THE NEARER. AND FARTHER EAST OUTLINE STUDIES OF MOSLEM LANDS SIAM. BURMA AND KOREA UC-NRLF SAMUEL, M. ZWEMER, , J. 9 BRQWW LIBRARY xOF THE UNIVERSITY OF -CALIFORNIA. Class THE NEARER AND FARTHER EAST > I;Bi * A ** ^S, OF THt UNIVERSITY) THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO ATLANTA SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED LONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TORONTO 40 20 Loag-itud* Wrat O Longitude 20 East iron 4O Greenwich Copy right ^ 1907, by Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. H I N E. S E sh.o"wirig the PRESENT EXTENT OE ISLAM With location of principal Mission Stations to reach Moslems AUSTRALIA Moslem Population or Influence | | Pagan Tribes 1~ ,1 Direction of Moslem Advance ^^ Principal Mission Stations Bombay P. 156 THE NEARER AND FARTHER EAST OUTLINE STUDIES OP MOSLEM LANDS AND OF SIAI, BUBIA, AND KOREA BY SAMUEL M. ZWEMEB, F.E.G.S. AND AKTHUB, JUDSON BEOWN, D.D, gorfe THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1908 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT, 1908, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. Published April, 1908. Reprinted November, 1908. PUBLISHED FOE THE CENTEAL COMMITTEE ON THE UNITED STUDY OF MISSIONS. J. S. Cushing Co. Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. FOKEWOBD THIS, the eighth text-book issued by the Central Commit- tee on the United Study of Missions, while it begins a new series, is closely allied with the seven volumes previously published under Latin titles. These are now issued in library edition with English titles, as follows : "The Beginnings of Missions," Louise Manning Hodgkins ; " India," Caroline Atwater Mason; "China," Arthur H. Smith; "Japan," William Elliott Griffis ; " Africa," Ellen C. Parsons ; " The Island World of the Pacific," Helen Barrett Montgomery; " Missions and Social Progress," Anna Kobertson Brown Lindsay. Our present volume, " THE NEARER AND FARTHER EAST," consists of two parts, " Moslem Lands," by Rev. Samuel M. Zwemer, D.D., and " Siam, Burma, and Korea," by Rev. Arthur Judson Brown, D.D. Dr. Zwemer presents the terrible need and marvellous opportunity of the vast almost untouched Mohammedan fields, while Dr. Brown paints a picture of progressive mis- sionary effort in comparatively small but important countries. The study offers greater variety than those heretofore presented, while maps, charts, pictures, and library issued by the Central Committee will afford much illustrative material. Dr. Zwemer has edited the book and furnished valuable assistance on maps and charts. MRS. HENRY W. PEABODY, Beverly, Mass. Miss E. HARRIET STANWOOD, Congregational House, Boston. MRS. DECATUR M. SAWYER, Montclair, N.J. MRS. CHARLES N. THORPE, Witherspoon Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Miss ELIZABETH C. NORTHUP, Waltham, Mass. MRS. A. V. POHLMAN, 51U3 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Miss OLIVIA H. LAWRENCE, 25 East 22d Street, New York City. Miss GRACE T. COLBURN, SECRETARY AND TREASURER, Newton Centre, Mass, V 1797GO OUTLINE STUDIES Moslem Lands Siam, Burmah, and Korea vi CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAGE ISLAM : ITS CHARACTER AND ITS CONQUESTS . 1 The scene around the Kaaba Many races and many languages A world-wide religion The extent of Islam from Sierre Leone to Canton Present numbers and distribution The situation in Africa and its peril The strength of Islam in Asia In India The Philippines Russia Languages spoken by Moslems Bible translations The govern- ments under which Moslems live The signifi- cance of this fact Turkish misrule British rule in India How Islam became a world re- ligion Causes Mohammed's great commis- sion Moslem conquest Xo caste What Moslems believe The man and the book The Moslem idea of God The spirit world Jinn The Books of God The Koran Verses Its defects The prophets major and minor Jesus Christ Denial of Atonement Mohammed The day of judgment Heaven and hell Predestination E very-day religion The confession of the creed Prayer The Moslem Lent Legal alms The pilgrimage A Mohammedan funeral Without Christ and without hope. CHAPTER II THE SOCIAL EVILS OF ISLAM .... 37 Why missions to Moslems Mrs. Bishop's testimony Low ideals of conduct and char- acter Moslem ethics Un truthfulness vii Vlll CONTENTS FAGB When a lie is justifiable Livingstone's testi- mony Lying a fine art Immorality The seclusion and degradation of women Poly- gamy and divorce Women regarded as a chattel Laws of divorce Slavery The slave market Cruelty and intolerance Igno- rance and illiteracy Paucity of literature General ignorance Superstition and quackery Charms and amulets Tree worship The Gospel the only remedy. CHAPTER in THE STORY OF MISSIONS TO MOSLEMS . . 71 The centuries of neglect Lull's complaint Henry Martyn Dr. Jessup's classic Islam passed by Typical pioneers and typical fields Need of brevity in treatment Occupied lands Three great pioneers Raymund Lull His birth and early life Call Service Martyrdom Henry Martyn His character and call Voyages Controversy Death Pfander A master of languages At Ker- manshah Expelled from Russia His method and success The Gospel in North Africa Marks of early Christianity The North Africa Mission Morocco Algeria Tunis Tri- poli Converts in these lands Egypt and the Christian Crusade The Church Missionary Society The Nile press The Cairo Confer- ence The Turkish Empire Moslems neg- lected But much accomplished The Arabic Bible Present status Arabia Long neg- lected Keith Falconer and the Scotch Mission The Danish Church Bishop French The American Arabian Mission Peter J. Zwemer Other martyrs Missions in Persia Early efforts Growth of the C. M. S. Mission The American Presbyterian Mission Work CONTENTS IX PAGE for Moslems in India Results Converts Gospel triumphs in the Dutch East Indies Sumatra and Java Hester Needham Saint and martyr Converts in Sumatra Java. CHAPTER IV THE WORK THAT REMAINS TO BE DONE . . 113 The unoccupied fields Where work has be- gun Where it has not yet been attempted Darkest Africa The Sudan Its call to-day The Moslem peril Islam or Christ Pastor Wurz's testimony Uganda Moslem women in the Central Sudan and their condition Immorality Darkest Asia Neglected oppor- tunities Kafiristan Afghanistan and Balu- chistan Neglected Arabia Russia and Bokhara A pen-picture Victory is certain Mohammedans in China Long neglected Early entrance Present numbers Tur- kestan The land and the people A mar- riage ceremony Difficulties of work for Moslems Divorce between morality and re- ligion Intolerance Persecution Objec- tions to Christian teaching The temporal power No free press Encouragements Change in the Moslem mind Thirst for a Mediator Many opportunities A trumpet- call from Algiers A challenge to faith Fling out the banner. CHAPTER V SIAM 157 Siam Boundaries Area Climate Physical Geography Flora Products Ex- ports and imports Races Population The people of Laos Chinese the strongest ele- CONTENTS ment in Siam Characteristics of the Siamese Remarkable progress Police Schools Railroads Desire for education Government Unstable foundation of society Intemper- ance Gambling Bangkok, the capital Lack of sanitation Population Roads and canals Commerce The white elephants Ayuthia Important cities and towns His- tory and government Boasted antiquity Early wars Enlightened policy of present king His commissioners Constitutional features of government Protestant missions Period of beginnings First missionaries The Congregational Mission Early discour- agements Lack of apparent success With- drawal of mission to China American Baptist Missionary Union Converts Disasters Closing of mission Permanent results Pres- byterian Missions Difficulties End of oppo- sition Progress Proclamation of religious liberty Stations Scope of the work Be- ginnings in Laos Persecution Religious liberty Present status Work at Chieng Mai and Lakawn Results of missionary effort Social reforms Favorable testimony Indif- ferent attitude toward religion a great obstacle Encouragements Religious expectation Great opportunity. CHAPTER VI BURMA 209 Area Position Physical features Cli- mate Flora Population Characteristics of the race No caste Dress Comparative freedom of women Vices The Karens Their traditions Ready acceptance of the Gospel The Talaings, or Mons The Shans The Kachins and Chins Demon -worship- pers Chinese East Indians Rangoon CONTENTS XI PAGE Commercial importance Other cities Gov- ernment Wars British rule Religions Buddhism Missionary Societies China In- land Mission Missionary Society of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society Society for the Propaga- tion of the Gospel Their work among the Karens Results American Baptist Mission- ary Union Persecution Heroism of mis- sionaries Success of work among the Karens Difficulties of Buddhism Work among Te- lains, Shans, and Kachins Converts among the Chins Medical missionaries Educa- tional work Efficient service of women mis- sionaries Hopefulness of the field. CHAPTER VII KOREA 257 Korea Physical features Soil and scenery Population Important cities Language Characteristics of the people Position of women Dress Customs Revolutions Religions Buddhism Confucianism Sha- manism, the prevailing religion Superstition Sorcery Government Russo-Japanese War Japanese Reforms Period of Recon- struction The Presbyterian Mission The Methodist Mission Persecution Effect of War of 1894 Revival Sorai Christian Village Life Important stations Work for women Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Southern Presbyterian Mission Co- operation of Missionary Workers Canadian Presbyterian Mission Other Workers Causes for Spread of the Gospel Obstacles Koreans an example to Christians A Tonic to Faith Call for immediate evangelization. INDEX 317 FOUR CHAPTERS ON MOSLEM LANDS FOR THE UNITED STUDY TEXT-BOOK (1908) BY SAMUEL M. ZWEMER, F.R.G.S. "Mohammedanism is a profound theme, and one which has occupied the minds of many accomplished scholars. It has been the subject of much patient re- search and careful thought by some of the greatest stu- dents of history. Dr. Johnson once remarked that ' there are two objects of curiosity the Christian world and the Mohammedan world ; all the rest may be considered as barbarous.' The subject is worthy of a careful exami- nation, both for its own sake as one of the enigmas of religious history, and also to prepare our minds for an intelligent understanding of the amazing task to which God is leading the Church ; viz. the conversion of the Moslem world to, Christianity. The duty of Christianity to Mohammedanism, the enormous difficulties in the way of discharging it, the historic grandeur of the con- flict, the way in which the honor of Christ is involved in the result, and the brilliant issues of victory all combine to make this problem of the true relation of Christian missions to Islam one of the most fascinating and mo- mentous themes which the great missionary movement of the present century has brought to the attention of the Christian church." REV. JAMES S. DENNIS, D.D. MOSLEM LANDS CHAPTER I ISLAM : ITS CHARACTER AND ITS CONQUESTS The Scene around the Kaaba. Let us imagine Scene that we are