LANGE LIBRARY OF EDUCATrON 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNt* 
 
 BERKELEY, OAUFORfU^ 
 
 UC-NRLF 
 
The Problem of Adequate Salaries for Elementary School Teachers vrith Special Ref- 
 erence to Alameda County, Claifornia. 
 
 by 
 
 Albert S. Col ton 
 
 TH3SIS 
 
 Subnitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of 
 
 MSTER OF ARTS 
 
 in 
 Education 
 
 in the 
 
 GRADUATS DIVISION 
 of the 
 
 UmVSRSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 
o 
 
 LBC 
 
 C7as 
 
 EDUCATION DEFT. 
 
Because of the present crisis in education which has s© 
 greatly decreased the teaching staff o£ the schools of California 
 and other states, the Bureau of Research in iiducation of the De- 
 partment of iSducation, University of Calif ornia, issues this bulle- 
 tin. It should aid the teaching profession in tho effort to 
 establish just schedules of salaries. The technical information 
 it contains not only throws light on the conditions which had to 
 be met and adjusted in a typical section of California, but the 
 method of procedure adopted and particularly the follow-up work 
 with district boards of trustees, it is felt, will be of great 
 value to those who are facing similar problems elsewhere. The sug- 
 gestions drawn in regard to needed changes in school legislation 
 may be called to the consideration of county and city superintendents. 
 
 The data given herewith were "gathered by Mr. A. ij. Colton, 
 'incipal of Clawson iJchool, Oakland, California, in connection with 
 .s work as field secretary of the wa.lameda County Educational 
 Issociation. This Association, it may be said, has rendered an 
 inestimable service to the teaching profession by initiating the 
 piovomont for a more adequate reward in salary for the teachers of 
 ^ilameda County. Without resort to political propaganda, the 
 association undertook, collectively, to put before the citizens a 
 body of undeniable facts, together with a program for improvement 
 of conditions. This report indicates kow^garaful the organization 
 has been to iceep its activities on a hign^^p^Tane. The material has 
 been gathered, organized and the report written by Lir. Colton in 
 partial fulfillment of liis graduate work in the Department of 
 Education, 
 
 W. W. Kemp 
 
 Chairman, Department of iiducation 
 
 H. ;i. French 
 
 iiecretary. Bureau of Heseareh 
 in iiducation. 
 
 625245 
 
TABLE OP COKUaifS 
 
 I. Introduction. 
 
 II. Salary ScaedAlet In 1©18-»1©, 
 
 III* Conpfirieoz^ of TeaoUert* Salaries with union Scale of 
 
 faget for Certain Oeoap&tlona in Alameda County* 
 IV# Souroea of fioTenue for iilewientary School Funds, 
 V» Method of Oletrlbtttion of School Funds, 
 
 VI, iietaoda Osed in Carrying on tne Campaign, 
 
 VII • iieeults of tl%e Caiupaign. 
 
 VII I • Conclusions • 
 
 !• Sttgi-estiv© Plane for Further Activity, 
 II* Prograji for Re-orcani?.fition of State and 
 County Supi^ort, 
 
Chapter I 
 Introduction 
 
 In the spring of 1919, teachers in various parts of -tsn? 
 »^.county were planning to ask for an increase in salaries. The 
 time had come when it was necessary and advisable for the 
 teachers to cooperate with the Boards of Education in obtaining 
 more school revenue. 
 
 An investigation was made to find from what sources the 
 extra funns could be obtained. While the three cities — Oakland 
 Berkeley and Alameda could obtain increased sc.iool funds from 
 special city taxes, the other forty-one districts did not have 
 this source of revenue. They were restricted to county and 
 district taxes only. Sight of these districts had the thirty 
 cent limit allowed by the state for the special tax and could 
 not obtain any more money that wi^y. Twenty one districts had 
 rates varying from two cents to twenty five cents. It was evi- 
 dent that if the teachers througaout the county were to receive 
 increases worth while, the only way to get results woul > be by 
 increasing the county rate. This rate for the year 191S-'19 
 was twenty seven cents. Since the maximum allowed by the state 
 was fifty cents, there was a leeway of twenty three cents. 
 
 Upon further investigation, it was found that an increase 
 of eigiiteen cents in the county rate would increase each teacher's 
 
.-ft^Vi*.>*.d.\S^ 
 
-2- 
 
 salary approximately |250.00. In some districts tiie possible 
 Increase would be as much as pSOO.OO. This was based upon 
 the assumption that all districts would maintain their special 
 rates for the. year 1919-'20. Concerning this subject, f - wl j .! 
 r-^cy-more^ln anotner chapter. 
 
 It was decided that the proper fducatlonal body to carry 
 on this county wide campaign was the Alameda County Educational 
 Association, This association aad been organized the year before 
 in the spring of 1918 and was approximately 100^ stronr in mem- 
 bership. 
 
 Therefore a committee consisting of sixteen members was 
 appointed and given full power to carry on thiS. campaign. This 
 committee consisted of the nine members of the executive com- 
 mittee of the Alameda County Association together with seven 
 teachers from the kindergartens, the itlementary and high schools. 
 
 Besides the campaign for an Increase of eighteen cents in 
 the county rate, (which affected elementary schools only), in 
 order that all teachers might be benefited, there had to be 
 special campaigns in the three cities— Oakland, Berkeley and 
 Alameda— so as to have the kindergarten and high scaool rates 
 Increased, 
 
 It is my purpose in this paper to deal only with the ele- 
 mentary problems. Before continuing with the raetiiods used in 
 this campaign, I will take up the following subjects; 
 
lB9 
 
•3* 
 
 ISt.-^SAlary •eii«wittle« in X©X8-U©| 2ij«l»— A comparlaon of 
 te*o^«r«' ftftlftrloe witii>6nlon ecalo of •«£©« In various 
 oceupatiofi»{ 3Pd.— <k>ui^«8 of rov©na» for ©lomentary ©Ciiool 
 funcF.; and 4th*»«Sl«UiO<l« of cllttrl bating eouool fun^is. 
 
-4- 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 Salary Schedules In 1918- '19 
 
 In the following schedule of salaries for 1918- '19, 
 
 column a shows the number of teachers In the forty dlatricts, 
 
 "* * 
 
 not including the fonr cities; and column b shows the salaries 
 
 of the nrincipals with minimums and raaximuma paid to the teachers. 
 
 Ifhile, in the main I will deal only with the forty districts, 
 at times I will include additional data which will be of interest 
 in making certain comparisons. Since the salaries of the prin« 
 cipals in the four cities were so voriable, I included in the 
 table only the maximums and minimums paid to the classroom 
 teachers in these cities. 
 
 Following this schedule, I have made a table which shows, 
 at a glance, the range of maximums in all the schools of the 
 county. The summarv of this table shows the critical condition 
 of the schools an*^ cTe^rlr reveals the reason for many of the 
 efficient teachers leaving the teaching p ofesslon and going 
 into the business world. 
 
 The following shows the range of maximums paid in the 
 forty fonr districts: 
 
 Two schools paid 1560 to $590 
 Pour " " 600 to 690 
 Seven " " 700 to 790 
 
 ^ CJI£«,.m4<c, 6^aU,^t^^, (PiJ*^vwh'. 
 
o r 
 
 
 W 
 
 e '   
 
 tbb& Bbv 
 
 •^■^^'^^-^y jj^^i:^ ^ 
 
-5- 
 
 Plve scaools paid $300 to #890 
 
 Sixteen " " 900 to 990 
 
 Two " " 1000 to 1090 
 
 TWO " " 1100 to 1190 
 
 Three " " 1200 to 1290 
 
 Three " " 1300 to 1390 
 When It Is seen that there were thirty four districts 
 paying maximum salaries less than $1000, it can easily be 
 understood why there should have been a county wide campaign 
 for increases in salaries. 
 
 In all forty four districts, the minimums were less than 
 llOOO wMe In thirty^ the range was from |560 to $890, 
 
 Many conclusions could be drawn from the above conditions. 
 One outstanding fact confronts us. If graduates of Universities 
 and Normal schools, having no experience, were fortunate enough 
 to get positions in the larger places, they would have to start 
 on salaries muca less than those paid to graduates of high 
 schools and business colleges who enter the business world. It 
 is no wonder that tae State Normal schools can not induce a 
 large enough number of high scijool graduates to go on to prepare 
 themselves for the teaching profession. 
 
 The time had surely come wtien the teacners tiieraselves had 
 to have concerted action, not on ; y to protect their own Interests, 
 but, in a still larger way, to protect the people by making it 
 
-6- 
 
 possible to maintain efficient teachers in tae teaching 
 profession. 
 
Districts 
 
 «7- 
 SALARIKS 1918-»19. 
 
 } ""• } 
 : NoT of : 
 J Teachers : 
 s : 
 
 b 1 
 Principal 1 
 Minimum 6c t 
 HaximuiQ . t 
 
 Alamsda 
 
 
 
 
 990 to 1290 : 
 
 Albany 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 Pr, 1800 1 
 780 to 1140 1 
 
 Alva ra do 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 Pr. 1435 : 
 820 to 9id2i t 
 
 Alvlao 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 Pr. 1000 : 
 1-800 : 
 
 Antone 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 850 1 
 
 Berkeley 
 
 
 
 
 900 to 1520 
 
 Castro Valley 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 Pr. 1200 t 
 2-lOiiO t 
 
 Cent ervl lie 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 Pr. 1485 : 
 825 to 1155 : 
 
 Oeeoto 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 Pr. 1440 : 
 2-960 : 
 
 Idenirale 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 750 I 
 
 BtaeryYllle 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 Pr. 1920 J 
 990 to 1230 : 
 
 lureltt 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 Pr. 1365 : 
 1-945 : 
 
 Ore«& 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 900 1 
 
 Hayvard 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 Pr. 2000 1 
 700 to 900 1 
 
 Independent 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 Pr. 850 t 
 1-750 t 
 
 Inman 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 850 t 
 
 Irvlngton 
 
 
 4 
 
 v 
 
 Pr, 1550 1 
 3-900 1 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 800 1 
 
 Livermore 
 
 t 
 
 10 
 
 t 
 t 
 
 Pr. 1800 J 
 900 to 960 \^ 
 
 May 
 
 t 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 950 1 
 
Q-it . 
 
 xaar^^fi 
 
.8«'   
 SALARIES 1918- • 19. (cor..) 
 
 Districts 1 
 
 t .a : 
 
 Ho .""of : 
 t Teachers j 
 
 b t 
 
 Principal j 
 Kinlmuin k i 
 Kaximum. t 
 
 Mldiray : 
 
 t 1 1 
 
 650 1 
 
 Mlseion 1 
 
 1 S i 
 
 Pr. 1150 J 
 
 2-750 : 
 
 MMlM 1 
 
 t X I 
 
 750 t 
 
 Mt. Houso i 
 
 ! 1 1 
 
 640 s 
 
 Mowry*s Landing i 
 
 \ 1 J 
 
 t 700 8 
 
 Murray i 
 
 I 2 1 
 
 t Pr. 800 : 
 \ 1-700 1 
 
 V«vftrk 1 
 
 \ 4 ] 
 
 ( Pr. 
 750 
 
 1500 : 
 to 950 : 
 
 Niles 1 
 
 { 7 1 
 
 t Pr. 
 1 800 
 
 1600 f 
 to 950 t 
 
 Oakland ] 
 
 1 ' 1 
 
 840 
 
 1 
 
 to 1380 t 
 
 Palomares < 
 
 1 1 J 
 
 t 70Q J 
 1 } 
 
 Piedmont 1 
 
 
 1 1 
 1 900-1320 1 
 
 Plttaaantoa i 
 
 1 9 i 
 
 1 Pr. 
 
 \ 840 
 
 1800 : 
 to 900 ; 
 
 Redwood ) 
 
 t 1 \ 
 
 \ 560 I 
 t t 
 
 Russell j 
 
 I 1 I 
 
 1 900 s 
 t t 
 
 San Leandro j 
 
 \ 22 1 
 
 \ Pr. 
 
 I 840 
 
 1920 I 
 to 1200 I 
 
 San Lorenso 
 
 1 a ] 
 
 { Pr. 
 r 840 
 
 1800 t 
 to 960 t 
 
 Stoney Brook 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 I 585 t 
 
 Sumnit 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 600 t 
 
 (Suxiol Glen 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 
 [ 
 
 1 Pr. 960 1) 
 t 1-850 1 ) 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
^ . 'T- 
 
 oca 
 
 »n>i 
 
 ^ ll«l*^—M»l III ll W fcll l > 
 
 Odd 
 
 00^ 
 
 m 
 
-9-   ■- ' .. 
 
 ' tl mm Jirr »tM( 4 
 
 SALARIES' 1918- • 19, (con.) 
 
