
 Observatory, and in charge of Dr. Neubaiier and Captain 
 George Harding. Thirty-nine students took the day course. 
 Twenty-two successfully completed it, fifteen with the high- 
 est record possible. Ten other extension students com- 
 pleted the course, by courtesy of the Shipping Board, in 
 one of the government classes. Many of these thirty-two 
 students secured appointments as cadet officers on the ves- 
 sels of the shipping interests in San Francisco, which were 
 cooperating through an Advisory Board formed by the 
 Section Chief of the Shipping Board. When these men 
 have obtained the necessary sea experience they will be 
 entitled to take the government examinations before the 
 United States Inspectors. Seventy-three students enrolled 
 in the night course. On November 5, a third course 
 was started with an enrollment of forty-seven. Eighteen 
 students were also enrolled at Los Angeles in an extension 
 course conducted by S. B. Nicholson and Alfred Joy of 
 the Mount Wilson Solar Observatory of the Carnegie In- 
 stitution. The total number of students admitted to exten- 
 sion courses to December, 1917, was one hundred and 
 eighty-seven. 
 
 These students, who were without sea experience, had 
 enrolled in the expectation that the Shipping Board would 
 accept them for sea training, or in anticipation of being 
 accepted as cadet officers by the merchant marine. When 
 it was found that arrangements could not be made on the 
 part of the Shipping Board for the acceptance of men with- 
 out sea experience, and when it was realized that but few 
 positions as cadet officers were available, the majority 
 enrolled in the United States Naval Reserve. This led to 
 a reorganization of the work in the University Extension 
 so as to meet, first of all, the needs of men desiring to 
 prepare themselves for the ensign's examination. 
 
 Recently the Shipping Board has made provision for 
 the training of men without sea experience by providing 
 school ships under a Sea Service Bureau. The Extension 
 Division classes continue to be open to students desiring to
 
 2o UNIVEHSITY OF CALIFOHXIA 
 
 enlist with tlie Shipping Board or to enter the Merchant 
 Marine as cadet officers, subject, however, to the entrance 
 requirements set for men preparing for the ensign's com- 
 mission. The progress of the Shipping Board's School 
 under the administration of Section Chief Griffiths is set 
 forth below. 
 
 On Tuesday evening, December 11, forty of the exten- 
 sion students who had "enrolled in the Naval Reserve pre- 
 sented a petition for a short course in Naval Regulations, 
 Seamanship and Ordnance, to be completed before report- 
 ing for duty on January 1, 1918, at the San Pedro Naval 
 Training Station. At a conference held the following 
 morning with Lieutenant-Commander F. P. Gaddis of the 
 San Francisco Naval Training Station at Yerba Buena 
 Island, arrangements for the desired course with Boatswain 
 Wallace Hanna in charge were completed and instruction 
 began at the Ferry Building the same afternoon. 
 
 At the same conference with Lieutenant-Commander 
 Gaddis, arrangements were made for instruction to be 
 given at the University in Naval Regulations by Ensign 
 F. Bense, and in Seamanship and Ordnance by Ensign 
 E. F. Sale. A series of courses in Naval Training was 
 agreed upon and the same afternoon the tentative plan for 
 a curriculum in naval training was submitted to the Execu- 
 tive Committee of the Engineering Council. The plans 
 were approved by the Committee and later by President 
 Benj. Ide Wheeler, who announced them at the University 
 Meeting the following Friday. This marked the beginning 
 of the now well-organized curricula in Naval Training, 
 both in the University at Berkeley and in the University 
 Extension Division at the Ferry Building, San Francisco. 
 Associate Professor of Practical Astronomy R. T. Crawford 
 was placed in charge of the curriculum at Berkeley as 
 Chairman of an Administrative Board. Later Dean T. M. 
 Putnam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, succeeded 
 Professor Crawford, after the latter 's entrance into the 
 United States Army as Major in the Signal Corps. An
 
 WAB SEBFICE BECOED, J 917-18 27 
 
 account of the naval training work in the University at 
 Berkele.y is given elsewhere. 
 
 The Commandant of the Twelfth Naval District, Cap- 
 tain Russell, has sanctioned the voluntary efforts of the 
 University and is giving the University officers in charge 
 of the work at Berkeley and in San Francisco the benefit 
 of his advice. Permission is being granted to men in 
 service to attend the courses, and qualified men have been 
 enrolled in the Naval Reserve with time extensions to take 
 and complete the courses, whenever practicable. 
 
 The instruction at the Ferry Building is now organized 
 as an eight weeks' intensive training course, under the 
 supervision of Professor Leuschner. The instruction is 
 given by Ensign F. Bense, United States Navy, in Naval 
 Regulations, Ensign Miller in Seamanship and Ordnance, 
 Captain George Harding and Mr. H. G. Wrecklage in 
 Navigation and Nautical Astronomy. The admission re- 
 quirements are the same as for the Officers' Material School 
 of the United States Navy, from which selected men are 
 sent to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. 
 The first intensive training course began on January 7, 
 1918, with seventy-two students, the second on March 15, 
 with sixtj^-five students, the third on ]\Iay 20, with one 
 hundred and thirty-four students. The next course began 
 July 22, 1918, with a very large enrollment, two hundred 
 and Mty applications being received. On September 23, 
 the fifth course opened with a large enrollment. Detailed 
 reports on the men enrolled are furnished regularly to the 
 Commandant. University credit is given for all the courses. 
 Students who satisfactorily complete all the courses offered 
 are given certificates signed by the President of the Uni- 
 versity. The advantages that students gain from the naval 
 training offered by the Universitj^ are greater eligibility for 
 admission to the Officers' ]\Iaterial School, shortening of 
 their training in theoretical subjects while in service and 
 the opportunity of securing higher rank in the examinations 
 given by the United States Navy for the ensign's commis-
 
 28 UNIVEBSITY OF CALIFOENIA 
 
 sion, after they have been in service a sufficient length of 
 time and have qualified as officer material. 
 
 At the initiative of Lieutenant-Commander Gaddis and 
 with the sanction of Captain Durrell, Commandant of the 
 San Francisco Naval Training Station at Yerba Buena 
 Island, the University has also been given the opportunity 
 to cooperate in the conduct of an officers' training school 
 for men in the regular Navy at the Ferry Building. This 
 school runs parallel with the intensive training school for 
 the United States Naval Reserve. Two subjects are taught 
 in eight weeks — Naval Regulations, and Navigation and 
 Nautical Astronomy, Men in service in the regular Navy 
 at the San Francisco Naval Training Station are chosen 
 by the Commandant from high school graduates and college 
 men for the Commissioned Officers' School, University of 
 California Extension Division, and for the United States 
 Naval Training Station, San Francisco, California. To 
 the first school commencing January 7, 1918, forty-four 
 men were detailed. Of these, thirty-nine were recom- 
 mended as qualified and sent east to be entered for com- 
 petitive examination at Norfolk, Virginia, on March 23. 
 One hundred and eighty-five men entered the competitive 
 examination. Of the University of California men, 75 per 
 cent passed, as against 52 per cent of the men trained else- 
 where. Thirty men have graduated from the second school ; 
 the third school ended July 15. The men of the first 
 school have made a notable record and have contributed to 
 California's rating bj' the Bureau of Navigation, which at 
 present is tlie highest in tlie countr3\ Tlie University is 
 endeavoring, in so far as it is capable of being of service, 
 to assist the Commandant of the Twelfth Naval District in 
 maintaining this rating. The courses were inspected in 
 April by Rear Admiral Ross, of the Bureau of Navigation, 
 who is in charge of officers' training in the Uuited States 
 Navy, and received liis approval. The graduates of the 
 I'nivcrsity's tliree distinct naval training schools who are 
 now in service are writing enthusiasticallv regarding the
 
 WAR SEEVICE EECOED, 1917-lS 29 
 
 training they have received. The University seems to be 
 rendering a real and valuable service through its naval 
 training courses in the government's effort to meet the 
 demand for junior officers. 
 
 Until June, 1918, Mr. Griffiths was Section Chief for 
 California of the Shipping Board Recruiting Service with 
 direct charge of the navigation and engineering schools 
 of the Board in this state. Between August, 1917, and 
 June, 1918, four navigation schools and one engineering 
 school were organized. The former were located at San 
 Pedro, Los Angeles, and San Francisco, respectively, and 
 showed to June 30, 1918, enrollments as follows : 
 
 San Pedro (This school was closed December 15, 
 
 1917) 35 
 
 San Diego 50 
 
 Los Angeles 122 
 
 San Francisco 200 
 
 The Engineering School which was opened May 20, 
 1918, at the University of California by the Shipping Board 
 in conjunction with the University, had approved seventy- 
 three applications for admission up to June 30, 1918. Of 
 the graduates of the various navigation schools one. hun- 
 dred and ninety-one had been duly licensed as officers in 
 the American Merchant Marine up to June 20, 1918, most 
 of them as second mates, and of these the vast majority 
 have gone to sea. 
 
 The San Diego Navigation School was originally under 
 the instruction of Dr. Heber D. Curtis, Astronomer at 
 the Lick Observatory. He was succeeded by Mr. Oscar A. 
 Littchen, a graduate of the San Pedro School. The San 
 Pedro School was under the instruction successively of 
 Dr. F. J. Neubauer of the Astronomical Department of the 
 University and of Dr. W. F. Meyer of the International 
 Latitude Observatory at Ukiah. The teachers in the Los 
 Angeles school have been Captain H. C. Frerichs and Dr. 
 Neubauer. The San Francisco School from the beginning 
 has been under the head instructorship of Professor Sturla
 
 30 UNIVEBSITY OF CALIFOENIA 
 
 Einarsson of the Department of Astronomy of the Univer- 
 s'lty, with Dr. Neiibauer, Captain George Harding and Mr. 
 Lew Spaulding as assistants at different times. The instruc- 
 tor in charge of the Engineering School at Berkeley is 
 Mr. David W. Dickie, marine architect of San Francisco 
 and lecturer in the University. He is assisted in the in- 
 struction by Irving M. Scott, Arthur B. Domonoske and 
 Ernest J. MacDonald, all of the faculty of the University. 
 Actual sea experience is prerequisite for admission to 
 these engineering and navigation schools of the Ship- 
 ping Board, with the exception that men with engineering 
 experience may enter the engineering schools without sea 
 experience, on the understanding that they will go to sea 
 as oilers, firemen, or in similar capacity for the requisite 
 time before receiving their licenses as engineering officers 
 from the United States Steamboat Inspection Service. The 
 purpose of the schools is to train men to be deck officers 
 and engineering officers in the American Merchant Marine 
 and thereby supply the pressing call for men to take charge 
 of the great fleet of merchant vessels recently constructed 
 or now in course of construction by the government and 
 private owners. 
 
 COUESES PKEPAEATOEY FOE SEEVICE IN THE NAVY 
 
 At Berkeley 
 
 In January, 1918, ten courses covering the subject 
 matter required in the examination for the commission of 
 ensign and two additional courses recommended as elec- 
 tives were offered in the curriculum of the University. 
 These courses were based on the curriculum of the United 
 States Naval Academy at Annapolis. This plan covered 
 the following subjects : trigonometry, naval and nautical 
 astronomy, naval history, oceanography and marine meteor- 
 ology, ordnance and gunnery, seamanship, naval gunnery, 
 naval regulations, physical education and drill, marine 
 engineering, and naval architecture.
 
 WAB SEEVICE EECOED, 1917-18 31 
 
 The ensign examination for a commission in the line 
 requires training in ordnance and gunnery, seamanship, 
 naval gunnery, naval regulations, and navigation and 
 nautical astronomy. For the commission of ensign in engi- 
 neering, naval regulations, marine engineering, and naval 
 architecture are required. The courses in naval history 
 and oceanography and marine meteorology are recom- 
 mended as electives. When the course in naval history was 
 instituted in this connection it was the second of its kind 
 given in a university of the United States — the only other 
 course in naval history was in the curriculum of Harvard 
 University. 
 
 Enrollment in the principal courses in this field varied 
 during the term from seventy-six to one hundred and 
 eight. Of the total number registered thirty-six were 
 members of the Naval Reserve who had been granted relief 
 from active duty until May 15 for the express purpose of 
 taking these courses. The students who completed the 
 required courses with a satisfactorj^ record were given a 
 certificate to that effect. The number of men who com- 
 pleted the required courses by May was fifty-nine. There 
 are now enrolled thirty-four others who are applicants for 
 the certificate at the end of the Summer Session of 1918 or 
 in December, 1918. The scholarship standing in these 
 courses has been almost uniformly high. It is expected that 
 after practical training on board ship the holders of these 
 certificates will be given an opportunity to take the quali- 
 fying examinations for commissions. 
 
 The work of instruction in these courses has been car- 
 ried on by members of the University faculty. Dean T. IM. 
 Putnam is now in general charge of this curriculum. 
 Although the University has not received official recog- 
 nition for this work, much personal encouragement has 
 been received from the Commandant of the Twelfth Naval 
 District and the officers at the training station on Yerba 
 Buena Island. They have allowed two officers. Ensigns 
 Sale and Bense, to conduct three of the courses in the even-
 
 32 UNirEIiSITT OF CALIFOBNIA 
 
 ing. Ill addition Chief Yeoman Segure has been assisting 
 in the course, conducting the physical exercises. 
 
 The work was recently inspected by Rear Admiral Ross 
 of the United States Navj'. It is proposed that these 
 courses shall be continued during the year 1918-19.
 
 WAR SEBVICE RECOBl), ] 917-18 33 
 
 COUESES IN MARINE ENGINEERING AND NAVAL 
 ARCHITECTURE 
 
 The University announced courses in Marine Engineer- 
 ing and Naval Architecture on January 15, 1918. When 
 the courses opened twenty-one students enrolled. These 
 courses have continued throughout the half-year. The 
 students admitted were either graduates from, or seniors in 
 technical schools or colleges of recognized standing. 
 
 The work in Naval Architecture has been arranged in 
 conformit}^ with directions issued by the United States 
 Civil Service Commission for ship draftsmen. The items 
 included in this course relate to ship design and construc- 
 tion and cover in particular displacement, buoyancy, stabil- 
 ity, resistance and propulsion, structural arrangement, 
 specifications, drawing and design. The students enrolled 
 have worked out a design for a steel tug one hundred feet 
 long, and in this work they have gone into sufficient detail 
 to see how a ship design is obtained. 
 
 A number of persons interested in the school have 
 donated certain parts of apparatus used on board ship. 
 Shipbuilding companies in the San Francisco Bay district 
 have entertained the members of the class at the shipj^ards, 
 showing them in detail the methods used in shipbuilding. 
 Members of the class have also been allowed to operate 
 certain machinery of the Key Eoute Ferry system, thereby 
 demonstrating the actual working of a completed design. 
 The work has been give nunder the direction of Professor 
 David "W. Dickie, Lecturer in Marine Engineering and 
 Naval Architecture. 
 
 Beginning on May 20, 1918, a course in Naval Archi- 
 tecture was given for ten or twelve weeks. This course 
 followed in outline a special short course in Naval Archi- 
 tecture suggested by the United States Civil Service 
 Commission at Washington. This work has been in charge 
 of Mr. Dickie. It is contemplated that the work in Marine 
 Engineering and Naval Architecture will be continued at 
 the University during the year 1918-19.
 
 U UNIVEBSITY OF CALIFOBNIA 
 
 COUKSES IN EADIO COMMUNICATION 
 During the past year, work in Radio Communication has 
 been given in connection with the School of Military Aero- 
 nautics, a review of which has already been made. Mr. 
 G. L. Greves of the Department of Electrical Engineering 
 has also given a number of courses in that department. 
 During the regular Summer Session he gave a six weeks' 
 elementary course in Radio Communication. 
 
 A new and more complete course commenced on May 20 
 and continued for twelve weeks. This course is designed 
 to cover the field in such a manner as to meet the demands 
 of the War Department. A prospectus was received from 
 the office of the Chief Signal Officer of the Army, and a 
 University committee formulated the course in accordance 
 with those suggestions. The war application of the infor- 
 mation given in the course is extensive and includes systems 
 of radio transmission, including commercial and military 
 equipment, elementary telegraphy, telephonj^ and circuit 
 work. It also includes code practice to the extent of four 
 hours per week. 
 
 The prerequisites for admission to such a course, as 
 outlined by the War Department, include certain prelim- 
 inary training in electrical engineering. At the present 
 time students of junior standing or above who are enrolled 
 in electrical engineering, students who have had courses 
 in electrical engineering dealing with direct and alter- 
 nating current machinery and those whose practical train- 
 ing has fitted them to undertake the work are admitted to 
 the course. The last class includes amateur radio operators 
 who have had considerable experience, and who have a good 
 understanding of the theory.
 
 WAE SEEVICE EECOBB, 1917-18 35 
 
 MILITARY BUREAU 
 
 Even before President Wilson's message of April 2, 
 1917, the Regents had passed a resolution placing the 
 resources of the University of California at the disposal of 
 the national government in the event of war. As one 
 means of carrying out their action, they established a 
 Military Bureau under the direction of L. J. Richardson, 
 Associate Professor of Latin, and Homer Havermale, 
 Alumni Secretary. Its first business, under date of April 12, 
 1917, was to ask all men of the University body — faculty, 
 alumni, and undergraduates — to fill out a personnel index 
 card. The request included the following statement : 
 
 ORGANIZATON TOR NATIONAL SERVICE 
 
 To the Faculties, Alumni and Students of the University of Cali- 
 fornia : 
 
 The President and the Regents have placed the University of Cali- 
 fornia in the present crisis at the service of the state and federal 
 governments. Accordingly, the University is taking account of its 
 resources in both information and materials. Moreover, it is putting 
 on record what each member of the University — faculties, administra- 
 tive staff, alumni, students, and former students — has done, is doing, 
 or in the event of need could do for the general defense. 
 
 To assist in this work you are asked to fill out the enclosed card, 
 and to return it at once. The University would like also to include 
 in this census the families of its officers, alumni, and students, and 
 upon request cards will be sent for the registration of these persons. 
 All information set down upon your card Avill be regarded as con- 
 fidential. The signing of the card in no wise commits you to enter 
 the government service unless you desire to do so. 
 
 The responses numbered 3070, and nearly all of them 
 offered services in one form or another. 
 
 The functions of the Military Bureau have undergone 
 many changes and much expansion since the issuance of 
 the original questionnaire. The Bureau as developed has 
 three separate functions : it serves as an information office, 
 a personnel office, and as a liaison office between the Uni- 
 versity and various military departments and bodies.
 
 36 UNirEESITY OF CALIFOBNIA 
 
 An average of 2500 persons per month seek the Military 
 Bnreau for information and advice. The variety of ques- 
 tions asked is infinite. ]\Iany seek information regarding 
 draft regulations, arm}' and navy regulations, army and 
 navy orders, military' procedure and methods. In this 
 connection it may be said that Military Bureau endeavors 
 to answer every reasonable question asked in good faith. 
 
 It also cooperates to such extent as is possible with com- 
 mittees and organizations engaged in war work, such as 
 training, publicity, relief or reconstruction activities. 
 
 As a personnel office the Military Bureau has occupied 
 a distinctive place in the general military establishment. 
 For a long time the office was connected with the Intercol- 
 legiate Intelligence Bureau, a civilian body operating with 
 the approval of the "War Departemnt. The absorbing of 
 the Intercollegiate Bureau by the Adjutant-General's office 
 brought a new standing to the Military Bureau, which is 
 now directly connected with that office in Washington. 
 
 From the Adjutant-General's office requisitions for 
 skilled men come to the Military Bureau. These calls come 
 also from various department chiefs who look to universities 
 for their personnel. Typical calls follow : 
 
 June 9, 1917, a call for an alumnus in each of the following 
 cities: Los Angeles, Portland, Salt Lake City, and San Francisco. 
 The men selected are to be on committees Avhose functions are: 
 (o) To investigate the ability, reputation and association of any 
 one desired for special work by the national government in order to 
 make sure of fitness and loyalty; (&) to assist in discovering for the 
 national government men in various occupations who could be induced 
 to leave their work in special cases where their ability is particularly 
 desired by the government; (c) to arrange Avith local firms and 
 organizations to release certain of their trained help when the need 
 by the government is very great indeed and probably could not be 
 satisfied in any other Avay. 
 
 May 9, 1917, a call came to supply for service in France an ambu- 
 lance unit consisting of a first sergeant, second sergeant, corporal, 
 two orderlies, two clerks, twenty-four drivers, three mechanics, and 
 two cooks. Men were selected and enlisted for these positions and 
 are now in the United States Army Ambulance Service under com-
 
 WAE SERVICE EECOED, 1917-18 37 
 
 maiul of Lieuteuant-Colonel Percy Jones. The University of Califor- 
 nia unit is headed by Lieutenant John F. EdAvards, and is officially 
 designated as Section 86 of Battalion 21, U. S. A. Ambulance Service. 
 The needs of the men are being looked out for at home by the Friends 
 of Section 86, an organization of parents and friends, Avho are 
 sending to France clothing, reading matter and other tilings needed 
 by the men. 
 
 October 5, 1917, a call to secure three or four assistants in the 
 War Trade Intelligence Division of the Export Administrative 
 Bureau. 
 
 A call for -women to serve as nurses in France ; a similar call for 
 telephone operators. 
 
 A request to examine, induct and assign to Edgewood Arsenal. 
 Md., one hundred chemists. 
 
 A request to supply men for the Enlisted Specialists' Preparatory 
 School at Fort Winfield Scott. 
 
 The above calls indicate roughly the variety of requests 
 made. Since the organization of the office 380 additional 
 calls have been received, many of them being requests for 
 specialists. 
 
 These calls are made known to the public and to the 
 alumni of the University through newspapers, University 
 publications and the Alumni Fortnightly. Applicants are 
 examined and are either inducted, or their credentials are 
 rated by committee men in the faculty and then sent to 
 authorities requesting assistance. 
 
 Besides acting as personnel agent at the specific request 
 of the government, there is another function, namely to 
 help men and women secure places in the national service. 
 Persons who have decided to offer their services to the 
 army, navy or other branches of the national government 
 usually find here both information and direction. The 
 office in this phase of its work is somewhat like an employ- 
 ment agency. Its files already contain the names of many 
 persons, other than those mentioned above, who have ex- 
 pressed themselves as willing or anxious to serve the 
 country in the present emergency, each of these candidates 
 having filled out a prescribed questionnaire setting forth 
 his training as well as his professional or business experi- 
 
 Ai tiOQ,'^
 
 38 UNIVEBSITT OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 ence. The office, in turn, undertakes to watch the govern- 
 ment calls with reference to applications and wherever 
 consistent with the country's interests, to help candidates 
 to find places in the service. The office has assisted in this 
 way more than 1100 persons, a large percentage of whom 
 have secured positions. Many nominations are made 
 through the War Service Exchange, Adjutant-General's 
 Office, Washington. 
 
 As liaison office the Military Bureau undertakes to serve 
 as a contact point between the University and military 
 offices and boards. It has served as headquarters for com- 
 mittee organizations to aid the military establishment ; also 
 as officers' headquarters for those who have desired to make 
 use of University facilities. It has placed the volunteer 
 services of faculty members at the disposal of military 
 departments. The Bureau is now aiding the Adjutant- 
 General of California in organizing committees to instruct 
 registrants in matters of hygiene and morale ; and through 
 the cooperation of the Summer Session the Military Bureau 
 registered and assigned more than 200 volunteer registrars 
 for the September 12 draft. These cases indicate the duties 
 fulfilled by the Military Bureau as a liaison agent. 
 
 Finally, the Militarj^ Bureau in cooperation with the 
 Alumni Association is keeping war records of all alumni 
 in service. Close touch is maintained with the American 
 University Union in Paris, London and Rome.
 
 WAE SEEVICE BECOED, 1917-18 39 
 
 EEPOET OF PERSONNEL DIVISION 
 
 The following branches of the service have been supplied with 
 men, January 10 to August 31, 1918: 
 
 Engineer Reserve Corps 130 
 
 Ordnance Department 132 
 
 Quartermaster Corps 21 
 
 Infantry 112 
 
 Artillery 193 
 
 Navy 77 
 
 Medical Corps 89 
 
 Air Service 27 
 
 Signal Corps 101 
 
 Intelligence Service, Army and Navy 5 
 
 Chaplains 2 
 
 889 
 
 Civilian : 
 
 Red Cross 44 
 
 Y.M.C.A 95 
 
 Civil Service, War Service Exchange, 
 Women's Collegiate Section, and 
 miscellaneous 86 
 
 00- 
 
 Total 1114
 
 40 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 OEDNANCE TEAINING SCHOOL 
 
 The Training School for Ordnance Field Service at 
 Berkeley was begun in October, 1917, at the suggestion of 
 the Ordnance Department in Washington. Its purpose was 
 to select and to give preliminary training to men who ulti- 
 mately were expected to reach the grades of non-commis- 
 sioned, and in some cases, of commissioned officers in the 
 Ordnance Service. The enrollment to the date of closing 
 of the school was as follows : Course No. 1, nineteen ; Course 
 No. 2, thirty-two; Course No. 3, forty-five; Course No. 4, 
 fifty. 
 
 Instruction was given by members of the Department 
 of Economics and of the School of Jurisprudence, assisted 
 hj one commissioned and one non-commissioned officer 
 detailed by the "War Department for the purpose. 
 
 The course of study at Berkeley covered the principles 
 of storeskeeping ; calculating methods of accounting, used 
 in connection with Army supplies ; military organization ; 
 military correspondence ; military law ; and military cour- 
 tesy. Special emphasis was laid on visits to industrial 
 establishments in San Francisco and Oakland. One hour a 
 day was devoted to drill. 
 
 Students were enlisted or inducted into the military 
 forces of the United States before beginning their work at 
 the University. At the expiration of their period of study 
 at the University, they were assigned to an arsenal for six 
 weeks' further training, and after this were again assigned 
 to depot companies wherever their services were needed. 
 From the depots the most capable ordnance sergeants were 
 usually sent to the Officers' Training School at Camp Mead, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 The time allotted for each course was six weeks. Dean 
 H. R. Hatfield, Professor Daggett, and Lieutenant Green 
 were in charge of tlie school. The school was discontinued 
 in May, 1918, and was transferred by the War Department 
 to Fort Hancock, Georgia.
 