standing among the vast throng of ~ ou ? d worshippers facing the Kaaba in the sacred City of Mecca, Anno Domini 1907. It is the month of the pilgrimage, the twelfth of the lunar cal- endar, and this is the second day of our pilgrim- age. Yesterday the thousands on camels and horseback and the ten thousands on foot reached Mecca and, having assumed the garb of pil- grims, a strip of white cloth, entered the mosque, kissed the Black Stone and made the circuit of the Kaaba seven times. They drank from the holy well of Zem Zem and ran the race between the hills Safa and Merwa like Hagar of old in search of water. To-day, facing the place where Abraham stood when he built the house, as they believe, the mighty throng recite with one accord : " There is no god but Allah. " God is great. " There is no god save Allah alone. " He hath performed His promise and hath aided His servant and put to flight the hosts of infidels by Himself alone. There is no god but Allah, and Mohammed is His apostle." B 1 MOSLEM LANDS Many Languages A World- wide Reli- gion The tongue spoken is Arabic, but those who speak it all around us are surely not only Arabs, but Moslems from every nation under heaven, who show by feature and form that when at home they speak Russian, Turkish, Persian, Pashtu, Bengali, Urdu, Chinese, Malay, Swaheli, Hausa, and other languages. Around the same Kaaba diverse lands and civilizations meet every year to profess one religion and repeat the same ritual. On the streets of Mecca one may see, drawn together by a common faith, the Turkish effendi in Paris costume with Constantinople etiquette; the half-naked Bedouin of the desert ; the fierce Afghan mountaineer ; the Russian trader from the far north; the almond-eyed Moslem from Yunnan ; the Indian graduate from the Calcutta universities ; blue-eyed Persians, black Somalis, Hausas, Javanese, Sudanese, Egyptians, Ber- bers, Kabyles, and Moors, representatives of the Mohammedan World. A World-wide Religion. If we regard num- bers, Islam is perhaps the mightiest of all the non-Christian religions ; as regards its geo- graphical distribution, it is the only religion besides Christianity which holds a world-empire of hearts in its grasp ; and its wonderful and rapid spread proves beyond a doubt that it is a great missionary religion and aims at world- conquest. Mohammed's word has been ful- filled : " So we have made you the centre of the nations that you should bear witness to men." ISLAM 3 The old, almost unknown, pagan pantheon at Mecca has become the religious capital and the centre of universal pilgrimage for one- seventh of the human race ! Islam in its present extent embraces three continents, and counts its believers from Sierra Leone in Africa to Canton in China, and from Tobolsk, Siberia, to Singapore and Java. In Russia, Moslems spread their prayer-carpets southward toward Mecca ; at Zanzibar they look northward to the Holy City ; in Kansu and Shensi millions of Chinese Moslems pray toward the west, and in the wide Sudan they look eastward toward the Beit Allah and the Black Stone, a vast Moslem brotherhood. Present Numbers and Distribution. The best Moslem estimates of the total Mohammedan population p P ulatlon of the world lead to the belief that there are between 200,000,000 and 250,000,000 who are at least nominally followers of Mohammed. At the Cairo Conference, held in 1907, carefully prepared statistics gave the total number of Mohammedans as 232,966,170. Islam has covered the largest area in Africa, where its conquest and missionary propaganda has resulted in a stronghold of Mohammedan- ism along the whole Mediterranean. North of twenty degrees north latitude the Moslems constitute ninety-one per cent of the total population ! Thirty-six per cent of Africa's entire population is Mohammedan, or nearly 59,000,000 souls out of the whole number of 164,000,000. South of the equator there are 4 MOSLEM LANDS already over 4,000,000 Mohammedans, and in the Congo Free State there are said to be nearly 2,000,000. Islam in The situation in Africa, as regards Islam, is alarming, and can be summarized in the words of Rev. Charles R. Watson, D.D., " The mis- sionary problem of Africa is not paganism, which fast crumbles away before the Gospel of Christ, but Islam, which resists like adamant the appeals of the herald of the cross." 1 Dr. W. R. Miller, for many years a missionary in West Africa, states that "Islam seems to be spreading in Lagos, the Yoruba country, Sierra Leone, and the French Sudan ; but in most of these places, as also in the Nupe country, it is of a very low order, and in the presence of a vigorous Christian propaganda it will not add strength finally to Islam. Still the number of Moslems is undoubtedly increasing greatly. Islam and Christianity between them are spoiling heathen- ism, and will probably divide the pagan peoples in less than fifty years." 2 in Asia In Asia there are 169,000,000 Moslems, one- seventh of the entire population, while in Eu- rope Islam has been crowded back through the centuries, since it was defeated in Spain, and now numbers less than 6,000,000 adherents. The following countries in Asia are predomi- nantly or wholly Moslem : Arabia, Asia Mi- nor, Mesopotamia, Turkestan, Bokhara, Khiva, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Java, Sumatra, Cele- 1 "The Mohammedan World of To-day, " p. 47. 2 Ibid., p. 285. ISLAM bes, and the southern islands of the Philippine group. The chief numerical strength of the Moham- India medan faith, however, is in India, which has a larger Moslem population than all Africa and far more than the total populations of Arabia, Persia, Egypt, and the Turkish Empire com- bined. By the last government census the number of Moslems in India is 62,458,077. In Bengal alone there are 25,495,416, and in the Punjaub, 12,183,345. In the Dutch East Indies there are nearly 30,000,000 Moslems out of a total population of 36,000,000. The number of Moslems in China is variously given from 20,000,000 to 30,000,000, the largest number being in the province of Kansu, in the extreme northwest, where 8,350,000 are reported. Some 6,500,000 are found in Shensi in the north, and 3,500,000 in Yunnan in the extreme south- west. In Peking there are 100,000 Moslems, and Canton has four mosques. In the Philippines there are about 300,000 Philippines Mohammedans, men of courage and wild fa- naticism, who fought for their faith with splendid devotion against the American troops in 19021903, but suffered ignominious de- feat. 1 In the Russian Empire there are 13,889,421 Russia Moslems, most of them in Asia. It is re- markable that we hear much more of the Rus- sian Jews, who form only four per cent of the population, than of Russian Moslems, who form 1 See pp. 221-226 in " Christus Redemptor." 6 MOSLEM LANDS over eleven per cent of the total population in that great empire. Language Languages spoken by Moslems. The sacred language of the Moslem is Arabic, and the Arabic Koran is the text-book in all Moslem schools from Morocco to Canton and from Bokhara to Zanzibar. As a written language, the Arabian tongue has millions of readers, and yet to over three-fourths of the " true believers" Arabic is a dead language. Sixty- three million Moslems speak the languages of India ; 30,000,000 speak Chinese, and as many more the Malay tongue ; others Turkish, Per- sian, Slavonic, and the languages of Africa. All of which shows the polyglot character of the Mohammedan world. The Bible, in whole or in part, has been translated into nearly every language spoken by Moslems ; but not the Koran, their own sacred book. This is generally circulated only in the original Arabic. Interlinear translations of the Koran with the original text exist, how- ever, in Persian, Urdu, Pushtu, Turkish, Java- nese, Malayan, and two or three other languages. A missionary among the 25,000,000 Moslems of Bengal is preparing a translation into Ben- gali, with notes, so that the Moslems may see for themselves the real character of their spuri- ous revelation ! To the bulk of the Mohammedans Arabic is a dead language, and the ritual and prayers are no more understood by the people than the Latin prayers are by the Roman Catholic ISLAM 1 peasantry in Europe. The chief literary Ian- Literary guages of Islam next to Arabic are Turkish, Lan g ua s es Persian, Urdu, and Bengali. In all of these languages there is a large religious literature, dogmatic, apologetic, and controversial. Even in Chinese there is a considerable amount of Mohammedan literature. Some works are published under the imprimatur of the Em- peror, but a translation of the Koran is not permitted. From all these facts in regard to race and language and the world-wide distribution of the peoples that follow this greatest of non- Christian religions, it is very evident that the environment and conditions differ widely in the Mohammedan world. Perhaps the most im- portant factor that differentiates the Moslem masses as regards their accessibility to the missionary is government. The Governments under which Moslems Live. Government These may be grouped into three classes : the Moslem lands, which are still under a purely Mohammedan government; those where Mos- lems live under the rule of those who are neither Moslem nor Christian; and the lands actually or nominally under Christian rule. To the first class belong Turkey in Europe and in Asia, parts of Arabia, Afghanistan, Persia, Morocco, and Tripoli; to the second class, the Moslems in China and in a few independent states of Africa and Asia. All the other Mo- hammedans in the world are under Christian rule, protection, or suzerainty to the number of 8 MOSLEM LANDS God's hand in History Turkish Rule 161,000,000, or nearly three-fourths of the total number in the world. This fact is a startling evidence of the finger of God in history and a wonderful challenge of opportunity. Once the empire of Islam was co-extensive with the faith of Islam. In the year 907 A.D. the caliphate included Spain, Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, Egypt, Asia Minor, Syria, Arabia, Persia, Turkestan, Afghan- istan, Baluchistan, and the region around the Caspian Sea. To-day the Sultan, Abdul Hamid, from his lordly palace on the Bosphorus, rules over a smaller Moslem population by one-half than does the Protestant Queen Wilhelmina in her island possessions in Malaysia with their 29,289,440 Mohammedans. The balance of political power throughout the whole Moham- medan world is coming to be more and more in the hands of Christian governments, and it is no wonder that this has resulted in political unrest on the part of Moslem leaders who are zealous of their lost prestige and anxious to strengthen the empire of Turkey as represent- ing the old caliphate. Turkey is perhaps as well governed as any other state under Mohammedan rule, but of the system of civil tyranny that obtains there, Dr. James S. Dennis says : " A volume might be written upon this one subject of Turkish mis- rule. Would that some Dante of contemporary literature might present it in its realistic hideousness ! although we fear no touch of art could sufficiently relieve the revolting ghastli- ISLAM 9 ness of this hell upon earth to save the reader from a shuddering misery in its perusal." 