* LIBRARY 
 
 UNIV 
 
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NEGRO PROGRESS IN A MISSISSIPPI TOWN 
 
 BEING A STUDY OF CONDITIONS IN 
 JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI 
 
 BY 
 
 D. W. WOODARD 
 
 TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE. ALABAMA 
 
 NEGRO BANKS OF MISSISSIPPI 
 
 BY, 
 
 CHARLES BANKS 
 
 MOUND BAYOU, MISSISSIPPI 
 
 COMMITTEE OF TWELVE 
 
 FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE INTERESTS OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 CHEYNEY. PA. 
 
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NEGRO PROGRESS IN A MISSISSIPPI TOWN 
 
 BEING A STUDY OF CONDITIONS IN 
 JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI 
 
 BY 
 
 Vr^y De W< WOODARD 
 
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 TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE, ALABAMA 
 
 NEGRO BANKS OF MISSISSIPPI 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES BANKS 
 
 MOUND BAYOU, MISSISSIPPI 
 
 COMMITTEE OF TWELVE 
 
 FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE INTERESTS OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 CHEYNEY. PA. 
 
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 THE BIODLE PRESS 
 1010 Cherry St.. Phila. 
 
NEGRO PROGRESS IN A MISSISSIPPI TOWN 
 
 BEING A STUDY OF CONDITIONS IN 
 JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI 
 
 BY 
 
 D. W. WOODARD 
 
 TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE, ALABAMA 
 
 Mississippi, largely devoted to agricultural pursuits, is a state of small 
 towns. Several of these towns stand out prominently by reason of their 
 rapid growth during the last twelve years a period remarkable for an un- 
 precedented development of the natural resources of the state. 
 
 Perhaps no one of these towns has shared in this general growth and 
 prosperity more fully than the capitol, Jackson. The last dozen years have 
 seen many changes in the town of Jackson. The confines of the town have 
 been extended to the west and north to include several outlying Negro com- 
 munities ; and recently the almost exclusively white suburb, Duttonville, has 
 been received into the corporation by popular vote. Large lumber and 
 cotton seed oil mills, giving employment to hundreds, have been established. 
 New railroads, opening up to commercial purposes as never before the 
 natural resources of the district in which the town is situated, have multi- 
 plied its importance as a trade center many times. The 'establishment of 
 large department stores, the extension of business enterprises in all direc- 
 tions, the erection of larger and more modern buildings for such purposes, 
 some public improvements on a more or less limited scale, are giving to 
 the town an urban air. 
 
 The Negroes of Jackson, who have always outnumbered the whites, 
 but who at present constitute about one-half of the population, have figured 
 largely in this era of greater prosperity for the town. Twelve years ago. 
 with two conspicuous exceptions, the Negroes were not reckoned in the 
 business life of the town. Comparatively few of them owned property, and 
 that for the most part consisted of the homes occupied by them. A few 
 fraternal societies, the churches, and a periodical organization at the time 
 of national elections, constituted all there was of associated life among the 
 Negroes of the town. 
 
 Today, according to an official of the town, the 8000 or more Negroes 
 own one-third of the area of the town. Statistics of the condition of prop- 
 erty ownership among the Negroes of twelve years ago are not available, 
 and only the citizen acquainted with the situation at that time can apprec- 
 iate the great advance on the part of the Negroes implied in the above es- 
 timate. While it was practically impossible at the time of this inquiry to 
 determine accurately the amount of real estate possessed by the Negroes, 
 the real property assessment of 566 Negroes, as recorded in the tax books 
 of the town, amounted to $581,580.00 with an average of $1,027.52 to the 
 individual. It is significant that but 83 of these assessments were under 
 
$500.00, showing that almost all of this property is in an improved condi- 
 tion. More than one-third of the assessments were above $1000.00; while 
 six of them were for amounts greater than $5,000.00. The largest single 
 assessment was that of $23,800.00. It is to be remembered that these fig- 
 ures refer to the real property only of the 566 Negroes mentioned. 
 
 At present one-half of the Negro families of the town own their homes. 
 This fact was brought to light in an investigation made of 543 houses occu- 
 pied by Negroes in various parts of the town. While one-half of the Negro 
 families own the homes occupied by them, more than two-thirds of the 
 houses in which Negroes live are in the possession of members of their own 
 race. In the canvass mentioned above, 400 out of the 543 families were in 
 houses owned by Negroes. This shows that the rent paid by Negroes to 
 other Negroes throughout the town is no inconsiderable item. Thus, in the 
 543 houses, the 169 families that rented from Negro owners paid to them 
 yearly more than $13,000.00. It may be interesting in this connection to 
 state, as indicative of the thrifty character of those that did own their 
 homes, that more than one-half of these had other property than the homes 
 occupied by them. And this property of the Negroes reflects a growing 
 consciousness of a. better way of living. One has only to observe the 
 dwellings in a Negro district, for the Negroes have always been severely 
 districted to themselves, to find in the many comfortable, and, in many 
 instances, tastefully furnished homes, evidences of this fact. 
 