 JVAE SERVICE EECORD, 1917-18 41 
 
 COUESE IN MILITAEY ENGINEEEING 
 
 The Academic Senate has authoriECcl a curriculum in 
 the College of Civil Engineering leading to the degree of 
 Bachelor of Science in Military Engineering. The forma- 
 tion of the course has been in the hands of the Engineering 
 Council which has conferred with Major-General W. M. 
 Black, Chief of Engineers of the United States Army. The 
 completion of the proposed course would qualify the student 
 to undergo the competitive examination for a commission 
 in the Corps of Engineers in the United States Army, and 
 at the same time would give him training preparatory to 
 the practice of engineering in civil life. The curriculum 
 differs in a number of points from the ordinary course in 
 the College of Cnal Engineering. When this is established, 
 a student entering the College of Civil Engineering maj^ 
 elect his course from Railroad, Irrigation, Sanitary, or 
 Military Engineering.
 
 42 UNIVEESITY OF CALIFOEXIA 
 
 THE COLLEGE OF AGEICULTUEE 
 
 On February'- 7, 1917, Dean Thomas Forsyth Hunt 
 of the College of Agricnlture wrote President Benj. Ide 
 Wheeler of the University, suggesting that in the event 
 of war, faculties and facilities of the University should be 
 placed wholly at the service of the Federal Government, 
 and outlining the activities which the Department of Agri- 
 culture might properly undertake, On February 13, 1917, 
 the farm advisors and the assistant farm advisors of the 
 state were informed that the Board of Regents had placed 
 the resources of the University at the disposal of the several 
 departments of the Federal Government, including those 
 of War, Navy, and Agriculture. As will be indicated later, 
 the advisors were directed to make a confidential report 
 on the measures which might be undertaken within their 
 respective counties to promote food production. 
 
 On April 8, 1917, the President of the University 
 directed the Department of Agriculture to assist the State 
 Council of Defense through its Committee on Resources 
 and Food Supply, of which President Wheeler is chairman, 
 in any manner that might be deemed necessary to further 
 the interests of the nation. 
 
 As a result of this action, on April 10, 1917, Dean Hunt 
 presented to the committee some fundamental consider- 
 ations affecting the food supply of the United States, in 
 which an immediate food and farm labor inquiry was 
 recommended.^ By direction of tlie Committee on Re- 
 sources and Food Supply, the Department of Agriculture 
 of the University, in cooperation with the United States 
 Forest Service, the State Commission of Horticulture, the 
 State Board of Health, the State Veterinarian, the State 
 Market Director, the Sacramento Valley Development 
 Board and the California Fruit Growers' Exchange, con- 
 
 1 Hunt, Thomas Forsyth, Some Fundamental Considerations Affect- 
 ing the Food Supply of the United States, Univ. Calif. Agr. Exp. 
 Sta., Circ. 163, 1917.
 
 WAE SEIIVICE EECOED, 1917-lS 43 
 
 ducted an inquiry between April 16 and 27, with hearings 
 in fifty-five counties in California. Certain definite recom- 
 mendations were made to the State Council of Defense. 
 An extended report of this inquirj^ has been published, 
 which has formed the basis for further activities. - 
 
 Offer of Facilities and Services 
 
 At the request of the Western Division of the United 
 States Army, a committee of the faculty of the Department 
 of Agriculture with R. L. Adams, Associate Professor of 
 Agronomy, as chairman, submitted a report to the govern- 
 ment on the University Farm as an available location for 
 a cavalry unit of the United States Army. Statements 
 were furnished as to the possible utilization of other re- 
 sources, such as that of the plant pathology department for 
 medical work, and the special knowledge of C. W. Wood- 
 worth, Professor in Entomology, in optics, as bearing on the 
 manufacture of field glasses. A detailed report was also 
 made to the War Department on the military training of 
 the members of the Department of Agriculture since one 
 hundred and eleven of its one hundred and forty-seven 
 members had undergone some military training. 
 
 TJtilization of High School Boys and Girls 
 
 On May 12, 1917, Dean Hunt submitted to a joint meet- 
 ing of the Committee on Resources and Food Supply of the 
 State Council of Defense, and a committee of the State 
 Board of Education, a plan for the mobilization of high 
 school boys and girls for agricultural and other industrial 
 work. This resulted in the active cooperation of Mr. Will 
 C. Wood, representing the State Board of Education, and 
 Mr. E. M. Cox, representing the school principals of the 
 state. Under their direction a canvass of a portion of the 
 
 2 Ann. Rep. Coll. Agr. and Agr. Exp. Sta., Univ. Calif., pp. 39-95, 
 1917.
 
 U VNIVEBSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 high schools of the state was made in June, 1917, 3300 boys 
 and 2400 girls being listed as available for agricultural 
 or other industrial work. During April, 1918, a list of all 
 available boys and girls in the high schools was made and 
 all boys of high school age, not in high schools, were urged 
 to enlist in this boys' working reserve. 
 
 In order to attain as large an acreage of crops as pos- 
 sible, ten members of the faculty were sent out during the 
 first two weeks of May, 1917, to canvass all the high schools 
 of the state and call upon boys living on farms to join the 
 agriculture clubs as war members in order to grow crops 
 for their own profit and for the nation's benefit. In twelve 
 daj-s all of the high schools of the state except those located 
 in large cities were canvassed by the following : S. S. Eogers, 
 Associate Professor of Olericulture ; J. I. Thompson, Assist- 
 ant Professor of Animal Husbandry ; P. S. Vaile, Assistant 
 Professor of Orchard Management; G. W. Hendry, Assist- 
 ant Professor of Agronom}^ ; A. W. Christie, Instructor in 
 Agricultural Chemistry; J. C. Martin, Assistant in Agri- 
 cultural Chemistry; I. F. Davis, Instructor in Agricultural 
 Extension ; W. R. Ralston, Assistant in Agricultural Ex- 
 tension, and R. M. Hagen, Instructor in Agricultural 
 Extension. Twenty-thousand boys were addressed, 998 
 responding by the planting of approximately 1500 acres. 
 
 In addition to this campaign, the regularly enrolled 
 members of the agricultural clubs were asked to increase 
 their acreage of crops. One hundred and eighty-five boys 
 responded by planting 600 acres. Thus 2100 acres were 
 planted hy the boys to war crops, in addition to the regular 
 acreage grown every year by agricultural club members 
 on a contest basis. 
 
 Farm Labor Organization 
 
 Tluit an acute farm labor situation might arise was 
 early anticipated. In May, 1917, a plan was outlined by 
 Avhicli Professor R. L. Adams of the Department of Agri- 
 culture would be jointly employed by the United States
 
 WAE SEBVICE EECOED, 1917-18 -15 
 
 Department of Agriculture and the University of Califor- 
 nia as farm help specialist, and that through the Committee 
 on Resources and Food Supply he should represent the 
 State Council of Defense in its farm labor activities. Imme- 
 diately, steps were taken to bring together all the agencies 
 dealing Math farm labor. To that end a public meeting 
 was held at the University in Berkeley on May 31, 1917, 
 at which a thorough discussion of the labor situation took 
 place. 
 
 Discussion of the Problem 
 
 On June 15 and 16, 1917, five sessions of the staff of the 
 Department of Agriculture were held, at which time an 
 attempt was made to anticipate the war emergency activ- 
 ities of the staff. Committees were appointed and duties 
 assigned to the various members. Careful consideration 
 was given to the character of all investigational work in 
 progress, to the end that long-time projects of a funda- 
 mental character might be continued. Projects of a more 
 temporary or. less fundamental character gave way to war 
 emergency investigations or agricultural extension work. 
 About fifty new food production projects developed by war 
 necessities have been started. 
 
 Cooperation tvith Other Agencies 
 
 In various ways members of the staff of the Department 
 of Agriculture have been brought into active cooperation 
 with the Federal Food Administration for California.^ 
 Dean Hunt has been chairman of its Agricultural Produc- 
 tion Board, consisting of about one hundred and fifty farm- 
 ers drawn from all parts of California, and chairman of the 
 District Milk Commission of the United States Food Ad- 
 ministration. The commission passed upon the price of milk 
 
 3 Kalph P. Merritt, Comptroller of the University, has been granted 
 leave of absence from the University to serve as Federal Food Admin- 
 istrator for California, in which capacity he has been engaged since 
 the organization of the Food Administration.
 
 46 UNIVEESITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 which the producers should receive from the distributors 
 and which the distributors should charge the consumers dur- 
 ing the three months, Jaiuiar}- to March, 1918, inclusive. 
 Dean H. E. Van Norman of the University Farm School and 
 Professor of Dairy Management, is executive secretary of 
 this commission. Gordon H. True, Professor of Animal 
 Husbandry, is chairman of the Livestock Commission of 
 the Federal Food Administration for California. The Live- 
 stock Commission through conferences with meat packers 
 of the Pacific Coast, secured an agreement to a minimum 
 price for hogs one cent under the Chicago market for the 
 same date, and has performed other services of an impor- 
 tant nature in connection with the livestock situation. The 
 University's Department of Agriculture has thus been the 
 representative of three agencies in matters concerning 
 ing food production in California, viz., the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, the United States Food Admin- 
 istration and the State Council of Defense, simultaneously 
 occupying a status of its own which has no necessary rela- 
 tion to any of them. The policy in California has been to 
 coordinate all these agencies by means of interlocking com- 
 mittees so that the allied forces could more readil}^ work 
 to a common end. In this regard California has been 
 measurably successfvil. It has been freely recognized that 
 personal and institutional interests must be set aside for 
 the larger interest. 
 
 Permanent Organization 
 
 It is somewhat difficult to chronicle the war activities 
 of the Department of Agriculture, because these activities 
 are interwoven with its research and instructional work, 
 and because many of the activities which may now be con- 
 sidered war emergency work were a part of the normal 
 activities of the organization. To increase the production 
 of food is, certainly, one of the functions, perhaps the chief 
 function, of the department in peace times. Its war activ-
 
 WAR SEBVICE EECOBD, 1917-^3^'^ ^ 
 
 ities are, therefore, a matter of epi^pijiasis/patlier^ tliai^,;a5 
 change from its permanent fiinefiori'.-' ^^^ " ^ ^-'■'' / 
 
 For example, when wap' "v^as decldted^ - oiity twen ' 
 counties had organized witJi fai;^n^atlvis,OTS? ^rit^m^j^ni 
 funds from the Federal Gjoveynm^n^ "for ad4ittf6p«tT farm 
 advisors, which became avaiT^bt^m Se^t^mJ^jpffne Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture decided mSTiMie-t^'Mtempt the organ- 
 ization of nineteen additional counties, using its ow^n funds 
 for expenses and contributing the services of nineteen 
 members of the staff of the department for this purpose. 
 Men were thus transferred from investigational and in- 
 structional work to promote more directly the increased 
 production of food. 
 
 Vocational Agricultural Instruction 
 
 It is part of the regular work of the farmers' short 
 courses to give instruction in operating gas tractors. This 
 year special emphasis was placed upon this instruction on 
 account of the need of tractor operators, an additional 
 course being given at the Citrus Experiment Station and 
 Graduate School of Tropical Agriculture at Riverside. 
 During the year approximately 500 persons have been given 
 instruction in operating tractors. By correspondence and 
 otherwise, the department has sought to meet requests for 
 tractor operators and to promote more efficient use of the 
 existing tractors. To this end, a tractor and implement 
 demonstration was held under the auspices of the Cali- 
 fornia Tractor and Implement Association at the University 
 Farm, Davis, April 17 to 19, 1918, inclusive, in which J. B, 
 Davidson, Professor of Agricultural Engineering, took the 
 leading part. The attendance during the three daj^s was 
 estimated at 45,000 persons. 
 
 While the College of Agriculture has been for years 
 preparing students to teach agriculture in the secondary 
 schools, the passage of the Smith-Hughes Vocational Edu- 
 cational Bill, 'combined with the war and the request of
 
 48 UNIVEBSIT¥ OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 the State Board of Education, has led to the organization 
 of an entirely new programme of instruction at the Univer- 
 sity Farm. This instruction is now occupying a consider- 
 able portion of the time of several members of the staff. 
 
 Conferences 
 
 There have been many meetings and conferences, some 
 of which may properly be chronicled as war activities 
 because of the common impulse to make every agency con- 
 tribute towards winning the war. An example might be 
 cited in the meeting of the Plant Pathology War Emer- 
 gency Board held in Agriculture Hall, Berkelej^, on 
 March 30, 1918. Twenty-nine plant pathologists and scien- 
 tists in related fields were present. War activities for plant 
 pathologists were discussed in this session in which a lead- 
 ing part was taken by eight members of the staff of the 
 department. 
 
 Personnel 
 
 Thomas Forsyth Hunt, Professor of Agriculture, Direc- 
 tor of the Agricultural Experiment Station, and Dean of 
 the College of Agriculture, is acting chairman of the Com- 
 mittee of Research and Food Supply of the State Council 
 of Defense, J. E. Coit, Professor of Citriculture, J. W. 
 Nelson, Assistant Professor of Soil Technology and member 
 of the subcommittee on Occupational Selection of the Pacific 
 Coast Research Conference, E. 0. Essig, Assistant Pro- 
 fessor of Entomology, and R. W. Hodgson, Instructor in 
 Citriculture, have been transferred to farm advisor work 
 for the duration of the war, while W. T. Home, Associate 
 Professor of Plant Pathology, has taken up the field study 
 of certain diseases of deciduous fruits, of special impor- 
 tance in army rations. 
 
 Professor Vaile has entered the Armenian and Syrian 
 Relief Service. P. L. Lantz, Assistant in' Agricultural
 
 WAE SEBVICE EECOED, 1917-18 49 
 
 Extension, entered the military service Januarj^ 18, and 
 died of pneumonia at San Diego on March 8, 1918. Pro- 
 fessor Davidson is chairman of the Committee on War 
 Work of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 
 
 Walter Mulford, Professor of Forestry, is a member 
 of the State Committee of the Society of American For- 
 esters. B. H. Crocheron, Associate Professor of Agricul- 
 tural Extension and State Leader of Farm Advisors, is 
 director of the Boys ' Working Reserve " for California. 
 
 El wood Mead, Professor of Rural Institutions, by virtue 
 of an arrangement between the University and the De- 
 partment of the Interior, has acted as official advisor on 
 reclamation projects embracing about half the states of the 
 arid region. This w^ork has necessitated conferences with 
 officials and farmers in Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada 
 and Washington, also two trips to Washington, D. C, to 
 confer with authorities of the Department of the Interior. 
 
 C. F. Shaw, Professor of Soil Technology, and W. W. 
 Weir, Assistant Professor of Soil Technology, have been 
 active in the Food Production Committee of the Common- 
 wealth Club of San Francisco, the latter being chairman 
 of the Committee on Drainage. J. W. Gregg, Professor of 
 Landscape Gardening, has advised the commandants of 
 Mare Island and Yerba Buena Island on the planting of 
 trees and shrubs for screening and windbreak purposes. 
 C. L. Roadhouse, Professor of Dairy Industry, represented 
 the University at the World's Food Conference in Philadel- 
 phia, September 14 and 15, 1917, held under the auspices of 
 the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 
 E. R. de Ong, Instructor in Entomology, is one of the con- 
 sulting entomologists of the Federal Food Administration 
 for California, vice Professor Essig, who was transferred 
 to field service. J. S. Burd, Professor of Agricultural 
 Chemistry, is a member of the Board of Legal Advisors 
 for Exemption District No. 2 of Berkeley. 
 
 W. H. Dore, Assistant Chemist in Fertilizer Control, 
 is aiding the Preparedness Committee of the United States
 
 50 VNIVEESITY OF CALIFOENIA 
 
 Xaval Construction Board, collecting information for an 
 industrial inventory of local manufacturing resources. 
 J. C. Marquart, Assistant in Dairy Husbandry, is repre- 
 senting the Dairy Division of the United States Department 
 of Agriculture, and is inspecting the butter being supplied 
 b}' Navy contractors. D. E. Martin, Assistant in Agricul- 
 tural Extension, is Assistant Farm Advisor, State Relations 
 Service. 
 
 The following twenty members of the staff are on war 
 leave to enter the military service of the Government : 
 
 Donald Bruce, Assistant Professor of Forestry. 
 E. E. Clausen, Assistant Professor of Genetics. 
 
 C. M. Haring, Professor of Veterinary Science. 
 W. B. Herms, Associate Professor of Parasitology. 
 
 D. T. Mason, Professor of Forestry. 
 
 H. A. Mattill, Assistant Professor of Nutrition. 
 
 E. C. Voorhies, Assistant Professor of Animal Husbandry. 
 
 C. V. Castle, Instructor in Animal Husbandry. 
 W. T. Clow, Assistant in Animal Husbandry. 
 
 D, B. Cohen, Assistant in Olericulture. 
 
 P. I. Dougherty, Assistant in Agricultural Extension, 
 L. D. Hazeltine, Assistant in Agricultural Extension. 
 V. W. Hoffman, Assistant in Pomology. 
 
 F. T. Murphy, Assistant in Agricultural Extension. 
 A. N. Nathan, Assistant in Agricultural Extension. 
 W. D. Norton, Assistant in Agricultural Extension. 
 F. W. Nunemacher, Office Assistant. 
 
 A. F. Swain, Assistant in Entomology. 
 H. A. Wadsworth, Assistant in Irrigation. 
 H. H. Yost, Instructor in Agronomy. 
 
 Publications 
 
 During the twelve months dealt with in this recital the 
 Department of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment 
 Station have published fourteen bulletins, thirty-nine circu- 
 lars, and fifty numbered emergency leaflets. Most of these 
 publications deal with subjects relating to the increasing 
 of food production ; many have been published to answer 
 specific questions or promote programmes of immediate
 
 WAE SEBVICE BECOED, 1917-18 51 
 
 national interest. They cover almost every phase of food 
 production and preservation which has arisen out of the 
 war. Altogether, during the year, there have been dis- 
 tributed 26,402,000 pages of printed matter." 
 
 Special Courses and Lectures 
 
 In addition to special courses in poultry husbandry, 
 dairying, and food canning and preservation, given to home 
 demonstrators and others expecting to practice or give 
 instruction in these matters, a laboratory and demonstra- 
 tion course was given at Berkelej^ by the Division of Viti- 
 culture in the practical details of food preservation to 
 students who were properly prepared and who expected 
 to make use of the knowledge during the summer. F. T. 
 Bioletti, Professor of Viticulture and Enology; J. R. Zion, 
 Assistant in Viticulture, and E. A. Way, Field Assistant 
 in Viticulture, gave during the year sixty-two demonstra- 
 tions to grape growers in fifteen counties. Twenty-six 
 demonstrations of methods of food preservation were given 
 by "W. V. Cruess, Assistant Professor of Zymology, in 
 thirteen counties, and three demonstrations to olive growers 
 by Professor Bioletti in two counties. 
 
 The total attendance was 4396. The number of in- 
 quiries during the year by letter, telephone and personal 
 visit has been exceedingly large. In the main office of the 
 Division of Extension alone, more than 30,000 letters have 
 been written, while the total number of letters written by 
 members of the staff of the Department of Agriculture, not 
 including farm advisors and agricultural club leaders, has 
 been during the year approximately 120,000. The majority 
 of the inquiries deal directly with the production of food 
 and its preservation. Many calls have been received for 
 assistance in controlling insect pests, fungus diseases and 
 
 4 Complete lists of these publications may be found in the Annual 
 Reports of the College of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment 
 Station, University of California.
 
 52 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFOENIA 
 
 rodents. A considerable number of requests for the investi- 
 gation of property to ascertain its agricultural value have 
 been received. Land which has never produced, or which 
 has for a period been unproductive, is now yielding a food 
 product. 
 
 During the Christmas recess a special short course for 
 veterinarians was held at Davis, in which surgery of the 
 army horse and the prevention of blackleg and anthrax, 
 two diseases causing serious losses in cattle in this state, 
 were the principal subjects of discussion. Eighty-seven 
 veterinarians attended; a number of them have since en- 
 tered the veterinary reserve camps of the United States 
 Army. 
 
 A training course for machine milkers — the first ever 
 arranged by a public institution — was conducted at the 
 University Farm, April 1 to 12, 1918, for the purpose of 
 ameliorating in a measure the growing difficulty of secur- 
 ing efficient hand milkers on dairy ranches. 
 
 Agricidtiiral Preparedness Train 
 
 Through a cooperative arrangement between the Salt 
 Lake Railroad and the Experiment Stations of Utah, 
 Nevada, and California a special Agricultural Prepared- 
 ness Train was run over the Salt Lake Eoute from Sandy, 
 Utah, to Los Angeles, California, during the month of May, 
 1917. The Agricultural Experiment Station of California 
 furnished the exhibits for two cars — one having a very 
 complete display of commercial varieties of beans, the 
 other showing various forage crops. Two members of the 
 station staff accompanied the exhibits, explaining to in- 
 quirers the variety or varieties best suited to certain 
 localities or to types of soil, and offering suggestions as to 
 motliods of culture.
 
 WAR SEHriCE EECORD, 1917-18 53 
 
 Farm Lahor 
 
 During the crop season of 1917 careful inquiries were 
 conducted into the farm labor situation under the direction 
 of Professor R. L. Adams, to determine actual conditions, 
 contributing causes and possible remedies.^ Early in De- 
 cember, 1917, a plan of operation based on the experiences 
 of this and other states was prepared for the guidance of 
 those investigating farm labor problems. This plan em- 
 braced as its important features the following : 
 
 1. The recognition of the fact that men engaged in 
 unnecessary industries in the cities, women, and high school 
 students, constitute a potential source of farm labor. 
 
 2. The reorganization and extension of existing public 
 employment agencies to a point at which a larger utiliza- 
 tion of all forms of labor would be more efficiently dis- 
 tributed. 
 
 3. To reinforce the chief provision of this plan, it 
 was necessary to have every county act as a unit in assist- 
 ing in its execution, with the county farm advisor serving 
 as the central agency for each county ; the mobilization of 
 women and high school students as aids in the farm labor 
 situation, constituting the tasks of the California Industrial 
 Welfare Commission and the State Board of Education. 
 
 This plan has been carried out and many of its details 
 comprise the present basis of procedure. 
 
 Looking beyond the possibility of the state's labor 
 supply, potential and actual, the plan further provided 
 for the consideration of the proposal for the importation 
 of foreign labor provided the federal agencies for labor 
 supply were unable adequately to add to the state 's supply. 
 
 Accompanying the execution of the provisions of the 
 plan, a careful inquiry was conducted during February 
 and March to determine the probable farm labor needs and 
 supplies for 1918, which resulted in showing a shortage of 
 labor above the visible supply for every month. This is 
 indicated in the following table : 
 
 5 Univ. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta., Circ. 193.
 
 Sugar beet 
 needs 
 
 Total 
 needs 
 
 3,000 
 
 4,150 
 
 3,000 
 
 6,400 
 
 1,000 
 
 7,375 
 
 
 8,475 
 
 3,000 
 
 12,025 
 
 3,000 
 
 12,450 
 
 3,000 
 
 9,875 
 
 
 2,750 
 
 
 800 
 
 54 UNITEBSITY OF CALIFOHNIA 
 
 Needs other than 
 Month sugar beets 
 
 April 1,150 
 
 May 3,400 
 
 June 6,375 
 
 July 8,475 
 
 August 9,025 
 
 September .- 9,450 
 
 October 6,875 
 
 November 2,750 
 
 December 800 
 
 These figures were based on normal conditions. Neces- 
 sarily, a reduction which may be considerable, must result 
 from the deficient rainfall, north winds and substitution of 
 crops demanding less man power, all contributing to a very 
 much smaller agricultural production for 1918 than that 
 anticipated during the winter. 
 
 Before the execution of the general plan it became evi- 
 dent that, regardless of other considerations, there were 
 certain classes of work in connection with this year's har- 
 vest for which it would be essential to obtain foreign labor 
 — under existing conditions, Mexican. 
 
 Special efforts have been made to render federal regu- 
 lations governing the importation of Mexican labor less 
 stringent. Attempts were made to resort to the original 
 regulations so that railroads could return to free importa- 
 tion of Mexicans and so afford the farmers an added supply 
 of labor for their needs. These attempts failed, and since, 
 under existing federal restrictions, free movement of Mexi- 
 cans to the United States is not possible, arrangements 
 were made with the California and Colorado Agricultural 
 Labor Association for importation of Mexicans to be used 
 by other individuals or formers under existing farm labor 
 regulations. This arrangement permits economj^ in impor- 
 tation since Mexicans can now be obtained only under 
 written agreement with the United States Government, for 
 employment solely in agriculture.
 
 WAB SERVICE BECOBD, 1917-18 55 
 
 Much work has been necessary to maintain a friendly 
 attitude on the part of Mexican officials both in California 
 and in Mexico, 
 
 A study of man labor cost of production, to serve as a 
 basis for determining wage standards, was made in Janu- 
 Bxj, based on usual crop yields of twenty different crops. 
 As a general result of this investigation it was found that 
 due to high prices of essential farm products, wages might 
 exceed considerably those of iiormal times — perhaps even 
 be doubled — and still permit of profit. 
 
 As a result of special efforts constantly being made to 
 bring about a clearer understanding on the part of the 
 district exemption boards as to California's labor needs 
 and as to what constitutes agricultural labor, it is felt that 
 a larger share of bona fide farm labor will be given deferred 
 classification. 
 
 Other activities of the office of the farm help specialist 
 have included actual placement of labor, the establishment 
 of a school for labor at the University Farm, search for 
 additional sources of labor, and mobilization of certain 
 heretofore untapped sources. The University has con- 
 stantly^ cooperated with the following organizations : the 
 Commission of Immigration and Housing, the California 
 Industrial Welfare Commission, the Farmers' Committee 
 of the State Council of Defense, the Women 's Land Army 
 of America, the Attorney-General's Office (in draft work), 
 the Y. M. C. A., the Boy Scouts, and the State Board 
 of Education ; it has also been closely associated with the 
 operations of such private concerns as the Valley Fruit 
 Growers' Association, the California and Colorado Labor 
 Association, the Imperial Valley Labor Association, the 
 California Federation of Farmers, cooperative market 
 associations, and with various public, private, and social 
 committees appointed to consider the farm labor problem.
 
 56 UNIFEBSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Activities of Farm Advisors 
 
 At the beginning of the war, there were fifteen farm 
 advisors at work. Without propaganda, counties had 
 quaiified as fast as funds were available. Apparently there 
 were ample grounds for the expectation that by 1922 all 
 
 ^ \ agricultural counties of California would have adopted this 
 System which would gradually have spread over the state 
 
 ' :.^' ^uring a period of ten years. By February, 1917, it be- 
 ^-•came apparent that war was imminent. Obviously food 
 would be a primary consideration. The farm advisors, 
 therefore,- began quietly to make plans for an increased 
 production as an aid to the war, which appeared inevitable. 
 For all counties having farm advisors, confidential surveys 
 were made and delivered to the central office. These clearly 
 indicated certain districts where increased production was 
 feasible. Plans were made for wide propaganda in these 
 districts. The six itinerant assistant farm advisors were 
 quietly moved into these sections to aid the farm advisors 
 when the situation should develop. The outbreak of war 
 ill April, therefore, did not find the farm advisor system 
 wholly unprepared in those counties in which men had 
 already been appointed. 
 
