75b 
 
EARTH 
 SCIENCES 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
WORKS OF 
 THE LATE S. L. PENFIELD 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 JOHN WILEY & SONS 
 
 Notes on Determinative Mineralogy and Record of 
 Mineral Tests. 
 
 8vo. Paper, 50 cents net. 
 
 Tables of Minerals, including the Uses of Minerals 
 and Statistics of the Domestic Production. 
 
 Second Edition, Reset. 8vo, vi + 88 pages. 
 Cloth, $1.00. 
 
 REVISION. 
 Manual of Determinative Mineralogy. 
 
 With an introduction on Blowpipe Analysis. 
 By George J. Brush, Director of the Sheffield 
 Scientific School of Yale University. Revised 
 and enlarged by Samuel L. Penfield. Sixteenth 
 Edition. 8vo, x + 312 pages, including 375 
 figures and 57 tables for the determination of 
 mineral species by means of simple chemical ex- 
 periments in the wet and dry way and by their 
 physical properties. Cloth. $4.00. 
 
TABLES OF MINERALS 
 
 INCLUDING THE 
 
 Uses of Minerals and Statistics of the 
 Domestic Production 
 
 BY 
 
 SAMUEL LEWIS PENFIELD, M.A., LL.D. 
 
 Late Professor of Mineralogy in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, 1888-1906 
 
 SECOND EDITION 
 FIRST THOUSAND 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 JOHN WILEY & SONS 
 
 London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited 
 1907 
 
Copyright, 1907 
 
 BY 
 
 GRACE C. PENFIELD 
 
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. 
 
 The minerals are arranged in the tables as follows: 
 
 I. According to the six systems of crystallization and their 
 prominent subdivisions, the minerals of each subdivision being 
 arranged in accordance with the chemical classification as adopted 
 by Dana. 
 
 II. According to the elements, emphasis being given to min- 
 erals which are important from an economic standpoint. 
 
 III.. With reference to geological occurrence and association. 
 
 Minerals are given three ranks in the tables, indicated by the 
 type used in printing the names of the species, as follows: 
 (i) Minerals of the .first rank are either very common, or espe- 
 cially important from a scientific or geological standpoint, and 
 their names are printed in heavy type, capital letters. (2) Min- 
 erals which are of rather rare occurrence, including some very 
 rare species provided they are especially important from an 
 economic or scientific standpoint, are given a second rank, and 
 their names are printed in heavy type, capital and small letters. 
 (3) The names of rarer and less important species, constituting a 
 third rank, are printed in small type. All of the important 
 minerals (450 species) are included in the tables, and generally 
 very rare species have been omitted, except where chemical com- 
 position or some pronounced features have given them special 
 significance. The weighting of the minerals, or assignment to 
 first, second or third rank, is an arbitrary matter, based upon the 
 writer's experience, but it is believed that students will appreciate 
 this feature of the tables, enabling them almost at a glance to 
 form some estimate of the relative importance of the several 
 species. 
 
 S. L. PENFIELD/ 
 
 MlNERALOGICAL LABORATORY OF THE SHEFFIELD 
 SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL OF YALE UNIVERSITY, 1903. 
 
 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. 
 
 THE "Tables of Minerals" was written by Prof. Penfield in 
 1903 for use in connection with lectures on Descriptive Miner- 
 alogy in this School and has been used by successive classes since 
 then. The present edition has been carefully revised, chiefly 
 in the matter of bringing the statistics of mineral production 
 down to date. Acknowledgment is gratefully made of the assist- 
 ance of Dr. George F. Kunz, who kindly furnished the figures for 
 the values of the gem stones. 
 
 Part III of the Tables has been rewritten and enlarged, with 
 the purpose of making that section more useful to students who 
 have only a slight knowledge of geology or petrology. 
 
 W. E. FORD. 
 
 MlNERALOGICAL LABORATORY OF THE SHEFFIELD 
 SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL OF YALE UNIVERSITY, JUNE 1907. 
 
 819503 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 ARRANGEMENT OF MINERALS ACCORDING TO THE Six SYSTEMS OF 
 CRYSTALLIZATION. 
 
 Isometric System 3 
 
 Tetragonal System 7 
 
 Hexagonal System 9 
 
 Hexagonal-rhombohedral System 10 
 
 Orthorhombic System 13 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Monoclinic System 18 
 
 Triclinic System 22 
 
 Minerals which are Amorphous/Mas- 
 sive,or of Uncertain Crystallization 23 
 
 PART II. 
 
 ARRANGEMENT OF THE MINERALS ACCORDING TO THE ELEMENTS, 
 WITH USES AND STATISTICS. 
 
 Aluminium 25 
 
 Antimony 26 
 
 Arsenic 27 
 
 Barium 27 
 
 Beryllium 27 
 
 Bismuth 28 
 
 Boron 28 
 
 Bromine 29 
 
 Cadmium 29 
 
 Caesium 29 
 
 Calcium 29 
 
 Carbon 31 
 
 Cerium 32 
 
 Chlorine 32 
 
 Chromium 32 
 
 Cobalt 33 
 
 Copper 33 
 
 Fluorine 34 
 
 Gold' 35 
 
 Iodine 36 
 
 Indium 36 
 
 Iron 36 
 
 Lead 38 
 
 Lithium 39 
 
 Magnesium 39 
 
 Manganese 40 
 
 Mercury 41 
 
 Molybdenum 41 
 
 Nickel 42 
 
 Niobium 42 
 
 Nitrogen 43 
 
 Osmium 43 
 
 Oxygen 44 
 
 Phosphorus 44 
 
 Platinum 45 
 
 Potassium 46 
 
 Selenium 47 
 
 Silicon 47 
 
 Silver 49 
 
 Sodium 50 
 
 Strontium 51 
 
 Sulphur : 52 
 
 Tantalum 52 
 
 Tellurium 53 
 
 Thallium 53 
 
 Tin 53 
 
 Titanium 54 
 
 Tungsten 54 
 
 Uranium 55 
 
 Vanadium 55 
 
 Zinc..: 56 
 
 Zirconium 56 
 
VI 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 USEFUL MINERALS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Abrasives 57 
 
 Asbestos 58 
 
 Cement 58 
 
 Clay 59 
 
 Feldspar 59 
 
 Flint 59 
 
 Fullers Earth . . 60 
 
 PAOS 
 
 Gem Minerals 61 
 
 Granite 64 
 
 Mica 64 
 
 Ornamental Stones 65 
 
 Slate 66 
 
 Talc 67 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 LISTS OF MINERALS ACCORDING TO GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCE AND 
 ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Igneous Rocks. 69 
 
 Sedimentary Rocks 71 
 
 Metamorphic Rocks 72 
 
 Principal Rock-making Minerals. . . 73 
 
 Accessory Minerals, Commonly 
 
 Found in Rocks 75 
 
 Veins and Vein Minerals 76 
 
 Minerals Resulting from Contact 
 Metamorphism 78 
 
SYNOPSIS OF THE CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF 
 
 DANA. 
 
 1. Native Elements. 
 
 2. Sulphides, Selenides, Tellufides, Arsenides, Antimonides. 
 
 3. Sulpharsenites, Sulphantirnonites, Sulphobismuthites. 
 
 4. Chlorides, Bromides, Fluorides. 
 
 5. Oxides. 
 
 6. Carbonates. 
 
 7. Silicates, Titanates. 
 
 8. Niobates, Tantalates. 
 
 9. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates. 
 
 10. Borates. 
 
 11. Uranates. 
 
 12. Sulphates, Chromates. 
 
 13. Tungstates, Molybdates. 
 
 2 
 
TABLES OF MINERALS. 
 
 PART I. - 
 
 ARRANGEMENT OF MINERALS ACCORDING TO THE 
 SIX SYSTEMS OF CRYSTALLIZATION. 
 
 NOTE. The chief object of tables of this kind is that they 
 may serve as a guide and reference -list to accompany lectures on 
 crystallography and descriptive mineralogy. In a measure, also, 
 the tables may be made the basis of determinative mineralogy, 
 for if it is discovered that a mineral crystallizes in a certain 
 system, the list of minerals in that system may be studied and the 
 name of the species found by comparison either with labeled 
 specimens or with descriptions as given in the texts referred to. 
 
 ISOMETRIC SYSTEM; NORMAL GROUP. 
 
 NOTE. The pyritohedral and tetrahedral groups are tabulated 
 separately, while a few minerals belonging to the rarer plagihedral 
 division are included in the normal group. 
 
 Elements. 
 
 T. B. *Sys. 
 
 I. 
 
 DIAMOND, C (perhaps tetrahedral), . 
 
 . 271, 
 
 3 
 
 2. 
 
 GOLD, Au, always with some Ag, . 
 
 275, 
 
 14 
 
 3- 
 
 SILVER, Ag, . . . . . . . 
 
 . 278, 
 
 19 
 
 4- 
 
 COPPER, Cu, ....... 
 
 278, 
 
 20 
 
 5- 
 
 Platinum, Pt, 
 
 280, 
 
 25 
 
 6. 
 
 Iron, Fe with Ni, both terrestrial and meteoric, 
 
 . 281, 
 
 28 
 
 * The columns of numbers headed T. B. and Sys. refer respectively to 
 the pages of Dana's Text-Book of Mineralogy and System of Mineralogy on 
 which descriptions of the species may be found. 
 
 3 
 
ISOMETRIC SYSTEM. 
 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 
 Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides. 
 
 GALENA, Pb S, often carrying Ag, 
 Altaite, Pb Te, 
 Argentite, Ag 2 S, 
 
 T.B. 
 
 . 287, 
 . 288, 
 . 288, 
 
 Sys. 
 48 
 
 51 
 
 4- 
 c. 
 
 Hessite, Ag 2 Te, 
 
 Petzite, (Ag, Au) 2 Te, . . . . . 
 
 . 289, 
 280, 
 
 47 
 
 6. 
 
 7- 
 
 Berzelianite, Cu 2 Se, . . . 
 Crookesite, (Cu, Tl, Ag) 2 Se, . 
 
 289, 
 289, 
 
 5 2 
 54 
 
 8. 
 
 0. 
 
 Pentlandite, (Ni, Fe)S, ..... 
 BORNITE, Cu 5 Fe S 4 , 
 
 293, 
 207 
 
 65 
 
 77 
 
 IO. 
 
 Linnaeite, Co 3 S 4 = CoS . Co 2 S 3 , 
 
 
 78 
 
 II. 
 
 12. 
 
 Argyrodite, Agg Ge Se=4 Ag 2 S . Ge S 2 , . 
 Canfieldite, Ag 8 Sn S 6 =4 Ag 2 S . Sn S 2 , . 
 
 . 316, 
 . 316, 
 
 !i 
 
 Chlorides, Bromides, Fluorides. 
 
 1. HALITE, NaCl, 318,154 
 
 2. SYLVITE, KC1 (plagihedral), 318,156 
 
 3. Cerargyrite, Ag Cl, . 319, 158 
 
 4. Embolite, Ag (Cl, Br), . . . . . . 319, 159 
 
 5. Nantokite, Cu Cl, 317, 154 
 
 6. Percylite (Boleite), Pb Cu C1 2 [OH] 2 , . . . 322,172 
 
 7. FLUORITE, Ca F 2 , 320, 161 
 
 8. Ralstonite (Na 2 , Mg) F 2 . 3 Al (F, OH) 3 . 2H 2 O, . 323, 181 
 
 Oxides. 
 
 1. Arsenolite, As 2 O 3 , . . . . . . . 330, 198 
 
 2. Senarmontite, Sb 2 O 3 , 330, 198 
 
 3. CUPRITE, Cu 2 O (plagihedral), .... 331,206 
 
 4. Periclase, Mg O, 331, 207 
 
 5. Manganosite, Mn 0, . . . . . . .332, 207 
 
 Spinel Group. R"R 2 '"0 4 or R"0 . R 2 '"O 3 . 
 
 6. SPINEL, Mg A1 2 O 4 , Fe iso. w. Mg, . . . . 338, 220 
 
 7. Gahnite, Zn A1 2 O 4 , Fe and Mn iso. w. Zn, . . 339, 223 
 
 8. MAGNETITE, Fe Fe 2 O 4 , 339, 224 
 
 9. Franklinite, (Fe, Mn, Zn) (Fe, Mn) 2 O 4 , . . 341, 227 
 10. CHROMITE, (Fe, Mg) Cr 2 O 4 , .... 341,228 
 
ISOMETRIC SYSTEM. 5 
 
 Carbonates. 
 
 T. B. Sys. 
 
 i. Northupite, Mg CO 3 . Na 2 CO 3 . Na Cl, . . 364, 
 
 Metasilicates. 
 
 1. LEUCITE, KAl[SiO 3 ] 2 , 381,342 
 
 2. ANALCITE, Na Al [Si O 3 ] 2 . H 2 O, .... 460, 595 
 
 3. Pollucite, H 2 Cs 4 Al 4 [SiO 3 ] 9 , 382,343 
 
 Ortho silicates. 
 
 1. Sodalite, Na 4 [Al Cl] A1 2 [Si O 4 ] 3 412,429 
 
 2. Haiiynite, [Na 2 , Ca] 2 [Al . NaSO 4 ] A1 2 [SiO 4 ] 3 , . 412, 431 
 
 3. Lazurite, Na 4 [Al . Na S 3 ] A1 2 [Si O 4 ] 3> . . . 413,432 
 
 4. GARNET 
 
 GROUP, 
 
 R 3 "R 2 '"[Si0 4 ] 3 
 
 Grossularite, Ca 3 Al 2 [SiO 4 ] 3 , . 415, 437 
 
 Pyrope, Mg 3 A1 2 [Si O 4 ] 3 
 
 Almandite, Fe 3 A1 2 [Si O 4 ] 3 
 
 Spessartite, Mn 3 A1 2 [Si O 4 ] 3 
 
 Andradite, Ca 3 Fe 2 [Si O 4 ] 3 
 
 Uvarovite, Ca 3 (Cr, Al) 2 [Si O 4 ] 3 
 
 Titanates, Manganates. 
 
 1. Perovskite, Ca Ti O 3 , 487, 722 
 
 2. Bixbyite, Fe Mn O 3 = Fe O . Mn O 2 , . . . . 343, 
 
 Niobates, Tantalates. 
 
 1. Pyrochlore, R Nb 2 O 6 . R (Ti, Th) O 3 . R= Ca, Ce, 
 
 and Na 2 , 489, 726 
 
 2. Microlite, Ca 2 Ta 2 O 7 489, 728 
 
 Uranates. 
 
 i. Uraninite, UO 3 and UO 2 , with Th, Y, Ce, Pb, He, 
 
 Ra, ... 521, 889 
 
 Sulphates, 
 i. Sulphohalite, 2 Na 2 SO 4 . Na Cl . Na F, . . . 530, 917 
 
> ISOMETRIC SYSTEM. 
 
 ISOMETRIC SYSTEM; PYRITOHEDRAL GROUP. 
 
 Sulphides, Arsenides, Antimonides. 
 
 T. B. Sys. 
 
 1. PYRITE, FeS 2 , . 300, 84 
 
 2. Hauerite, Mn 82, 301, 87 
 
 3. Smaltite, Co As 2 , 301, 87 
 
 4. Chloanthite, Ni As 2 , 301, 87 
 
 5. Cobaltite, Co As S, 301, 89 
 
 6. Qersdorffite, Ni As S, 302, 90 
 
 7. Ullmannite, Ni Sb S, 302, 91 
 
 8. Sperrylite, Pt As 2 , 302, 92 
 
 Sulphates. 
 
 i. Kalinite, Alum, KA1[SO 4 ] 2 . i 2 H 2 O, . . . 535,951 
 
 ISOMETRIC SYSTEM; TETRAHEDRAL GROUP. 
 
 Sulphides, Selenides. 
 
 1. SPHALERITE, Zn S, with isomorphous Fe and 
 
 Cd, .......:.. 291, 59 
 
 2. Tiemannite, Hg Se, S iso. w. Se, .... 292, 63 
 
 3. Onofrite, Hg (S, Se), 292, 64 
 
 4. Alabandite, Mn S, 292, 64 
 
 Sulphantimonites , Sulpharsenites . 
 
 1. TETRAHEDRITE, Cu 8 Sb 2 S 7 =4 Cu 2 S . Sb 2 S 3 , 312, 137 
 
 2. TENNANTITE, Cu 8 As 2 S 7 = 4 Cu 2 S . As 2 S 3 , . 313, 137 
 
 Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides. 
 
 1. Marshite, Cu I, 317, 
 
 2. Miersite, 4 Ag I . Cu I, .' 319, 
 
 Ortho * silicates . 
 
 1. Helvite, (Mn, Fe) 2 (Mn 2 S) Be 3 [Si O 4 ] 3 , . 414, 434 
 
 2. Eulytite, Bi 4 [Si 0^3, 414, 436 
 
 3. Zunyite, [Al . 2 (OH, F, Cl)] 6 A1 2 [Si O 4 ] 3 , . . 414, 436 
 
 Phosphates, Ar senates. 
 
 i. Pharmacosiderite, Fe [Fe . OH] 3 [As O 4 ] 3 . 6 H 2 O, . 513, 847 
 
 B orates. 
 
 i. Boracite, Mg 7 C1 2 B 16 O 30 , 518,879 
 
TETRAGONAL SYSTEM. 7 
 
 TETRAGONAL SYSTEM; NORMAL GROUP. 
 
 Sulphides. 
 
 T. B. Sys. 
 
 i. Stannite, Cu 2 FeSnS 4 =Cu 2 S . FeS. SnSa, . . 315, 83 
 
 
 Chlorides. 
 
 
 I. 
 
 Calomel, Hg Cl, 
 
 3i7 153 
 
 2 
 
 Matlockite Pb 2 O C1 2 , . . 
 
 322, I 60 
 
 
 
 
 Oxides, and closely related Silicates and Phosphates. 
 
 Hausmannite, Mn 3 04, 342, 230 
 
 Braunite, Mn Mn O 3 , with Mn Si O 3 , 343, 232 
 
 Octahedrite, TiO 2 , . 346, 240 
 
 4. CASSITERITE, Sn O 2 or Sn Sn O 4 , ... 344, 234 
 
 5. RUTILE, Ti 2 or Ti Ti O 4 , . . 345, 237 
 
 6. Polianite, Mn O 2 or Mn Mn O 4 , . . . . 345, 236 
 
 7. Plattnerite, Pb O 2 or Pb Pb O 4 , .... 346,239 
 
 8. ZIRCON, Zr Si O 4 , 429, 482 
 
 9. Thorite, Th Si O 4 , 430, 488 
 
 10. Xenotime, Y P O 4 , 494, 748 
 
 Carbonates. 
 
 i. Phosgenite, [Pb Cl] 2 CO 3 , . 364,292 
 
 Silicates. 
 
 1. Hardy stoni te, Ca 2 Zn Si 2 O 7 , . . . . Appendix 32 
 
 2. Ganomalite, Pb 4 [Pb . OH] 2 Ca 4 [Si 2 O 7 ] 3 , . . 408, 422 
 
 3. Nasonite, Pb 4 [Pb Cl] 2 Ca 4 [Si 2 O 7 ] 3 . . . Appendix 48 
 
 4. Melilite, Complex, Ca, Mg, Na, Al, Fe silicate, . 426, 474 
 
 5. VESUVIANITE, Complex Ca, Al silicate, . . 427,477 
 
 6. Apophyllite, H 7 K Ca 4 [Si O 3 ] 8 . 4^ H 2 O, . . 452, 566 
 
 Niobates, Tantalates. 
 
 i. Tapiolite, Fe (Ta, Nb) 2 O 6 , 492,738 
 
 Phosphates, Ar senates. 
 
 1. Torbernite, Cu [U O 2 ] 2 [P O 4 ] 2 . 8 H 2 O, . . . 515, 856 
 
 2. Zeunerite, Cu [U O 2 ] 2 [As O 4 ] 2 . 8 H 2 O, . . . 515,857 
 
8 TETRAGONAL SYSTEM. 
 
 TETRAGONAL SYSTEM; TRI-PYRAMIDAL GROUP. 
 
 Silicates. 
 
 T. B. Sys. 
 
 i. WERNERITE, or f Ca 4 A1 6 Si 6 O 25 with \ , 
 
 SCAPOLITE, 1 Na 4 A1 3 Si 9 O 24 Cl, j 
 
 Niobates, Tantalates. 
 i. Fergusonite, R (Nb, Ta) O 4 , R=Y, Er, Ce, . . 490,729 
 
 Tungstates, Molybdates. 
 
 1. Scheelite, Ca W O 4 , 540,985 
 
 2. Stolzite, Pb W O 4 , 541,989 
 
 3. Wulfenite, Pb Mo O 4 , 541,989 
 
 TETRAGONAL SYSTEM; SPHENOIDAL GROUP. 
 
 Sulphides. 
 i. CHALCOPYRITE, Cu Fe S 2 297, 80 
 
 Silicates. 
 i. Edingtonite, Ba A1 2 Si 3 Oio . 3 H 2 O, . . . 460, 599 
 
HEXAGONAL SYSTEM. 9 
 
 HEXAGONAL SYSTEM; NORMAL GROUP. 
 
 Elements. 
 
 T. B. Sys. 
 
 i. Iridosmine, Ir with Os, 280, 27 
 
 Sulphides. 
 
 1. Molybdenite, Mo S 2 , 285, 41 
 
 2. Covellite, Cu S, 294, 68 
 
 3. PYRRHOTITE, Fe u S 12 (FeS?), .... 296, 73 
 
 Fluorides. 
 
 i. Tysonite, (Ce, La, Di) F 3 321,166 
 
 Oxides. 
 
 i. Tridymite, Si O 2 , 328, 192 
 
 Carbonates. 
 
 i. Parisite, [R F] 2 Ca [CO 3 ] 3 , R=Ce, La, Di, . . 364, 290 
 
 Silicates. 
 
 1. BERYL, Be 3 Al 2 [Si 3 ] 6 , with some [OH]? . . 405,405 
 
 2. Barysilite, Pb 3 Si 2 O 7 , 408, 421 
 
 3. N EPH ELITE, approximately Na Al Si O 4 , . . 409,423 
 
 4. Eucryptite, Li Al Si 04, 410, 426 
 
 5. Cancrinite, H 6 Na 6 Ca (Na CO 3 ) 2 A1 8 [Si OJe, . . 411, 427 
 
 6. Thaumasite,CaSiO 3 .CaCO 3 .CaSO 4 .i5H 2 O, . 483,698 
 
 Sulphates. 
 i. Hanksite, 9 Na 2 SO 4 . 2 Na 2 CO 3 . K Cl, . . 530, 920 
 
10 HEXAGONAL HEXAGON AL-RHOMBOHEDRAL SYSTEM. 
 
 HEXAGONAL SYSTEM; HEMIMORPHIC GROUP. 
 Sulphides, Arsenides, Antimonides. 
 
 T. B. Sys. 
 
 1. Qreenockite, Cd S, 294, 69 
 
 2. Wurtzite, Zn S, 295, 70 
 
 3. Niccolite, Ni As, 295, 71 
 
 4. Breithauptite, Ni Sb, 296, 72 
 
 Chlorides, Iodides. 
 i. lodyrite, Ag I, 319, 160 
 
 Oxides. 
 i. Zincite, Zn O, with Mn O, 332, 208 
 
 HEXAGONAL SYSTEM; TRI -PYRAMIDAL GROUP. 
 
 Phosphates, Ar senates, Vanadates. 
 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 4- 
 
 APATITE, 
 PYROMORPHITE, 
 Mimetite, 
 Vanadinite, 
 
 Apatite Group. 
 Ca 4 [CaF][P0 4 ] 3 , . . 
 Pb 4 [PbCl][P0 4 ] 3 , 
 Pb 4 [Pb Cl] [As O 4 ] 3 , . 
 Pb 4 [Pb Cl] [V0 4 ] 3 , 
 
 . 497, 762 
 499, 770 
 5> 77i 
 5> 773 
 
 HEXAGONAL-RHOMBOHEDRAL SYSTEM; 
 NORMAL GROUP. 
 
 NOTE. A few hemimorphic species are included in the tables 
 with the Normal Group. The Tri-Rhombohedral and Trapezohedral 
 groups are in separate tables. 
 
 Elements. 
 
 I. 
 
 URAPHlIb, <J, 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 273, 
 
 7 
 
 2. 
 
 Arsenic, As, . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 274, 
 
 ii 
 
 3- 
 
 Antimony, Sb, 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 275, 
 
 12 
 
 4. 
 
 Bismuth, Bi, 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 275, 
 
 13 
 
 5- 
 
 Tellurium, Te, 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 275, 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 Sulphides, 
 
 Tellurides. 
 
 i. 
 
 Tetradymite, Bi 2 
 
 Te 2 S, . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 284, 
 
 39 
 
 2. 
 
 Millerite, Ni S, 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 295, 
 
 70 
 
 Sulphantimonites , Sulpharsenites . 
 
 1. Pyrargyrite, Ag 3 Sb S 3 or 3 Ag 2 S . Sb 2 S 3 , . 
 
 2. Proustite, Ag 3 As S 3 or 3 Ag 2 S . As 2 S 3 , 
 
HEXAGONAL-RHOMBOHEDRAL SYSTEM. II 
 
 Oxides, Hydroxides. 
 
 T. B. Sys. 
 
 1. CORUNDUM, A1 2 O 3 , 333, 210 
 
 2. HEMATITE, Fe 2 O 3 , . ... 334,213 
 Ilmenite, see Tri-rhombohedral Group. 
 
 3. Brucite, Mg[OH] 2 , . .... 3S 1 * 2 S 2 
 
 4. Pyrochroite, Mn [OH] 2 , . ... 351, 253 
 
 5. Chalcophanite, (Zn, Fe) Mn 2 O 5 . 2 H 2 O, . . 352, 256 
 
 Carbonates. 
 Calcite Group, R" CO 3 . 
 
 1. CALCITE, CaCO 3 , * . 354, 262 
 
 Dolomite, see Tri-rhombohedral Group. 
 
 2. Magnesite, Mg CO 3 , ....... 358, 274 
 
 3. SIDERITE, FeC0 3 , 359, 276 
 
 4. RHODOCHROSITE, MnCO 3 , 359,278 
 
 5. SMITHSONITE, Zn CO 3 , 360,279 
 
 Silicates. 
 
 1. Eudialyte, Na i3 (Ca, Fe) 6 Cl (Si, Zr) 20 O 52 ? . . 407, 409 
 
 2. Pyrosmalite, H 7 [Fe Cl] Fe 4 [Si O 4 ]4, Mn iso. w. Fe, 424, 465 
 
 3. Friedelite, H 7 [Mn Cl] Mn 4 [Si O 4 ] 4 , .... 424, 465 
 
 4. TOURMALINE, R 9 ' A1 3 [B . OH] 2 Si 4 O 19 (hemi- 
 
 morphic), . . 447, 55 r 
 
 5. Chabazite, (Ca, Na 2 ) A1 2 Si 4 Oi 2 . 6 H 2 O? . . 458,589 
 
 6. Gmelinite, (Na 2 Ca) A1 2 Si 4 O J2 . 6 H 2 O? . . 459, 593 
 
 7. Penninite, H 8 (Mg, Fe) 5 A1 2 Si 3 Oi 8 , . . 474, 650 
 
 Phosphates, Ar senates. 
 
 1. Hamlinite, [Al . 2 OH] 3 [Sr . OH] P 2 O 7 , . . . 503, 762 
 
 2. Chalcophyllite, [Cu . OH] 3 AsO 4 . Cu[OH] 2 . 3 H 2 O, 511, 840 
 
 Nitrates. 
 
 1. SODA=NITER, Na NO 3 (homoeomorphous with 
 
 CaCO 3 ), ... .... 517, 870 
 
 Sulphates. 
 
 i Spangolite, Cu 6 Al Cl SOio . 9 H 2 O (hemimorphic) , 530, 919 
 
 2. Alunite, K 2 [Al . 2 OH] 6 [SO 4 ] 4 , Na iso. w. K, . 537, 974 
 
 3. Jarosite, K 2 [Fe . 2 OH] 6 [SO 4 ] 4 , .... 537, 974 
 
 4. Natrojarosite, Na 2 [Fe . 2 OH] 6 [SO 4 ] 4 , , 
 
 5. Plumbo jarosite, Pb [Fe . 2 OH] 6 [SO 4 ] 4 , ..., 
 
12 HEXAGONAL-RHOMBOHEDRAL SYSTEM. 
 
 HEXAGONAL-RHOMBOHEDRAL SYSTEM; 
 TRI-RHOMBOHEDRAL GROUP. 
 
 Titanates. 
 
 T. B. Sys. 
 
 i. Ilmenite, Fe Ti 3 = Fe . Ti O 2 , Mg iso. w. Fe, 336, 217 
 
 Carbonates. 
 
 i. DOLOMITE, CaMg[CO 3 ] 2 , Fe iso. w.Mg, . . 357, 271 
 
 Silicates. 
 
 1. Willemite, Zn 2 Si O 4 , Mn iso. w. Zn, . . . 422, 460 
 
 2. Phenacite, Be 2 Si O 4 , 423, 462 
 
 3. Dioptase, H 2 Cu Si O 4 , 424, 463 
 
 HEXAGONAL-RHOMBOHEDRAL SYSTEM; 
 TRAPEZOHEDRAL GROUP. 
 
 Sulphides. 
 i. CINNABAR, Hg S, 293, 66 
 
 Oxides. 
 i. QUARTZ, Si 2 , 324,183 
 
ORTHORHOMBIC SYSTEM. 13 
 
 ORTHORHOMBIC SYSTEM. 
 
 Elements. 
 
 T. B. Sys. 
 
 i. SULPHUR, S, . ... 273, 8 
 
 Sulphides, Arsenides, Antimonides, Tellurides. 
 
 1. STIBNITE, Sb 2 S 3 , . 283, 36 
 
 2. Bismuthinite, Bi 2 S 3 , 284, 38 
 
 3. CHALCOCITE, Cu 2 S, .... 290, 55 
 
 4. Stromeyerite, Cu Ag S, or Cu 2 S . Ag 2 S, . . 290, 56 
 
 5. MARCASITE, Fe S 2 , 302, 94 
 
 6. Lollingite, Fe As 2 , 303, 96 
 
 7. ARSENOPYRITE, Fe S As, or Fe S 2 . Fe As 2 , . 303, 97 
 
 8. Safflorite, Co As 2 , 304, 100 
 
 9. Rammelsbergite, Ni As 2 , 304, 101 
 
 10. Glaucodot, (Co, Fe) S As, 304, 101 
 
 11. Alloclasite, Co S (As, Bi), 304, 102 
 
 12. Wolfachite, NiS (As, Sb), 304, 102 
 
 13. Krennerite, Au Te 2 , Ag iso. w. Au, .... 305, 105 
 
 Sulphantimonites , Sulpharsenites , Sulphobismuthites. 
 
 1. Zinkenite, Pb Sb 2 S 4 = PbS . Sb 2 S 3 , . . . 307,112 
 
 2. Sartorite, Pb As 2 S 4 =PbS . As 2 S 3 , . . . 308,112 
 
 3. Emplectite, Cu 2 Bi 2 S 4 = Cu 2 S . Bi 2 S 3 , . . . 308, 113 
 
 4. Chalcostibite, Cu 2 Sb 2 S 4 = Cu 2 S . Sb 2 S 3 , . . 308, 113 
 
 5. Galenobismuthite, Pb Bi 2 S 4 =Pb S . Bi 2 S 3 , . . 308, 114 
 
 6. Berthierite, Fe Sb 2 S 4 = Fe S . Sb 2 S 3 , . . . 308, 114 
 
 7. Matildite, Ag 2 Bi 2 S 4 = Ag 2 S . Bi 2 S 3 , . . . 308, 115 
 
 8. Cosalite, Pb 2 Bi 2 S 5 = 2 Pb S . Bi 2 S 3 , 309, 121 
 
 9. Jamesonite, Pb 2 Sb 2 S 5 = 2 Pb S . Sb 2 S 3 , . . 308, 122 
 
 10. Bournonite, (Pb, Cu 2 ) 3 Sb 2 S 6 or 3 (Pb, Cu 2 ) S . 
 
 Sb 2 S 3 , ..... ... 310, 126 
 
 11. Wittichenite, Cu 3 BiS 3 or 3 Cu 2 S . Bi 2 S 3 , . . 310,128 
 
 12. Aikinite, (Pb, Cu 2 ) 3 Bi 2 S 6 =3 (Pb, Cu 2 ) S . Bi 2 S 3 , 310, 129 
 
 13. Meneghinite, Pb 4 Sb 2 S 7 =4 Pb S . Sb 2 S 3 , . . 313, 142 
 
 14. Geocronite, Pb 5 Sb 2 S 8 or 5 Pb S . Sb 2 S 3 , . . 314, 143 
 
 15. Stephanite, Ag 5 Sb S 4 or 5 Ag 2 S . Sb 2 S 3 , . . 314, 143 
 
14 ORTHORHOMBIC SYSTEM. 
 
 
 Sulphar senates , Sulphantimonates. 
 
 
 
 
 
 T. B. 
 
 Sys. 
 
 I. 
 
 Enargite, Cu 3 As S 4 or 3 Cu 2 S . As 2 S 5 , 
 
 3*5i 
 
 147 
 
 2. 
 
 Famatinite, Cu 3 Sb S 4 or 3 Cu 2 S . Sb 2 85, 
 
 3!5 
 
 149 
 
 
 Chlorides. 
 
 
 
 I. 
 
 Cotunnite, Pb C1 2 , 
 
 321, 
 
 165 
 
 2. 
 