 - • • a 
 
 
 Districts : No .""of ; Prtnotpdl : 
 : Teachers : Minimum & : 
 : : Maximum. : 
 
 (Sheridan : 1 : 700 :) 
 ( : : :) 
 
 (Vallecitoa J 1 t 700 :) 
 ( J t :) 
 
 Towns end : 1 : 950 s 
 
 • • • 
 
 Valle Vista : 1 : 900 i 
 
 • • • 
 
 • • • 
 
 Warm Springs : 3 t Pr. 1200 ! 
 
 : t 2-650 : 
 
 Data obtained from connty superintsndent's office. 
 
i^ti^ 
 
-10- 
 
 TABLK II, 
 Toble showing maximum selariss of 1918- * 19 segregated. 
 
 principals* salaries over $1100 not included. 
 
 Districts 
 
 :560-:600-: 
 : 600: 690: 
 
 700- : 800- : 
 790: 890} 
 
 900-1 
 
 ! 1000- : 1100- J 
 
 1200- s 1300- : 
 
 
 990 
 
 5 1090 J 1190 J 
 
 1290: 1400: 
 
 Alameda 
 
 t s : 
 
 t 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 ' 
 
 1 • 4 
 
 l^ : t 
 
 Albany 
 
 t S i 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 i 
 
 r 
 1 
 
 I : // J 
 
 • i 
 « • 
 
 Alvarado 
 
 i : : 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 ( 
 
 ' K 
 
 k • 1 
 
 1 • * 
 
 • 4 
 
 Alviso 
 
 : : : 
 
 : 
 
 1 
 
 k 
 
 t K • 
 
 > * 1 
 
 • • 
 
 Antone 
 
 • • • 
 
 1 
 
 K' 
 
 1 
 
 » « 1 
 
 ; : : 
 
 Berkeley 
 
 • « • 
 
 • • a 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ' 
 
 
 1 : /-^ : 
 
 Castro Valley 
 
 t t : 
 
 : 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 I 1^ t 
 
 \ t t 
 
 Centsrville 
 
 t e 1 
 
 4 * i 
 
 : 
 
 J 
 
 I 
 
 X : K ' 
 
 1 • • 
 
 Decoto 
 
 : : ] 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 ' K 
 
 t : 
 
 ( : t 
 
 Eden Vnle 
 
 : : : 
 
 t^ : 
 
 * 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 ! : 
 
 » « f 
 1 • • 
 
 laaeryvllle 
 
 
 : 
 
   
 
 ! 
 
 : ' "t 1 
 
 J /^ : t 
 
 Eureka 
 
 1 : : 
 
 : 
 
 
 ' K 
 
 • • 
 
 1 • 
 
 I : t 
 
 Green 
 
 I I : 
 
 : 
 
 
 5 ^ 
 
 a • 
 
 
 Hayward 
 
 9 * 1 
 
 « 
 
 / * 
 
 » ^ 
 
 1 11 
 
 1 : t 
 
 Independent 
 
 : : ] 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 y 
 
 P 
 
 : : 
 
 > 9   
 1 • a 
 
 Inman 
 
 t : ] 
 
 
 iK' 
 
 { 
 
 1 S 1 
 
 t : 1 
 
 Irvington 
 
 : : : 
 
 1 
 
 
 ! /^ 
 
 \ * 
 
 t : : 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 t t 1 
 
 t t 
 
 // 
 
 5 
 
 t : \ 
 
 ( : : 
 
 Li vx mo re 
 
 : : ] 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 
 * /^ 
 
 
 I : : 
 
 May 
 
 1 : i 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 
 t // 
 
 : : 
 
 r : : 
 
 Midway 
 
 t t /^s 
 
 t t 
 
 
 { 
 
 t t 
 
 r : t 
 
 Hission San 
 Jose 
 
 t : > 
 
 l/'t 
 
 
 5 
 
 : : 
 
 ( : : 
 
 Mocho 
 
 t I ! 
 
 K ' 
 
 
 { 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 > • i 
 
 Mount House 
 
 I J // 1 
 
 t t 
 
 
 I 
 
 t : 
 
 t : : 
 
 Mowry's 
 
 Landing 
 
 : : 1 
 
 : K, 
 
 
 i 
 
 : : 
 
 » • • 
 
 • • 4 
 
 Murray 
 
 : : 1 
 
 1 : 
 
 1/- 
 
 I 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 t : : 
 
 Newark 
 
 1 : 1 
 
 : 
 
 
 ' ^ 
 
 : : 
 
 ( : : 
 
 Mies 
 
 : : i 
 
 1 t 
 
 
 1 l^ 
 
 * • 
 
 1 : 1 
 
 Oakland 
 
 : : I 
 
 r : 
 
 
 I 
 
 : : 
 
 : t l^ t 
 
%o 
 
 ■iii^ across 15' 
 
 fs/»»X 
 
•11- 
 
 TABLE II. (con.) 
 
 Districts 
 
 !560-:600-:700-! 
 ! 600: 690: 790: 
 
 800-! 
 890 
 
 I900-! 
 ; 990! 
 
 1000-J 
 1090! 
 
 1100- ! 
 ' 1190! 
 
 :1200-: 
 . 1290! 
 
 1300- ! 
 1400! 
 
 
 Palomares : : : i^ : \ : 
 
 
 
 ; X 
 
 Piedmont 
 
 
 t ! 
 
 
 
 
 ' y^ 1 
 
 
 Pleasanton 
 
 
 
 K" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Redwood ! 
 
 \ ]/ X X I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Russell ! 
 
 ! t ! ! 
 
 
 ^ K - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 San Leandro : : : i 
 
 
 
 
 
 . K 1 
 
 
 
 San Lorenzo : : : : 
 
 ! V^ ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sheridan t x *. y^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stony Brook 
 
 : /^ : 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 1 • 
 
 Siamrr.lt 
 
 ! : /^: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sunol Glen 
 
 
 
 1 I^< 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Townsend 
 
 
 1 : ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vallecitos 
 
 X X X ^- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Valle Vista 
 
 
 
 ^ A^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Warm Springs i \ l^ \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total : 2 : 4 : 7   
 
 \ 5 
 
 : 16 
 
 : 2 
 
 5 2 ' 
 
 : 3 
 
 ! 3 
 
 
•12- 
 
 Chapter III 
 Comparison of Teachers* Salaries with Union 
 Soale of Images f^or Certain Occupations 
 In Alameda County. 
 
 When a comparison le made of teachers* salaries with 
 salaries In various occupations, tacre Is no thou(:ht of de- 
 crying the higa salaries paid according to the Union scale. 
 When wc consider that, using a conservative estimate, the 
 value of tae dollar in 1919 as compared to 1914 was only 
 sixty cents. It was Imperative that wage s should be almost 
 doubled. 
 
 However, if it is necessary to Increase salaries of one 
 class of workers, It Is also necessary to Increase all others. 
 In the forty districts, tae average yearly salary in 1918-*19 
 was $830. Contrast tile wlta the salaries paid to skilled and 
 unskilled workers, as shown In the coart on tae page follo?iing» 
 Carpenters ana orick layers received almost three times as 
 much as the average paid to teachers. It should also be re- 
 membered that It was saown In the preceding compter taat taere 
 were talrteen scaools paylnf^ less trian |;600 per year. 
 
 Unskilled labor, both in the cities and on tae farm, re- 
 ceived as rtaxch as the Oaidand teachers, and 50^ more than the 
 average paid in the forty districts. 
 
•13- 
 
 Th«re lo 9. ''^''♦iTjet swaV^riinr to t"he fact that the 
 •Itwentar*' teaeh<)rs, «rM5 «iit»«elollv thoKe of the rwi»«l eehoola, 
 «r« '«o«t 1« r.oe'» of lT»i»««dl«t« h«tt). »ot until the school* pay 
 vary nioch better aalarlea will they ever hope to hold efficient 
 tei^lpMre. 
 
 i:.«ck of adequate financial new rd la one of the principal 
 reaaona for teaehera leaving tho te aa htwe nrofession. Saieriea 
 are not nearly high enotigh, even in thg cltlee, to offer any- 
 thing of a career to embltloue men and wotnen. For thla reason, 
 those «ho might otherwise enter th: teaching profession, go 
 into the bttsinesa world on i^^nt. of .,t^^ejm&ter possibilities* 
 
 The resnlta of ptibllc edocation depend in a large way upon 
 the efficiency of the teachora. Low sal ries will not secure 
 and retain capable r.en and women, nor Induce briiJ'ht and ambitious 
 young people to enter tha profession. 
 
 At r»r«nont, t^"^ on'' -v ws** ti^ oMaIr? ^«^tt,«r salaries is thrnnph 
 the cooT>'5r«tlon '>** teacher** organlr.jtiona,— city, eo'mty, state, 
 and national. 
 
 ,^^gu^jjJ|Mich era thsaiaelvee nnsat be •^««'^n^^ radiate and soroMBe the 
 people to the cryincr need of the schools for wore financial aupport, 
 There ar'^ *•«*• too n^rs^r olti^ena who ar"» unfamni«r e i f^.' f* t*i*% worV 
 of the BChooT 8 a*^*^ thflr nre8«=>'^t cost of fnglnt-^rsnce. Large nuro- 
 bers are willing to give expression to opinions based upon laeV 
 of information. Since such opinions are too readily accepted, 
 there shou d be furtbor p»Tblic enllghtenrr-ent. 
 
t« b 
 
 ,nc«(P»n >: 
 
 9tf€i 
 
 r^«^ 
 
 ? ^,..;fl.^^ 
 
 .•«l««liiii»#^ 
 
^ -TL^d^^ 
 
 C^^*!^ ^--y^K^ 
 
 ^ c^A 
 
Chart aiovTln;- conparlson of teacUora* SMlaxrlea ?.lt i tae 
 union scale oi' ^ages ror certain occupations in Alanteda County, 
 June 1019, 
 
 Yearly ralary In Ilundrede of i^llart. 
 
 ^ V- Z^ S^ ja /Z /^ /^ /r ^d :?:? ^^ 
 
 Carpsnt^rs . 
 
 I bricklayers. 
   f lastarers. 
 
 Machinists. 
 
 Hod-carrlera 
 
 Drlvera of i.-ilk 
 wagons . 
 
 unskilled bsbor 
 in cities. 
 
 unakllled Labor 
 on farms. 
 
 Aver-'g* clem, x- ch- 
 er--uaklani. 
 
 Averag-? . -^.. 
 
 er in the 40 district 
 
 '^nlon scale o^ '^aces obtairte*? from date naed bv Publicity 
 Committee for campaign pirposes. 
 
S ^ '-^-^ 
 
 / y^/c-iz^^ 
 
 fi'V 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 1 . i 
 
 1 i 
 
 -nd 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
z 
 
 ^ 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 /O 
 
 fZ 
 
 1^ 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 ZO 
 
 ZZ Z4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VHB^H^I^^I^H^IHIHH^B^IHBH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
-15- 
 
 Chapter IV 
 Sources of Revenue for elementary Sciiool Fund 
 
 There are three sources of revenue for the elementary 
 schools and these are as follo^srsi the state, the county and 
 the scuool district. 
 
 The principle nas long been esta ;lished tiiat the state 
 owes to every cnild within its borders e ^ual educational ad- 
 vantages up to a minimum standard. A child in the poorest 
 section of the state is as much entitled to tais minimum of 
 training as the child fi?om the wealthiest section. 
 
 It is due to this principle that the state nas made laws 
 to the effect that every school shall be aided bota by the 
 state and also tae county, at large. I will first take up trie 
 laws dealing with tiie state school funds; and secondly, those 
 of the county. 
 
 The state school fund waich is used for teachers' salaries 
 in elementary schools is oerived from aifferent sources. The 
 major portion comes from tne $17. 50 allowed for each pupil in 
 average daily attendance. Section 443 of the state school law 
 dealing witn this reads as follows; 
 
 "On or beiore the tnirty first of December in the year 
 one thousand nine hundred nineteen and on or oefore tne t.^irtietn 
 day of June in trie year one taousana nine aunured twenty and on 
 
-16- 
 
 or before the tiiirtletia day of June and the thirty first day 
 of December In eaca succeeding year, the state controller shall 
 transfer from the general fund of tae state, to the state scnool 
 fund, sucii sums as will be equivalent to seventeen and one half 
 dollars per annum for each pupil in average daily attendance In 
 the elementary scaools of tae state as reported by the superin- 
 tendent of public Instruction, for the school year ending June 
 thirtieth preceding. The money so transferred shall be in ad- 
 dition to tae funds provloed by the constitution for tne support 
 of the common schools and any otaer funds paid Into the state 
 school fund from otaer sources or made available by any provision 
 of law for tixe support of the elementary schools of the stt^te, 
 and the provisions of tals section shall not apply to nor affect 
 the acts under which said additional sums are appropriated or 
 made available for such use." 
 