1 The actual condition of affairs was summed up by a writer in the Congregationalist (April 8, 1897) as follows : " Turkey skilfully and systematically represses what Christian nations make it their business to nurture in all mankind as manhood. In her cities there are magnifi- cent palaces for her sultans and her favorites. But one looks in vain through her realm for statues of public benefactors. There are no halls where her citizens could gather to discuss policies of government or mutual obligations. Their few newspapers are emasculated by government censors. Not a book in any language can cross her borders without permission of public officers, most of whom are incapable of any intelligent judgment of its contents. Art is scorned. Education is bound. Freedom is a crime. The tax-gatherer is omnipotent. Law is a farce. Turkey has prisons instead of public halls for the education of her people. Instruments of torture are the stimulus to their industries." Contrast these conditions with British rule British in India or the freedom of the press and of Rule speech in Egypt, and it is plain that govern- ment can be a great help or a great hinderance in the work of missions. Add to this that ac- cording to Mohammedan law the death penalty should be imposed on any one who becomes an apostate from the state church of Islam, and the contrast between different Moslem lands as mission fields becomes very apparent. Thank God the door of opportunity and of liberty is so wide to-day that three-fourths of the Moharn- 1 " Christian Missions and Social Progress," Vol. I, p. 256. 10 MOSLEM LANDS God's Plough Reasons for Spread of Islam medaii world are entirely accessible to the col- porteur, the preacher, and the teacher, man or woman. God's providence, in the course of history, is God's ploughshare to prepare the soil for the sowing of His Word. " Wise men and prophets know not how, But work their Master's will; The kings and nations drag the plough His purpose to fulfil." How Islam became a World- wide Religion. The faith of Islam was once in a minority of one, and Mohammed himself fled as an exile from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, the year of the Hegira, which dates the Moslem era. What were the causes for its rapid spread and wide conquest ? Many theories have been given, and the true explanation of the spread of Islam is probably the sum of all these theories. The condition of Arabia before Mohammed ; the weakness of the Oriental churches; their corrupt state ; the condition of the Roman and Per- sian empires ; the easy-going character and low moral standards of the new religion ; the power of the sword and of fanaticism ; the great truths of Islam ; the genius of Mohammed and of his successors ; the hope of plunder and the love of conquest, such are some of the causes given for the growth of the new religion from a mi- nority of one into an army of 200,000,000 in thirteen centuries. Each one of these many factors played an important part in the rapid spread of the new faith as preached by Mohammed. In this brief ISLAM 11 outline study of so large a subject we must leave them to be worked out by reference to the many books on this subject. 1 The last commission of Mohammed was in accord with his whole life, and Sir Edwin Ar- nold follows Moslem tradition when, in his poem on the "Passing of Mohammed," he makes the dying Prophet say to Osama, his general, ready for the march: "I, here consuming, cheat my fever's flame Praising the Lord : but thou, why tarriest thou ? Smite me the unbelievers ! Fall at dawn Upon those dogs of Obna ! Let attack Sound the first tidings of thee ! Send forth scouts, And Allah give thee victory ! Guide my palm That I may lay it on thy head, and leave A blessing there. Go in God's peace ! " By the example and precept of its apostle, The Early Islam is one of the few aggressive religions Con( i uest of the world. It began with the Saracen conquest and continued for thirteen centu- ries until the Wahhabi revival and the Pan- Islamic movement of to-day. In the words of the Koran, the Moslem must " fight against infidels till strife be at an end and the religion be all of God." And Mohammed said, "He who dies and has not fought for the religion of Islam, nor has even said in his heart, 'Would to God I were a champion that could die in the road of God,' is even as a hypocrite." And again, still more forcibly, "The fire of hell 1 See Bibliography at the end of this chapter ; also u Lux Ckristi," pp. 48-51 ; " Christus Liberator," pp. 58-62. 12 MOSLEM LANDS shall not touch the legs of him who is covered with the dust of battle in the road of God." In spite of cruelty, bloodshed, dissension, and deceit, the story of the Moslem missionary con- quest, as given by Haines and Arnold, 1 is full of heroism and inspiration. If so much was done in the name of Mohammed, what should we not dare to do in the name of Jesus Christ I And before we consider what kind of creed was carried by fire and sword, by force and by persuasion, over three continents, it is well to remember what is already evident from its- No Caste world-conquest, that Islam is a religion without caste. It extinguishes all distinctions founded upon race, color, or nationality. All unbelievers are out-castes, all believers belong to the high- est caste. The Hindu who turns Mohammedan loses his caste, but becomes a member of the great brotherhood of Islam. Slaves have held thrones and founded dynasties. The first one who led the call to prayer was Bilal, a Negro of Medina. There is no sacerdotal class of min- isters in Islam. Each man offers prayer to God himself ; the leader of prayers in a mosque has no spiritual authority. What Moslems Believe. Islam was a revolt against paganism and idolatry and therefore cannot, in a sense, be classed with the heathen religions. Its popular creed, " There is no god but Allah and Mohammed is Allah's apostle," i" Islam as a Missionary Religion, 1 ' C. R. Haines, S.P.C.K., London, 1889 ; " The Preaching of Islam," T. W. Arnold, London, 1896. ISLAM 13 emphasizes monotheism with violent fanaticism. The true Moslem man or woman is intolerant of error in this matter. Even an Arab child will grow hot-tempered when he hears a word from the Christian missionary that seems to Belief conflict with the Moslem idea of God's unity. This Puritan spirit is a praiseworthy trait in any religion. Islam has in it the stuff that martyrs and reformers are made of ; its pro- fessors are valiant for the truth, as they understand it, and have the spinal column of conviction. The Koran is not the word of God, but the The Koran Moslem believes it is, and believes it with his whole heart. While their belief is unreasoning, and though the Koran is anything but divine, it is no small matter to realize that in these days of universal doubt and irreverence there are millions of Moslems who believe that God has spoken to man by the prophets ; that His word contains neither errors nor untruths ; and that the end of all disputation is a "Thus saith the Lord." Converts from Islam love the Bible with a passionate love, and respect its authority. But the Koran is not the only source for Moslem teaching. Far more impor- tant than the book is the man who gave it. Mohammed's life and teaching, his table-talk, Mohammed his manners, his dress, his behavior, to the most childish details are the foundation of what is called Tradition. And Moslem tradition is the warp and woof of their creed and their conduct. What Mohammed believed, they 14 MOSLEM LANDS must believe, too, and believe it because he did. The prophet said, " It is incumbent upon the true believer to have a firm faith in six arti- cles; viz., in God, His Angels, His books, His prophets, the day of judgment, and the predes- tination for good and evil." Let us see what this belief includes. idea of God (1) The Moslem Idea of God. St. James in his epistle gives us a test as regards the ethical and religious value of mere monotheism apart from the Trinity in the words : " Thou believest that there is one God ; thou doest well ; the devils also believe and tremble." Jews, Christians, and Mohammedans believe in the only God, and yet differ very widely in their interpretation of this idea. James Freeman Clarke, writing of this " worst form of monotheism," sums up the distinction thus : " Islam saw God but not man ; saw the claims of deity but not the rights of humanity; saw authority but failed to see freedom there- fore hardened into despotism, stiffened into formalism, and sank into death. Mohammed teaches a God above us, Moses teaches a God above us, and yet with us ; Jesus Christ teaches God above us, God with us and God in us." Another writer calls Allah, the God of Islam, "an absentee landlord, who, jealous of man, wound the clock of the universe and went away forever ! " The Koran shows that Mohammed had a measurably correct idea of the physical attri- butes of God, but an absolutely false conception ISLAM 15 of His moral attributes. The Koran concep- tion of God is negative. Absolute sovereignty and ruthless omnipotence are His chief at- tributes, while His character is loveless as a Despot. The Christian truth that " God is love " is to the learned Moslem blasphemy and to the ignorant an enigma. Islam is " the Pantheism of Force." God is a Pasha arid not a Father. (2) The Spirit World. With God's name Spirits always on their lips, and yet with so deistic and fatalistic an idea of God (who is more of a tyrant than a father), it is no wonder that Islam makes much of other spiritual beings who are God's ministers for good and for evil. Moslems believe in angels, jinn, and devils, and their belief in these spirits is not a matter of theory, but intensely practical. They say angels were created out of light and are endowed with life, speech, and reason. Of the four archangels, Gabriel reveals the truth, Michael is patron of the Jews, Israfil will sound the last trumpet, and Azrael is the angel of death. Angels are inferior to the prophets (Surah 2 : 32). There are two recording angels for each person, who write down his good and his ill. Munkar and Nakir are two black angels with blue eyes who Angels interrogate men after burial in the grave and mete out terrible blows to those whose replies prove them not Moslems. Therefore, at a funeral, parting instructions are given the deceased in the grave. One can go to the stories of the Arabian 16 MOSLEM LANDS Nights to learn how large a place the belief in jinn or genii occupies to-day in the Moslem mind. There is no pious Moslem who doubts that these spirits exist and are continually the cause of many things that seem to be super- natural or startling in nature. The Koran tells how they helped Solomon to build the temple and how they carried his throne ; how Mohammed preached to a company of them and converted them ; and how we are to pray that their evil influence may not hurt us. They were created from fire, are of diverse shapes, often invisible, and of great number ; they marry and propagate, but are morta" T ^or the latter reason, the Arabs, after a mea, throw away their date stones violently, for jinn fear they might