 Atacamite, Cu 2 Cl[OH] 3 
 
 322, 
 
 172 
 
 3- 
 
 Carnallite, K Mg C1 3 . 6 H 2 O, . . 
 
 323. 
 
 177 
 
 
 Oxides, Hydroxides. 
 
 
 
 I. 
 
 Valentinite, Sb 2 O 3 , .. . 
 
 330, 
 
 199 
 
 2. 
 
 Chrysoberyl, Be A1 2 O 4 , . . . 
 
 342, 
 
 229 
 
 3- 
 
 Brookite, TiO 2 , . . . . . 
 
 347> 
 
 242 
 
 4- 
 
 Diaspore, A1 2 O 2 [OH] 2 , . . . . 
 
 348, 
 
 246 
 
 5- 
 
 QOETHITE, Fe 2 O 2 [OH] 2 , . . . . . 
 
 349. 
 
 247 
 
 6. 
 
 MANQANITE, Mn 2 O 2 [OH] 2 , 
 
 349. 
 
 248 
 
 7- 
 
 PYROLUSITE, Mn O 2 with about 2% H 2 O (pseu- 
 
 
 
 
 domorphous) , . . . . ... 
 
 347. 
 
 243 
 
 Carbonates. 
 Aragonite Group, R" C0 3 . 
 
 1. ARAGONITE, CaCO 3 , . . ... . 361,281 
 
 2. STRONTIANITE, SrCO 3 , 362,285 
 
 3. WITHERITE, BaC0 3 , . . . . . . 362,284 
 
 4. CERUSSITE, Pb CO 3 , 363,286 
 
 5. Nesquehonite, Mg CO 3 . 3 H 2 O, . 366, 300 
 
 6. Pirssonite, Ca CO 3 . Na 2 CO 3 . 2 H 2 O (hemimorphic) , 366, Ap .53 
 
 7. Lanthanite, La 2 [C0 3 ] 3 . 9 H 20, . 366, 302 
 
 Metasilicates. 
 
 1. Enstatite, MgSi0 3 , ....... 3 8 4, 346 
 
 2. Bronzite-Hypersthene, (Mg, Fe) SiO 3 , . 385-348 
 
 3. Anthophyllite, (Mg, Fe)SiO 3 , .... 398,384 
 
 4. Leucophanite, Na [Be F] Ca [SiO 3 ] 2 , . . 407,417 
 
 Meso silicates. 
 lolite, (Mg, Fe) 4 Ale [Al . OH] 2 [Si 2 7 ] 5 , 
 
ORTHORHOMBIC SYSTEM. 15 
 
 Ortho silicates or Orthosilicate Derivatives. 
 
 T. B. Sys. 
 
 1. Monticellite, Ca Mg Si O 4 , 422, 449 
 
 2. Glaucochroite, Ca Mn Si 04, . . . . . Ap. 29 
 
 3. Forsterite, Mg 2 Si O 4 , 422, 450 
 
 4. CHRYSOLITE or OLIVINE, (Mg, Fe) 2 Si O 4 , , 420, 451 
 
 5. Fayalite, Fe 2 Si 04, 422, 456 
 
 6. Tephroite, Mn 2 Si 04, 422, 457 
 
 7. Danburite, Ca B 2 [Si O 4 ] 2 , 431, 490 
 
 8. TOPAZ, [Al F] 2 Si O 4 with isomorphous [Al . OH] 2 
 
 SiO 4 , . . 43 1 , 492 
 
 9. Andalusite, [Al O] Al Si O 4 , 432,496 
 
 10. Zoisite, Ca 2 [Al . OH] A1 2 [Si O 4 ] 3 , . . 437,5*3 
 
 11. Prehnite, H 2 Ca 2 A1 2 [Si O 4 ] 3 , 442, 529 
 
 12. Humite, [Mg(F,OH)] 2 Mg 5 [Si0 4 ] 3f . . . 443,535 
 
 13. Ilvaite, Ca Fe 2 [Fe . OH] [Si O 4 ] 2 , . . . .445, 541 
 
 14. Kentrolite, [Mn 4 O 3 ] Pb 3 [Si O 4 ] 3 , .... 446,544 
 
 15. Melanotekite, [Fe 4 O 3 ] Pb 3 [Si O 4 ] 3 , . . . 446, 545 
 
 16. CALAMINE, H 2 [Zn 2 O] Si O 4 (hemimorphic), . 446, 547 
 
 17. Dumortierite, A1 4 [A1 0]i 6 [Si O 4 ] 7 , H 3 and B iso. w. Al, 449, 558 
 
 18. STAUROLITE,(Mg,Fe)[Al.OH][A10] 4 [Si0 4 ] 2 , . 450, 558 
 
 Miscellaneous Silicates. 
 
 1. Sillimanite, A1 2 Si Os (compare Andalusite), . 433, 498 
 
 2. Bertrandite, H 2 Be 4 Si 2 O 9 (hemimorphic), . . 446, 545 
 
 3. Ardennite, H 10 Mn 10 Ali V 2 Sii O 55 ? . . 445, 542 
 
 4. Cerite, H 6 Ce 4 Si 3 Oi5? . 447, 550 
 
 Hydrated Silicates. 
 
 1. NATROLITE, Na 2 A1 2 Si 3 OIQ . 2 H 2 O, . . 461, 600 
 
 2. Thomsonite, (Na 2 , Ca) A1 2 [Si O 4 ] 2 . 2^ H 2 O, . 462, 607 
 
 Niobates, Tantalates. 
 
 1. COLUMBITE, (Fe, Mn) (Nb, Ta) 2 6 , . . . 490,731 
 
 2. Yttrotantalite, (Fe, Ca) (Y, Er, Ce) 2 (Ta, Nb) 4 O 15 . 
 
 4H 2 O, 492, 738 
 
 3. Samarskite, (Fe, UO 2 ) 3 (Y, Er, Ce) 2 (Nb, Ta) 6 O 2 i, 492, 739 
 
 4. ^schynite, R 3 Nb 4 O 13 . R 2 (Th, Ti) 5 Oi 3 , R = Ce, 
 
 La, Di, Y, . 493, 742 
 
 5. Polynignite, Nb, Zr, Ti, Th, Ce, La, Di, Y, Fe, Ca, 493, 743 
 
 6. Euxenite, Nb, Ti, Y, Er, Ce, UO 2 , Fe, H, . .493, 744 
 
 7. Polycrase, Nb, Ti, Y, Er, Ce, UO 2 , Fe, H, . -493, 744 
 
1 6 ORTHORHOMBIC SYSTEM. 
 
 Phosphates, Ar senates, Vanadates. 
 
 T. B. Sys. 
 
 1. Pucherite, Bi VO 4 , . . . 496, 755 
 
 2. Triphylite, Li Fe PO 4 , Mn iso. w. Fe, . . . 496, 756 
 
 3. Lithiophilite, Li Mn PO 4 , Fe iso. w. Mn, . . 496, 756 
 
 4. Natrophilite, Na Mn PO 4 , 496, 758 
 
 5. Beryllonite, Na Be P0 4 , 496, 758 
 
 6. Olivenite, Cu [Cu . OH] As O 4 , .... 504, 784 
 
 7. Libethenite, Cu [Cu . OH] PO 4 , . . . . 504, 786 
 
 8. Adamite, Zn [Zn . OH] As O 4 , 505, 786 
 
 9. Descloizite, R [R . OH] VO 4 , R = Pb and Zn . .505, 787 
 
 10. Dufrenite, Fe 2 [OH] 3 PO 4 , 506, 797 
 
 11. Struvite, NH 4 Mg PO 4 . 6 H 2 O (hemimorphic) . 507, 806 
 
 12. Reddingite, Mn 3 [PO 4 ] 2 . 3 H 2 O, . . . 508,813 
 
 13. Scorodite, Fe As O 4 . 2 H 2 O, . . . . . 509, 821 
 
 14. Strengite, Fe PO 4 . 2 H 2 O, 510, 822 
 
 15. Euchroite, Cu 2 [Cu . OH] 2 [As O 4 ] 2 . 6 H 2 O . . 511 838, 
 
 16. Wavellite, [Al . OH] 3 [PO 4 ] 2 . 5 H 2 O, . . . 512,842 
 
 17. Childrenite, (Fe, Mn) [Al O] PO 4 . 2 H 2 O, . . 513, 850 
 
 18. Autunnite, Ca [UO 2 ] 2 [PO 4 ] 2 . 8 H 2 O, . . . 515,857 
 
 Nitrates. 
 
 1. Niter, K N O 3 , . 517, 871 
 
 2. Gerhardtite, Cu 4 [OH] 6 [NO 3 ] 2 517,872 
 
 B orates. 
 
 1. Sussexite, H (Mn, Mg, Zn) BO 3 , .... 518, 876 
 
 2. Ludwigite, 3 Mg O . B 2 O 3 + FeO . Fe 2 O 3 , . . 518,877 
 
 3. Hambergite, Be [Be . OH] BO 3 , .... 518, 878 
 
 4. Warwickite, Fe Mg 6 Ti 2 B 6 O 20 ? .... 519,881 
 
 5. Howlite, H 5 Ca 2 B 5 Si O i4 , ..... 519,881 
 
ORTHORHOMBIC SYSTEM. 17 
 
 Sulphates. 
 
 T. B. Sys. 
 
 i. Thenardite, Na 2 S O 4 , $23,895 
 
 Barite Group, R" SO 4 . 
 
 2. .BARITE, BaSO 4 , 524, 899 
 
 3. CELESTITE, Sr SO 4 , 526,905 
 
 4. ANQLESITE, Pb SO 4 , 527, 907 
 
 5. ANHYDRITE, Ca S0 4 , 528,910 
 
 6. Brochantite, Cu 4 [OH] 6 SO 4 , 530, 925 
 
 7. Epsomite, Mg SO 4 . 7 H 2 O (sphenoidal), . . 533, 938 
 
 8. Goslarite, Zn SO 4 . 7 H 2 O (sphenoidal), . . . . 533, 939 
 
 9. Morenosite, Ni SO 4 . 7 H 2 O (sphenoidal), . . 533, 940 
 
1 8 MONOCLINIC SYSTEM. 
 
 MONOCLINIC SYSTEM. 
 
 NOTE. With rare exceptions the minerals of this system all 
 crystallize in the normal group. 
 
 Sulphides, Tellurides. 
 
 T. B. Sys. 
 
 1. Realgar, As S, . 282, 33 
 
 2. Orpiment, As 2 S 3 , 282, 35 
 
 3- 
 
 Sylvanite, Au Ag Te 4 , . . ... 
 
 304, 103 
 
 4- 
 
 Calaverite, Au Te 2 , with Ag iso. w. Au, . 
 
 35> 105 
 
 
 Sulphantimonites , Sulpharsenites . 
 
 
 i. 
 
 Miargyrite, Ag 2 Sb 2 S 4 or Ag 2 8, Sb 2 83, 
 
 308, 116 
 
 2. 
 
 Plagionite, 5 Pb 8 . 4 Sb 2 S 3 , . 
 
 308, 118 
 
 3- 
 
 Baumhauer^te, 4 Pb 8 . 3 As 2 S 3 , , 
 
 New species 
 
 4- 
 
 Dufrenoysite, Pb 2 As 2 S 5 or 2 Pb 8 . As 2 S 3 , . 
 
 309, 120 
 
 5- 
 
 Freieslebenite, (Pb, Ag 2 )5Sb 4 Sn, . 
 
 309, 124 
 
 6. 
 
 Jordanite, Pb 4 As 2 S 7 or 4 Pb 8 . As 2 S 3 , 
 
 3i3, MI 
 
 7- 
 
 'Polybasite, Ag 9 Sb S 6 , with Cu iso. w. Ag, 
 
 314, 146 
 
 8. 
 
 Pearceite, Agg As SG, with Cu iso. w. Ag, 
 
 3i5,A P .5o 
 
 
 Fluorides. 
 
 
 i. 
 
 CRYOLITE, Na 3 AlF 6 , ..... 
 
 321, 166 
 
 2. 
 
 Pachnolite, Na Ca Al F 6 . H 2 O, 
 
 ' 3 2 3> i79 
 
 3- 
 
 Thomsenolite, Na Ca Al F 6 , H 2 O, . 
 
 323, 180 
 
 Hydroxides. 
 
 i. Qibbsite, A1[OH] 3 , . . ... . . 351,254 
 
 Carbonates. 
 
 1. Barytocalcite, Ba Ca [CO 3 ] 2 , 364, 289 
 
 2. MALACHITE, [Cu . OH] 2 C0 3 , . . . . 364,294 
 3. . AZURITE, Cu [Cu . OH] 2 [C0 3 ] 2 , . . . .365, 295 
 
 4. Aurichalcite, 2 (Zn, Cu) CO 3 . 3 (Zn, Cu) [OH] 2 , . 366, 298 
 
 5. Leadhillite, Pb [Pb . OH] 2 S0 4 [C0 3 ] 2 , . . . 529,921 
 
 6. Dawsonite, Na [Al . 2 OH] CO 3 , .... 366, 299 
 
 7. Natron, Na 2 CO 3 . 10 H 2 0, 366, 301 
 
 8. Gay-Lussite, Na 2 CO 3 . Ca CO 3 . 5 H 2 O, . . 366, 301 
 
 9. Trona, Na 2 CO 3 . H Na CO 3 . 2 H 2 O, . . . 367, 303 
 10. Hydromagnesite, 3 Mg CO 3 . Mg [OH] 2 . 3 H 2 O, . 367, 304 
 
MONOCLINIC SYSTEM. 19 
 
 Tetrasilicates. 
 
 T. B. Sys. 
 
 i. Petalite, Li Al Si 4 OIQ, . . . 369, 311 
 
 Trisilicates. 
 
 1. Eudidymite, H Na Be Si 3 O 8 , 369, 313 
 
 2. ORTHOCLASE, K Al Si 3 O 8 , 370,315 
 
 3. Hyalophane, 2 K Al Si 3 O 8 . Ba A1 2 Si 2 O 8 , . . 373, 321 
 
 Metasilicates. 
 
 1. PYROXENE, variety Diopside, Ca Mg [Si O 3 ] 2 , . 387, 352 
 
 2. PYROXENE, ordinary, Ca (Mg, Fe) [Si O 3 ] 2 , , 387, 352 
 
 3. PYROXENE, variety Augite, R Si O 3 with 
 
 (Al, Fe) 2 O 3 , R = Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn, . . 390, 358 
 
 4. >girite, Acmite, Na Fe [Si O 3 ] 2 , .... 391, 364 
 
 5. Jadeite, Na Al [Si O 3 ] 2 , . .... 393,3^9 
 
 6. SPODUMENE, Li Al [Si O 3 ] 2 , Na iso. w. Li, . 393, 366 
 
 7. WOLLASTONITE, Ca Si O 3 , . ... 394,371 
 
 8. Pectolite, H Na Ca 2 [Si O 3 ] 3 , . . . 395, 373 
 
 9. AMPHIBOLE, variety Tremolite, R SfO 3 , R = 
 
 Mg and Ca, 399, 385 
 
 10. AMPHIBOLE, Hornblende, R Si O 3 , with 
 
 (Fe, A1) 2 O 3 , R = Mg, Fe, Ca, .... 402,391 
 
 11. Glaucophane, Na Fe [Si O 3 ] 2 with (Mg, Fe) Si O 3 , . 403, 399 
 
 12. Carpholite, Mn [Al . 2 OH] 2 [Si O 3 ] 2 , . . . 447, 549 
 
 Orthosilicate Derivatives. 
 
 1. DATOLITE, Ca [B . OH] Si O 4 , .... 435,502 
 
 2. Homilite, (Ca, Fe) 3 [BO] 2 [Si O 4 ] 2 , .... 436, 505 
 
 3. Euclase, Be [Al . OH] Si O 4 , 436, 508 
 
 4. Gadolinite, Be 2 Fe [YO] 2 [Si O 4 ] 2 , '; . . . 436,509 
 
 5. EPIDOTE, Ca 2 [Al . OH] A1 2 [Si O 4 ] 3 , Fe iso. w. 
 
 Ca and Al, 438, 516 
 
 6. Piedmontite, Ca 2 [Al . OH] (Al, Mn, Fe) 2 [Si O 4 ] 3 , . 440, 521 
 
 7. Allanite, Ca 2 [Al . OH] (Al, Fe, Ce, La, Di) 2 [SiO 4 ] 3 , 440, 522 
 
 8. Prolectite, [Mg (F, OH)] Mg [Si OJ, . . . 443, A P . 55 
 
 9. Chondrodite, [Mg (F, OH)] 2 Mg 3 [Si O 4 ] 2 , . . 443,536 
 [Humite, [Mg (F, OH)] 2 Mg 5 [Si OJa, see p. 15,] 4 43> 535 
 
 10. Clinohumite, [Mg (F, OH)] 2 Mg 7 (Si O 4 ] 4 , . . 443, 538 
 
 n. Clinohedrite, H 2 [Ca Zn O] Si O 4 (Clinohedral), . 447, Ap .i7 
 
20 MONOCLINIC SYSTEM. 
 
 Hydrated Silicates; Zeolite Section. 
 
 T. B. Sys. 
 
 1. Heulandite, H 4 Ca A1 2 [Si O 3 ] 6 . 3 H 2 O, . . 454, 574 
 
 2. Brewsterite, H 4 (Sr, Ba, Ca) A1 2 [Si O 3 ] 6 . 3 H 2 O, . 454, 576 
 
 3. Wellsite, (Ba, Ca, K 2 ) A1 2 Si 3 do . 3 H 2 O, . . 455, Ap . 72 
 
 4. Phillipsite, (K 2 , Ca) A1 2 Si 4 O 12 . 4 H 2 O, . . 455,579 
 
 5. Harmotome, (K 2 , Ba) A1 2 Si 5 Oi 4 . 5 H 2 O, . . 456, 581 
 
 6. STILBITE, (Na 2 , Ca) A1 2 Si 6 O 16 . 6 H 2 O, . . 456, 583 
 
 7. Laumontite, H 4 Ca A1 2 Si 4 O i4 . 2 H 2 O, . . 457, 587 
 
 8. Scolecite, Ca A1 2 Si 3 OIQ . 3 H 2 O, .... 462, 604 
 
 Foliated, Micaceous Silicates. 
 
 NOTE. The crystallization of some of the minerals in this 
 section is uncertain. 
 
 I. 
 
 MUSCOVITE, H 2 K A1 3 [Si O 4 ] 3 , .... 
 
 464, 
 
 614 
 
 2. 
 
 Paragonite, H 2 Na A1 3 [Si O 4 ] 3 , .... 
 
 467, 
 
 623 
 
 3- 
 
 LEPIDOLITE, K Li [Al . 2 (OH, F)] Al [Si O 3 ] 3 , . 
 
 467, 
 
 624 
 
 4- 
 
 BIOTITE, (H, K) 2 (Mg, Fe) 2 A1 2 [Si O 4 ] 3 , . . 
 
 467, 
 
 627 
 
 5- 
 
 PHLOQOPITE, H 2 K Mg 3 Al [Si O 4 ] 3 ? . 
 
 469, 
 
 632 
 
 6. 
 
 Lepidomelane, (H, K) 2 Fe 3 (Fe, Al) 4 [Si O 4 ] 5 ? . 
 
 47> 
 
 634 
 
 7- 
 
 Roscoelite, H 8 K (Mg, Fe) (Al, V) 4 [Si O 3 ] 12 ? 
 
 47 
 
 635 
 
 8. 
 
 Margarite, H 2 Ca A1 4 Si 2 Oi 2 , 
 
 47. 
 
 636 
 
 9- 
 
 Seybertite, H 3 (Mg, Ca) 5 A1 5 Si 2 Oi 8 , 
 
 47L 
 
 638 
 
 10. 
 
 Chloritoid, H 2 (Fe, Mg) A1 2 Si O 7 , . 
 
 47i, 
 
 640 
 
 ii. 
 
 CLINOCHLORE, Chlorite, H 8 Mg 5 A1 2 Si 3 O 18 , . 
 
 473, 
 
 644 
 
 12. 
 
 Vermiculite, H, Mg, Al, silicates of uncertain com- 
 
 
 
 
 position, 
 
 476, 
 
 664 
 
 *3- 
 
 SERPENTINE, H 4 Mg 3 Si 2 O 9 , .... 
 
 476, 
 
 669 
 
 14. 
 
 KAOLIN, H 4 Al 2 Si 2 O 9 , 
 
 481, 
 
 685 
 
 i *. 
 
 TALC, H 2 Mg 3 [Si O 3 ] 4 , ...... 
 
 470, 
 
 678 
 
 
 
 16. 
 
 Pyrophyllite, H 2 A1 2 [Si O 3 ] 4 , 
 
 *r / y ) 
 
 482, 
 
 v i w 
 
 691 
 
 
 Titanosilicates. 
 
 
 
 i. 
 
 TITANITE, CaTiSiO 5 , ...... 
 
 485, 
 
 712 
 
 2. 
 
 Astrophyllite, (Na, K) 4 (Fe, Mn) 4 Ti [Si O 4 ] 4 , 
 
 487, 
 
 719 
 
 
 Phosphates, Ar senates. 
 
 
 
 I. 
 
 Monazite, (Ce, La, Di) P0 4 with Th Si 4 , . 
 
 495 
 
 749 
 
 2. 
 
 Herderite, Ca [Be . OH] PO 4 , with F iso. w. OH, . 
 
 503* 
 
 760 
 
MONOCLINIC SYSTEM. 21 
 
 T. B. Sys. 
 
 3. Wagnerite, Mg [Mg F] PO 4 , 502,775 
 
 4. Triplite, R [R F] PO 4 , R = Fe and Mn, . . . 502, 777 
 
 5. Triploidite, R [R . OH] PO 4 , R = Fe and Mn, . 502, 779 
 
 6. Durangite, Na [Al F] As O 4 , 503,780 
 
 7 Clinoclasite, [Cu . OH] 3 As O 4 , 505, 795 
 
 8. Lazulite, Mg [Al . OH] 2 [PO 4 ] 2 , .... 506, 798 
 
 9. Vivianite, Fe 3 [PO 4 ] 2 . 8 H 2 O, .... 508, 
 
 10. Erythrite, Co 3 [As O 4 ] 2 . 8 H 2 O, .... 509,817 
 
 11. Annabergite, Ni 3 [As O 4 ] 2 . 8 H 2 O, .... 509,818 
 
 12. Brushite, H Ca PO 4 . 2 H 2 O, . . . . . 510,828 
 
 B orates. 
 
 1. Colemanite, Ca 2 B 6 On . 5 H 2 O, .'.'. . . 519, 882 
 
 2. BORAX, Na 2 B 4 O 7 . 10 H 2 O, 520,886 
 
 Sulphates, Chromates. 
 
 1. Qlauberite, Na 2 Ca [SO 4 ] 2 , 523, 898 
 
 2. Crocoite, Pb Cr O 4 , 529 
 
 3. Kainite, Mg S O 4 . K Cl . 3 H 2 O, . . . . 530 
 
 4. Linarite, [Pb . OH] 2 SO 4 , with Cu iso. w. Pb, . 530, 927 
 
 5. Mirabilite, Na 2 SO 4 . 10 H 2 O, 531, 931 
 
 6. QPYSUM, Ca SO 4 . 2 H 2 O, 531, 933 
 
 7. Melanterite, Fe SO 4 . 7 H 2 O, 534, 941 
 
 8. Syngenite, K 2 Ca [SO 4 ] 2 . H 2 O 534, 945 
 
 9. Picromerite, K 2 Mg [SO 4 ] 2 . 6 H 2 O, . . . 535, 948 
 10. Polyhalite, K 2 Mg Ca 2 [SO 4 ] 4 . 2 H 2 O, . . . 535, 950 
 n. Blodite, Na 2 Mg [SO 4 ] 2 . 4 H 2 O, .... 535,946 
 
 Tellurites, Selenites. 
 
 1. Emmonsite, hydra ted ferric tellurite, . . . 538, 979 
 
 2. Chalcomenite, Cu Se O 3 . 2 H 2 O, . . . 538, 980 
 
 Tungstates. 
 
 1. WOLFRAMITE, FeWO 4 , with Mn iso. w. Fe, . 539,982 
 
 2. Hubnerite, Mn W O 4 , 539, 983 
 
 Oxalates. 
 
 i. Whewellite, Ca C 2 O 4 . H 2 O, 542,993 
 
22 TRICLINIC SYSTEM. 
 
 TRICLINIC SYSTEM. 
 
 Hydroxides. 
 
 T. B. Sys. 
 
 i. Sassolite, Boracic acid, B [OH] 3 , . . . .352, 255 
 
 Carbonates. 
 i. Lansfordite, 3 MgCO 3 . Mg[OH] 2 . 21 H 2 O, . . 367, 305 
 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 
 Silicates. 
 
 MICROCLINE, K Al Si 3 O 8 , . 
 
 ALBITE, Na Al Si 3 O 8 , (Ab), . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 373, 
 377, 
 
 322 
 327 
 
 3- 
 
 ANORTHITE, Ca A1 2 Si 2 O 8 , (An), 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 380, 
 
 337 
 
 
 Plagioclase 
 
 OLIQOCLASE=ALBITE, 
 
 8 
 
 Ab: 
 
 i 
 
 An, 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 Feldspars; 
 
 OLIQOCLASE, 
 
 3 
 
 Ab: 
 
 i 
 
 An, 
 
 378, 
 
 332 
 
 4- 
 
 Albite- 
 
 ANDESITE, 
 
 i 
 
 Ab: 
 
 i 
 
 An, 
 
 379, 
 
 333 
 
 
 Anorthite 
 
 LABRADORITE, 
 
 i 
 
 Ab: 
 
 3 
 
 An, 
 
 379, 
 
 334 
 
 
 Series: 
 
 BOYTONITE, 
 
 i 
 
 Ab: 
 
 8 
 
 An, 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 5. RHODONITE, Mn Si O 3 , Ca and F iso. w. Mn, . 395, 378 
 
 6. Babingtonite, (Ca, Fe, Mn) Si O 3 , with Fe 2 [Si O 3 ] 3 , 396, 381 
 
 7. CYANITE, A1 2 Si O 5 , . . . 434,500 
 
 8. Axinite, Ca 7 A1 4 B 2 [Si O 4 ] 8 , Mn, Fe and H 2 iso. w. 
 
 Ca 441, 527 
 
 9. Inesite, 2 (Mn, Ca) Si O 3 . H 2 O, .... 452 
 
 Phosphates, Ar senates. 
 
 1. Amblygonite, Li [Al F] PO 4 , OH iso. w. F, . . 503,781 
 
 2. Roselite, (Ca, Co, Mg) 3 [As O 4 ] 2 . 2 H 2 O, . . 507, 810 
 
 3. Brandtite, Ca 2 Mn [As O 4 ] 2 . 2 H 2 O, . . . 507, 8n 
 
 4. Fairfieldite, Ca 2 Mn [PO 4 ] 2 . 2 H 2 O, . . . 507, 812 
 
 Sulphates. 
 
 1. Chalcanthite, Cu SO 4 . 5 H 2 O, . _ . . . 534,944 
 
 2. Amarantite, (Fe . OH) SO 4 . 3 H 2 O, ... 536, 967 
 
MINERALS OF UNCERTAIN CRYSTALLIZATION. 23 
 
 MINERALS WHICH ARE AMORPHOUS, MASSIVE, 
 OR OF UNCERTAIN CRYSTALLIZATION. 
 
 Arsenides. 
 
 T. B Sys. 
 
 1. Domeykite, Cua As, 286, 44 
 
 2. Algodonite, Cue As, 286, 45 
 
 3. Whitneyite, Cu 9 As, , , , , t t , 286, 45 
 
 Oxides, Hydroxides. 
 
 1. Opal, Si O 2 , generally with 3 to 9 % H 2 O, . . 329, 194 
 
 2. Turgite, Fe 4 O 5 [OH] 2 , 350,245 
 
 3. LIMON1TE, Fe 4 3 [OH] 6 , . . . . . 350,250 
 
 4. Xanthosiderite, Fe 2 O [OH] 4 , 350, 251 
 
 5. BAUXITE, A1 2 O [OH] 4 , 350,251 
 
 6. Psilomelane, Mn O 2 withMn O, BaO, Co O, H 2 O? 352, 257 
 
 Carbonates. 
 
 1. Bismutosphaerite, [Bi O] 2 CO 3 , . . . . 364, 290 
 
 2. Hydrozincite, Zn CO 3 . 2 Zn [OH] 2 ? . . . 366, 299 
 
 3. Zaratite, Ni CO 3 . 2 Ni [OH] 2 . 4 H 2 O, . . .367, 306 
 
 Silicates. 
 
 1. Deweylite, Mg 4 Si 3 OIQ . 6 H 2 O? .... 479, 676 
 
 2. Qenthite, Ni 2 Mg 2 Si 3 Ojo . 6 H 2 O? ... 479,676 
 
 3. Qarnierite, Noumeaite, H 2 Ni Si 4 ? . . . 479, 676 
 
 4. Allophane, A1 2 Si O 5 . 5 H 2 O, ...... 483, 693 
 
 5. CHRYSOCOLLA, Cu Si O 3 . 2 H 2 O? . . . 483,699 
 
 Phosphates. 
 
 i. Turquois, H [Al . 2 OH] 2 PO 4 , with isomorphous 
 
 H [Cu . OH] a P0 4 , 512, 844 
 
PART II. 
 
 ARRANGEMENT OF THE MINERALS ACCORDING TO 
 THE ELEMENTS, WITH USES AND STATISTICS. 
 
 NOTE. The chief object of tables of this kind is to call atten- 
 tion to the various chemical combinations of the elements, 
 especially the metals, met with in the mineral kingdom. In each 
 list of minerals the order of the chemical classification of Dana, 
 given on page 2, is followed, and the names are printed in three 
 kinds of type in order to indicate the relative importance of the 
 various compounds, as explained on page i. For the sake of con- 
 venience, the tables follow in alphabetical order, based upon the 
 elements. Following them will be some lists of useful minerals 
 which do not naturally fall under any specific element. Although 
 the lists of minerals are not to be regarded as complete, the 
 attempt has been made to give all of the principal and com- 
 mercially important combinations. In the case of minerals which 
 are commercially important, their uses are noted and some statis- 
 tics are given indicating the amount and value of the production. 
 The statistics have been derived chiefly from The Mineral Industry 
 for 1905, published by the Engineering and Mining Journal of 
 New York, and from the Mineral Resources of the United States for 
 1905, published by the United States Geological Survey. 
 
 ALUMINIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. The number of aluminium minerals is so large 
 that no attempt is made to give other than the more important 
 compounds. 
 
 CRYOLITE, Na 3 Al F 8 . MICAS, H 2 K A1 3 [Si O^, etc. * 
 
 CORUNDUM, A1 2 O 3 . <- KAOLIN, H 4 A1 2 Si 2 O B . 
 
 Gibbsite, Al [OH] 3 . Pyrophyllite, H 2 A1 2 [Si O 3 ] 4 . ^ 
 
 BAUXITE, A1 2 O [OH] 4 . '^ THE ZEOLITES. 
 
 FELDSPARS, K Al Si 3 O 8 , ^ Lazulite, Mg [Al . OH] 2 [POJ 2 . 
 
 Na Al Si 3 O 8 , Ca A1 2 Si 2 O 3 , etc. Wavellite, [Al . OH]., [POJ 2 . 5 H 2 O. 
 
 LEUCITE, K Al [Si O 8 ],. Turquois, Approx. H [Al . 2 OH], 
 NEPH ELITE, Na Al Si O 4 . PO 4 . 
 
 TOPAZ, [Al Fk Si O 4 . ^ Kalinite, Alum, K Al [SOJ 2 . 1 2 H 2 O. 
 
 CYANITE, A1 2 Si O 8 . is Alunite, K 2 [Al . 2 OH] 6 [SOJ 4 . 
 
26 ALUMINIUM ANTIMONY. 
 
 Uses. Metallic aluminium and many of its alloys possess 
 highly useful properties. Alum and aluminium sulphate are 
 used in chemical industries, as mordants in dyeing, and exten- 
 sively in the manufacture of baking powders. The uses of a 
 number of aluminium minerals (corundum, feldspar, mica, kaolin 
 and clay) are explained later under Useful Minerals. 
 
 Statistics. Metallic aluminium is made mostly from bauxite. 
 The domestic consumption in 1905 was 11,347,000 pounds, valued 
 at $3,246,300. Price per pound, about 35 c. 
 
 Alum and aluminium sulphate are made from bauxite, cryolite 
 and alunite. The yearly production of alum is about 10,000 tons, 
 valued at about $29.00 per ton, and of aluminium sulphate from 
 75,000 to 100,000 tons, valued at about $18.00 per ton. 
 
 The production of bauxite in 1905, mostly from Georgia, Ala- 
 bama and Arkansas, was 48,129 tons, valued at about $5.00 per 
 ton, and the importation was 11,726 tons, valued at $46,517. 
 
 The importation of cryolite, from Greenland, for 1905, was 
 1600 tons, valued at $22,482. 
 
 ANTIMONY. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Native Antimony, Sb. " TETRAHEDRITE,'Cu 8 Sb 2 S 7 , etc. 
 
 STIBNITE, Sb 2 S 3 . -*" Senarmontite, Sb 2 O 3 . 
 
 Kermesite, Sb 2 S 2 O. " Valentinite, Sb 2 O 3 . 
 