 The activity of Negro real estate dealers and of the two Negro banks, 
 and the easy terms on which homes can be bought, especially in a tract 
 outside of the town set aside exclusively for Negroes by an enterprising 
 firm of white real estate dealers, have done much to encourage the owner- 
 ship of property on the part of Negroes. I was surprised to find, again and 
 again, even in the humblest of the rented homes, that the occupants were 
 saving from their meager earnings the monthly payment on some lot on 
 which they hoped to build the future home. It is a noteworthy fact, also, 
 that these more recently built houses greatly excel the ones earlier con- 
 structed in size and conveniences. The study of many of these homes 
 revealed that as the Negroes moved from rented houses to those built by 
 themselves as homes, these new houses were on an average one room larger 
 than the ones rented. 
 
 Next to the real property in the possession of the Negroes, their bank 
 deposits attest the growth of a more healthy economic condition. In speak- 
 ing of this matter, the president of one of the flourishing white banks said 
 that the Negroes had just begun to save in the last ten or twelve years. He 
 added that they were learning to handle their money to much greater 
 advantage. He was in a position to know, for Negroes had on deposit in 
 his bank more than $25,000.00. Inquiries made at the various banks of 
 the town make it safe to estimate the savings of Negroes on deposit in 
 the banks of Jackson at about $200,000.00, more than one-third of which 
 is to be accredited to the two Negro banks. Other resources than the real 
 property and the bank deposits, including $75,000.00 worth of property 
 owned by nine Negro churches, will bring the total value of the wealth of 
 the Negroes of the town to about one and one-quarter million of dollars. 
 
 A considerable part of this wealth is in the hands of a few individuals. 
 The aggregate wealth of seven of these more well-to-do Negroes is, by a 
 

 
 conservative estimate, at least $200,000.00. This wealth is largely in the 
 form of real estate. In fact, an increasing number of enterprising Negroes 
 are looking to their real estate holdings for the greater part of their incomes. 
 About five of these men, whose exceptional incomes place them in a class 
 by themselves, own from 30 to 100 houses each. 
 
 Perhaps the most conspicuously successful of them all is Dr. S. D. 
 Redmond, who enjoys the largest practice of any of the Negro physicians 
 of the town. Dr. Redmond, who received his medical training at the Illinois 
 Medical College and Harvard University came to Jackson about ten years 
 ago without sufficient means to establish himself properly in his practice. 
 Today, at 36 years of age, he is probably the wealthiest Negro in the 
 town. He is president of the American Trust and Savings Bank, the 
 older of the two Negro banks, and a stockholder in three banks controlled 
 by whites as well as in one of the power and light companies. He owns 
 much valuable property in various parts of the town, receiving rent from 
 more than 100 houses. Two drug stores, one of which is situated on the 
 chief business street of the town, belong to him and are doing a paying 
 business. 
 
 While it is true that two Negro enterprises, the bakery of H. K. Risher 
 and the store of Alexander Williams, have been successfully conducted for 
 more than twenty years, yet it has only been comparatively recently that 
 Negroes generally have had the temerity to engage in independent busi- 
 nesses. More than 80 per cent, of the enterprises now controlled by Negroes 
 were established within the last ten years. An inquiry into the condition 
 of 46 of the older and better established of these concerns showed that 
 41 had been in existence less than ten years, the average term of existence 
 being a little more than five years. 
 
 Although there are a few white store-keepers who cater almost exclu- 
 sively to Negro patronage, the business establishments in the Negro dis- 
 tricts are conducted for the most part by Negroes. These business ventures 
 now number about 100, representing a wide range of endeavor. Among 
 them are the two banks already mentioned, four drug stores, two undertak- 
 ing companies, two real estate agencies, one theatre, one first-class bakery, 
 four shoemaking and repairing shops (one doing the largest business of its 
 kind in the town), one millinery shop, besides numerous stores, barber 
 shops, and other smaller concerns of various kinds. Many of these estab- 
 lishments in size, equipment, and volume of business, compare favorably 
 with similar enterprises among the whites. Forty-four of these concerns, 
 including five contracting firms, did about $380,000.00 worth of business 
 last year and gave employment to 203 persons. 
 