unconsciously hurt some jinn I Solomon sealed some of them up in brass bot- tles. The chief abode of jinn is in the moun- tains of Kaf, which encompass the world. They also frequent baths, wells, ruined houses, and graveyards. For fear of jinn, millions of the ignorant, especially the poor women and chil- dren, are all their lifetime subject to bondage. This article of the creed is the mother of a thousand foolish and degrading superstitions, yet it is fixed forever in the Moslem faith and cannot be abandoned until the Koran itself is rejected. A third class of spiritual beings are the devils. They believe in a personal Devil and his demonic host. Noteworthy among the lat- ter are Harut and Marut, two evil spirits that ISLAM 17 teach men sorcery, and live near Babylon. No Demons Moslem begins to read the Koran or starts a prayer without " seeking refuge in God from Satan, the pelted." The reason for this epithet is that Mohammed said Satan used to be an eavesdropper at the door of heaven until God and the angels drove him back by pelting him with shooting stars ! (3) The Books of God. Islam is decidedly The Books a bookish religion, for Moslems believe that ofGod God "sent down" one hundred and four sa- cred books. Their doctrine of inspiration is me- chanic al. Adam, they say, received ten books; Seth i fifty ; Enoch, thirty ; and Abraham, ten ; but jll of these are utterly lost. The four books that remain are the Torah (Law), which came from Moses ; the Zabur (Psalms), which David received ; the Injil (Gospel), of Jesus ; and the Koran. The Koran is uncreated and eternal ; to deny this is rank heresy. And while the three other books are highly spoken of in the Koran, they now exist, Moslems say, only in a corrupted form, and their precepts have been abrogated by the final book to the last prophet, Mohammed. The Koran is a little smaller than the New Koran Testament in extent; it has one hundred and fourteen chapters bearing fanciful titles bor- rowed from some word or phrase in the chap- ter. The book has no chronological order, logical sequence, or rhetorical climax. Its jumbled verses throw together piecemeal, fact and fancy, laws and legends, prayers and im- 18 MOSLEM LANDS precations. It is unintelligible without a com- mentary, even for a Moslem. Moslems regard it as supreme in beauty of style and language, and miraculous in its origin, contents, and au- thority. From the Arab's literary standpoint it is indeed a remarkable book. Its musical jingk and cadence are charming, and, at times, highly poetical ideas are clothed in sublime language. Here are two typical quotations given with the Arabic jingle as far as possible : " By the star when it passeth away, your countryman does not err, nor is he led astray, in what he preaches; he has not his own way, but a revelation he does say ; a Mighty One, of great sway, personally appeared to him in open day, where there rises the sun's ray ; high in the sky, he did fly ; then he drew nigh in his array, and only two bows' distance from him he did stay, that the reve- lations, which he had to say, he might to his servant convey. How can Mohammed's heart a falsehood state ? Why do you with him on his vision debate V He saw him another time, in the same state, at the sidrah tree of the limit he did wait; there to the garden of repose is the gate; and whilst the tree was covered, with what at the top of it hovered, Mohammed attentively looked, and his eyes from the sight did not deviate ; for he saw the greatest of the signs of his Lord." . . . " I swear by the splendor of light And by the silence of night That the Lord shall never forsake thee NOT in His hatred take thee ; Truly for thee shall be winning Better than all beginning. Soon shall the Lord console thee, grief no longer control thee, And fear no longer cajole thee. Thou wert an orphan-boy, yet the Lord found room for thy head. ISLAM 19 When thy feet went astray, were they not to the right path led ? Did He not find thee poor, yet riches around thee spread ? Then on the orphan-boy, let thy proud foot never tread, And never turn away the beggar who asks for bread, But of the Lord's bounty ever let praise be sung and said." One must read the remarkable book in the original to learn to admire its style. Much of its teaching, too, is remarkable. But the Koran is remarkable most of all, not because of its contents, but for its omissions ; not because of what it reveals, but for what it conceals of "former revelations." The defects of its teaching are many: (a) it Defects of is full of historical errors ; (6) it contains mon- Koran strous fables ; ( ^th a membership of 1076 and a catechumen roll of 385. The growth of the church has been attended with the difficulty of providing for the increasing congregation. Three other churches have been organized from this one, and still, although a gallery providing for 200 has been put in, it is filled every Sun- day, and at times many are turned away. The midweek prayer-meeting is probably the lar- gest in the world, the attendance rarely falling below 1000 and often rising to 1400. A theo- logical seminary has 75 students. Comity The Methodists and Presbyterians amicably divide the territory and cooperate in the most brotherly fashion. The medical and educa- tional work is conducted in common. The two hospitals, Caroline A. Ladd (Presbyterian) and Hall Memorial (Methodist), are operated as one under a joint staff of the Presbyterian and Methodist physicians, and together they treated 17,698 patients last year. The Union Academy for boys has 400 students. The boys are required to be self-supporting as far as possible, and there is an industrial department which includes farming, gardening, printing, carpentering, blacksmithing, and other trades. The education of girls is not yet so well developed, but there are several primary schools and a union boarding-school. The difficulties are greater than with boys, owing to the Korean feeling that girls are not worth educating. The Christians, however, are quicker to see the MISSIONARY WORK 293 need of education for their girls, and as the ideals of the Gospel become known, new am- bitions are stirred. Taiku Station was opened in October, 1897, Taiku by the Rev. and Mrs. James E. Adams, who were joined in December by Dr. and Mrs. W. O. Johnson. The loneliness and privation of life at this inland city were trying, and the little mud-walled Korean houses were unhealthy. Several times sickness prostrated some members of the circle, the physician himself being brought to death's door by typhus fever in 1900. But the missionaries persisted with unfaltering faith and courage. After a time, a cheap hillside was bought and residences were erected. Other missionaries have joined the original number, a hospital has been built, the gift of Miss Mary H. Wright, of Philadelphia, and a successful work is being pressed in all directions. In 1902, 177 adults had been baptized. In 1903, the number had increased to 477, in 1904 to 780, and in 1907 the Christian community in Taiku and the outlying villages numbered 6145, and formed no less than 84 distinct groups, several of which have erected their own chapels. Syen Chyun, 100 miles north of Pyeng Yang, Syen Chynn though only an ordinary town in size, has recently sprung into prominence for its remark- able missionary work. The station was not organized until 1901, but it already reports 102 out-stations, 4039 communicants, 4667 cate- chumens, and 15,348 adherents. 1085 baptized adults were received last year. 294 KOREA Fusan At Fusan there are six missionaries, includ- ing wives, an excellent hospital, " The Junkin Memorial," and an extensive evangelistic work. There are 578 communicants, of whom 227 were added last year, 662 catechumens, and 2017 adherents. The stations at Chai Ryong and Chong Ju are new, but very promising. A special work among the Japanese in Korea has recently been inaugurated, the Rev. and Mrs. F. S. Curtis having been transferred from Japan for this purpose. The Methodists, who sent their first mission- aries to Korea in 1885, have stations at Seoul, Pyeng Yang, Chemulpo, Hai-ju, Kong-ju, and Yeng-byen. They report 42 mission- aries, including wives and 14 missionaries of the Woman's Society, 220 native preachers, teachers, and other helpers, 3885 members, 19,570 probationers, and 16,158 catechumens and other adherents, 153 Sunday-schools, 49 churches and chapels, and yen 27,016 contrib- uted by the Koreans. The mission has Bible Training School, three high schools, and 103 day schools, with 3538 pupils. The work at Seoul is extensive. The Woman's Hospital is in charge of three devoted women physicians. Boarding-schools for both boys and girls are housed in large and well-appointed brick buildings. The Boys' Boarding-school is an institution of great influence. Its Korean name is " Pai Chai Hakdang," which may be translated, "Hall for the Rearing of Useful Men," a name given to it by the King in 1887. MISSIONARY WOEK 295 The Methodist Press was founded in 1889. Printing- Its original object was to give employment to press deserving students in the Boys' School, but it soon grew to be an important agency in the evangelization of Korea. It does printing not only for that denomination, but for other de- nominations as well, the latter, of course, pay- ing for their work at job rates. The First Methodist Church is a large brick First edifice, and a counted congregation recently numbered 1100. This church has a night- school entirely supported by the church, has gained over 1000 in membership during the past year, and pays all its own bills. The Methodist work centering in Pyeng Yang is also very interesting. There are two churches in the city enrolling 261 communicants, 602 probationers, and 1573 adherents. The church building in the compound on the hill is a prom- inent feature of the city. The medical and educational work is in union with the Presby- terians, as already indicated. Four country circuits are included in the Pyeng Yang dis- trict, the total number of members and proba- tioners being 4195, besides 3735 adherents. The Presiding Elder, the Rev. William A. Noble, writes : " The total increase in followers dur- ing the year has not been paralleled during the history of our work in northern Korea. Our Great numbers have doubled. The district now Progress records a total following of more than all our work in Korea three years ago. . . . The im- mediate effect of the revival has been to revolu- 296 KOREA lionize the character of the church. It has- given the people at large a different idea of what it means to become a Christian. Now they are discriminating in judgment. A man will take a stand in relation to moral questions with intelligence, and commit himself only when ready to make a change in his life." The Biblical Institute was held in two sections last year, one at Seoul, and one at Pyeng Yang. At the close of the session for the training of lay workers at Pyeng Yang, when the men had been asked to consider the claims of God's min- istry upon their lives, volunteers were called for, and 178 of the finest men in the north vol- unteered to give themselves to the ministry. Chemulpo The work at Chemulpo is comparatively