 Sulphantimonites. r Stibiconite, H 2 Sb 2 O s .^ 
 
 Pyrargyrite, Ag 3 Sb S 3 . Cervantite, Sb 2 O 4 . v 
 
 c 
 
 \ 
 
 Uses. Metallic antimony is used for making various alloys, 
 type metal, pewter and anti-friction metal. The sulphide is 
 employed in making fireworks, percussion caps, matches, and in 
 vulcanizing rubber. Tartar-emetic and antimony sulphide are 
 used for medicinal purposes. 
 
 The United States mined no antimony ore in 1905, although 
 there are good deposits (stibnite) in California, Idaho and South 
 Dakota, but obtained its antimony from imported ores (493 tons; 
 value, $117,433) or from hard lead (antimonial lead from the 
 smelting of silver ores). The total production from these sources 
 amounted to 3240 tons, valued at $705,787. 
 
ARSENIC BARIUM BERYLLIUM. 27 
 
 ARSENIC. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Native Arsenic, As. ^ Sulpkar senile s. ^ 
 
 Niccolite, Ni As. , Proustite, Ag 3 As S 3 , etc. 
 
 Smaltite, Co As 2 . Enargite, Cu 3 As S 4 . *- 
 
 Chloanthite, Ni As 2 . Ar senates, 
 
 Qersdorffite, Ni As S. - Mimetite, Pb 4 [Pb ClIAs OJ 3 . - 
 
 Lollingite, Fe As 2 . ^ Olivenite, Cu [Cu . OH] As O 4 . 
 
 ARSENOPYRITE, Fe S As.^ Scorodite, Fe As O 4 . 2 H 2 O. 
 
 Uses. Sulphides of arsenic are used as pigment and for pyro- 
 technics. The oxide is used in medicine, and for poisoning and 
 preserving. Paris green, an arsenate and acetate of copper, is 
 extensively used as pigment and for poisoning. 
 
 Statistics. In 1905 the production of As2 O$ in the United 
 States was 1,507,386 pounds, while the yearly importation, mostly 
 from England and Germany, is about 7,000,000 pounds. The 
 price of As 2 Os is from i\ c. to 4^ c. per pound. 
 
 BARIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. 
 
 WITHERITE, Ba CO 3 . Harmotome,(K 2 ,Ba)Al 2 Si 5 O 14 . 5 H 2 O. 
 
 Barytocalcite, Ba Ca [CO 3 l a . BARITE, Ba SO 4 . ^ 
 
 Hyalophane, 2 K Al Si 3 O 8 .BaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 
 
 Uses. Barite is used chiefly for the production of barium 
 hydroxide, employed in the refining of sugar. Ground barites 
 and precipitated Ba SO4 are employed as white pigment, for adul- 
 terations, and for giving weight and finish to certain grades of 
 paper. 
 
 Statistics. Barite (or barytes) produced in 1905 amounted to 
 nearly 50,000 tons, valued at $150,000. The supply was obtained 
 from Missouri, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina and Georgia. 
 The importation was 19,000 tons, valued at $102,000. 
 
 BERYLLIUM. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Chrysoberyl, Be A1 2 O 4 . Euclase, Be [Al . OH] Si O 4 . 
 
 BERYL, Be 3 Al, [Si O 3 ] 6 . $ H 2 O ? "' Gadolinite, Be 2 Fe Y 2 Si 2 O 10 . 
 
 Leucophanite, Na [Be F] Ca [Si O 3 ] 2 . Bertrandite, H 2 Be 4 Si 2 O 8 . 
 
 Helvite, (Mn, Fe) 2 [Mn 2 S]Be3[SiOJ 3 . Beryllonite, Na Be PO 4 . 
 
 Phenacite, Be 2 Si O 4 . Herderite, Ca [Be (OH, F)] PO 4 . 
 
 Uses. Some of the beryllium minerals used as gems are noted 
 under a special heading, gem minerals. At the present time there 
 is no demand commercially for beryllium or its salts. 
 
28 BISMUTH BORON. 
 
 BISMUTH. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Native Bismuth, Bi. Bismutosphserite, [Bi O] 2 CO 3 . "" 
 
 Bismuthinite, Bi 2 S 3 . ' Bismutite, [Bi O] [Bi . 2 OH] CO 8 . *- 
 
 Tetradymite, Bi 2 Te 2 S. r Eulytite, Bi 4 [Si OJ 3 . 
 
 Sulpho-bismuthinites, Pucherite, Bi V O 4 . >/ 
 Emplectite, Cu 2 S . Bi 2 S 3 , etc. 
 
 Uses. Bismuth is used for making numerous alloys of low 
 fusing point (solders, safety plugs for boilers and fire extinguish- 
 ers, and Wood's metal, fusing as low as 60.5 C.). Its salts are 
 employed in medicine. 
 
 Statistics. The domestic production of bismuth in 1905, 
 mostly from Colorado, amounted to 2,288 pounds and the im- 
 portation to 148,589 pounds. The price of refined bismuth is about 
 $1.28 per pound. 
 
 BORON. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Sassolite, B [OH^. B 'orates. 
 
 Danburite, Ca B 2 [Si O 4 ] 2 . Boracite, Mg 7 C1 2 B 16 O 30 . 
 
 DATOLITE, Ca [B . OH] Si O 4 . Colemanite, Ca 2 B 6 O n . 5 H 2 O. " 
 
 Axinite, R" 7 A1 4 B 2 [Si O 4 ] 8 .* ^ BORAX, Na 2 B 4 O 7 . 10 H 2 O. ^ 
 
 TOURMALINE, R' 9 A1 3 [B . OH] 2 Ulexite, Na Ca B 5 O 8 . 8 H 2 O. 
 Si 4 O 19 .f 
 
 * R" = Ca chiefly, with some Fe, Mn and H 2 . 
 
 t R' replaced by various elements, Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ca, K, Li, Na, H. 
 
 Uses. Borax is used for washing and cleansing; as a solvent 
 of metallic oxides in soldering and welding; and as a flux in 
 numerous smelting and laboratory operations. Borax and boracic 
 acid are also extensively used in pharmaceutical preparations and 
 for their antiseptic properties. 
 
 Statistics. Borax and boracic acid are obtained from the cole- 
 manite and native borax deposits of California, Oregon and 
 Nevada. The total value of the products in 1905 amounted to 
 over $1,000,000. 
 
BROMINE CADMIUM CESIUM CALCIUM. 29 
 
 BROMINE. 
 Occurrence. 
 Embolite, Ag (Br, Cl). *- Bromyrite, Ag Br. 
 
 The element is contained also in small quantity in salt brines 
 from which the supply of bromine is obtained. 
 
 Uses. Liquid bromine is employed in numerous chemical in- 
 dustries and in laboratories, and potassium bromide is used exten- 
 sively in medicine. 
 
 Statistics. The production of bromine in 1905, mostly from 
 Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia, was over 1,000,- 
 ooo pounds, valued at over $175,000. 
 
 CADMIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. Greenockite, Cd S. 
 
 The cadmium of commerce is obtained from zinc ores which 
 frequently contain a small quantity of this rare element. 
 
 Uses. The metal is used in making alloys for dental and other 
 purposes. The sulphide is used as a yellow pigment. 
 
 Statistics. Most of the cadmium is produced in Germany. 
 There is no domestic production. 
 
 CESIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. Pollucite, H 2 Cs 4 A1 4 [Si0 3 ] 9 . 
 
 This exceptionally rare element is also found in small quan- 
 tities in beryl and lepidolite, and in the waters of some mineral 
 springs. 
 
 CALCIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. Calcium occurs in such a variety of combinations 
 that no attempt is made to give a complete list of its compounds. 
 The typical and more important calcium minerals are as follows: 
 
 FLUORITE, Ca F 2 . TITANITE, Ca Ti Si O 6 . * 
 
 CALCITE, limestone, and marble, u Perovskite, Ca Ti O 3 . 
 
 Ca CO 3 . APATITE, Ca 4 [Ca F] [POJ 3 . 
 
 DOLOMITE, Ca Mg [CO 3 ] 2 . ^ Colemanite, Ca 2 B 6 O n . 5 H 2 O. ' 
 
 ARAQONITE, Ca CO 3 . Qlauberite, Na Ca [SOJ 2 . ^ 
 
 Gay-LuSsite, Na 2 Ca [CO 3 ] 2 . 5 H 2 O. ' ANHYDRITE, Ca SO 4 . 
 
 ANORTHITE, Ca A1 2 [Si OJ 2 . * GYPSUM, Ca SO 4 . H 2 O. 
 
 WOLLASTONITE, Ca Si O 3 . * Scheelite, Ca W O 4 . * 
 
30 CALCIUM. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing, calcium is an essential constitu- 
 ent of the following common and important silicates: The lime- 
 soda feldspars, pyroxene, amphibole, grossular and andradite gar- 
 nets, scapolite, vesuvianite, datolite, epidote, axinite, prehnite and 
 most zeolites. 
 
 Uses. Lime, Ca O, is made by igniting marble and limestone, 
 and is used in mortars and cements, and in a large number of 
 chemical and domestic industries. Marble and limestone rock are 
 extensively quarried for building material and ornamental purposes. 
 Calcium oxide combines with silica and other impurities of ores 
 to form fusible silicates, hence the extensive use of limestone as a 
 flux in blast-furnace and other smelting operations. Chalk is 
 Ca COs, and ground chalk, known as whiting, is used m putty, for 
 scouring and polishing and for adulterating. Numerous uses are 
 found for precipitated calcium carbonate and for marble dust. 
 Carbon dioxide gas, extensively employed in making effervescent 
 drinks, is largely derived from calcite or marble. 
 
 Plaster of Paris is made from gypsum, by heating it at a mod- 
 erate temperature until about half of its water of crystallization is 
 driven off. Plaster of Paris is extensively used as hard finish in 
 plastering, in making "staff" for the construction of exhibition 
 buildings, and for moulds and casts. Ground gypsum is used to 
 some extent as land plaster for fertilizing. Some fibrous and gran- 
 ular varieties of gypsum (satin spar and alabaster) are polished or 
 carved as ornaments. 
 
 Statistics. The yearly consumption of lime is very great, the 
 domestic product being valued at over $11,000,000. Lime is 
 worth about $1.00 per barrel of 250 Ibs. The domestic production 
 of limestone in 1905 was valued as follows : Building and structural 
 stone, $6,000,000; broken stone for railroad ballast, macadam, 
 concrete and rubble, $10, 000,000; for blast-furnace flux, $7, 000,000 
 a total of over $30,000,000. 
 
 The production of gypsum in 1905 amounted to 1,000,000 tons, 
 valued at $821,967, the supply coming chiefly from Michigan, 
 New York, Iowa. Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas and Virginia. The 
 importation of gypsum and plaster of Paris is valued at $360,000. 
 Ground gypsum for land plaster is worth about $2 per ton, plaster 
 of Paris about $3.50 per ton. 
 
CARBON. 31 
 
 CARBON. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 DIAMOND, C. GRAPHITE, C. , 
 
 Carbon is the characteristic non-metallic constituent of all 
 carbonates, see pages 353 to 367 of Dana's Text-Book of Min- 
 eralogy. Although not regarded as minerals in the strict sense of 
 being definite chemical compounds, the various forms of coal, 
 petroleum, natural gas, asphaltum and mineral wax (ozokerite) 
 are exceedingly important substances, generally classed as mineral 
 products. 
 
 Uses. Diamonds are used as gems and for cutting and polish- 
 ing hard materials. Graphite is used for pencils, for making 
 refractory crucibles, as a lubricant, and as stove polish and pig- 
 ment for brightening and protecting iron surfaces. Heavy min- 
 eral oils are used as lubricants; solid products, such as paraffin 
 and ozokerite, for candles, wax papers, and as protecting and 
 insulating substances. Asphaltum is extensively employed in 
 making pavements and asphaltum varnishes. 
 
 Statistics. The value of the diamonds imported into the 
 United States in 1905 was over $30,000,000, including about 
 $200,000 worth of diamond dust. 
 
 The graphite produced in 1905 was 6,000,000 pounds, valued 
 at $318,211, mostly derived from Ticonderoga, N. Y. ; Chester Co., 
 Pa., and Barton Co., Ga. The value of imported graphite was 
 $983,034. At Niagara Falls 4,591,550 pounds of artificial graphite 
 were produced by electricity. 
 
 For coal and fuel the figures for 1905 are as follows: Anthra- 
 cite from Pennsylvania, 69,000,000 tons, $142,000,000; bituminous 
 coal, mostly from Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, West Virginia and 
 Alabama, 315,000,000 tons, $335,000,000; crude petroleum, mostly 
 from Pennsylvania, Ohio, California, Indiana and Texas, 135,000,- 
 ooo barrels of 42 gallons, $84,000,000. The value of illuminating 
 oil exported was $55,000,000; of other grades, $34,000,000. Natu- 
 ral gas, mostly from Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana, had a value 
 of $41,500,000. 
 
 Asphaltum obtained in 1905, mostly from California, Utah, 
 and Texas, was valued at over $750,000. Over 100,000 tons of 
 asphaltum were imported into the United States, mostly from 
 Trinidad. 
 
 Large quantities of mineral wax, ozokerite, are imported from 
 Austria, where it occurs in extensive deposits. 
 
32 CERIUM CHOLRINE CHROMIUM. 
 
 CERIUM. 
 
 Together with cerium the so-called Rare Earth Metals, lantha- 
 num, didymium, yttrium, erbium and thorium, will be considered. 
 In the chemical formulas it is understood that Ce expresses the 
 elements of the cerium group, Ce, La and Di; and Y the elements 
 of the yttrium group, Y and Er. 
 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Tysonite, Ce F 3 . Gadolinite, Be, Fe Y 2 Si, O 10 . 
 
 Parisite, Ca [Ce F] 2 [CO 3 ] 3 . Cerite, H 6 Ce 4 Si 3 O 15 ? 
 
 Bastnasite, [Ce F] CO 3 . Most niobates and tantalates. 
 
 Lanthanite, La 2 [CO 3 ] 3 . 9 H 2 O. Xenotime, Y PO 4 . 
 
 Thorite, Th Si O 4 . Monazite, Ce PO 4 , with Th Si O 4 . * 
 
 Allanite, Ca 2 [R . OH] R 2 [Si OJ 3 . * 
 R=A1, Fe, Ceand Y. 
 
 Uses. Thorium, an exceedingly rare element, is used for 
 making incandescent mantles for Welsbach and other lights. The 
 incandescent material is thoria, Th O2, mixed with a little oxide of 
 cerium, and is mostly obtained from monazite. 
 
 Statistics. The production of monazite in 1905, mostly from 
 North Carolina, was 1,352,418 pounds, valued at $163,908. 
 
 CHLORINE. 
 
 Chlorine is the characteristic non-metallic constituent of the 
 chlorides, see Dana's Text-Book of Mineralogy, pages 317 to 323. 
 Halite or rock salt, Na Cl, is the most important mineral contain- 
 ing it. 
 
 Uses. Hydrochloric or muriatic acid and bleaching powder, 
 chloride of lime, are extensively used in chemical, metallurgical 
 and manufacturing industries, and their production is generally 
 connected with that of caustic soda. Large quantities of bleach- 
 ing powder are used in the chlorination process of extracting gold 
 
 from ores. 
 
 CHROMIUM. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 CHROMITE, Fe Cr O 4 with Mg CrO 4 . k Crocoite, Pb Cr O 4 . 
 Uvarovite, Ca 3 (Al, Cr) 2 [Si OJ 3 . 
 
 Uses. The oxides Cr 2 O 3 (green) and Cr O 3 (red), potassium 
 dichromate, lead chromate, and chrome alum are used as pigments 
 and for dyeing and calico printing. Another demand for chrome 
 ore is for making chrome-steel, which possesses superior hardness 
 and toughness, and is used in making projectiles, armor plate and 
 safes. For this purpose an alloy of iron and chromium (ferro- 
 chromium) is made in electric furnaces and this is added to molten 
 
COBALT COLUMBIUM COPPER. 
 
 33 
 
 Glaucodot, (Co, Fe) S As. 
 Erythrite, Co 3 [As OJ 2 . 8 H 2 O. 
 
 steel. Considerable chromite is also employed in making chrome 
 bricks, which are very refractory and are used for lining furnaces. 
 Statistics. Deposits of chrome ore are known in the United 
 States in California and North Carolina, but the annual produc- 
 tion is very small. The importation was 54,000 tons, valued at 
 $725,000. 
 
 COBALT. 
 Occurrence. 
 Linnseite, Co 3 S 4 . 
 Smaltite, Co As 2 . 
 Cobaltite, Co S As. 
 
 Some cobalt is found in most nickel minerals, and the most 
 abundant supply of this rare metal is derived from cobaltiferous 
 manganese oxide found in New Caledonia. 
 
 Uses. Cobalt oxide is the chief product demanded by the 
 trade and is used for giving blue colors to glass and porcelain. 
 Smalt is a blue pigment made by grinding glass and other silicates 
 colored by cobalt oxide. 
 
 Statistics. The domestic production of cobalt oxide is small, 
 being all derived as bi-product in the treatment of lead ores at 
 Mine La Motte, Mo. The importation was 70,000 pounds. Cobalt 
 oxide is worth about $2.00 per pound. 
 
 COLUMBIUM, SEE NIOBIUM. 
 
 COPPER. 
 
 NATIVE COPPER, Cu. - 
 
 Domeykite, Cu 3 As. 
 Algodonite, Cu<, As. 
 Whitneyite, Cu a As. 
 Berzelianite, Cu 2 Se. 
 Rickardite, Cu 4 Te 3 . 
 CHALCOCITE, Cu 2 S. * 
 Stromeyerite, Cu Ag S. 
 Covellite, Cu S. 
 BORNITE, Cu 5 Fe S 4 . 
 CHALCOPYRITE, Cu Fe S,. 
 Chalcostibite, Cu Sb S 2 . 
 Emplectite, Cu Bi S 2 . 
 TETRAHEDRITE, Cu 8 Sb 2 S 7 . 
 Tennantite, Cu 8 As 2 S 7 . 
 Enargite, Cu 3 As S 4 . 
 Atacamite, Cu 2 Cl [OH],. 
 
 CUPRITE, Cu 2 0. 
 
 Tenorite (Melaconite), Cu O. 
 MALACHITE, [Cu . OH], CO 3 . - 
 AZURITE, [Cu . OH] 2 Cu [CO^ ^ 
 Dioptase, H 2 Cu Si O 4 . 
 CHRYSOCOLLA, Cu Si O 3 . 2 H 2 O? 
 Olivenite, Cu [Cu . OH] As O 4 . 
 Libethenite, Cu [Cu . OH] PO 4 . 
 Clinoclasite, [Cu . OH] 3 As O 4 . 
 Euchroite, Cu [Cu . OH] As O 4 . 3 H 2 O. 
 Chalcophyllite, Cu 4 [OH] S As O 4 . 
 
 3i H 2 0. 
 
 Gerhardtite, Cu 4 [OH] 6 [NO 3 ] 2 . 
 Spangolite, Cu 6 Al Cl SO 10 . 9 H,O. 
 Brochantite, Cu 4 [OH] 6 SO 4 . 
 Chalcanthite, Cu SO 4 . 5 H 2 O. " 
 Chalcomenite, Cu Se O 3 . 2 H 2 O. 
 
 Uses. Copper wire, sheet and nails are used extensively, wire 
 especially for conductors of electricity and in electrical apparatus. 
 One of the chief uses of copper is in making alloys : notably brass, 
 
34 FLUORINE. 
 
 copper and zinc; bronze, copper and tin, frequently also zinc; 
 German silver or white metal, copper, zinc and nickel. Some 
 alloys with aluminium are useful because of their color and high 
 tensile strength. Copper sulphate or blue vitriol is employed in 
 calico printing, in the manufacture of various copper salts, in 
 galvanic cells, and in numerous manufacturing industries. 
 
 Statistics. The domestic production of copper in 1905 was 
 about 901,000,000 pounds, valued (at 15^ c. per pound) at $140,- 
 000,000, and mostly derived from the following states, in the order 
 named: Montana, Michigan, Arizona, California, Utah and Colo- 
 rado. Just about one-half of the world's production of copper is 
 from the United States. The price of copper in 1905 ranged from 
 i4,8c. to i8.4C per pound, while the average price for 1906 was over 
 IQC. The production of copper sulphate, blue vitriol, in 1905 was 
 52,000,000 pounds, valued at $2,350,000. 
 
 DIDYMIUM 
 ERBIUM 
 
 FLUORINE. 
 
 Occurrence. Fluorine is the characteristic non-metallic con- 
 stituent of the fluorides, see Dana's Text-Book of Mineralogy, 
 pages 317 to 323. Fluorite, Ca F 2 , and cryolite, Nas Al F 6 , are the 
 only commercially important fluorides. Fluorine occurs as a con- 
 stituent of several carbonates, silicates and phosphates, frequently 
 with hydroxyl or chlorine isomorphous with it. Some notable 
 examples are as follows : 
 
 Parisite, Ca [Ce F] 2 [CO 3 ] 3 . APATITE, Ca 4 [Ca F] [POJ 3 and 
 Bastnasite, [Ce F] CO 3 . * Ca 4 [Ca (F, Cl)] [POJ 3 . 
 
 Zunyite, [Al. 2 (OH,F,Cl)] 6 Al 2 [SiO 4 ] 3 . Wagnerite, [Mg F] Mg PO 4 . 
 
 TOPAZ, [Al F] 2 Si O 4 , often with - Triplite,[R F] R PO 4 ;R =Fe and Mn. 
 
 [Al . OH] 2 Si O 4 . Durangite, Na [Al F] As O 4 . 
 LEPIDOLITE, K Li [Al . 2 (OH,F)] * Amblygonite, Li [Al F] PO 4 and * 
 
 Al [Si 0,1,. Li [Al (OH, F) ] P0 4 . 
 
 Herderite, Ca [Be (OH, F)] PO 4 . 
 
 Uses. Fluorite is used chiefly as a flux in furnaces in which 
 steel and iron are melted; also in the manufacture of opalescent 
 glass and for making hydrofluoric acid, H F, for etching glass. 
 The uses of cryolite are noted on page 26. 
 
 Statistics. The production of fluorite in 1905 was 57,385 tons, 
 valued at $362,488, the mineral coming from Eastern Kentucky 
 and Southern Illinois. Fluorite is worth about $6 per ton, $10 
 to $12 when ground. 
 
GALLIUM GERMANIUM GOLD HYDROGEN INDIUM. 35 
 
 GALLIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. Traces of this very rare element have been found 
 in sphalerite from a few localities. 
 
 GERMANIUM. 
 Occurrence. 
 Argyrodite, Ag 8 Ge S 6 . Canfieldite, Ag 8 (Sn, Ge) S 8 . 
 
 GOLD. ' 
 Occurrence. 
 NATIVE GOLD, Au, but always - Sylvanite, AuAgTe 4 . ^ 
 
 containing some silver. Krennerite, Au Te 2 . 
 
 Petzite, [Ag, Au] 2 Te. ^ Calaverite, Au Te 2 . 
 
 Gold is found in many pyritiferous and other sulphide ores, 
 and often it is impossible to tell in just what combination it 
 occurs. This is because of the small amount of gold in most ores ; 
 thus a ton of ore having one per cent, of gold would contain 291.66 
 troy ounces of the precious metal, worth $6,028, hence what may 
 be called a rich ore, with gold value of $60 per ton, would contain 
 but o.oi per cent, of gold. The occurrence of gold in combination 
 with tellurium and associated with tellurium minerals is worthy 
 of note. 
 
 Uses. The uses of gold for coin, ornaments and plating are 
 well known. The standard gold for United States coin is 9-ioths 
 fine, 9 parts of gold to i of copper. The gold used in jewelry is 
 hardened by alloying it with copper and silver; 18 carat fine 
 being i8-24ths gokl and 6-24ths other metals. 
 
 Statistics. The domestic production of gold in 1905 'was 
 4,265,742 fine ounces, valued at $88,180,700, derived from the fol- 
 lowing states, the numbers giving the nearest million dollars: 
 Colorado 25, California 19, Alaska 14, South Dakota 7, Mon- 
 tana 5, Arizona 3, Utah 5, Nevada 5, Idaho i, and Oregon i. 
 The world's production in 1905 was valued at $380,000,000. Gold 
 is the standard of value and a troy ounce is worth $20.67, equiva- 
 lent to $301.44 per pound avoirdupois. 
 
 HYDROGEN. 
 
 Occurrence. Hydrogen occurs in combination with oxygen in 
 water and ice, and in the water of crystallization and hydroxyl 
 radicals of many minerals. In combination with carbon it occurs 
 in hydrocarbons, bituminous coal, petroleum and natural gas. 
 
 INDIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. This excessively rare metal is found in small 
 quantity in sphalerite from a few localities. 
 
30 IODINE IRIDIUM IRON. 
 
 IODINE. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Marshite, Cu I. lodyrite, Ag I. 
 
 Miersite, 4 Ag I . Cu I. Lautarite, Ca [IO 3 ] 2 . 
 
 Uses. Iodine and its compounds are used in chemical indus- 
 tries and laboratories, and in pharmaceutical preparations. 
 
 Statistics. At the present time most of the iodine of commerce 
 comes from Chile. Iodine is worth about $2.75 per pound. 
 
 IRIDIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. This rare metal is found sparingly with platinum 
 ores as platiniridium and iridosmine. 
 
 Uses. On account of stability and superior hardness platinum- 
 iridium alloys have been employed for making standard weights 
 and measures of the highest grade. Hard iridium alloys are used 
 for tipping gold pens. 
 
 Statistics. A small amount of iridium is obtained from Cali- 
 fornia ores. 
 
 IRON. 
 
 Occurrence. Only typical iron compounds are included in the 
 accompanying table, and it should be noted that iron occurs as an 
 isomorphous constituent in many minerals, especially silicates 
 and phosphates, replacing magnesium and manganese when fer- 
 rous, and aluminium when ferric. 
 
 Native Iron, Fe with Ni. " ALMANDITE, Fe 3 AlJSi OJ,. 
 
 PYRRHOTITE, Fe n S ia . ANDRADITE, Ca 3 Fe 2 [Si OJ,. 
 
 PYRITE, Fe S 2 . Fayallte, Fe 2 Si O 4 . 
 
 MARCASITE, Fe S,. Ilvaite, Ca Fe, [Fe . OHJSi O 4 ] a . 
 
 HEMATITE, Fe, O 3 . COLUMBITE, (Pe,Mn) (Nb,<Fa) t <V 
 
 ILMENITE, Fe Ti O 3 . Triphylite, Li Fe PO t . 
 
 MAGNETITE, Fe 3 O 4 . Vivianite, Fe 3 [POJ 2 . 8 H 2 O. 
 
 Turgite, Fe 4 O 5 [OHJj. Scorodite, Fe As O 4 . 2 H 2 O. 
 
 GOTHITE, Fe 2 O 2 [OH] 2 . ' Melanterite, Fe SO 4 . 7 H 2 O. 
 
 LIMONITE, Fe 4 O 3 [OH],. Jarosite, K 2 Fe 6 [OH] 12 [SOJ 4 . 
 
 SIDERITE, Fe CO 3 WOLFRAMITE, Fe W O 4 . 
 
 In connection with the iron industry it should be noted that 
 ores must contain a high percentage of iron; thus an average 
 Lake Superior ore contains in the neighborhood of 60% Fe. Practi- 
 cally the only minerals which are mined as iron ores are hematite, 
 magnetite and limonite, rarely siderite. It should also be noted 
 that phosphorus, sulphur and titanium are injurious constituents 
 
IRON. 37 
 
 of ores, notably phosphorus, which in a high-grade Bessemer 
 ore should not exceed 0.05 per cent. The importance of lime- 
 stone as a blast-furnace flux is noted on page 30. The importance 
 of manganese is noted on page 40. 
 
 Uses. The customary uses of iron and steel in the arts need 
 no special comment. The most important commercial salt of iron 
 is copperas, green vitriol, Fe S 64 . 7 H^O, employed in dyeing, in 
 making rouge, inks and Prussian blue, and as a disinfectant. 
 Rouge, Fe 2 O 3 , made from copperas, is used as polishing powder 
 and pigment, when it is known as Venetian and Indian red. Con- 
 siderable soft iron ore is ground for mineral paint, ocher, umber, 
 sienna and iron oxide. 
 
 Iron oxides may be made to combine with silica to form fusible 
 silicates, hence the uses of iron ores as fluxes in some smelting 
 operations, notably in the smelting of silver ores. 
 
 Much attention is now being paid to the combination of small 
 quantities of nickel, chromium, tungsten, titanium and molyb- 
 denum with steel in order to obtain metal of superior hardness, 
 toughness and tempering qualities. 
 
 Statistics. The total production of domestic ores in 1905, 
 mostly hematite, was nearly 42,500,000 long tons (2,240 Ibs.); 
 21,700,000 from Minnesota, 11,600,000 from Michigan and Wis- 
 consin, 3,700,000 from Alabama and southern states, and 5,500,000 
 from other sources. The iron ore imported was about 845,000 
 tons. 
 
 The domestic production of pig iron was over 23,000,000 tons, 
 which had a value of $382,450,000. 
 
 The production of Bessemer and open-hearth steel in 1905 was 
 20,350,000 tons, worth about $28 per ton when rolled into rails. 
 
 The world's production of pig iron in 1905 was 54,000,000 tons, 
 and of steel 43,900,000 tons. 
 
 The yearly production of pig iron in the United States has 
 practically doubled with every decade since 1872, as shown by the 
 following, the amount being long tons: 
 
 Year, 1872 1882 1892 1902 
 
 Tons, 2,500,000 4,500,000 8,300,000 16,100,000 
 
 The production of copperas, mostly as a by-product, amounted 
 in 1905 to 21,100 tons, valued at $147,721. 
 
 The production of iron ores ground as mineral paint was 
 14,000 tons, valued at $140,000. The value of similar imported 
 products amounted to about $140,000. 
 
38 LEAD. 
 
 LEAD. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Native lead, Pb. Phosgenite, [Pb Cl] 2 CO 3 . * 
 
 GALENA, Pb S. Leadhillite, Pb 2 &Pb . OH] 2 [CO 3 ] 2 SO 4 . 
 
 Altaite, Pb Te. Barysilite, Pb 3 Si 2 O 7 . 
 
 Clatisthalite, Pb Se. Nasonite, Pb 4 [Pb Cl] 2 Ca 4 [Si 2 O 7 ] 3 . 
 
 Zinkenite, Pb Sb 2 S 4 . Ganomalite, Pb 4 [Pb.OH] 2 Ca 4 [Si 2 O 7 ]3. 
 
 Sartorite, Pb As 2 S 4 . Melanotekite, [Fe 4 O 3 ] Pb 3 [Si O 4 \. 
 
 Jamesonite, Pb 2 Sb 2 S 5 . " Kentrolite, [Mn 4 O 3 ] Pb 3 [Si O 4 ] 3 . 
 
 Dufrenoysite, Pb 2 As 2 S 6 . w PYROMORPHITE, Pb 4 [Pb Cl] - 
 Cosalite, Pb 2 Bi 2 S 5 . [PO 4 ] 3 . 
 
 Meneghinite, Pb 4 Sb 2 S 7 . Mimetite, Pb 4 [Pb Cl] [As OJ 3 . * 
 
 Cotunnite, Pb C1 2 . Vanadinite, Pb 4 [Pb Cl] [VO,^. 
 
 Percylite, Pb Cu [OH] 2 C1 2 . Descloizite, (Pb, Zn) 2 [OH] VO 4 . 
 
 Matlockite, Pb 2 O Cl a . ANQLESITE, Pb SO 4 . 
 
 Massicot, Pb O. Crocoite, Pb Cr O 4 . 
 
 Minium, Pb 3 O 4 . " Wulfenite, Pb Mo O 4 . * 
 
 Plattnerite, Pb O 2 . Stolzite, Pb WO 4 . 
 CERUSSITE, Pb CO 3 . " 
 
 The almost universal association of minerals containing silver 
 and zinc with lead ores is worthy of special note ; in fact a large 
 part of the lead of commerce is so-called desilverized lead, obtained 
 from the smelting of silver ores. 
 
 Uses. Lead is extensively used as sheet and pipe by plumbers, 
 as ballast for small vessels, for making weights, bullets, shot and 
 washers, and numerous useful alloys. Ordinary solder is made of 
 lead and tin, type metal of lead and antimony, low-fusion alloys 
 of lead, bismuth and tin. Much so-called tin foil contains consid- 
 erable lead. Litharge, Pb O, is largely employed in making flint 
 glass and glazing earthenware. Minium, Pb 3 64, is a red pigment 
 and is used in glass making. White lead, [Pb . OH] 2 Pb [CO 3 ] 2 , 
 is the basis of the best white paint, having great covering power. 
 Lead chromates are employed as yellow and red pigments. Lead 
 acetate, sugar of lead, is the most important soluble salt, used 
 largely in the arts. 
 
 Statistics. The production from domestic ores in 1905 was 
 302,000 tons of lead, valued at $28,690,000, of which 296,000 tons 
 was desilverized lead. The states producing the largest quantities 
 are Colorado, Idaho, Missouri, Utah and Montana. The average 
 price of lead in New York during 1905 was 4.yc. per pound. The 
 production of litharge was 40,000 tons, valued at $2,300,000; of red 
 lead 32,000 tons, valued at $2,000,000; and of white lead 263,000 
 tons, valued at $16,000,000. 
 
LITHIUM MAGNESIUM. 39 
 
 LITHIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Petalite, Li Al Si 4 O 10 . Triphylite, Li Fe PO 4 . 
 
 SPODUMENE, Li Al Si 2 O 6 . " Lithiophilite, Li Mn PO 4 . - 
 
 Eucryptite, Li Al Si O 4 . Amblygonite, Li [Al F] PO 4 , with * 
 LEPIDOLITE, Li K [Al . 2 (OH, F)] - Li [Al (OH, F)] PO 4 . 
 