 The pioneer business man among the Negroes is H. K. Risher, the 
 baker, who at one time practically controlled the bakery output of the 
 town. His bakery is one of the oldest concerns in the place, having been 
 established in 1881. This business, which amounts to about $30,000.00 a 
 year and gives employment to 12 persons, is conducted in one of the best 
 equipped establishments of its kind in that section of the State. 
 
 The two Negro Banks represent the first successful attempts on the 
 part of the Negroes to organize for commercial purposes. The older of 
 the two, the American Trust and Savings Bank, capitalized at $20,000, was 
 established six years ago. The Southern Bank, capitalized at $10,000, came 
 
into being two years later, and is, in a sense, an outgrowth of the older 
 institution. It is interesting to note that of the 186 stockholders of these 
 two banks, 80 individuals are mechanics, showing how these enterprises 
 are influencing a class of workmen who make fair wages, but who, per- 
 haps, would not otherwise invest their earnings. The Southern Bank in 
 particular has been unusually successful in interesting this class of Negroes, 
 70 out of its 100 stockholders being mechanics. These banks have had a 
 tremendous influence in encouraging the masses of Negroes to save. In 
 July, 1908, there were savings deposits in these two banks to the amount 
 of $73,000.00. Their place in the business interests of the community has 
 been fully recognized by the white business men of the town. This appears 
 from the fact that several of the prominent officials of the Negro banks 
 have, upon invitation, become stockholders in banks and other enterprises 
 controlled by white men. 
 
 L. K. Atwood, the president of the Southern Bank, belongs to the small 
 group of professional Negroes who have found business more lucrative 
 than the practice of their professions. Born in Willcox County, Ala., in 
 1851, he was sold on the block as a slave when 18 months' old. His 
 mother bought him for $300, and moved with him to Ohio. Later he 
 attended Lincoln University, Pa., graduating in 1874. Two years later he 
 was admitted to the bar in Mississippi. He has served tw r o terms as a 
 member of the Mississippi Legislature, and has held the positions of United 
 States Commissioner and United States Deputy Revenue Collector for the 
 Louisiana-Mississippi district. In addition to his connection with the bank, 
 he is actively identified with the Negro enterprises in the town. He has 
 amassed considerable property, and is generally regarded as one of the 
 shrewdest of the Negro business men of Jackson. 
 
 There are about ten Negro contractors in the town, a few of whom are 
 doing a rapidly growing business. These are men who started out as 
 ordinary skilled mechanics, and, after accumulating a small capital, have 
 launched out upon an independent basis. This kind of enterprise has been 
 made possible to Negroes by the unprecedented amount of building that 
 has been carried on in the town in the last few years. Five of these con- 
 tracting companies did a combined business last year of $180,000.00, and 
 gave employment constantly to about 84 men. C. C. Sims, who does a 
 business that compares favorably with that done by the largest white con- 
 tractors, was born on a farm, near Jackson, 43 years ago, and spent his 
 youth there with only such limited advantages as a Mississippi rural com- 
 munity of that time gave to the Negro boy. Twenty-five years ago he 
 came to Jackson where he picked up the carpenter's trade, finally engaging 
 in 1893 in an independent contracting business. During the last year his 
 contracts amounted to more than $75,000.00. Mr. Sims frequently employs 
 whites among the 50 or more men that work for him. His pay roll for 
 labor is between $600 and $700 a week. His work has gained for him such 
 a reputation that his contracts are placed in many of the towns near 
 Jackson. 
 
 The group of skilled workmen from which these contractors have 
 sprung form, on the whole, a very desirable class of the Negro citizenship. 
 They receive good wages, and, in increasing numbers, are investing their 
 earnings in property or business. Of 83 mechanics, about whom information 
 
 
was secured, more than two-thirds owned their homes. Negro mechanics, 
 as has been mentioned, constitute a large part, more than two-fifths, of the 
 stockholders of the two Negro banks. 
 
 A goodly number of the skilled Negro laborers are carpenters, there being 
 about 150 engaged in this trade. Besides these, there are about 40 brick- 
 layers, 25 plasterers, 35 painters, 12 blacksmiths, 6 cotton samplers, 2 engi- 
 neers, 7 shoemakers, and a number of others distributed among several 
 trades. In the plastering trade, the Negro workmen have no white com- 
 petitors. One Negro firm of contracting plasterers, Populus and Boise, 
 did more than $50,000.00 worth of business last year. 
 
 In the case of the Negro women, the means of earning a living are 
 much more limited. A number of seamstresses (about 35), 3 graduate 
 nurses, who enjoy lucrative practices, I milliner, and 2 stenographers com- 
 plete the list of skilled workers among the colored women of the town. 
 