 However, a large proportion of the agricultural regions 
 of the state did not have farm advisors or farm bureaus. 
 Neither were there funds to pay additional men had they 
 been available. But no sooner had war been declared than 
 the necessity for an increased food supply began to loom 
 large among the war measures. The work done by farm 
 advisors (or county agents, as they are sometimes called) 
 had apparently been so successful in various parts of the 
 country that a general demand arose that their number be 
 increased to supplj' every agricultural county with such 
 an officer. In most states, councils of defense placed the 
 plan among their proposals and a bill quickly followed in 
 Congress to that end. By September, legislation had been 
 passed appropriating more than $4,000,000 for this purpose
 
 
 
 WAR SERVICE BECOED, 1917-18 57 
 
 for tlie current fiscal year, of which California was allotA|lr^**%n^ 
 $78,000 through the United States Department of^^Ori- ^ ^ 
 culture. Thus it became necessary to organize w^u^e^o ^ 
 months a system, the growth of which normaPW-woi43 "^ 
 cover five years. ^iT-' ■^ "^5 
 
 There apeared to be thirty-nine counties .a']^>^ali£orni^ ^ // 
 where farm advisors would be most valuat^e^,*^ Of the$e, / <J// 
 twenty had already qualified; all but one ofali^'tw^IitjC^had' <>f // 
 farm advisors at work. In order to brinr the^^atter to V^ 
 the attention of the people of the other ccmnti^s, ai^hetae^ 
 members of the staff of the Department 1^ A^gj^iciil^jmi 
 volunteered, each to stand sponsor for the cam^fe^ffm one 
 county. The plan was put before the people of the state 
 at a meeting called by the Governor, as the Chairman of 
 the State Council of Defense, at the capitol at Sacramento 
 on September 10 and 11, to which were invited the entire 
 State Council of Defense, the chairmen of the county coun- 
 cils of defense, the chairmen of county boards of super- 
 visors and certain representatives of the Department of 
 Agriculture. Not the least interesting feature of the 
 meeting was the testimony given in brief addresses by the 
 presidents of the farm bureaus on the value of the work 
 in the counties already established. 
 
 The plan also contemplated the appointment of a large 
 number of assistant farm advisors in order not only to 
 extend, but to intensify the work. These assistants were 
 to be distributed on a basis of the number of farms in the 
 county. All counties having more than 1500 farms were to 
 be entitled to an assistant provided the expenses of $1000 
 per year were met by the board of supervisors. Larger 
 counties were to be given additional assistants on a basis 
 of one assistant to each additional 1500 farms. 
 
 By May 1, 1918, work had progressed far in the organ- 
 ization of the nineteen new counties: eleven counties had 
 their farm bureaus completely formed, their appropriations 
 from the boards of supervisors, and their farm advisors 
 appointed; two other counties had their farm bureaus
 
 58 VNU'EBSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 formed and the appropriations made ; three counties had 
 their farm bureaus formed and their appropriations pend- 
 ing before the supervisors; only three of the nineteen 
 counties were lagging in the campaign through the apparent 
 indifference of the people. 
 
 Defense Programme of the Farm Bureaus for 1917 
 During 1917, soon after the beginning of the war, every 
 farm bureau in California voted to transfer its activities 
 from its past regular programme to one aimed primarily 
 toward the aid of the National Defense. Every county 
 adopted a defense programme, the main features of which 
 were : 
 
 I. The entire membership of the Farm Bureau should 
 constitute a defense department with a committee of five 
 members in charge, appointed by the president. Of this 
 committee, there should be four subcommittees on (1) 
 production, (2) labor supply, (3) financial assistance, and 
 (4) the conservation, of food and the elimination of waste. 
 Each one of these, it was planned, would be directed by 
 a member of the executive commitee of the defense depart- 
 ment. 
 
 II. The programme contemplated: (1) the abandon- 
 ment of all activities of the farm bureaus which did not 
 bear directly upon the winning of the war, except those 
 activities necessary to the fundamental organization; (2) 
 the inauguration of certain new projects for 1917, which 
 the farm bureaus would endeavor to carry on with all pos- 
 sible energy. While these projects varied in the different 
 counties, the list generall}' followed for the 1917 season 
 was as follows : 
 
 1. Labor survey. 
 
 2. Increase in acreage of grain sorghums. 
 
 3. Increase in acreage of beans. 
 
 4. Increase in acreage of irrigated lands by pumping plants, 
 
 etc. 
 
 5. Increase in number of brood sows kept on general farms. 
 
 6. Increase in number of small flocks of poultry kept on gen- 
 
 eral farms.
 
 WAE SERVICE BECOED, 1917-18 59 
 
 7. Increase in number of vegetable gardens for home use on 
 
 general farms. 
 
 8. Increase in number of boys registered in agricultural clubs 
 
 as war members. 
 
 9. Financial survey of the county for funds needed for in- 
 
 creased cropping. 
 
 10. Campaign for the increase of home canning. 
 
 11. Silo campaign for the better use of forage crops. 
 
 III. While in the past the farm advisors answered all 
 requests to call on farmers and to give advice on matters 
 whether of importance or not, it was decided that so long 
 as the war lasted, the farm advisors would attempt through 
 their local directors to determine which matters would be 
 of the most service in the national campaign. It was recog- 
 nized that during the war there would be an added burden 
 of many new projects and that every farm advisor's office 
 would be overwhelmed with the amount of work it was 
 called upon to carry. 
 
 Increase in the Acreage of Grain Sorghums 
 
 The fact that grain sorghums have a wide adaptability, 
 grow with a relatively small amount of moisture and may 
 be planted comparatively late in the season, made this 
 project one of the most important undertaken by the farm 
 bureaus in the early summer. The nineteen county farm 
 advisors believe that their campaigns increased the crop 
 29,918 acres. There was a general difficulty in obtaining 
 good seed, however, and during the late fall the second state- 
 wide project was adopted whereby each farm bureau center 
 selected within the community one or more fields which 
 were of the best and most uniform type and from these 
 selected enough heads to supply the entire farm bureau 
 center for its planting in the spring and summer of 1918. 
 Generally, the grain sorghums throughout the state have 
 been so successful as an immediate aid to the food problem 
 that a wide expansion is certain during the next few years.
 
 60 UNIVEBSITT OF CALIFOBNIA 
 
 Increase in the Acreage of Wheat 
 The national government decided that it was necessary 
 for America to raise a billion bushels of wheat in 1918. 
 Therefore, a quota was assigned each state by which it 
 should increase its product. This increase required about 
 80,000 acres from California. The farm advisors adopted 
 a uniform plan whereby they contemplated making farm- 
 to-farm canvasses of those sections of their counties which 
 might grow wheat instead of barley, proposing to the barley 
 farmers that they should transfer one-tenth of their barley 
 acreage into wheat. This, it was known, would more than 
 make up the quota required. The call upon the farmers 
 to raise wheat was not made because it might be a money- 
 making project, but because the necessities of the nation 
 required it. The farm advisors took no responsibility for 
 the subsequent financial outcome. Since, however, the 
 price of wheat for 1918 was guaranteed by an Act of 
 Congress, and since the price of barley was still an open 
 question, many farmers, upon their own initiative, have 
 undertaken to plant wheat, and have planted an increased 
 acreage. In most counties, the original plan for a farm-to- 
 farm canvass was carried out, with the result that prac- 
 tically all counties exceeded their quotas. 
 
 Increase in Acreage of Beans 
 
 As an aid to the meat supply, beans, which are high in 
 protein and which net a large money return per acre where 
 they can be successfully grown, form one of the most prom- 
 ising animal crops. The farm advisors report that in their 
 counties tli<' acreage was increased 14,264 acres as a result 
 of the high prices and of the programme of publicity into 
 which the farm bureaus entered. Because bean culture has 
 become more thoroughly established over a wider area than 
 heretofore, it is generally believed it will become one of 
 the leading agricultural industries of the state. California 
 produced the largest acreage and yield of dry, edible beans
 
 WAE SEEVICE EECOEB, 1917-18 61 
 
 in its history. It not only took first place among the states 
 in acreage and yield, but produced 46 per cent of all the 
 beans raised in the United States. A very exhaustive study 
 of varieties and their adaptations and culture was made by 
 Professor Hendrv.^ 
 
 Other Measurahle Results 
 Labor 
 
 Applications received by farm advisors or farm bureaus 
 
 for farm or household labor 3,830 
 
 Laborers supplied through farm advisors or farm bureaus, 
 
 Male : 2,989 
 
 Female 1,326 
 
 Laborers supplied from agencies, 
 
 Male 1,060 
 
 Female 667 
 
 Croi? production campaigns 
 
 Farmers assisted in securing grain sorghum seed 399 
 
 Bushels of seed secured 973 
 
 Acres of grain sorghums seeded as result of production 
 
 campaign _ 29,918 
 
 Estimated yield of additional acres in bushels 188,940 
 
 Farmers assisted in securing Sudan grass seed 211 
 
 Number of bushels of Sudan grass seed secured 186 
 
 Acres of Sudan grass resulting from special campaign .... 1,283 
 
 Estimated yield of Sudan grass in bushels 2,769 
 
 Farmers assisted in securing winter wheat seed 279 
 
 Bushels of winter wheat seed secured or located for 
 
 farmers 33,237 
 
 Acres of winter wheat planted as result of special cam- 
 paign 101,470 
 
 Farmers assisted in securing seed rye 66 
 
 Bushels of rye seed secured for farmers 158 
 
 Acres seeded as a result of special campaign 393 
 
 Farmers assisted in securing barley seed 22 
 
 Bushels of barley seed secured for farmers 3,895 
 
 Acres of barley seeded as a result of special campaign .... 1,650 
 
 Number of farmers assisted in securing seed potatoes 180 
 
 Bushels of seed potatoes secured for farmers 3,190 
 
 Acres of potatoes seeded as a result of special campaign 1,461 
 
 Estimated yield of additional acres in bushels : 127,700 
 
 6 Hendry, G. W., Bean Culture in California, ibid., Bull. 294.
 
 62 VNirEHSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Xumber of farmers assisted in securing seed beans 379 
 
 Number of bushels of seed beans secured for farmers l,-±39 
 
 Acres of beans seeded as a result of special campaign .... 14 264 
 
 Yield of additional acres of beans in bushels 215,300 
 
 Live Stoclc. 
 
 Additional cows bred as a result of campaign 200 
 
 Additional sows bred as a result of campaign 290 
 
 Additional sheep placed on farms 7,530 
 
 Food Conservation 
 
 Persons assisted in home garden work 7,222 
 
 Farmers given information for storing plants and vege- 
 tables 15,001 
 
 Quarts of fruits and vegetables canned by adults 41,450 
 
 Canning demonstrations held for women 102 
 
 Pounds of fruits and vegetables dried as a result of 
 
 campaign 125,000 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Crops saved by fire protection '. $130,000 
 
 Crops saved by grasshopper campaigns $40,000 
 
 Butterfats saved by feeding demonstrations $20,000 
 
 Farmers assisted in securing loans on tractors 88 
 
 Increased acres cultivated due to tractor campaign 6,200 
 
 Farmers assisted in securing power sprayers 48 
 
 Public markets established 11 
 
 Value of crops sold in such markets $210,000 
 
 Defense Programme of Farm Bureaus for 1918 
 
 Since the beginning of the war the number of farm 
 bureans organized in counties has increased from seventeen 
 to thirty-six. Of these, thirty-one counties have farm 
 advisors installed. There are 20,000 farmers in California 
 who annually pay a dollar to belong to the farm bureaus. 
 The counties in the farm bureau system now cover 85 per 
 cent of the farms of the state. For the first time it has 
 become possible to reach the farmers of California by per- 
 sonal contact through a state-wide organization. 
 
 The food production campaign for 1918 was launched 
 at a conference of the county farm bureaus in California 
 held at Berkeley, March 11, Avhich was attended by three 
 r(>presentatives of each farm bureau and by the farm 
 advisors and assistants.
 
 WAR SERVICE RECORD, 1917-18 , 63 
 
 President Wilson sent the following message to the con- 
 ference which was received with much enthusiasm : 
 
 I am greatly interested in the emergency food-production con- 
 ference to be held at Berlceley. It is highly important that we do 
 everything within our power to secure sufficient supplies for our own 
 population and Army and for the nations with which we are asso- 
 ciated. I trust the conference will find ways of overcoming the 
 difficulties inherent in the situation and that its labors will be fruitful 
 of large results and thereby aid in bringing this Avar to a successful 
 termination. May I not suggest that you read to those assembled 
 at the conference, as a message from me, the recent statement I 
 made to the farmers of the nation through the conference at Urbana? 
 
 The day was spent in discussion of definite detailed 
 plans for the forthcoming season. These were summarized 
 in a reply telegram addressed to President Wilson : 
 
 Berkeley, Cal., March 11, 1918. 
 The President: 
 
 The members of the emergency food production conference, rep- 
 resenting the agricultural interests of the State through the 36 
 organized county farm bureaus, received your telegraphic message 
 Avith great enthusiasm and have adopted tlie following State-wide 
 program for the season of 1918 : 
 
 1. To urge the building of a silo and planting of sweet sorghums 
 for silage and for sirup on every dairy farm in California. 
 
 2. To put out on 20,000 farms one good brood sow or two pigs in 
 order to increase the amount of pork that the State will raise. At 
 least 40,000 more hogs Avill be so raised. 
 
 3. To develop boys' agricultural clubs in every community in 
 California where supervision can be provided. Three thousand boys 
 Avere already groAving crops. Thousands more are to join from this 
 campaign. 
 
 4. To bring the Avomen of California avIio live on farms into 
 actiA'e organization as a part of the county farm bureaus in order 
 to increase food conservation. 
 
 5. To handle farm labor siuation by eliminating unnecessary activ- 
 ities and Avorking harder on essential ones; also further better distri- 
 bution of labor by means of Federal employment stations and cooper- 
 ation of farm bureaus. 
 
 6. To investigate immediately the seed supply of the State in 
 order to be assured that an adequate amount is on hand to plant 
 the 1918 crops.
 
 64 UNIVEESITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 7. To protect grain fields and grass ranges from fire by means 
 of county-wide protective organizations under farm bureaus and thus 
 eliminate a quarter of a million dollars annual loss in foodstuffs. 
 
 Please rest assured of our hearty cooperation for the successful 
 prosecution of the war. 
 
 B. A. TEAGARDE>f, Chairman, 
 
 EOGER L, ElCE, 
 
 J. L. Harean, 
 
 B. H. Crocheron, State Leader. 
 
 These campaigns are now under way and will consume 
 the entire time and attention of the farm bureaus and farm 
 advisors during the present year. 
 
 Agriculture Cluh Work 
 
 In order to increase the amount of food being produced 
 by the agriculture club members of the state, a continuous 
 plan of work has been outlined to keep the members active 
 through the entire year. Each member is to carry on a 
 livestock feeding project during the winter when few crops 
 can be grown. In order to fit in with the increased pork 
 production campaign the formation of pig clubs has been 
 especially emphasized. Early spring crops, such as pota- 
 toes, follow the annual project, succeeded in turn by such 
 summer crops as beans and sorghums. The sorghum crops 
 will furnish grain to feed a larger number of livestock the 
 following winter. Special clubs, i.e., sheep and lamb clubs, 
 have been organized to conserve orphan and twin lambs 
 which normally are slaughtered in large numbers each 
 spring. 
 
 The number of liigh school teachers of agriculture, 
 cooperatively employed as district club leaders, has been 
 increased from fifteen to thirty-four. The enrollment has 
 already increased from 1879 boys in 1917 to 2389 boys and 
 girls in 1918. Thousands more will enroll for planting 
 summer crops. 
 
 Club members, especially those enrolled in agriculture 
 in clubs, are proving to be excellent demonstrators of the
 
 WAE SERVICE EECOED, 1917-18 65 
 
 best agricultural practices. By project feeding, pig club 
 members are making net profits of from $5 to $10 per hog 
 for 105 to 120 days' feeding, even with the present high 
 prices of feeds. 
 
 Home Demonstration Work 
 
 Before the outbreak of the war three specialists were 
 employed by the College of Agriculture for demonstration 
 work among farm women. These traveled througli the state 
 giving advice on the conservation of farm products. With 
 the passage of the war emergency bill for "stimulating 
 agriculture and facilitating the distribution of products," 
 the United States Department of Agriculture allotted 
 $20,000 to California for demonstration work for farm and 
 city women to be conducted through the College of Agri- 
 culture. 
 
 The state was then divided into nine districts, in each 
 of which a woman was emploj-ed as demonstration agent. 
 Since the bill did not pass Congress until late in August, it 
 was October before the new appointees were at work in 
 their districts. Four major projects occupied their main 
 attention: (1) conservation of food by canning, drying, 
 etc.; (2) the substitution of foods to take the place of 
 wheat, meat, etc.; (3) the increase of home gardens on 
 farms; and (4) the increase of small poultry flocks on 
 farms. The demand for this type of work proved so large 
 that the number of demonstrators was increased to eleven 
 — as many as the funds permitted. During the year, 1342 
 demonstrations were given and 551 lectures delivered, or a 
 total of almost 2000 meetings attended by 66,029 persons. 
 
 It became evident that it was impossible for a demon- 
 strator to cover adequately several counties since the great- 
 est efficiency of this work is achieved through personal 
 visitation at the request of the people. It is agreed, there- 
 fore, during 1918 and 1919 to transfer the work from a 
 district basis ebmracing several counties, to a plan whereby
 
 C6 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 a county home demonstrator will be placed in a single 
 county, through the cooperation of the county board of 
 supervisors, by the provision of a plan similar to that by 
 whicli farm advisors have been installed. 
 
 In order to secure a special organization through which 
 the home demonstrator might reach the women of the 
 county who desire this form of service, a plan has been 
 devised whereby farm liome departments of the farm 
 bureaus are being formed in thirty-five counties; of these, 
 nine are already completed. Women therein join the farm 
 bureau on the same basis as men, but are expected to be 
 particularly interested in the work for the benefit of the 
 farm home. Demonstration meetings for the women will 
 be held in every farm bureau center on an established 
 monthly schedule when women county demonstrators are 
 installed. It is expected that through an increased appro- 
 priation by Congress to the Department of Agriculture, 
 funds will be allotted to California during the forthcoming 
 year for the special furtherance of this enterprise in twenty 
 counties, . 
 
 School and Home Gardens 
 
 The school and home garden work has not been actively 
 promoted in a general state-wide campaign, the College 
 of Agriculture having contented itself with giving advice 
 on conditions essential to success. Its purpose has been to 
 promote gardens only where the local conditions warrant 
 reasonable assurance of success. Obviously, the production 
 of food is not increased by attempts which result in failure, 
 no matter how praiseworthy the motive. The work has 
 largely fallen upon 0. J. Kern, Assistant Professor of 
 Agricultural Education, who has cooperated with the Red 
 Cross organizations in giving many lectures at schools on 
 war gardens.
 
 WAE SERVICE EECOED, 1917-18 67 
 
 Land Settlement 
 
 The State Land Settlement Board, of which Professor 
 Elwood Mead is chairman, has acquired, prepared and sub- 
 divided for settlement about 6400 acres of land at Durham, 
 California. More than 1000 acres were seeded, chiefly to 
 wheat and barley. The entire area, mainly devoted to pas- 
 ture, will be settled and intensively cultivated before the 
 end of 1918. In addition to its contribution to the food 
 supply of California, it promises to exercise a marked 
 influence on policies to be adopted for providing homes for 
 soldiers after the war. Professor Mead has been called to 
 Washington for a portion of his time to carry on this 
 important reconstruction work. 
 
 Sanitation in Military Camps 
 
 During the summer and autumn of 1917, AV. B. Herms, 
 Associate Professor of Parasitology, was almost continu- 
 ousl}^ engaged in investigating the sanitation of the seventy- 
 three camps of the Western Department of the United 
 States Army, particularly in regard to mosquitoes and 
 flies. This work, which is the outcome of the mosquito 
 survey of the state, was begun in 1916, in cooperation with 
 the State Board of Health. This important undertaking 
 led to Professor Herm's appointment as Captain in the 
 Sanitary Corps of the National Army. The investigation 
 will be continued and, it is expected, completed during the 
 coming summer by S. B. Freeborn, Assistant Professor of 
 Entomology. Professor Freeborn has recently been com- 
 missioned First Lieutenant in the Sanitary Corps. 
 
 Fire Control 
 
 The annual loss in grain, forage and timber by fire in 
 California is estimated to be about $750,000, approximately 
 equally divided among the three items. When war was 
 declared there was no effective organization for the control
 
 ti8 UNIVEBSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 of fires outside the national forests and national parks. The 
 situation was discussed at a forestry meeting held Octo- 
 ber 13, 1917, in connection with the dedication of Hilgard 
 Hall at the University. At this meeting the Forest Indus- 
 trial Committee was formed, at the suggestion of the Divi- 
 sion of Forestry. The committee consists of the State 
 Forester, chairman, one representative each of the United 
 States Forest Service and the Division of Forestry of the 
 University of California and three representatives of the 
 lumber industry. This committee has been the largest 
 factor in securing unity of thought and action on the part 
 of organizations interested in fire protection. It has 
 actively conducted a state-wide campaign for better tire 
 protection of the grain fields and grazing ranges. The 
 four leading tractor and harvester manufacturers of the 
 state have perfected adequate safety devices which have 
 been tested by the Division of Agricultural Engineering. 
 In various effective ways Woodbridge Metcalf, Assistant 
 Professor of Forestry, has given much of his time to the 
 study and promotion of methods of fire protection. 
 
 Fish Investigations 
 
 The Committee on Resources and Food Supply of the 
 State Council of Defense, on April 10, 1917, directed the 
 College of Agriculture to report upon sources and supply 
 of fish in California. This the College of Agriculture was 
 enabled to do, through E. J. Lea, Associate Professor of 
 Nutrition and Head of the Food Laboratory of the State 
 Board of Health, on May 10, 1917. The subsequent assign- 
 ment of Dr. E. D. Clark, trained investigator in this prob- 
 lem, by the Bureau of Chemistry of the United States De- 
 partment of Agriculture to the Federal Food Administra- 
 tion for California made it unnecessary to continue further 
 investigations. Dr. Clark Ayas assisted in obtaining two 
 trained men, and they have since used the laboratory of 
 the Division of Viticulture.
 
 WAS SEEVICE EECOED, 1917-lS 69 
 
 Grasshopper Control 
 
 During the summer of 1917, the Division of Entomology 
 made a grasshopper survey of the state in order to locate 
 the breeding grounds of that insect. As a result of an 
 extensive examination, county farm advisors, county horti- 
 cultural commissioners and interested private individuals 
 were instructed as to the possible danger of grasshopper 
 attacks and the localities in which these attacks might arise. 
 In addition, many demonstrations were made in the dis- 
 tricts concerned. At the request of the United States 
 Forest Service, the Division agreed to cooperate in the 
 control of grasshoppers on the stock ranges of the Plumas 
 and Lassen National Forests during the summer. 
 
 Bacillus l)otullnus 
 
 The Bacillus hotulinus has caused at least nine deaths 
 in California and Oregon during the past year, where im- 
 properly sterilized fruits and vegetables have been used. 
 The Division of Viticulture has studied the death tempera- 
 ture of the organism under various conditions and has 
 issued a brief statement. The usual methods of home can- 
 ning have so far appeared to be safe.'^ 
 
 Utilization of Garbage 
 
 The utilization of city garbage as food for swine, as a 
 war emergency product, has been thoroughly investigated 
 by the Division of Veterinary Science. Four members of 
 the staff have been engaged in the work. It was found that 
 many of the cities of California, including such large muni- 
 cipalities as Oakland and San Francisco, were destroying a 
 considerable part of this valuable hog food. Experiments 
 were carried on in collecting the garbage from twenty-four 
 families of ordinary means in the city of Oakland, from 
 June, 1917 to January, 1918, and feeding it to hogs. The 
 
 7 Cruess, W. V., Home and Farm Canuing, ibid., Circ. 158.
 
 70 VXirEFSITT OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 experiment showed that twenty-six pounds of "residence 
 garbage" would produce one pound of live pork. At this 
 rate there was being destroyed in the bay cities enough hog 
 food to produce 1 per cent of the total food supply of the 
 population of these cities. This waste material has gradu- 
 ally been utilized until during the month of April, 1918, 
 the City Engineer of Berkeley estimated that 400 tons of 
 green garbage collected in that city was fed to hogs. 
 
 Serums and Vaccines 
 
 Garbage feeders invariably lost a high percentage of 
 their pigs soon after weaning, which at times reached 50 
 per cent or more. All garbage feeders in the bay vicinity 
 were visited on several occasions by various members of 
 the staff and advised of the proper method of prevention 
 of this loss by use of anti-hog-cholera serum. At present 
 the loss from this cause in garbage fed hogs practically has 
 been eliminated. Anti-hog-cholera serum has been manu- 
 factured and distributed in as large quantities as in the 
 past, but more has been personally administered by mem- 
 bers of the staff with uniformly successful results. Investi- 
 gations of chicken diseases have continued and during the 
 spring of 1918 a larger amount of chicken-pox vaccine was 
 distributed than ever before, with highly successful results. 
 
 Nitrogen Fixation 
 
 The problem of nitrogen fixation was assigned to the 
 Division of Soil Chemistry and Bacteriology at the special 
 request of the Committee on Sources of Nitrogen of the 
 Council of National Defense, of which Mr. F. G. Cottrell 
 of the United States Bureau of Mines is chairman. The 
 committee asked for the transfer of C. B. Lipman, Pro- 
 fessor of Soil Chemistry and Bacteriology, to Washington 
 to study this special phase of the problem. It was finally 
 decided, however, that the work could be just as effectively^ 
 done as a part of the activities of this station. The object
 
 WAE SEEVICE EECOED, 1917-18 71 
 
 is to determine whether the total and available nitrogen 
 for plants conld not be increased l)y the proper supply of 
 energ}' to the soil and through other technical methods. 
 The project is now well under way and, it is believed, for 
 the tirst time the problem of nitrogen fixation by soil organ- 
 isms has been studied, emploj-ing all possible safeguards 
 against error required by the modern appreciation of sta- 
 tistical and physical chemical methods. 
 