 Al [Si 3 J 3 . 
 
 Small quantities of lithia are found in some natural spring 
 waters and in a number of silicates, notably the micas, tourmaline 
 and beryl. 
 
 Uses. Lithia waters and lithia salts have medicinal properties, 
 used especially in the treatment of rheumatism and goul;. Pure 
 lithia salts are valuable in the laboratory for making monochro- 
 matic red light. 
 
 Statistics. Lepidolite is the most important commercial source 
 of lithia, being chiefly found in San Diego County, California, the 
 annual production, however, being small. 
 
 MAGNESIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. Magnesium is an element of very common occur- 
 rence, especially as a component of a number of silicates which 
 play an important role as rock constituents. The isomorphous 
 replacement of some magnesium by ferrous iron is very common. 
 All of the more important types of magnesium compounds are 
 given in the accompanying table, but the list is not a complete 
 one. 
 
 Sellaite, Mg F 2 . Monticellite, Ca Mg Si O 4 . 
 
 Bischofite, Mg C1 2 . 6 H 2 O. CHRYSOLITE, [Mg, Fe] 2 Si O 4 . - 
 
 Carnallite, K Cl . Mg C1 2 . 6 H 2 O. Chondrodite, [Mg (F, OH)] 2 Mg 3 
 
 Tachydrite, Ca Cl 2 . 2 Mg C1 2 . 12 H 2 O. [Si OJ 2 . 
 
 Periclase, Mg O. Humite, [Mg. (F, OH) k Mg 5 [Si OJ,. 
 
 SPINEL, Mg A1 2 O 4 . " Clinohumite, [Mg (F, OH)] 2 Mg 7 
 
 BRUCITE, Mg [OH] 2 . - [Si O 4 ] 4 . 
 
 DOLOMITE, CaMg[CO 3 ] 2 . * THE MICAS, BIOTITE AND *> 
 
 MAQNESITE, Mg CO 3 . PHLOQOPITE. 
 
 Nesquehonite, Mg CO 3 . 3 H 2 O. THE CHLORITES, CLINO- ^ 
 
 Hydromagnesite, Mg 4 [OH] 2 [CO 3 ] 3 . CHLORE. 
 
 3 H 2 0. SERPENTINE, H 4 Mg 3 Si 2 O 9 . *- 
 
 Lansfordite, Mg 4 [OH] [CO 3 ] 3 . 2 1 H 2 O. TALC, H 2 Mg 3 [Si O 3 ] 4 . 
 
 ENSTATITE-BRONZITE, Wagnerite, [Mg F] Mg PO 4 . 
 
 (Mg, Fe) Si O 3 . Boracite, Mg 7 C1 2 B 16 O^,. 
 
 Pyroxene, Ca [Mg, Fe] [Si O 3 ] 2 . Kainite, Mg SO 4 . K Cl . 3 H 2 O. 
 
 Anthophyllite, (Mg, Fe) Si O 3 . Schoenite, K 2 Mg [SOJ 2 . 6 H 2 O. 
 
 AMPHIBOLE, R Si O 3 , R =Mg, Fe,, Epsomite, Mg SO 4 . 7 H 2 O. 
 
 and Ca. Blodite, Mg SO 4 . No, SO 4 . 4 H 2 O. " 
 
40 MANGANESE. 
 
 Uses. Magnesite when calcined yields magnesia, Mg O, which 
 when compressed into bricks is used for refractory furnace lining. 
 Magnesia is also used in making non-conductive covering for 
 boilers and steam pipes. Magnesia salts, especially the sulphate, 
 are used in the arts and to some extent in pharmaceutical prepa- 
 rations. Many limestones and marbles approximate to dolomite 
 in composition, when they are called dolomitic, and some of them 
 are valuable building stones. Some varieties of magnesia mica, 
 serpentine and talc are used in the arts, and will be referred to in 
 a later paragraph. 
 
 Statistics. The production of magnesite is limited to Cali- 
 fornia, where 3,900 tons were produced in 1905, valued at $15,000. 
 The importation of magnesite was valued at about $650,000. 
 The importation of Epsom salts, Mg SC>4 . 7 H^O, had a value of 
 $38,000 in 1905. 
 
 MANGANESE. 
 
 Alabandite, Mn S. Helvite, (Mn, Fe) 2 [Mn 2 S]Be 3 [SiOJ 3 . 
 
 Hauerite, Mn S 2 . Spessartite, Mn 3 A1 2 [Si OJ* 
 
 Manganosite, Mn O. Glaucochroite, Ca Mn Si O 4 . 
 
 Franklinite, (Fe, Mn, Zn) Tephroite, Mn 2 Si O 4 . 
 
 (Fe, Mn) 2 O 4 . Friedelite, H 7 [Mn Cl] Mn 4 [Si OJ 4 . 
 
 Hausmannite, Mn 3 O 4 . Piedmontite, Ca 2 [Al . OH] (Al, Mn) a 
 Braunite, Mn, (Mn, Si) O 3 . > [Si OJg. 
 
 Bixbyite, Fe Mn O 3 . Inesite, 3 (Mn, Ca) Si O 3 . 2 H 2 O. 
 
 Polianite, Mn O 2 . Lithiophilite, Li Mn PO 4 . 
 
 MANQANITE, Mn 2 [OH] 2 O 2 . * Triplite, [R F] R P O 4 , R = Mn & Fe. 
 PYROLUSITE, Mn O 2 with water? > Triploidite, [R . OH] R K> 4 , R =Mn 
 Pyrochroite, Mn [OH] 2 . and Fe. 
 
 Psilomelane, Mn O 2 , Mn O, etc. Sussexite, H R B O 3 , R =Mn, Mg & Zn. 
 
 RHODOCHROSITE, Mn CO 3 . * Hiibnerite, Mn W O 4 . 
 RHODONITE, Mn Si O 3 . 
 
 A number of common minerals, notably silicates, contain 
 from traces to several per cent, of oxide of manganese, which is 
 isomorphous with the oxides of iron and magnesium. 
 
 Uses. Manganese ores are used chiefly in making ferro-man- 
 ganese and spiegeleisen, compounds which are employed in the 
 manufacture of steel. A little metallic manganese is produced by 
 the electrical furnace and alloyed with copper for making man- 
 ganese bronze. Some oxide of manganese is employed by glass 
 makers. When added in proper amount to molten glass the violet 
 color which manganese tends to impart destroys (complements) 
 the yellow caused by oxide of iron, and thus a nearly colorless 
 product is obtained. The higher oxides of manganese are used in 
 
MERCURY MOLYBDENUM. 41 
 
 laboratories for obtaining oxygen gas and for liberating chlorine 
 from hydrochloric acid. In some regions, notably Colorado, 
 silver ores contain sufficient manganese (generally rhodochrosite) 
 to make it of decided value as a flux. 
 
 Statistics. The production of manganese ores in 1905, mostly 
 from Virginia, amounted to 4,118 long tons (2,240 Ibs.), valued at 
 $36,000. The larger part of the manganese produced comes from 
 manganiferous iron ores obtained chiefly from the Lake Superior 
 District or Colorado. The value of such ores for 1905 was $1,500,- 
 ooo. The importation was 257,000 tons, valued at $1,900,000. 
 It is very important that manganese ores should be low in phos- 
 phorus, less than o.io per cent. 
 
 MERCURY, QUICKSILVER. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Native Mercury, Hg. * Onofrite, Hg (S, Se) . 
 
 Native Amalgam, Hg with Ag. Coloradoite, Hg Te. ^ 
 
 Metacinnabarite, Hg S. '-+ CINNABAR, Hg S. * 
 
 Tiemannite, Hg Se. r Calomel, Hg Cl. 
 
 Uses. Metallic mercury is used extensively in the amalgama- 
 tion processes of extracting gold and silver from ores, in the manu- 
 facture of physical and chemical apparatus, and in a variety of 
 chemical and electrical industries. The silvering on mirrors is an 
 amalgam of tin and mercury. Mercury salts are extensively em- 
 ployed in pharmaceutical preparations, and the sulphide is the red 
 pigment vermilion. 
 
 Statistics. Quicksilver is generally sold in bulk by the flask of 
 763 Ibs. The production in 1905 was over 30,000 flasks, or 1,100 
 tons, valued at about $1,103,000, six-sevenths of the supply com- 
 ing from California, the remainder from Texas. A little less than 
 one-third of the world's production of quicksilver in 1905 was 
 produced in the United States. The price of mercury per flask 
 at San Francisco is about $40. 
 
 MOLYBDENUM. 
 Occurrence. 
 MOLYBDENITE, Mo S a . - Wulfenite, Pb Mo O 4 . " 
 
 Molybdite, Mo O 3 . Powellite, Ca Mo O 4 . 
 
 Uses. Ammonium molybdate is used in all chemical labora- 
 tories for the detection and estimation of phosphoric acid. A 
 recent and large demand for molybdenum is for making ferro- 
 molybdenum. This when combined with chrome-steel gives a 
 product which is self-hardening. 
 
42 NICKEL NIOBIUM. 
 
 Statistics. Only a little molybdenite is produced in the United 
 States; the price, however, for nearly pure mineral is about $400 
 per ton. 
 
 NICKEL. 
 
 Meteoric and native nickel-iron, awar- Chloanthite, Ni As 2 . 
 
 uite and josephinite, Fe with Ni. Qersdorffite, Ni As S. " 
 
 Pentlandite, (Ni, Fe) S. Ullmanite, Ni Sb S. 
 
 Millerite, Ni S. Rammelsbergite, Ni As 2 . 
 
 Niccolite, Ni As. Zaratite, Ni 3 [OR], CO 3 . 4 H 2 O. ^ 
 
 Breithauptite, Ni Sb. Qenthite, Ni 2 Mg 2 Si 3 O 10 . 6 H 2 O? 
 
 NICKELIFEROUSPYRRHOTITE., Garnierite, noumeaite, H 2 NiSiO 4 ? ^ 
 
 Linnseite, (Co, Ni, Fe) 3 S 4 . Annabergite, Ni 3 [As O 4 ] 2 . 8 H 2 O. - 
 
 Melonite, Ni 2 Te 3 . Morenosite, Ni SO 4 . 7 H 2 O. *- 
 
 Uses. The chief demand for nickel is for making nickel-steel, 
 which contains about 3^ per cent, of nickel, possesses great strength 
 and toughness, and is used for armor plate. For various uses 
 in the steel industry products known as ferro-nickel, chrome - 
 nickel, tungsten -nickel and molybdenum-nickel are manufactured. 
 There are numerous important alloys of nickel: German silver, 
 containing Cu, Zn and Ni; metal for coinage, containing Cu and 
 Ni; and also some alloys with aluminium which possess great 
 strength. -Considerable metal is used in nickel plating. 
 
 Statistics. Owing to the rare occurrence of nickel minerals 
 the production of nickel from domestic ores amounts to but a few 
 thousand pounds a year, mostly obtained as a by-product from the 
 treatment of lead ores at Mine La Motte, Mo. The production 
 from foreign ores, chiefly pyrrhotite and pentlandite from Sud- , 
 bury, Canada, amounted in 1905 to about 18,876,000 pounds, 
 valued at $7,500,000. Next in importance to the sulphide ores 
 of Sudbury come the silicate (garnierite) deposits of New Cale- 
 donia. The world's production of nickel in 1905 amounted to 
 about 20,000,000 pounds. An average price for nickel is about 
 4oc. per pound. 
 
 NIOBIUM, called also COLUMBIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. Niobium is a rare non-metallic or acid constitu- 
 ent found in the niobates and tantalates, see Dana's Text-Book of 
 Mineralogy, pages 489 to 493. 
 
 There are no uses for niobium or its compounds. 
 
NITROGEN OSMIUM. 43 
 
 NITROGEN. 
 
 Occurrence. Nitrogen is the characteristic non -metallic con- 
 stituent of the nitrates, which, owing to their solubility, are of 
 exceptional occurrence as minerals. Nitrogen is a constituent also 
 of ammonia and its compounds, which occur rarely as minerals. 
 Air is essentially a mixture of * nitrogen and oxygen gases, in 
 about the proportion of four volumes of nitrogen to one of oxygen. 
 
 Uses. Nitric acid and its salts and ammonia compounds are 
 extensively used in argiculture, and in chemical industries and 
 laboratories. Explosives, such as gunpowder, guncotton, nitro- 
 glycerin, dynamite, material for fireworks, etc., contain either 
 nitric acid derivatives or niter. Ammonia gas is used in artificial 
 refrigerating plants. Nitrogen, either in nitrates or ammonia 
 salts, or in refuse organic matter, is essential for plant nutrition, 
 nitrogen of the air not being available for this purpose, except 
 under conditions which do not ordinarily prevail. 
 
 Statistics. Practically the world's supply of crude mineral 
 material for making nitric acid and nitrates is sodium nitrate, 
 the so-called Chile saltpeter, found in almost rainless regions in 
 Chile and Bolivia. Ammonia is almost wholly derived as by- 
 product from coke and gas ovens in which bituminous coal is dis- 
 tilled. The salt most in demand is ammonium sulphate, the 
 larger part of which is used in fertilizers. The domestic produc- 
 tion of ammonium sulphate in 1905 was 38,000,000 pounds, value 
 $1,000,000. The price of commercial fertilizers is based upon the 
 amount of plant nutriment they contain. Of the three important 
 nutritive elements, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, nitrogen 
 heads the list, its value per pound being about 14.50. 
 
 OSMIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. A very rare element found in iridosmium and in 
 traces with the metals of the platinum group. 
 
 Uses. The use of osmium for filaments for incandescent 
 electric lights, in place of the ordinary carbon filaments, is caus- 
 ing a demand for this rare element. Osmium is worth about $21 
 per troy ounce. 
 
44 OXYGEN PALLADIUM PHOSPHORUS. 
 
 OXYGEN. 
 
 Occurrence. Most minerals contain oxygen, the exceptions 
 being the native elements; the sulphides, tellurides and selenides; 
 the sulpho-salts (sulphantimonites, sulpharsenites) and 
 the halogen-salts. 
 
 Uses. Special importance is attache! to certain higher oxides, 
 notably those of manganese and lead, and to nitrates and chlo- 
 rates which contain available oxygen for bringing about oxidations 
 or obtaining oxygen gas. Oxygen and hydrogen gases are now 
 made by the electrolysis of water, the oxygen, compressed in 
 cylinders, being sold for use in medicine and for oxy hydrogen 
 blowpipes. 
 
 PALLADIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. A rare metal of the platinum group, found native 
 and in traces in native platinum. 
 
 * 
 
 PHOSPHORUS. 
 
 Occurrence. Phosphorus is the characteristic non-metallic 
 constituent of the phosphates; see Dana's Text-Book of Min- 
 eralogy, pages 494 to 516. 
 
 Uses. There are two modifications of the element phospho- 
 rus: the common colorless variety, cast generally in sticks, which 
 finds limited uses in laboratories and various chemical industries, 
 and the red, amorphous variety used to some extent in chemical 
 industries, but extensively along with other substances in the 
 manufacture of matches. 
 
 Phosphates are essential for plant nutrition and are impor- 
 tant in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers, phosphorus, 
 reckoned generally as phosphoric anhydride, P2 0$, ranking next 
 to nitrogen in importance (compare page 43). The mineral phos- 
 phates mined for making fertilizers are either apatite, Ca4 [Ca F] 
 [POJs, or so-called phosphate rock, which is a calcium phosphate 
 closely related to apatite in chemical composition. Phosphate rock 
 is generally treated with sulphuric acid to make the phosphoric acid 
 soluble and thus available to the roots of plants. The inorganic 
 material of the bones of mammals is essentially calcium phosphate, 
 and phosphorus is contained in animal tissues and excreta, hence 
 the extensive use of refuse animal matter and manure as fertilizers. 
 Phosphoric acid and various phosphates are used in pharma- 
 ceutical preparations. The harmful influence of phosphorus, even 
 in very small quantity, on iron and steel should be noted (see 
 page 36). 
 
PLATINUM. 
 
 45 
 
 Statistics. The domestic production of phosphate rock, mined 
 chiefly in Florida, Tennessee and South Carolina, amounted in 1905 
 to over 2,000,000 tons, valued at about $6,700,000. About one- 
 fourth of the product was exported, mostly to Germany. The 
 world's production of phosphate rock in 1904 was about 3,500,000 
 tons. The valuation of commercial fertilizers is based upon the 
 amounts of plant nutriment they contain, which must be deter- 
 mined by chemical analysis. The three important constituents 
 are phosphoric anhydride, P20 5 , nitrogen, and potash, K^O. 
 Soluble or available P 2 O 5 is valued at a trifle over 30. per pound, 
 or 62^ c. per unit of 20 pounds (one per cent.) per ton. Insoluble 
 phosphate rock, even if finely ground, is of very little agricultural 
 value , unless treated with sulphuric acid so as to make the ?205 
 available. 
 
 PLATINUM. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Native Platinum, Pt, with some Fe and traces of rare platinum metals. ^ 
 Sperrylite, Pt As 2 . 
 
 Uses. Owing to its difficult fusibility and insolubility in 
 acids, platinum, manufactured into wire, foil, crucibles, dishes, 
 stills, and various forms of apparatus, is indispensable to the 
 chemist and in certain chemical industries. There are numerous 
 uses for it in connection with electricity: thus for making con- 
 nections where a metal is needed which does not corrode ; and fine 
 platinum wire fused into glass is used in carrying the electric 
 current to the incandescent filaments of electric lights. The incan- 
 descent thoria mantles of the Welsbach light are generally hung 
 on platinum wire. Potassium chloro-platinate, 2 K Cl . Pt C^, 
 is used to a considerable extent in photography. A noteworthy 
 feature of the platinum industry is that demands for the metal 
 are multiplying, with no appreciable increase in the supply. 
 
 Statistics. The domestic production of platinum in 1905 was 
 318 ounces, valued at $5,320, the supply coming almost wholly 
 from gold placer deposits in California. The importation in 1905 
 was valued at over $2,000,000. The world's supply of platinum 
 comes from the Urals, where nearly 200,000 ounces are produced 
 annually. The price of platinum has been steadily rising, being 
 worth in September, 1906, $34 per ounce, about three times what 
 it was in 1895. 
 
46 POTASSIUM. 
 
 POTASSIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. 
 
 SYLVITE, K Cl. Langbeinite, K 2 Mg 2 [SOJ 3 . 
 
 CARNALLITE, K Mg C1 3 . 6 H 2 O. KAINITE, K Cl . Mg SO 4 . 3 H 2 O. 
 
 FELDSPAR, ORTHOCLASE and^ SCHOENITE, K 2 Mg[SO 4 ] 2 . 6 H 2 O. 
 
 MICROCLINE, K Al Si 3 O 8 . Polyhalite, K 2 Ca 2 Mg [SO 4 ] 4 . 2 H 2 O. 
 
 LEUCITE, K Al [Si O 3 ] 2 . Kalinite, K Al [SOJ 2 . 12 H 2 O. * 
 
 Apophyllite, and a few Zeolites. " Alunite, K 2 A1 6 [OH] 12 [SO 4 ] 4 . " 
 MUSCOVITE, H 2 K A1 8 [SiO^. " Jarosite, K 2 Fe 6 [OH] 12 [SOJ 4 . * 
 BIOTITE, and other Micas. 
 
 Uses. Potash salts are essential for plant nutrition and are 
 more largely employed in agriculture than in any single industry. 
 The potash salts most in demand are as follows: The chloride, 
 used in fertilizers and in making other potash salts ; the carbonate, 
 bicarbonate and caustic potash, used in making soft soaps and flint 
 and Bohemian glass; the nitrate, niter, for making gunpowder; 
 the chlorate, for making matches and oxygen gas, and used also in 
 medicine; the cyanide, employed in large quantities in the extrac- 
 tion of gold from ores; the bromide and iodide, used in medicine. 
 
 Statistics. It is a noteworthy fact that no commercially im- 
 portant deposits of potash minerals have as yet been found in the 
 United States. The world's supply of potash at the present time 
 is mostly derived from deposits round about Stassfurt in Ger- 
 many, though some potash is obtained from what was at one time 
 almost the only source, the leaching of the ashes of plants, some 
 from brines left over after separating common salt from sea water, 
 and some from the washing of sheep's wool, the salty perspiration 
 retained by the wool containing a rather large proportion of potash 
 salts. The slow decay of the common rock-making silicates, feld- 
 spars and micas, undoubtedly gives rise to the potash of soils, 
 needed as plant nutriment, but attempts to get potash from feld- 
 spars on a commercial scale have failed, as the processes are so 
 costly as not to be able to compete with the production in Ger- 
 many. 
 
 The production of potassium salts in Germany had a total 
 value of $31,000,000. The importation of potash salts into the 
 United States in 1905 was valued at $5,300,000. 
 
 For agricultural purposes, potash, reckoned as K^O, is worth 
 about 4 to 4j c. per pound (compare nitrogen and phosphorus). 
 
RHODIUM RUBIDIUM RUTHENIUM SELENIUM SILICON. 47 
 
 RHODIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. This rare metal of the platinum group is found 
 in native platinum, indium and iridosmine. 
 
 RUBIDIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. This rare alkali metal is found in small quantity 
 in lepidolite, and in minute traces in a few other silicates and some 
 mineral spring waters. 
 
 RUTHENIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. This rare metal of the platinum group is found 
 in laurite, Ru 82, and in iridosmine. 
 
 SELENIUM. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Selen-Tellurium, Te with Se. Crookesite, (Cu, Tl, Ag) 2 Se. 
 
 Guanajuatite, Bi 2 Se 3 . Aguilarite, Ag 2 S . Ag 2 Se. 
 
 Clausthalite, Pb Se, Tiemannite, Hg Se. 
 
 Naumannite, (Ag 2 , Pb) Se. r Onofrite, Hg (S, Se). 
 
 Berzelianite, Cu 2 Se. Umangite, Cu 3 Se 2 . 
 
 Eucairite, Cu Ag Se. Chalcomenite, Cu Se O 3 . 2 H 2 O. 
 
 Uses. As far as known there are no uses for this element 
 except in the laboratory for making rare chemical preparations. 
 
 SILICON. 
 
 Occurrence. Silicon is the characteristic non -metallic con- 
 stituent of the silicates, salts of silicic acid (see Dana's Text-Book 
 of Mineralogy, pages 368 to 488). Silicon occurs also as oxide, 
 quartz, agate, flint, chalcedony and tridymite, and as hydroxide, 
 opal. 
 
 Uses. There are no uses for the element silicon. In ordinary 
 pig iron silicon occurs in varying proportions, up to 5 or 6 per cent., 
 generally about 2 per cent., and plays an important r61e in the 
 metallurgy of iron and steel. For use in steel metallurgy, ferro- 
 silicon (Fe with 10% to 25% Si) is now made in electric furnaces. 
 The burning of the silicon to Si Q% gives an intense heat which 
 is needed in certain operations. There are uses for various sili- 
 cates which are noted either under the metallic constituents or 
 under the heading Useful Minerals. The uses of oxide of silicon 
 in various forms, quartz, quart zite, sandstone, flint, etc., are 
 given below. 
 
 Uses of Si 02. White beach sand is composed almost wholly 
 and ordinary sand mostly of quartz, and has many uses, especially 
 
48 SILICON. 
 
 in making mortar, while very pure grades are used in the glass 
 industry. Quartzite and sandstone consist of quartz grains more 
 or less firmly united, and are quarried for building materials, 
 flagstones, grindstones, millstones, whetstones and other uses. 
 Well rounded beach pebbles put into revolving cylinders are used 
 for pulverizing many substances. Ground quartz and flint are 
 used extensively in the manufacture of pottery, to some extent as 
 abrasive material in scouring soaps, marble cutting and sandpaper, 
 and, when ground to impalpable powder and mixed with oils, as 
 wood -filler in finishing fine carpenter work. Pure transparent 
 quartz is used for cutting into ornaments, rock-crystal dishes, 
 vases, spheres, etc.; for making eye-glasses (pebbles) which are 
 superior to glass in being harder; and for making prisms and 
 optical preparations. 
 
 Opals, amethyst and smoky-quartz, and moss, banded and 
 variously colored agates are used in jewelry. Mortars for the 
 laboratory are made of agate. 
 
 Infusorial earth is a very fine earthy material consisting of 
 microscopic silicious shells of vegetable organisms known as 
 diatoms. The material, sold often as tripoli and electro-silicon, is 
 used for polishing articles of metal, and in the manufacture of 
 giant powder, when the infusorial earth is used as an absorbent 
 for nitro-glycerin. 
 
 Statistics. The domestic production of buhrstones and mill- 
 stones in 1905 was valued at $37,000. The stones, generally made 
 from quartzite or conglomerate, are used for grinding grain, min- 
 eral-paint, fertilizers, cement rock, barites and other minerals, 
 and come mostly from the Eastern Appalachian region in New 
 York, Pennsylvania, Virginia and North Carolina. The value of 
 grindstones was $777,000, while that of whetstones and scythe- 
 stones was $244,000, the finest whetstone, known as novaculite, 
 coming from Arkansas. 
 
 The production of pure quartz for grinding is confined mostly 
 to Connecticut and amounted in 1905 to 19,000 tons, valued at 
 $88,000. 
 
SILVER. 49 
 
 SILVER. 
 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Native Silver, Ag. Stephanite, 5 Ag 2 S . Sb 2 S 3 . 
 
 Amalgam, Ag with Hg. Polybasite, 9 Ag 2 S . Sb 2 S 3 , Cu iso. 
 
 Dyscrasite, Ag 6 Sb. w. Ag. 
 
 Argentite, Ag 2 S. Pearceite, 9 Ag 2 S x . As 2 S 3 ,Cu iso.w. Ag. 
 
 Hessite, Ag 2 Te. Polyargyrite, 12 Ag 2 S . Sb 2 S 3 . 
 
 Petzite, (Ag, Au) 2 Te. Argyrodite, 4 Ag 2 S . Ge S 2 . 
 
 Stromeyerite, Ag 2 S . Cu 2 S. / Canfieldite, 4 Ag 2 S . Sn S 2 , Ge iso. 
 
 Sylvanite, Ag Te 2 . Au Te 2 . * w. Sn. 
 
 Matildite, Ag 2 S . Bi 2 S 3 . Cerargyrite, Ag Cl. *" 
 
 Miargyrite, Ag 2 S . Sb 2 S 3 . Embolite, Ag (Cl, Br). * 
 
 Pyrargyrite, 3 Ag 2 S . Sb 2 S 3 . '-" Bromyrite, Ag Br. 
 
 Proustite, 3 Ag 2 S . As 2 S 3 . lodyrite, Ag I. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing there are argentiferous varieties 
 of many minerals, notably those containing lead and copper, 
 which are especially valuable as ores, as galena, chalcocite, 
 bornite, chalcopyrite and tetrahedrite. It is difficult in many 
 cases to decide whether the small amount of silver in argentiferous 
 lead and copper minerals is truly isomorphous with the lead and 
 copper, or due to traces of associated silver minerals mechan- 
 ically mixed with them. 
 
 Uses. The uses of silver for coin, for various domestic and 
 ornamental objects, and for plating are well known. Generally 
 an alloy is used instead of pure silver. The standard coin of the 
 United States contains 9 parts of silver to one of copper. Silver 
 salts are used extensively in photography, and the nitrate in medi- 
 cine for cauterization. 
 
 Statistics. The domestic production of silver in 1905 was 
 56,000,000 troy ounces, valued at $34,000,000. The production 
 of the several states in million ounces was about as follows : Colo- 
 rado 13, Montana 13, Utah 10, Idaho 8, Nevada 5, and Arizona 2}. 
 The world's production amounted to 189,000,000 ounces. The 
 average value of the metal for the year was about 60 c. per fine 
 ounce. 
 
 Metallurgical. In connection with the metallurgy of silver 
 a few points are of importance: Owing to the price of silver, a 
 small amount of the metal in an ore, expressed as per cent., is of 
 considerable value. Thus an ore containing 0.34 per cent. Ag 
 would yield 100 ounces per ton, which is far above the average 
 run of silver ores. In assaying, the amount of silver is generally 
 given as ounces per ton. The metallurgy of silver is intimately 
 connected with that of lead, ores containing both metals being 
 
SODIUM. 
 
 smelted so that silver may be taken up by the lead (see page 38). 
 In the smelting process, lime, Ca O, and oxides of iron and man- 
 ganese add to the value of ores because of their quality as fluxes, 
 and zinc, which scarcely ever fails, is especially harmful, as it 
 interferes with the proper running of the furnaces. 
 
 SODIUM. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 HALITE, Na Cl. 
 CRYOLITE, Na 3 Al F 6 . S 
 Pachnolite, Na Ca Al F 6 . H 2 O. 
 Thomsenolite, Na Ca Al F c . H 2 O. 
 Dawsonite, Na [Al . 2 OH] CO 3 . ' 
 Thermonatrite, Na 2 CO 3 . H 2 O. ^ 
 Northupite, Na 2 Mg [CO 3 ] 2 . Na Cl. 
 Natron, Na 2 CO 3 . 10 H 2 O. *- 
 
 Trona, Na 2 CO 3 . H Na CO 3 . 2 H 2 O.* 
 Pirssonite, Na 2 Ca [CO 3 ] 2 . 2 H 2 O. ' 
 Gay=Lussite, Na 2 Ca [CO 3 ] 2 . 5 H 2 O.' 
 Eudidymite, H Na Be Si 3 O 8 . 
 ALBITE, Na Al Si 3 O 8 , and Albite-^ 
 Anorthite series of triclinic feld- 
 spars. 
 
 ^Egirite, Na Fe [Si O 3 ] 2 . 
 Jadeite, Na Al [Si O J a . 
 Pectolite, H Na Ca 2 [Si O 3 ] 2 . ^ 
 Glaucophane, Na Al [Si O 3 ] 2 . (Fe,Mg) 
 
 Si 3 . 
 
 Eudyalite,Na 13 (Ca,Fe) 6 Cl(Si,Zr) 20 O 2 ? 
 NEPH ELITE, approximately 
 
 Na Al Si O 4 . 
 
 Cancrinite, H 6 Na 6 Ca [Na CO 3 ] 2 A1 8 
 [Si OJ 9 . 
 
 Sodalite, Na 4 [Al Cl] Al, [Si OJ 3 . 
 Haiiynite, (Na 2 , Ca) 2 [Al . Na SO.JAL, 
 
 [Si 4 ] 3 . 
 
 Noselite, Na 4 [Al . NaSOJ A1 2 
 Lazurite, Na 4 [Al . NaS 3 ] A1 2 
 WERNERITEor\Ca 4 Al 6 Si 6 25 , 
 SCAPOLITE, / Na 4 A1 3 Si 9 O 24 Cl. 
 ANALCITE, Na Al [Si O 3 ] 2 . H 2 O. " 
 NATROLITE, Na 2 Al 2 Si 3 O 10 . 2 H 2 O./ 
 Paragonite, H 2 Na A1 3 [Si O^. . 
 Natrophilite, Na Mn PO 4 . 
 Beryllonite, Na Be PO 4 . 
 Durangite, Na [Al F] As O 4 . 
 SODA=NITER, Na NO 3 . 
 Darapskite, Na NO 3 .. Na 2 SO 4 . HjO. 
 BORAX, Na 2 B 4 O 7 . 10 H 2 O. 
 Ulexitd, Na Ca B 5 O 9 . 8 H 2 O? * 
 Thenardite, Na 2 SO 4 . \ .- 
 
 Glauberite, Na 2 Ca [SO 4 ] 2 . 
 Sulphohalite, 2 Na 2 SO 4 . Na Cl . NaF. 
 Hanksite, 9 Na 2 SO 4 . 2 Na 2 CO 8 . - 
 
 KC1. 
 
 Mirabilite, Na 2 SO 4 . 10 H 2 O. 
 Natrojarosite, Na 2 Fe 6 [OH] 12 [SOJ 4 . 
 
 In addition to the foregoing compounds sodium is found in 
 variable quantities in a number of common minerals where it 
 plays the r61e of an isomorphous constituent. 
 
 [7ss. There is some demand for metallic sodium in chemical 
 industries and laboratories, and it is now generally made by elec- 
 trolytic methods. Halite, or rock salt, is used in enormous quan- 
 tities in the manufacture of soda-ash, caustic-soda and various soda 
 salts, in addition to its uses in every household, and for packing 
 and preserving meats and fish. Sodium hydroxide, caustic-soda 
 Or lye, has various uses, but is chiefly employed in the manufacture 
 of soap. Crude sodium carbonate or soda-ash is used in the manu- 
 facture of glass and in the preparation of sodium compounds. 
 Crystallized sodium carbonate or sal-soda, Na2 COs . 10 H^O, is 
 
STRONTIUM. 51 
 
 used for cleansing and is mixed with powdered soaps for giving 
 added cleansing quality. Sodium bicarbonate, or baking soda, 
 H Na CO 3 , is used in every household, and extensively in making 
 baking powders and in medicine. 
 
 The ordinary glaze on cheap stoneware and tile is produced 
 by throwing salt into kilns where the ware is burned. The salt 
 volatilizes and reacts with various silicates of the ware, giving rise 
 to a glaze of fused sodium silicate. This glaze is quite different 
 from that produced by feldspar on more costly ware. 
 