new. It began in 1889 as an out-station of Seoul, with a native helper in charge. In 1891 a chapel was erected, and in 1892 the Rev. George Heber Jones took up his residence, and began to push the work with energy and success. There are now a church, two schools, and six missionaries, including wives. The Chemulpo District in- cludes three circuits on the mainland and three on 14 islands within a radius of 40 miles of the port of Chemulpo. During the past year work has been opened in 34 new villages, seven churches have been built, and schools estab- lished in 12 villages. Two of the circuits have doubled the number of their preaching places. A village on one circuit is practically Christian, having now only one heathen home. Wesley Church, Chemulpo, has not only been self -sup- MISSIONARY WORK 297 porting, but has helped several needy churches, contributed to the Boys' School, and kept two girls in school in Nagasaki, Japan. The three other stations are comparatively small as yet, but they are well located, and afford excellent promise. The beginning of Methodist woman's work in Work for Korea, by Mrs. M. F. Scranton in Seoul, in the Women fall of 1884, has already been alluded to. A boarding-school was organized, arid in spite of suspicion and opposition during the earlier years, its success was continuous. In 1887, Dr. Meta Howard, the first woman physician, arrived in Seoul, and in the spring of 1888 the first hospi- tal for women was opened. This is about to be replaced by the Lillian Harris Memorial Hospi- tal. Some years later a dispensary was opened at the opposite end of the city. A training school for nurses, established by Miss Margaret Edmunds in 1903, is proving a valuable aid in the medical work. In 1898, work was begun in Pyeng Yang by Dr. Rosetta Sherwood Hall. The hospital here was burned to the ground in November, 1906, and is soon to be replaced by a larger one. Dr. Esther Kim Pak, one of the first pupils of the boarding-school, and the first Korean woman to receive the degree of M.D. in the United States, has been associated with Dr. Hall since 1900. Methodist woman's work now includes one boarding-school, with an enrolment of 104 ; 28 day schools, three of which are self-supporting, with 1200 pupils; 35 Bible women; 10,000 298 KOREA The S. P. G. Bishop Turner women on the church rolls, and as many more waiting for instruction. During 1907, 12,000 women and children received medical treatment in the hospitals and dispensaries. Other churches are having a part in this great movement, though their work is as yet conducted on a smaller scale than that of the Presbyterians and Methodists. The Society for the Propagation of the Gos- pel (the Church of England) had received a suggestion from the Rev. A. C. Shaw, one of its missionaries in Japan, as early as 1880, for the founding of a mission in Korea. This suggestion was reenf orced in 1887 by Bishops Scott, of North China, and Bickerstaph, of Japan, who visited Korea in that year. The Society did not deem it practicable, however, to open work until the Rt. Rev. Charles John Corfe, D.D., who had been consecrated the first missionary Bishop of Korea in Westminster Abbey on All Saints' Day, 1889, arrived September 29, 1890, with six ordained men and two physicians. Property was acquired at Seoul and Chemulpo, and work begun. September 30, 1891, the first Anglican Church in Korea was dedicated at Chemulpo, and on the following Sunday, the first confirma- tion was held, " the candidate being a little serving-maid of a pious German family." The resignation of Bishop Corfe was followed by the election of Bishop H. B. Turner in 1905. Within the last two years, the work has grown more rapidly. Four points are now occupied. Chemulpo has a well-equipped hospital, under MISSIONARY WORK 299 the care of Dr. Weir, assisted by several nurses, though there is no resident clergyman. Seoul, which is the residence of the bishop, has a church under the care of the Rev. W. N. Gurney, who, however, reports to the Society that the field is a very difficult one, and that there is little to show for fifteen years of occupation. The Society reports little evangelistic work in either Seoul or Chemulpo. . Sou-won, a walled town 40 miles south of Seoul, was opened as a station in 1905, and the work has started encourag- ingly, several hundred inquirers and catechu- mens having already been enrolled, and the Sunday congregations numbering about 300 worshippers. The largest work of the Society in Korea is on Kanghwa, an island off the west coast, about the size of the Isle of Wight. There are missionaries at two towns, Kanghwa City and On Sou Tong, and the Society has a high school, several day schools, and a large central church. In September, 1906, the Rev. S. H. Cart- wright, of the Japan Mission, began a special work among the Japanese in Korea, making Seoul his headquarters. The Society now has in Korea seven clergymen, two lay missionaries, and three single women. The Southern Presbyterian Mission was Southern established in 1892, when six missionaries, arrived. They began their work in Seoul, but later removed to the two Chel-la provinces in the southwestern part of Korea. Here they are now maintaining three effective stations. 300 KOREA Chun-ju, a walled city of 25,000 people, is the capital of North Chel-la province and the market town of one of the most fertile and thickly populated rice plains of Korea. The natives have a saying which indicates their estimation of it : " If you can't go to see Seoul, see Chun-ju." The mission station here was opened in 1896. Kun-san, also opened as a station in 1896, is the treaty port at the mouth of the Chang-po River, 150 miles south of Chemulpo. There are many villages in the adjacent region. Mokp* Mokpo and Kwang-ju are usually associated as one station. The work was begun in 1898 at the former place. But although Mokpo is a treaty port with a fine harbor, it has "an un- fortunate scarcity of two things essential to a prosperous mission station, viz. fresh water and Koreans." So the main part of the station has been transferred to Kwang-ju, a city of 10,000 inhabitants, 60 miles in the interior, and the capital of South Chel-la province. Chon-ju The Chun-ju and Kun-san station fields each have an estimated population of 500,000, while Mokpo-Kwang-ju has 1,000,000. The Southern Presbyterians are therefore seeking to reach two millions of the population of Korea. There are 27 missionaries, including wives, all dis- tributed among the three stations mentioned, except one family in Seoul, and 75 native helpers. No organized churches are reported, but work is regularly conducted at 140 dif- ferent places ; 991 communicants are enrolled, MISSIONARY WOEK 301 besides 8410 adherents ; 22 Sunday-schools have a membership of 1390. There are no boarding or high schools, but there are 18 day schools with 381 pupils. Sixteen of the schools are entirely self-supporting. Yen 4176 were raised on the field, and 12,234 patients were treated by the physicians of the mission at the Kun-san hospital and the Chun-ju and Mokpo dispensaries. The Southern Methodist Church also has an excellent work in Korea, though it is not as large as that of the Northern Methodists. It originated in 1895, when Bishop E. R. Hendrix and the Rev. C. F. Reed visited Korea. The mission was not formally opened until the next year, but from that time the work has been vigorously prosecuted from three strategic cen- tres, Seoul, Wonsan, and Song-do. A fine illustration of comity occurred at Won- illustration san in 1901. The Northern Methodists, who of Comity had opened a station there in 1892, transferred it to their Southern brethren, as the latter had been in the field first and it was deemed unnec- essary for both churches to occupy it. As these pages are written, word comes that the Board has secured a tract of 72 acres for a new com- pound at Song-do and that it will erect build- ings for academic and industrial schools, a hos- pital, and five residences, the total cost to be $35,000. This will give a fine equipment at this important centre. All together the Southern Methodists have 15 missionaries, including seven wives, 40 native 302 KOEEA Results Australian work Canadian Presby- terians workers, one college (Song-do), four day- schools, and one dispensary (Wonsan). The dispensary treated last year 4056 patients. The number of converts increased from 759 in 1905 to 1227 in 1906, a net gain of nearly sixty- two per cent, besides 1694 probationers who were receiving instruction preparatory to church membership. "The people are turning to Christ as I have never seen in any field," writes Bishop Candler. A ustralian Presbyterian work centres in Fusan. It was founded in 1889 by the Rev. John H. Da- vies and his sister. Other missionaries followed them, and a considerable work has developed, though practically all of it is conducted from this port. There is not a large local popula- tion, but the country districts are thickly settled. The population of the province is estimated at about 750,000. The outlying field has been happily divided with the American Presbyteri- ans, the latter taking the region north and west of Fusan and the Australians the region along the east coast. Including both missions, organ- ized work is conducted in fourteen counties of the thirty in the province. The Canadian Presbyterians were first inter- ested in Korea by the heroic and devoted W. J. McKenzie, who was stirred by reading Dr. Griffis's " Korea, the Hermit Nation," in 1888, and who in 1893 went to Korea under the sup- port of his university. His sad death two years later, in the delirium of typhoid fever, touched all hearts. It was not until 1897 that the Gen- MISSIONARY WORK 303 eral Assembly felt that the way was clear to found a mission, and September 8 of the follow- ing year three missionaries reached Seoul. After consultation with the Council of Missions, th? province of Ham Gyong on the northeast coasu was agreed upon as the field of the Canadian Presbyterians. Central stations are now main- tained at Wonsan, Han-heung, and Song-chen, while evangelistic work is regularly conducted at 47 places. There are 14 missionaries, in- cluding wives, 11 schools, three organized churches, 644 communicants, besides 552 per- sons under instruction. The Plymouth Brethren have a family doing other itinerating evangelistic work from Seoul. A Workers Young Men's Christian Association was estab- lished in 1900 in Seoul, and is doing excellent work under the leadership of an American sec- retary, Mr. Philip L. Gillett. The British and Foreign Bible Society, the American Bible So- ciety, and the National Bible Society of Scot- land unite in the support of the work in Korea, the Scotch Society paying one-fifth the cost of translations and the other Societies two-fifths each. An undenominational Home for Destitute Children, outside the wall at Seoul, is main- tained by a local board of directors, chiefly missionaries, and cares lovingly for many little ones. The property was secured by Dr. Under- wood, and the resident matron is Miss Perry, formerly a missionary of the Australian Pres- byterian Church. 