 Stored Grains 
 
 The College of Agriculture was represented on a com- 
 mittee with Professor Doane of Leland Stanford, Jr., 
 University to assist the Food Administration in the preser- 
 vation of foodstuffs. Inspections have been made of the 
 larger warehouses of the San Francisco Bay region. South- 
 ern California, and the San Joaquin and Sacramento 
 valleys to determine what insects are present and the 
 possibility of injury. Wherever losses were noted in any 
 foodstuffs the attention of the warehouse man in charge 
 was called to the fact and through him word was sent to 
 the owner of the goods with recommendations for control 
 measures. When possible, assistance has been given in 
 practical control work, such as directions for the building 
 of fumigating houses, practice of fumigation and in the 
 use of insecticidal washes. 
 
 Economic Poisons 
 
 It is estimated that the agriculturists of the state paid 
 out approximately two and a half million dollars during 
 1916 in the purchase of materials for the control of pests. 
 Steps were" taken by G. P. Gray, Assistant Professor of 
 Entomology and Chemist in the Insecticide Laboratorj^ to 
 ascertain whether acute shortages were apt to occur in the 
 future and whether in some cases it might be desirable to 
 substitute cheaper materials for the more expensive. It 
 was concluded that there is no actual shortage of arsenic
 
 72 UNIVEBSITY OF CALIFOBNIA 
 
 in the United States, the high price of this important 
 economic poison being artificial, and that conditions in 
 respect to copper sulphate, sodium cyanide and carbon 
 bisulphide are as good as could be expected under the 
 circumstances, but that an actual shortage of sulphur may 
 occur.^ 
 
 Squirrel Campaign 
 
 The College of Agriculture has been cooperating with 
 the State Commission of Horticulture in a state-wide cam- 
 paign against the ground squirrel and other rodents whose 
 depredations cause vast losses in food products. In this 
 work the College of Agriculture has been assisted by the 
 Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University, which 
 has prepared two important publications.^ M. R. Miller, 
 Assistant Chemist in Insecticide Control, has analyzed the 
 more important brands of commercial rodent poisons. A 
 great variation in poison content was found. The results 
 which have been published will, it is believed, cause the 
 standardization of rodent poisons.^" A promising new 
 method of squirrel extermination has been developed by 
 Professors J. S. Burd and G. R. Stewart of the Division of 
 Agricultural Chemistry in their investigation of fumigation 
 methods. 
 
 Potash 
 
 Although started prior to the war, the Division of Agri- 
 cultural Chemistry has carried on an extensive study of 
 kelp with particular reference to the production of potash. 
 Eight publications have been issued, which it is believed, 
 have been useful in the development of the local potash 
 industry. Investigations have also been made, and the 
 
 s California State Commission of Horticulture, Monthly Bulletin, 
 March, 1918. 
 
 n Dixon, Joseph, Control of the California Ground Squirrel, Univ. 
 Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta., Circ, 181; Control of the Tocket Gopher in 
 California, ihicl., Bull. 281. 
 
 " Calif. St. Comm. Hort., Mon. Bull., April, 1918.
 
 WAR SERVICE EECOKB, 1917-18 73 
 
 results published, on the possibility of tule as a source of 
 potash." 
 
 Cotton 
 
 In the summer of 1917 the War Department emphasized 
 to the United States Department of Agriculture the neces- 
 sity' of increasing the supply of long staple cotton for its 
 programme of aeroplane manufacture. Experiments had 
 already been conducted by the Division of Agronomy at 
 the Kearney Ranch, Fresno, in recognition of the impor- 
 tance of this crop.^^ On October 19, 1917, a preliminary 
 meeting was held in Fresno under the auspices of the Farm 
 Bureau to which all farmers interested in the planting of 
 cotton were invited. More than one hundred attended this 
 meeting, at which the salient facts of cotton production 
 were presented and the desirability of growing this staple 
 in the San Joaquin Valley set forth. A committee was 
 appointed to organize a permanent cotton growers' associa- 
 tion and to secure for prospective growers a supply of good 
 Egyptian seed. Other meetings have been held from time 
 to time, until now it seems that at least 6000 acres of this 
 type of cotton will be planted in the southern San Joaquin 
 counties. On February 14, 1918, a conference on the sub- 
 ject of cotton was held at Holtville. It is believed that 
 10,000 acres will be planted in the Imperial Valley the 
 coming season as compared with 1000 acres planted last 
 year. 
 
 Substitutes for Sugar 
 
 Between October, 1917 and May, 1918, G. A. Coleman, 
 Instructor in Entomology, arranged the programmes and 
 attended forty-three meetings for beekeepers in cooperation 
 with Messrs. E. F. Atwater and G. S. Demuth of the United 
 States Department of Agriculture. Sixteen counties in 
 
 11 Hibbard, P. L., Potash from Tule and the Fertilizer Value of 
 Certain Marsh Plants, Univ. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 288. 
 
 12 Gilmore, J. W., Cotton in the San Joaquin Vallej, ibid., Circ. 
 192.
 
 74 UNIVEHSITY OF CALIFOENIA 
 
 middle and southern California were covered by these meet- 
 ings, which were attended by 1500 people. A partial bee 
 range survey has been made of Santa Barbara and ]Mon- 
 terey National Forests, Maps of locations and description 
 of ranges for 6000 colonies of bees have been prepared from 
 this survey. A complete survey has been made of Santa 
 Cruz County showing favorable locations for 10,000 colo- 
 nies of bees with a possible annual production of 2,000,000 
 pounds of honej'. 
 
 A campaign, mentioned elsewhere, to increase the pos- 
 sible supply" of sugar by growing sweet sorghums has been 
 undertaken. Professor W. V. Cruess has made a special 
 investigation of the practical methods of producing sor- 
 ghum sirup, while B. A. Madson, Assistant Professor of 
 Agronomj^ has reported upon the investigation of several 
 years concerning varieties and culture of sweet sorghums.^-^ 
 Investigations by the Division of Viticulture have proved 
 that grape juice may be cheaply and successfully preserved 
 with sulphurous acid until it can be transferred to a central 
 point for sirup manufacture, and that the sulphurous acid 
 can be completely removed and a very palatable sirup, 
 suitable for cooking and table use, made from the juice 
 with calcium tartrate as a bj^-product. 
 
 Vegetable Preservation 
 The home drying, salting and pickling of vegetables 
 have been investigated and the results used as a basis for 
 several publications. The commercial drying of vegetables 
 is now being studied and has resulted in interesting several 
 companies in drying vegetables for the ."War Department. 
 Professor Cruess has actively cooperated with the members 
 of the Subsistence Division of the Quartermaster Corps of 
 the United States Army. The lemon juice method for the 
 home canning of vegetables has been further tested during 
 the past season and previous conclusions as to its reliability 
 confirmed. 
 
 i3Maflson, B. A., Sweet Sorghum for Forage, ibid., Bull. 293.
 
 WAS SERVICE BECOBD, 1917-18 75 
 
 Wheat Production Conference 
 
 On August 27, 1917, Professor J. W. Gilmore attended 
 a conference held under the auspices of the United States 
 Department of Agriculture in Spokane, as a representative 
 of the College of Agriculture, to consider with representa- 
 tives of other mountain and coast states the methods of 
 increasing wheat production. Subsequently a programme 
 for increasing the production of wheat was laid out in 
 California ; first, by increasing acreage and, second, by 
 increasing the yield per acre. Three general methods of 
 increasing acreage were decided upon : further use of idle 
 lands, irrigation of lands not otherwise suited to the grow- 
 ing of wheat, and by requesting farmers to substitute 10 
 per cent of the barley acreage for patriotic reasons. The 
 increase of yield on existing acreage is to be brought about 
 by better seed, more thorough preparation of the soil, 
 greater care in seeding promptly and the application of 
 fertilizers. 
 
 In response to a publicity campaign there was listed 
 with the Division of Soil Technology 32,552 acres by owners 
 and 39,000 acres by agents of owners. In addition, there 
 were reported 265,850 acres by farm advisors, county horti- 
 cultural commissioners, and others who were without author- 
 ity to give leases or otherwise handle the land. Wherever 
 possible to get the location and ownership of the last named 
 tracts, they were investigated and in most cases were 
 found to be used for pasture or other crops, or to be un- 
 suited to production because of soil, climate or other 
 reasons. Replies from 47 per cent of those who listed their 
 land show that 8825 acres or 27 per cent listed by owners 
 is now rented, and that 15,000 acres or 38 per cent listed 
 by agents is rented. This gives a total rented of 23,825 
 acres, or 331.4 per cent of the total 71,552 acres listed. No 
 data are available regarding the land controlled by the 
 53 per cent of owners or agents who did not answer the 
 letter of inquiry.
 
 76 UNIFEBSITY OF CALIFOENIA 
 
 Irrigation 
 
 The assistance rendered by the Division of Irrigation 
 Investigations to individuals and to particular enterprises 
 has dealt mainly with increasing the irrigation of lands 
 capable of producing grain and forage crops. A field 
 survey of irrigation of wheat in California has been made.^* 
 Practical help has been given in laying out farm ditches 
 and irrigation pipe lines, installing pumping plants and 
 preparing land for irrigation. Twenty-five cases of this 
 kind have been dealt with during the year, involving a 
 total area approximating 2500 acres. As a result of a 
 state-wide conference in Berkeley, April 17, 1917, Decision 
 No. 4278 was obtained from the State Railroad Commission. 
 This decision removed legal restrictions on emergency de- 
 liveries of surplus irrigation water by utility water com- 
 panies. An emergency act drafted by the Water Commis- 
 sion and the Railroad Commission, in conference with the 
 Division of Irrigation Investigations, removed legal restric- 
 tions from emergency deliveries of irrigation water by 
 individuals and mutual water companies. With the assent 
 of the State Engineer and of the Attorney-General, an 
 appeal was sent through the State Council of Defense to 
 irrigation districts, urging emergency irrigation deliveries 
 to land owners outside of districts. After numerous con- 
 ferences signatures were obtained to a stipulation which 
 practically vacated, for the period of the war and a reason- 
 able time thereafter, an injunction issued in 1903 against 
 the opening of Lake Land flood water canal from Kings 
 River. This waiver makes possible the watering of at least 
 30,000 acres. In cooperation with motor and irrigation 
 machinery supplj^ houses in San Francisco, a ruling was 
 obtained from the War Priorities Board througli the 
 Federal Food Administration for California, permitting 
 priority orders for motors, engines and pumps needed for 
 irrigation of essential crops. 
 
 "Adams, F., Exten<li)iEr the Area of Irrigated Wheat in Califor- 
 nia for iniS, ihid., Cire. ]82.
 
 WAE SEEVICE RECOED, W 17-18 77 
 
 Investigations were instituted, on Jnly, 1917, of a con- 
 troversy between the people of Lake County and the Yolo 
 Water and Power Company, involving the use of water of 
 Clear Lake for irrigation. These investigations were the 
 basis for an agreement obtained April, 1918, by the Federal 
 Food Administration for California, by which 10,000 acres 
 of rice will be irrigated in Yolo County in 1918 with water 
 pumped from Clear Lake. The agreement entered into will 
 be supervised throughout the season by S. H. Beckett, 
 Assistant Professor of Irrigation Practice, acting as repre- 
 sentative of the Food Administration. A small demonstra- 
 tion project is under way at Redding with a view to hasten- 
 ing the use of water made available by Anderson-Cotton- 
 wood Irrigation District canal. A field investigation of 
 opportunities for temporary utilization of water wasted in 
 Auburn Ravine from the power plant of the Pacific Gas 
 and Electric Company has been made. The water users 
 and owners were brought together in a controversy regard- 
 ing the use of Clark Ditch in El Dorado County. Assist- 
 ance was given in the settlement of a controversy over dis- 
 tribution of irrigation water in Orangevale Colony. A pre- 
 liminary financial investigation of California irrigation, 
 drainage and reclamation enterprises, which contemplate 
 substantial expenditures during the war period, has been 
 made. This inquiry' is for the purpose of enabling the fed- 
 eral authorities to report on these projects when called 
 upon by the Capital Issues Committee of the United States 
 War Finance Corporation. 
 
 Seed Supply 
 
 Information was widely distributed concerning the 
 regional adaptation of six leading varieties of wheat. For 
 many years these varieties have been under investigation 
 by the Division of Agronomy., Arrangements were per- 
 fected whereby millers, warehouse men and grain dealers 
 agreed to set aside for seed good stocks of the pure varieties.
 
 78 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 This was facilitated by the United States Grain Corpora- 
 tion. While the plan was not wholly satisfactory much 
 good was accomplished. 
 
 Through cooperation with the United States Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture, Professor W. W. Mackie and several 
 assistants promoted in many parts of the state the treating 
 of wheat and barley by standard methods for the preven- 
 tion of smut. Laboratory work has been carried on to 
 determine the effectiveness of these treatments. The party 
 is now engaged in following up the results through the 
 harvest. 
 
 In the spring of 1917 and again in 1918, J. W. Gilmore, 
 Professor of Agronomy, secured from as large a number 
 of farms as possible, data on the amounts and kinds of seed 
 needed for planting, and the amounts and kinds of seed 
 on hand for sale. These data, showing lists of farmers 
 and seed firms from which seed could readily be secured, 
 were sent to all farm advisors. Where it was found a short- 
 age existed, dealers were notified to supply this shortage. 
 Although it was sometimes difficult to keep an adequate 
 report of the amounts and kinds of seed on hand by dealers, 
 in general the system has been successful. It has also 
 been helpful in enabling farmers having stocks of good seed 
 on hand to dispose of them at reasonable prices. 
 
 Cultural Methods 
 
 The investigations of the Division of Agronomy carried 
 on at Davis, Stockton, Fresno and El Centro during the 
 past year, as heretofore, show the influence of the tliorough 
 preparation of soil upon the yield of wheat and barley, 
 especially during those periods when the rainfall is sub- 
 normal. Thus the grain crop of 1917 at Davis showed but 
 little effect of the deficient rainfall, while a normal yield 
 during ]918 is at present indicated although it is the second 
 year of deficient rainfall. In order to bring this matter to
 
 WAB SEBVICE BECOED, 1917-18 79 
 
 the attention of farmers as thoroughly as possible a Cereal 
 Field Day was held at the University Farm at Davis on 
 May 18, 1918. 
 
 Intercrops and Winter Cover Crops 
 
 At the University Farm, Davis, in May, 1917, feterita, 
 dwarf milo and two varieties of beans were planted in a 
 two-year-old and in a nine-year-old deciduous orchard. 
 Neither of these orchards w^as irrigated. All of the crops 
 made a splendid growth and produced heavily in the two- 
 year-old orchard without any apparent injury to the trees. 
 None of the crops made a successful growth in the nine- 
 year-old orchard. It thus seems possible to produce a 
 great deal of food material in young orchards without 
 detriment to the trees, even under dry land conditions. 
 What crops would thrive in a nine-year-old orchard if 
 irrigation were available is being determined this summer. 
 
 Careful estimates made early in 1917 indicated that 
 there were in southern California about 77,000 acres of 
 young irrigated citrus orchards that might be intercropped 
 without injury to the trees. Intercropping, especiall}' with 
 beans and to some extent with potatoes and grain sorghums, 
 was advocated. A survey made later in the season by 
 Professor R. S. Vaile indicated that while normally only 
 25 per cent of such groves are intercropped, this last year 
 at least 45 per cent have been so handled. About 30,000 
 acres were planted to beans, 3000 to grain sorghums, 2000 
 to potatoes and 1000 to corn. A special study of the results 
 obtained has been published.^^ 
 
 The investigations of the Citrus Experiment Station 
 show that the cheapest source of nitrogen is through the 
 use of leguminous, winter cover crops.^° In view of the 
 great M^ar demand for commercial nitrogenous materials, 
 
 15 Vaile, E. S., Intercropping of Young Irrigated Orchards, ihid., 
 Circ. 174. 
 
 i6Metz, M. W., Green Manure Crops in Southern California, ihid., 
 Bull. 272.
 
 80 rXirESSITY OF CALIFOENIA 
 
 the station has advocated the extensive use of sucli cover 
 crops with marked results.^' The fact brought out by the 
 orchard trials, that potash and pliosphoric acid have shown 
 but slight effects and can therefore be omitted from citrus 
 groves for a few years, has been emphasized. 
 
 Fruit Drying Industry 
 During the season of 1917, W. L. Sweet, Instructor in 
 Pomology, and other members of the Division of Pomology 
 conducted an inquiry into practices followed by the leading 
 growers of deciduous fruits. Special attention was given 
 to the cost of different operations, and the total cost of 
 drying and curing the various deciduous fruits. This 
 survey has made available information enabling those just 
 engaging in the business to begin employing the best prac- 
 tices and also enabling many experienced growers to im- 
 prove their methods. 
 
 Sugar Beets 
 The shortage of sugar and the known relation of curly 
 top or blight disease of beets, caused by the bite of a leaf 
 hopper, to the production of sugar beets throughout the 
 western third of the United States have caused R. E. Smith, 
 Professor of Plant Pathology, to redouble his efforts to 
 the end that practical methods of control may be secured. 
 H. H. Severin, Instructor in Entomology, has been relieved 
 of all teaching and other research duties to give his whole 
 time to the study of this destructive leaf hopper. In May, 
 1917, the station issued a circular of information, including 
 estimates of cost of production which were submitted to 
 the eoiinnittee of the United States Food Administration, 
 which also reported on the price the grower should receive 
 for sugar beets.^^ Professor R. S. Vaile also made a special 
 
 17 Kelley, W. P., The Fertilization of Citrus, ibid., Circ. 171. 
 IS Adams, R. L., FundameDtals of Sugar Beet Culture under 
 Califorjiia Conditions, ihid., Circ. 165.
 
 WAR SEBVICE liECOED, 1917-18 81 
 
 report on conditions in southern California. It was fore- 
 seen that owing to the conflict in Europe tlie sugar beet 
 supply would become a more prominent question than here- 
 tofore; consequently investigations have been under way 
 bearing upon the possibility of producing sugar beet seed 
 in California. Promising results have been obtained. A 
 large quantity of sugar beet mothers, or stechlings, has 
 been obtained and trial plantings have been made at Los 
 Alamitos, Oxnard, Arlington, Riverside, San Jacinto, Yic- 
 torville, and Bishop. 
 
 Potato Production 
 
 During the winter of 1917, several conferences were 
 held upon the outlook for potatoes during the approaching 
 3'ear. It was deemed inadvisable to undertake any cam- 
 paign for increasing the acreage of potatoes since it seemed 
 probable that the high prices then ruling and the general 
 agitation for planting in home gardens w^oulcl cause the 
 supply to be maintained. As was anticipated, a sufficient 
 supply of potatoes was produced to meet existing needs and 
 in some localities an overproduction was apparent. Steps 
 are now being taken to promote the production of potatoes 
 during the season of 1918, since there is some danger of a 
 reduced acreage due to relatively low prices which have 
 ruled during the last few months. 
 
 Nutrition Studies 
 The war has occasioned, through the use of food substi- 
 tutes, new demands upon the Division of Nutrition. Anal- 
 yses have been made at the suggestion of the Federal Food 
 Administration of California of burro meat, Belgian hares, 
 bolted flour from grain sorghums and other meals offered 
 as wheat substitutes, including barley flour and barley 
 breakfast foods. Nutrition surveys of all state institutions 
 have been made for the purpose of revising and regulating 
 diets to conform to the policy of the United States Food
 
 82 UNirESSITY OF CALIFOEXIA 
 
 Administration. These surveys cover a population approx- 
 imating 20,000. Every state institution is now using some 
 preparation such as Diamalt in bread making, in place of 
 sugar, without impairing the quality of the bread pro- 
 duced. 
 
 Feedstiiffs for Live Stock 
 
 The incentive to adulterate feedstuffs has been brought 
 about through their greatly increased cost. Examination 
 of a large number of these adulterated feedstuffs has been 
 made by the Division of Nutrition, thus preventing pro- 
 ducers from being defrauded. Fifty individual studies of 
 new feedstuffs, some of them involving several analyses, 
 have been made, among which may be mentioned by- 
 products of barley flour, condensed whey, peanut by- 
 products, raisin seed, 0. C. Meal, spinach stalks, salt bush 
 seed, water grass seed, artichoke silage, beet top silage, bean 
 straw silage, Egyption corn bran and middlings, buck- 
 wheat by-products, tree moss, liquid garbage, and tule 
 grass. A circular on minor feedstuffs for domestic animals 
 has been published. ^^ 
 
 Although not a product of wide commercial impor- 
 tance, it has been found that buckej'es may be used for 
 poultry and hog foods where occurring in sufficient abun- 
 dance to warrant. By a simple process the bitter principle 
 of the buckeye can be eliminated. This method consists in 
 soaking in a solution of 1 per cent lye over night. The 
 produce is afterwards thoroughly washed, dried and 
 ground. Good results with poultry- have been obtained 
 when the processed material constituted 25 per cent of 
 the mash ration. 
 
 Production of Wool 
 
 A campaign lias been conducted to increase the rearing 
 of farm flocks and to lessen the heavy losses of newly born 
 Iambs on the ranges. To this end an extended survey of 
 
 18 Woll, F. W., Feeding Stuffs of Minor Importance, ibid., Circ. 
 167.
 
 WAR SEBVICE EECOED, 1917-18 83 
 
 sheep ranges of the state and a close study of the methods 
 of handling sheep at lambing time were made by R. F. 
 Miller, Assistant Professor of Animal Husbandry. A plan 
 for a lambing shed was prepared and has been widely dis- 
 tributed.-" A demonstration has been made at University 
 Farm, Davis, which shows that old ewes with broken-down 
 mouths may be transferred from the ranges to valley 
 ranches, thereb}^ increasing materially the amount of wool 
 and mutton produced in California. 
 
 Pork Production 
 
 In order to promote the production of hogs, repre- 
 sentative animals from experimental lots which had been 
 fed to determine the comparative economy of heavy and 
 light grain rations on pastures, were exhibited at the vari- 
 ous hog raising centers of the state. These meetings were 
 attended by one hundred and fifty-five persons. Great 
 interest was created and lively discussions of feeding 
 methods resulted. 
 
 Poultry Production 
 
 The College of Agriculture has been cooperating with 
 the Federal Food Administration of California and the 
 Bureau of Chemistry of the United States Department of 
 Agriculture in a study of the production and marketing 
 of poultry. In various ways, such as the publication of 
 circulars, personal addresses, use of lantern slides and 
 personal visitations by women home demonstrators, the 
 College of Agriculture has sought to extend poultry rais- 
 ing to farms and regions where foods can be cheaply grown, 
 and to stimulate the practice of keeping a limited number 
 of chickens in city backyards for the purpose of utilizing 
 garbage. Seventy sets of blueprints and specifications for 
 farm poultry houses and backj^ard poultry houses, designed 
 by the College of Agriculture, have been sent out. The 
 use of potatoes, barley, rice and rice products has been 
 
 20 Miller, E. F., and Fermery, G. E., Lambing Sheds, Circ. 188.
 
 84 UNIVESSITT OF CALIFOENIA 
 
 stimulated by investigations of the Division of Poultry 
 Husbandry with a view to reducing the use of wheat. In 
 addition to the usual short courses given at Davis and in 
 southern California, a special course of instruction was 
 given' to the ten women demonstrators, February 11 to 15, 
 1918, inclusive, and another was given April 3 to May 3, 
 1918, inclusive, as a part of the Emergency Summer Course 
 held at the Universitj^ Farm, to prepare teachers of agri- 
 culture in the high schools in accordance with the Smith- 
 Hughes Act. 
 
 Dairy Products 
 
 It has been shown that the amount of protein in skim 
 milk equals that in the beef consumed in the United States. 
 The Dairy Industrj^ Division of the College, at the request 
 of the United States Department of Agriculture, has 
 sought to promote the more extensive use of cottage cheese, 
 thus using skim milk which would otherwise be put to a 
 less important purpose, such as the making of casein foi* 
 sizing paper. In furtherance of this plan, a special course 
 in cottage cheese making was given. A course of instruc- 
 tion has been outlined with a view to preparing women t.o 
 fill positions as milk and cream testers in dairy establish- 
 ments now employing men for this work. 
 
 Short Courses for Women 
 
 Since May 15, 1918, the College of Agriculture has estab- 
 lished and conducted two courses for women, of four weeks' 
 duration each, the object being to develop leaders for 
 groups of women agricultural workers in the state. These 
 courses were held at the University Farm at Davis. In 
 addition, at the request of the "Woman's Land Army of 
 America, the College of Agriculture has conducted a special 
 class for women machine milkers at the Universitv Farm.
 
 WAE SERVICE EECOED, 1917-18 85 
 
 DEPAETMENT OF BOTANY 
 
 The Department of Botany has devoted considerable 
 time and has expended a certain portion of its appropria- 
 tions for war work, particularly as approved by the Pacific 
 Coast Research Conference in connection with the State 
 Council of Defense. An appropriation of $700 has been 
 received from the Council and has been expended on inves- 
 tigations of the possibilities of a supply of rubber from 
 native plants. This work has been carried out by H. M. 
 Hall, Associate Professor of Economic Botany, and T. H. 
 Goodspeed, Assistant Professor of Botany. Their prelim- 
 inary report has been published in Science of May 10, 1918 
 (vol. 47, no. 1219, pp. 452-454) under the title, "An Emer- 
 gency Supply of Rubber." 
 
 The plants investigated belong to Chrysothamniis and 
 related genera. There is no well established common name 
 for the plants but they are included in the general category 
 of "rabbit-brush." They are sometimes also known as 
 "golden brush." These are large plants which grow in 
 abundance on the desert area and in the Great Basin gen- 
 erally. It has been found that some of the species carry 
 10 per cent rubber. However, those which are sufficiently 
 common to make their utilization possible carry not more 
 than 5 per cent. 
 
 This is not sufficient to be of interest commercially 
 with rubber at its present price. If, however, the impor- 
 tations of raw rubber should be curtailed through enemy 
 action, this emergency supply existing within the border 
 of the continental United States could be drawn upon. 
 While there is not enough to supply the need for even a 
 single year, the total amount nevertheless would be con- 
 siderable. The rubber obtained from these plants is of 
 good quality, though not equalling the quality of the best 
 imported Para. The study is to be continued in order 
 more definitely to locate the supply of the shrub and to 
 work out various problems in connection with harvesting.
 
 86 UXIVESSITY OF CALIFOSNIA 
 
 Other minor matters under consideration by the Depart- 
 ment of Botany, either separately or in conjunction with 
 other departments, have reference to unused food plants 
 either for human beings or domestic animals, such as the 
 buckej^e, in particular, or for use in industries or scientific 
 research, such as the economic value of certain seaweeds, 
 particularly as substitutes for agar. 
 
 W. A. Setchell, Professor of Botan}-, is a member of the 
 subcommittee on Botanical Investigations of the Pacific 
 Coast Research Conference. W. L. Jepson, Associate Pro- 
 fessor of Dendrology, is a member of the State Council of 
 Defense.
 