 Statistics. Common salt or halite is practically the basis of 
 all soda industries, consequently of glass and soap making. The 
 domestic production of salt in 1905 was 26,000,000 barrels of 280 
 pounds, valued at the works at about $6,000,000. The leading 
 salt-producing states and their approximate production in million 
 barrels are as follows: Michigan 9^, New York 8^, Ohio 2j, Kansas 
 2, and Louisiana i. At the present time the United States is 
 the leading salt-producing country of the world, and furnishes 
 about one-fourth of the total production. Salt is worth about 
 $1.50 to $2 per barrel in New York. 
 
 Sodium bicarbonate produced from natural deposits in the 
 arid regions of California and Nevada amounted in 1904 to 12,000 
 tons, valued at $18,000, and considerable soda is made from cry- 
 olite brought from Greenland, but the total amounts from these 
 sources are small compared with the production from common 
 salt. 
 
 STRONTIUM. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 STRONTIANITE, Sr CO 3 . ^ Hamlinite, [Sr . OH] [Al . 2 OH] 3 P 2 O 7 . 
 
 Brewsterite, CELESTITE, Sr SO 4 . *- 
 
 H 4 (Sr, Ca, Ba) A1 2 [Si O 3 ] 6 . 3 H 2 O. 
 
 Uses. Strontium oxide and hydroxide are used in refining 
 beet sugar, and other salts, especially the nitrate, Sr [NO 3 ] 2 , are 
 employed for making red fire in pyrotechnics. 
 
 Statistics. There is practically no production of strontium 
 minerals in the United States, though they would command good 
 prices. The supply of strontium salts conies almost wholly from 
 Germany, and as an indication of their value strontium nitrate is 
 quoted in New York at about $140 per ton. 
 
52 SULPHUR TANTALUM. 
 
 SULPHUR. 
 
 Occurrence. Sulphur is found native, which is one of its most 
 important occurrences from an economic standpoint. In combi- 
 nation with metals sulphur forms sulphides and sulpho-salts (sul- 
 phantimonites, etc.), many of which are of great importance as 
 ores (see Dana's Text-Book of Mineralogy, pages 281 to 316). 
 Sulphur in combination with the metals and oxygen forms sul- 
 phates (see Dana, pages 523 to 538). 
 
 Uses. Sulphur (brimstone) and pyrite, Fe 82, are used in the 
 manufacture of sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol) which is employed in 
 numerous chemical and metallurgical industries, in the manufac- 
 ture of fertilizers and in the refining of petroleum. Sulphur 
 dioxide, formed by burning sulphur, is used in enormous quantity 
 in the preparation of wood pulp for paper stock, also to some 
 extent as an antiseptic and disinfectant, and for bleaching silk, 
 wool and straw materials. The element sulphur is used in vul- 
 canizing rubber, in making gunpowder, for tipping matches, and 
 in a finely divided condition (flowers of sulphur) in medicine. 
 
 Statistics. The domestic production of sulphur in 1905 was 
 181,677 tons, valued at $3,706,560, the supply coming from 
 Louisiana, Nevada and Utah. There were also produced 250,000 
 tons of pyrite, valued at about $1,000,000. The importation of 
 sulphur in 1905 amounted to nearly 85,000 tons, valued at $1,567,- 
 485, and of pyrite 511,946 tons, valued at $1,774,379. The world's 
 production of sulphur (brimstone) is about 600,000 tons, more 
 than 90 per cent, coming from the island of Sicily. 
 
 Most of the sulphur (brimstone) consumed in the United 
 States is used in the manufacture of paper stock. The pyrite is 
 used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, consumed largely by 
 chemical and agricultural companies and by the Standard Oil 
 Company. 
 
 TANTALUM. 
 
 Occurrence. The rare element tantalum is found in connection 
 with niobium in the niobates and tantalates (see Dana's Text -Book 
 of Mineralogy, pages 489 to 493). There are no uses for tantalum. 
 
TELLURIUM THALLIUM THORIUM TIN. 53 
 
 TELLURIUM. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Native Tellurium, Te. Sylvanite, Au Ag Te 4 . 
 
 Selen-tellurium, (Te, Se). Krennerite, Au Te 2 l with some Ag 
 
 Tetradymite, Bi 2 Te 2 S. ' Calaverite, Au Te 2 / iso. w. Au. - 
 
 Hessite, Ag 2 Te. Nagyagite, Au 2 Sb 2 Pb 10 Te 6 S 16 ? 
 
 Petzite, (Ag, Au) 2 Te. " Tellurite, Te O 2 . 
 
 Altaite, Pb Te. Montanite, [Bi . 2 OH^ TeO 4 . 
 
 Coloradoite, Hg Te. Durdenite, Fe 3 [Te O 3 ] 3 . 4 H 2 O. 
 
 Melonite, Ni 2 Te 3 . Emmonsite, hydrated ferric tellurite. 
 Rickardite, Cu 4 Te 3 . 
 
 Uses. There is no demand for tellurium, except a very limited 
 one for making rare laboratory preparations. 
 
 THALLIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. 
 Crookesite, (Cu, Tl, Ag) 2 Se. Lorandite, Tl As S 2 or T1 2 S . As 2 S 3 . 
 
 Uses. Thallium is occasionally used in the laboratory for 
 making monochromatic green light, and also rare chemical prepa- 
 rations. 
 
 THORIUM. 
 
 The occurrences and uses of this rare earth metal are noted on 
 page 32, under Cerium. 
 
 TIN. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Stanhite, Cu 2 Fe Sn S 4 . Franckeite, Pb 5 Sb 2 Sn 2 S 12 . 
 
 Candfieldite, Ag 4 (Sn, Ge) S 6 . CASSITERITE, Sn O 2 or Sn Sn O 4 . * 
 
 Cylindrite, Pb 6 Sb 2 Sn 6 S 21 . Nordenskioldine, Ca Sn [B O^. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing minerals small quantities of tin 
 are often met with in niobates, tantalates and tungstates. 
 
 Uses. The chief use of tin is for coating or tinning metals, 
 especially iron, thus making what is commonly called sheet tin used 
 for roofing and tin ware. The silvering of mirrors is accomplished 
 by covering glass with an amalgam of tin and mercury. Tin is 
 used in making alloys: solder, which contains tin and lead; and 
 bell metal and bronze, which contain copper and tin. Artificial 
 tin oxide is used as a polishing powder; stannic chloride as a 
 mordant in dyeing. 
 
54 TITANIUM TUNGSTEN. 
 
 Statistics. There is practically no production of tin ore in 
 the United States, though some has been mined in the Black 
 Hills, South Dakota, and deposits are known in Alaska. The 
 importation of metallic tin amounted, in 1905, to 44,188 tons, 
 valued at $26,316,023. The world's production of tin amounted 
 to about 100,000 tons, derived from the following sources: Straits 
 of Malacca (Malay Peninsula) 65,000; Banka and Billiton, near 
 Sumatra, 14,000; Bolivia 13,000, England 5,000, Australia 5,000. 
 The price of tin in New York is about 30 c. per pound. 
 
 TITANIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. 
 ILMENITE, titanic iron, Fe Ti O 3 , , Schorlomite, Ca 3 (Fe,Ti) 2 [(Si, Ti)OJ 3 . 
 
 containing also Mg Ti O 3 and TITANITE, Ca Ti Si O 5 . 
 
 Fe 2 O 8 . 
 
 Pseudobrookite, 2 Fe 2 O 3 . 3 Ti O 2 . Astrophyllite, 
 
 RUTILE, Ti O 2 or Ti Ti O 4 . " K (Na, K) 4 (Fe, Mn) 4 Ti [Si O 4 ] 4 . 
 
 Octahedrite, Ti O 2 . Perovskite, Ca Ti O 3 . 
 
 Brookite, Ti O 2 . 
 
 Titanium is found in numerous niobates and tantalates, espe- 
 cially aeschenite, polymignite, euxenite and polycrase, and in 
 small quantities in many silicates. 
 
 Uses. Titanium has long been used for imparting a yellow 
 color to porcelain, employed mostly by dentists in coloring false 
 teeth, of which it is estimated that over 8,000,000 are made 
 annually in the United States. Steel containing a little titanium 
 has been found to have a high limit of elasticity and great duc- 
 tility, hence ferro -titanium alloys are now made by means of the 
 electric furnace for use in the steel industry. 
 
 Many iron ores are titaniferous and as yet have proved prac- 
 tically valueless, as they are too refractory t be smelted success- 
 fully in blast-furnaces. 
 
 Statistics. The domestic production of titanium is small, being 
 mostly obtained from Virginia in the form of the mineral rutile. 
 The value of the output for 1904 was $7,000. 
 
 TUNGSTEN. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Tungstite, W O 3 . Scheelite, Ca W O 4 . ' 
 
 WOLFRAMITE, (Fe, Mn) W O 4 . ' Cuprotungstite, (Cu, Ca) W O 4 . " 
 
 Hubnerite, Mn W O 4 . Stolzite, Pb W O 4 . 
 
 Raspite, Pb W O 4 . Reinite, Fe W O 4 . 
 
 Small quantities of tungsten are met with in several of the 
 rare niobates and tantalates. 
 
URANIUM VANADIUM. 55 
 
 Uses. The element tungsten and an alloy with iron, ferro- 
 tungsten, are used in! the production of self -hardening tungsten 
 steel, also for giving toughness to a copper aluminium alloy used 
 for propeller blades. Sodium tungstate is used for making certain 
 colors "fast " in dyeing cotton goods, and is applied to fabrics to 
 make them non-inflammable. A little tungstic oxide is used for 
 coloring glass. Calcium tungstate is used in Rontgen-ray appara- 
 tus on account of its phosphorescence. 
 
 Statistics. The domestic production of concentrated tungsten 
 ores in 1905 was 803 tons, valued at $268,676. The ore was mostly 
 wolframite from Colorado. 
 
 URANIUM. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Uranothalite, Ca 2 U [CO 3 ] 4 . 10 H 2 O. Uraninite, pitchblende, UO 8 , UO 8 , 
 
 Torbernite, Cu [UO 2 ] 2 [POJ 2 . 8 H 2 O. Th O 2 , Pb O, He, Ra, etc.? 
 
 Zeunerite, Cu [UO 2 ] 2 [AsO 4 ] 2 . 8 H 2 O. Gummite, UO 3 + H 2 O and other ox- 
 Autunite, Ca [UO 2 ] 2 [PO 4 ] 2 . 8 H 2 O. ides. 
 
 Uranophane, Ca U 2 Si 2 O n . 6 H 2 O. Carnotite, K 2 [UO 2 ] 2 [VOJ 2 . sH 2 O? 
 
 Uses. Uranium compounds are used for coloring glass and 
 as pigments for painting on porcelain. Uranium minerals have 
 special interest at the present time as they contain radium, helium, 
 thorium and other rare elements which are receiving unusual 
 attention from chemists. 
 
 Statistics, The uranium ore, carnotite, has been mined in Colo- 
 rado to some extent, but there was practically no production of 
 the metal in 1905. 
 
 VANADIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Roscoelite, Descloizite, (Pb, Zn) 2 [OH] VO 4 . " 
 
 H 8 K, (Mg, Fe) (Al, V) 4 [Si O 3 ] 12 ? Volborthite, 
 
 Ardennite, H 5 Mn 4 A1 4 V Si 4 0,3? (Cu, Ca, Ba) 3 [OH], VO 4 . 6 H 2 O? 
 
 Pucherite, Bi VO 4 . Carnotite, K, [UO 2 ] 2 [VOJ 2 . 3 H 2 O ? 
 Vanadinite, Pb 4 [Pb'Cl] [VOJ 3 . * 
 
 Uses. It is claimed that the addition of a little vanadium to 
 steel increases enormously its tensile strength and elastic limit. 
 Metavanadic acid, HVOs, is a fine yellow pigment known as vana- 
 dium bronze. Vanadium oxide is used as mordant in dyeing. 
 
 Statistics. Vanadium has been obtained from the carnotite 
 deposits of Colorado. See Uranium. 
 
56 YTTRIUM ZINC ZIRCONIUM. 
 
 YTTRIUM. 
 
 Occurrence. For the occurrence of this rare metal, see Cerium 
 and the Rare Earth Metals, page 32. 
 
 ZINC. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 SPHALERITE, Zn S, also (Zn, Fe)S. * Hydrozincite, Zn 3 [OH] 4 CO 3 . " 
 
 Wurtzite, Zn S. Hardystonite Ca a Zn Si 2 O 7 . 
 
 Zincite, Zn O. Willemite, Zn 2 Si O 4 , Mn iso. w. Zn.- 
 
 Gahnite, Zn AL, O 4 . CALAMINE, H 2 [Zn 2 O] Si O 4 . ^ 
 
 Franklinite, Clinohedrite, H 2 [Ca Zn O] Si O 4 . 
 
 (Fe, Zn, Mn) (Fe, Mn) 2 O 4 . Adamite, Zn 2 [OH] As O 4 . 
 
 SMITHSONITE, Zn CO 3 . ^ Hopeite, Zn 3 [PO 4 ] 2 . H 2 O. 
 
 A uric hale ite, ^ Qoslarite, Zn SO 4 . 7 H 2 O. 
 
 (Zn,Cu) 5 [OH] 6 [C0 3 ] 2 . 
 
 Uses. The chief uses for metallic zinc, commonly known as 
 spelter, are for galvanizing iron; making brass, an alloy of cop- 
 per and zinc ; and making parts of telegraph and storage batteries. 
 There are also numerous uses for sheet zinc. Zinc oxide or zinc 
 white, either alone or mixed with white lead, is extensively used 
 for making paint, and is also compounded with rubber. Zinc 
 chloride is used as preservative, many railroad ties being treated 
 with it. Zinc sulphate has numerous uses, in dyeing and in 
 medicine. 
 
 Statistics. The domestic production of zinc or spelter in 1905 
 was 203,849 tons, valued at about $24,000,000, the ore being mostly 
 sphalerite from Kansas and Missouri. At the present time there 
 is considerable activity in the treatment of the zinc-lead-silver 
 ores of Colorado and other western states, in which formerly the 
 zinc was a waste product. The production of zinc oxide in 1905 
 was 68,603 tons, valued at $5,520,240, made mostly in New Jersey 
 and Pennsylvania. About one-fourth of the world's production 
 of zinc is obtained in the United States. The price of zinc in 1905 
 was about 6 c. per pound. 
 
 ZIRCONIUM. 
 Occurrence. 
 
 Baddeleyite, Zr O 2 . Catapleiite, H 4 (Na 2 , Ca) Zr Si 3 O n . 
 
 Wohlerite, (Ca, Na 2 ) (Si, Zr) O 3 , with ZIRCON, Zr Si O 4 . 
 
 (Ca, Na 2 ) Nb 2 O 6 . Polymignite, Nb, Ti, Zr, Ce, Fe, Ca, 
 Eudyalite, etc.? 
 
 Na 13 (Ca, Fe) 6 Cl (Si, Zr)^ O 52 ? 
 
 Uses. Oxide of zirconium glows when heated, but its use for 
 incandescent lights is very limited. 
 
PART III. 
 
 USEFUL MINERALS. 
 
 UNDER this heading a number of minerals are given which 
 have not been included in foregoing pages because their uses are 
 not suggested by the constituents they contain. For convenience 
 an alphabetical arrangement is adopted. 
 
 ABRASIVES. 
 
 Minerals possessing superior hardness are used for cutting, 
 grinding and polishing other substances, and are known com- 
 mercially as abrasives. They enter the market in grains of 
 various sizes, down to dust; are made up into special shapes de- 
 manded by the trade, generally wheels; and are cemented to 
 belting, cloth and paper. The minerals used are as follows: 
 
 Diamond, hardness 10. Crystals and grains of diamond, 
 when firmly embedded in steel tubes and wheels, are used for 
 drilling and sawing, and diamond dust is used on wheels and laps 
 for grinding and polishing. The value of diamond dust imported 
 into the United States in 1905 was nearly $200,000. Carbonado or 
 black diamond, found only in Brazil, is the most effective of all 
 abrasives and is valued at from $50 to $55 per carat, equivalent to 
 $7,000 per ounce avoirdupois. The glazier's diamond is always a 
 crystal with natural faces. 
 
 Corundum and Emery. Corundum is crystallized 
 A1 2 O 3 , having a hardness of 9. Emery is a commercial term for 
 corundum more or less impure from admixture with oxides of iron. 
 The domestic production of corundum and emery in 1905 was a 
 little over 2,000 tons, valued at $61,000. Corundum is produced 
 mostly in western North Carolina and best grades are worth from 
 7 c. to 10 c. per pound. Emery, the chief product, is mostly 
 produced at Chester, Mass., and Peekskill, N. Y., and brings 
 from 2 c. to 5 c. per pound according to quality. The importa- 
 tion of emery, mostly from Turkey, is about 25,000 tons annually, 
 valued at about $300,000. 
 
 ,57 
 
58 ASBESTOS CEMENT. 
 
 Artificial corundum is now being manufactured in electric 
 furnaces from bauxite, the production for 1905 having a value 
 of $250,000. Another artificial abrasive is carborundum, C Si, 
 having a hardness about like that of corundum. Carborundum 
 is made in electric furnaces from coke and sand, and the pro- 
 duction in 1905 was 5,600,000 pounds, valued at about 8 c. per 
 pound. 
 
 Garnet, hardness 7 to 7.5. The domestic production in 1905 
 amounted to 5,000 tons, valued at nearly $150,000. The mate- 
 rial came mostly from near Ticonderoga, N. Y., some from Con- 
 necticut, Pennsylvania and North Carolina. 
 
 Quartz, hardness 7. The various uses of this mineral are 
 noted on pages 47 and 48. 
 
 Pumice. This is a name given to volcanic ash, used in lump 
 and powder for polishing. The commercial product comes mostly 
 from the island of Lipari, north of Sicily, and the value of the 
 product imported into the United States in 1905 was $77,489. 
 
 ASBESTOS. 
 
 Asbestos is a name given to several fibrous minerals, gener- 
 ally tremolite, a variety of hornblende; anthophyllite, a closely 
 related mineral; and chrysotile, a variety of serpentine. The 
 material is used largely as a non-conductor of heat for covering 
 boilers and steam pipes, and packing safes. Fine-fibrous varieties, 
 generally chrysotile, are woven into cloth, twine and rope, and 
 made up into paper, felt, board, washers and various shapes. The 
 domestic production of asbestos in 1905, mostly tremolite from 
 Georgia, was about 3,000 tons, valued at $43,000. The bulk of 
 best quality chrysotile-asbestos comes from Canada, though some 
 is produced in the United States. There is a large domestic pro- 
 duction of artificial material known as "mineral wool," made 
 from furnace slag. 
 
 CEMENT. 
 
 Cements are products obtained by burning limestones con- 
 taining proper amounts of argillaceous (clay) material, or finely 
 ground mixtures of limestone and clay. The industry is one of 
 great magnitude, the domestic production in 1905 being 40,000,- 
 ooo barrels of from 300 to 400 pounds, valued at over $36,000,000. 
 The importations amounted to over 800,000 barrels. 
 
CLAY FELDSPAR FLINT 59 
 
 CLAY. 
 
 Clays are essentially hydrated silicates of aluminium, result- 
 ing from the decomposition of , other minerals, especially feldspars. 
 The decomposition of feldspar alone, in situ, gives rise to a pure 
 white mineral, kaolinite, H 2 A1 2 Si 2 Og. Ordinary clays are vari- 
 ously colored, and consist of kaolinite compounded with other 
 materials resulting from the decomposition of rocks, and they are 
 commonly found in secondary deposits where they have been laid 
 down as sediments from water. Most clays have the property of 
 becoming plastic when mixed in proper proportions with water, so 
 that they may be moulded, pressed and wrought into shapes, hence 
 their use in the manufacture of brick, terra-cotta, tile, earthen- 
 ware and pottery. The importance of the domestic clay indus- 
 tries is evident from the values of the several products produced 
 in 1905, as follows: Brick $61,000,000; front brick $7,000,000; 
 fire brick $13,000,000; paving and vitrified brick $6,700,000; 
 sewer and drain tile $16,000,000; terra-cotta and ornamental 
 brick $6,000,000; pottery $28,000,000 a total of nearly $150,- 
 000,000. The value of the domestic production of kaolinite for 
 the pottery industry amounted to over $300,000, while the value 
 of the imports of kaolinite was over $1,000,000. Feldspar, quartz 
 and fine qualities of clay also entered into the composition of 
 pottery. 
 
 FELDSPAR. 
 
 Feldspar is mined almost exclusively for use in the porcelain 
 and chinaware industry. It is compounded with kaolin and other 
 materials for making the body of the ware, and when applied to 
 the outside and fused it produces the glaze. Potash feldspar, 
 orthoclase or microcline, K Al Si 3 O 8 , is the kind generally used, 
 though albite, Na Al 813 O, is probably equally good. To be of 
 satisfactory quality feldspar must be practically free from quartz, 
 mica and oxides of iron, and when ground is worth from $8 to $9 
 per ton. The domestic production of feldspar in 1905 was about 
 35,000 tons, valued at $220,000, the supply coming from Pennsyl- 
 vania, Maryland, Connecticut and New York. 
 
 Feldspar is of importance agriculturally, for undoubtedly 
 much of the available potash in soils has resulted from the slow 
 decomposition of orthoclase. 
 
 FLINT. 
 
 Flint is a recognized variety of silica, related to chalcedony, 
 usually of dull gray, brown or black color. In commerce the 
 
60 FULLER'S EARTH GARNET GEM MINERALS. 
 
 ordinary varieties of quartz are commonly called flint. See Silica, 
 pages 47 and 48. 
 
 FULLER'S EARTH. 
 
 Fuller's earth is a fine clay -like material, which lacks the. 
 plasticity of ordinary clay, and is remarkable for its absorbent 
 qualities. It was formerly used by fullers as an absorbent for 
 grease in cleansing cloth, but its chief use at the present time is as 
 a substitute for boneblack in bleaching and clarifying cottonseed 
 and mineral oils. The domestic production in 1905, chiefly from 
 Florida, was 25,000 tons, valued at $214,000. The importation 
 was valued at $106,000. 
 
 GARNET. 
 
 Garnet is used to a considerable extent as an abrasive (page 
 58), and commonly as a gem mineral (see page 62). 
 
 GEM MINERALS OR PRECIOUS STONES. 
 NOTE. For ornamental stones, other than gems, see page 65. 
 
 Gem minerals must satisfy the following conditions: (i) They 
 must be hard, so as to withstand without scratching or deface- 
 ment the wear to which they are subjected. (2) They must have 
 a pleasing color, or be white or colorless. (3) If transparent, 
 they should have a high index of refraction, on which largely 
 depend their flash, brilliancy and beauty. Gems are generally 
 sold by the carat, less often by the pennyweight. The inter- 
 national carat is equal to 205 milligrams, or about i-i38th of an 
 ounce avoirdupois, and to give an idea of this weight a one-carat 
 diamond, cut round in the customary form of a brilliant, is a stone 
 of fair size, measuring 6.25 mm. in diameter and 4 mm. in depth. 
 The values of gems are subject to great variation; thus a gem 
 of exceptional perfection in color and lustre will command a price 
 far above that of a stone of the same kind but of only fair quality ; 
 moreover, rarity and size are important factors. Bearing varia- 
 tion in mind, however, an attempt will be made in the following 
 pages to convey some idea of the relative values of different gems 
 by giving usually for each the approximate prices of three grades 
 of stones, of poor, medium and fine quality and of one-carat 
 weight. 
 
 The minerals generally used as gems are as follows : 
 
 Agate. A translucent, banded, variously colored variety of 
 quartz or chalcedony. Inexpensive. 
 
GEM MINERALS. 6 1 
 
 Amethyst. A transparent purple or bluish-violet variety of 
 quartz. Comparatively inexpensive, except when large and of 
 unusually fine quality or color. 
 
 Aquamarine. A name applied to transparent pale-green 
 or bluish -green varieties of beryl. Green gems of one-carat size 
 are valued at from $i to $5 ; those of rare blue color as high as $15. 
 
 Beryl, Be 3 A1 2 [Si O 3 ] 6 + a little H 2 O. Aquamarine and 
 emerald are names by which light and dark green gem varieties of 
 this mineral are known. Some very beautiful gems are cut from 
 beryl of yellow color, sometimes called golden beryl. A one- 
 carat golden beryl would be valued at $i $5 $10. 
 
 Chrysoberyl, Be A1 2 O*. Handsome gems are cut from 
 transparent yellowish or yellowish-green crystals of this mineral, 
 and a one-carat stone is valued at from $3 to $5. A far rarer and 
 more highly prized variety, which is green by day and garnet-red 
 by lamplight, is known as Alexandrite, and commands a value of 
 from $50 to $60 for a one-carat stone. Some translucent stones 
 when cut with rounded surfaces, en cabochon, exhibit a beautiful 
 opalescent radiation or chatoyant effect, when they are called cat's 
 eye. Other minerals, quartz, corundum, feldspar and tourmaline, 
 likewise give chatoyant effects, but chrysoberyl is generally con- 
 sidered as the true or oriental cat's eye. A cat's eye of one-carat 
 weight may be valued at $5 $10 $50 according to quality. 
 
 Chrysolite, (Mg Fe) 2 Si O 4 . Transparent green or yellow- 
 ish-green varieties of this mineral yield handsome gems, which 
 are generally known and sold as peridot. A one-carat stone is 
 valued at $i $3 $5. 
 
 Chrysoprase. This is a name given to a translucent apple- 
 green variety of quartz or chalcedony. One-carat stones have the 
 following values according to quality, $0.50 $2 $5. 
 
 Diamond, C. A mineral remarkable for its brilliancy and 
 hardness; index of refraction, ^=2.42, hardness = 10. Colorless 
 or transparent white stones are most in demand, but variously 
 colored ones are used, straw-yellow being most common. An 
 ordinary white brilliant of one-carat weight and of good quality is 
 valued at from $150 to $175, while extra blue-white and fancy 
 colored stones of like weight may be valued as high as $400 to 
 $500. One-carat diamonds of the ordinary straw-yellow color are 
 worth about $50. 
 
62 GEM MINERALS. 
 
 Emerald. This is a name given to deep -green varieties of 
 beryl, the color being due supposedly to traces of chromium. 
 Because of the rarity and great beauty of this stone, a fine gem of 
 one-carat weight may be valued as high as $1,000, the prices of 
 the stones ranging from $20 $100 $200 to $1,000. 
 
 Garnet. Various kinds of garnet (page 5) are used as gems, 
 and the stones exhibit a great variety of colors. Pyrope and 
 almandite are the kinds most often used and the colors are gen- 
 erally deep tones of red. Stones are valued at $i $2 $5 per 
 carat. A variety intermediate between pyrope and almandite, 
 known as rhodolite, has a delicate rose to purplish-red color, and 
 a one-carat stone may be valued as high as $15. Another very 
 beautiful and still more costly garnet is a variety of andradite, 
 known as demantoid, having a grass-green to emerald-green color, 
 one-carat stones having the values according to quality of $3 
 $10 $40. 
 
 Jasper. This is a name applied to quartz which is colored 
 red by oxide of iron. The stone is an inexpensive one, used to a 
 limited extent in jewelry. Its value is about $i per dwt. 
 
 Kunzite. A rare and beautiful pink to violet-colored variety 
 of spodumene, which has been found at Pala, California. A one- 
 carat stone would have the following values: $3 $5 $8. 
 
 Lazurite or Lapis-Lazuli, Na 4 [Al . Na S 3 ] A1 2 [SiO 4 ] 3 . 
 A translucent stone of deep ultramarine-blue color, only occa- 
 sionally used in jewelry, one-carat stones being valued at $i 
 $5 $10. 
 
 Moonstone. Some feldspars, when cut with rounded sur- 
 faces, show chatoyancy and delicate variations of color and are 
 known as moonstones. The kind used in jewelry is generally 
 potash feldspar, orthoclase, although other feldspars show a play 
 of colors, notably labradorite and a variety of albite-oligoclase 
 called peristerite. Moonstones of one-carat size are valued at 
 $0.50 $i $3. 
 
 Opal. This is an amorphous form of silica, differing from 
 quartz in having a much lower specific gravity and containing 
 considerable hydroxyl, equivalent generally to from 3 per cent, to 
 9 per cent, of water. Opals are translucent to transparent, and 
 many varieties are remarkable for their magnificent play of colors, 
 which on some stones are soft and subdued, on others fiery and 
 
GEM MINERALS. 63 
 
 brilliant. Opals are generally cut en cabochon, and stones of one- 
 carat size have values of $i $3 $20. Stones of large size and 
 exceptionally fine quality are very highly prized. 
 
 Peridot. See Chrysolite. 
 
 Pyroxene. A transparent variety of pyroxene, known as 
 diopside, is occasionally cut as a gem. The color is generally some 
 light shade of green, and is very pleasing, but the stone is almost 
 too soft to be serviceable. A stone of one-carat size is valued at 
 from $2 to $3. 
 
 Quartz. Various transparent varieties of this mineral are 
 cut rather as ornaments than as gems. The kinds generally used 
 are colorless rock crystal, amethyst, smoky quartz or cairngorm 
 stone, and yellow quartz, which is sometimes called false topaz. 
 
 Ruby. This is a name given to red varieties of corundum. 
 A ruby of fine quality and color is one of the rarest and most 
 beautiful of gems, and a stone of one-carat weight may be valued 
 as high as $1,500. 
 
 Sapphire. This is a name by which the transparent, blue 
 variety of corundum is generally known, although the name is 
 also applied to gem corundums of various colors. A one-carat 
 sapphire of fine blue color has a value according to quality of 
 $6 $10 $125, while fancy colored stones other than blue range 
 from $6 to $30. 
 
 Spinel, Mg A1 2 04. This mineral exhibits a variety of colors, 
 deep red, rose-red, orange and violet. The red varieties are 
 known as spinel-ruby, but are inferior to the true corundum ruby. 
 One-carat gems range in value as follows: $3 $10 $100. 
 
 Spodumene, Li Al [Si O 3 ] 2 . Gems of yellowish or pale 
 yellowish-green color are most common and are inexpensive. 
 An emerald-green variety known as hiddenite, found in North 
 Carolina, is very choice, and a one-carat stone would be worth 
 about $150. See also Kunzite, p. 62. 
 
 Topaz, [Al (F, OH)] 2 Si O 4 . This mineral may be colorless, 
 straw-yellow, wine-yellow, bluish or greenish. The kind gener- 
 ally used for gems is yellow. The color of some yellow crystals 
 is changed to a delicate rose by heating. Gems of one-carat size 
 are valued at $2 $5 $10. 
 
 Tourmaline, a complex boro-silicate of aluminium and 
 other bases. This mineral exhibits a greater variety of colors 
 than almost any other. As gems, green is the prevailing color, 
 
64 GRANITE MICA 
 
 though delicate rose, wine-red (rubellite), blue and brown varie- 
 ties are cut. Gems of one-carat size are valued about as follows: 
 Green or rose, $2 $5 $10; rubellite, $2 $5 $15. 
 
 Turquois, a basic phosphate of aluminium, colored by a 
 little copper. This is a non-transparent stone, of robin 's-egg blue 
 or bluish-green color, generally cut en cabochon. A one-carat 
 stone is valued at $i $3 $10. 
 
 Zircon, Zr Si O 4 . Transparent zircon exhibits a great va- 
 riety of colors, from almost colorless to yellow, orange, red and 
 brownish red. One-carat stones are valued at $2 $5 $10. 
 
 Statistics. The production of precious stones in the United 
 States is comparatively small, their total value in 1905 amounting 
 to $326,350, while the importation into the United States is given 
 as $35,000,000. For 1905 the valuations of the several domestic 
 products which are worthy of special note are as follows : Turquois, 
 mostly from New Mexico, Nevada and Arizona, $65,000; sap- 
 phires, mostly from Montana, $125,000; tourmaline, from Maine 
 and California, $50,000; beryl, aquamarine and emerald, from 
 North Carolina, $6,000. 
 
 GRANITE. 
 
 Granite is a crystalline rock consisting chiefly of feldspar and 
 quartz, with biotite, hornblende and other minerals as accessories. 
 It is extensively used for building and monumental work, for 
 paving blocks, and as crushed stone for railroad ballast and road 
 making. The value of the domestic production in 1905 for all 
 purposes was estimated at $20,000,000. 
 
 GRAPHITE. 
 
 For uses and statistics, see page 31. 
 
 GYPSUM. 
 
 For uses and statistics, see Plaster of Paris and Land Plaster, 
 page 30. 
 
 LIMESTONE AND MARBLE. 
 
 For uses and statistics of limestone, see page 30; of marble, 
 see pages 65 and 66. 
 
 MICA. 
 
 The micas are silicates possessing a remarkable basal cleavage 
 which makes it possible to split them into exceedingly thin sheets. 
 The plates of true micas are tough and elastic. There are several 
 
ORNAMENTAL STONES. 65 
 
 kinds of mica, but only the light-colored ones, muscovite and 
 phlogopite, have commercial value. 
 
 Uses. When obtained in sheets of sufficient size, mica is used 
 in stove and furnace doors, and in making chimneys for lamps and 
 incandescent gaslights. Small sheets are used for purposes of 
 insulation in electrical apparatus. Broken and scrap mica is used 
 as a non-conducting covering for boilers and steam pipes, and, 
 when finely ground, is used for giving lustre to wall paper, and 
 as a lubricant. One kind of mica, lepidolite, is used for obtaining 
 lithia (see page 39). 
 
 Statistics. The domestic production of sheet mica (muscovite) 
 in 1905 was 851,000 pounds, valued at nearly $185,900. The 
 supply came mostly from North Carolina, some from New Hamp- 
 shire and South Dakota. The production of scrap mica was 
 856 tons, valued at $15,000. The importation of sheet mica in 
 1905 amounted to 1,600,000 pounds, valued at $403,000. The 
 imported mica comes mostly from India, some from Canada, that 
 from the latter country being chiefly phlogopite. 
 