 Mississippi is fertile soil for all kinds of secret and benevolent organiza- 
 tions for Negroes. The strong financial condition of these organizations 
 in the State appears from the report of the State Insurance Commissioner 
 for the year 1907, in which the combined value of the certificates in force 
 in 42 of these societies is stated to be $24,728,709.00; the amount collected 
 by the 42 organizations, $709,670.00, and the losses paid, $522,757.96. No 
 less than one-half, and probably more, of these societies operate in Jackson. 
 The Jackson Beneficial Benevolent Association, a purely local organiza- 
 tion, which has been in successful operation for almost 32 years, is a 
 typical instance. This society has a membership of 750. Its members pay 
 25 cents a month, with an extra assessment of 50 cents on the death of a 
 member. One dollar per week is paid to sick members, and $30.00 con- 
 tributed to the burial in case of death. During the year 1907, $265.00 was 
 received by sick members, and $90.00 contributed to the funeral expenses 
 of those lost by death. The society also makes contributions to various 
 charitable purposes. The property of the organization consists of one hall, 
 valued at about $4,700.00, the income from the rent of which averages 
 about $80.00 per month ; and 4 acres of land, worth $2,500.00, to be used 
 ultimately as a cemetery. 
 
 Jackson has always been regarded by Negroes throughout the State 
 as a good town for members of their race. The chances of making a 
 living are as good or better than in most other places in the State. The 
 educational advantages, although inadequate, are far above the average. 
 Furthermore, there has been comparatively little friction between the 
 whites and blacks. There has never been a lynching in Jackson. 
 
 A conservative element of well-to-do white citizens have shown in no 
 unmistakable manner their friendliness towards the Negro and their desire 
 to help him into better ways. But lately, and particularly since the com- 
 ing of Governor Vardaman, the thinking Negro has come to realize that 
 conditions are changing somewhat, that the lines are being drawn closer. 
 For instance, Negro and white mechanics have for many years worked 
 together, often side by side, without friction; but frequent instances of 
 opposition on the part of white workmen incline one to believe that com- 
 petition on racial lines is increasing. In the summer of 1908, the white 
 carpenters started a public campaign against the employment of Negro 
 carpenters by white contractors. Very little was accomplished in this 
 
ii iiiiltii II 
 
 direction, except to intensify a growing feeling against Negro mechanics 
 in general. As it is, the Negro mechanics are needed in the fast growing 
 town, and prejudice must wait for purely economic reasons before it can 
 work them much harm. 
 
 An organization of interest just here is the Bricklayers Union, No. 3 
 (Miss.), the only association of its kind in the town. Its membership is 
 composed of both white and Negro laborers. The Negroes constitute a 
 majority of the members and hold all of the offices except that of secretary, 
 this position being filled by one of the white members. 
 
 The better class of Negroes and the better class of whites are coming 
 closer together on purely economic grounds. The Jackson Negro has done 
 well in business, and is no longer a negligible factor in the business activities 
 of the town. There are, to my knowledge, at least four Negroes who are 
 stockholders in business concerns conducted by white men. At present 
 Negro contractors do by far the greater part of their work for white patrons. 
 More than one-half of the real estate business of a particularly wide-awake 
 Negro is conducted in the interests of white customers. 
 
 The thinking Negro of Jackson has come to feel that the salvation of 
 the Negro in Mississippi must be worked out, first of all, upon economic 
 lines. And he is putting this belief into practice in a way that speaks for 
 itself, not altogther ignorant of the conditions under which he is laboring. 
 
NEGRO BANKS OF MISSISSIPPI 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES BANKS 
 
 MOUND BAYOU, MISSISSIPPI 
 
 "Surely no better proof can be given of the Negro's desire and ability 
 to rise and become a respectable member of society than the production of a 
 bank-book with a good balance, or, better still, the title to a farm or a home 
 free of debt. The saving man is par excellence the model citizen peace- 
 able, sober, industrious and frugal." Andrew Carnegie. 
 