 In adaitlon to this provision, there is also the interest 
 from tne investment of school funds. Section 676 reads as follows; 
 
 "Whenever and as often as there is in the state treastiry 
 the sum of |10,000 as the proceeds of sale of state school lands, 
 the board must Invest the same in the bonds of this state, "5^-- -^T 
 All such bonds purchased by the board under the provisions of 
 this section must be aelivered to the state treasurer, who shall 
 keep them as a special school fund ueposit and the Interest upon 
 •uch bonds when collected, shall be placed by him to the credit 
 
- -rr- 
 
 \ 
 
 of the state sclaool fund," 
 
 Another source of revenue Is from the inheritance tax. 
 
 The law dealing with this is as follows. "All taxes levied 
 
 and collected under this act, up to the amount of two aundred 
 
 and fifty thousand dollars annually, snail be paid into the 
 
 treasury of the state, for tae uses of the state school fund, 
 
 and all taxes levied and collected in excess of two hundred 
 
 and fifty thousand dollars annually shall be paid into the 
 
 state treasury to the credit of trie general fund there of, 
 
 (Extract from political coae dealing with collateral 
 
 Inheritance Tax, Section 22.) 
 
 In order to see the total revenue received for the state 
 
 school fund from various sources for tne year 1918-'l9 the 
 
 following date is given* 
 
 Trie amount of bonds in school Land i'und held in trust for 
 
 schools on June 30, 1919 is |7, 681, 649. 92. 
 
 The following amounts were available for the above school 
 
 year. 
 
 Balance on hand July 1, 1918 $264,195.50 
 
 Receipts from polls 1,049,00 
 
 Receipts from polls. (Conscience) 2,00 
 
 Receipts from interest on bonds 371,316,80 
 
 Receipts from interest on lands 34,254,76 
 
 (delinquent) 
 Receipts from interest on lands (penalty ) 2,162.57 
 
^8 
 
-18- 
 
 Recelpts State University | 2,50 
 
 Receipts transfer account |15.00 6,253,520.00 
 
 Receipts transfer account inaeritance 250,000.00 
 
 Total #6,182,003.13 
 
 The above figures were obtained from a letter from State 
 Controller to ^upt.-.Will C, V.ood, July S, 1919. 
 
 For the scaool year 1919- * 20, the State i>chool fund will 
 approximate $7,185,000.00. This is due in increasing the |15 
 per pupil to $17.50. 
 
 Before passing to the sources of revenue for the County, 
 it Should .e noted that, according to sect. 1361, "tae state 
 Bchool fund must be used for no other purpose than the payment 
 of the salaries of teachers of prims ry and grammar schools," 
 
 I will next take up tae sources of revenue for county and 
 district. t>ect. 1817 reads as follows; "The county Superin- 
 tenaent of every county and of every city and county must calcu- 
 late tile amount r quired to be raised ; t five hunored and fifty 
 dollars per teacher and the total amount so aetermined saall be 
 the minimum amount of county, or city and county sciiool fund 
 needed for the ensuing scaool year, provided, tnat if tais 
 amount is less tnan sufficient to raise a sum equal to twenty 
 one dollars for each pupil in average oaily attendance in the 
 county, or city and county, for the scaool year closing June 
 thirtieta preceding, tnen the minlmura amount shall be such a 
 
*■** 
 
 •sn- 
 
-19- 
 
 sura as will eoual to twenty one dollars for eacii pupil In 
 average daily attendance in trie county, or city and county, 
 for the school year ending June tairtieta precedlngj but in 
 no case stmll the rate of tax levied for county or city ana 
 county school purposes in any one year exceed fifty cents on 
 each hundred dollars of taxable property in the county or city 
 ana county." 
 
 In section 1622, it is stated taat not less taan 50/o of 
 tue county scaooI money shall be applied exclusively to pay- 
 ment of teachers' salaries of elerner;tary schools. 
 
 The number of teachers that each sciiool district is entitled 
 to is based upon one teacher for every triirty five pupils. In 
 caapter V taere is furt ler explanation, 
 
 Asi;)e from this general coLinty tax for the maintenance of 
 elementary schools, tnere are two other means by whicn school 
 
 « 
 
 districts can raise loney for school purposes. 
 
 Special maintenance tax. 
 Section 1840: "The board of scnool trustees or board of educa- 
 tion of any school district or of any city may, at least fifteen 
 days oefore the first day of the month in which the board of 
 supervisors is required by law to levy tiie taxes reouired for 
 county purposes, submit to tae county superintendent of scoools 
 an estimate of any amount in excess of tne amounts derived from 
 state and county funds w lica will be required for the maintenance 
 of any school or schools in their several districts for the ensu- 
 
: i:\ 
 
-20- 
 
 ing school year. Tlie county euperlntendent of sc.iools siiall 
 taer<^upon examine svi'i estimates and submit copies of trie 
 same with nls approval or >isapproval endorsed tiier^on to 
 tiie botra oT supervisors ana to tae county auditor at tae 
 time he submits to tnem i\l8 estim te for the county scaool 
 tax for the ensuing scaool yoar. If the county superintenoent 
 of schools approves such estimate, the said board of supervisors 
 may at tae time and in the manner of levying otaer taxes levy 
 and cause to be collected in tae several scnool districts for 
 w.ilch estimates na /e been submitted and approved as hore^ln 
 provideo, the excess amounts so estiiuated and approved. I'h© 
 funds so levied and collected shall be known as the special 
 sciiool fund of scaool district and saall be available 
 
 for any and all of tae purposes for waloh the school i'unds 
 derived from the state and county may be used, ind the moneys 
 drawn from it shall be paid out in the same manner as state 
 and county school funds are paid; provided, tais section saall 
 not be so construed as to repeal sections one toousand eight 
 hundred tairt 7 to one taousand eigat aundred txiirty nine, in- 
 clusive of this code," 
 
 "Note, — Tais section provides for tax for maintenance, 
 paying teacaers , repairs, and supplies, but not Tor buildings. 
 This money saould be kept in special maintenance funi and uses 
 for that purpose only." 
 
-21- 
 
 According to section 1339, t lis maximurri rate must not 
 exceed tiilrty cents on eu-oh uunarea aollara. 
 
 Special tax for building. 
 Section 1838. "Tme board of sciiool trustees or board of ed- 
 ucation of any scaool district or of any city, or city and 
 
 county, may , submit to tae county superintendent of 
 
 scaools an extimate of any amount of money whlcn saall be re- 
 quired for purcfiasing scaool lots for buildings or purciiasing 
 one or more scaool buildings or making alterations or fidditions 
 to any scnool building or buildings, for repairing, restoring 
 or rebuilding any scaool building damaged, Injured or destroyed 
 by fire, or otaer public calamity, for ensuring scaool build- 
 ings, for supplying sc lool builoings with furniture or necessary 
 apparatus or for improving school grounds in tacir several dis- 
 tricts for tae ensuing scaool year. 
 
 Tae funds so levied and collected shall be 
 
 known as the building fund of scaool district, and shall 
 
 be available for any or all of the purposes aerein enumerated, 
 
 proviaed, taat tae maximum rate of taxation trhich may 
 
 be levied under this section shall not exceed fifteen cents on 
 tae one aundi' o dollars," 
 
 In the next coapter, taere will be an explanation of method 
 of oistribution of state and county money and tables showing 
 assessed valuation of each school district wita amount of tax 
 rates special and building. 
 
5aa 
 
-22-' 
 
 Chapter V 
 Metnods of i^istribution of State and County Funds j 
 
 In apportioning sc lool funds, tnere ust be a Definite 
 unit as a b sis of distribution. Tiais is explained in section 
 1858^ A^ f4^^<^<^ i -^ 
 
 ^ ip (?t±crn" IQbO . "The scaool superintendent of every county 
 and city and county ust apportion all state and county scaool 
 moneys for tae elementary grades of ais c:unty or city ana county 
 as follows: 
 
 First. — he must ascertain the number of teachers each school 
 district is entitled to ty calculfiting one tencher for every dis- 
 trict iiaving thirty five or a less number of units of average 
 daily attendance and one additional teacher for each additional 
 thirty five units of average daily attendance, or fraction of 
 thirty five not less taan ten units of average daily attenoance 
 as shown by the annual scriool report of the school district for 
 the next preceding year; and two additional teachers shall be 
 allowed to each district for every seven nundred units of aver- 
 age daily attendance; and in districts waerein separate classes 
 are establisaed for tae instruction of the deaf an addit- 
 ional teacaer for each nine deaf cailaren, or fraction of such 
 number, not less than five, actually attending suc.i classes." 
 
 Apportionment of state money. 
 Sect. 1532; (Under duties of Supt, of Public Instruction.) 
 
-23- 
 
 "Pourttx. To apportion tiae state school fund. In 
 
 apportioning said fund iie shall apportion to every county and 
 to every city and county tiiree hundred fifty dollars for every 
 teacher determined and assigned to it on average dally attend- 
 ance by county or city and county school superintendent for 
 
 the next preceding scaool year, ns required-- -and after 
 
 tnus apportioning three hundred fifty dollars on teacher basis, 
 he Siiall apportion the aalance of the state school fund to the 
 several counties or cities and counties according to their aver- 
 age daily attenaance. 
 
 After the distribution of tne state funds to the various 
 counties, the county superintendents distribute the state and 
 county funds as follows i 
 
 Sect. 1858. "Tnird,— Eight hundred dollars shall be appor- 
 tioned to every school district for every teacher so allowed to 
 it, provided, that to districts having over thirty five or mul- 
 tiple of thirty five units of average daily attendance, and a 
 fraction of less trian ten units of average daily attendance, 
 forty dollars shall be apportioned for each unit of average 
 dally attendance in said fraction*" 
 
 Remaining money apportioned on attendance, 
 
 "Fourth.— All sciool moneys remaining on hand, after 
 apportioning to t.ie scaool districts the moneys provi led for in 
 subdivision taree of this section, must be apportioned to the 
 
-24- 
 
 several districts In proportion to the average dally attendance 
 Is each district durinr the next preceding school yesr," 
 
 In this county, for the present school year, the state money 
 was distributed on the basis of $350 per teacher and $7.27 per 
 pupil in average daily attendance. Tne county money was distrib- 
 uted on the bas3 s of ^450.00 per teacher and vlb.OO per pupil. 
 
 (Note. It may oe that the amounts per pupil for both state 
 and county may be a few cents more. The figures in the following 
 tables arc given on tae above bases.) 
 
 It is Interesting to note that while the state requires a 
 minimum of $21.00 per pupil to be raised in every county, the 
 450 county rate raised approximately ;:30.1S pep pupil.' 
 
 ProiT: table III which follows containing average dally attend- 
 ance and number of statutory teachers for each district, and from 
 tae preceding: figures, the amounts that each district received 
 from state ana county for the year 1919-'20 can e calculated. 
 Table IV gives this infor.nation, 
 
 i^ior example, in table III it is seen that Alvlso had an 
 average daily attendance of 75 pupils, and was thus entitled to 
 t'«o teacaers and an exccss of five. Therefore from tae state, 
 this district would receive 4350 x 2   $700 plus ;t7»27 x 75 * 
 $545.25; total $1245.25. (See IV.) Prom tae county,— ;; 450 x 2 = 
 
 |900 plus 40 x 5 (excess) = |200 plus $16.00 x 75 = *1200; total 
 
 $2300. 
 
Ui 
 
-25- 
 
 TABLE III 
 Table showing average dally attendance for every dis- 
 trict for year 1918- '19 and number of teachers allowed ac- 
 cording to section 1858 • 
 
 District 
 
 Average daily 
 Attendance 
 
 Number of : Excess of 35 or 
 Teachers : Multiple of 55 
 
 Alameda 
 
 Albany 
 
 3352 
 
 350 
 
 103 
 
 10 
 
 Alvarado 
 
 94 
 
 Alvlso 
 
 75 
 
 Antone 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 Berkeley 
 
 6199 
 
 193 
 
 Castro Valley 
 
 Centerville 
 
 106 
 
 196 
 
 6 
 
 Decoto 
 
 143 
 
 Eden Vale 
 
 10 
 
 Emeryville 
 
 Eureka 
 
 Green 
 
 Hayward 
 
 353 
 
 94 
 
 86 
 
 915 
 
 10 
 
 28 
 
 : 
 
 Independent 
 
 Inman 
 
 47 
 
 25 
 
•«i6 t*3^eve 
 
 ou \c 
 
 fff-*XA 
 
 '.ItJA 
 
 
 '.T n\VS^ Of 
 
«»36* 
 
 TABLE III (con.) 
 
 * a : b : 1 ' 
 
 District :Average daily : Niimber of : Excess of 35 or J 
 : Attendance : Teachers : Multiple of 35 : 
 
 
 Irvington : 148 : 4 : 8 ! 
 
 : : : : 
 
 
 Lincoln t 21 t 1 s - ! 
 