 ORNAMENTAL OR DECORATIVE STONES. 
 
 There is an ever-growing demand for rocks or minerals of 
 almost any kind which, when polished or worked into various 
 shapes, may be used for ornamental purposes. The chief uses to 
 which they are put are for making wainscotings for halls and offices, 
 mantels, table tops, columns, vases and ornaments of endless 
 variety. The materials generally used are as follows: 
 
 Marble, generally calcite, Ca COs, white, mottled and vari- 
 ously colored. 
 
 Mexican Onyx. This beautiful stone is a kind of translu- 
 cent marble (calcite), formed by deposition from water. It 
 generally is veined, clouded or mottled and shows delicate shades 
 of color, varying from yellow, pink and green to pure white. 
 
 Verd-antique Marble, generally a mixture of white marble 
 and green serpentine, often very decorative. 
 
 Granite, of great variety of color and size of grain. 
 
 Porphyry. This is a name applied to rocks which contain 
 regularly formed and comparatively large crystals embedded in 
 a ground-mass of finer-grained rock material. Porphyries are of 
 various kinds and colors, and, when polished, the contrast between 
 
66 SANDSTONE SLATE. 
 
 the crystals and ground-mass may give pleasing and decorative 
 effects. 
 
 Breccia. This is a name given to material made up of 
 irregular fragments of rocks and minerals, firmly cemented into a 
 solid mass. When polished, the fragments of various kinds may 
 give contrasts in color and structure which are effective and 
 decorative. 
 
 Jade. This is a compact, tough stone, generally of green 
 or greenish -white color, especially prized by the Orientals. The 
 material may be either nephrite, a variety of hornblende, or a 
 rarer and more highly prized mineral, jadeite. Some oriental 
 jade ornaments are of wonderful workmanship and almost inesti- 
 mable value. 
 
 Serpentine, a compact mineral, generally of green color. 
 
 Quartz. Transparent, colorless quartz (rock crystal), and 
 various colored varieties of quartz, agate, jasper and chalcedony 
 are often used. 
 
 Malachite, a basic carbonate of copper of bright-green color. 
 Lapis- Lazuli, a silicate of ultramarine-blue color. 
 Hhodonite, a silicate of manganese of rose-pink color. 
 
 Alabaster, a compact, even-grained variety of gypsum, 
 often worked into ornaments resembling marble. 
 
 Satin Spar, a variety of fibrous gypsum, showing chatoy- 
 ancy when polished. 
 
 Statistics. The total value of the mineral products used for 
 decorative purposes must be very great, but no statistics are avail- 
 able except for marble. The domestic production of marble in 
 1905 was valued at $7,000,000, and it is estimated that about one- 
 fourth of the product was used for interior and decorative work. 
 
 SANDSTONE. 
 For uses and statistics, see pages 47 and 48. 
 
 SLATE. 
 
 Slate is an argillaceous rock which may be split readily into 
 slabs of nearly uniform thickness. Slate is used mostly for roof- 
 ing, also for making billiard tables, mantels, floor tiles, stair 
 
TALC AND SOAPSTONE. 67 
 
 treads and flagging. Ground slate is used as a pigment. The 
 domestic production of roofing slate in 1905 was valued at over 
 $4,500,000, of manufactured products at about $900,000. 
 
 TALC AND SOAPSTONE. 
 
 Talc, H 2 Mg 3 [Si Oa]^ is a soft, white or greenish -white min- 
 eral possessing a greasy feel. There is also an aluminium silicate, 
 pyrophyllite, H 2 A1 2 [Si O 3 ] 4 , which is practically identical with 
 talc in its physical properties, and is equally useful, although 
 being rare it is not so well known as a commercial article. 
 
 Uses. The uses of talc are quite varied. As powder or flour, 
 talc is used in the manufacture of paper as a filler, and, when 
 fibrous, it is claimed that it gives strength ; it is used also as a base 
 for fire -proof paints, as non-conducting covering for boilers and 
 steam pipes, for making toilet powders, for dressing leather, and 
 as a lubricant. Soapstone is manufactured into shapes suitable 
 for hearth stones, furnace linings, table tops, slate pencils, gas- 
 burner tips and a variety of articles. 
 
 Statistics. In 1905 the production of ground, fibrous talc, 
 suitable for paper making was 19,000 tons, valued at $142,000, 
 the supply coming almost wholly from northern New York. 
 Better grades of talc and soapstone, suitable for manufactured 
 articles and flour talc, were obtained mostly in Virginia and North 
 Carolina, the product being valued at about $400,000. 
 
PART IV. 
 
 LISTS OF MINERALS ACCORDING TO GEOLOGICAL 
 OCCURRENCE AND ASSOCIATION. 
 
 NOTE. Although minerals occur associated with one another 
 in almost endless variety, there are certain associations which are 
 very often observed, and it is to call attention to these that the 
 few remaining tables have been prepared. 
 
 ROCKS AND ROCK-MAKING MINERALS. 
 
 By far the greater amount of our minerals occur as com- 
 ponent parts of rocks. A rock may be formed essentially of but 
 one mineral species, as in the case of limestone (calcite) or 
 quartzite (quartz), but more frequently is composed of a mix- 
 ture of several minerals. A brief discussion of the various kinds 
 of rocks and their origin will be given, followed by a list of the 
 more important rock-making minerals, with a few words in each 
 case descriptive of their occurrence and association. 
 Rocks are divided into three main divisions: 
 
 I. Igneous. 
 II. Sedimentary. 
 III. Metamorphic. 
 
 I. Igneous Hocks are those which have resulted from the 
 cooling and consequent solidification of a hot and liquid mass of 
 rock material. During the cooling process various minerals crys- 
 tallize out from this liquid mass (called a magma) in a more or 
 less definite order, the more insoluble compounds being the first 
 to form. The resulting mineral composition of the rock will 
 depend directly upon the chemical composition of the original 
 magma, and the structure of the rock upon the conditions under 
 which it cooled. A magma high in its percentage of SiO2 and 
 
 69 
 
70 ROCKS AND ROCK- MAKING MINERALS. 
 
 low in percentages of MgO and FeO will yield a rock composed of 
 light-colored silicates, and will be spoken of as an acid rock: On 
 the other hand a magma low in percentage of SiC>2 and rich in MgO 
 and FeO will result in a rock composed of dark-colored minerals 
 and will be called basic. A rock which has been formed by the 
 cooling of a magma deep .down in the crust of the earth has formed 
 very slowly, while under great pressure, and w r ill be coarse-grained 
 in structure, the different minerals being easily distinguished 
 from each other and recognized by the eye. Such rocks are 
 called Plutonic. But if a liquid rock mass is intruded into the 
 upper portion of the earth's crust or extruded upon its surface it 
 cools quickly and under little pressure and consequently the crys- 
 tallizing minerals have not time to grow into large particles and 
 the resulting rock is fine-grained in structure. Such rocks are 
 called Volcanic. The mineral constituents of such a rock can 
 only be definitely determined by examining a thin section of the 
 rock under the microscope. 
 
 PLUTONIC, COARSE-GRAINED IGNEOUS ROCK TYPES. 
 
 1. Granite. A coarse-grained, light-colored rock consisting 
 chiefly of orthoclase, quartz, biotite, and muscovite. As acces- 
 sory minerals and usually in quite small amounts are found 
 magnetite, apatite, and zircon. 
 
 2. Syenite. A coarse-grained light-colored rock resembling 
 a granite in appearance but containing no quartz. Its chief min- 
 erals are orthoclase, a plagioclase feldspar, with hornblende and 
 sometimes biotite. Magnetite, apatite,' and zircon are the chief 
 accessory minerals. 
 
 3. Diorite. A coarse-grained rock, usually dark green in 
 color. The chief minerals in it are a plagioclase feldspar with 
 either hornblende or biotite. 
 
 4. Gabbro. A coarse-grained rock in which the dark-colored 
 silicates predominate. It is similar to a diorite in composition, 
 having augite (an iron pyroxene) present instead of hornblende. 
 
 5. Peridotite. A coarse-grained rock which is very basic in 
 its chemical composition and contains usually only pyroxene and 
 olivine (chrysolite) as its chief constituent minerals. 
 
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. fl 
 
 VOLCANIC, FINE-GRAINED IGNEOUS ROCK TYPES. 
 
 Volcanic rocks are found in dikes or sheets near the surface 
 of the earth, or in flows upon its surface. They are usually too 
 fine-grained to allow of the identification of their component 
 minerals by the eye alone. A number of different types of vol- 
 canic rocks are recognized, based chiefly upon their microscopic 
 study, but for the present purpose only two general types need 
 to be described. 
 
 1. Felsite. A fine-grained, light-colored rock. The feldspars, 
 orthoclase or plagioclase, are the predominant minerals with vary- 
 ing amounts of quartz, amphibole, pyroxene, and biotite. Rhyo- 
 lite and andesite are two members of the Felsite group, depend- 
 ing on the presence or absence of quartz and the kind of feldspar. 
 
 2. Basalt. A fine-grained dark-colored rock. The ferro- 
 magnesian minerals, such as pyroxene and olivine, are the most 
 common constituents, with also smaller amounts of plagioclase 
 feldspars. Magnetite is often a prominent mineral. 
 
 Porphyries. Igneous rocks often show considerable variation 
 in the size of their mineral particles. When this is pronounced 
 and certain minerals appear in distinct crystals embedded in a 
 mass of fine-grained material, the rock is said to have a porphy- 
 ritic texture, and the rock is termed a porphyry. All of the 
 above-mentioned rocks may assume such a structure and we 
 have such rock types as Granite-porphyry, Dio rite-porphyry, 
 Felsite-porphyry, etc. 
 
 II. Sedimentary Hocks are those which have been formed 
 by deposition in water and the subsequent solidification of their 
 particles into a more or less firm rock mass. Sedimentary rocks 
 may be divided into two types according to their origin. 
 A. Mechanical, in which the mineral grains that go to make up 
 the body of the rock have been derived from some other rock 
 mass and have been brought into the sea in the form of sand or 
 mud, deposited at its bottom in successive layers and then later 
 consolidated into rock. B. Chemical, in which the minerals cf 
 the rock have been precipitated from solution by some chemical 
 process. 
 
 Sedimentary rocks are to be distinguished by the fact that 
 their mineral grains are deposited in successive parallel layers, 
 or in other words the rocks show stratification. Sedimentary 
 
72 ROCKS AND ROCK-MAKING MINERALS. 
 
 rocks are composed of mineral grains which are usually rounded 
 and are bound together by some cementing material, while igneous 
 rocks are composed of interlocking crystals. Brief descriptions 
 of the more important sedimentary rocks follow: 
 
 Sandstone is a sedimentary rock made up almost entirely of 
 quartz grains cemented together by either (A) ferric oxide, in 
 which case the rock is red or brown, or (B) by calcium carbonate, 
 in which case the rock is light-colored. Sandstones may be fine- 
 or coarse-grained depending upon the size of the quartz particles; 
 very coarse-grained sandstones or compacted gravels are called 
 Conglomerates. 
 
 Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock which has been formed 
 by the consolidation of mud, clays, or silts. 
 
 Limestone is a sedimentary rock whose chief mineral is usu- 
 ally calcite, although it may be dolomite. Limestones may be 
 mechanical in their origin and be composed of small fragments 
 of shells, etc., cemented together, or it may be chemical in its 
 origin, its constituent minerals having been formed by precipita- 
 tion from waters carrying them in solution. Limestones are usu- 
 ally fine-grained; if coarse, the fragments of shells, etc., com- 
 prising them can be recognized. They are soft rocks and are 
 usually of some light color, but may be blue, or at times almost 
 black. Chalk is a soft very fine-grained limestone. 
 
 III. Metamorphic Hocks are rocks which have undergone 
 considerable changes in mineralogical composition and in structure 
 through the action of heat and pressure aided by the action of 
 water and other chemical agents. Metamorphic rocks may have 
 been originally either igneous or sedimentary, and it is often im- 
 possible to definitely tell which. 
 
 Schist is a common type of metamorphic rock, which is char- 
 acterized by a foliated structure due to the parallel arrangement 
 of its mineral constituents. A schist breaks readily with a wavy 
 surface along the planes of foliation. The different types of schist 
 are named from the most prominent mineral in them; as, 
 
 Mica Schist, which is composed chiefly of mica plates (usually 
 muscovite) with smaller amounts of quartz, feldspar, garnet, etc.; 
 
 Hornblende Schist, with hornblende as the most prominent 
 mineral, and smaller amounts of biotite, pyroxene, plagioclase 
 feldspar, garnet, magnetite, etc. 
 
PRINCIPAL ROCK-MAKING MINERALS. 73 
 
 Slates are fine-grained metamorphic rocks which possess the 
 property of cleaving into thin layers with smooth surfaces. They 
 are usually the metamorphic representatives of the shales. 
 
 Quartzites are metamorphosed sandstones and like them have 
 quartz as their chief mineral. They differ from the sandstones 
 in being harder and firmer in texture and more crystalline in 
 appearance. 
 
 Gneisses. These are metamorphic rocks which are character- 
 ized by a parallel arrangement of mineral particles, but which do 
 not have as prominent cleavage planes as in the case of the schists. 
 They are composed chiefly of quartz and feldspar with subordinate 
 amounts of the micas, hornblende, etc. 
 
 Marbles are metamorphosed limestones. They are character- 
 ized by a crystalline structure, and if coarse the cleavage planes 
 of the particles of calcite or dolomite are to be plainly seen. 
 
 PRINCIPAL ROCK-MAKING MINERALS. 
 
 Quartz, SiC>2. A very common mineral found in igneous, 
 metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks which are high in silica, 
 such as granite, gneiss, mica schist, shale, and is practically the 
 only mineral present in sandstone and quart zite. Determined 
 by its hardness (7), its lack of cleavage, its conchoidal fracture 
 and greasy luster. 
 
 The Feldspars. 
 
 Potash-feldspar, Orthoclase or Microcline, KAlSiaOg. 
 
 Soda-feldspar, Albite, NaAlSi 3 O 8 . 
 
 Lime-feldspar, Anorthite, CaAl 2 Si 2 O8. 
 
 Isomorphous mixtures of these last two minerals are com- 
 monly known as the soda-lime, or plagioclase, feldspars. The 
 kinds generally recognized are oligoclase, andesite, and labradorite. 
 The feldspars are very widely distributed and form perhaps 
 the most common group of minerals. They are found in nearly 
 all classes of rocks, including granites, syenites, porphyries, and 
 felsite lavas; also in certain sandstones and conglomerates and 
 in gneisses. Determined by the two good cleavages at right 
 angles or nearly so, the vitreous luster, the light color, and the 
 hardness (6). 
 
 Elceolite, or Wephelite, NaAlSiC>4 (approximately). Found 
 in igneous rocks (nepheline-syenite, nepheline-basalt) which are 
 rich in soda and low in silica. 
 
74 ROCKS AND ROCK-MAKING MINERALS. 
 
 IJeucite, KA1 (8103)2- Not a very common mineral; found 
 only in lavas which are rich in potash and low in silica (leucite- 
 basalt). 
 
 Sodalite, Hatiynite, Noselite, Analcite. Occasionally 
 found in igneous rocks which are rich in soda. 
 
 The Micas. 
 
 Muscovite, common light-colored mica, H^KAls (8104)3. 
 
 Biotite, common dark-colored mica, 
 
 (H,K) 2 (Mg,Fe) 2 Al 2 (Si0 4 ) 3 . 
 
 The micas are minerals of wide distribution in rocks. Biotite 
 is common in rocks rich in feldspars, like granites and syenites, 
 also in felsites and porphyries. It is found in metamorphic rocks 
 such as gneisses and schists. Muscovite is found in granites 
 and syenites and especially in pegmatite veins (see page 78), also 
 very commonly in gneisses and schists. The micas are distin- 
 guished from the other rock-making minerals by their perfect 
 cleavage, and from each other by their color. 
 
 The Pyroxenes. Pyroxene, or Augite. A calcium-mag- 
 nesium-iron metasilicate of variable composition (see page 19), 
 very common in dark-colored volcanic rocks (basalts, gabbros, 
 peridotites) , but rare in metamorphic rocks. 
 
 Jgirite, or Acmite, NaFe (8103)2- A mineral related to 
 pyroxene, of rather common occurrence in igneous rocks which 
 are rich in soda and iron. 
 
 Enstatite, Bronzite, Hypersthene, MgSiO 3 , with isomorphous 
 FeSiOs. Minerals of the pyroxene group of rather rare occur- 
 rence, generally found in basic igneous rocks (peridotites). 
 
 Hornblende, or Amphibole. A calcium-magnesium-iron 
 metasilicate of variable composition (see page 19). The 
 amphiboles are common and widely distributed minerals, playing 
 an important r61e in plutonic igneous rocks (such as granites, 
 syenites, or diorites), or in metamorphic rocks (such as crystalline 
 schists). Determined chiefly by its fine prismatic cleavage, and 
 usually its dark-green to black color. 
 
 Chrysolite, or Olivine, (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO4- Generally found 
 in volcanic rocks which are low in silica (gabbros, peridotites, and 
 basaltic lavas). Usually granular in structure and of a yellow- 
 green color. 
 
 JLaolin, H4Al 2 Si 2 O9. Always a secondary mineral result- 
 ing chiefly from the decomposition of feldspars. It is the basis 
 
ACCESSORY MINERALS, COMMONLY FOUND IN ROCKS. 75 
 
 of most clays and consequently is found in great quantities in 
 certain places. 
 
 Chlorite, or Clinochlore. The chlorites form an ill- 
 denned group of hydrous silicates of aluminium with ferrous iron 
 and magnesium. They are green in color and micaceous in struc- 
 ture, but their foliae are, inelastic, which serves to distinguish 
 them from the true micas. They are secondary minerals result- 
 ing from the alteration of magnesium silicates. Many igneous 
 rocks owe their green color to the formation of secondary chlorite. 
 The mineral is also common in metamorphic rocks. 
 
 Serpentine, H4Mg3Si 2 Og. Always a secondary mineral 
 resulting from the alteration of magnesium silicates like pyroxene, 
 amphibole, and especially chrysolite. It is a common mineral 
 found in both igneous and metamorphic rocks which have been 
 more or less altered. 
 
 Calcite, CaCOs. A very common and widely diffused 
 mineral. Found to some extent in igneous rocks as a secondary 
 mineral, but chiefly in the sedimentary and metamorphic series. 
 Such rocks as chalks, limestones, and marbles are composed almost 
 entirely of the mineral. It can be determined by its softness 
 (3), its cleavage, and its ready effervescence in acids. 
 
 Dolomite, CaMg (SiOs^. A mineral occurring in the same 
 way as calcite. It forms dolomite marbles and, associated with 
 varying amounts of calcite, is found in the dolomitic limestones. 
 
 ACCESSORY MINERALS, COMMONLY FOUND IN ROCKS. 
 
 In addition to the principal rock-making minerals, a descrip- 
 tive list of which has just been given, there are a number of min- 
 erals which are found occurring persistently in rocks, but only 
 in small amounts, and generally in 'minute crystals. They are 
 called Accessory Rock Minerals, and the more important of them 
 are listed below. 
 
 Magnetite, Fe 3 O 4 . 1 
 Ilmenite, FeTiO 3 . 
 Hematite, Fe2Os. 
 Pyrite, FeS 2 . 
 
 T, -~ ~ phic rocks. 
 
 Pyrrhotite, FenSi 2 . J 
 
 These iron minerals are commonly found 
 in disseminated crystals or segregated 
 masses in plutonic, volcanic, and metamor- 
 
76 VEINS AND VEIN MINERALS. 
 
 Apatite, Ca 4 [Ca(F,Cl)][P0 4 ]3. 
 Rutile,' Ti O 2 . 
 Titanite, Ca Ti Si O 5 . 
 Zircon, Zr Si O 4 . 
 
 Found in almost all plutonic 
 and volcanic rocks, though gener- 
 ally in small quantities and usually 
 only in microscopic crystals. 
 
 Garnet (almandite) , Fe 3 Al 2 '[Si O 4 ]3- 
 Epidote, 
 
 Ca 2 [Al . OH] (Al, Fe) 2 [Si O 4 ] 3 . 
 Staurolite, 
 
 Found in metamorphic 
 rocks (gneisses and schists). 
 
 (Mg, Fe) [Al . OH] [Al O] 4 [Si O 4 ] 2 . 
 Cyanite, A1 2 Si O 5 . 
 
 lolite, Zoisite, Piedmontite, Scapolite or Wernerite, Andalu- 
 site and Sillimanite are minerals occasionally found in meta- 
 morphic rocks. 
 
 VEINS AND VEIN MINERALS. 
 
 The rocks of the earth's crust are everywhere crossed by 
 cracks or fissures. These openings may be narrow and short, 
 or they may be large and persist for considerable distances. 
 Often these fissures have been filled by mineral materials which 
 have been deposited in them from solutions that have circulated 
 through the openings. Such a filled fissure is called a vein. Veins 
 vary greatly in shape and size, according to the type of fissure 
 which they occupy, and this in turn is largely determined by 
 the character of the rock through which it passes. Veins also 
 vary in their mineral contents, according to the chemical character 
 of the solutions which formed them. A great many different 
 minerals with many different associations may be found in veins, 
 but there are certain minerals and associations that are more 
 frequent in their occurrence, as is pointed out in the succeeding 
 lists. 
 
 1. In gold-bearing quartz veins. 
 
 Quartz, Si O 2 . Chalcopyrite, Cu Fe S 2 . 
 
 Pyrite, Fe S 2 . Arsenopyrite, Fe As S. 
 
 2. In veins carrying sulphide ores of silver, lead, and zinc. 
 The silver minerals are noted on page 49. The sulphides of lead 
 and zinc are generally galena, Pb S, and sphalerite, Zn S or 
 (Zn, Fe) S. 
 
 Quartz, Si O 2 . Calcite, Ca CO 3 . 
 
 Pyrite, Fe S 2 . Dolomite, Ca Mg [CO 3 ] 2 . 
 
 Marcasite, Fe S 2 . Siderite, Fe CO 3 . 
 
 Arsenopyrite, Fe As S. Rhodochrosite, Mn CO 3 . 
 
VEINS AND VEIN MINERALS. 
 
 77 
 
 Chalcopyrite, Cu Fe S 2 . 
 Tetrahedrite, Cu 8 (Sb, As) 2 S 7 . 
 
 Barite, Ba SO 4 . 
 Fluorite, Ca F 2 . 
 
 Vein minerals may be divided into two classes, namely, 
 Primary Minerals, or those which were originally deposited in 
 the fissure by the mineral waters, and Secondary Minerals, or 
 those which have resulted from an alteration of the primary 
 minerals. Primary minerals are usually unoxidized compounds 
 (chiefly sulphides) and have in general been deposited by ascend- 
 ing waters. Secondary minerals, on the other hand, are usu- 
 ally oxidized compounds (chiefly oxides, carbonates, sulphates, 
 and silicates) and have been formed from the primary minerals 
 by the action of oxidizing waters descending from the surface 
 along the vein. In the following table the chief primary min- 
 erals are given in one column, and opposite them the various 
 secondary minerals which may be formed from them under 
 different conditions.- 
 
 3. Primary and secondary minerals of veins. 
 
 Primary Minerals. 
 Pyrite, Fe S 2 . 
 Marcasite, Fe S 2 . 
 
 Chalcopyrite, Cu Fe S 2 . 
 
 Galena, PbS. 
 
 Sphalerite, Zn S. 
 
 Argentite, Ag 2 S, or other sulphide 
 compounds of silver. 
 
 Secondary Minerals. 
 ( Limonite, Fe 4 O 3 [OH] 6 . 
 ( Melanterite, Fe SO 4 . 7 H 2 O. 
 
 Native Copper. 
 
 Chalcocite, Cu 2 S. 
 
 Bornite, Cu 5 Fe S 4 . 
 
 Malachite, [Cu . OH] 2 CO 3 . 
 
 Azurite, Cu [Cu . OH] 2 [COafe. 
 
 Chrysocolla, Cu Si O 3 . 2 H 3 O ? 
 
 Cuprite,Cu 2 O. 
 
 Chalcanthite, Cu SO 4 . 5 H 2 O. 
 
 Cerussite, Pb CO 3 . 
 
 Anglesite, Pb SO 4 . 
 
 Pyromorphite, 
 
 Pb 4 [PbCl][P0 4 V 
 
 Wulfenite,PbMoO 4 . 
 
 [ Smithsonite, Zn CO 3 . 
 
 \ Calamine, H 2 [Zn 2 O] Si O 4 . 
 
 I Goslarite, Zn SO 4 . 7 H 2 O. 
 
 Native Silver. 
 
 Cerargyrite, Ag Cl. 
 
 Embolite, Ag (Cl, Br). 
 
 Bromyrite, Ag Br. 
 
78 MINERALS RESULTING FROM CONTACT METAMORPHISM. 
 
 Tellurides of gold. Native Gold. 
 
 Feldspars. Kaolin. 
 
 In connection with masses of granite rocks there are often 
 found veins or dikes which consist chiefly of the characteristic 
 minerals of the granite (quartz, feldspar, and mica) and usually 
 in very large crystals. Other minerals are commonly present 
 also, frequently in large crystals, but which are to be found in 
 only very small amounts, if at all, in the neighboring granite, and 
 which, because they contain hydroxyl, boron, or fluorine, show 
 that vapors of these substances existing under great pressure 
 were active in the formation of the veins. Because of the pres- 
 ence of these minerals and also from the evidence of the struc- 
 ture of the veins it is considered that, usually at least, they have 
 been deposited from solutions or vapors at high temperatures and 
 pressures, and have not resulted from the simple cooling of a 
 molten mass, like a true igneous rock. Such veins are known 
 as Pegmatite Veins, and a list of their characteristic minerals 
 follows. 
 
 4. In pegmatite veins. 
 
 Of common occurrence. Of somewhat rare occurrence. 
 
 Quartz. Pyrite. 
 
 C Orthoclase. Molybdenite. 
 
 Feldspar, -j Microcline. Lepidolite. 
 
 (.Albite. Spodumene. 
 
 Muscovite. Triphylite. 
 
 MlCa " ' Biotite. Columbite. 
 
 ica, -j 
 
 ( Almandite. Cassiterite. 
 
 et ' ( Spessartite. Monazite. 
 
 Beryl. 
 
 Tourmaline. 
 Apatite. 
 Fluorite. 
 
 MINERALS RESULTING FROM CONTACT 
 METAMORPHISM. 
 
 When limestone rocks are subjected to heat and pressure 
 through the intrusion into them of masses of hot igneous rocks 
 they are metamorphosed and changed into crystalline limestones 
 or marbles. If the limestone was impure, other minerals are fre- 
 quently formed at the same time in the limestone in the zone near 
 the plane of contact between the two rocks. These minerals are 
 
MINERALS RESULTING FROM CONTACT METAMORPHISM. 79 
 
 spoken of as Contact Metamorphic Minerals, and a list of the 
 more important of them is given below. 
 
 Graphite. Wollastonite. Phlogopite. 
 
 Spinel. Tremolite. ( Grossularite. 
 
 , -T. Garnet, -j A ,. 
 
 Corundum. Pyroxene. tAndradite. 
 
 Igneous rocks when cooling give off large amounts of water 
 and various elements (especially boron and fluorine) in the form 
 of vapors, under the influence of which various minerals, com- 
 monly called Ptiewmatolytic Minerals, are developed in limestones 
 in the zone near the contact plane between that rock and the 
 igneous intrusion. The following minerals are often formed in 
 this way: 
 
 Chondrodite. 
 
 Vesuvianite. 
 
 Scapolite. 
 
 Tourmaline. 
 
 Fluorite. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 ABRASIVES 57 
 
 Accessory Rock Minerals 75 
 
 Acmite 19* 74 
 
 Adamite 16, 56 
 
 ^Egirite 19, 5, 74 
 
 JEschynite 15 
 
 Agate 60, 66 
 
 Aguilarite 47 
 
 Aikinite 13 
 
 Alabandite 6, 40 
 
 Alabaster 66 
 
 Albite 22, 50, 73 
 
 Alexandrite, Chrysoberyl 61 
 
 Algodonite 23,33 
 
 Allanite 19, 3 2 
 
 Alloclasite 13 
 
 Allophane 23 
 
 Almandite 5, 3 6 
 
 Altaite 4, 38, 53 
 
 Alum 6, 25, 26 
 
 Aluminium 25 
 
 Alunite n, 25, 46 
 
 Amalgam 41, 49 
 
 Amarantite 22 
 
 Amblygonite 22, 34, 39 
 
 Amethyst 60 
 
 Amphibole 19, 39, 74 
 
 Analcite 5, 50 
 
 Anatase, Octahedrite 7 
 
 Andalusite 15 
 
 Andesite 22 
 
 Andradite 5, 36 
 
 Anglesite 17,38 
 
 Anhydrite 17, 29 
 
 Annabergite 21, 42 
 
 Anorthite 22, 29, 73 
 
 Anthophyllite 14, 39 
 
 Anthophyllite- Asbestos 58 
 
 Anthracite Coal 31 
 
 Antimony 10, 26 
 
 Apatite 10, 29, 34, 42 
 
 Apophyllite 7, 46 
 
 Aquamarine 60 
 
 Aragonite 14, 29 
 
 Ardennite 15, 55 
 
 Argentite 4,49 
 
 Argyrodite 4, 35,49 
 
 Arsenic 10, 27 
 
 Arsenolite 4 
 
 Arsenopyrite 13, 27 
 
 Asbestos 58 
 
 Asphaltum 31 
 
 Astrophyllite '. 20, 54 
 
 Atacamite 14, 33 
 
 Augite 19, 74 
 
 Aurichalcite 18, 56 
 
 Autunite 16, 55 
 
 Awaruite 42 
 
 Axinite 22,28 
 
 Azurite 18, 33 
 
 BABINGTONITE 22 
 
 Baddeleyite 56 
 
 Barite 17, 27 
 
 Barium 27 
 
 Barysilite 9, 38 
 
 Barytocalcite 18, 27 
 
 Basalt 71 
 
 Bastnasite 32, 34 
 
 Baumhauerite 18 
 
 Bauxite 23, 25 
 
 Berthierite 13 
 
 81 
 
82 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Bertrandite 15, 27 
 
 Beryl 9, 27, 61 
 
 Beryllium 27 
 
 Beryllonite ... 16, 27, 50 
 
 Berzelianite 4, 33, 47 
 
 Biotite 20, 39, 46, 74 
 
 Bischofite 39 
 
 Bismuth 10, 28 
 
 Bismuthinite 13, 28 
 
 Bismutite 28 
 
 Bismutosphaerite 23, 28 
 
 Bituminous Coal 31 
 
 Bixbyite 5,4 
 
 Blende, Sphalerite 6, 56 
 
 Blodite 21, 39 
 
 Blue Vitriol 34 
 
 Bog Iron Ore, Limonite 23, 36 
 
 Boracite 6, 28, 39 
 
 Borax 21, 28, 50 
 
 Bornite 4, 33 
 
 Boron 28 
 
 Bournonite 13 
 
 Boytonite 22 
 
 Brandtite 22 
 
 Brass 33 
 
 Braunite 7,4 
 
 Breccia 65 
 
 Breithauptite 10, 42 
 
 Brewsterite 20, 51 
 
 Brimstone 52 
 
 Brochantite 17, 33 
 
 Bromine 29 
 
 Bromyrite 2 9, 49 
 
 Bronze 34 
 
 Bronzite 14, 39, 74 
 
 Brookite 14, 54 
 
 Brucite n, 39 
 
 Brushite 21 
 
 CADMIUM 29 
 
 Caesium 29 
 
 Calamine 1 5, 56 
 
 Calaverite 18, 35, 53 
 
 Calcite u, 29, 75 
 
 Calcium 29 
 
 Calomel 7, 41 
 
 Cancrinite 9, 50 
 
 Canfieldite 4, 35, 49, 53 
 
 Carbonado, Diamond 57 
 
 Carborundum 57 
 
 Carnallite 14, 39, 46 
 
 Carnotite 55 
 
 Carpholite 19 
 
 Cassiterite 7, 53 
 
 Cat's eye, Chrysoberyl 61 
 
 Cattapleiite 56 
 
 Celestite 17, 51 
 
 Cement 58 
 
 Cerargyrite 4,49 
 
 Cerite 15, 32 
 
 Cerium 32 
 
 Cerussite 14, 38 
 
 Cervantite 26 
 
 Chabazite 1 1 
 
 Chalcanthite 22, 33 
 
 Chalcedony 66 
 
 Chalcocite 13, 33 
 
 Chalcomenite 21, 33, 47 
 
 Chalcophanite 1 1 
 
 Chalcophyllite n, 33 
 
 Chalcopyrite 8, 33 
 
 Chalcostibite 13, 33 
 
 Chalk 30 
 
 Childrenite 16 
 
 Chile Saltpeter 43 
 
 Chloanthite 6, 27, 42 
 
 Chlorine 32 
 
 Chlorites 20, 39, 75 
 
 Chloritoid . 20 
 
 Chondrodite 19, 39 
 
 Chrysoprase 6 1 
 
 Chromite 4, 32 
 
 Chromium 32 
 
 Chrysoberyl 14, 27, 61 
 
 Chrysocolla 23, 33 
 
 Chrysolite 15, 39, 61, 74 
 
 Chrysotile- Asbestos 58 
 
 Cinnabar 12, 41 
 
 Clausthalite 38, 47 
 
 Clay 58 
 
 Clinochlore 20, 39, 75 
 
 Clinoclasite 21, 33 
 
 Clinohedrite 19, 56 
 
 Clinohumite 19, 39 
 
 Coal 31 
 
 Cobalt 33 
 
 Cobaltite 6, 33 
 
 Colemanite 21, 28, 29 
 
 Coloradoite 41, 53 
 
 Columbite 15, 36 
 
 Columbium 33 
 
 Contact Metamorphic Minerals. . . 78 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Copper 3, 33 
 