 WAR SERVICE RECORD, 1917-18 87 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 
 
 Beginning with the academic year 1918-19, the Civil 
 Engineering College will administer a four years' curricu- 
 lum in Military Engineering leading to the degree of Bach- 
 elor of Science in Civil Engineering. This course of study 
 is designed to prepare students for admission to the Corps 
 of Engineers, United States Army, by competitive exam- 
 ination under the rules of the War Department. 
 
 C. G. Hyde, Professor of Sanitary Engineering, was a 
 member of the Engineering Commission (G. A. Elliott, 
 Chairman, Professor C. D. Marx of Stanford University, 
 the third member) appointed by Colonel I. W. Luttle in 
 charge of Cantonment Division, to design sanitary works 
 for Camp Fremont, Menlo Park, California. Professor 
 Hyde is now a Captain in the Sanitary Corps. 
 
 A. C. Alvarez, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, 
 is assistant to the Manager of the University Military 
 Bureau. 
 
 A. J. Eddy, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, 
 is Captain in the Coast Artillery, stationed at the San 
 Francisco Presidio. 
 
 C. T. Wiskocil, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineer- 
 ing, under the direction of Charles Derleth, Jr., Professor 
 of Civil Engineering and Dean of the College of Civil 
 Engineering, and assisted by J. R. Shields, Engineer in 
 Testing Laboratory, conducted 250 individual tests on air- 
 plane materials during the year in the presence of govern- 
 ment inspectors. Professor Wiskocil left for Washington 
 May 15, to assist in the study of concrete ship construction. 
 He was employed throughout the summer by the United 
 States Emergency Fleet Corporation, Concrete Ship Con- 
 struction Department. 
 
 E. D. Hayward, Instructor in Civil Engineering, is 
 Second Lieutenant in the Sanitary Corps, stationed at 
 Camp Fremont.
 
 88 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Principally under Valdemar Arntzen, Expert Mechanic 
 in Civil Engineering Laboratory, the Civil Engineering 
 Department during 1917-18, cooperating with the Depart- 
 ment of Astronomy, assisted in designing and perfecting 
 range finders for Captain Dinsmore Alter, C. A. R. C, 
 formerly an instructor in the Department of Astronomy. 
 From Januarj^ to April, 1918, Mr. Arntzen and his 
 assistants constructed numerous pieces of apparatus for 
 Captain Stratton, formerly Professor of Psj^chology, and 
 now in the United States Signal Corps. This equipment, 
 to be used in the Aviation Schools at San Diego and at 
 Kelly Field, Texas, consists of a set of three tambours, one 
 pneumograph tube, one hand steadiness apparatus, one 
 tilting chair and one reaction time apparatus. The equip- 
 ment was made in cooperation with the Department of 
 Psychology.
 
 WAR SEEVICE EECOED, 1917-18 89 
 
 DEPAKTMENT OF CHEMISTRY 
 
 Upon the outbreak of the war the Department of 
 Chemistry held a meeting at which the instructors and 
 students, both graduate and undergraduate, signed a pledge 
 to work on any problem that might be assigned to them. 
 Forty men were thus enrolled to devote their time to 
 research and other work necessary to the prosecution of 
 the war. The character of the tasks was varied : some were 
 submitted by the National Council of Defense, some came 
 from the state, some from chemical manufacturers in Cali- 
 fornia, and some were suggested by members of the staff 
 as timely or of value to California, either by virtue of its 
 natural resources or its needs. A number of the men of 
 the department have devoted a large part of their time to 
 this work, some of them giving twelve to sixteen hours a 
 day. A large measure of success has been attained in many 
 cases. 
 
 While the problems submitted by the National Council 
 of Defense must for the present be kept secret, not all of 
 the investigations are of a secret nature. For example, the 
 investigation of potash has been a subject of importance. 
 As a fertilizer, potash is indispensable. AVhile California 
 soils may not as yet be in great need of this chemical, large 
 quantities are used in the East. Prior to April, 1917, 
 nearly half a million tons were imported. Only a small 
 amount was made in this country. At present 200,000 tons 
 are produced in the United States, with California in the 
 front of the industry. 
 
 Long before the war there was a small production of 
 potash made from seaweed. At first the drift seaweed was 
 collected from the beaches, dried and burned, and the ash 
 containing a small per cent of potash was sold as a ferti- 
 lizer. Later this industry developed on a greatly increased 
 scale, and at this writing many corporations maintain large 
 factories. It was soon found, however, tliat the drift sea- 
 weed W'Ould not suffice for the greater demands, and com-
 
 90 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 plicated and ingeniously contrived machines were used to 
 harvest the seaweed from the kelp beds in the ocean. Elab- 
 orate and extensive plants were erected to work up this 
 seaweed into various products, for the industry had ex- 
 panded beyond the making of potash. Bromine, iodine, 
 various organic bodies, such as acetone, butyric and pro- 
 pionic acids, were all made in large quantities from the 
 seaweed; much of this work was done by graduates of 
 the Chemical Department, in and outside the laboratories 
 of the University of California. 
 
 Other sources of potash are the saline lakes and de- 
 posits in the southeastern part of the state, mainly in San 
 Bernardino and Inyo counties. Considerable capital has 
 been invested in some of these enterprises and the produc- 
 tion of potash from these sources has reached large pro- 
 portions. Just as in the case of seaweed, other products 
 in addition to potash are obtained from these lakes and 
 deposits, among them being salt, carbonate of sodium, sul- 
 phate of sodium, chloride and sulphate of magnesium, borax 
 and boracic acid, and other bodies. In these instances, 
 also, the laboratory of the Department of Chemistry has 
 been of real service. 
 
 The ocean offers the same type of problems as do the 
 saline lakes. Potash is a constituent of the ocean water as 
 are nearly all other known salts. One of the questions 
 taken up recently in the laboratory of the department was 
 the separation of potash salts from ocean water. For sev- 
 eral months this -work has engaged the attention of a num- 
 ber of instructors and students who have studied the matter 
 in both a theoretical and practical way. The largest source 
 of potash, of course, is the ocean, but the difficulties of sep- 
 arating the other constituents of sea water offer many a 
 baffling problem to the chemists of America. 
 
 In some cases nature has solved the difficulties, and it 
 is for this reason that hitherto the Germans have had a 
 monopoly of the potash industry. Ages ago a part of the 
 ocean was confined near Stassfurt, and processes of frac-
 
 WAE SERVICE BECOBD, 1917-18 91 
 
 tional crystallization went on, separating the salts formerly 
 in solution into solid beds of relatively pure materials. 
 Attempts have been made to reproduce these conditions by 
 varying the rate and character of evaporation of sea water 
 to obtain the various salts, potash, magnesium, etc., in a 
 similar condition of purity. Some practical results have 
 been obtained and considerable quantities of potash and 
 magnesium are being manufactured by some of the salt 
 companies on San Francisco Bay. 
 
 A number of years ago, one of the former students of 
 the Department of Chemistry, then instructor, devised a 
 process for dissipating fogs and mists hj means of a high 
 tension electric discharge. This process, first used for 
 cleaning the air of acid particles that were a nuisance 
 and money loss in various acid factories and metallurgical 
 works, then extended to purifj-ing air of dust and other 
 small particles, has become one of the most important 
 industrial processes, and is used all over the world. It was 
 installed by another of the graduates of the University of 
 California at a cement factory at Riverside to eliminate the 
 dust. Wlien examined the dust was found to contain pot- 
 ash ; a method was developed to collect it, and now it is 
 used all over the United States for this purpose. Already 
 it has changed the character of some of the cement mills — 
 potash is now the main source of profit, and the cement 
 merely a by-product. 
 
 Other sources of potash are rocks, minerals, and ashes 
 of plants. From the last named source small amounts of 
 potash are obtained by a simple proces sof lixiviation. 
 
 Another set of problems studied in the department's 
 laboratory pertains to the production of cyanides. While 
 cyanides of potassium and sodium are used to a consider- 
 able extent in California as insecticides and in the metal- 
 lurgical industries, none has been made in the state. New 
 methods of production promise to be of great value in con- 
 verting certain raw materials into cyanide. Closely related 
 to this aspect of the war work of the Chemistry Department
 
 92 UNIFEBSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 is the question of producing cyanimide, a derivative of 
 cyanogen and ammonia, a chemical made in enormous quan- 
 tities in Europe for use as a fertilizer. Some of the earliest 
 work on this material was done in the department's labora- 
 tory, where the conditions necessary for its preparation 
 were ascertained. 
 
 Other electrochemical products of importance studied 
 in the departments are caustic soda, chlorine and various 
 chlorine derivatives, steel, various ferroalloys, such as ferro- 
 chrome, ferromanganese, ferrosilicon, magnesium, copper, 
 and zinc. Graduates of the University have been connected 
 with the development of each of these industries. 
 
 Under the stimulus of the war, the manufacture of 
 another class of chemicals, all of considerable technical 
 importance, has been begun in this state by the depart- 
 ment's graduates. This class includes organic prepara- 
 tions, such as anilin colors, benzoic acid, metol, saccharin, 
 and phthalic anhydrids. Previously most of them were 
 imported from Europe ; now many of them are made in 
 our own state. 
 
 Two of the University's graduates have devised methods 
 for the synthetic preparation of important organic com- 
 pounds. One has succeeded in making glycerine from 
 sugar; another in preparing tartaric acid from starch. 
 Both of tliese bodies are relatively expensive substances. 
 Glycerine has heretofore been prepared from fats ; tartaric 
 acid, from grapes. The synthetic methods produce them 
 from relatively cheap materials, viz., starch and sugar. 
 Inasmucli as sugar can be made from starch, the impor- 
 tance of these processes is self-evident. 
 
 California petroleum offers another fruitful field for 
 chemical investigations. The use of this material for the 
 manufacture of gasoline, kerosene, lubricating oil, and 
 asphaltum is familiar to every one, but the employment of 
 petroleum as a source of raw material for the manufacture 
 of chemical products is not so apparent. Without writing 
 in detail it may be pertinent to mention toluol, the starting
 
 WAE SERVICE EECOED, 1917-18 93 
 
 point of trinitrotoluol, one of the most important explosive 
 materials in the present war. Other problems that have 
 been worked on in connection with petroleum are methods 
 for increasing the amount and quality of the gasoline and 
 kerosene fractions and for improving the character of the 
 lubricants. All are of great importance in the present 
 crisis. 
 
 The disposal of wood waste affords another field for 
 research. In California most of the wood waste is burned 
 in order to get rid of it, although in a few cases potash is 
 obtained from the ashes. At various times wood distillation 
 plants have been erected, usually on a small scale. At- 
 tempts have been made to convert this material into alcohol 
 and other products. The character of the products varies 
 greatly with the variety of wood employed. One of Cali- 
 fornia's graduates has shown that the stumps of the red- 
 wood yield relatively large amounts of phenol, or carbolic 
 acid, of an unusual degree of purity. It is from this sub- 
 stance that many of the high explosives are made ; lyddite, 
 melinite, ecrasite, shimosite are all derivatives of phenol. 
 
 Many experiments have been made in the laboratory 
 of the department on the numerous trees and shrubs in- 
 digenous to California, and new chemical products of the 
 most varied nature have been extracted. Oils, waxes, tan- 
 ning materials, substitutes for rubber, alkaloids and other 
 drugs, coloring matters that can be used for dyes, and 
 numerous other materials have been separated and their 
 properties studied. 
 
 The manufacture of essential oils from native and culti- 
 vated plants offers a large field for research. Various 
 investigations in this area have been carried out in the 
 laboratory of the department and some industries of this 
 nature have been established under the direction of Univer- 
 sity of California graduates. 
 
 The above resume indicates briefly the character of the 
 problems that the Department of Chemistry has been 
 endeavoring to solve. In addition, it has attempted to
 
 94 UNIVEESITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 compile a list of the chemical industries of the state with 
 a view to obtaining data for assisting the technical men in 
 their problems. An extensive correspondence is conducted. 
 Advice is given to inquiring visitors who ask for infor- 
 mation or assistance. Some of these questions entail con- 
 siderable research, but it is always the endeavor of the 
 department to be of assistance to the citizens of the state 
 and to help them in every way possible. 
 
 The difficulties of the work have been increased by 
 the inability to obtain necessary apparatus and supplies. 
 Many of these materials were made in Germany, and it is 
 only recentl}" that the American manufacturers have been 
 able to supply the demand. Added to this was the greatly 
 increased cost of supplies that were obtainable. The Cali- 
 fornia State Council of Defense came generously to the aid 
 of the department. Without their assistance it probably 
 would have been impossible to carry out the programme. 
 Another handicap lay in the fact that a large proportion 
 of the staff had left for the national service, greatly increas- 
 ing the burden of those who remained. But each man has 
 done his duty, has speeded up as much as possible, has 
 worked longer hours, has done his work in the face of great 
 difficulties, and has not become discouraged or apathetic. 
 
 From an original number of forty-five, the Department 
 of Chemistry has contributed more than a score of members 
 of its staff of instruction to the military and other branches 
 of the government during the war emergency. Their 
 names will be found listed in another portion of the War 
 Record. 
 
 Gilbert N. Lewis, Professor of Physical Chemistry and 
 Dean of the College of Chemistry, has been commissioned 
 Major in the Gas Service of the United States Army, in 
 France. 
 
 Edmond O'Neill, Professor of Inorganic Chemistry, 
 Director of the Chemical Laboratory, and Acting Dean 
 of the College of Chemistry, is Director of the Naval Con-
 
 WAB SERVICE EECOED, 1917-18 95 
 
 sultation Board of California, and is also engaged in chem- 
 ical investigations for the State Council of Defense. 
 
 W. C. Bray, Associate Professor of Chemistry, is a 
 member of the subcommittee on Inorganic Chemistry of the 
 National Research Council. 
 
 J. H, Hildebrand, Associate Professor of Chemistr}-, is 
 Captain in the Ordnance Department. 
 
 Merle Randall, Assistant Professor of Chemistry, is a 
 member of the subcommittee on Inorganic Chemistry of 
 the National Research Council. 
 
 G. E. Gibson, Instructor in Chemistry, is engaged in 
 chemical research for the National and State Councils of 
 Defense. 
 
 W. L. Argo, Instructor in Chemistry, is with the Bureau 
 of Mines. 
 
 G. E. K. Branch, Instructor in Chemistry, is with the 
 50th Gordon Highlanders, Canadian Army. 
 
 R. F. Newton, Assistant in Chemistry, is with the Field 
 Artillery. 
 
 T. P. Stewart, Instructor in Chemistry, is First Lieu- 
 tenant, Chemical Service Department.
 
 96 UNIVEESITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 DEPAETMENT OF ECONOMICS 
 
 In October, 1917, the Department of Economics first 
 gave tangible evidence of its ability to aid the government 
 in war work. At that time the Labor Adjustment Board, 
 investigating the strike then paralyzing shipbuilding, in- 
 vited C. C. Plehn, Professor of Finance on the Flood 
 Foundation, H. R. Hatfield, Professor of Accounting on 
 the Flood Foundation, Jessica B. Peixotto, Professor of 
 Social Economics, and F. R. Macaulay, Instructor in Eco- 
 nomics, to its conference, with the result that Mr. Macauley 
 presented an index to the board showing the increase of 
 the cost of living in this district. I. B. Cross, Associate 
 Professor of Economics on the Flood Foundation, later 
 conducted for the Board a detailed inquiry on the cost of 
 living between October 1, 1917, and March 1, 1918. In this 
 work he was assisted b}^ Felix Fluegel, and G. F. Mitch, 
 both Assistants in Economics. 
 
 In Februarj^ 1918, Professor Hatfield, aided by Pro- 
 fessor Cross, Mr. Macaulay, E. A. Kincaid, Instructor in 
 Economics, and Mr. Fluegel, prepared a report for the 
 United States Shipping Board on the labor conditions, 
 possible output, etc., of the California shipbuilding plants. 
 The Shipping Board characterized the work as "an inval- 
 uable service to the Government in carrying out its ship- 
 building programme." Since that time Professor Cross 
 has been in constant touch with the largest shipbuilding 
 plants and some of the unions in connection wath the ship- 
 building problems. 
 
 At the suggestion of the Ordnance Department in Wash- 
 ington, the Department of Economics has conducted four 
 ordnance training schools, the purpose being to give pre- 
 liminary training to men who are expected ultimately to 
 reach the grades of non-commissioned, and in some cases, 
 of commissioned officers in the Ordnance Service. The 
 course of study at Berkeley covered tlie principles of stores- 
 keeping, calculating methods of accountino', militarr organ-
 
 WAE SERVICE BECOBB, 1917-18 97 
 
 ization, military correspondence, military law and military 
 courtesy. One hour a day was devoted to drill. The time 
 allotted for the course was six weeks. Those in charge were 
 Professor Hatfield, Stuart Daggett, Professor of Railway 
 Economics on the Flood Foundation, Mr. Macanlay, C. C. 
 Staehling, Instructor in Accounting, and Dr. H. B. Drury. 
 
 Professors Hatfield and Daggett are members of the 
 Subcommittee on Economics of the State Council of De- 
 fense. This committee has published a report on "The 
 Relation of State Banks to the Federal Reserve System," 
 dealing with the necessity of concentrating credit facilities 
 during the war. Professor Daggett also spent several 
 months in preparing a report to the State Council of De- 
 fense on ' ' The Iron and Steel Industry about San Francisco 
 Bay with Special Reference to the Available Supply of 
 Raw Material. ' ' 
 
 Professor Plehn has been a member of the Second and 
 Third Liberty Loan committees of Berkeley and the Uni- 
 versity of California. He was a delegate to the Joint Con- 
 ference of the Western Economic Society and the City Club 
 of Chicago, held in Chicago, June, 1917, to discuss the 
 "Financial Mobilization for "War." He was also a delegate 
 from California b}^ appointment of the Governor of Califor- 
 nia to the Congress of States to discuss the ' ' Coordination 
 of Federal and State Taxation," held in Atlanta, Georgia, 
 October, 1917, and called with the official sanction of Presi- 
 dent Wilson. He prepared a paper on "War Finance" 
 read before the Commonwealth Club of San Francisco and 
 published in the Transactions of that body ; and also a pam- 
 phlet on ' ' War Finance in Great Britain, France, Germany 
 and the United States," written at the request of the San 
 Francisco Patriotic Liberty Loan Committee of 1000 and 
 used as part of its propaganda for the Third Liberty Loan. 
 
 Professor Daggett and Mr. Macanlay have served as 
 assistants to the Berkeley Exemption Board, No. 1, while 
 Professor Cross is one of Berkeley's Four Minute Men.
 
 98 VNIVEBSITY OF CALIFOSNIA 
 
 C. E. Brooks, Assistant Professor of Insurance, has 
 served as Actuary and Advisor to the United States Bureau 
 of War Risk Insurance, preparing various bulletins, deter- 
 mining questions of policy and interpreting the Soldiers' 
 Insurance law. 
 
 Professor Peixotto is a member of the Subcommittee on 
 Women in Industry of the National Council of Defense 
 and also a member of the same committee of the State 
 Council of Defense. During the first half-year of 1918 she 
 was on leave of absence from the University as Executive 
 Chairman of the Child Warfare Department of the 
 Women's Committee of the National Council of Defense. 
 During the first semester Professor Peixotto and Miss Lucy 
 W. Stcbbins, Associate Professor of Social Economy, con- 
 ducted a Red Cross Training School for Home Service at 
 the University, in which work they were assisted by Pro- 
 fessor Cross and Mr. Macaulay. During the second semes- 
 ter a similar school was conducted in San Francisco under 
 the direction of Solomon Blum, Associate Professor of 
 Economics, and Dr. Louise Morrow, Assistant in Social 
 Economics. Professor Stebbins is a member of the Home 
 Service Committee of the Berkeley Branch of the Red 
 Cross, of the University Auxiliary of the Red Cross, of 
 the Advisory Board of the Women's Land Army and of 
 the Executive Committee of the Berkeley Chapter of the 
 Red Cross. She is also one of the traveling lecturers on 
 Home Service authorized by the National Red Cross Com- 
 mittee. 
 
 Lincoln Hutchinson, Professor of Commerce on the 
 Flood Foundation, is in Washington acting as Head of the 
 Export Division of the War Trade Board. H. S. Shuey, 
 Lecturer in Economics, has been a member of the San 
 Francisco Third Liberty Loan Committee and of various 
 Red Cross committees. Professors Hatfield and Daggett 
 are spending the summer in Washington, engaged in work 
 of the highest importance for the War Industries Board.
 
 WAR SERVICE RECORD, 1917-18 99 
 
 UNIVERSITY EXTENSION DIVISION 
 
 Tlie Bureau of Correspondence Instruction of the 
 Extension Division has given enlisted men a special reduc- 
 tion of 40 per cent on all fees in the various courses and has 
 provided special classes to meet the needs of men in service. 
 The Extension Division has also cooperated with all official 
 bodies in "drives" about the bay counties and in Los 
 Angeles, and has been of genuine assistance in providing 
 junior officers for the naval forces of the country through 
 its courses in Navigation and Nautical Astronomy.^^ 
 
 The Bureau of Lectures gave twelve lectures in Los 
 Angeles on "Problems Arising Out of the War." Similar 
 lectures have been given elsewhere. 
 
 The Bureau of Public Discussion has been instrumental 
 in directing the debating activities of the high schools of 
 the state upon war subjects, not only giving the debaters 
 special knowledge on international topics, but being of 
 great educational value to the thousands of persons who 
 have heard these debates. 
 
 The Bureau of Visual Instruction has circulated stere- 
 opticon slides and moving picture films designed to inform 
 the public concerning war service in the form of liberty 
 loans, etc. It has prepared and circulated throughout the 
 state a monthly lecture on current events dealing prin- 
 cipally with war conditions. 
 
 21 See report on Training for U. S. Navy and Merchant Marine, 
 23.
 
 100 UNIVEESITY OF CALIFOBNIA 
 
 DEPAETMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINEEALOGY 
 
 Shortly after the entrance of the United States into 
 the war the problem of the supply of certain minerals 
 essential to war industries became very important. The 
 situation was particularly^ serious because previously we 
 had depended to a large extent on importation from distant 
 lands. The war produced a scarcity of merchant ships, 
 and the demand for all obtainable ship tonnage for the 
 transportation of men, munitions, food and other war neces- 
 saries to Europe became most urgent. 
 
 It was known that California contained some of these 
 important mineral substances, though before the war little 
 had been done to secure them because they could not be laid 
 down with profit in the industrial centers in competition 
 with the imported material. The extent of our resources 
 was not even roughly known, nor was it estimated what 
 yearly contribution California could make to the necessary 
 industrial supply. Prospectors and miners in general were 
 not familiar with the desired minerals, their appearance, 
 mode of occurrence, characteristics, or the promising locali- 
 ties for their discovery. 
 
 Following the appointment of G. D. Louderback, Pro- 
 fessor of Geology, as Chairman of the Committee on Geol- 
 ogy and Mineral Resources of the State Council of Defense, 
 all of his time not demanded by necessary University duties 
 was given to organized systematic investigation of certain 
 California war mineral problems both in the field and in 
 the laboratory. In this work he was aided by E. F. Davis, 
 Instructor in Mineralogy and Geology, F. S. Hudson, 
 Teaching Fellow in Geology and Mineralog}^ and N. L. 
 Taliaferro, graduate student. 
 
 The chief object of investigation this year was manga- 
 nese. Over one hundred mines and prospects, lying in 
 eighteen counties, have been examined and their nature, 
 probable extent, origin, and availability investigated. The 
 field and laboratory work on this subject led to definite
 
 WAR SERVICE RECORD, 1917-18 101 
 
 recommendations to the government boards, based on pos- 
 sibilities of production. A brief paper, presenting some 
 of these conclusions, was published by the Mining and 
 Scientific Press on March 30. There was also prepared a 
 tabular report by countries, arranged for quick reference 
 to the various properties examined and their most impor- 
 tant characteristics, and a more extensive report on the 
 geology and prospective value of these properties. The 
 latter reports, carrying considerable confidential informa- 
 tion for the use of the government, have not been published, 
 but copies have been placed in the hands of the appropriate 
 government bureaus and boards, and of the National Re- 
 search Council. The department was assured by them that 
 the results and the mode of presentation were very satis- 
 factory and of special value at the present time. 
 
 A great deal of energy has been expended on work that 
 does not lead to definite reports, but which is believed to be 
 of public value in assisting the development of war min- 
 erals. Some of the activities may be outlined as follows. 
 
 1. Advising prospectors as to the nature and value of 
 the mineral substances the.y have found. Hundreds of 
 samples have been examined, both in the field and in the 
 laboratory. In addition, the prospector is advised which 
 minerals are worth following up, how best to do it, etc. 
 
 2. Calling the attention of prospectors and others, by 
 letter and personal conference, to materials of special value 
 in the war industries that are likely to occur in the regions 
 in which they are working. 
 
 3. A case of California war minerals has been set up 
 in the Geological Museum, especially to illustrate to the 
 prospectors, most of whom are not familiar with the war 
 minerals, the appearance of the different mineral types and 
 different grades of ore, and of the commonly associated 
 rocks. Descriptive labels accompany the specimens, and 
 personal explanation and advice are often given the vis- 
 itors.
 
 102 UNIFEBSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 4. We have sought to learn of conditions in any part 
 of the state that interfere with or prevent the operation 
 of properties, or the marketing of products, with the idea 
 of taking such steps as seem feasible to overcome or obviate 
 such conditions. A number of these cases have been placed 
 in our hands, and several have been successfully remedied. 
 
 5. We have sought to engage the cooperation of other 
 agencies in the study of special questions related to war 
 minerals, supplying data and samples to assist such studies. 
 
 6. We supply, in so far as we are able, information that 
 maj' be needed by committees, government departments, or 
 other agencies that are seeking to solve scientific, commer- 
 cial, or administrative problems affecting or affected by 
 the mineral industrj^ Kequests for such information are 
 continually coming from manq quarters. 
 
 Recently, plans have been maturing for a more definite 
 basis of cooperation with the United States Bureau of 
 Mines, the United States Geological Survey, and the Min- 
 ing Department of the University, with all of which we 
 have cooperated in an informal way during the last year. 
 
 Letters of approval of the work of the department have 
 been received from Mr. S. Paige, Acting Chief Geologist, 
 and Mr. G. 0. Smith, Director of Survey, of the United 
 States Geological Survey, from Mr. Edmund Newton, in 
 charge of manganese investigations of the United States 
 Bureau of Mines, and L. H. Duschak, Superintendent of 
 the Berkeley Branch Station, and from Mr. Whitman Cross, 
 Vice-Chairman of Division of Geology and Geography, and 
 J. C. Merriam, Chairman of Division of Geology and 
 Geography of the National Research Council. 
 