304 KOREA Unity The spirit of unity which pervades the mis- mrkers sionaries of most of the churches is a delightful feature of the work. The Northern, Southern, Canadian, and Australian Presbyterians early associated themselves in the development of a union Presbyterian Church in Korea. Up to 1907 the governing body was the Presbyterian Council, which was composed of representatives of all the Presbyterian missions. In that year, however, an independent Presbyterian Church was formally constituted with the approval of the respective General Assemblies of the home churches. Nor did union stop with Presbyterians. An Evangelical Council of Missions was organized in 1904, which included the four Presbyterian bodies mentioned above and the Northern and Southern Methodists. This Council meets an- nually, and exerts large influence in unifying the work. One of its beneficent results is the readjustment of boundary lines, so as to pre- vent overlapping of fields and churches. The latest instance of this was the amicable agree- ment regarding division of territory between the Northern Presbyterians and Southern Pres- byterians in the fall of 1907. Training Training classes for Christian workers have Classes come to be a characteristic feature of mission work in Korea. The classes usually last from ten to fourteen days and are held at the stations, though smaller ones led by native helpers are conducted at some of the out-stations. Pyeng Yang has become famous for its large classes, MISSIONARY WORK 305 the number attending often exceeding 1000. About 500 Korean workers cooperated with the missionaries in holding classes last year at 250 different places in northern Korea, the at- tendance being over 12,000. It is not uncom- mon for Koreans to walk more than a hundred miles, bringing their own food with them, to attend these classes, and -some have journeyed as far as 300 miles. Then these eager Chris- tians go back to do personal evangelistic work in their villages. There is something inspiring in the contemplation of such devotion, and it accounts in no small measure for the splendid success of the missionary movement in Korea. The missionaries find results multiplying with Overtaxed such rapidity that they are overworked in the Workers effort to organize and superintend them. Every missionary assigned to evangelistic work is vir- tually a bishop of an extensive diocese, and is obliged to toil and travel almost incessantly in order to keep any kind of oversight of his nu- merous and scattered out-stations. Over 15,000 children are attending mission schools, but prac- tically all of them are from Christian homes, not only because the missionaries feel that this is a wise policy, but because such children are so numerous that they tax the school facilities which can be provided. Hardly any attempt has been made to recruit pupils from the non- Christian population. The following causes may be indicated to account for the rapid spread of the Gospel in Korea : 306 KOREA Causes for First : Koreans are naturally more docile and Success affectionate than Chinese and Japanese, so that it is easier to make an impression on them. Second : Politically small and weak in com- parison with the mighty Powers about them, the Koreans have become accustomed to being led from the outside. There are, therefore, less national pride arid prejudice to be overcome than in China and Japan. Third : While ancestral and demon worship are formidable obstacles, there is no powerful State religion, as in most other non-Christian lands. Fourth : Poverty, oppression, and distress have begotten a longing for relief and a hope that the missionary can secure it for them. Fifth : The fidelity and sympathy which the missionaries manifested during the Chino- Japan- ese and Russo-Japanese wars. Sixth : The favor of the court. When, after the murder of the Queen, the terrified Emperor expected his own assassination, he found coun- sel and moral support in three missionaries. He frequently expressed his appreciation of their fidelity in his hour of peril. His favor meant no spiritual help, but the imperial smile counts for much in an Oriental country. These conditions created a state of receptivity in the public mind, and unquestionably in them the Holy Spirit prepared the soil for the plant- ing of the Gospel seed. As compared with China, Korea was like a western prairie, ready for the plough of the husbandman ; while the MISSIONARY WOEK 307 vaster, prouder, more stubborn, phlegmatic, and self-satisfied population of the Celestial Empire was like the densely forested land of the East- ern seaboard, on which weary years of toil had to be spent in hewing down the wilderness, uprooting gigantic stumps, and gathering out the stones. Comparisons are, therefore, unfair. Conditions independent of the missionary have made the task of evangelization less difficult in one field than in the other. And yet it would be wrong to give the im- obstacles pression that there are no obstacles to be en- countered in Korea. It is not easy to convert any heathen nation. Indolence, superstition, dirt, the apathy of despair, the jealousy of the literary class, the demoralizing example of officials, the antagonism of a powerful Roman Catholic Church, all these heavily reenf orce the ever-present influences of the world, the flesh, and the devil. The human heart is not any more prone to spiritual things in Korea than elsewhere. The special credit of the missionaries is that they have been wise and faithful in taking ad- vantage of the peculiar conditions of the land. Coming, in the providence of God, in "the fulness of the time," they discerned the signifi- cance of the hour. It was not necessary to be- gin with schools, as in some Moslem lands. Korea was ready for the direct preaching of the Gospel, and to that preaching the missionaries gave themselves with unceasing zeal. There- fore emphasis as a cause should be placed on : 308 KOEEA Self-support Seventh : Insistence by the missionaries, from the first, on the duty of self-support and self- propagation. As soon as converts appeared, they were required to give according to their ability and to be messengers of Christ to their own people without pay from the foreigner. They gladly obeyed. The Koreans now sup- port a large majority of their native leaders, churches, and day-schools. They contribute as much per capita in amount as Americans give to foreign missions, and in effect they give many times more, for an American believer is far better off than these poverty-stricken Ori- entals. They preach as willingly as they give, first scores and then hundreds and now tens of thousands of believers joyfully proclaiming Christ to their neighbors and friends. Indeed, the chief work of direct evangelization is now ardently done by the Koreans themselves. Not only the appointed leaders but the Christians generally seek earnestly for souls. Willingness to try to lead others to Christ is deemed a test of fitness for church membership. Thus the Korean churches are to a remarkable degree working evangelistic bodies. Koreans If any one feature of the Korean method needs to be heralded as an example to Chris- tians both at home and abroad, it is this the duty and privilege of the individual disciple to witness for Christ without depending upon his pastor to do it for him and without expectation of financial reward, but living and teaching the Gospel in the sphere of life in which he was our Example MISSIONARY WORK 309 before, and in the occupation which he already followed. And God has wonderfully blessed the ministry of His servants. " With great power give they witness of the resurrection of the Lord Jesus, and great grace is upon them all ! " I asked the leaders of the Korean Christians What in several conferences, " What is it in Chris- |VPP eals to tianity that particularly appeals to the Korean mind ? " The answers naturally varied, but the ones most frequently recurring were, " sal- vation," " joy." The poor Koreans were living in wretchedness and despair, oppressed, poverty- stricken, literally "having no hope and with- out God in the world," knowing nothing of anything better, but knowing well their own bitterness and sorrow. Suddenly, they heard the clear, sweet invitation of the Gospel, tell- ing them of pardon, deliverance, and peace. Eagerly and trustfully as children they came and found rest for their souls. Nowhere else in the world to-day is there a more marked illustration of the preparation of the soil by the Holy Spirit, the inherent vitality of the truth, the joy of the believer in Christ and the value of personal work for souls. Many a time, as I studied the movement, it seemed to me that the Son of Man was again walking upon earth and calling to lowly men, " Follow me," and that again men were "straightway " leaving all and following Him. As I sat in the lowly chapels and communed with them, I saw how the Gospel had enlightened their hearts and how their once joyless lives now centred in 310 KOEEA Our First Meeting Korean Song the Church of God which gave them their only light and peace. Our first meeting with the Korean Christians in Fusan will not soon be forgotten. After a felicitous address of welcome by one of the Ko- reans, a hundred voices rose in a song of praise. Such congregational singing ! It was so hearty and yet so truly worshipful that it was a physi- cal and spiritual tonic. But not a line could I understand, till suddenly I caught the words, "Jesus, Hallelujah." There being no Korean equivalents for them, the missionaries had taught the people to use the terms so familiar to us. We could have had no more inspiring theme, and so we preached on the meaning of " Jesus, Hallelujah." Our experience in Fusan was repeated many times in other places. A stranger in a strange land enters a room filled with strange people, who greet him in a strange tongue and then begin to sing a strange tune. The voices were not always melodious nor did they always keep the key. But the singing plainly voiced the aspirations of a fervent and genuine spiritual experience. The Koreans sing as they pray, with all their hearts. Unfamiliar as the lan- guage is, the visitor is thrilled by the exultant ring of a living, joyous faith. I have since journeyed far and have seen many places and peoples. But there still lives to my vision the humble chapels on those Ko- rean hills, with worshipping Koreans sitting, Oriental fashion, on the floor. I can see their MISSIONARY WOEK 311 faces light up as I spoke to them of Jesus as our revelation of the love of God, Jesus as our Saviour from sin, Jesus as our Friend and King, Jesus as the Giver of such peace and joy that there is no word so appropriate for the true disciples as " Hallelujah." Even as I write, I seem to hear the unison of those eager voices as, in glad response to my closing request, they joined me in repeating the words, "Jesus, Hallelujah," and then with the reverent peti- tion of their leader as he prayed for us all, while the white-robed worshippers bowed with their faces to the floor. A visit to Korea is a tonic to faith. As one A Tonic to journeys through the country, facing crowds of Faith Christians from Fusan to Pyeng Yang, it is difficult to realize that Protestant missions in Korea date only from 1884, and that the great host of communicants and adherents in the Pyeng Yang field alone began with the baptism of a handful of men in January, 1894. "Is it genuinely spiritual ? " " Will it be perma- nent ? " some are asking. Well, a willingness to support their own work without dependence upon the foreigner's money, an eagerness to extend the Gospel to their countrymen, a per- sistence in Christian fidelity when left without missionary supervision, a patient endurance of persecution, an extraordinary growth which, after fourteen years, shows no sign of abating, but on the contrary is becoming more and more extraordinary, these are surely encouraging indications of genuineness and stability. 