 Corundum n, 25, 57 
 
 Cosalite 13, 3-8 
 
 Cotunnite 14, 38 
 
 Covellite 9,33 
 
 Crocoite 21, 32, 38 
 
 Crookesite 4, 47, 53 
 
 Cryolite 18, 25, 50 
 
 Cuprite 4, 33 
 
 Cuprotungstite 54 
 
 Cyanite 22, 25 
 
 Cylindrite 53 
 
 DANBURITE 15, 28 
 
 Darapskite 50 
 
 Datolite 19, 28 
 
 Dawsonite 18, 50 
 
 Decorative Stones 65 
 
 Descloizite 16, 38, 55 
 
 Deweylite 23 
 
 Diamond 3, 31, 57, 6 1 
 
 Diaspore 14 
 
 Didymium 34 
 
 Diopside 19 
 
 Dioptase 12, 33 
 
 Diorite 70 
 
 Dolomite 12, 29, 39, 75 
 
 Domeykite 23, 33 
 
 Dufrenite 16 
 
 Dufrenoysite 18, 38 
 
 Dumortierite 15 
 
 Durangite 21, 34, 50 
 
 Durdenite 53 
 
 Dyscrasite 49 
 
 EDINGTONITE 8 
 
 Elaeolite 73 
 
 Embolite 4, 29, 49 
 
 Emerald 61 
 
 Emery 57 
 
 Emmonsite 2 1, 53 
 
 Emplectite 13, 28, 33 
 
 Enargite 14, 27, 33 
 
 Enstatite 14, 39, 74 
 
 Epidote 19 
 
 Epsomite i7> 39 
 
 Erbium 34 
 
 Erythrite 21, 33 
 
 Eucairite 47 
 
 Euchroite 16, 33 
 
 Euclase 19, 2 7 
 
 Eucryptite 9 , 39 
 
 Eudidimite 19, 50 
 
 Eudyalite 1 1, 50, 56 
 
 Eulytite 6, 28 
 
 Euxenite 15 
 
 FAIRFIELDITE 22 
 
 Famatinite 14 
 
 Fayalite 15, 36 
 
 Feldspars 25, 46, 59, 73 
 
 Felsite 71 
 
 Fergusonite 8 
 
 Ferro-chromium 32 
 
 Ferro-manganese 40 
 
 Ferro-molybdenum 41 
 
 Ferro-nickel 42 
 
 Ferro-silicon 47 
 
 Ferro-titanium 54 
 
 Ferro-tungsten 55 
 
 Flint 59 
 
 Fluorine 34 
 
 Fluorite 4, 29 
 
 Flux 30 
 
 Forsterite 15 
 
 Franckeite 53 
 
 Franklinite 4, 40, 56 
 
 Freieslebenite 18 
 
 Fuller's Earth 59 
 
 GABBRO : 70 
 
 Gadolinite 19, 27, 32 
 
 Gahnite 4, 56 
 
 Galena 4,38 
 
 Galenobismuthite 13 
 
 Gallium 35 
 
 Ganomalite 7,38 
 
 Garnet 5, 58, 61 
 
 Garnierite 23, 42 
 
 Gay-Lussite 18, 29, 50 
 
 Gem Minerals 60 
 
 Genthite 23, 42 
 
 Geocronite 13 
 
 Gerhardtite 16, 33 
 
 Germanium 35 
 
 German Silver 34 
 
 Gersdorffite 6, 27, 42 
 
 Gibbsite 18, 25 
 
 Glauberite 21, 29, 50 
 
 Glaucochroite 15, 40 
 
 Glaucodot 13, 33 
 
 Glaucophane 19, 50 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Gmelinite 1 1 
 
 Gneiss 73 
 
 Gold 3,35 
 
 Goslarite 17, 56 
 
 Gothite 14, 36 
 
 Granite 64, 65, 70 
 
 Graphite 10, 3 1 
 
 Greenockite 10, 29 
 
 Grossularite 5 
 
 Guanajuatite 47 
 
 Gummite 55 
 
 Gypsum 21,29 
 
 HALITE . 4, 50 
 
 Hambergite 16 
 
 Hamlinite ...11,51 
 
 Hanksite 9, 50 
 
 Hardystonite 7, 56 
 
 Harmotome 20, 2 7 
 
 Hauerite 6, 40 
 
 Hausmannite 7, 40 
 
 Haiiynite 5, 50 
 
 Helvite 6. 27, 40 
 
 Hematite n, 36 
 
 Herderite 20, 27, 34 
 
 Hessite 4, 49, 53 
 
 Heulandite 20 
 
 Hiddenite, Spodumene 63 
 
 Homilite 19 
 
 Hopeite 56 
 
 Hornblende 19, 74 
 
 Howlite 16 
 
 Hiibnerite 21, 40, 54 
 
 Humite 15, 19, 39 
 
 Hyalophane 19, 27 
 
 Hydrogen 35 
 
 Hydromagnesite 18, 39 
 
 Hydrozincite 23, 56 
 
 Hypersthene 14* 74 
 
 ILMENITE 12,36, 54 
 
 Ilvaite 15, 36 
 
 Indium 35 
 
 Inesite 22, 40 
 
 Infusorial Earth 48 
 
 Iodine 36 
 
 lodyrite 10, 36, 49 
 
 lolite 14 
 
 Iridium 36 
 
 Iridosmine 9 
 
 Iron 3,36 
 
 JADE 65 
 
 Jadeite 19, 50, 65 
 
 Jamesonite 13,38 
 
 Jarosite 1 1, 36, 46 
 
 Jasper 62, 66 
 
 Jordanite 18 
 
 Josephinite 42 
 
 KAINITE 21, 39,46 
 
 Kalinite 6, 25, 46 
 
 Kaolin 20, 25, 59, 74 
 
 Kentrolite 15, 38 
 
 Kermesite 26 
 
 Krennerite 13, 35, 53 
 
 Kunzite 62 
 
 LABRADORITE 22 
 
 Land Plaster 30 
 
 Langbeinite 46 
 
 Lansfordite 22, 39 
 
 Lanthanite 14, 32 
 
 Lanthanum 32 
 
 Lapis-Lazuli 62, 66 
 
 Laumontite ,20 
 
 Lautarite 36 
 
 Lazulite 21, 25 
 
 Lazurite 5, 50, 62 
 
 Lead . . .38 
 
 Leadhillite 18, 38 
 
 Lepidolite 20, 34, 39 
 
 Lepidomelane 20 
 
 Leucite 5, 25, 46, 74 
 
 Leucophanite 14, 27 
 
 Libethenite 16, 33 
 
 Lime 30 
 
 Limestone 29, 72 
 
 Limonite 23, 36 
 
 Linarite 21 
 
 Linnaeite 4, 33, 42 
 
 Lithiophilite 16, 39, 40 
 
 Lithium 39 
 
 Lollingite 13, 27 
 
 Lorandite 53 
 
 Ludwigite 16 
 
 MAGNESITE n, 39 
 
 Magnesium 39 
 
 Magnetite 4,36 
 
 Malachite 18, 33, 66 
 
 Manganese 40 
 
 Manganite 14, 40 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Manganosite 4,4 
 
 Marble 29, 65, 73 
 
 Marcasite 13, 36 
 
 Margarita 20 
 
 Marshite 6, 36 
 
 Massicot 38 
 
 Matildite 13, 49 
 
 Matlockite 7,38 
 
 Melaconite 33 
 
 Melanotekite 15, 38 
 
 Melanterite 21, 36 
 
 Melonite 42,53 
 
 Meneghinite 13, 38 
 
 Mercury 41 
 
 Metaoinnabarite 41 
 
 Mexican Onyx 65 
 
 Miargyrite 18, 49 
 
 Micas 25, 39, 64, 74 
 
 Microcline 22, 46, 73 
 
 Microlite 5 
 
 Miersite 6, 36 
 
 Millerite 10, 42 
 
 Mimetite 10, 27, 38 
 
 Mineral Paint 37 
 
 Minium 38 
 
 Mirabilite 2 1 , 50 
 
 Molybdenite 9, 41 
 
 Molybdenum 41 
 
 Molybdite 41 
 
 Monazite 20, 32 
 
 Montanite 53 
 
 Monticellite 15, 39 
 
 Moonstone 62 
 
 Morenosite 17, 42 
 
 Muscovite . 20, 46, 74 
 
 NAGYAGITE 53 
 
 Nantokite 4 
 
 Nasonite 7,38 
 
 Natrojarosite IT, 50 
 
 Natrolite 15, 50 
 
 Natron 1 8, 50 
 
 Natrophilite 16, 50 
 
 Natural Gas 31 
 
 Naumannite 47 
 
 Nephelite 9, 25, 50, 73 
 
 Nephrite, Jade 65 
 
 Nesquehonite 14, 39 
 
 Niccolite 10, 27, 42 
 
 Nickel , .... 42 
 
 Niobium 42 
 
 Niter 16 
 
 Nitrogen 43 
 
 Nordenskioldine 53 
 
 Northupite 5, 50 
 
 Noselite 50 
 
 Noumeaite 23, 42 
 
 Novaculite 48 
 
 OCTAHEDRITE 7, 54 
 
 Oligoclase 22 
 
 Olivenite 16, 27, 33 
 
 Olivine 1 5, 74 
 
 Onofrite 6, 41, 47 
 
 Opal 23, 62 
 
 Ornamental Stones 65 
 
 Orpiment 1 8 
 
 Orthoclase 19, 46, 73 
 
 Osmium 43 
 
 Oxygen 44 
 
 Ozokerite 31 
 
 PACHNOLITE 18, 50 
 
 Palladium 44 
 
 Paragonite 20, 50 
 
 Parisite 9, 32, 34 
 
 Pearceite 18, 49 
 
 Pectolite 19, 50 
 
 Pegmatite Veins 78 
 
 Penninite 1 1 
 
 Pentlandite 4, 42 
 
 Percylite 4, 38 
 
 Periclase 4, 39 
 
 Peridot : 62 
 
 Peridotite 70 
 
 Peristerite, Moonstone 62 
 
 Perovskite 5, 29, 54 
 
 Petalite 19, 39 
 
 Petroleum 31 
 
 Petzite. . .. 4, 35, 49, 53 
 
 Pha.rmacosiderite 6 
 
 Phenacite 12, 27 
 
 Phillipsite 20 
 
 Phlogopite 20, 39 
 
 Phosgenite 7,38 
 
 Phosphate Rock 44 
 
 Phosphorus 44 
 
 Picromerite 21 
 
 Piedmontite 19, 40 
 
 Pirssonite 14, 50 
 
 Pitchblende 55 
 
 Plagionite 18 
 
86 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Plaster of Paris 30 
 
 Platinum 3,45 
 
 Plattnerite 7,38 
 
 Plumbojarosite 1 1 
 
 Pneumatolytic Minerals 79 
 
 Polianite 7,4 
 
 Pollucite 5, 29 
 
 Polyargyrite 49 
 
 Polybasite 18, 49 
 
 Polycrase 15 
 
 Polyhalite 2 1, 46 
 
 Polymignite 15, 56 
 
 Porphyry 65, 71 
 
 Potassium ... , 46 
 
 Powellite 41 
 
 Precious Stones 60 
 
 Prehnite 15 
 
 Prolectite 19 
 
 Proust it-e 10, 27, 49 
 
 Pseudobrookite 54 
 
 Psilomelane 23, 40 
 
 Pucherite 16, 28, 55 
 
 Pumice 58 
 
 Pyrargyrite 10, 26, 49 
 
 Pynte 6, 36, 52 
 
 Pyrochlore 5 
 
 Pyrochroite 1 1 , 40 
 
 Pyrolusite 14, 40 
 
 Pyromorphite 10, 38 
 
 Pyrope 5 
 
 Pyrophyllite 20, 25 
 
 Pyrophyllitc, Talc 66 
 
 Pyrosmalite 1 1 
 
 Pyroxene 19, 39, 62, 74 
 
 Pyrrhotite 9, 36, 42 
 
 QUARTZ 12, 58, 63, 66 
 
 Quartzite 48, 73 
 
 Quicksilver 41 
 
 RALSTONITE 4 
 
 Rammelsbergite 13, 42 
 
 Raspite 54 
 
 Realgar 1 8 
 
 Reddingite 16 
 
 Reinite 54 
 
 Rhodium 47 
 
 Rhodochrosite 1 1 , 40 
 
 Rhodonite 22, 40, 66 
 
 Rickardite 33,53 
 
 Rock Making Minerals 73 
 
 Roscoelite 20, 55 
 
 Roselite 22 
 
 Rubellite, Tourmaline 63 
 
 Rubidium 47 
 
 Ruby 63 
 
 Ruby-Copper, Cuprite 4, 33 
 
 Ruby-Silver, Proustite 10, 49 
 
 Ruthenium 47 
 
 Rutile 7,54 
 
 SALT, Halite 4, 50 
 
 Safflorite 13 
 
 Samarskite 15 
 
 Sandstone 48, 72 
 
 Sapphire 63 
 
 Sartorite 13, 38 
 
 Sassolite 22,28 
 
 Satin Spar 66 
 
 Scapolite 8, 50 
 
 Scheelite 8, 29, 54 
 
 Schist 72 
 
 Schoenite 39, 46 
 
 Schorlomite 54 
 
 Scolecite 20 
 
 Scorodite 16, 27, 36 
 
 Selenium 47 
 
 Selen-Tellurium ^ } 53 
 
 Sellaite 39 
 
 Senarmontite 4, 26 
 
 Serpentine 20, 39, 66, 75 
 
 Serpentine-Asbestos 58 
 
 Seybertite 20 
 
 Shale 72 
 
 Siderite u } 36 
 
 Silicon 47 
 
 Sillimanite r 15 
 
 Silv er 3, 49 
 
 Slate 66, 73 
 
 Smaltite 6, 27, 33 
 
 Smithsonite i If 56 
 
 Soapstone 66 
 
 Soda-Niter n, 43, 50 
 
 Sodalite $ } 50 
 
 Spangolite 1 1, 33 
 
 Spelter, Zinc 56 
 
 Sperrylite 6, 45 
 
 Spessartite 5, 40 
 
 Sphalerite 6, 56 
 
 Spiegeleisen 40 
 
 Spinel 4, 39, 63 
 
 Spodumene 19, 39, 63 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Stannite 7, 53 
 
 Staurolite 15 
 
 Stephanite 13, 49 
 
 Stibiconite 26 
 
 Stibnite 13, 26 
 
 Stilbite 20 
 
 Stolzite 8, 38, 54 
 
 Strengite 16 
 
 Stromeyerite 13, 33, 49 
 
 Strontianite 14, 51 
 
 Struvite 16 
 
 Svilphohalite 5, 50 
 
 Sulphur 13, 52 
 
 Sussexite 16, 40 
 
 Syenite 70 
 
 Sylvanite 18, 35, 49, 53 
 
 Sylvite 4, 46 
 
 Syngenite 21 
 
 TACHYDRITE 
 
 Talc 20, 39, 
 
 Tantalum 
 
 Tapiolite 
 
 Tellurite 
 
 Tellurium 10, 
 
 Tennantite 6, 
 
 Tenorite 
 
 Tephroite 15, 
 
 Tetradymite 10, 28, 
 
 Tetrahedrite 6, 26, 
 
 Thallium 
 
 Thaumasite 
 
 Thenardite 17, 
 
 Thermoriatrite 
 
 Thomsenolite 1 8, 
 
 Thomsonite 
 
 Thorite 7, 
 
 Thorium 
 
 Tiemannite 6, 41, 
 
 Tin . 
 
 39 
 66 
 
 5 2 
 7 
 
 53 
 53 
 33 
 33 
 40 
 
 53 
 33 
 53 
 9 
 50 
 5o 
 5 
 IS 
 3 2 
 53 
 47 
 
 53 
 Titanic Iron 54 
 
 Titanite 20, 29, 54 
 
 Titanium 54 
 
 T P az ; 15, 25, 34, 63 
 
 Torbernite 7,55 
 
 Tourmaline u, 28, 63 
 
 Tremolite 19 
 
 Tremolite-Asbestos 58 
 
 Tridymite g 
 
 Triphylite 16, 36, 39 
 
 Triplite 21, 34,40 
 
 Triploidite 2 1, 40 
 
 Trona 18, 50 
 
 Tungsten 54 
 
 Tungstite 54 
 
 Turgite 23, 36 
 
 Turquois 23, 25, 63 
 
 Tysonite 9, 3 2 
 
 ULEXITE 28, 50 
 
 Ullmannite 6, 42 
 
 Umangite 47 
 
 Uraninite 5,55 
 
 Uranium 55 
 
 Uranophane 55 
 
 Uranothalite 55 
 
 Useful Minerals 59 
 
 Uvarovite 5, 3 2 
 
 VALENTINITE i 4; 26 
 
 Vanadinite 10, 38, 55 
 
 Vanadium 55 
 
 Vein Minerals 76 
 
 Verd-antique Marble 65 
 
 Vermiculite 20 
 
 Vesuvianite 7 
 
 Vivianite 21,36 
 
 Volborthite 55 
 
 WAGNERITE 21, 34, 39 
 
 Warwickite 16 
 
 Wavellite 16, 25 
 
 Wellsite 20 
 
 Wernerite 8, 50 
 
 Whewellite 21 
 
 Whitneyite 23, 33 
 
 Willemite 12, 56 
 
 Witherite 14, 27 
 
 Wittichenite 13 
 
 Wohlerite 56 
 
 Wolfachite 13 
 
 Wolframite 21, 36, 54 
 
 Wollastonite 19, 29 
 
 Wulfenite 8, 38, 41 
 
 Wurtzite 10, 56 
 
 XANTHOSIDERITE 23 
 
 Xenotime 7, 32 
 
 YTTRIUM 56 
 
 Yttrotantaiite 15 
 
 ZARATITE 23, 42 
 
88 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Zeolites 25 
 
 Zeunerite 7, 55 
 
 Zinc 56 
 
 Zincite 10, 56 
 
 Zinkenite 13, 38 
 
 Zircon 7, 56, 63 
 
 Zirconium 56 
 
 Zoisite 15 
 
 Zunyite 6, 34 
 
SHORT-TITLE CATALOGUE 
 
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 LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, LIMITED. 
 
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 Armsby's Manual of Cattle-feeding i2mo, $i 75 
 
 Principles of Animal Nutrition 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Budd and Hansen's American Horticultural Manual: 
 
 Part I. Propagation, Culture, and Improvement i2mo, i 50 
 
 Part II. Systematic Pomology I2mo, I 50 
 
 Downing's Fruits and Fruit-trees of America 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Elliott's Engineering for Land Drainage i2mo, i 50 
 
 Practical Farm Drainage i2mo, i oo 
 
 Graves's Forest Mensuration 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Green's Principles of American Forestry I2mo, i 50 
 
 Grotenfelt's Principles of Modern Dairy Practice. (Woll.) i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Herrick's Denatured or Industrial Alcohol , , ,8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Kemp's Landscape Gardening i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Maynard's Landscape Gardening as Applied to Home Decoration i2mo, i 50 
 
 * McKay and Larsen's Principles and Practice of Butter-making 8vo, i 50 
 
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 Winton's Microscopy of Vegetable Foods 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Woll's Handbook for Farmers and Dairymen i6mo, i 50 
 
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 Baldwin's Steam Heating for Buildings I2mo, 253 
 
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 1 
 
Carpenter's Heating and Ventilating of Buildings 8vo, 4 oo 
 
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 French and Ives's Stereotomy 8vo, 50 
 
 Gerhard's Guide to Sanitary House-inspection i6mo, oo 
 
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 Wait's Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence 8vo, 6 oo 
 
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 Sheep, 5 50 
 
 Law of Contracts 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Wood's Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel. .8vo, 4 oo 
 Worcester and Atkinson's Small Hospitals, Establishment and Maintenance, 
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 i2mo, i 25 
 
 The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 Large 4to, i oo 
 
 ARMY AND NAVY. 
 
 Bernadou's Smokeless Powder, Nitro-cellulose, and the Theory of the Cellulose 
 
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 Chase's Screw Propellers and Marine Propulsion 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Cloke's Gunner's Examiner 8vo, i 50 
 
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 Sheep, 7 50 
 
 De Brack's Cavalry Outposts Duties. (Carr.) 24mo, morocco, 2 oo 
 
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 Hamilton's The Gunner's Catechism i8mo, i oo 
 
 * HofPs Elementary Naval Tactics 8vo, i 50 
 
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Ingalls's Handbook of Problems in Direct Fire. . 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 * Ballistic Tables '. 8vo, i 50 
 
 * Lyons's Treatise on Electromagnetic Phenomena. Vols. I. and II. .8vo, each, 6 oo 
 
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 Manual for Courts-martial i6mo, morocco, i 50 
 
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 Metcalf's Cost of Manufactures And the Administration of Workshops. .8vo, 5 oo 
 
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 Murray's Infantry Drill Regulations i8mo, paper, 10 
 
 Nixon's Adjutants' Manual 24010, i oo 
 
 Peabody's Naval Architecture 8vo, 7 50 
 
 * Phelps's Practical Marine Surveying 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Powell's Army Officer's Examiner I2mo, 4 oo 
 
 Sharpe's Art of Subsisting Armies in War i8mo, morocco, i 50 
 
 * Tupes and Poole's Manual of Bayonet Exercises and Musketry Fencing. 
 
 24010, leather, 50 
 
 * Walke's Lectures on Explosives 8vo, 4 bo 
 
 Weaver's Military Explos'.ves 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 * Wheeler's Siege Operations and Military Mining. 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Winthrop's Abridgment of Military Law I2mo, 2 50 
 
 WoodhulPs Notes on Military Hygiene i6mo, i 50 
 
 Young's Simple Elements of Navigation i6mo, morocco, 2 oo 
 
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 Fletcher's Practical Instructions in Quantitative Assaying with the Blowpipe. 
 
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 Furman's Manual of Practical Assaying 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Lodge's Notes on Assaying and Metallurgical Laboratory Experiments. . . .8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Low's Technical Methods of Ore Analysis ^ 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Miller's Manual of Assaying I2mo, i oo 
 
 Cyanide Process i2mo, i oo 
 
 Minet's Production of Aluminum and its Industrial Use. (Waldo.) i2mo, 2 50 
 
 O'Driscoll's Notes on the Treatment of Gold Ores 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Ricketts and Miller's Notes on Assaying 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Robine and Lenglen's Cyanide Industry. (Le Clerc.) 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Ulke's Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Wilson's Cyanide Processes I2mo, i 50 
 
 Chlorination Process I2mo, i 50 
 
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 Comstock's Field Astronomy for Engineers 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Craig's Azimuth 4to, 3 50 
 
 Crandall's Text-book on Geodesy and Least Squares 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Doolittle's Treatise on Practical Astronomy 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Gore's Elements of Geodesy 8vo, 2 50 
 
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 Merriman's Elements of Precise Surveying and Geodesy 8vo, 2 50 
 
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 Davenport's Statistical Me h^ds, with Special Reference to Biological Variation. 
 
 i6mo, morocco, i 25 
 
 Thome and Bennett's Structural and Physiological Botany i6mo, 2 25 
 
 Westermaier's Compendium of General Botany. (Schneider.) 8vo, 2 oo 
 
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 * Abegg's Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation. (Von Ende.) i2mo, i 25 
 
 Adriance's Laboratory Calculations and Specific Gravity Tables i2mo. i 25 
 
 Alexeyeff' s General Principles of Organic Synthesis. (Matthews.) 8vo. 3 oo 
 
 Allen's Tables for Iron Analysis 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Arnold's Compendium of Chemistry. (Mandel.). Small 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Austen's Notes for Chemical Students i2mo, i 50 
 
 Bernadou's Smokeless Powder. Nitro-cellulose, and Theory of the Cellulose 
 
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 * Browning's Introduction to the Rarer Elements 8vo, i 50 
 
 Brush and Penfield's Manual of Determinative Mineralogy 8vo, 4 oo 
 
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 Classen's Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Electrolysis. (Boltwood.). .8vo, 3 oo 
 
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 Fletcher's Practical Instructions in Quantitative Assaying with the Blowpipe. 
 
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 Fowler's Sewage Works Analyses i2mo, 2 oo 
 
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 Fuertes's Water and Public Health i2mo, i 50 
 
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 Hind's Inorganic Chemistry 8vo, 3 oo 
 
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 Holleman's Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry. (Cooper.) 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Text-book of Organic Chemistry. (Walker and Mott.) 8vo, 2 50 
 
 * Laboratory Manual of Organic Chemistry. (Walker.) i2mo, i oo 
 
 Hopkins's Oil-chemists' Handbook 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Iddings's Rock Minerals 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Jackson's Directions for Laboratory Work in Physiological Chemistry. .8vo, i 25 
 
 Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Ladd's Manual of Quantitative Chemical Analysis i2mo, i oo 
 
 Landauer's Spectrum Analysis. (Tingle.) 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 * Langworthy and Austen. The Occurrence of Aluminium in Vegetable 
 
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 Lassar-Cohn's Application of Some General Reactions to Investigations in 
 
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 Leach's The Inspection and Analysis of Food with Special Reference to State 
 
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 Lob's Electrochemistry of Organic Compounds. (Lorenz.) 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 4 
 
Lodge's Notes on Assaying and Metallurgical Laboratory Experiments 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Low's Technical Method of Ore Analysis 8vo, 3 oa 
 
 Lunge's Techno-chemical Analysis. (Cohn.) I2mo i oo- 
 
 * McKay and Larsen's Principles and Practice of Butter-making 8vo, i 50 
 
 Mandel's Handbook for Bio-chemical Laboratory i2mo, i 50 
 
 * Martin's Laboratory Guide to Qualitative Analysis with the Blowpipe . . i2mo, 60 
 Mason's Water-supply. (Considered Principally from a Sanitary Standpoint.) 
 
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 Matthew's The Textile Fibres. 2d Edition, Rewritten 8vo, 400 
 
 Meyer's Determination of Radicles in Carbon Compounds. (Tingle.). .i2mo, i oo 
 
 Miller's Manual of Assaying i2mo, i oo 
 
 Cyanide Process i2mo, i oo' 
 
 Minet's Production of Aluminum and its Industrial Use. (Waldo.) . . . . i2mo, 2 50" 
 
 Mixter's Elementary Text-book of Chemistry I2mo, i 50 
 
 Morgan's An Outline of the Theory of Solutions and its Results I2mo, I oo 
 
 Elements of Physical Chemistry i2mo, 3 oo 
 
 * Physical Chemistry for Electrical Engineers I2mo, 5~oo 
 
 Morse's Calculations used in Cane-sugar Factories i6mo, morocco, i 50 
 
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 Mulliken's General Method for the Identification of Pure Organic Compounds. 
 
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 O'Brine's Laboratory Guide in Chemical Analysis 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 O'Driscoll's Notes on th Treatment of Gold Ores 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Ostwald's Conversations on Chemistry. Part One. (Ramsey.) j2mo, i 50 
 
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 Pictet's The Alkaloids and their Chemical Constitution. (Biddle.) 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Pinner's Introduction to Organic Chemistry. (Austen.) I2mo. i 50 
 
 Poole's Calorific Power of Fuels 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Prescott and Winslow's Elements of Water Bacteriology, with Special Refer- 
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 Richards and Woodman's Air, Water, and Food from a Sanitary Standpoint. .8vo, 2 oo 
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 Non-metallic Elements.) 8vo, morocco, 75 
 
 Ricketts and Miller's Notes on Assaying 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Rideal's Sewage and the Bacterial Purification of Sewage 8vo, 4 oo 
 
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 Riggs's Elementary Manual for the Chemical Laboratory 8vo, i 25 
 
 Robine and Lenglen's Cyanide Industry. (Le Clerc.) 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Ruddiman's Incompatibilities in Prescriptions 8vo, 2 oo 
 
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 Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints and Varnish 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Salkowski's Physiological and Pathological Chemistry. (Orndorff.) 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Schimpf's Text-book of Volumetric Analysis i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Essentials of Volumetric Analysis I2mo, i 25 
 
 * Qualitative Chemical Analysis 8vo, i 25 
 
 Smith's Lecture Notes on Chemistry for Dental Students 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Spencer's Handbook for Chemists of Beet-sugar Houses i6mo, morocco, 3 oo 
 
 Handbook for Cane Sugar Manufacturers i6mo, morocco, 3 oo 
 
 Stockbridge's Rocks and Soils 8vo, 2 50 
 
 * Tillman's Elementary Lessons in Heat 8vo, I 50 
 
 * Descriptive General Chemistry 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Treadwell's Qualitative Analysis. (Hall.) 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Quantitative Analysis. (Hall.) 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Turneaure and Russell's Public Water-supplies 8vo, 5 oo. 
 
 5 
 
Van Deventer's Physical Chemistry for Beginners. (Boltwood.) i2mo, i 50 
 
 * Walke's Lectures on Explosives 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Ware's Beet-sugar Manufacture and Refining. Vol. I Small 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Vol.11 SmallSvo, 500 
 
 Washington's Manual of the Chemical Analysis of Rocks 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Weaver's Military Explosives 8vo,- 3 oo 
 
 Wehrenfennig's Analysis and Softening of Boiler Feed- Water 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Wells's Laboratory Guide in Qualitative Chemical Analysis 8vo, i 50 
 
 Short Course in Inorganic Qualitative Chemical Analysis for Engineering 
 
 Students I2mo, i 50 
 
 Text-book of Chemical Arithmetic i2mo, i 25 
 
 Whipple's Microscopy of Drinking-water 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Wilson's Cyanide Processes I2mo, i 50 
 
 Chlorination Process I2mo, i 50 
 
 Winton's Microscopy of Vegetable Foods 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Wulling's Elementary Course in Inorganic, Pharmaceutical, and Medical 
 
 Chemistry 12010, 2 oo 
 
 CIVIL ENGINEERING. 
 
 BRIDGES AND ROOFS, HYDRAULICS. MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING. 
 RAILWAY ENGINEERING. 
 
 Baker's Engineers' Surveying Instruments. i2mo, 3 oo 
 
 Bixby's Graphical Computing Table Paper 19^X24^ inches. * 25 
 
 Breed and Hosmer's Principles and Practice of Surveying 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 * Burr's Ancient and Modern Engineering and the Isthmian Canal 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Comstock's Field Astronomy for Engineers 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Crandall's Text-book on Geodesy and Least Squares 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Davis's Elevation and Stadia Tables 8vo, i oo 
 
 Elliott's Engineering for Land Drainage I2mo, i 50 
 
 Practical Farm Drainage i2mo, i oo 
 
 *Fiebeger's Treatise on Civil Engineering 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Flemer's Phototopographic Methods and Instruments 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Folwell's Sewerage. (Designing and Maintenance.) 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Freitag's Architectural Engineering. 2d Edition, Rewritten 8vo, 3 50 
 
 French and Ives's Stereotomy 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Goodhue's Municipal Improvements i2mo, i 50 
 
 Gore's Elements of Geodesy 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Hayford's Text-book of Geodetic Astronomy 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Bering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors) i6mo, morocco, 2 50 
 
 Howe's Retaining Walls for Earth I2mo, i 25 
 
 * Ives's Adjustments of the Engineer's Transit and Level i6mo, Bds. 25 
 
 Ives and Hilts's Problems in Surveying i6mo, morocco, i 50 
 
 Johnson's (J. B.) Theory and Practice of Surveying Small 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Johnson's (L. J.) Statics by Algebraic and Graphic Methods 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Laplace's Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. (Truscott and Emory.) . i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Mahan's Treatise on Civil Engineering. (1873.) (Wood.) 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 * Descriptive Geometry 8vo, i 50 
 
 Merriman's Elements of Precise Surveying and Geodesy 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Merriman and Brooks's Handbook for Surveyors i6mo, morocco, 2 oo 
 
 Nugent's Plane Surveying 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Ogden's Sewer Design i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Parsons's Disposal of Municipal Refuse 8vo, oo 
 
 Patton's Treatise on Civil Engineering 8vo half leather, 50 
 
 Reed's Topographical Drawing and Sketching 4to, oo 
 
 Rideal's Sewage and the Bacterial Purification of Sewage 8vo, oo 
 
 Siebert and Biggin's Modern Stone-cutting and Masonry 8vo, 50 
 
Smith's Manual in Topographical Drawing. (McMillan.) 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Sondericker's Graphic Statics, with Applications to Trusses, Beams, and Arches. 
 
 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Taylor and Thompson's Treatise on Concrete, Plain and Reinforced 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 * Trautwine's Civil Engineer's Pocket-book i6mo, morocco, 5 oo 
 
 Venable's Garbage Crematories in America 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Wait's Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence 8vo 6 oo 
 
 Sheep, 6 50 
 
 Law of Operations Preliminary to Construction in Engineering and Archi- 
 tecture 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Sheep, 5 50 
 
 Law of Contracts 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Warren's Stereotomy Problems in Stone-cutting 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Webb's Problems in the Use and Adjustment of Engineering Instruments. 
 
 i6mo, morocco, i 25 
 
 Wilson's Topographic Surveying 8vo, 3 50 
 
 BRIDGES AND ROOFS. 
 