 A. C. Lawson, Professor of Mineralogy and Geology, 
 and Dean of the College of Mining, is a member of the 
 Subcommittee on Geology of the Pacific Coast Research 
 Conference.
 
 WAS SEEVICE BECOBD, 1917-18 103 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF HOME ECONOMICS 
 
 Household Science 
 
 Food Administration Work 
 
 During the special term of five weeks, May 21 to June 
 23, 1917, two courses were offered in the Household Science 
 Division of the Home Economics Department : the Red 
 Cross course in Home Dietetics, by Josephine E. Davis, 
 Assistant Professor of Household Science, and Miss Doris 
 Daniels; and an Emergency Normal Course intended to 
 give volunteer leaders of clubs and communities infor- 
 mation and training in methods of presentation of the 
 message of food conservation. Agnes F. Morgan, Assistant 
 Professor of Household Science, was in charge. 
 
 There were registered in the Red Cross course one hun- 
 dred and fifty women, of whom one hundred and twenty 
 finished the work and received the Red Cross Certificate. 
 Several of these young women have since entered the ser- 
 vice as Nurses' Aids. 
 
 In the Emergency Normal Course there were registered 
 twenty-one well qualified women, of whom seventeen fin- 
 ished the work. Most of these women are now active 
 directors of food conservation work in their own communi- 
 ties. 
 
 During the Summer Session of 1917, a popular dietetics 
 course largely devoted to problems of food conservation 
 was attended by fifty nurses and forty-seven housewives. 
 
 On Sunday, July 1, 1917, a Half-Hour Programme on 
 Food Saving was held in the Greek Theatre, under the 
 auspices of this division. Mrs. R. O. Moody, Mr. A. H. 
 Naftzfier and Professor Morgan spoke to a large audience 
 on various phases of the subject
 
 104 UNIVEBSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Food Experiments and Analyses 
 
 During the fall term of 1917, Professor Morgan and 
 Edith L. Brown, Laboratory Assistant in Household 
 Science, made a large number of analyses and digestibility 
 experiments on whale meat in the hope of establishing the 
 usefulness as human food of this hitherto wasted material. 
 The senior dietetics class cooperated in this endeavor, as 
 well as in a similar set of experiments upon ostrich meat, 
 samples of which were sent to the department by the Brit- 
 ish and American Mercantile Company of El Centro. A 
 bulletin on the results of these experiments is contemplated. 
 
 Public Speaking 
 
 In October, Professor Morgan met classes of women in 
 Berkeley and Oakland for the purpose of aiding them in 
 public speaking preparatory^ to the Food Pledge Drive of 
 the last week of October. At Dean Stebbins' request, the 
 housekeepers for the girls' clubs and boarding houses met 
 during November with Professor Morgan to discuss ways 
 and means of obeying the behests of the Pood Administra- 
 tion. 
 
 Since April, 1917, all members of the staff, as well as 
 several of the students, have given frequent talks and 
 demonstrations before women's clubs, schools, churches, 
 and other organizations in the interests of food conser- 
 vation. 
 
 War Emergency Bulletins 
 
 The series of War Emergency Bulletins was begun in 
 November, 1917. The five following have been issued in 
 mimeographed form, and about 800 copies of each dis- 
 tributed : 
 
 No. 1. Practical Hints on Food Conservation. 5 pages. 
 
 No. 2. Milk, a Cheap Food at any Price. 4 pages. 
 
 No. 3. The Honor Eation. 3 pages. 
 
 No. 4. Suggestions for Instruction in Food Values through 
 Window Exhibits. 11 pages. 
 
 No. 5. The Fuel Value of Food in Every Day Terms. 7 pages.
 
 WAIl SERVICE BECOBD, 1917-18 lOo 
 
 Dietary Survey 
 
 The Home Economics Department has cooperated fully 
 with the National Dietary Survey now being carried out 
 b}^ Dr. C. F. Langworthy of the United States Department 
 of Agriculture, four family studies, and two group studies 
 having been finished and sent in since November, 1917. 
 Besides these a careful record of consumption of food at 
 the Associated Women Students' Counter for three weeks 
 was kept by Miss Beatrice Marks, and will be shortly for- 
 warded to Washington. This record shows an interesting 
 reaction by the women students following the beginning of 
 the Food Administration courses in February, 1918. 
 
 Food Conservation Courses 
 
 In February, 1918, the following courses as requested 
 and outlined by the Food Administration, were given. A 
 series of lectures on Food and the War, given by Professor 
 Morgan, covered a period of twelve weeks. The total enroll- 
 ment was six hundred and thirty-seven, of whom four hun- 
 dred and ninety-two finished the course with credit. In 
 the course on Fundamentals of Food and Nutrition in 
 Relation to the War, two lectures by Professor Morgan 
 were given each week for twelve weeks. The enrollment 
 was sixty. The twelve weeks' course on the Use and Con- 
 servation of Food combined lectures with laboratory prac- 
 tice. This was supervised by Miss Davis assisted by Miss 
 Alice B. McLear. Sixty-three were enrolled. 
 
 At the end of the term, students registered in all the 
 courses were asked to hand in their names, home addresses, 
 summer plans and to indicate their willingness to assist in 
 Food Administration work. Over four hundred students 
 responded, and the data secured was sent to the office of 
 Ralph P. Merritt, Federal Food Administrator of Cali- 
 fornia.
 
 106 UNIVEBSITY OF CALIFOBNIA 
 
 Final Rally 
 
 In the last week of tlie term, May 6 to May 10, a series 
 of five lectures, summarizing as far as possible the material 
 presented in the lectures on Food and the War was given. 
 From thirty to tifty persons were present at each of these 
 lectures. 
 
 Besides the distribution of the pamphlets sent us by 
 the United States Food Administration, copies of the War 
 Emergency Bulletins above mentioned were distributed to 
 each of the students registered in the Food Administration 
 courses. 
 
 Speakers' Seminar 
 
 At the request of several of the students in these courses 
 an evening seminar in public speaking was held weekly 
 during the term. Practice in short talks on food conserva- 
 tion at these meetings gave many students confidence to 
 address outside clubs and schools. 
 
 An exhibit under glass, changing each week, and illus- 
 trating the material covered by the lectures in Food and 
 the War, has been maintained in the lower corridor of the 
 Library Building. Miss Alice H. Metcalf has been in 
 charge. 
 
 Volunteer Student Service 
 Through the recommendation of Mr, Merritt, the United 
 States Food Administration has asked Professor Morgan 
 to act as state secretary for California in directing the 
 activities of the students in food conservation courses in 
 the various colleges and state normal schools. Professor 
 ^Morgan was asked to provide plans and an organization 
 for the coherent effectiveness of this potential force. She 
 expects to cooperate with the already developed county 
 organization worked out by Mr. Merritt and Miss Ebbets. 
 Besides the University of California there are seventeen 
 other institutions in the state which have been giving 
 courses on the food problem. Miss Elizabeth Bridge has 
 been asked to act as assistant in this undertaking.
 
 WAE SEEVICE BECOED, 1917-18 107 
 
 Conference with Dean Arnold 
 On April 15, in the Home Economics Building on the 
 Campus, a conference of representatives of all the univer- 
 sities, colleges and normal schools of California was called 
 by the department at the request of the United States Food 
 Administration. Dean Sarah Louise Arnold of Simmons 
 College, a representative of the Collegiate Section of the 
 United States Food Administration, spoke on the further 
 use of women trained under the plan of Food Conservation 
 courses. The meeting was attended by delegates from Stan- 
 ford University, the University of Southern California, 
 Mills College, Los Angeles Normal School, San Jose State 
 Normal School, and also from the normal schools at Fresno, 
 Chico, and San Francisco. A valuable spirit of cooperation 
 among the w^orkers present was established at this con- 
 ference. 
 
 Dean Arnold addressed a large meeting of students in 
 Wheeler Auditorium the same day upon the spirit of 
 noblesse oblige as applied to service for the state in matters 
 of conservation by university trained women. 
 
 Division of Household Art 
 
 In the summer of 1917, during the special term of five 
 weeks from May 21 to June 23, four courses under direction 
 of Mary F. Patterson, Assistant Professor of Household 
 Art, were given by the instructors in Household Art, 
 assisted by senior and graduate students of this division 
 and five Red Cross volunteer instructors. 
 
 Two of these were clothing courses, one of which com- 
 prised the making of hospital garments and comfort bags 
 in accordance with Red Cross specifications for civilian 
 relief work. In these courses mature women intending 
 to offer volunteer work were enrolled. The third was a 
 Red Cross course in the Preparation of Surgical Dressings 
 in which eighty-four students enrolled. Twenty-five of this 
 number came from rural districts and small towns, seven
 
 108 UNIVEBSITY OF CALIFOENIA 
 
 of these representing Indiana, Kansas, Nevada, Washing- 
 ton, Arizona, Utah, and British Columbia. Twenty-three 
 students were recommended to the Women's Bureau of the 
 American Red Cross as instructors in the Preparation of 
 Surgical Dressings, receiving their certificates from Wash- 
 ington. Six of these became instructors for the courses in 
 Surgical Dressings undertaken by the women students of 
 the University Red Cross at Hearst Hall during the second 
 semester of 1917-18. Twenty-four others were recom- 
 mended to organize circles in Red Cross work in their home 
 districts in California. 
 
 The fourth course offered suggestions for organization 
 and administration of women's war work, housekeepers' 
 institutes and the establishment of home industries in rural 
 communities. Fifty women representing rural communi- 
 ties in several other states were enrolled. 
 
 During the fall term, August to December, 1917, mem- 
 bers of the Textile class tested samples of wool submitted 
 by the manufacturers to the Women 's Bureau of the Amer- 
 ican Red Cross in San Francisco. Reports were sent to 
 the chairman of the Women's Bureau as to the percentage 
 of poor wool, and wool substitutes used, as well as to the 
 spinning quality of the j^arn. 
 
 In the spring term, elanuarj- to May, 1918, a study of 
 costs of raw materials was carried on by thirty-five students 
 enrolled in House Management, each member of the class 
 making a careful survey of the daily cost of food per per- 
 son in homes or sorority houses, schools, state or county 
 institutions throughout the bay district. 
 
 Ten seniors and graduate students in Household Art 
 offered their practice teaching in Berkeley and Oakland 
 schools, where the work consisted of making garments for 
 civilian relief according to Red Cross specifications.
 
 WAR SEBVICE EECOED, 1917-18 109 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF HYGIENE 
 
 The University of California Infirmary has shared its 
 clinic and hospital facilities with the School of Military 
 Aeronautics, offering every available assistance not only 
 with its equipment but with its medical staff and nurses. 
 
 In the early part of the war, Dr. R. T. Legge, Professor 
 of Hygiene and University Physician, with the assistance 
 of Dr. A. M. Meads, Associate University Physician and 
 Lecturer in Hygiene, and now Captain in the Medical 
 Reserve Corps, conducted the phj^sical examinations of 
 some three hundred men for the First Officers' Reserve 
 Training Camp at the Presidio. 
 
 Through this department. Ambulance Company, No. 2, 
 U. S. A., now at Allentown, Pennsylvania, was organized 
 from the student body of the University. This company 
 later became a battalion by the addition of two other com- 
 panies from eastern universities, but the official title of 
 No. 2, known as the University of California Battalion, still 
 remained. The officers, Major Alvin Powell and Captain 
 A. M. Meads, are members of the Infirmary staff. Two 
 other members of the staff have also joined the colors ; Lieu- 
 tenant (Junior Grade) Milton Schutz, Ophthalmologist in 
 the Infirmary, is now in the United States Navy, and Lieu- 
 tenant G. F. Stoodley, Dental Surgeon, is assigned to the 
 School of Military Aeronautics.^^ 
 
 Three of the staff nurses. Miss Sarah "W. Cheek, Miss 
 Theresa Casenave, and Miss Thea Hauge, are Red Cross 
 nurses in active service — one in France, the others in base 
 hospitals in the United States. 
 
 The Department of Hygiene has provided instructors in 
 the Red Cross courses and has trained several hundred men 
 and women in First Aid and Home Care of the Sick. These 
 
 22 Since this report was written, Dr. Legge has been commissioned 
 Captain in the Medical Reserve Corps and has been detailed for 
 service at the School of Military Aeronautics located at the Univer- 
 sity. He is continuing to serve the University, hoAvever, as Professor 
 of Hygiene and University Physician.
 
 110 UNIVEBSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 courses were conducted in the Summer School, the inter- 
 session, and during the academic year. Members of the 
 staff have also conducted several courses in First Aid and 
 Home Care of the Sick under the auspices of the Berkeley 
 Chapter of the American Red Cross. These activities were 
 carried on in a creditable manner by the following: 
 Drs. Paroni-Meads, Assistant Professor of Hygiene and 
 Physician for Women ; C. L. McVey, Physician for Men ; 
 Kate Gompertz, Physician for Women and Assistant in 
 Orthopedic Surgery; Ruby S. Cunningham, Instructor in 
 Hj^giene and Associate Physician for Women; Mrs. R. R. 
 Storer, Assistant Physician for Women, and the Misses 
 Ethel Sherman, Superintendent of Infirmary; B. R. 
 Steeves, Assistant in Hygiene, and Laura Carins, Assistant 
 in Hygiene. Miss Sherman is also member of the State 
 Committee for the American Red Cross Nursing Service. 
 
 Tlie Infirmary staff made all the physical examinations 
 for men entering the 1917 Summer School Military Camp, 
 conducted by Major, now Lieutenant-Colonel Nance ; also 
 for men entering two naval courses, given under the aus- 
 pices of the University, besides examining recruits for 
 various training camps, ordnance courses and a women's 
 land company. 
 
 The Infirmary staff has rendered valuable services in 
 immunizing men and women who have entered the Y. M. 
 C. A., Red Cross, and other agencies, against smallpox and 
 typhoid. 
 
 Four members of the department are members of the 
 executive committee of the local chapter of the American 
 Red Cross and have materially aided in the work of the 
 Berkeley chapter. 
 
 Dr. Legge is Director of First Aid under the Bureau 
 of Military Relief of the Pacific Division of the American 
 Red Cross and has organized and promoted instruction in 
 First Aid and Safety in Industry. The object of this work 
 is to change the attitude of the public towards accidents,
 
 WAB SERVICE EECOED, 1917-18 111 
 
 and to prevent unnecessary suffering and its economic 
 losses. 
 
 Another activity interesting the Department of Hy- 
 giene, and to which the administrative head has given 
 considerable attention, is the development of a course of 
 Occupational and Vocational Training for the Rehabilita- 
 tion of Crippled Soldiers and Sailors, It is expected that 
 the authorities at Washington will recognize not only the 
 central location of the University of California, but its 
 available resources to carry on successfully this important 
 work.
 
 112 UNIVEriSITY OF CALIFOBNIA 
 
 DEPAETMENT OF MECHANICAL AND ELECTEICAL 
 ENGINEEEING 
 
 The shops of the Department of Mechanical and Elec- 
 trical Engineering have become veritable war laboratories. 
 The installation of a new steam turbine and a steam boiler 
 of small capacity, the addition of three steam engines of 
 representative type, as well as internal combustion engines 
 of the marine, stationary and automobile types for experi- 
 mental work in the Steam and Power Laboratory have 
 served effectively to meet the demands of the hour. Plans 
 for the coming year include the addition of a chair in 
 Marine Engineering and Naval Architecture, also new 
 courses in Automobile Engineering and Aeronautics, both 
 closel}' allied to the present need for training in military 
 engineering. 
 
 C. L. Cory, John W. Mackay, Jr. Professor of Elec- 
 trical Engineering, Consulting Electric Light and Heating 
 Engineer, and Dean of the College of Mechanics, is Assist- 
 ant Director of the Division of Electrical Power Supply 
 at the United States Government Explosive Plants. At 
 present he is stationed at Charleston and Nitro, West Vir- 
 ginia, where the Nitro Smokeless Powder Plant is being 
 constructed. Professor Cory is also a member of the Com- 
 mittee of Engineering and Inventions of the State Council 
 of Defense. 
 
 B. F. Raber, Associate Professor of Mechanical Engi- 
 neering, has been prominent in work connected with the 
 School of Militar}^ Aeronautics. 
 
 R. S. Tour, Assistant Professor of Gas Engineering, is 
 First Lieutenant in the Ordnance Reserve Corps, at present 
 assigned to duty in the vicinity of New York City. 
 
 H. B. Langille, Assistant Professor of Machine Design 
 and Mechanical Drawing, is a Lieutenant in the Navy, 
 stationed at the United States Naval Training School, San 
 Pedro.
 
 WAE SEEVICE RECOIW, 1917-18 113 
 
 F. B. Pernot, Assistant Professor of Electrical Engi- 
 neering, is Captain in the Signal Reserve Corps, assigned 
 to duty at the Bureau of Standards, Washington. 
 
 B. M. Woods, Assistant Professor of Theoretical Me- 
 chanics, is President of the Academic Board of the School 
 of Military Aeronautics. 
 
 B. R. Van Leer, Instructor in Mechanical Engineering, 
 is First Lieutenant, Engineer Reserve Corps, Camp Lewis, 
 Washington. 
 
 G. L. Greves, Instructor in Electrical Engineering, has 
 given instruction in Military Transmission of Intelligence 
 to University and other students. During the 1918 Sum- 
 mer Session he gave a six weeks' elementary course in radio 
 communication. It is planned to continue this work in the 
 fall semester, w^ith instruction in radio transmission, includ- 
 ing commercial and military equipment, elementary tele- 
 graphy, telephony and circuit work. Code practice will be 
 included. 
 
 D. W. Dickie, Lecturer of Marine Engineering and 
 Naval Architecture, has been practically in charge of the 
 instruction in Marine Engineering and Naval Architecture 
 in the course of naval preparation since January 5, 1918, 
 and, since May 20, of the engineering course of the United 
 States Shipping Board School at the University. 
 
 A. B. Domonoske, Instructor in Mechanical Engineer- 
 ing, has given instruction in the engineering course of the 
 United States Shipping Board School at the University. 
 
 L. B. Clark, Mechanic in Electrical Laboratory, has 
 been a member of the technical staff of the School of Mili- 
 tary Aeronautics since July 15, 1917. 
 
 E. J. McDonald, Mechanic in Steam and Gas Labora- 
 tory, has been an assistant in the laboratories in the engi- 
 neering course of the United States Shipping Board School 
 since Mav 20.
 
 114 VNIVEESITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 MEDICAL SCHOOL 
 
 The University of California Medical School has some- 
 what modified its curriculum in order to better prepare 
 students for their work in the Army and Navy. It has also 
 contributed many of its staff for active government service, 
 chief among whom may be mentioned : 
 
 Dr. H. C. Mofiit, Professor of Medicine and Dean of 
 the Medical School, Major and Chief of Medical Service 
 at Camp Travis, Texas (until February, 1918) ; Dr. E. S. 
 Kilgore, Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, Major; 
 Dr. J. L. Wliitney, Assistant Clinical Professor of Medi- 
 cine, Captain in the Air Service ; Dr. J. B. Frankenheimer, 
 Instructor in Medicine, Major; Dr. E. J. Best, Instructor 
 in Medicine, Captain; Dr. E. H. Falconer, Instructor in 
 Medicine, Captain; Dr. J. M. Rehfish, Assistant in Medi- 
 cine, Lieutenant ; Dr. "W. W. Behlow, Assistant in Medicine, 
 Lieutenant, U. S. N. ; Dr. Lovell Langstroth, Instructor in 
 Medicine, on local exemption board ; Dr. L. H. Briggs, 
 Instructor in Medicine, on local exemption board ; Dr. G. H. 
 Evans, Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, Chief 
 Medical Examiner on the State Advisory Board, No. 5 ; 
 Dr. S. H. Hurwitz, Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, 
 assisting Dr. Evans; Dr. G. E. Ebright, Assistant Clinical 
 Professor of Medicine, President of the State Board of 
 Health. 
 
 Department of Surgery 
 
 At the suggestion of the Surgeon-General of the Army, 
 Dr. T. W. Huntington, Emeritus Professor of Clinical 
 Surgery, made arrangements whereby selected groups of 
 medical officers from the United States Army would be 
 instructed for a period of one month in the surgical treat- 
 ment of fractures, wounds and shock. On March 12, 1918, 
 the first class of twelve Medical Reserve officers, followed 
 by a second group on April 16, received instruction from
 
 WAE SERVICE RECORD, 1917-18 115 
 
 members of the University of California Medical School, 
 aided by faculty members of the Stanford University 
 School and b}^ faculty members of the Stanford University 
 of Medicine. 
 
 The Department of Surgery began the organization of 
 Base Hospital Unit, No, 30, and gave intensive instruction 
 to a considerable number of the enlisted personnel. 
 
 The following doctors have gone forth from the depart- 
 ment for immediate government service : 
 
 Alanson "Weeks, Instructor in Surgerj^; W. I. Bald- 
 win, Instructor in Orthopedic Surgery; H. C. Naffziger, 
 Instructor in Surgery; F. C. Lewitt, Instructor in Laryn- 
 gology, Otology and Rhinology; H, S. Thomson, Instruc- 
 tor in Surger}^; L. P. Howe, Instructor in Surgery; L. C. 
 Abbott, in the Department of Surgery; Henry Horn, 
 Assistant in Laryngology, Otology and Rhinology ; W. A. 
 Fisher, Assistant in Orthopedic Surgery ; J. Visalli, Assist- 
 ant in Surgery ; J. H. Woolsey, Assistant in Surgery ; F. H. 
 Shook, Voluntary Assistant in Laryngology, Otology and 
 Rhinology; A. G. Gibson, Voluntary Assistant in Surgery; 
 Hudson Smythe, Assistant in Urology ; C. A, Wills, Volun- 
 tary Assistant in Surgery. _ 
 
 Department of Pathology 
 
 The Department of Pathology is taking an active part 
 in the instruction of Medical Reserve Corps officers, largely 
 under the direction of Dr. G. Y. Rusk, Associate Professor 
 of Pathology. These officers receive demonstrations in gross 
 pathological anatomy, special emphasis being laid on the 
 clinical-pathological correlation in autopsy technic, when 
 opportunity offers, and in surgical pathology. It is also 
 planning a series of investigations in the pathology of 
 anaerobic infections, a better knowledge of which is now 
 necessary for field surgery.
 
 116 UNIVEBSITY OF CALIFOHNIA 
 
 Department of Orthopedic Surgery 
 
 The Department of Orthopedic Surgery has given in- 
 struction in the handling of plaster, making of bandages, 
 application of casts, etc. It has sent two doctors to the 
 British War Hospital at Edinburgh, and has supplied its 
 quota to Base Hospital Unit, No. 30. Dr. H. H. Markel, 
 Assistant in Orthopedic Surgery, has examined several sea- 
 men from the Navy Yard. 
 
 Department of Pediatrics 
 
 The Department of Pediatrics has contributed the fol- 
 lowing men for the service : Dr. W. P. Lucas, Professor of 
 Pediatrics, one of the organizers of the Medical and Social 
 Service Work and Civilian Relief in France; Dr. H. K. 
 Berkley, Assistant in Pediatrics, Army Medical Corps; 
 Dr. Linton Gerdine, Assistant in Pediatrics, Navy; Dr. 
 C. F. Gelston, Assistant in Pediatrics, aiding Dr. Lucas 
 in France. 
 
 Department of Pathology and Bacteriology 
 
 The war work of the Department of Pathology and 
 Bacteriology began, with the appointment of F. P. Gay, 
 Professor of Pathology as a member of the Medical Section 
 of the National Research Council and the California State 
 Council of Defense, early in 1917. This was soon followed 
 by an appointment as consulting expert under the Ameri- 
 can Red Cross for advice in medical problems arising in 
 naval training stations. The first call in this line of duty 
 came in June, 1917, from the Station on Yerba Buena 
 Lsland, where a number of cases of cerebro-spinal menin- 
 gitis had occurred among recruits. Professor Gay, being 
 absent on vacation, delegated Ivan C. Hall, Assistant Pro- 
 fessor of Bacteriology, to act in his stead. The latter 
 cooperated with Surgeon P. S. Rossiter, U. S. N., Senior 
 Medical Officer, and Assistant Surgeon A. J. Minaker in 
 the establisliment of a bacteriological laboratorv and the
 
 WAR SERVICE RECORD, 1917-18 117 
 
 development of suitable methods for the detection of 
 meningitis carriers. Upwards of 8000 recruits have been 
 examined with the result that even with a greatly' increased 
 and congested population there have been far fewer cases 
 of cerebro-spinal meningitis during the year than during 
 the previous twelve months. As soon as Professor Gay 
 returned, he undertook the investigation of a skin reaction 
 produced by injection of an extract of meningococcus cul- 
 tures, which it was hoped would simplify the technic of 
 isolating carriers. An article entitled "The Occurrence 
 of a Positive Intracutaneous Reaction in Meningococcus 
 Carriers," was published in the Journal of the American 
 Medical Association, January 26, 1918 (vol. 70, p. 215). 
 
 The preparation of the above mentioned extract led to 
 an investigation by Miss Dolores E. Bradley, Assistant in 
 Bacteriology, and Professor Hall of the question of suit- 
 able methods for the maintenance of meningococcus cul- 
 tures, these organisms along with certain other highly para- 
 sitic bacteria having been found to require meticulous 
 care in their repeated propagation under artificial condi- 
 tions. Miss Bradley's work has resulted in a method of 
 culture of meningococci which tremendously simplifies the 
 problem of maintenance and transportation of these organ- 
 isms for experimental and diagnostic purposes and in the 
 manufacture of antimeningitis serum. Her article will 
 appear over her name in tlie Journal of the American 
 Medical Association, having been accepted under the title 
 "Simple Methods for Prolonging the Viability of Menin- 
 gococcus Cultures." 
 
 During the autumn of 1917 Professor Gay was ap- 
 pointed alternate director of the Metchnikotf, one of the 
 four Pullman cars specially equipped by the American 
 Red Cross for bacteriological laboratory purposes to be 
 used in conection with outbreaks of infectious diseases in 
 the national cantonments. A volunteer scientific staff was 
 recruited, among whom were Professor Hall and Dr. C. L. 
 A. Schmidt, Research Assistant in Pathology, in addition
 
 118 UNIVEBSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 to Professor Gay. The initial trip in this laboratory car 
 was made to Kelley Field No. 1, San Antonio, Texas, Pro- 
 fessor Ga}^ in the meanwhile having been appointed Major 
 in the United States Army Medical Corps. A further in- 
 vestigation of methods for the simplification of technic in 
 isolation of meningococcus carriers was made. 
 