312 KOREA An Mr. John R. Mott, who visited Korea in 1907 > declares that iij bids fair to be the fir st of the non-Christian lands to be evangelized; and Mr. William T. Ellis, the newspaper cor- respondent, wrote at the close of his journey : " Cannot you say something or do something to make the Church in America realize that here in Korea just now is the Christian opportunity of centuries? This situation is extraordinary and amazing. The whole country is fruit ripe for the picking. The Koreans are ready to turn to the Living God. If the Christian Church has any conception of strategy and appreciation of an opportunity, and any sense of relative values, she will act at once not next year, but NOW ! " HELPS FOR LEADERS ON CHAPTERS V, VI, AND VII SI AM Lesson Aim : To give a general view of the missionary environment and the problem of reaching diverse races with the one Gospel. Scripture Lesson : Mark 16 : 15-20 ; Ephes. 5 : 8-21. Suggestive Questions : 1. What is the area and population of Siam as com- pared with New England? 2. What commercial products are exported to Europe and America? 3. Make a paper model of a Siamese house. 4. In what languages is the Bible found at the Bible depot in Bangkok ? 5. Describe the religion of Siam before the advent of Buddhism. 6. Mention some superstitions prevalent to-day. 7. What is the total Moslem population of Siam ? 8. What effect has gambling, the characteristic vice of Siam, had upon the character of the people? 9. Sketch the life of Gautama Buddha. 10. Make a table of special difficulties and special en- couragements in this field. Bibliography : Campbell, J. G. D., Siam in the Twentieth Century. Carter, A. Cecil, M.A., Kingdom of Siam. 313 314 HELPS FOR LEADERS Curtis, Lillian Johnson, The Laos of North Siam. Fleeson, Katherine Neville, Laos Folk-Lore of Farther India. Hallett, H. S., A Thousand Miles on an Elephant in the Shan States. Siam and Laos as Seen by our American Missionaries. BURMA Lesson Aim : To give a general view of the land, the people, their rulers, and their religion in relation to missions ; or what Buddhism did for Burma and what Christianity is doing now for this country. Scripture Lesson : Isa. 55 ; Matt. 13 : 1-9. Suggestive Questions : 1. Indicate by color on an outline map of Asia the extent of British rule and the strategic importance of Burma. 2. What is the daily life of a mendicant? 3. When did Buddhism enter Burma? 4. What teachings of the Gospel are special stum- bling-blocks to the sincere Buddhist ? 5. Write a review of Edwin Arnold's "Light of Asia." 6. Describe the " Wheel of Life." (See Rhys Davids's "Buddhism.") 7. Write a character sketch of Dr. Judson. 8. Of Ko Tha Byu. 9. What are the present missionary problems? 10. Show the possibility of completing the work of evangelization in Burma in terms of men and money. HELPS FOR LEADERS 315 Bibliography : Cochrane, Henry Park, Among the Burmans. Curtis, William Eleroy, Egypt, Burma and British Malaysia. Griggs, W. C., Odds and Ends from Pagoda Land. Judson, Edward, Life of Adoniram Judson. Willson, A. M., Lives of Mrs. Ann H. Judson, Sarah B. Judson, and Mrs. Emily C. Judson. Smith, Julius, Ten Years in Burma. Brockett, L. P., Story of the Karen Mission in Bassein. KOREA Lesson Aim : To show the possibility of evangelizing a land in one generation. The power of a supernatural Gospel. Scripture Lesson : Acts 2 : 1-5 ; 43-47. Suggestive Questions : 1. Why called the Hermit Nation? 2. What is demon-worship? Shamanism? (Mrs. Bishop's " Korea and her Neighbors.") 3. Describe Korean marriage customs. 4. Which of Korea's neighbors has had the largest influence on her history? 5. Discussion whether Japanese rule has been of benefit to Korea. 6. Compare the Pyeng Yang revival with that in Wales as to character and results. 7. What Christian literature is there for Koreans in their own language? 8. What are the dangers of too rapid evangelization in Korea? 316 HELPS FOR LEADERS 9. What place do women occupy in the Korean church ? 10. Show the location of every station and preaching place on the map of Korea. Bibliography : Bishop, Mrs. Isabella Bird, Korea and her Neighbors. Gale, James S., D.D., Korean Sketches. Gale, James S., B.D., The Vanguard. Griffis, Kev. William Elliott, Corea : The Hermit Nation. Hulbert, H. B., The Passing of Korea. Underwood, L. H., Fifteen Years among the Top- knots. Underwood, Horace G., The Call of Korea. Jones, G. H., Korea : The Land, People, and Customs. GENERAL INDEX Abbott, Rev. E. L., 244. Abdul Hamid, 8. Abeel, Rev. David, 182. Abraham, 1. Abu Hanifa, 41. Adams, Rev. James E., 293. Adamson, Dr. H., 185. Aden, 95. Afghanistan, 7, 59; popula- tion of, 124. Africa, 3, 7, 118; Islam in, 3; Moslems in, 57; West, 52, 118; Central, 72, 96 ; North, 74, 77, 85 ; North, spread of Islam in, 85 ; Mohammedan population of, 114. Ahreyah Mettai, 206. Algeciras Conference, 60. Algeria, 88. Al-Ghazali, 48. Algiers, 8, 142. Allah, 14, 41, 46. Allen, Dr. H. N., 278. Alms, legal, 27. American Baptist Missionary Union, 184, 224; discour- agements of, 184; closing of mission of, 185; results of work of, in Siam, 185. American Bible Society, 194, 303. American Board, 92. American Missionary Associa- tion, 183. Amulets, 62. Animists, 224. Antichrist, 21. Appenzeller, Rev. H. G., 280. Arabia, 4, 7, 27, 54 ; cradle of Islam, 94; population of, 95, 126; neglected, 126. Arabian Mission, Reformed Church in America, 97, 126. Arabic, 6, 58, 101 ; sacred language of Moslems, 6. Arabs, 30, 43. Armstrong, Rev. W. F., 250. Arrakan, 222. Ashmore, William, 186. Asia : Moslems in, 4 ; unoc- cupied fields of, 122. Asia Minor, 4, 8. Assam, 222. Australian Baptist Mission, 101. Ava, 240. Ayuthia, ancient capital of *Siam, 176. Bab, the, 98. Bagdad, 126. Bahrein, 63, 97. Baluchistan, 8 ; Moslem popu- lation of, 125. Bangkok, 160, 174; mission institutions in, 193. Baptists, American, in Burma, 238. Barrett, Hon. John, 203. Bassein, 221. Beach, Professor, 116. Bedouin, 31. Beecher, Rev. E. H., 244. Behaism, 98. Beit Allah, 3. Bengal, 5. 317 318 INDEX Bennett, Mrs. Jessie Vail, 98. Bhamo, 221. Bible, 25, 199; translations of, 6, 238. Binney, Rev. Dr. J. G., 251. Bishop, Mrs. Isabella Bird, 38. Bixby, Rev. Moses H., 247. Black Stone, 1, 3. Blyden, Dr., 37. Boardman, Mrs. Sarah Hall, 242. Bokhara, Moslem population of, 127. Boon Itt, Rev., 194. Bradley, Dr. Daniel B., 183. Briggs, Dr. and Mrs. W. A., 198. British and Foreign Bible Society, 224, 303. British rule, 8, 58, 180, 223. Bronson, Rev. Dr. Dillon, 227. Brooke, Sir James, 188. Bruce, Rev. Robert, D.D., 99. Buddha, 175. Buddhism, state religion of Siam, 202, 246. Buddhist, first, to accept Christ, 239. Bugia, 78. Burckhardt, 51. Burma : area of, 211 ; climate of, 211 ; physical features of, 211 ; country without caste, 213 ; population of, 213 ; government of, 221 ; Upper, annexation of, 223 ; religions of, 224; progress of missions in, 229 ; medical missions in, 252; a hopeful field, 255. Burmans : characteristics of, 213 ; custom law of life, 214; vices of, 215; work among, difficult, 246. Burton, 45. Bush, Rev. and Mrs. Stephen, 187. Busrah, 97. Cairo, literary capital of Islam, 90. Cairo Conference, 115. Cairo Universit}*-, 56. Cambodia, 159. Canton, 166, 182. Carey, 72. Carpenter, Rev. C. H., 252. Carson, Rev. A. E., 248. Cartwright, Rev. S. H., 299. Celebes, 4. Chard, Rev. and Mrs. C. H., 231. Chieng Hoong, 165. Chieng Mai, 160, 168 ; mission work at, 199. Chieng Rai, 177. China, 7, 72; Moslems in, 5, 131 ; Moslem population of, 129. China Inland Mission, 225. Chinese : strongest element in Siam, 166 ; in Burma, 218. Chins : demon-worshippers, 218; converts among, 248. Choi Chei Ou, 268. Christianity, 37, 74; early, in Arabia, 95. Christians : in Burma, 224 ; persecution of, in Korea, 283; number of, in Korea, 290. Chubbuck, Emily, 242. Chun-ju, 300. Church Missionary Society, 90. Clarke, James Freeman, 14. Cockey, Rev. T. A., 229. Colbeck, Rev. James A., 230. Colman, Mr. and Mrs., 239. Commissioners, of the King, 179. Confucianism, 269. Congo Free State, 3. Congregational Mission : trials of, 182; withdrawal of, to China, 182. INDEX 319 Constantinople, political capi- tal of Mohammedan world, 90. Converts : from Islam, 97, 105; in Siam, 200. Corfe, Rt. Rev. Charles John, D.D., 298. Creed : confession of, 24 ; use a strength to Islam, 25. Crofton, Rev. H. W., 230. Curtis, Rev. and Mrs. F. S., 294. Gushing, Rev. and Mrs. J. N., 247. Danish Evangelical Church, 96. Darrow, Rev. and Mrs. A. C., 247. Davenport, Mr. and Mrs., 184. Dean, Dr., 160. Dean, Rev. William, 184. Demon-worshippers, 218. Denman, Dr. and Mrs. C. H., 198. Denmark, 171. Divorce, 48. Dodd, Mr. and Mrs. W. C., 198. Dunlap, Dr., 201. East India Company, 221. East Indians, 219. Ecumenical Conference, Cairo, 91. Edmunds, Miss Margaret, 297. Egypt, 43, 51 ; Moslem popu- lation of, 89. El Azhar, Mohammedan Uni- versity of, 56. Ellers, Miss Annie, 281. Ellis, William T., 312. Emperor of Korea, 271. England, 171. Europe, 4. Evangelistic Lutheran Mission of Leipzig, 224. Fasting, month of, 26. Fitzgerald, Bishop, 227. Foochow, 166. Foote, General Lucius H., 278. Free Church of Scotland, 96. French, Bishop, 75, 96. French Sudan, 4. Fusan, 294, 302. Geis, Rev. George J., 249. Germany, 159. Glenn, Dr. William, 99. Gobat, Samuel, 90. God : books of, 17 ; Moslem idea of, 14; Mohammed's idea of, 56. Goddard, Josiah, 186. Gospel, causes for rapid spread of, in Korea, 306. Goucher, Rev. John F., 280. Gurney, Rev. W. N., 299. Gutzlaff, Dr., 181. Haas, Frederick, 99. Hadramaut, 126. Hagar, 1. Hague, International Confer- ence, 272. Hainan, 166. Haka, 248. Hall, Dr. M. J., 282. Hall, Dr. Rosetta Sherwood, 297. Han-heung, 303. Harem, evils of, 46. Haswell, Rev. J. M., 247. Hausa-land, 119. Hegira, 10, 130. Hejaz, 62, 126. Hell, Moslem, 23. Hemenway, 182. Henzada, 246. Heron, Dr. J. W., 279. Hinduism, 44. Hindus, 224. Hodeidah, 126. Horton, Miss Lillias, 281. House, Dr. Samuel R., 186. 