 
 : : : i 
 
 
 Livermore : 259 : 8 x - ' 
 
 • t • 
 
 • • • * 
 
 
 May ! 21 » 1 t - ! 
 
 J : : 
 
 t 
 
 Midway t 13 i 1 : - . 
 
 : } t 
 
 
 Mission San Jose : 93 t 3 : ' 
 
 
 « • • 
 
 • • • 
 
 
 Mocho s 23 : 1 t < 
 
 • * • i 
 
 • • • 
 
 
 Mo\3Bt House : 12 z 1 t 
 
 : 2 t 
 
 1 
 
 Mowry's Landing : 16 t 1 : 
 
 > 
 
 Murray : 46 : 2 : 
 
 
 Newark : 125 : 4 : 
 
 
 Niles J 235 : 7 : 
 
 
 Oakland , : 22521 : 709 : 
 
 : X X 
 
 
 Palomares : 18 : 1 : - . 
 
 * * f * 
 
 • • • 
 
 
 Piedmont t 482 ; 14 t 
 
 • • • 
 
 • * • 
 
 
 Pleasanton : 298 : 9 x 
 
 
 Redwood : 11 : 1 : 
 
 I 
 
 Russell S 30 : 1 x 
 
 t t : 
 
 
 San Leandro : 708 : 22 : 8 ' 
 
 • • • 
 
 • • • 
 
 
'T'.t" ^d 
 
 , ■"# r ^u ^t. rv ^ T 
 
 ^ 'I 
 vtrrtTOM 
 
 
 O'X 
 
-27« 
 
 Total 
 
 TABLE III (con.) 
 
 District 
 
 : a 
 
 : Average dally i 
 : Attendance ; 
 
 ! b S C t 
 
 ! Number of : Excess of 35 or : 
 ! Teachers : Multiple of 35. : 
 
 San Lorenzo 
 
 : 271 
 
 t 8 s 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 ! 23 . 
 
 I 1 : : 
 
 
 
 Stony Brook j 19 . 
 
 ! 1 : : 
 
 
 
 
 > 1A • 
 
 I 1 : - : 
 
 : : 
 
 
 • XO 1 
 
 Sunol Glen 
 
 ! 41 ! 
 
 1 : . & - : 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 1 1 : 
 
 Towns end '. 
 
 18 J 
 
 Vniiecltoa ! 
 
 * 16 • 
 
 1 : - : 
 t : 
 
 
 * 1 
 
 Valle Vista : SO i 1 : ~ i 
 
 : : : t 
 
 Warm Springs : 8S j 5 t : 
 
 : : : : 
 
 37584 
 
 1179.8 
 
 50, 
 
 *Antone district In two counties — Alameda and Contra Costa. 
 *Sunol, Sheridan and Vallecltos consolidated during this year. 
 
 Data obtained from cotinty wperlntandent's offlco» 
 

-28- 
 
 TABLE IV. 
 
 Tables showing amounts received by each district from 
 state and County funds for year 1919- '20 distributed on fol- 
 lowing basis: 3tate: $350. per teachdr and ^7.27 per pupil; 
 County ^450. per teacher and 3316.00 per pupil. 
 
 a b 
 
 District 
 
 : Amount~^ecelved 
 
 5 Amount l^ecelved 
 
 
 
 ► Tcoai oounxr y • s 
 
 
 Alameda 
 
 J ^ 60,273.64 
 
 : f 99,942.00 
 
 
 Albany 
 
 1 6, 044. Go i 
 
 ! 10,102.00 
 
 1 1 
 
 8 
 
 Alva ra do 
 
 : 1,733.38 
 
 t a,854.00 : 
 
 Alvlso 
 
 ; 1,245.25 
 
 5 2,300.00 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 Antone 
 
 : 425.40 
 
 1 J 
 
 I 680.00 
 t 
 
 ; Basis .8 
 
 Berkeley 
 
 1 112,618.73 ! 
 t \ 
 
 r 182,194.00 ! 
 
 1 
 
 
 Castro Valley 
 
 : 1,820.62 1 
 
 I 3,085.00 
 
 
 centerville 
 
 1 3,524.92 
 
 ! 5,836.00 
 1 
 
 
 
 • l 
 
 
 Decoto 
 
 : 2,439.61 1 
 
 4,208.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eden Vale 
 
 : 422.70 
 
 ! 610.00 
 
 ! 
 
 Era9r3rvlll« 
 
 I 6,066.31 
 
 i 10,268.00 
 
 
 Eureka 
 
 : 1,733.38 
 
 ! 1,854.00 
 
 1 
 
 Green 
 
 X 539.02 
 
 • 
 
 866.00 
 
 
 Hayward 
 
 : 16,452.05 ! 
 
 27,440.00 1 
 
 
 Independent 
 
 : 1,041.69 
 
 ! 1,652.00 ; 
 
 
 Inman 
 
 t 531.75 ! 
 
 850.00 
 
 
.,,^..«i * . t 
 
 .mfi 
 
 ^'ZEilli. 
 
-29- 
 
 TABLK IV. (con.) 
 
 District 
 
 a 
 
 Amount T^ecelved 
 
 from St-^te. 
 
 Amount ITecelved : 
 from Cou-'ty. ; 
 
 Ipvington 
 
 2,475.96 : f 4,488.00 : 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 502.67 
 
 786.00 
 
 Llvermore 
 
 4,680.93 
 
 7,744.00 
 
 May 
 
 502 .67 
 
 786.00 
 
 Midway 
 
 Mission San Jose 
 
 Mocho 
 
 Mount House 
 
 444.51 
 
 1,726.11 
 
 527.21 I 
 
 437.24 
 
 658.00 
 
 2,838.00 
 
 818.00 
 
 642.00 
 
 Mowry's Landing 
 Murray 
 
 466.32 : 
 
 1,034.42 
 
 706.00 
 
 1,636.00 
 
 Newark 
 
 2,308.75 
 
 3,800.00 
 
 Niles 
 
 Oakland 
 
 Falomares 
 
 4,158.45 
 
 411,877.67 
 
 480 .86 
 
 6,910.00 
 
 679,386.00 
 
 738.00 
 
 Piedmont 
 
 8,404.14 : 
 
 14,012.00 
 
 Pleasanton 
 
 Redwood 
 
 5,315.46 
 
 429.97 
 
 8,818.00 
 
 626.00 
 
 Russell 
 
 568.10 
 
 930.00 
 
^w^lf 
 
-30- 
 
 TABLE IV. (con.) 
 
 District 
 
 San Lorenzo 
 
 a 
 
 Amount Heceived 
 from State. 
 
 San Leandro 
 
 Amount deceived 
 from County 
 
 I $ 12,847.16 t I 21,548.00 
 
 t 
 
 4,770.17 
 
 7,936.00 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 Stony BiTOok 
 
 488.13 
 
 754.00 
 
 Sioinmit 
 
 480.86 
 
 738.00 
 
 Sunol Glan 
 
 Towns end 
 
 1,531.60 
 
 480 .86 
 
 2,630.00 
 
 738.00 
 
 Vallecitos 
 
 Valle Vista 
 
 568.10 
 
 930.00 
 
 Warm Springs 
 
 1,633.41 
 
 2,678.00 
 
 Data obtained from county superintendent's office. 
 

 Table V gives the assessed valuation of each district 
 and special rates. R'ora this data, the extra revenue for 
 the special district taxes could be obtained. 
 
 During this school year, the thre.e districts, Sheridan, 
 Sunol and Vallecitos consolidated. Therefore, there are 
 now forty two school districts. Of th.ese, twelve have the 
 maximum thirty cent special taxj twelve have no special tax, 
 depending entirely on state and county; the rest have spe- 
 cial rates ranging from two cents to twenty eight cents. 
 
-32- 
 TABLB V, 
 
 Table Bhowlng ftssessod valuAtlons ^f the different 
 diitriets and rates for malntananeesy Upeelal and build* 
 Ings, for 1919- 'SO^ 
 
 Distriets 
 
 Alameda 
 
 Valttatlon 
 
 i { Ra tes 
 
 Specia 
 
 ^ 15,1^91, 5<51. 
 
 Mftlntenanc« 
 
 0ni 
 
 Spocl^l 
 
 Bulla tnjy 
 
 Aibntny "" 
 Alvorado 
 
 a,4S5,975,   
 
 
 IT 
 
 l»S(»,450, t 
 
 AlYlSO 
 
 603, 835, 
 
 Antone 
 Berkeley 
 
 ^5,000. 
 
 41,331,507. 
 
 T^r 
 
 Tcr 
 
 Castro Valley 
 Centervllie 
 
 gg8,0 7 &^ t 
 
 TIT 
 
 TIT 
 
 1,09S,S75. 
 
 Decoto 
 
 914, 57B, t 
 
 Sden Vale 
 
 170,^55, : 
 
 OseryTlile 
 
 4,s3g,Mo> t — rsr 
 
 
 &ureka' 
 Oreon 
 
 l,0Se,075, I 
 L 
 
 179,525. I 
 
 T3^ 
 
 Heytiard" 
 
 S,31Q,5& 7 . t 
 
 T5" 
 
 Inde 
 
 147,275. » 
 
 Inman 
 
 536,100. 
 
 735" 
 
 irvingtoa 
 Lincoln 
 
 651,000. » — :w 
 
 478, SCO » — nxr 
 
'^xt 
 
 TABLE V. (con.) 
 
 Districts 
 
 Assessed 
 Valuation 
 
 t Rates 
 
 Special 
 
 # 2,250,275. 
 
 Maintenance 
 
 7S^ 
 "7^ 
 
 special 
 
 Buil(Jin; 
 
 • A^t-^ 
 
 Llvermore 
 
 152,96(5. 
 
 TT5" 
 
 BiF 
 
 Midway 
 
 Mission San Jose 
 
 59,S25. 
 
 437,9(30. 
 
 Hocho 
 Hount House 
 
 323,825. 
 
 128,850. 
 
 Howry's Landing 
 tfurray 
 
 429,525. 
 
 621,575. 
 
 T^ 
 
 
 Newark 
 
 77 6,675. 
 
 737" 
 
 TTT 
 
 T2S — r 
 
 : 
 
 «lles 
 Oakland , 
 
 1225,125. 
 
 147,966,611. 
 215,075. 
 
 
 TT5 
 
 TU5" 
 
 Paloniares 
 Piedmont 
 
 7,432,603. 
 1,571,000. 
 
 73^ 
 
 TTT 
 
 Ploasanton 
 Redwood 
 
 "Tmr 
 
 301,475. 
 212,900. 
 
 ■7^2" 
 
 Russell 
 
 &an Leandro 
 
 fean Lorenzo 
 
 4,061,300. 
 2,053,050. 
 
 73^ 
 752" 
 
 7(5^ 
 
W," 
 
 a. 
 
 rr^ 
 
 7^ 
 
-34- 
 
 TABLE V. (con.) 
 
 Districts 
 Stierldan 
 
 Assepised 
 Valuation 
 
 575,406. 
 
 Rates 
 
 Special 
 Maintenance 
 
 TST 
 
 Special 
 Building 
 
 Stony Brook 
 ^tumnit 
 
 159,9 7 5. 
 
 149,750. , n:5" 
 
 Sunol Glen 
 l?ownsend 
 
 993,550. 
 
 TT5" 
 
 294,850. 
 
 TTT 
 
 Vallecltos 
 
 353,475. : 
 
 Valle Vista 
 
 168,825. 
 
 TTT 
 
 Warm Sjirings 
 
 604,100. 
 
 Dat* obtalTiod from aisesjaor's »in<1 tax collector's offices, 
 
■-—■yre 
 
 ii "s 
 
-35- 
 
 Chapter VI 
 Metiiods Used in Carrying on the Campaign, 
 
 In ,^^^' campaign tiiere were tvo dletlnct lines of action. 
 First, taere was the county wide movement to get an Increase In 
 the county rate from tventyAcents to forty five cents. Second, 
 taere had to be definite action i •» >wu i by the teacaers within the 
 three cities, Oakland, Berkeley and Alameda, In or ner to obtain 
 Increases In the city rates, so that their salary requests could 
 be met. For example, in Oakland, the extra amount received from 
 the county woula give the teacaer an Increase of approxlmrtely 
 1300.00. They were asking for #420. 00. Tnerefore, In order to 
 obtain this, It was necessary to have a city campaign Independent 
 of the county so as to obtain a 10^ Increase in tiie citv rate 
 which would give the teachers approximately $120. extra. 
 
 In order to carry on all tnls work, money was needed. For 
 this reason a special assessment of $r;?.50 was levied on all the 
 teacaers. This gave a campaign fund of over |4000.00. 
 
 Since, in this paper, I am dealing only wlta the county 
 wide campaign, I will not attempt to go into tae problems of the 
 cities. 
 