 Certain investigations being conducted within the de- 
 partment have a definite bearing on problems of war, e.g., 
 the preparation of taurin, its fate on injection, and use 
 in the therapy of tuberculosis ; these are being made by 
 Dr. Schmidt and Mr. Thomas "Watson under grants from 
 the State Council of Defense and the George Williams 
 Hooper Foundation for Medical Research. Dr. Schmidt 
 has also engaged in investigations of certain anesthetics. 
 Miss Ruth Stone, Edith Claypole Research Assistant in 
 Pathology, has continued a study of the typhoid carrier 
 condition, has aided Dr. Schmidt in the study of tubercu- 
 losis, and has made some preliminary studies on the lytic 
 action of certain bile salts on pneumococci. Professor Hall 
 in collaboration with Mrs. L. J. Ellefson and other research 
 students has continued and completed certain phases of 
 study in connection with the group of anaerobic bacteria 
 which are so prominent in the causation of gaseous gan- 
 grene, the most pressing bacteriological problem of the war. 
 In the same group of organisms is found the most danger- 
 ous cause of food poisoning. Bacillus hotulinus; several 
 instances have been investigated during the past year. It 
 happens also that similar organisms introduce a factor of 
 considerable error in the sanitary examination of drinking 
 water and milk ; a method has been devised obviating 
 approximately 90 per cent of the errors due to this cause, 
 publication of which is promised in the July number of 
 the Journal of Bacteriology under the title "The Elim- 
 ination of Spurious Presumptive Tests for B. Coli in Water 
 by the Use of Gentian Violet," and "A Brief Note on the 
 Use of Gentian Violet in Presumptive Tests for B. Coli in 
 Milk with Reference to Sporulating Anaerobes." There
 
 WAE SERVICE BECOED, 1917-lS 119 
 
 was also published in Science, December 7, 1917 (vol. 46, 
 p. 570), an article entitled "A Note on the Anaerobic Cul- 
 ture of Anaerobes at Higher Temperatures." 
 
 Department of Ophthalmology 
 
 The Department of Ophthalmology has examined the 
 eyes of fifteen hundred applicants for the Aviation Corps, 
 and has given considerable instruction to oculists vs^ho had 
 entered the Red Cross units and branches of the Medical 
 Reserve Corps. 
 
 Department of Neurology 
 
 The Department of Neurology has contributed 100 per 
 cent of its staff to war work. Dr. R. L. Richards, Lecturer 
 in Psychiatry, Dr. C. L. Tranter, Assistant in Neurology, 
 and Dr. H. W. Wright, Assistant in Neurology, are all in 
 service. Dr. Eva C. Reid, Assistant in Psychiatry, is 
 abroad with the Women's Red Cross; Dr. V. H. Podstata, 
 Lecturer in Psychiatry, has received a commission; and 
 Dr. R. W. Harvey, Instructor in Neurology, and Dr. M. B. 
 Lennon, Assistant Clinical Professor of Neurology, have 
 served on advisory boards as medical examiners. 
 
 Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology 
 
 The Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology 
 has been chiefly engaged in the study of the properties 
 and actions of Tethelin, the growth-controlling substance 
 from the anterior lobe of the pituitary body which has been 
 shown to stimulate the healing of otherwise slowly healing 
 wounds. This substance was the important discovery of 
 Dr. T. Brailsford Robertson, Professor of Biochemistry. 
 The substance having only recently been discovered, many 
 features of its action are still obscure, and these are being 
 worked out as rapidly as means and facilities permit. The 
 experiments on the various aspects of the growth of animals 
 are very laborious, as may be judged from the fact that
 
 120 UNIFEBSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 during the past two years over seven thousand weighings 
 of animals treated with Tethelin have been made, together 
 with some thirtj" thousand weighings of control animals or 
 of animals receiving other substances suspected of exerting 
 action upon the growth of tissues. The statistical handling 
 of these figures is in itself a very onerous task. The feed- 
 ing and care of so many animals has been a great work and 
 expense ; yet the numbers employed have been insufficient 
 to enable the department to elucidate the various actions 
 of Tethelin as rapidly as is desirable. Nevertheless distinct 
 headway has been made, although our results are still far 
 from complete. 
 
 In collaboration with Dr. E. L. Barney of the Depart- 
 ment of Surgery a series of experiments upon the action 
 of Tethelin on chronic ulcers has been carried out with 
 striking success. Ulcers of from two months to eleven 
 years standing, previously treated without success by a 
 variety of methods, were in every case cured by treatment 
 with Tethelin. The maximum number of applications re- 
 quired, in a case of eleven years standing, was twenty. 
 
 The University of California having leased its patent 
 riglits in Tethelin to the H. K. Mulford Company of Phila- 
 delphia, the problem of practical manufacture has been 
 taken up hy them in collaboration with this department. A 
 series of practical difficulties have been successfully solved 
 and the large scale production of Tethelin is now well 
 under way, so that it will soon be available for general 
 medical and surgical use. 
 
 Another phase of research having strong bearing upon 
 the war has been the thorough investigation by Dr. E. S. 
 Sundstroem during the past three years, of the effects of 
 high altitude upon metabolism. He has complied a mono- 
 graph upon this subject from the results of very numerous 
 a)id laborious analj^ses. These resvTlts which will shortly 
 be published have a strong bearing on the question of 
 aviation sickness. He has reached the conclusion, which 
 Avould seem to be adequately supported by his results, that
 
 WAK SERVICE RECOEB, 1917-18 121 
 
 mountain sickness is due to an alkalosis, or increase in the 
 alkalinity of the blood, which the body combats by an 
 accelerated excretion of alkaline bases. This work is now 
 to be extended and confirmed by further experiments, and 
 to this end a large vacuum chamber has been constructed 
 in which animals can be placed and kept at reduced atmos- 
 pheric pressure for prolonged periods of time. 
 
 Department of Physiology 
 
 The most important war service of the Department of 
 Physiology has been its regular work in the teaching of 
 medical students, a number of whom after being drafted 
 have been sent back by the military authorities to complete 
 their medical education. Other work in instruction of the 
 department is a necessary part of the education of nurses 
 and of persons preparing for public health service. 
 
 In the latter part of April, Assistant Professor T. C. 
 Burnett went to Camp Kearney to act as Associate Field 
 Director in the American Red Cross. He has devoted the 
 long summer vacation to this work. 
 
 The research work of the department all has more or 
 less direct bearing on medical progress. Associate Professor 
 S. S. Maxwell has been engaged in a study of the effect 
 of certain drugs on the central nervous system. He has 
 also made progress on a mechanical device for the rapid 
 calculation of the proportion of the various food principles 
 in dietaries and inidvidual ration allowances. 
 
 Assistant Professor Burnett has attempted the applica- 
 tion of an internal lavage of wounds by the production of 
 an increased lymph flow. Instructor Lillian M. ]\Ioore has 
 studied intensively the effect on body temperature of cer- 
 tain brain injuries ; two parts of this work are completed 
 and will appear in the June number of the American 
 Journal of Physiology. Assistant J. A. Larson has been 
 engaged on the study of the effect of extracts of the endo- 
 crine glands on the growth of tissue.
 
 122 VNIVEESITY OF CALIFOENIA 
 
 Dr. E. S. May has made encouraging progress in the 
 study of the pathway of temperature impulses in the spinal 
 cord, a matter of great importance in diagnosis of results 
 of certain sorts of wounds. 
 
 Los Angeles Medical Department 
 
 The Los Angeles Medical Department of the University 
 became engaged in aviation examination work at the be- 
 ginning of the w^ar, and word has just been received from 
 the War Department that it is desired again to start this 
 work in Los Angeles for the entire Pacific southwest. The 
 Los Angeles Medical Department has loaned a large portion 
 of its hospital building to the Medical Examining Board 
 of the Los Angeles District. The department has in con- 
 templation a plan whereby graduate instruction may be 
 given to medical officers in the near-by camps and canton- 
 ments, and also to such other physicians as are entering 
 the service and likely to be called upon by the government 
 to do a certain amount of hospital work. 
 
 Hooper Foundation for Medical Research 
 
 The Hooper Foundation offered a course in laboratory 
 training, open to women, during the summer session of 
 1918, the object being to prepare individuals for technical 
 positions in the base hospitals. There is urgent need for 
 such technicians. 
 
 Each month a group of army officers is detailed to the 
 school for intensive training. This work takes consider- 
 able time, but the teachers in charge have faithfully dis- 
 charged all their other duties in addition to this new 
 branch of service. 
 
 Dr. K. F. Meyer, Associate Professor of Tropical Medi- 
 cine, applied himself to studying typhoid carriers, the epi- 
 demiology of dysentery infections on the Pacific Coast, 
 types of pneumococci and streptococci found in cases of 
 pneumonia, spore-bearing anaerobes responsible for gas
 
 WAE SEEVICE EECOED, 1917-18 123 
 
 gangrene, and toxin production of anaerobes concerned in 
 wound infections. The school is now in possession of a 
 complete series of anaerobes isolated from war wounds in 
 France. 
 
 Dr. Alice Rohde, Assistant Professor of Research Medi- 
 cine, has been engaged in an experimental study of Dakin's 
 Solution with particular reference to its action on ferment 
 and autolysis of various tissues. 
 
 Dr. E. L. Walker, Associate Professor of Tropical 
 Medicine, has investigated the treatment of carriers of 
 andamoebic dj'sentery, and the chemotherapy of infectious 
 diseases due to the acid-fast bacilli, with special reference 
 to tuberculosis. He has also investigated the obscure eti- 
 ology of certain infectious diseases — leishmaniasis, myositis, 
 purulenta tropica, granuloma inguinale, etc., with material 
 collected in South America. 
 
 Although Dr. C. W. Hooper, Assistant Professor of 
 Research Medicine, has been called to the Hygienic Labor- 
 atory in Washington, Mrs. F. W. Robscheit, Fellow in the 
 Hooper Research Laboratory, and Dr. G. H. Whipple, 
 Professor of Research Medicine and Director of the Hooper 
 Foundation for Medical Research, are continuing the 
 work of studying pigment metabolism and anemia. Dr. 
 Whipple, assisted by Messrs. Davis, Foster and McQuarrie, 
 is investigating the peculiar condition of shock which de- 
 velops in animals, caused by dilution of the blood plasma 
 effected by plasmapharesis. The exchange of fluid between 
 the blood and tissue has a definite bearing on clinical shock.
 
 124 UNIFEESITY OF CALIFOBNIA 
 
 DEPAETMENT OF MINING AND METALLURGY 
 
 The facilities of the College of Mining, its teaching staff 
 and several of the stndents have been employed in work 
 thought to be of importance at this time. Supplementing 
 these activities, experiments of value in devising ways and 
 means of increasing the production of metals, the demand 
 for which has been created by the war, have been greatly 
 encouraged. 
 
 An exhaustive study has been made of the possibilities 
 of concentrating, beneticiating and rendering available the 
 low grade, manganese ores of California, particularh^ for 
 use in the manufacture of ferroalloys. A very compre- 
 hensive and exhaustive report was prepared by E. A. Her- 
 sam, Associate Professor of Metallurgy, and published in 
 the Universit}^ of California Press, March 26, 1918 (Engi- 
 neering ser., vol. 2, pp. 1-56). The great demand for 
 copies of this work has led to its wide circulation through- 
 out the state. 
 
 The treatment of antimony ores with particular refer- 
 ence to the temperature conditions of roasting was studied 
 by G. McM. Ross, under direction of the department. The 
 results of this work are now being utilized and are available 
 for public information. 
 
 In cooperation with the California State Mining Bureau, 
 a complete study of the possibilities of concentrating quick- 
 silver ores has been undertaken, the results of which were 
 made the subject matter of a thesis presented by W. W. 
 Bradley for the degree of mining engineer in the Univer- 
 sity, A report will be issued by the California State 
 ]\Iining Bureau reviewing the metallurgical treatment of 
 quicksilver ores, and embodying the results of his researches. 
 
 V. S. Chow, under the guidance of the department, 
 investigated the conditions prevailing in the distillation 
 and condensation of cinnabar ore. His conclusions are 
 offered for the master's degree in metallurgy.
 
 WAR SEEVICE BECOBB, 1917-18 125 
 
 The electrical equipment for electrofusion experimen- 
 tation has been completed and certain initial work in 
 electrometallurgy has been carried on. This will be con- 
 tinued in the studies of ferroalloys. 
 
 An extended series of experiments to determine limi- 
 tations in the oil flotation of manganese ores has been 
 conducted by A. M. Sperry, a senior in the College of 
 Mining. 
 
 In the hope of finding an economical and commercial 
 method of concentrating chromite-bearing sands of the 
 western coast, many elaborate experiments were conducted 
 by E. V. Daveler and H. I. Altshuler. The results, while 
 not immediately practical, are nevertheless sufficiently 
 encouraging to justify continued investigation. 
 
 Dr. S. Trood and H. B. Hyder have, under the direction 
 of W. S. Morley, Assistant Professor of Metallurgj^ experi- 
 mented on the possibilities of the direct reduction of iron, 
 manganese and other ores ; the information thus obtained 
 led to the building of a test plant at Herroult, California. 
 This type of work is vital to the solution of many problems 
 in the economy of iron production in the "West. 
 
 Mr. John Bouse, under the direction of Professor Her- 
 sam, conducted some large scale experiments to determine 
 the possibilities of recovering and refining copper from 
 waste metal such as brass, bronze and foundry sweepings, 
 by hydroelectrolytic treatment. The result, thus far, has 
 thrown light on the great problem of preventing waste of 
 valuable metal and adding to the nation 's supply of refined 
 materials. 
 
 Charles A. Hyder has critically investigated the possi- 
 bility of the manufacture of ferromagnesite used in the 
 steel industry, hoping to be able to make an acceptable 
 substitute for the magnesite heretofore imported from 
 Austria. 
 
 Professor Morley has made a number of metallographic 
 investigations on the steel parts used in airplane motors 
 for the Hall-Scott Motor Company, and has also conducted
 
 126 UNIFEESITY OF CALIFOENIA 
 
 detailed microscopic analyses of steel for the Equipment 
 Production Engineering Department of the United States 
 Signal Corps. 
 
 L. C. Uren, Assistant Professor of Mining, made some 
 preliminary investigations of the blanketing action of cer- 
 tain froths in preventing evaporation losses of oils. He 
 also delivered a course of eight lectures on the Mechanical 
 Handling of Industrial Materials in the Ordnance Store- 
 keepers' School on the Campus. He devoted four hours a 
 week to the University of California Military Bureau as 
 assistant manager. As assistant to the Fuel Oil Adminis- 
 trator of California, Professor Uren has undertaken special 
 investigative work in the California oil fields. Professor 
 Uren has been commissioned Captain in the Chemical War- 
 fare Service and has been sent overseas. 
 
 The Berkeley Experiment Station of the United States 
 Bureau of Mines, under the direction of Dr. L. H. Duschak, 
 has devoted its energies during the last year exclusively to 
 the investigation of problems bearing directly on the pro- 
 duction of war minerals. A few advanced students of the 
 College of Mining have collaborated in this work.
 
 WAR SEBVICE JRECOED, 1017-18 127 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PALEONTOLOGY 
 
 J. C. Merriam, Professor of Palaeontology and Historic 
 Geology, has been made chairman of the scientific branch 
 of the State and National Council of Defense and is now 
 in Washington, D. C, engaged in work of a highly impor- 
 tant character for the National Council of Defense. 
 
 Chester Stock, Research Assistant in Palaeontology, is 
 a member of the Pacific Coast Research Conference. 
 
 Mussel Survey 
 
 The chief work of the Department of Palaeontology has 
 been its survey of mussels in California as embodied in its 
 report to the Zoological Committee of the State Council of 
 Defense. 
 
 The mussel survey of the coast of California was begun 
 by C. A. Kofoid, Professor of Zoology. The general pur- 
 pose was to encourage, so far as possible, the use of mussels 
 as food, the object being to increase both the supply and 
 the demand. In order to increase the supply, it was 
 planned to induce the canneries along the coast to pack 
 mussels. As a direct aid to the canneries, it was proposed 
 to make a survey of the coast to determine where the shell- 
 fish could be found in abundance, and also to determine as 
 far as possible the tonnage which the canneries might ex- 
 pect to collect at different localities. 
 
 Professor Kofoid began his work early in the summer 
 of 1917. The publicity part of the work was delayed, 
 however, due to the occurrence during the summer of sev- 
 eral cases of mussel poisoning, raising the question as to 
 whether it was safe to encourage further the use of mussels 
 at this time. 
 
 The Bureau of Fisheries detailed two men, E. P. Ran- 
 kin, Biologist of the ship "Albatross," and H. L. Kelly, 
 Statistician, to work under Professor Kofoid 's direction. 
 Professor Kofoid also asked Bruce L. Clark, Instructor in
 
 128 UNirEESITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Palaeontology of the University, to help in the quanti- 
 tative survey. Messrs. Rankin, Kelly, and Clark were 
 directed to make a detailed examination of the quantity 
 of mussels along the California coast. Mr, Kelly was 
 assigned to the coast south of San Francisco, while the 
 coast north of San Francisco to the Oregon line was 
 assigned to the other two. This work was begun about 
 the last of October, 1917. On account of winds and rains 
 the survey in the north was discontinued about Decem- 
 ber 1. 
 
 A large part of Professor Kofoid's attention was given 
 to the study of the mussel-poisoning problem, and a series 
 of tests on guinea pigs was made in cooperation with the 
 State Board of Health. The final conclusions were that 
 mussel poisoning is not apt to occur provided the shellfish 
 are collected in the proper places and at the right time of 
 the year and that if the proper precautions are taken in 
 collecting the mussels, they are a good substitute for fish 
 and meats. 
 
 When Professor Kofoid entered the Sanitary Corps of 
 the United States Army he asked Dr. Clark to continue the 
 work of the survey, as chairman of the subcommittee. It 
 was agreed that Mr. Rankin should be a member of the 
 committee and that the two, with further cooperation from 
 Mr. Kelley, should continue the work. 
 
 The main purpose of the survey of the distribution and 
 abundance of the mussel, Mytilns californicus, along the 
 coast of California is to determine its possible commercial 
 utilization as a food product. It is proposed, in carrying 
 on this investigation, to visit all the important localities 
 along the coast where the mussel is found in any great 
 abundance. The preliminary report on the distribution of 
 Mytilus californiciis in California by Dr. Harold Heath 
 et at. to the California Fish and Game Commission is being 
 used as a guide to the most important localities. At every 
 locality where mussels are present in sufficient quantity, 
 an estimate is to be made of the tonnage. This will be done
 
 WAR SEEVICE BECOED, 1917-18 129 
 
 by obtaining an estimate of the square yards of area cov- 
 ered by the mussels ; from this, the weight can be computed 
 with fair accuracy. Tests to determine the accuracy of 
 such measurements have been made. 
 
 An estimate of the amount of meat per ton of the 
 unshucked mussels is being made. This will be checked 
 against canners' experience. 
 
 Notes are being taken as to the conditions under which 
 the shellfish will have to be gathered at the various locali- 
 ties, and also as to the accessibility of the different localities 
 to the market or canneries. The question of the rate of 
 growth of the individuals has been studied in order to 
 ascertain the proper lapse of time between successive col- 
 lecting periods. 
 
 Those making the survey are securing all available 
 information concerning the different cases of mussel poison- 
 ing, and also all possible data concerning the enemies of the 
 mussels, and the parasitic diseases with which they may 
 be infected. 
 
 A stud}^ is being made as to the size at which the mussel 
 is most edible, and in this connection all data on the food 
 value of the shellfish and methods of preparing it for the 
 table are being collected. 
 
 Data as to period of spawning and the sexual characters 
 of the species are being brought together, while suggestions 
 will be sought as to methods of collecting, marketing and 
 canning. 
 
 A campaign has been begun to accpiaint the public with 
 the possibilities of the mussel as a food. A series of articles 
 on the mussel, its value as a food, etc., is being sent to about 
 six hundred newspapers throughout the state. I\I. E. Jaffa, 
 Professor of Nutrition, has consented to write a University 
 bulletin, and has also prepared popular articles for news- 
 papers on the food value of the mussel. Miss Jessica 
 Hazzard, of the Los Angeles State Normal School, is bring- 
 ing together all known recipes for cooking mussels, and is 
 experimenting to discover new ways of preparing this food.
 
 130 UNIVEBSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 The results of her experiments also will be published as a 
 bulletin. 
 
 Mr. Rankin has written to all the canneries along the 
 California coast to find out whether they are willing to 
 commence canning mussels. A number of replies have been 
 received, and in every case the answer has been that if the 
 canneries could be assured a market for the product they 
 would be very glad to can them. 
 
 Further investigations of the cause of mussel poisoning 
 have been conducted. While it is believed, with Professor 
 Kofoid, that mussel poisoning is not a serious danger pro- 
 vided the necessary precautions are taken in collecting, yet 
 it seemed best to have more positive evidence to present to 
 the public as to the causes. "With this in mind, arrange- 
 ments were made with the State Board of Health to 
 continue the experiments on guinea pigs. It is proposed 
 to subject the live mussels to different degrees of heat for 
 different lengths of time, after they have been taken out 
 of the water, in order to ascertain whether or not the poison- 
 ing is really due to heat and exposure. Dr. T. B. Robert- 
 son, former Professor of Biochemistry of the University, 
 has written a statement as to the possible character of the 
 poisoning. A circular letter has been sent to all the physi- 
 cians connected with the State Board of Health, asking for 
 information concerning mussel poisoning.
 
 WAE SEEVICE EECOBD, 1917-18 131 
 
 CALIFOENIA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY 
 
 The College of Pharmacy has responded promptly to 
 every government call for pharmacists, with the result that 
 ninety-one graduates and students are in the military 
 service of the country. A gold star, representing J. M. 
 Simmons, class of '14, marks the service flag. A course in 
 Military Hygiene and First Aid has been of material assist- 
 ance to the military authorities about the bay counties. 
 
 Dr. H. M. Simmons, Associate Professor of Materia 
 Medica and Pharmacy, and Lecturer on Toxicology, and 
 Dr. H. B. Carey, Professor of Botany, Materia Medica 
 and Physiology, and Instructor in Anatomy, Histology, 
 Materia Medica and Therapeutics, are serving the exemp- 
 tion boards in their districts.
 
 132 UNIFEESITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 DEPAETMENT OF PHYSICS 
 
 The shop of the Department of Physics has been used 
 for the construction of special apparatus and for repair 
 work for the School of Military Aeronautics, for the Signal 
 Corps under the direction of Captain G. M. Stratton, Pro- 
 fessor of Psychology, and for the Shipping Board under 
 the direction of E. E. Hall, Associate Professor of Physics. 
 
 L. T. Jones, Instructor in Physics, is First Lieuten- 
 ant in the Aviation Corps; W. P. Koop, Instructor in 
 Physics, is Lieutenant in the Naval Reserve ; Grandison 
 Garner, Assistant in Physics, is Second Lieutenant in the 
 Army; C. E. Pierce, Assistant in Physics, is in Company 
 B, California Engineers ; H. 0. Russell, Assistant in 
 Physics, is in the Aviation Corps ; L. A. Welo, Assistant in 
 Physics, has been detailed to the Forest Testing Labora- 
 tory, C. H. Kunsman, Whitney Fellow in Physics, is civi- 
 lian instructor in the School of Military Aeronautics ; H. H. 
 Anderson, Whiting Fellow in Physics, is enlisted in the 
 Signal Corps ; Paul Taylor, Assistant in Physics, is civilian 
 instructor in the School of Military Aeronautics. 
 
 E. P. Lewis, Professor of Physics, has served in a con- 
 fidential capacity for the National Research Council. He 
 is chairman of the Physics Committee and a member of the 
 Committee on Engineering and Invention of the Confer- 
 ence Committee of the State Council of Defense. 
 
 Professor Hall has carried out certain tests in connec- 
 tion with the research work of the United States Shipping 
 Board.
 
 IVAE SERVICE RECORD, 1917-18 133 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Under normal conditions the activities of the Depart- 
 ment of Ph^'sical Education for Men are largely of such 
 a nature that they may be classed legitimately as military 
 training. It is the aim of the department to maintain and 
 improve the health of all male students, and to develop in 
 them those mental, moral and physical traits imperative 
 to success in military life. The method of procedure fol- 
 lowed b}' the department during the past three years is 
 cited b}' the oifice of the United States Commissioner of 
 Education in his recommendations to the National Council 
 of Defense as typical of the method of physical education 
 to be followed throughout the colleges of the country as an 
 aid in military training. 
 
 The chief war work of a specific nature in which the 
 department has been engaged is that of organizing and 
 conducting the athletics of the School of Military Aero- 
 nautics. 
 
 This department has also given special instruction to 
 the University of California cadet officers for the purpose 
 of fitting them to drill men in the official army calisthenics 
 as set forth by Major Koehler of West Point; it has like- 
 wise trained the prospective naval officers enrolled in the 
 naval preparation course at the University in the official 
 Navy calisthenics. These differ decidedly from those of 
 tlie Army. 
 
 In the organization of teachers' training courses for 
 both the fall and summer session, this department has been 
 making special efforts to meet the overwhelming demand 
 for competent teachers in tliis field. It is also expecting 
 to lend assistance to the Medical School in the development 
 of its prospective plan for the training of reconstrnetion 
 aides. 
 
 Classes have been organized to accommodate facidty 
 men, several of whom have undertaken the work to fit 
 themselves for military service.
 
 13-4 UNIVEESITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Special corrective gymnastics have been conducted for 
 the correction of flat-foot and kindred ailments barring- 
 men from the military service, A bulletin on foot hygiene 
 and the correction of flat-foot was compiled for publication 
 by the Military Bureau. This bulletin has been in great 
 demand and has been highlj' appreciated by various mili- 
 tary authorities. 
 
 The members of the department are publishing, through 
 the American Physical Education Review, a Manual on 
 War Sports, for use in high schools and army camps. The 
 department has been asked by the Berkeley Board of 
 Education to make a survey of the Berkeley schools and 
 to recommend proper equipment and methods to meet the 
 double demand of military and physical training. 
 
 F. W. Cozens, Instructor in Physical Education, is 
 Instructor in Calisthenics in the School of Military Aero- 
 nautics. 
 
 The Department of Physical Education for Women is 
 represented on the honor roll l)y Miss Maude Cleveland, 
 Director of Women's Gymnasium and Assistant Professor 
 of Physical Education, who is serving the government in 
 France.
 
 WAi: SEIiriCE EECOED, 1917-18 135 
 
 SCRIPPS INSTITUTION FOR BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH 
 Kelp Industry 
 
 The function of the Institution in the kelp industry is to 
 supply the State Fish and Game Commission information 
 and advice based on scientific inquiry, as to when the dif- 
 ferent kelp beds shall be declared open and when closed, 
 i.e., when they may and when they may not be harvested, 
 the Connnission being empowered by law to make and 
 enforce the regulations. 
 