 Boiler's Practical Treatise on the Construction of Iron Highway Bridges. .8vo, 2 oo 
 
 * Thames River Bridge 4to, paper, 5 oo 
 
 Burr's Course on the Stresses in Bridges and Roof Trusses, Arched Ribs, and 
 
 Suspension Bridges 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Burr and Falk's Influence Lines for Bridge and Roof Computations 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Design and Construction of Metallic Bridges 8vo 5 oo 
 
 Du Bois's Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. II Small 4to, 10 oo 
 
 Foster's Treatise on Wooden Trestle Bridges 4to, 5 oo 
 
 Fowler's Ordinary Foundations 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Greene's Roof Trusses 8vo, i 25 
 
 Bridge Trusses 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Arches in Wood, Iron, and Stone 8vo 2 50 
 
 Howe's Treatise on Arches 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Design of Simple Roof-trusses in Wood and Steel 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Symmetrical Masonry Arches 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Johnson, Bryan, and Turneaure's Theory and Practice in the Designing of 
 
 Modern Framed Structures Small 410, 10 oo 
 
 Merrirr : "nd Jacoby's Text-book on Roofs and Bridges: 
 
 _ . ., Stresses in Simple Trusses 8vo, 2 50 
 
 i..: Ml, Jraphic Statics . .8vo, 2 50 
 
 Fart III. Bridge Design 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Part IV. Higher- Structures 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Morison's Memphis Bridge 4*0, 10 oo 
 
 Waddell's De Pontibus, a Pocket-book for Bridge Engineers. . i6mo, morocco, 2 oo 
 
 * Specifications for Steel Bridges i2mo, 50 
 
 Wright's Designing of Draw-spans. Two parts in one volume 8vo, 3 50 
 
 HYDRAULICS. 
 
 Barnes's Ice Formation 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Bazin's Experiments upon the Contraction of the Liquid Vein Issuing from 
 
 an Orifice. (Trautwine.) 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Bovey's Treatise on Hydraulics 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Church's Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Diagrams of Mean Velocity of Water in Open Channels paper, i 50 
 
 Hydraulic Motors 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Coffin's Graphical Solution of Hydrr.ulic Problems i6mo, morocco, 2 50 
 
 Flather's Dynamometers, and the Measurement of Power I2mo, 3 oo 
 
 7 
 
FolwelTs Water-supply Engineering Svo,, 4 oo 
 
 Frizell's Water-power 8vcv 5 oo 
 
 Fuertes's Water and Public Health i2mo, i 50 
 
 Water-filtration Works i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Ganguillet and Kutter's General Formula for the Uniform Flow of Water in 
 
 Rivers and Other Channels. (Hering and Trautwine.) 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Hazen's Filtration of Public Water-supply 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Hazlehurst's Towers and Tanks for Water- works .8vo, 2 50 
 
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 Mason's Water-supply. (Considered Principally from a Sanitary Standpoint.) 
 
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 Merriman's Treatise on Hydraulics 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 * Michie's Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Schuyler's Reservoirs for Irrigation, Water-power, and Domestic Water- 
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 Whipple's Value of Pure Water Large i2mo, i oo 
 
 Williams and Hazen's Hydraulic Tables 8vo, i 50 
 
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 Wolff's Windmill as a Prime Mover 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Wood's Turbines 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 3 oo 
 
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 Black's United States Public Works Oblong 4to, 5 oo 
 
 * Bovey's Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Burr's Elasticity and Resistance of the Materials of Engineering 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Byrne's Highway Construction 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Inspection of the Materials and Workmanship Employed in Construction. 
 
 i6mo, 3 oo 
 
 Church's Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Du Bois's Mechanics-of Engineering. Vol. I Small 4to, 7 50 
 
 *Eckel's Cements, Limes, and Plasters : 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Johnson's Materials of Construction Large 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Fowler's Ordinary Foundations 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Graves's Forest Mensuration 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 * Greene's Structural Mechanics 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Lanza's Applied Mechanics 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Marten's Handbook on Testing Materials. (Henning.) 2 vols 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Maurer's Technical Mechanics 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Merrill's Stones for Building and Decoration 8vo, 5 oo 
 
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 * Strength of Materials i2mo, i oo 
 
 Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users i2mo, 2 oo 
 
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 Richardson's Modern Asphalt Pavements 8vo, 3 oo 
 
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 * Ries's Clays: Their Occurrence, Properties, and Uses 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Rockwell's Roads and Pavements in France i2mo, i 25 
 
 8 
 
Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints and Varnish 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 *Schwarz's Longleaf Pine in Virgin Forest,., izmo, I 25 
 
 Smith's Materials of Machines i2mo, i oo 
 
 Snow's Principal Species of Wood 8vo, 3 50 
 
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 Part I. Non-metallic Materials of Engineering and Metallurgy 8vo, 2 oo 
 
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 * Specifications for Steel Bridges i2mo, 50 
 
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 Steel 8vo, 4 oo 
 
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 Andrew's Handbook for Street Railway Engineers 3x5 inches, morocco, I 25 
 
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 Brook's Handbook of Street Railroad Location i6mo, morocco, i 50 
 
 Butt's Civil Engineer's Field-book i6mo, morocco, 2 50 
 
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 Railway and Other Earthwork Tables 8vo, i 50 
 
 Dawson's "Engineering" and Electric Traction Pocket-book. . i6mo, morocco, 5 oo 
 
 Dredge's History of the Pennsylvania Railroad: (1879) Paper, 5 oo 
 
 Fisher's Table of Cubic Yards Cardboard, 25 
 
 Godwin's Railroad Engineers' Field-book and Explorers' Guide. . . i6mo, mor., 2 50 
 Hudson's Tables for Calculating the Cubic Contents of Excavations and Em- 
 bankments ' 8vo, i oo 
 
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 Nagle's Field Manual for Railroad Engineers i6mo, morocco, 3 oo 
 
 Philbrick's Field Manual for Engineers i6mo, morocco, 3 oo 
 
 Searles's Field Engineering i6mo, morocco, 3 oo 
 
 Railroad Spiral i6mo, morocco, i 50 
 
 Taylor's Prismoidal Formulae and Earthwork 8vo, i 50 
 
 * Trautwine's Method of Calculating the Cube Contents of Excavations and 
 
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 Cross-section Sheet Paper, 25 
 
 Webb's Railroad Construction i6mo, morocco, 5 oo 
 
 Economics of Railroad Construction Large i2mo, 2 50 
 
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 Barr's Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 2 50 
 
 * Bartlett's Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 * " " Abridged Ed 8vo, 150 
 
 Coolidge's Manual of Drawing 8vo, paper, i oo 
 
 9 
 
Coolidge and Freeman's Elements of General Drafting for Mechanical Engi- 
 neers Oblong 4to, 2 50 
 
 Durley's Kinematics of Machines 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Emch's Introduction to Projective Geometry and its Applications 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Hill's Text-book on Shades and Shadows, and Perspective. . .,, 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Jamison's Elements of Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Advanced Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Jones's Machine Design: 
 
 Part I. Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, i 50 
 
 Part II. Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 MacCord's Elements of Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Kinematics ; or, Practical Mechanism 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Mechanical Drawing 4to, 4 oo 
 
 Velocity Diagrams 8vo, i 50 
 
 MacLeod's Descriptive Geometry.. Small 8vo, i 50 
 
 * Mahan's Descriptive Geometry and Stone-cutting 8vo, i 50 
 
 Industrial Drawing. (Thompson.). 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Moyer's Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Reed's Topographical Drawing and Sketching 4to, 5 oo 
 
 Reid's Course in Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design. 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Robinson's Principles of Mechanism 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Schwamb and Merrill's Elements of Mechanism 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Smith's (R. S.) Manual of Topographical Drawing. (McMillan.) 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Smith (A. W.) and Marx's Machine Design 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 * Titsworth's Elements of Mechanical Drawing Oblong 8vo, i 25 
 
 Warren's Elements of Plane and Solid Free-hand Geometrical Drawing. i2mo, i oo 
 
 Drafting Instruments and Operations i2mo, i 25 
 
 Manual of Elementary Projection Drawing i2mo, i 50 
 
 Manual of Elementary Problems in the Linear Perspective of Form and 
 
 Shadow 12010, i oo 
 
 Plane Problems in Elementary Geometry i2mo, i 25 
 
 Primary Geometry. i2mo, 75 
 
 Elements of Descriptive Geometry, Shadows, and Perspective 8vo, 3 50 
 
 General Problems of Shades and Shadows 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Problems, Theorems, and Examples in Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 2 50 
 
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 Klein.) 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Whelpley's Practical Instruction in the Art of Letter Engraving. ..... . i2mo, 2 oo 
 
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 Benjamin's History of Electricity 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Voltaic Cell 8vo, 3 oo 
 
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 * Collins's Manual of Wireless Telegraphy i2mo, i 50 
 
 Morocco, 2 oo 
 
 Crehore and Squier's Polarizing Photo-chronograph 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 * Danneel's Electrochemistry. (Merriam.) I2mo, i 25 
 
 Dawson's "Engineering" and Electric Traction Pocket-book. i6mo, morocco, 5 oo 
 
 10 
 
Dolezalek's Theory of the Lead Accumulator (Storage Battery). (Von 
 
 Ende. ) I2mo, 2 50 
 
 Duhem's Thermodynamics and Chemistry. (Burgess.) 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Flather's Dynamometers, and the Measurement of Power I2mo, 3 oo 
 
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 Hanchett's Alternating Currents Explained i2mo, i oo 
 
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 Landauer's Spectrum Analysis. (Tingle.) 8vo, 3 oo 
 
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 * Lyons'? Treatise on Electromagnetic Phenomena. Vols. I. and II. 8vo, each, 6 oo 
 
 * Michie's Elements of Wave Motion Relating to Sound and Light 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Niaudet's Elementary Treatise on Electric Batteries. (Fishback.) i2mo, 2 50 
 
 * Parshall and Hobart's Electric Machine Design 4to, half morocco, 12 50 
 
 Reagan's Locomotives: Simple, Compound, and Electric. New Edition. 
 
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 * Rosenberg's Electrical Engineering. (Haldane Gee Kinzbrunner. ). . .8vo, 2 oo 
 
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 Thurston's Stationary Steam-engines 8vo, 2 50 
 
 * Tillman's Elementary Lessons in Heat 8vo, i 50 
 
 Tory and Pitcher's Manual of Laboratory Physics Small 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Ulke's Modem Electrolytic Copper Refining 8vo, 3 oo 
 
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 * Davis's Elements of Law 8vo, 2 50 
 
 * Treatise on the Military Law of United States 8vo, 7 oo 
 
 * Sheep, 7 50 
 
 * Dudley's Military Law and the Procedure cf Courts-martial . . . .Large i2mo, 2 50 
 
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 Bernadou's Smokeless Powder Nitro-cellulose and Theory of the Cellulose 
 
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 11 
 
Leach's The Inspection and Analysis of Food with Special Reference to State 
 
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 * McKay and Larsen's Principles and Practice of Butter-making 8vo, i 50 
 
 Matthews's The Textile Fibres, ad Edition, Rewritten , . .8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Metcalfe'f Cost of Manufactures And the Administration of Workshops. 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Meyer's Modern Locomotive Construction 4to, 10 oo 
 
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 * Reisig's Guide to Piece-dyeing. 8vo, 25 oo 
 
 Rice's Concrete-block Manufacture 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints and Varnish 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Smith's Press-working of Metals 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Spalding's Hydraulic Cement 12010, 2 oo 
 
 Spencer's Handbook for Chemists of Beet-sugar Houses i6mo morocco, 3 oo 
 
 Handbook for Cane Sugar Manufacturers i6mo morocco, 3 oo 
 
 Taylor and Thompson's Treatise on Concrete, Plain and Reinforced 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Thurston's Manual of Steam-boilers, their Designs, Construction and Opera- 
 tion 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 * Walke's Lectures on Explosives 8vo, 4 oo 
 
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 West's American Foundry Practice i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Moulder's Text-book i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Wolff's Windmill as a Prime Mover 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Wood's Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel. .8vo, 4 oo 
 
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 Baker's Elliptic Functions. c . 8vo, i 50 
 
 * Bass's Elements of Differential Calculus I2mo, 4 oo 
 
 Briggs's Elements of Plane Analytic Geometry I2mo, oo 
 
 Compton's Manual of Logarithmic Computations i2mo 50 
 
 Davis's Introduction to the Logic of Algebra 8vo, 50 
 
 * Dickson's College Algebra Large i2mo s 50 
 
 * Introduction to the Theory of Algebraic Equations Large i2mo, 25 
 
 Emch's Introduction to Projective Geometry and its Applications 8vo 50 
 
 Halsted's Elements of Geometry . 8vo, 75 
 
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 50 
 
 Rational Geometry I2mo, 
 
 * Jphnson's (J. B.) Three-place Logarithmic Tables: Vest-pocket size. paper, 15 
 
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 * Mounted on heavy cardboard, 8X 10 inches, 25 
 
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 Johnson's (W. W.) Elementary Treatise on Differential Calculus . . Small 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Elementary Treatise on the Integral Calculus Small*8vo, i 50 
 
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 Johnson's (W. W.) Treatise on Ordinary and PartiaF Differential Equations. 
 
 Small 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Johnson's (W. W.) Theory of Errors and the Method of Least Squares. i2mo, i 50 
 
 * Johnson's (W. W.) Theoretical Mechanics i2mo, 3 oo 
 
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 * Ludlow's Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables 8vo i oo 
 
 Manning's Irrational Numbers and their Representation by Sequences and Series 
 
 i2mo, i 25 
 
 12 
 
Mathematical Monographs. Edited by Mansfield Merriman and Robert 
 
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 No. i. History of Modern Mathematics, by David Eugene Smith. 
 No. 2. Synthetic Projective Geometry, by George Bruce Halsted. 
 No. 3. Determinants, by Laenas Gifford Weld. No. 4. Hyper- 
 bolic Functions, by James McMahon. No. 5. Harmonic Func- 
 tions, by William E. Byerly. No. 6. Grassmann's Space Analysis, 
 by Edward W. Hyde. No. 7. Probability and Theory of Errors, 
 by Robert S. Woodward. No. 8. Vector Analysis and Quaternions, 
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 by Mansfield Merriman. No. n. Functions of a Complex Variable, 
 by Thomas S. Fiske. 
 
 Maurer's Technical Mechanics 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Merriman's Method of Least Squares 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Rice and Johnson's Elementary Treatise on the Differential Calculus. . Sm. 8vo, 3 oo 
 
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 * Veblen and Lennes's Introduction to the Real Infinitesimal Analysis of One 
 
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 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. 
 
 MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING, STEAM-ENGINES AND BOILERS. 
 
 Bacon's Forge Practice i2mo, i 50 
 
 Baldwin's Steam Heating for Buildings I2mo, 2 50 
 
 Barr's Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 2 50 
 
 * Bartlett's Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 * " " Abridged Ed 8vo, i 50 
 
 Benjamin's Wrinkles and Recipes i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Carpenter's Experimental Engineering 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Heating and Ventilating Buildings 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Clerk's Gas and Oil Engine Small 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Coolidge's Manual of Drawing 8vo, paper, i oo 
 
 Coolidge and Freeman's Elements of General Drafting for Mechanical En- 
 gineers Oblong 4to, 2 50 
 
 Cromwell's Treatise on Toothed Gearing I2mo, i 50 
 
 Treatise on Belts and Pulleys i2mo, i 50 
 
 Durley's Kinematics of Machines 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Flather's Dynamometers and the Measurement of Power I2mo, 3 oo 
 
 Rope Driving I2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Gill's Gas and Fuel Analysis for Engineers I2mo, i 25 
 
 Hall's Car Lubrication i2mo, i oo 
 
 Bering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors) i6mo, morocco, 2 50 
 
 Button's The das Engine 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Jamison's Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Jones's Machine Design: 
 
 Part I. Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, i 50 
 
 Part II. Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Pocket-book i6mo, morocco, 5 oo 
 
 Kerr's Power and Power Transmission 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Leonard's Machine Shop, Tools, and Methods 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 * Lorenz's Modern Refrigerating Machinery. (Pope, Haven, and Dean.) . . 8vo, 4 oo 
 MacCord's Kinematics; or, Practical Mechanism 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Mechanical Drawing 4to, 4 oo 
 
 Velocity Diagrams. 8vo, i 50 
 
 13 
 
MacFar land's Standard Reduction Factors for Gases 8vo, i 50 
 
 Mahan's Industrial Drawing. (Thompson.) 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Poole's Calorific Power of Fuels 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Reid's Course in Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design. 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Richard's Compressed Air I2mo, i 50 
 
 Robinson's Principles of Mechanism 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Schwamb and Merrill's Elements of Mechanism 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Smith's (O.) Press-working of Metals 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Smith (A. W.) and Marx's Machine Design 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Thurston's Treatise on Friction and Lost Work in Machinery and Mill 
 
 Work 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Animal as a Machine and Prime Motor, and the Laws of Energetics . i2mo, i oo 
 
 Tillson's Complete Automobile Instructor i6mo, i 50 
 
 Morocco, 2 oo 
 
 Warren's Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Weisbach's Kinematics and the Power of Transmission. (Herrmann 
 
 Klein.) 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Machinery of Transmission and Governors. (Herrmann Klein.). .8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Wolff's Windmill as a Prime Mover 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Wood's Turbines 8vo, 2 50 
 
 MATERIALS OP ENGINEERING. 
 
 * Bovey's Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Burr's Elasticity and Resistance of the Materials of Engineering. 6th Edition. 
 
 Reset 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Church's Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 * Greene's Structural Mechanics 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Johnson's Materials of Construction 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Lanza's Applied Mechanics 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Martens's Handbook on Testing Materials. (Henning.) 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Maurer's Technical Mechanics 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Merriman's Mechanics of Materials 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 * Strength of Materials i2mo, i oo 
 
 Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints and Varnish 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Smith's Materials of Machines I2mo, i oo 
 
 Thurston's Materials of Engineering 3 vols., 8vo, 8 oo 
 
 Part II. Iron and Steel 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Part III. A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their 
 
 Constituents 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Wood's (De V.) Treatise on the Resistance of Materials and an Appendix on 
 
 the Preservation of Timber 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Wood's (M. P.) Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and 
 
 Steel 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 STEAM-ENGINES AND BOILERS. 
 
 Berry's Temperature-entropy Diagram i2mo, I 25 
 
 Carnot's Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat. (Thurston.) 12 mo, i 50 
 
 Creighton's Steam-engine and other Heat-motors.. . 8vo, 500 
 
 Dawson's "Engineering" and Electric Traction Pocket-book. . . .i6mo, mor., 5 oo 
 
 Ford's Boiler Making for Boiler Makers i8mo, i oo 
 
 Goss's Locomotive Sparks 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Locomotive Performance 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Hemenway's Indicator Practice and Steam-engine Economy 12010, 2 oo 
 
 14 
 
Button's Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Heat and Heat-engines 8vo. 5 oo 
 
 Kent's Steam boiler Economy 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Kneass's Practice and Theory of the Injector 8vo, i 50 
 
 MacCord's Slide-valves 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Meyer's Modern Locomotive Construction 4to, 10 oo 
 
 Peabody's Manual of the Steam-engine Indicator i2mo > i 50 
 
 Tables of the Properties of Saturated Steam and Other Vapors 8vo, i oo 
 
 Thermodynami:s of the Steam-engine and Other Heat-engines 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Valve-gears for Steam-engines 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Peabody and Miller's Steam-boilers 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Pray's Twenty Years with the Indicator Large 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Pupin's Thermodynamics of Reversible Cycles in Gases and Saturated Vapors. 
 
 (Osterberg.) 12 mo, i 25 
 
 Reagan's Locomotives: Simple, Compound, and Electric. New Edition. 
 
 Large i2mo, 3 50 
 
 Rontgen's Principles of Thermodynamics. (Du Bois.) .8vo, 5 ofl> 
 
 Sinclair's Locomotive Engine Running and Management I2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Smart's Handbook of Engineering Laboratory Practice i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Snow's Steam-boiler Practice 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Spangler's Valve-gears 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Notes on Thermodynamics i2mo, i oo 
 
 Spangler, Greene, and Marshall's Elements of Steam-engineering 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Thomas's Steam-turbines 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Thurston's Handy Tables 8vo, i 50 
 
 Manual of the Steam-engine 2 vols., 8vo, 10 oo 
 
 Part I. History, Structure, and Theory 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Part II. Design, Construction, and Operation 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Handbook of Engine and Boiler Trials, and the Use of the Indicator and 
 
 the Prony Brake 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Stationary Steam-engines 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Steam-boiler Explosions in Theory and in Practice i2ino, i 50 
 
 Manual of Steam-boilers, their Designs, Construction, and Operation . 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Wehrenfenning's Analysis and Softening of Boiler Feed-water (Patterson) 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Weisbach's Heat, Steam, and Steam-engines. (Du Bois.) 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Whitham's Steam-engine Design 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Wood's Thermodynamics, Heat Motors, and Refrigerating Machines. . .8vo, 4 oo 
 
 MECHANICS AND MACHINERY. 
 
 Barr's Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 2 50 
 
 * Bovey's Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Chase's The Art of Pattern-making ' i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Church's Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 oo 
 
 Notes and Examples in Mechanics 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Compton's First Lessons in Metal-working i2mo, 
 
 Compton and De Groodt's The Speed Lathe I2mo, 
 
 Cromwell's Treatise on Toothed Gearing i2mo, 
 
 Treatise on Belts and Pulleys I2mo, 
 
 Dana's Text-book of Elementary Mechanics for Colleges and Schools. .i2mo, 
 
 Dingey's Machinery Pattern Making i2mo, 
 
 Dredge's Record of the Transportation Exhibits Building of the World's 
 
 Columbian Exposition of 1893 4to half morocco, 5 oo 
 
 Du Bois's Elementary Principles of Mechanics: 
 
 Vol. I. Kinematics 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Vol. II. Statics 8vo. 4 oo 
 
 Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. I Small 4to, 7 50 
 
 Vol. II Small 4to, 10 oo 
 
 Durley's Kinematics of Machines 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 15 
 
Fitzgerald's Boston Machinist i6mo, i oo 
 
 Flather's Dynamometers, and the Measurement of Power i2mo, 3 oo 
 
 Rope Driving i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Goss's Locomotive Sparks 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Locomotive Performance 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 * Greene's Structural Mechanics 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Hall's Car Lubrication i2mo, i oo 
 
 Holly's Art of Saw Filing i8mo, 75 
 
 James's Kinematics of a Point and the Rational Mechanics of a Particle. 
 
 Small 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 * Johnson's (W. W.) Theoretical Mechanics i2mo, 3 oo 
 
 Johnson's (L. J.) Statics by Graphic and Algebraic Methods Svo, 2 oo 
 
 Jones's Machine Design: 
 
 Part I. Kinematics of Machinery .' 8vo, i 50 
 
 Part II. Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Kerr's Power and Power Transmission 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Lanza's Applied Mechanics 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Leonard's Machine Shop, Tools, and Methods 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 * Lorenz's Modern Refrigerating Machinery. (Pope, Haven, and Dean.). 8vo, 4 oo 
 MacCord's Kinematics; or, Practical Mechanism 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Velocity Diagrams 8vo, i 50 
 
 * Martin's Text Book on Mechanics, Vol. I, Statics -i2mo, i 25 
 
 Maurer's Technical Mechanics 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Merriman's Mechanics of Materials 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 * Elements of Mechanics i2mo, i oo 
 
 * Michie's Elements of Analytical Mechanics. 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 * Parshall and Hobart's Electric Machine Design 4to, half morocco, 12 50 
 
 Reagan's Locomotives : Simple, Compound, and Electric. New Edition. 
 
 Large i2mo, 3 oo 
 
 Reid's Course in Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design. 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Richards's Compressed Air i2mo, i 50 
 
 Robinson's Principles of Mechanism 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Ryan, Norris, and Hoxie's Electrical Machinery. Vol. 1 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Sanborn's Mechanics : Problems Large i2mo, i 50 
 
 Schwamb and Merrill's Elements of Mechanism 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Sinclair's Locomotive-engine Running and Management i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Smith's (O.) Press-working of Metals 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Smith's (A. W.) Materials of Machines I2mo, i oo 
 
 Smith (A. W.) and Marx's Machine Design 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Spangler, Greene, and Marshall's Elements of Steam-engineering 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Thurston's Treatise on Friction and Lost Work in Machinery and Mill 
 
 Work 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Animal as a Machine and Prime Motor, and the Laws of Energetics. i2mo, i oo 
 
 Tillson's Complete Automobile Instructor i6mo, i 50 
 
 Morocco, 2 oo 
 
 Warren's Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing Svo, 7 50 
 
 Weisbach's Kinematics and Power of Transmission. (Herrmann Klein.). Svo, 5 oo 
 
 Machinery of Transmission and Governors. (Herrmann Klein.). Svo, 5 oo 
 
 Wood's Elements of Analytical Mechanics Svo, 3 oo 
 
 Principles of Elementary Mechanics izrno, i 25 
 
 Turbines Svo, 2 50 
 
 The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 4to, i oo 
 
 MEDICAL. 
 
 De Fursac's Manual of Psychiatry. (Rosanoff and Collins.) Large i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Ehrlich's Collected Studies on Immunity. (Bolduan.) Svo, 6 q 
 
 Hammarsten's Text-book on Physiological Chemistry. (Mandel.) Svo, 4 fo 
 
 16 
 
Lassar-Cohn's Practical Urinary Analysis. (Lorenz.) 1210.0, i oo 
 
 * Pauli's Physical Chemistry in the Service of Medicine. (Fischer.) . . . . i2mo, i 25 
 
 * Pozzi-Escot's The Toxins and Venoms and their Antibodies. (Cohn.). i2mo, i oo 
 
 Rostoski's Serum Diagnosis. (Bolduan.) i2mo, i oo 
 
 Salkowski's Physiological and Pathological Chemistry. (Orndorff.) 8vo, 2 50 
 
 * Satterlee'* Outlines of Human Embryology izmo, i 25 
 
 Steel's Treatise on the Diseases of the Dog 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Von Behring's Suppression of Tuberculosis. (Bolduan.) i2mo, i oo 
 
 Wassermann's Immune Sera : Haemolysis, Cytotoxins, and Precipitins. (Bol- 
 duan.) 1 2mo, cloth, i oo 
 
 Woodhull's Notes on Military Hygiene i6mo, i 50 
 
 * Personal Hygiene i2mo, i oo 
 
 Wulling's An Elementary Course in Inorganic Pharmaceutical and Medical 
 
 Chemistry i2mo, 2 oo 
 
 METALLURGY. 
 
 Egleston's Metallurgy of Silver, Gold, and Mercury: 
 
 Vol. I. Silver 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Vol. II. Gold and Mercury 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Goesel's Minerals and Metals: A Reference Book , . . . . i6mo, mor. 3 oo 
 
 * Iles's Lead-smelting i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Kunhardt's Practice of Ore Dressing in Europe 8vo, i 50 
 
 Le Chatelier's High-temperature Measurements. (Boudouard Burgess. )i2mo, 3 oo 
 
 Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users 12010, 2 oo 
 
 Miller's Cyanide Process i2mo, i oo 
 
 Minet's Production of Aluminum and its Industrial Use. (Waldo.). . . . i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Robine and Lenglen's Cyanide Industry. (Le Clerc.) 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Smith's Materials of Machines 121110, i oo 
 
 Thurston's Materials of Engineering. In Three Parts 8vo, 8 oo 
 
 Part II. Iron and Steel 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Part III. A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their 
 
 Constituents 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Ulke's Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 MINERALOGY. 
 
 Barringer's Description of Minerals of Commercial Value. Oblong, morocco, 2 50 
 
 Boyd's Resources of Southwest Virginia 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Map of Southwest Virignia Pocket-book form. 2 oo 
 
 * Browning's Introduction to the Rarer Elements....' 8vo, 150 
 
 Brush's Manual of Determinative Mineralogy. (Penfield.) 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Chester's Catalogue of Minerals 8vo, paper, i oo 
 
 Cloth, i 25 
 
 Dictionary of the Names of Minerals 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Dana's System of Mineralogy Large 8vo, half leather, 12 50 
 
 First Appendix to Dana's New " System of Mineralogy." Large 8vo, i oo 
 
 Text-book of Mineralogy. 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Minerals and How to Study Them 1 21110. i 50 
 
 Catalogue of American Localities of Minerals Large 8vo, i oo 
 
 Manual of Mineralogy and Petrography i2mo 2 oo 
 
 Douglas's Untechnical Addresses on Technical Subjects i2mo, i oo 
 
 Eakle's Mineral Tables , 8vo, i 25 
 
 Egleston's Catalogue of Minerals and Synonyms 8vo, 2 50 
 
 Goesel's Minerals and Metals : A Reference Book i6mo, mor. 3 oo 
 
 Groth's Introduction to Chemical Crystallography (Marshall) 12 mo, i 25 
 
 17 
 
Iddings's Rock Minerals 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 * Martin's Laboratory Guide to Qualitative Analysis with the Blowpipe. 121110, 60 
 Merrill's Non-metallic Minerals: Their Occurrence and Uses 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Stones for Building and Decoration 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 * Penfield's Notes on Determinative Mineralogy and Record of Mineral Tests. 
 
 8vo, paper, 50 
 
 * Richards's Synopsis of Mineral Characters lamo, morocco, i 25 
 
 * Ries's Clays: Their Occurrence, Properties, and Uses 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Rosenbusch's Microscopical Physiography of the Rock-making Minerals. 
 
 (Iddings.) 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 * Tillman's Text-book of Important Minerals and Rocks 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 MINING. 
 
 Boyd's Resources of Southwest Virginia 8vo s 3 oo 
 
 Map of Southwest Virginia Pocket-book form 2 oo 
 
 Douglas's Untechnical Addresses on Technical Subjects i2mo, i oo 
 
 Eissler's Modern High Explosives t 8~.-> 4 . >r, 
 
 Goesel's Minerals and Metals : A Reference Book i6mo, mor. 3 oo 
 
 Goodyear's Coal-mines of the Western Coa.t of the United States 12 mo, 2 50 
 
 Ihlseng's Manual of Mining 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 * Iles's Lead-smelting i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Kunhardt's Practice of Ore Dressing in Europe 8vo, i 50 
 
 Miller's Cyanide Process i2mo, i oo 
 
 O'Driscoll's Notes on the Treatment of Gold Ores 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Robine and Lenglen's Cyanide Industry. (Le Clerc.) 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 * Walke's Lectures on Explosives 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Weaver's Military Explosives 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Wilson's Cyanide Processes i2mo, i 50 
 
 Chlorination Process i2mo, i 50 
 
 Hydraulic and Placer Mining I2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Treatise on Practical and Theoretical Mine Ventilation T2mo, i 25 
 
 SANITARY SCIENCE. 
 
 Bashore's Sanitation of a Country House I2mo, i oo 
 
 * Outlines of Practical Sanitation i2mo, i 25 
 
 Folwell's Sewerage. (Designing, Construction, and Maintenance.) 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Water-supply Engineering. 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Fowler's Sewage Works Analyses I2mo, 2 oo 
 
 Fuertes's Water and Public Health i2mo, i 50 
 
 Water-filtration Works I2mo, 2 50 
 
 Gerhard's Guide to Sanitary House-inspection . i6mo, i oo 
 
 Hazen's Filtration of Public Water-supplies 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Leach's The Inspection and Analysis of Food with Special Reference to State 
 
 Control 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Mason's Water-supply. (Considered principally from a Sanitary Standpoint) 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Examination of Water. (Chemical and Bacteriological.) I2mo, i 25 
 
 * Merriman's Elements of Sanitary Engineering 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Ogden's Sewer Design i2tno, 2 oo 
 
 Prescott and Winslow's Elements of Water Bacteriology, with Special Refer- 
 ence to Sanitary Water Analysis I2mo, i 25 
 
 * Price's Handbook on Sanitation I2mo, I 50 
 
 Richards's Cost of Food. A Study in Dietaries I2mo, i oo 
 
 Cost of Living as Modified by Sanitary Science i2mo, i oo 
 
 Cost of Shelter "mo, i oo 
 
 18 
 
Richards and Woodman's Air. Water, and Food from a Sanitary Stand- 
 point 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 * Richards and Williams's The Dietary Computer 8vo, i 50 
 
 Rideal's S wage and Bacterial Purification of Sewage 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Disinfection and the Preservation of Food 8vo, 400 
 
 Turneaure and Russell's Public Water-supplies 8vo, 5 oo 
 
 Von Behring's Suppression of Tuberculosis. (Bolduan.) I2mo, i oo 
 
 Whipple's Microscopy of Drinking-water 8vo, 3 50 
 
 Winton's Microscopy of Vegetable Foods 8vo, 7 50 
 
 Woodhull's Notes on Military Hygiene i6mo, i 50 
 
 * Personal Hygiene i2mo, i oo 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Emmons's Geological Guide-book of the Rocky Mountain Excursion of the 
 
 International Congress of Geologists Large 8vo, i 50 
 
 Ferrel's Popular Treatise on the Winds 8vo, 4 oo 
 
 Gannett's Statistical Abstract of the World 24mo 75 
 
 Haines's American Railway Management i2mo, 2 50 
 
 Ricketts's History of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1824-1894. .Small 8vo, 3 oo 
 
 Rotherham's Emphasized New Testament ,..,...-.. .Large 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 4to, i oc 
 
 Winslow's Elements of Applied Microscopy i2mo. i 50 
 
 HEBREW AND CHALDEE TEXT-BOOKS. 
 
 Green's Elementary Hebrew Grammar I2mo, i 25 
 
 Hebrew Chrestomathy 8vo, 2 oo 
 
 Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures. 
 
 (Tregelles.) Small 4to, half morocco, 5 oo 
 
 Letteris's Hebrew Bible 8vo, 2 25 
 
 19 
 
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