 Ta# Publicity committee, made up of sixteen members as men- 
 tioned In chapter I, decided to proceed along the following lines: 
 1, Teachers throughout the county were requested to sign petitions 
 
-56- 
 
 asking tiie Board of Supervisors to raise the coarity rate from 
 
 27jz^ to 450. 
 
 2* Petitions, requesting the Board of Supervisors to increase 
 
 the county rate, were circulated by the teacaers sking voters, 
 
 taxpayers and citizens to sign in order to prove to tne tax 
 
 levying bocy tnat the people were ivilling to aave taxes increased 
 
 BO as to increase salaries. 
 
 3« Qidorscinents ivere obtained from all labor anions, fraternal 
 
 organizations, women's clubs and other civic bodies, as well as 
 
 from prominent business ana professional men and women. 
 
 4. A publicity firm was employed to direct publicity throughout 
 the county by means of nev;spapers, movies, etc. 
 
 5. A representative vms appointed from the Alameda County Edu- 
 cational ssociation to have c.iarge of all districts outside of 
 the cities, Oakland, Berkeley, Alameda and Piedmont. It was his 
 duty to make a personal study of the needs oi the districts, to 
 intervie .' school trustees and to attend to the circul^^tion of 
 the petitions to the Board of Supervisors, The writer of this 
 paper was appointed to have charge of tnese districts. 
 
 As a result of the personal canvas by tne teachers, over 
 70,000 signatures to tae citizens' petitions to tae Board of 
 Supervisors were obtained. Also, taere were hundreds of personal 
 enaorsements by prominent people of tae county. 
 
 Of the forty four scaool boards, tnirty five signed petitions 
 
'A H 
 
 ar::. 
 
•37- 
 
 aaklng the Board of Supervisors for tha IncroKP© In the county 
 rate* Thie ^ae very Important Plnce the anoerviaors wished the 
 official action of the ma.^orlty of tho Boardt< of trustees. 
 
 In orfler to ret t>>« Boards^to aek officially for the 45j^ 
 rate, the approximate increase in f^nds for the year i:i9-*20 
 ves computed for each district. To obtain thl; infonutttlon the 
 followiniT data was collected: 
 
 It Assessed val'ifltlon. 
 
 2, Average dailT attendance for proceading year* 
 
 3, number of teachers and yearly salaries, 
 
 4, Special rates, ai3 granmar^^bwilding, etc. 
 
 With the abo e data and knowlnr the method of distribution, 
 it was possible to state the total increase in funds and from 
 that how mnoh the teachers* salaries could be increased. 
 
 I will not attempt to give all the tables compiled to show 
 this. The vario»>8 tables throMghont thes^ chanters will Rhow the 
 methods used* 
 
 It is int0re8tini7 to note that the sctual amounts received 
 by the districts from the state and co'mty for 1919- * 20 even ex- 
 ceeded the figures given to the Boards*^ '^^^ d*rH*A^/tiZ . 
 
 After the Board of Supervisors increased the oo mty rate to 
 45^, ther<=t was a follow up o©mp«lgn to see -**■ the teachers re» 
 ceive*^ selarv increases which were due. 
 
 In September a qaestionaire was sent out to th^ forty districts 
 
-59- 
 
 In order to obtain the new salary actiedules. It w;S found that 
 only a fe.v of the Boards had made satisfactory ealrry increaseo. 
 The follo^jlnf Is the form of the queetlcnaire senti 
 
 School District 
 
 Names of » Year 1918-' 19 ; Year 1 919~'20 . 
 
 - Sr.lary I No. of . Salary '. No. of. 
 teacriers iper month ; months iper month ; months i 
 
 The next step in trie follow up work was to send a letter 
 to eaca neniber of the Boar(^of trustees and to every teacher in 
 tiiese respective districts. Thus, in every district, all the 
 members of the Board and every t aciier received a statement snow- 
 ing the total amount of funds from various source s available for 
 the year 1919- '20 and also balances on nand July 1, 1919, Lastly 
 and all important, tiie salary triat each teacrier had a right to 
 expect for the school year K^^w/ t-^-tK^tf-^t^*-*^ <■ 
 
 The salaries for each scaool were decided upon after tae 
 total expenses for salaries and general expenses :iRd been calcu- 
 lated for the precedin(^ yeaij. 
 
 fit &^yf^ t%^ 
 
 Tne following is. trie letter sent to tne members of the Boardlf^ 
 
 and to the t achers of the Irvlngton school district; 
 
 Ja 
 
at 
 
-39- 
 
 Oaklan , Ciiliv, 
 Oct. 21, 1919. 
 
 To the Trustees, Principals, and Teacaers; 
 
 Tae enclosed statement shows the follo\7lngi 
 
 1. Approximate a'mounts of money that will be received from 
 State, County, 'and Special funds for the year 1919-1920. 
 
 2. Balances in various funds on July 1, 1919. 
 
 3. The amount of money that can reasonably be spent for 
 teac.iers* salaries for tie ^j-ear 1P19-1920, 
 
 All increases siould be made retro-active, that is, increases 
 should apply also to past two months or more. 
 
 Copies of this statement will be sent to all members of the Boards 
 of Trustees and to each teacher in the schools of the County. 
 
 Before arranging to spend any extra amounts for buildinr or ^ro^nds 
 clerks should notify Mr. Mock, 0-!ief Deputy Supt, of Schools Aj — -^^^o^^ 
 
 Kindergarten funds are not included in this report. Kindergarten 
 teacaers should receive the same salaries as otaer teacaers. 
 
 GEO. ?.'. PiaCK, 
 
 County Supt. of Scriools. 
 
 DISTRICT? Irvington" ' 
 
 Total amount - 1919-1920. , Increase over 1918-1919. 
 
 State & County $6,969.83 ^2,046.32 
 
 Special (S. 1840) | C56.B0 
 
 TOTAL $7,626.63 
 
 Building Special | 
 
 Balances, Jul" 1, 1919. 
 
 Salary $ 505 , 44 
 
 Special or general! 947.57 
 
 Library ,* 
 
 Building I 
 
-40- 
 
 ReASonable amount to be spent for teachers' salaries 1919- '20. 
 Principal $2,000 
 
 3 teachers . 
 ($1200 each) *iiii22 
 
 Janitor $ 600 
 
 Total $6,200 
 
 This is a typical letter sent to all districts, 
 
 Ae stated before, the recomiiiended salaries were decided 
 
 upon after expenses for tae year 191B-'19 had been calculated. 
 
 The following is the data for Irvlngton; 
 
 Expenses 
 1913-' 19 
 
 Teachers' 
 
 Salaries #4,250 
 
 Janitor 360 
 General 905.71 
 
 Total ^5,513.71 |7,100 
 
 It will be seen tixat the St7,100 comes well within tne total 
 revenue for the year, whicu is $7,626.63. It also leaves over 
 $1,200 balance. 
 
 The salaries for 191S-'19 were as follows; Principal, gl550 
 and teachers $900 each. After the Board received the letter show- 
 ing the financial concUtion' of the school, the salaries were in- 
 creased to tne amounts recommended. 
 
 Estimated iiixpenses 
 1919-'20 
 
 15, 
 
 ,600 
 
 
 600 
 
 
 900 
 
, beSj?: 
 
 Oi. 
 •wocia 1*- 
 
-41- 
 
 Aboat three «eelc8 »ft©r thete letters were sent out, a 
 second queetionalre was sent to find liow many Boards were giving 
 the reoomnended salaries, or, at least* salaries satisfactory to 
 '. the teachers* 
 
 ijach district has its own problems and it woudl be reasonable 
 ^ tuit the Boards might not be abl* to pay all that was suggested. 
 In the main, the salary increases have been very satisfactory. 
 In nearly all districts, the Boaz*ds wiehed to pay suca salaries 
 as could be maintained for the year 1920- '21, and, if possible, 
 to increase the present salaries. 
 
 The following is the form of tne 2nd questionaire sent to 
 all the schools. 
 
 Sohool District 
 
 Increase in Salary since Hew Yearly Salary 
 Names of * last queationaire was 1919-1920 
 
 i sent out "" 
 
 Teachers i i 
 
 • Am*t per mo. • No. of montas. Salary per.Ko. of 
 
 • . • month . mo lit. IS 
 
 s« Was the increase made to apply to preceding montas? 
 
 b» Kindly state in detail attitude of Board in response to 
 •uggested salaries as recommended by Mr, Frick. 
 
 After receiving answers to the second question&ire, I went 
 to tae various Boards woei'e there had not been satisfactory salary 
 increases- ag a ug to aelp make adjustments. In many oases, there 
 
n ■:i--'i.c-' 
 
 
 UJiiiC 
 
-4i>3* 
 
 were very excellent responses. However, taere were some districts 
 whe^ the Boards would not Increase tiae salaries to the extent 
 Justified by amount of money available for the year. It must be 
 understood that each Board is a law unto itself and if the members 
 would not vote a salary increase, notaing more could be done. 
 
 In tiae next chapter will be stated tae results of the campaign. 
 
JISW 
 
-43- 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 Results of the Campaign. 
 
 While the direct result of this campaign has been the 
 obtaining of decider' increases In school funds so as to nay 
 more -adequate sa"* riea, still t^ore were also many indir?^ct 
 resnltr. Of these, one of the most important has been the 
 education of the nublic to the needs of the schools, and to a 
 realization of the inadequary of teachers' salaries. Also, 
 among the teachers thems Ivos, there has been a quickening of 
 interest in school finances with an added understanding of the 
 apportionment of funds, so that. In the future, tney are not 
 going to be satisfied merely wlthj the jreceiving of their salaries 
 
 Throughout this whole camp sign, in calking with members 
 of the various Boards, the one thing that •w-fi stressed was the 
 idea of cooperation on the part of the teachers anc not coercion. 
 When teachers become more conversant with financial conditions 
 of the schools, there can be more intelligent cooperetion. Much 
 mora can be gained by this method than for teachers, ignorant of 
 school budgets, to say to a Board, "If you don't pay better 
 salaries, we will strike." 
 
 No Board of trustees could say, as has been said In the 
 past, ih t there were not sufficient funds to give the teachers 
 very decided increase in salaries. In the table which follows, 
 the recommended salaries for the forty districts and also the 
 lowest recommended salaries are given. 
 
.as 'I 
 
-44- 
 
 TABLE VI. 
 
 Table showing, first, recommended salaries for 1919- '20; 
 second, lowest recommended salaries; third, colximn c showing 
 salaries as promised by the various bo i rds of trustees up to 
 January 1, 1920; and fourth, average increase per teacher in 
 the different districts. 
 
 Districts 
 
 a 
 
 Recommended 
 Salaries 
 1919- '20 
 
 b : c 
 
 Lowest Re-: FrlncTpal 
 
 commended : Maximum 
 
 salaries : Minimum 
 
 Average In- 
 crease per 
 teacher 
 
 Alameda 
 
 I 
 
 Albany 
 
 : Pr, 2400 
 : 960-1560 
 
 2 yrs. exp: Pr. 2400 
 1260 : 960-1560 
 
 I^BO.OO 
 
 Alva ra do 
 
 : Pr. 1800 
 : 2-1200 
 
 $1200. : Pr. 1650 
 ; (1050 
 
 rTW6 — 
 
 224.00 
 
 Alviso 
 
 
 Pr. 1400 : 
 1-1200 : 
 
 1200. 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 Pr. 1200 J 
 1-1100 J 
 
 250.00 
 
 Antone 
 
 : 
 
 1200.00 : 
 
 1200.00 
 
 : 
 
 850.00 ! 
 
 t 
 
 Berkeley 
 
 t 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 1200-1620 ; 
 
 (300.) 
 
 Castro Valley 
 
 
 Pr. 1800 : 
 3-1200 : 
 
 1200.00 
 
 : 
 
 Pr. 1800 ! 
 3-1200 ! 
 
 2 T-180 
 Pr. 600 
 
 Centerville 
 
 
 Pr. 2000 : 
 5-1200 : 
 
 1200.00 
 
 
 Pr. 1800 
 840 to 1140 
 
 : Pr. 315 
 ! Av. 180 
 
 Decoto 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 Pr. 1800 : 
 3-1200 : 
 
 1200.00 
 
 
 Pr. 1800 
 3-1200 ! 
 
 Pr. 360. 
 2 T.240 
 
 Eden Vale 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 : 
 
 1-950 : 
 
 950. 
 
 : 
 
 1000 
 
 ! 250 . 
 
 Emeryville 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 Pr. 2400 : 
 1260 to 1620: 
 
 1260. 
 
 
 Pr. 2280 
 1200 to 1620 
 
 ! 316. 
 
 Kureka 
 
 t 
 
 Pr. 1600 : 
 2-1100-1200 ; 
 
 1100. 
 
 
 Fr. 1450. 
 900 to 1050 
 
 1 Pr. 85 
 
 t T-105 
 
 Green 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 1200 i 
 
 1200. 
 
 : 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 1000 ! 
 