320 INDEX Howard, Dr. Meta, 297. Hsipaw, 247. Humphrey, Chaplain W. T., 229. Hurgronje, Dr. C. Snouck, 54. Illiteracy of Islam, 57. India, 8, 51, 113; Moslem population of, 5 ; work for Moslems in, 100. Indies, Dutch East, Moslems in, 102. International Student Federa- tion, 266. Irrawaddy, 211. Islam : character and con- quests of, 1 ; world-wide re- ligion, 2, 10; present num- bers and distribution of, 3 ; literary languages of, 7 ; explanation of spread of, 10 ; aggressive religion, 11; re- ligion without caste, 12 ; doctrine of angels, 15; spirit world, 15; Day of Judgment, 22 ; philosophy of, 23 ; predestination, 23 ; doctrine of fatalism, 24; religion without hope, 28; social evils of, 37; low ethical standard of, 39 ; lack of truth in, 40 ; ethics of, 40; sensuality of, 44; illiteracy of, 57; traditions of, 60; attitude toward Christianity, 102 ; strong- hold of, 115; present peril of, 118; early entrance into China, 130; peril of, not cause for discouragement, 139 ; disintegration of, 140 ; in Africa, 4 ; in Asia, 4 ; in China, 5 ; in India, 5 ; in the Philippines, 5 ; in Rus- sia, 5; in Turkey, 59; in Arabia, 94; hi Malaysia, 103. Ito, Marquis, 274. Jains, 224. Japan, 159; attitude toward Korea, 273. Java, 103; converts in, 106. Jessup, Dr., 72. Jesus Christ, 20, 64, 74 ; Mos- lem belief concerning, 20; only hope for Moslems, 64; regarded as second Buddha, 206. Jews, 53, 224; societies for the conversion of, 73. Jinn (genii), 15; belief in, uni- versal, 16. Johnson, Dr. W. O., 293. Jones, Rev. and Mrs. John T., 184. Jones, Rev. George Heber, 296. Judson, Adoniram, 238; im- prisonment of, 240; hero- ism of, 241. Judson, Mrs. Ann Hasseltine, 181, 242. Kaaba, 1, 63. Kachins, 249 ; demon-wor- shippers, 218. Kamil Abd El Messiah, 97. Kansu, 5, 131. Karens, 216; tribes of, 216; work among the, 231. Keith Falconer, Ion, 95. Keith Falconer Mission, 126. Ke Kan, 168. Keller, 74. Kerbela, 45. Khadijah, 50. Kim Chang Sik, 282. Kincaid, Dr., 249. King, Hon. Hamilton, quoted, 203. King Mongkut, 178; policy of, result of missionary influ- ence, 183. King of Siam, absolute mon- arch, 179 ; enlightened pol- icy of, 180. INDEX 321 Knight, Bishop A. M., 237. Koran, 13, 40, 44, 55; inter- linear translations of, 6 ; Arabic, sealed book to most Moslems, 6; translation of, not permitted in China, 7; uncreated and eternal, 17; unintelligible without com- mentary, 18; defects of teaching, 19; inferior to sacred books of other na- tions, 19. Korat, 176. Korea : area of, 259 ; physical features of, 259 ; population of, 261; language in, 262; lack of sanitation in, 263 ; religions of, 269; govern- ment of, 271 ; period of reconstruction in, 275 ; re- vival in, 285 ; a tonic to faith, 311. Koreans : character of, 262 ; peculiar customs of, 265. Ko San Ye Movement, 245. Ko Tha Byu, first Karen con- vert, 243. Kumm, Dr. Karl, 116. Kwallondong, 261. Lakawn, 177; mission work at, 199. Laos : number of, in Siam, 165 ; superior to Siamese in intelligence, 165; mis- sions in, 196; persecution of Christians in, 197 ; pres- ent status of work in, 198 ; proclamation of religious liberty to, 198 ; a promising mission field, 205. Larsen, Rev. E. John, 128. Lawrence, Miss E., 254. Lee, Rev. Graham, 282. Leonard, Dr. A. B., 228. Levant, 43. Literature, Mohammedan, in China, 129. Livingstone, David, 42, 121. London Missionary Society, 181. Lull, Raymund, 39, 76, 79; first missionary to Moslems, 76. Lyon, Rev. J., 249. McFarland, Rev. S. G., 191. Mackay, Alexander M., 96. McKenzie, W. J., 302. Maclay, Rev. Robert S., D.D., 280. Me Williams, D. W., 277. Malay Archipelago, 103. Mandalay, 212. Marks, E. J., 229. Marriage among Moslems, 48, 49. Martyn, Henry, 76, 79, 83. Martyrdom of Lull, 79. Martyrs, in Laos, 197. Mattoon, Rev. Stephen, 186. Mecca, 1, 10, 45, 54, 63, 127; pilgrimage to, 27 ; religious capital of Islam, 90. Medina, 10, 28, 42, 127. Meinhof, Professor Carl, 119. Me Kawng, 161. Me Nam River, 161. Merrick, Rev. J. L., 100. Merwa, 1. Methodist Episcopal Church, missionary society of, 224, 228, 280. Methodist mission, southern, 301. Miller, Dr. W. R., 4. Milman, Bishop, 233. Mirza Ibrahim, 100. Missionaries : first, to Siam, appeal of, to American churches, 181 ; favorable testimony regarding, 203 ; women, 254; pioneer, in Korea, 277. Missionary, first, to Moslems, 39, 76. 322 INDEX Missions: medical, 141, 252, 279 ; pioneer, difficulties of, in Siam, 188 ; results of, in Siam, 200 ; social results of, 201 ; obstacles to, in Siam, 204; rapid progress of, among Karens, 217. Missions in Korea : effect of war on, 283. Missions to Moslems, 37, 71 ; difficulties of, 135. Mizan-ul-Hak, 84. Moffett, Rev. Samuel A., 282. Mohammed, 2, 13, 17, 21, 30, 41, 56, 95, 130; an exile, 10; quoted, 11; names of, 20; human in Koran, 21; of tradition, 21 ; violates his own law, 50. Mohammedan Conference, 46. Mohammedan population, 3. Mohammedan University, 56, 91. Mohammedan world, present accessibility of, 9. Mohammedanism, stronghold of, 3. Mohammedans, in Burma, 224. Mokpo, 300. Morocco, 7, 38, 87. Moslems : Chinese, 3 ; under Christian rule, 7 ; belief of, 12 ; five duties of, 24 ; mis- sions among, 37; moral condition of, result of re- ligion, 38 ; under Christian rule, 54; missions to, 71; results of work for, 101. Moslem world, governments of, 7. Mott, John R., 312. Moulmein, former capital of Burma, 220. Moung Nau, first Buddhist convert, 239. Muir, 39, 41. Muscat, 75, 96. Nai Chune, first convert in Siam, 188. Nan Inta, 197. Nasariyeh, 97. National Bible Society of Scotland, 303. Needham, Hester, Saint of Sumatra, 104. Nejd, 126. Netherlands Missionary So- ciety, 181. New Testament, 277; trans- lation of, 237. Noctong River, 260. North Africa Mission, 87. Oman, 126. Omens, 61. O'Neal, Mrs. Charlotte, 226. Orr, Rev. R. W., 186. Paknam, 170. Pali Manuscripts, 175. Pan-Islamic movement, 11. Pan-Islamism, 142. Paradise, Moslem, 23. Parsees, 224. Pease, Mr. George, 87. Peet, 182. Pegu, 221. Peoples, Dr. and Mrs. S. C., 198. Persia, 7, 43, 74; missions in, 98; Moslem population of, 98. Petchaburi, 170. Pfander, Karl Gottlieb, 76, 83. Philippines, 5, 166. Phya Montri, 195. Pilgrimage to Mecca, 27. Pitsanuloke, 168. Plymouth Brethren, 303. Polygamy, 41, 48, 172; re- sults of, 45. Poole, Stanley Lane, 64. Prayer : Moslem, 1, 57 ; direc- tion of, 26 ; effect nullified, INDEX 323 26; five proper times for, 26; importance of posture in, 26. Presbyterian Board, 277 ; sta- tions of, in Siam, 192. Presbyterian Church (North), 92. Presbyterian Mission, 186 ; Australian, 302; Canadian, 302. Price, Dr. Jonathan, 240. Prince Devawongse, 172. Prince Min Yong Ik, 280. Prome, 221, 231. Prophet, 50, 57. Prophets, major and minor, 19, 20. Protestant Missions, begin- nings of, in Siam, 181. Punjab, Moslems in, 5. Pyeng Yang, 260, 282, 291; remarkable success of work in, 285, 295. Pyinmana, 246. Raheng, 177. Rangoon, 219, 225, 238, 253. Rangoon Baptist College, 252. Reformed Church in America, 97. Reformed Presbyterian Church, 92. Reforms, Japanese, in Korea, 275. Reid, Mr. and Mrs., 184. Rhenish Missionary Society, 103. Richard, Dr. Timothy, 129. Riggs, Dr. Edward, 94. Roberts, Rev. W. EL, 249. Robinson, 182. Roman Catholic Church, 307. Ross, Rev. John, 277, 288. Russia : Moslems in, 5 ; Mos- lem population of, 127. Russo-Japanese War, 271. Safa, 1. St. John's College, 230. Salween, river, 211. Saracen, 11. Sau Kyung Jo, 289. Schuck, J. L., 186. Scranton, Dr. William B., 280. Scranton, Mrs. M. F., 297. Seoul, 261, 282; institutional work in, 291. Serampore, 181. Seward, Hon. George F., 202. Shamanism : dominant faith of Koreans, 269; super- stition of, 270. Shanghai, 202. Shans, number of, in Burma, 217. Shears, Rev. A., 229. Sheikh Othman, 96. Shensi, 3, 131. Shrines, 270. Shwebo, 235. Shwe Dagon Pagoda, 219. Siam : area of, 159 ; climate of, 160 ; physical geography of, 161; 'flora of, 162; products of, 162; races in, 163; population of, 164; government of, 177 ; prog- ress of mission work in, 191 ; promising mission field, 205 ; religious expectation in, 206. Siamese : physical character- istics of, 164; characteris- tics of, 167; progressive character of, 168; desire for education, 171 ; vices of, 173 ; indifference of, toward religion, 204. Sierra Leone, 3. Sikhs, 224. Slavery, 52. Smith, Dr. George, 80. Smith, Dr. Eli, 93. Society, unstable foundation of, in Siam, 172. 324 INDEX Society for Propagation of the Gospel, 224, 229, 298; re- sults of work of, 236. Song-chen, 303. Sorai, 288. Spain, 8. Speer, Robert E., 49, 92. Sprenger, 39. Stanley, 121. Stevens, Rev. Dr. E. A., 251. Stock, Eugene, 76. Stockings, Rev. H. M., 235. Stone, George E., 98. Strachan, Rt. Rev. J. M., 236. Sudan, 116; growth of Islam in, 116; population of, 116; Central, 120; Central, wo- men in, 120. Sudan United Mission, 119. Sumatra, 102; converts in, 105. Swatow, 166. Swedish Missionary Society, 133. Syen Chyun, 293. Syria, 8/43. Taiku, 261, 293. Tai-ping Rebellion, 268. Talaings (Mons), 217. Talains, 247. Talismans, 61. Taoism, 268. Tarburi, 177. Tavoy, 246. Taylor, Canon, 37. Teheran, 100. Telang, Mr. Justice, 46. Tenasserim, 222. Thandang, 227. Thibaw, 222. Thoburn, Bishop James M., 225. Thomas, Mrs. B. C., 248. Thorns, Dr. Marion Wells, 98. Thonze, 246. Tibet, 213. Tisdall, Dr. St. Clair, 42. Titcomb, Bishop, 232. Tobolsk, 3. Tomliii, Rev. Jacob, 181. Tong-hak Movement, 268. Toungoo, 231. Tradition, Moslem, 41. Traditions, of Karens, 216. Tripoli, 7, 8, 54. Trotter, Miss Lillian L., quoted, 142. Tunis, 8, 88. Turkestan, 4, 8, 132. Turkey, 43, 59, 72. Turkish Empire, missions in, 92. Turner, Bishop H. B., 298. Uganda, 200. Underwood, Rev. H. G., 279. United States, 171. Unoccupied fields, 113, 117. Urumia, 100. Utradit, 165. Van Dyck, Dr. Cornelius, 93. Veil, use of, unknown before Mohammed, 46. Victoria, Queen, 233. Vinton, Dr. J. H., 244. Wade, Mr. and Mrs., 240. Wahab bin Kabsh, 130. Wahabi revival, 11. War : Burman, 240 ; Russo- Japanese, 271. Warne, Bishop, 228. Warner, Miss Ellen, 226. Warren, Rev. C., 231. Watson, Rev. Charles R., 4. Wesleyan Methodist Mission- ary Society, 224. Wheelock, Mr. and Mrs., 239. Wiersum, Harry, 98. Wilson, Rev. Jonathan, 196. Winston, Rev. W. R., 225. Wolf, Dr. Joseph, 100. INDEX 325 Women : degradation of, un- der Islam, 46, 48 ; compara- tive freedom of, in Burma, 215; position of, in Korea, 264; work for, in Korea, 297. Won-san, 261, 303. Wurz, Pastor F., quoted, 119. Yemen, 63. Yi Heni, 271. Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation, 225, 303. Young Women's Christian Association, 225. Yunnan, 5, 131. Zainab, 44. Zanzibar, 3. Zem Zem, 1. Zenana, 46. Zwemer, Peter John, 97. SOME PRESS OPINIONS ON THE VOLUMES IS- SUED FOR THE UNITED STUDY OF MISSIONS Via Christ! 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The Seeming Unreality of the Spiritual Life The book calls attention to the natural conditions of the spiritual life without the fulfilment of which the sense of reality cannot be attained. Cloth, I2mo, $1.50 net THE MACMILLAN COMPANY PUBLISHERS, 64-66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW TORE By the REV. WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH Professor of Church History in Rochester Theological Seminary CHRISTIANITY AND THE SOCIAL CRISIS Cloth> I2m0; $I ^ net " It is of the sort to make its readers feel that the book was bravely written to free an honest man's heart; that conscientious scholarship, hard thinking, and the determination to tell the truth as he sees it, have wrought it out and enriched it ; that it is written in a clear, incisive style ; that stern passion and gentle sentiment stir at times among the words, and keen wit and grim humor flash here and there in the turn of a sentence ; and that there is a noble end in view. 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