 The requisite information is obtained by general and 
 special inquiry. "General inquiry" consists in rather fre- 
 quent general examinations of the beds to ascertain the 
 state of growth, areal abundance, health, etc., of the plants. 
 "Special inquiry" consists in botanical studies on the 
 plants, such problems as their sporulation, embryogeny, 
 bacterial infection, etc., being involved. 
 
 The work is in the immediate charge of Mr. W. C. 
 Crandall, Business Agent of Scripps Institution. The 
 botanical investigations are being conducted by Dr. R. P. 
 Brandt. 
 
 The somewhat elaborate scheme of dividing the entire 
 kelp area into numbered units and securing a "gentle- 
 man's agreement" among the harvesting companies as to 
 who shall cut in different places, is largely due to Mr. 
 Crandall. Funds for prosecuting this work are derived 
 from a state imposed tonnage tax on the wet kelp harvested, 
 the proceeds being allotted jointly to the State Game and 
 Fish Commission and the Scripps Institution. 
 
 Fishing Industry 
 
 Work of the Institution relative to the fishing industry 
 is of several kinds and may be classified according to the 
 agencies by which they are carried on. 
 
 1. The Institution in cooperation witii the United States 
 Bureau of Fisheries.
 
 13(5 VNIVEESITY OF CALIFOEXIA 
 
 During and for some time after the fishing season of 
 1917, experimental fishing was carried on for the purpose 
 of ascertaining more definitely than the industrial fishing 
 has determined, the area over which tuna, the long finned 
 albacore, may be obtained ; where these fishes go when they 
 leave the fishing area in the fall, and other matters involv- 
 ing the distribution and life habits of the fish. The aim 
 of this work was to get information which would enable 
 the fishermen to ply their vocation more effectively and to 
 increase the output. 
 
 Also in connection with the Bureau of Fisheries, a 
 report, as exhaustive as possible, is being prepared on the 
 relation of the fishing done in waters under the jurisdiction 
 of the United States and tho'se of Mexican jurisdiction and 
 influence. The aim of this study is to ascertain the rela- 
 tive amounts of fish taken under the two jurisdictions and 
 from the high seas; conditions as to concessions for fish- 
 ing in Mexican waters, and as to fees and other cliarges 
 exacted hy the Mexican government and Mexicans ; and 
 other matters affecting the industry and international ques- 
 tions involved therein. 
 
 The Bureau of Fisheries furnishes the money expended 
 directly on these inquiries, the Institution contributing cer- 
 tain facilities, and some labor of its scientific staff and 
 workmen. The scientific director of the Institution has been 
 appointed Director of Operations by the Bureau for its 
 work in this region and Mr. W. C. Crandall, its special 
 agent for certain purposes. 
 
 2. The Institution in cooperation with the Bureau of 
 Chemistry and the Federal Food Administration. 
 
 The work here consists of experimentation on methods 
 of preserving fish other tlian canning. Smoking, kippering, 
 dry-salting and brine-salting are being tried, and various 
 species of fish are being utilized, special attention being 
 given to sardines too large for canning. 
 
 The Bureau of Chemistry has assigned an expert, Mr. 
 Horace Davi, to this work; the Institution providing
 
 ll'JE SERVICE RKCORD, 1017-18 137 
 
 laboratory and other facilities aiid tiie fresh fish, in part, 
 used in the experiments. 
 
 3. In cooperation with the Council of Defense of Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 The problem undertaken in this connection was that of 
 bringing: the Institution's programme of research on the 
 plankton as the fundamental food supply of commercial 
 fishes, and on the hydrography of the fishing area as part 
 of the environment of the fishes, into the service of the 
 fishing industry. The aim here has been twofold: the 
 possible increase of productiveness of the industry, and 
 the furnishing of information on which to base regulative 
 and protective measures for the fishing industry. The 
 funds supplied by the Council of Defense for this work 
 during the last year will not be continued next year, but 
 the Institution plans to keep up the investigation in part, 
 at least, on its own account. 
 
 4. JMr. Crandall is serving as Fish Administrator for 
 Soutliern California under the National Food Administra- 
 tion. This responsible position absorbs the major part of 
 Mr. Crandall's time.
 
 ]38 UNIVEESITY OF CALIFOBXIA 
 
 SUMMER SESSIONS OF 1918 
 
 The two summer sessions of 1918 were war sessions. 
 The following courses w'ill give some idea of the channels 
 of work in which the students were engaged : Automobile 
 Construction, Contemporary Social Problems, Elementary 
 Bacteriologj% Elementary Cooking, Essentials of Public 
 Health, Europe since 1815, First Aid, Food and Dietetics, 
 French Civilization, Geography of Europe, General Ath- 
 letics, Government of Germany and Prussia, History of 
 Germany and Prussia, History of American Diplomatic 
 Kelations, Home Care of the Sick, Juvenile Delinquency, 
 Medical and Psychological Problems, Military German, 
 Military Sketching, Navigation and Nautical Astronomy, 
 Plane Trigonometry, Political Development of ]\Iodern 
 Russia, Political Institutions of France, Principles and 
 Practice of Vocational Guidance, Problems of Individual 
 and National Conduct, Radio Telegraphy. 
 
 Five definite schools occupied twelve weeks of intensive 
 war training: (1) School for the Training of Reconstruc- 
 tion Aides, (2) School for Nursing, (3) School of Social 
 Economics, (4) School for Stenographers, (5) School for 
 Laboratory' Technicians. 
 
 During both sessions a number of speakers representing- 
 various nations of the Allies and patriotic organizations, 
 addressed the students and the general public on war 
 topics. 
 
 For the first time in the history of the University a sum- 
 mer session was held in Los Angeles from June 24 to 
 August 3. The reports of attendance indicated that the 
 experiment was a decided success. 
 
 At Berkeley the attendance of 3417 far exceeded the 
 most sanguine anticipations. The total number of 4016 
 students registered at Los Angeles and at Berkeley was 
 greater than any previous summer session enrollment in 
 the history of the University. The popularity of the ses-
 
 iWili SERVICE FECOED, 1917-18 139 
 
 sioii was due, no doul)!, to the predominance of war courses 
 and to tlie feeling of the students that preparation for 
 personal efficiency was preparation for national service. 
 
 STUDENT PAETICIPATIOX IX WAR ACTIVITIES 
 
 The National Service Committee, an organization con- 
 sisting of seven students appointed by the President of the 
 Associated Students of the University of California, raised 
 $40,000 on the campus, this to be divided among the various 
 war and civilian charities. During the Second Liberty 
 Loan campaign, bonds to the extent of $73,000 were sold. 
 During the next campaign, the committee disposed of ap- 
 proximately $60,000 worth of bonds. 
 
 The University of California Auxiliary to the Berkeley 
 Chapter of the American Ked Cross maintains work rooms 
 in Hearst Hall which are open every afternoon. During 
 the year 1917-1918 the women of the University completed 
 more than 15,000 surgical dressings, 700 hospital garments, 
 2000 knitted articles, 425 Christmas packages, 200 pounds 
 of trench candles, and have equipped and sent out four 
 emergency kits. 
 
 More tiian two thousand dollars' worth of thrift stamps 
 have been sold, thousands of copies of the Daily Calif ornian 
 have been sent to the University's soldiers in France, and 
 the Ked Cross has been aided from time to time by dona- 
 tions of clothes, shoes, and money from the sale of paper.
 
 140 UNIVEBSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 WILMEEDING SCHOOL OF INDUSTEIAL AETS 
 
 Two hundred and thirty graduates of the Wilmerding 
 School of Industrial Arts are now in active service. Due to 
 their mechanical training, many of them have been assigned 
 to the signal corps, the aviation service, the auto-truck 
 service and other branches where such training is needed. 
 
 The active students are organized as a branch of the 
 Junior Red Cross. A fund of one thousand dollars has 
 been raised with which to manufacture hospital equipment 
 needed for various camp activities. The shop students are 
 also at work trying to solve an important problem for one 
 of the military hospitals, namely, to keep food warm while 
 in transit from the general kitchen to twenty-four different 
 wards, and while being served to the individual patients. 
 
 A ten weeks course in First Aid was well attended by 
 both boys and girls. The students have bought upwards of 
 a thousand dollars' worth of thrift stamps, and several class 
 organizations have bought liberty bonds. Many of the 
 boys are in the Boys' Working Reserve and have aided the 
 farmers throughout the state during the summer vacations. 
 
 B. 0. Weeks '16 went down with the Tuseania, and 
 C. Y. LeGal '17 died in France. 
 
 i\rr. F. M. Williams, teacher in science, has enlisted in 
 the service, and Mr. A. Hood, foreman in the electrical 
 shop, reported for duty on June 1, 1918. 
 
 Geo. A. Merrill, Director of the Wilmerding School, has 
 been a member of the San Mateo Count}' Draft Board since 
 July 1, 1917, serving as secretary of the board from July 1 
 to December 31, 1917, and as president since that time.
 
 WAE SEE VICE RECOFD, J 917-1 8 141 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY 
 
 Tlie principal work of tlie Department of Zoology has 
 been its active efforts to eradicate the hookworm from cer- 
 tain infested districts in California. Besides personal visits 
 to those districts, the staff has outtitted a room in East Hall 
 for rapidly making examinations to detect the presence of 
 the hookworm and other intestinal parasites. The results 
 thus far have been encouraging and give grounds for the 
 hope that the hookworm infection may be completely eradi- 
 cated from the state. 
 
 Dr. C. A. Kofoid, Professor of Zoology and Assistaiit 
 Director of the Scripps Institution of Biological Research, 
 and Dr. S. J. Holmes, Professor of Zoology, are members 
 of the Committee of Zoological Research of the State Coun- 
 cil of Defense. The former, in collaboration with Dr. B. L, 
 Clark, Instructor in the Department of Palaeontology, has 
 devoted considerable time to the study of mussel poisoning 
 in California. Dr. Kofoid is a Major in the Sanitary Corps, 
 and W. A. Boeck, graduate student, is Assistant in the 
 Sanitary Corps. 
 
 Dr. H. C. Bryant, Economic Ornithologist, California 
 Museum of Vertebrate Geology, is a member of the Sub- 
 committee of Zoological Investigations of the Pacific Coast 
 Research Conference. 
 
 A. L. Barrows, Instructor in Zoology, is First Lieuten- 
 ant, 0. R. C, Machine Gun Battalion.
 
 142 VNIVEESITY OF CJLIFOBXIA 
 
 PERSONAL SERVICES OF MEMBERS OF THE FACULTY 
 Department of Anthropology 
 
 Mr. W. C. McKern, Research Fellow in the Department 
 of Anthropology, has enlisted in the Army. Other mem- 
 bers of the staff have been prominent in Red Cross and 
 Liberty Loan drives. 
 
 School of Architecture 
 
 The School of Architecture has been of material aid to 
 the School of Military Aeronautics in contributing the use 
 of its rooms for the making of important maps. One mem- 
 ber of the staff is in the artiller}^ while the course in luival 
 engineering has claimed a number of architecture students. 
 Three of the women students are in service at Mare Island, 
 and a fourth one is assisting the Extension Division of the 
 University of California in courses on Naval Construction. 
 
 Department of Drawing and Art 
 
 P. W. Nahl, Instructor in Freehand Drawing and Art 
 Anatomy, has made a large map used for observation pur- 
 poses in the School of Aeronautics. Courses in drafting 
 have been designed to aid art students wiio enter branches 
 of the service requiring this teclmical know^ledge. 
 
 Herman Kower, Associate Professor of Drawing, is a 
 iiKMiiber of the Pacific Coast Research Conference. 
 
 Department of Education 
 
 C. E. Rugli, Professor of Education, is chairman of 
 •the State Committee in charge of the ''Go-to-College" cam- 
 paign instituted by the Committee on Education and 
 Special Training, War Department, Washington, D. C, 
 and endorsed by President Wilson and Secretary Frank- 
 lin K. Lane.
 
 W.iJx' SEFVICE BECOh'D, 1917-18 \ \.\ 
 
 W. W. Kemp, Professor of School Administration, for 
 the past year has been a niemV)er of tlie Children's Com- 
 mittee of the Associated Charities of San Francisco, which 
 committee has devoted itself almost entirely to the problem 
 of juvenile moral delincjuents as a menace to the military 
 cantonments in California. He has also been a member of a 
 joint committee selected from this and other civic agencies 
 in the state which assembled and placed before the Gover- 
 nor and the State Board of Control data concerning the 
 above problem. During May and June he was assistant in 
 the Military Bureau. 
 
 Department of English 
 
 C. M. Gayley, Professor of the English Language and 
 Literature, and Dean of the Faculties, is in the service of 
 the Liberty Loan Committee of the Twelfth Federal Re- 
 serve District, the Pacific Division of the American Red 
 Cross, the Y. M. C. A., the State Council of Defense, and 
 other i)atriotic organizations. He has delivered many 
 addresses and has written numerous articles in support of 
 the cause of the United States and the Allies. 
 
 W. M. Hart, Associate Professor of English Philology, 
 as Dean of the 1918 Summer Sessions, has organized the 
 courses of instruction with a view to their practical bearing- 
 upon immediate war service and the problems issuing from 
 the war. He is serving as one of the Four Minute Men. 
 
 B. P. Kurtz, Associate Professor of English, has spoken 
 during the Red Cross and War Savings Stamp drives and 
 has delivered war speeches in several of the high schools of 
 the state. 
 
 T. F. Sanford, Assistant Professor of English Litera- 
 ture, has aided the Red Cross in San Francisco. 
 
 G. R. MacMinn, Instructor in English, has assisted in 
 the Military Bureau; under the direction of this bureau 
 H. E. Cory, Assistant Professor of English, and A. G. 
 Brodeur, Instructor in English Philology, have written a 
 number of articles on subjects connected with the war.
 
 ]44 UNIVEESITY OF CALIFOBNIA 
 
 II. L. Bruce, Assistant Professor of English Composi- 
 tion during the summer of 1918, was temporarily employed 
 in one of the government's shipyards. 
 
 Leonard Bacon, Instructor in English, is Lieutenant in 
 the American Air Service, at San Diego ; R, H. Clark and 
 R. G, Ham, instructors in English, have entered the mili- 
 tarj^ service ; and Guy Montgomery, Instructor in English, 
 lias taken part in the activities of the Four Minute Men. 
 
 Department of Geography 
 
 The Department of Geography gave part of the instruc- 
 tion in the courses preparatory for naval service offered 
 during the University year 1917-18. The course in 
 Oceanography and Marine Meteorology was conducted by 
 R. S. Holway, Associate Professor of Physical Georgraphy, 
 and B. M. Varney, Instructor in Geography. 
 
 The School of Military Aeronautics has made use of the 
 department's laboratory for the construction of a model in 
 relief of a portion of Belgium. 
 
 Department of German 
 
 C. H. Bell, Instructor in German, has been commis- 
 sioned Captain in the Quartermaster's Division of the 
 United States Reserves and is on duty in the military 
 postoffice at Hoboken, New Jersey. H. K. Schilling, Pro- 
 fessor of the German Language and Literature, Franklyn 
 Schneider, Instructor in German, and L. M. Price, Instruc- 
 tor in German, have volunteered their services for war 
 work, and more recently have responded to a call from the 
 Office of Naval Intelligence, of the Navy Department, for 
 "linguists who speak and write German fluentl3^" At this 
 writing, however, they have not been given the opportunity 
 to do actual service.
 
 WAli SEEVICE BECOBI), 1917-18 U.3 
 
 Department of Greek 
 
 The activities of the Department of Greek have neces- 
 saril}' been confined to the personal endeavors of its staff. 
 J. T. Allen, Associate Professor of Greek, is associate mem- 
 ber of the Berkeley Board of Legal Advisors, while G. M. 
 Calhoun, Assistant Professor of Greek, has been Assistant 
 Manager of the Military Bureau. 
 
 Department of History 
 
 The Department of History has given a number of 
 courses bearing directly on the events that led to the 
 present war. II. Morse Stephens, Sather Professor of His- 
 tory, lectured during the spring term of 1918 on the History 
 of Europe since 1815. This course was duplicated in the 
 1918 Summer Session. 
 
 Herbert E. Bolton, Professor of American History and 
 Curator of Bancroft Library; C. E. Chapman, Assistant 
 Professor of Latin-American and California Historj^ and 
 K. C. Leebrick, Assistant Professor of History-, have all 
 aided in Red Cross and Liberty Loan drives, and are 
 official Four Minute Men. Professor Leebrick is at present 
 in charge of the War Aims course in the School of Voca- 
 tional Training. Professor Bolton is a member of the 
 board of editors of the California War Bulletin published 
 under the supervision of the State Council of Defense. 
 R. F. Scholz. Assistant Professor of Ancient History, has 
 been assistant in the Military Bureau. 
 
 The following present or former members of the depart- 
 ment are in active service : F. W. Riibke, Assistant in His- 
 tory, Officers' Training Corps, Camp Lewis; E. R. Brite, 
 former secretary of the department, Regimental Sergeant 
 Major, A. E. E. ; D. V. H. Stearns, former secretary. Cor- 
 poral, Depot Brigade, Camp Lewis ; C. G. Davidson, Assist- 
 ant in History, First Lieutenant, Canadian Army, received 
 the Military IMedal ; he was severely wounded in combat 
 but recovered; Keith Vosburg, Assistant in Ilistorj^ First
 
 ]4() UNIFEESITY OF CALIFOENIA 
 
 Lieutenant, A. F. S., A. E. F., received the Croix de Guerre 
 Mareli 2, 1918, for bravery under fire ; T. B. Kittredge, 
 Assistant in History, Lieutenant (Senior Grade), Navy; 
 J. M. Seammell, Assistant in History, Captain, A. E. F. ; 
 J. G. Iliff. Assistant in History, with the Y. M. C. A. in 
 France; E. G. Sewell, former secretary. First Lieutenant, 
 A. E. F. 
 
 Department of Irrigation 
 
 During the current year the Department of Irrigation 
 has given valuable information and advice to those writing 
 to the University for assistance in the development and use 
 of water for irrigation. Owing to war conditions there has 
 been an added amount of correspondence, to which the 
 department has gladly responded. 
 
 Department of Jurisprudence 
 
 A. T. Wright, Professor of Law, offered a course in 
 Military Law covering such topics as martial law, court- 
 martial, the rule of land warfare and other subjects likely 
 to be of importance to those who are brought into relation 
 with the military forces of the United States. He also gave 
 a scries of lectures in Military Law to the students enrolled 
 in the various ordnance schools held on the campus. In 
 addition. Professor Wright was Assistant Counsel to the 
 United States Shipping Board and the United States 
 Shijoping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation. 
 
 A. M. Kidd, Professor of Law, is assistant in the Mili- 
 tary Bureau, and is prominent in Red Cross work. 
 
 Mr. M. W. Dobrzensky, Lecturer in Commercial Law, 
 entered the Fourth Officers' Training Camp, securing a 
 Second Lieutenant's commission, 
 
 J. U, Calkins, Lecturer, in Commercial Law, is First 
 Lieutenant, 0. R. C. 
 
 C. H. Lindley, Honorary Professor of the Law of Mines 
 and Water, is Assistant to Herbert Hoover. 
 
 H. H. Phleger, Lecturer in Law, is Ensign, U. S. N.
 
 WAF HEUVIVE FErOh'I). 1917-18 147 
 
 1)< partment of Latin 
 The war work of the Department of Latin has consisted 
 in the personal services of its members. L. J. Richardson, 
 Associate Professor of Latin, is Manager of the Military 
 Bureau; Clifton Price, Assistant Professor of Latin, is 
 assistant in the same office ; 0. M. Washburn, Assistant 
 Professor of Classical Archaeology, and member of the 
 Pacific Research Conference, also has been a great aid in 
 the Bureau ; M. E. Deutsch, Assistant Professor of Latin, 
 was Registrar on Draft Registration Day; and W. A. 
 Merrill, Professor of Latin Language and Literature, was 
 Chief Registrar on Draft Registration Day. 
 
 Department of Mathematics 
 The Department of Mathematics has aided virtually 
 every new "service" school which has been in any way 
 connected with the University. B. M. Woods, Assistant 
 Professor of Theoretical Mechanics, has devoted all his time 
 to the School of Military Aeronautics ; T. M. Putnam, Asso- 
 ciate Professor of Mathematics, has directed the courses in 
 naval preparation; M. W. Haskell, Professor of Mathe- 
 matics, has given a special course in trigonometry to fifty- 
 eight students in the Navigation School ; Dr. Williams, 
 lecturer in 1917-18, was given charge of one of the govern- 
 ment schools in navigation. In addition, Thomas Buck, 
 Assistant Professor in Mathematics, during the second 
 half-year, served as secretary of the Committee on Research 
 of tlie State Council of Defense. H'e has since been com- 
 missioned First Lieutenant in the Ordnance Corps. Dr. 
 Barter, teaching fellow in 1917-18, is serving in the British 
 army. Dr. Taylor has entered the Naval Aviation School 
 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and C. A. 
 Noble, Associate Professor of Mathematics and Professor 
 Haskell, are associate members of the Legal Advisory 
 Board of Alameda County. D. N. Lehmer, Associate Pro- 
 fessor of Mathematics, is a member of the Pacific Coast 
 Research Conference.
 
 148 UNIVEFSITY OF CALIFOENIA 
 
 Department of PhUosoplwj 
 
 G. M. Stratton, Professor of Psychology, is Captain in 
 the Air Service ; A. U. Pope, Assistant Professor of Philos- 
 ophy, has been engaged in government research work at 
 Washington, D. C, and C. I. Lewis, Assistant Professor of 
 Philosophy, is with the Artillery at Fort Scott, San Fran- 
 cisco. 
 
 Warner Brown, Assistant Professor of Psychology, is 
 a member of the Subcommittee on Psychological Investiga- 
 tions of the Pacific Coast Research Conference. 
 
 Department of Political Science 
 
 Studies of European and world politics occupied a large 
 portion of the Political Science courses. Problems of 
 Reconstruction after the War, was given by William Mac- 
 Donald, Lecturer in Political Science. The governments 
 of France, England, and Germany were analyzed in courses 
 given by Ludwik Ehrlich, Lecturer in Political Science. 
 Edward Elliot, Professor of Liternational Law and Poli- 
 tics, instructed two classes in International Law, one of 
 these being a seminar in the most important issues which 
 have arisen since August 1, 1914. During the year ten 
 pul)lic lectures on topics bearing directly on the war were 
 given in Wheeler Hall by Professor Elliott, Dr. MacDonald 
 and Dr. Ehrlich. The entire staff gave frequent addresses 
 throughout the state on war subjects, and have contributed 
 liberally to the newspapers and periodicals on questions 
 dealing most intimately with the war. 
 
 The following men have entered the service of the 
 government: 1). P. Barrows, Professor of Political Science, 
 Major of Cavalry, Intelligence Section, U. S. A. ; J. R. 
 Douglas, Instructor in Political Science, Food Administra- 
 tioji in Washington; J. R. Thomas, Teaching Fellow in 
 Political Science, American Air Service ; M. I. Lavine, 
 Teaching Fellow in Political Science, Navy; M. W. Gra-
 
 WAE SERVICE EECORD, 1917-18 149 
 
 ham, Teaching Fellow in Political Science, Reconstruction 
 Work in France; T. G. Chamberlain, Teaching Fellow in 
 Political Science, Second Lieutenant, First Anti-Aircraft 
 Battalion ; R. M. Dorton, First Lieutenant, National Army. 
 Dr. MacDonald is a member of the United States Public 
 Service Reserve. 
 
 Department of Public Speaking 
 
 The Department of Public Speaking has been especially 
 active in furthering the war aims of the national govern- 
 ment. Through its head, M. C. Flaherty, Associate Pro- 
 fessor of Forensics, it has, in cooperation with the State 
 Council of Defense, contributed its share towards making 
 more efficient the work of the Four Minute Men. Classes 
 were established for the training of these speakers, and 
 for others who were preparing to aid the government in its 
 publicity campaign. Model speeches were drawn up and 
 forwarded to Washington to serve as guides for those 
 engaged in speaking for the Liberty Loan issues. Indi- 
 vidual speakers were coached for special occasions. 
 
 Under the direction of C. D. von Neumayer, Assistant 
 Professor of Public Speaking, plays were given for the 
 benefit of the Red Cross and Belgian Relief Funds. Other 
 members of the Department of Public Speaking have given 
 readings and recitals before gatherings of enlisted men. 
 Graduate and undergraduate students in the department 
 have toured the state in the interests of food conservation. 
 Three of its teaching staff are now serving the colors. 
 
 Newton B. Drury, former instructor, is Second Lieu- 
 tenant, Balloon Service, stationed at Arcadia, California. 
 
 George Boas, Instructor in Public Speaking, is First 
 Lieutenant, A. E. F. 
 
 A. H. Hankey, Teaching Fellow in Public Speaking, 
 is Second Lieutenant, A. S. E. R. C, A. E. F.
 
 150 VNIVEESITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Department of Romanic Languages 
 
 The demand for French and Spanish has greatly 
 increased as a result of the war, and the courses have been 
 so arranged as to provide a speaking knowledge not only of 
 the classical portion of the Romanic languages, but also of 
 the war terms of everyday use. 
 
 L. M. Turner, Assistant Professor of French, a Lieu- 
 tenant at Camp Kearney, is organizing French classes for 
 officers and soldiers, while Gilbert Chinard, Professor of 
 French, has cooperated in the publication of a French war 
 vocabulary of a scientific character. 
 
 Alfred Solomon, Instructor in French, is with the Y. M. 
 C. A. in France. 
 
 Department of Semitic Languages 
 
 Professor M. A. Meyer, Lecturer in Semitic Literature 
 and History, has been active in civilian duty. He is Chair- 
 man of the Jewish Welfare Board of the United States 
 Army and Navy, Northern California Branch ; Direct ^v 
 of the San Francisco Chapter, Red Cross; Vice-Chairman 
 of the Civilian Relief Section, San Francisco Red Cross ; 
 committee member of the Sj^rian and Armenian Relief 
 Fund; member of the British, French, and Belgian Com- 
 mission for the Blind ; and member of the Belgian Relief 
 Commission. 
 
 William Popper, Associate Professor of Semit^'c Lan- 
 guages, has been collecting funds in Berkeley for the 
 Young Men's Hebrew Association. 
 
 Department of Slavic Languages 
 
 Lieutenant Milutin Krunich, Assistant in Serbo- 
 Croatian, has written an important war book entitled Serbia 
 Crucified. The University of California is issuing it as 
 one of its volumes in the Semicentennial Series.
 
 * ^7 f , 14
 
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