 ! 100 
 
 Hayward 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 Pr. 2700 : 
 1080 to 1200: 
 
 1080. 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 Pr. 2700 
 1080 to 1200 
 
 : Pr. 700 
 : T.-315 
 

 
 Jirrl 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 /■■ : 
 
 -el 
 
 b 
 
 9i«': 
 
 
 l»q 
 
 [ saasn 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 0( ~ 
 
 ...VIA 
 
 9^ 
 
 /tetm. 
 
-45- 
 
 TABUt VI. 
 
 DistPicts 1 
 
 talari 98 
 
 1919- •20 1 
 
 t b 1 
 1 Lowest Ke«>i 
 
 I comnended i 
 { salaries j 
 
 Prlnofpal i 
 Uaxlmum i 
 MinlBium 1 
 
 Average In- 
 t oreaat per 
 teacher 
 
 Inddpendeat i 
 
 1500 and 
 1100 
 
 1100 1 
 
 Pr. 1300 ! 
 
 1100 ! 
 
 400. 
 
 iBBMtt i 
 
 12Q0 1 
 
 I 1 
 
 1 1800 1 
 
 1200 ! 
 
 350. 
 
 tnrlngton i 
 
 3-lSOO 
 
 1 1800 J 
 
 [ Pr. 1800 1 
 3-1200 1 
 
 1 1^87^ 
 
 Llneola I 
 
 1 1800 
 
 1 180« I 
 
 t 1000 
 
 ! 800 
 
 liivenaort I 
 
 1 Pr. 2160 
 1 9-1260 
 
 t 18d0 \ 
 
 1 Pr. 8160 1 
 1 1140-1200 
 
 \ Pr. 360 
 : 9T 840 
 
 May 
 
 1200 
 
 1 1850 1 
 
 1 1100 1 
 
 I 150. 
 
 Kldway 1 
 
 i 1000 
 
 1 1000 
 
 ( 650 ) 
 
 { 270 
 
 lilsai<m ) 
 
 1 FP, 1500 
 \ £-lk;00 
 
 I 1200 ] 
 
 \ Pr. 1450 
 1 2-930 I 
 
 1 Vv. 300 
 1 2-200 
 
 li»elio i 
 
 t 1300 
 
 1 
 
 » 1300 1 
 
 1 1300 
 
 I 550. 
 
 Mount Moose i 
 
 \ 1000 
 
 1 1000 
 
 1 990 
 
 1 350. 
 
 MmiX7*8 Landing i 
 
 I 1200 
 
 t 1200 
 
 \ 1000 
 
 : 300 
 
 liomy j 
 
 I Pr, 1400 
 i 1-1200 
 
 J 1800 
 
 { Pr. 1000 
 1 1-900 
 
 1 800 
 
 ■evark 
 
 I ^'p, 1800 
 I lSiOO-1300 
 
 ! 1800 
 
 r Pr. 1650 
 { 1000-1100 
 
 1 1-260 
 1 3-150 
 
 Hllea 
 
 ! Pr. 8000 
 1 -ISOO 
 
 1 1300 
 
 I Pr. 8000 
 
 I 1050-1800 
 
 1 300 Appr. 
 
 Oakland 1 
 
 1 t 
 1 t 
 
 1 1260-1800 
 
 r (420) 
 
 Falemares i 
 
 1 1800 
 
 t 1800 
 
 1 850 
 
 1 150 
 
 Fiednont 
 
 t i 
 t t 
 
 1 1860-1680 
 
 1 (360) 
 
I   
 
 ;rr 
 
 :.«BtTl 
 
 
 
 s»Vlfe«|ftfS'- 
 
-46- 
 
 TABLE VJ. (con.) 
 
 Districts 
 
 t a 
 ! Recommended 
 ! Salaries 
 : 1919-'20 
 
 1 b 
 
 ! Lowest Re- 
 ; commended 
 
 : salaries 
 
 : c 
 
 : Principal 
 ; Maximum 
 : Minimum 
 
 d 
 ! Average In- 
 ! crease per 
 : teacher 
 
 Pleasanton 
 
 I Pr. 2160 
 : 8-1320 
 
 5 1320 
 
 : - Pr. 2040 . 
 : 1080-1170 
 
 ! 260 Av. 
 
 Redwood 
 
 '. 1200 
 
 ! 1200 
 
 > 
 
 5 810 
 
 I 250 
 
 Russell 1 
 
 ! 1200 
 
 : 1200 
 
 : 1000 : 
 
 I 
 
 : 100 
 
 I 
 
 San Leandro 
 
 ! Pr. 2500 
 ! 1200-1560 ' 
 
 '. 1200 
 
 ! Pr, 2280 
 t 11200-1560 
 
 ! 360   
 
 San Lorenzo 
 
 ! Pr. 2160 
 ! 1380 
 
 : 1380 
 
 : Pr. 2100 
 : 1140-1290 1 
 
 '. 300- 
 
 I 
 
 Stoney Brook ! 
 
 ! 1100 1 
 
 1 1100 
 
 : 810 
 
 ! 225 - 
 
 Summit 
 
 ! 1100 ! 
 
 1100 ! 
 
 1 i 
 
 1 900 
 
 : 300 
 
 Sunol Glen ! 
 
 Pr. 1500 : 
 ! 2-1300 ! 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 Sheridan : 
 
 ' Consolidated: 
 
 t 3 
 
 
 
 ! 514 Av. 
 ! for 3 
 
 ValUcitos J 
 
 t i 
 
 
 : Pr. 1500 
 
 2-lki96 
 
 -■ 
 
 Towns end ! 
 
 1500 : 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 4 
 
 1500 : 
 
 1 
 
 1400 ! 
 1 i 
 
 ! 350 
 
 Valle Vista ! 
 
 ! 1200 : 
 
 1200 : 
 
 1200 ] 
 
 300 
 
 Warm Springs i 
 
 < 
 
 4 
 
 I Pr. 1500 s 
 2-1100 J 
 
 1100 
 
 Pr. 1400 ; 
 2-950 : 
 
 200 
 2-300 
 
 Data for estimates in a&b obtained from county superintendent's 
 office. 
 
 Data in qq-^ ^^rt>v j^ o^^talne'^ b^^ qn-*atlonalre qnd personal invests nation. 
 
:vr4 
 
 i^ffft 
 
.47- 
 
 Froia a study of the lowest reoonnMiDoed salaries, as given 
 In column b. It Is seen tiitit all districts wlt.i one exception 
 eould pay $1,000 or more to tiie teacaers. However, tkils one 
 exception wHlch could not pay tae $1,000, wltuout danger of 
 deficit. Is actually paying this amount. Thirty one districts 
 could pay at least <i^l,200. Contrast these possible salaries 
 vlth the salaries pala In 1918** 19 as siiiown in Chapter II. 
 
 In table VI is shown the salaries as promised by the 
 
 various Boards up to Jan. 1, 1920* In most cases, the Boards 
 
 t 
 are paying the salaries stated. 
 
 In column d is f^lven the average incraase per teacher in 
 •aoh district. A suaBUiry of this column briefly shows the con- 
 ditions* 
 
 Ho. of districts. Average yearly increase 
 
 1 
 
 4 § 100 
 3 150 
 
 2 180 
 
 3 200 
 
 2 225 
 
 6 250 approx. 
 
 9 300 " 
 
 4 360 " 
 2 400 " 
 
 1 500 (taree districts) 
 
 (consolidated. ) 
 1 550 
 
 In these districts taere were 163 teachers slaving an average 
 Increase of 1513.00 
 
 In 15 districts aavlng In all 30 teachers, the salary increase 
 ranged fro.: to #225. In 23 districts, having 133 teachers, tae 
 salary increasa ranged from $250 to $550. 
 
•r » . !» it f M t 
 
 
 (8.- 
 
 Oe 
 
 fiJt 
 
 .nf 
 
 -st!* 
 
-48- 
 
 In Oakland, the increase .^as *420, in Berkeley ;|300, in 
 Pieciraont |360 and in Alameda $'240.00. 
 
 Two interesting studies follow irom the salary schedules 
 
 of 191S-'19 and 1919-*20. First, let us consider a comparison 
 
 of maximum salaries for these two years. 
 
 — 1918-'19— 
 
 2 schools-Range-$560 to |590 
 
 4 
 
 » 
 
 n 
 
 600 to 
 
 690 
 
 7 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 700 to 
 
 790 
 
 5 
 
 It 
 
 tt 
 
 800 to 
 
 890 
 
 16 
 
 n 
 
 tt 
 
 900 to 
 
 990 
 
 2 
 
 ff 
 
 It 
 
 ^1000 to 
 
 1090 
 
 2 
 
 It 
 
 « 
 
 1100 to 
 
 1190 
 
 2 
 
 II 
 
 It 
 
 1200 to 
 
 1290 
 
 — 1919-*20— 
 
 4 schools-Range-^800 to $890 
 
 5 " " 900 to 990 
 7 " " 1000 to 1090 
 5 " " 1100 to 1190 
 
 13 " " 1200 to 1^90 
 
 2 " " 1300 to 1390 
 
 1 " " 1400 to 1490 
 
 2 " " 1500 to 1590 
 1 School-1620 
 
 In 1918- '19 thirteen scaools had maximums, from .^560 to 
 $790. In 1919- '20 all taese schools paid over |800. 
 
 In 1913-** 19, 34 scaools had maximums less taan $1,000. 
 In 191P-'20 only 9 scaools tiad maximums less than $1,000. 
 
 In 1918-'19, only 2 scaools had maximums of f 1,200 to 
 $1,290. In 1919-'20, 19 schools aad maximums from iipl,200 to 
 |;l,620. 
 
 Second let us consider a comparison of minimums for taese 
 
 two years. 
 
aQiili&oyco 
 
 3 p. Pi: 
 
 S 
 
 ■* 
 
-49- 
 
 1918- » 19 
 
 2 Schools-Kange-$560 to 590 
 
 4 " " 600 to 690 
 
 11 " " 700 to 790 
 
 12 " " 300 to S90 - 
 11 " " 900 to 990 
 
 1919-   20 
 
 5 School s-Hange-|SOO to 890 
 8 " " 900 to 990 
 
 10 " " 1000 to 1090 
 
 5 " " 1100 to 1190 
 
 10 " " 1200 to 1290 
 
 1 School ^1300 
 
 1 " 1400 
 
 In 1918- * 19, 17 schools had rainlmuras of less tiian $800. 
 In 1919-*20, no school paid less tiian $800. 
 
 In 1918-*19, all 40 schools had minlrauras less than $1000, 
 In 1919-*20, 26 sciiools had ralnlmums of llOOOip to #1400. 
 
 All the very excellent results obtained throughout the 
 
 whole campaign are due to strong professional organisation. 
 
 Teachers throughout trie state and the nation should see what 
 
 can be done by ti«d» teacaers v?orking togetaer in a spirit of 
 
 harmony and cooperation. 
 
oev 
 
 068 
 
 ro^ o> 'I 
 
 \3. 
 
 .008 
 
 .CK>OI> an: 
 
 lo J • hi 
 
-50- 
 
 0I1APTSR-VIII. 
 Cone us Ions. 
 
 I have shown in the preceding chapter the results ob- 
 tained from this campaign for Increased salaries. In order that 
 the teachers In this county may receive better salaries next 
 year, there should be definite action on the part of the 
 Alameda County Educational Association. 
 
 However, considering the very low salaries of the largo 
 majority of elementary teachers throughout the state, there is 
 urgent need of new legislation so as to r)rovide incrersed 
 funds for the mayment of edequ te salaries to all teachers of 
 the state. 
 
 Therefore, this chapter will consist of two parts: first, 
 reasons for the continuation of the salary campaign; and second, 
 the necessity of new state legislation to obtain more rrio ey for 
 school funds. 
 
 I. Even if there were to be effective legislation this 
 year, the revenue for the schools would not be agumented until 
 the year following. Thorof e yo, we must look to county and 
 district rates to sustain the present salaries. 
 
 In chanter V..Vable V, shows the assessed valuations and 
 special rates for malntenai5|j|B of all the districts. One 
 

 ^i 
 
 .-; r 
 
 •«iffv* m>'' 
 
 ■^^F^Whx 
 
 tiaax 
 
 AS 
 
 %nouA&i 
 
 ■08 
 
 5nfl 
 
 0n 
 
 toeae 
 
-51- 
 
 carrlee a rate of 28^ and twelve have a 30^ rate, which Is the 
 maximum; six carry special rates between 15^ and 25^; thirteen 
 vary from 2jzf to I4j2f; and twelve have no special tax rates at 
 all. 
 
 Considering all these facts. It is absolutely essential 
 to hold the 45^ county rate and. If possible, to increase this 
 to the 50pf maximum. In order to accomplish this, members of the 
 salary committee, conversant with the financial situations, 
 should go to the Boards of trustees and Rsk them to offlclrlly 
 request the levying of the maximum. This metl od while not re- 
 quired by law. Is advisable in order to convince the supervi- 
 sors that the ma,j5ority of the Boards desire the higher rate. 
 
 In some of the districts having rates below 25^, there are 
 Boards decidedly averse to the special taxes and they will do 
 their utmost to decrease them whenever possible. Since this is 
 true, the committee will have the added responsibility of show- 
 ing such Boards the advisability of retaining the present spe- 
 cial tax and, in some cases, of increasing the same. This will 
 be a very difficult task. 
 
 In my work througliout the County, I found that. In the 
 main, the Board members were very glad to learn what was be- 
 ing done in other districts, and were Interested in the dis- 
 cussion of educational affairs. 
 
■n-' 
 
In fact, this work is so Important that I feel some one 
 should be delegated by educational organizations to go out 
 among the people of the rural schools and acquaint them with 
 conditions. It might be possible for several count Irs to com- 
 bine and to secure a paid delegate to spend full time on such 
 work of en 1 Ight crimen t. In most cases, I found the school 
 trustees to be alert men and vromen, wishing to do their best 
 for the schools, but often lacking the knowledge of what should 
 be done. 
 II. New State Legislation needed. 
 
 In Chapter V, Table III gives the average dally attendance 
 in each district with the ntimber of statutory teachers allowed; 
 Table IV gives the amounts of state and county aid for this 
 year. If we divide the amounts given by the number of statu- 
 tory teachers, we will have the average per teacher. Table VII 
 which follows herewith gives the aver- ge amounts received from 
 state and from county per teacher and also the total from 
 state and county per teacher. 
 
 Alameda County received from the state for year 1919- *20 
 approximately |686,165. Since there are 1179.8 statutory tesph- 
 
 ers, ♦f the money were apportioned only on this b^sis, the 
 average per teacher would be $681. 50. 
 
 The total amount of county funds for the year will be 
 .$l,ir4,014 approximately. The average per teacher would be 
 $961.00. This with the $581.50 above gives a total per teaPh- 
 er of $1,542.50. 
 
-53- 
 
 TABLE VII, 
 
 Table showing average amounts per statutory teacher re- 
 ceived by districts from state and county. 
 
 a. 
 
 b. 
 
 District 
 
 : Average per 
 : teacher 
 :from state ! 
 
 Average per ; 
 teacher j 
 from county 
 
 Total state : 
 and county : 
 per teacher : 
 
 Alameda 
 
 :| 
 
 585.18 1 
 
 t| 97(5.31 
 
 1 1555.49 : 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 Albany 
 
 
 604.50 
 
 1010.20 ! 
 
 . 1614.70 ': 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 
 
 Alvaradd 
 
 
 577.79 
 
 951.33 
 
 . 1529.12 : 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 Alviso 
 
 
 622.52 
 
 ! 1150. J 
 
 . 1772.62 ': 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 1 • 
 
 Ant 0X10 
 
 
 425.40 1 
 
 ! 680. 
 
 1 
 
 i 1105.40 : 
 • Basis .8 : 
 
 
 
 Berkeley 
 
 
 56^.45 
 
 944.01 
 
 15S7.46 : 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 
 ; : 
 
 Castro Valley 
 
 «, 
 
 606.87 : 
 
 I 1028.33 
 
 ! 1635.20 : 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 : 
 
 Centerville 
 
 • 
 
 587.48 ! 
 
 972.70 1 
 
 ! 1560.18 : 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 fiecoto 
 
 i 
 
 S09.90 
 
 1052. ! 
 
 1661.90 : 
 
 : 
 
 t 
 
 £den Vale 
 
 * 
 
 422. 70 ! 
 
 610. 
 
 ! 1052.70 : 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 » « 
 
 • 
 
 Emeryville 
 
 
 '6(56.03 
 
 1026.80 
 
 1633.43 ; 
 
 • 
 > • 
 
 £ureka 
 
 
 517.79 
 
 : 927. 
 
 1504.79 : 
 
 * • 
 
 
 
 Green 
 
 t 
 
 539.02 I 
 
 866. 
 
 . 1405.02 : 
 
 t 
 
 Hay ward 
 
 
 587.57 
 
 ! 980. 
 
 1 1567.57 : 
 : 
 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 Independent 
 
 
 520.64 
 
 826. I 
 
 . 1346.84 : 
 
 > • 
 
 Inman 
 
 
 5^1.75 
 
 850. 
 
 ! 1381.75 : 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 Irvington 
 
 
 618.99 
 
 : 113e . 
 
 I 1740.99 : 
 : 
 
 iLincoln 
 
 
 502.67 
 
 ! 786. 
 
 t 1 
 
 ! 1288.67 : 
 
 ! t 
 
-e^ 
 
 ''#*..tS -^©cf 
 
 . itrod bah: 
 
 ■■^^■■t   »— ^ ^ii^ I -^ — »»^ 
 
 :~'C\'.M£i 
 
 ;sM'x' 
 
 8. Sis a ; 
 
 ■7r»- 
 
 , T^ 
 
 yim — T 
 
 a«Ty 
 
 
 
 ^;^3t5ir 
 
 "rmr 
 
 IS-HSl" 
 
 
 ; ~   w:cr*.xT 
 
-54- 
 
 TABLE VII. (con.) 
 a. 
 
 b. 
 
 District 
 Llvermofil 
 
 :Average per 
 t teacher 
 
 :frorTi state 
 If 585,16 
 
 liy" 
 
 502.67 
 444.51 
 
 Average per 
 
 teacher 
 from county 
 
 I 968. 
 
 "75^ 
 
 Total state 
 and county 
 per t3acher 
 
 155;^, 15 
 
 1565.5 7 
 11(32.51 
 
 Midway 
 
 ■ffSBT 
 
 Mission San Jose 
 
 575.53 
 
 T^^ 
 
 1521.53 
 
 Mocho 
 
 527.21 
 457.24 
 
 Tmr 
 
 1345.21 
 1679.24 
 
 Mount House 
 
 TW7 
 
 ■7557 
 
 tlowr^*s Landing 
 
 465.32 
 517.21 
 
 1172.32 
 1335.21 
 
 Murray 
 
 
 irewark 
 
 577.16 
 554.65 
 
 1527. IS 
 15S1.26 
 
 Nlles 
 
 967.14 
 
 balcland 
 Palmores 
 
 566.93 
 456.65 
 
 956.23 
 •735: — 
 
 1539.25 
 1218.65 
 
 Piedmont 
 Pleasanton 
 
 566.29 
 596.72 
 
 1000.85 
 979.77 
 
 1561.14 
 1576.49 
 
 Redwood 
 Russell 
 
 429.97 
 
 930. 
 
 1655.97 
 1496.16 
 
 556.16 
 563.95 
 
 San Leandro 
 ^an Lorenzo 
 
 979.45 
 
 "WT. — 
 
 1553.11 
 1566.27 
 
 595.27 
 
.0 
 
 * 
 
 
 .d 
 
 ^3^M 
 
 
 ['■.'' 
 
 ••fa 
 
 "**•% 
 
 
 '^jsTisar 
 
 • ITT 
 
 fnST" 
 
 T^jmr 
 
 ■w. 
 
 '^r^<m — 1 
 
 C' 
 
 — rff:T> 
 
 'Eoo^fe'n 
 
-55- 
 
 TABLE VII. (con.) 
 
 District 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 Average per 
 
 teacher 
 from state 
 
 r 
 
 b. 
 
 t Average per 
 
 teacher 
 froTH county 
 
 :Total state : 
 :and county j 
 ; per teacher 
 
 Stony Brook 
 
 Summit 
 
 466.13 
 480.86 
 
 1M7 
 
 1242.13 
 121S.55 
 
 "735: 
 
 Sunol Glen 
 ^ownsend 
 
 543.67 
 466.66 
 
 676.67 
 
 im: — 
 
 1426.54 
 1218.66 
 
 Vallecltos 
 Valle Vista 
 
 566.16 
 551.13 
 
 "53crr 
 
 1496,16 
 
 ^arm Springs 
 
 852.67 
 
 1443.86 
 
■a.-^« 
 
 TBrmr 
 
   \" '' m '' »fl i^ f 
 
-56- 
 
 With the data in the table and tae averages for state and 
 county as Just given, let us consider certain facts. All dis- 
 tricts tiavinf- less t:ian tairty pupils average dally attendance, 
 receive less state and county aid as no/ apportioned than war 
 iM^^ff^ tae funds were apportioned only on the statutory teacher 
 basis. The followlnr table shows several cases: 
 
 District 
 
 ; Average 
 
 iAttendance 
 
 .State 
 
 Aid 
 
 i County 
 
 Aid 
 
 Total . 
 
 EdenVale 
 
 ; 10 
 
 . ^422.70 
 
 . >610. 
 
 ;f 10.^2. 70 ; 
 
 Hldway 
 
 ; 13 
 
 444.51 
 
 658. 
 
 i 1102.51 . 
 
 ?8loraares 
 
 IB 
 
 . 430.56 
 
 ; 73B. 
 
 ; 1218. S6 ; 
 
 kocho 
 
 ; 23 
 
 527.21 
 
 ; 318. 
 
 .'.1545.21 . 
 
 Inmaii 
 
 : 25 
 
 • 
 
 551.75 
 
 ; ^50. 
 
 . 1351.75 . 
 
 The total einount per teacher from state and county If 
 L teacher 1 
 
 apportioned onlv on teach,er basis woulo oe 
 
 1^3 542.50-1 Tals means taat tne smaller schools wnlch 
 should receive as much aid per teacher from state and county as 
 the Irrger, now receive less. EdenVale received over $500 less 
 per teacier tnan Centerville which received ;^i660.18. EdenVale 
 has an assessed valuation of ^170, 855 wulle Centerville ii-is & 
 valuation of |1, 093, 975. Is such a metciod of distribution right? 
 The above facts saow to tae contrary. 
 
 In table VII, column c gives tae total amount from state 
 and county per statutory teacher based on averages. Taere are 
 twenty one districts out of the forty two walcn received less 
 than $1500. Taese amounts vary from $1032.70 up to :1498.10. 
 
' ,►♦ '.' 
 
-O f- 
 
 Purthermore, It Is not only the small school which loses 
 by the present method of distribution of school fiinds. Take, 
 for exunple, Murray district. In this district, the average 
 attendance was 46, This nimber allows two teachers. However, 
 on account of receiving part of tlie furds based upon attend- 
 ance, this district received only $1335,21 per teacher from 
 state and county. A difference of over $200 per teacher, or 
 $400 for the district. 
 
 The first needed legislation, therefore, would seem to be 
 to change the method of apportioning state nnd county money. 
 Let the same law be retained for determining the number of 
 statutory teachers based upon average dally attendance, but 
 with the following exception. Since the r^ajorlty of schools, 
 having eight teachers, have a supervising principal, that part 
 of section 1858 which reads, "And two adiltlonal teachers shall 
 be allowed for every seven himdred units of average dally attend- 
 ance," should be chanred to read, "And one additional teacher 
 shall be allowed for every two hundred and fifty iinltR of aver- 
 age daily attendance," 
 
 After this number has been determined, ap ^or' ion all state 
 and county money upon the teacher basis only and not, as Is 
 done at present, partly on number of teachers and partly on 
 average dally attendance. 
 
 By the proposed plem, the larger districts would not lose 
 much per teacher. In Alameda district, for example, the total 
 
 state and county aid 
 
.5&- 
 
 !• fl555.49, 80 tlint tmder the single teacher basis there would be 
 a difference of only #13 per teseher* Even though there should be 
 • larger difference » justice should be done to the smaller schools* 
 
 It should be clearly understood tliat the fundamental basis is 
 average daily atti»idanee* Fpom thls» the nuanber odT teaebem is 
 detemlned* Tbmi the distribution of state and eoimty money should 
 be on teacher basis only* 
 
 The second needed change in state legislation deals vith 
 the minimum salary* The tine has <MMse when tlam people of the 
 state vast give nore state si^>port for elenentary schools* Having 
 sufficient state aid a minlsm salary stK>uld then be deientined* 
 At the present time even though there should be sufficient funds 
 to grsBt good ealerSMiy asaj Beards will hire teachers on as low a 
 salary schedule as possible and carry a good balance from year to 
 year* It isiceeessary for the state to pass a law stating the minimun 
 salary and provide sufficient funds from state and coxmty to meet 
 this* 
 
 In table VII I y column b gives the assessed valuations of 
 all the counties in the state tor the year 1919- * 20* Colunm e 
 gives the number of statutory teachers and eoluaoi d gives the 
 i*ate necemMury to raise t>600 per teaeher in each county* one 
 county would need to have a rate of 65*5^9 four would have rates 
 
 70^ to 77^; 
 
-59- 
 
 8l3c from 61^ to 67.5^; seven from 50^ to 59jzf; nine from 40^ to 
 49^} and only thirty one with ratea below 40^»'Lo8 Angeles, the 
 richest coxrnty In the state woxild have a rate of 24.3^ while 
 Nevada, one of the poorest, would have a rate of 85 .S^. 
 
 This means only one thing, namely, that there must be 
 more state support for all counties, if we expect to have suf- 
 ficient funds to pay adequate minimum salaries* 
 
 In order to deal with this subject In a concrete way, I 
 will first state what may be considered a reasonable minimum 
 salary under present conditions and how the ftinds can oe raised 
 to pay the same. 
 
 Hbun we note the facts as developed In chapter ITX> a 
 reasonable minimum salary for the state of California is fl400» 
 How can this be paid? 
 
 Let the state raise $1000 for every statutory teacher and 
 the county, at least, $800 • The total amount of money from the 
 state and 505^ of that from the county must be used for teachers' 
 salaries* This would guarantee a salary of $1400 for every teacher 
 in a one-teacher school. The balance of the $400 could be used 
 for general maintenance* 
 
 In order to safeguard the teachers in larger schools, the 
 legislatxire should pass a minimum salary law requiring each distrlcl 
 to pay at least, $1400* Sufficient funds can be raised either by an 
 increase in county tax or by the special district tax* 
 
-60- 
 
 TABLE VIII, 
 
 Table showing asteeaed v«lu«tlons of all the counties In 
 the state for the yer 1919- '20; nu'^bar of statutory teachers; 
 rate required to raise 1800 oor teacaerj and total rate for stnta 
 and county (assuming a 14</ stnte wide rate.) 
 
 COUNTIES 
 
 Alameda 
 
 b. 
 
 Assessed 
 
 valuations 
 
 1919- '20 
 
 »i2SS,lS8,171.: 
 
 » Number of 
 : statutory 
 : teachers 
 
 "37 
 
 d. 
 
 Rate to 
 raise ^800 
 per teacher 
 
 57. 8j?? 
 "3T7 
 
 Total state 
 and county 
 114/ state 
 
 TT7 
 
 Alpine 
 Amador 
 
 651,352.: 
 
 ■56,202,516.; 
 
 53.03 
 
 Ul. 
 
 TTTT 
 
 "^ 
 
 Butte 
 Calaveras 
 
 
 7,142,(565.: 
 
 54.58 
 
 TTT 
 
 Colusa 
 Contra Costa 
 
 17,375,591.: 
 
 "527r 
 
 ■WJT 
 
 52,592,(57(5.: 24(5.2 
 6,125,051.: 157"" 
 
 ■5E7~ 
 
 Del Horte 
 
 IPS', 
 
 El Dorado 
 
 Fresno 
 
 7,290,225.: 
 
 59.27 
 582.(58 
 
 "5)57 
 
 "537 
 
 115,451,455.: 
 
 blenn 
 
 19,56(5,175.7 
 
 52.75 
 
 is(sr. — 
 
 "S^TT 
 
 
 Humboldt 
 Imperial 
 
 33,138,540.: 
 
 1507Er 
 T772" 
 
 59,675,927.: 
 
 T507 
 "357 
 
 3177 
 ■757~ 
 
 Inyo 
 Kern 
 
 T, 838, 696.: 
 
 3T7 
 "537 
 
 "9T,175,057.: 
 19,992,440.1 
 
 110.03 
 
 ■3T7 
 357 
 
 Kings 
 Lake 
 
 "T5; 
 
 6,279,590.: 
 
 "IITT 
 
 357" 
 
 "357^ 
 
 "757^ 
 3S7~" 
 
 Lassen 
 Los Angelei 
 
 8,471,159.: 
 
 377 
 
 692,295,923.: 2703.51 
 
 15T:3r 
 
 357r 
 
 3S7~ 
 
 llladeri 
 
 15,875,526.: TFTT 
 
 3?F7 
 
w 
 
 ,es 
 
   Oi 
 
 ir^ 
 
 ""■«t;s5" 
 
 "^vrr 
 
 
 ..T.at t„ .;- 
 
 ',irrr 
 
 -;-£j-p--;-^^-^-j^g- 
 
 .re ' ^ ' ; — :3t — rn- 
 
 [ill:©'. 
 
 — Ki.A^As •M,-»*r .V*'-<*^**'n -> 
 
 ,*8«f**— -^'-IrtT- •».■•*■*•■ 
 
 "WW- 
 
 I I I. ^j i ^ .i —Wiyy , 
 
-61- 
 
 a 
 
 COUHTIES 
 
 i«rln 
 
 TABLE VIII. (con.) 
 
 : Yaluatlons 
 t 1919- '20 
 
 >| 55,406,455. 
 
 : Number of 
 
 : statutory 
 
 teftchiere 
 
 104,41 
 51.55 
 
 Rate to Total statt 
 
 raise $800 
 per teacher 
 
 and county 
 1^14/ state 
 
 Mariposa 
 
 3,555,S27. 
 
 57. 4{^ 
 
 ■^rrr 
 
 t:??- 
 
 Mendocino 
 
 1 7 ,545,559. 
 
 25,622,292. 
 
 ■ott: — 
 
 150.05 
 
 90. 
 
 Merced 
 
 ■757" 
 
 Modoe 
 
 8,200,890. 
 
 1,959,4401 
 
 "557 
 "TT7 
 
 "517 
 ■?157 
 
 "50r 
 
 "557" 
 
 llono 
 
 Monterey 
 TTapa 
 
 54,056,519. 
 l<j,g^4,040. 
 
 151.51 
 90.7 
 
 "557 
 
 
 Nevada 
 
 6,950,450, 
 67,129,900. 
 
 -7?; — 
 
 55 7 .5 7 
 
 51, 
 
 "95TF 
 
 Orange 
 Placer 
 
 in7~ 
 
 T17 
 
 11,555,455. 
 9,444,005. 
 
 97.56 
 
 "3^: — 
 
 "757" 
 
 PlVHB 
 
 "isnr 
 
 as 
 
 Riverside 
 
 51,199,050. 
 91,7^9,^70. 
 
 505.55 
 516.57 
 
 ■577^ 
 
 Secrnpiento 
 
 "517" 
 
 San Benito 
 
 11,195,505. 
 45,545,050. 
 
 
 ■w. 
 
 fean Bernardino 
 
 49.4 
 
 63.4 
 "55^ 
 
 San Diego 
 
 76,565,545. 
 566,505,447. 
 
 596.57 
 
 Tsw: — 
 
 San Francisco 
 
 T97 
 3Fr 
 
 "557 
 
 San Joaquin T 
 
 71,106,675. 
 52,559,175. 
 
 510.54 
 T55; — 
 
 San Luis Obispo t 
 
 3I?75" 
 
 "w:^ 
 
ti^J- 
 
 
 CTT 
 
 "tItH 
 
 S^ 
 
 ... V 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' '!c r-"* " ""i!^r :■■■"" 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 • 
 
 
 "-•*' "^^   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • :(3r"' . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 :- 
 
 
 
 . ^^-g^- ' . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^,61 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■>f/t->«<r^ 
 
-o<s- 
 
 TABLS VIII. (con.) 
 
 b c 
 
 e 
 
 COUNTIBS 
 San Mateo 
 
 : Assessed 
 valuations 
 1919- »20 
 
 $ 35,523,995. 
 
 Number of 
 statutory 
 teacHwrs 
 
 T537 
 
 Sate to 
 raise $dOO 
 per teacher 
 
 57. i 
 
 Total state: 
 and county : 
 (14/ state : 
 
 nrrr 
 
 Santa Barbara 
 Santa Clara 
 
 40,457,545. 
 
 156. S7 
 
 
 : 
 
 3rr 
 
 86,206,^5. 
 
 371.22 
 
 •3377^ 
 
 Santa Cruz 
 
 19,305,735. 
 
 117.97 
 
 1^ 
 
 15,42S,405. 
 
 T^?7 
 
 ■7¥r~ 
 
 63; 
 
 "7^747 
 
 Shasta 
 
 Sierra 
 Siskiyou 
 
 2,324,060. 
 
 "T5" 
 
 ■M7~ 
 
 21,302,115. 
 
 T3S7 
 
 
 Solono 
 Sonoma 
 
 27,634,423. 
 
 131.96 
 
 "557" 
 
 36,491,675. 
 
 "^^77 
 
 3^ 
 
 Stanislaus 
 Sutter 
 
 42,138,070. 
 
 204.56 
 
 ■53: 
 
 r 17,097,755. 
 
 "ST 
 
 ■?c57r 
 
 357" 
 
 (teltama 
 
 16,289,950. 
 
 82.57 
 
 Trinity 
 
 3,457,425. 
 
 "2^ 
 
 ■5F7 
 1^ 
 
 "7^ 
 
 TuTari 
 
 fuolumne' 
 
 49,433,534. 
 8,246,201. 
 
 284.95 
 
 Ventura 
 YoT5 
 
 "5^ 
 
 36,264,221. 
 25,:26,2e2. 
 
 129.05 
 
 "SOTT 
 "577" 
 
 "5^77" 
 
 79.69 
 
 ■^F72r 
 
 TT 
 
 ■3^7r 
 
 "STT" 
 
 r^^ 
 
 11,606,335, 
 
 "5^ 
 
 TOTALS 
 
 ,357,797,091. : 12788. 
 
 Data In columnt b & obtained from office of stote superintendent 
 of schoolB. 
 
-63- 
 
 let us consider how the flOOO per teacher can be raised 
 by the state. For the year 1919- '20, there are 12,788 statutory 
 teachers. The total amount of money raised for elementary 
 schools Is approximately $7,185,000. This means that If the 
 state funds were apportioned only on the teacher basis, the 
 average per teacher would be f560. 
 
 On the basis of 12,788 teachers, in order to give $1000 
 per teacher, it would rer-uire $12,788,000. At the present time 
 the state allows $17.50 per pupil average dally attendance. By 
 increasing this $2.50, there would be $928,000 more since there 
 are 371,182 pupils. The balance of the nwney could be obtained 
 by two methods. First, It could be taken from the general state 
 fund, or, second, the legislature could levy a direct tax. 
 
 The following will show the facts In brief: 
 State funds for 1919- '20 $7,185,000. 
 
 $17.50 per pupil increased to $20. 928,000. 
 Balance 4,675,000. 
 
 Total $12, 788,000. 
 
 If the legislattire found it necessary to raise the balance 
 
-64- 
 
 by a direct tax, this could i>e done by having a rate of approx- 
 imately 14j^. If this were done, column e of table VIII ihowi 
 the total taxas state and cotinty required to raise |1800 per 
 teacher. For 27 counties the rates would range from 50j^ to 
 99.5)^ and for the balance 31, the rates would be from 31^2^ to 49ji^. 
 
 Since the rates in so many counties must necessarily be 
 high, there should be more state aid in order to help the poorer 
 counties. ..11 the co\inties in the state help develop the re- 
 sources and wealth of the cities, therefore, the larger centers 
 should in turn help the rest of the state. 
 
 At the present time, there is a maximum county rate of 50^ 
 for the maintenance of elementary schools. This limit should 
 be removed entirely. There is no limit on the county high school 
 rate, nor on the road tax nor hospital tax. Why should there 
 be a limit on ta necessary for maintenance of elementary schools? 
 
 Thus, with increased minimum requirements for t mount of 
 school rroney to be raised by state and county and the limit re- 
 moved on the dlementary school tax, the schools of the future 
 will be able to nrogress as they never have been able to do in the 
 past. 
 
 Lastly, the time has come vhen there must be more national 
 aid for s:;hools. Vast amounts of money are spent annually by the 
 national government for everything else but --chools. Just as 
 the states must give more aid ao ii* i» to help all the counties 
 
cf 
 
 0*10- 
 
-65- 
 In a greater way, so rauet the national government give large 
 appropriations to help all the states. 
 
 It Is reasonable, at the present time, to hold that 
 Instead of the state having to raise a balance of approximately 
 f5, 000, 000. In order to give the |1000 per teacher, much of 
 this amount, at least, should be given by the national 
 government. 
 
 If the time comes when the nation and the state shall give 
 that united financial support to the schools of the country to 
 which they are entitled, then will there dawn a new era In 
 educational development throughout this whole land. 
 
 Acknowledgment* ^ 
 
 The greater part of the data used In the tables Iwdflebeen 
 obtained from the offices of the county and state superintend- 
 ents. I wish to express my appreciation for the valuable 
 assistance rendered by the officials In these offices. I take 
 special pleasure in publicly expressing my thanks to Mr. Arthur 
 Mock, chief deputy In the coxmty superintendent's office, who 
 was ever willing to give of his time in assisting me to collect 
 the data needed for the campaign. 
 
"Jtot 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
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 MAR 
 
 2 6 1952 
 
 JAN - ^ I960 
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 UN! iA 
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 
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 UNIVEHSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
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