 In summarizing the economic progress of the Negro in Mississippi dur- 
 ing the past ten years, that made in banking comes in for no inconsiderable 
 part. Beginning with the Lincoln Savings Bank, which was formerly the 
 Knights of Honor Bank, about eight years ago, Negro banks have steadily 
 grown in number until, to-day, we have eleven live, active, prosperous, pro- 
 gressive banking institutions dotted over the state. At Vicksburg we have 
 the Lincoln Savings Bank, under the management of W. E. Mollison ; with 
 resources over $60,000.00, and the Union Savings Bank, managed by T. G. 
 Ewing, resources over $60,000.00; at Indianola is the Delta Penny Savings 
 Bank, directed by W. W. Cox, resources over $100,000.00; at Jackson is the 
 American Savings Bank and Trust Company, managed by Dr. S. D. Red- 
 mond, resources over $60,000.00, and the Southern Bank under the direction 
 of L. K. Atwood, resources over $60,000.00; at Yazoo is the People's Sav- 
 ings Bank, managed by H. H. King, resources over $40,000.00; at Colum- 
 bus is the Penny Savings Bank, managed by W. I. Mitchell, resources over 
 $25,000.00; at Mound Bayou is the Bank of Mound Bayou, under the 
 management of the writer, resources over $100,000.00; at Natchez is the 
 Bluff City Savings Bank, under the direction of Dr. J. B. Banks, resources 
 over $50,000.00; at Greenville is the Delta Savings Bank, under the man- 
 agement of John W. Strauther, resources over $25,000.00; at Hattiesburg 
 is the Magic City Savings Bank, organized during the past year, under the 
 management of Dr. J. H. Howard, resources over $15,000.00, this being, in 
 fact, the reorganized Peoples' Bank of Hattiesburg, which went into volun- 
 tary liquidation after the assassination of its founder and cashier, the late 
 E. D. Howell. It may be well here to state that the retiring bank paid 
 all of its depositors in full, in fact there has never been a real bank 
 failure on the part of Negro banks in Mississippi since their existence. Dur- 
 ing the panic of 1907, so far as I have been able to learn, and I am a stock- 
 holder in nearly all of them, only two banks suspended specie payment, and 
 not one was seriously embarrassed, emerging from that trying period 
 stronger and more trusted than before. While enjoying the confidence and 
 patronage of their own people, it is a noteworthy fact that the Negro banks 
 
of this state have the confidence, respect, and goodwill of the white bankers, 
 especially their neighbors. In most cases the Negro bank clears through the 
 white bank in the same town, using it largely as a correspondent. In this 
 way it develops that the existence of the Negro banks in towns where there 
 are also white banks, instead of being hurtful from any view point what- 
 ever, are mutually beneficial. Negroes who otherwise would not be reached 
 and induced to save, but for the existence influence, and education of Negro 
 banks, are made depositors in Negro banks, who in turn, by using the local 
 white banks as depositories and correspondents, bring into the channels of 
 commerce funds that, but for them, would not be available. Of course the 
 Negro banker does not pursue this policy for mere conciliation. The policy 
 is in line with that of all small banks, be they white or black, to use larger 
 ones as correspondents and depositories, as well as to clear through them, 
 because of the advantage and facilities always had by a larger institution, 
 both as to safety and making par points ; but in the operation of the whole 
 it is clearly demonstrated that the prosperity of the Negro banker, as well 
 as in other fields of endeavor, instead of being a menace to the Mississippi 
 white man, is really and substantially beneficial to him also. I hardly think 
 I would overdraw the facts if I should state that there is now deposited in 
 white banks in Mississippi by Negro banks one quarter of a million dollars, 
 and this can be safely counted on as the average daily balance maintained 
 at least eight months in the year. Nor are the benefits following the rise 
 and progress of Negro banks confined to this State alone, for nearly every 
 one maintains a balance with correspondents in financial centers like New 
 York, St. Louis, Memphis, and New Orleans, upon which they draw bills 
 of exchange, and with whom they rediscount as occasions require ; and right 
 here let me state, in justice to the white banker, both of this State and in 
 the financial centers named, that no discrimination is made against the Negro 
 banker when it comes to granting him lines of credit, but they invariably 
 grant him credit based mainly on the average daily balance maintained and 
 business ability. 
 
 If you ask have we passed the experimental stage as bankers here, I an- 
 swer, "yes, in a measure, we have." Of course, unlike our white bankers, 
 we have to use raw material as bankers. We have had no presidents and 
 cashiers, not even bookkeepers and tellers, who took hold of the active man- 
 agement of our banks after long years of practical training and experience in 
 some well established banking institution, but have had to feel our way along, 
 and "read while we ran." The recent panic and its subsequent effects were, in 
 a measure, calculated to test the stability and management of banking insti- 
 tuitons. Be it said to the credit of the Negro banker in Mississippi, when 
 the mists had cleared away, not one was found swept away. Perhaps the 
 following table will serve to indicate the progress being made : In 1904 they 
 had resources of $50,000.00; in 1905, $95,000.00; in 1906, $140.000.00; in 
 1907, $360,000.00; and in 1908, $750,000.00. From this table we can safely 
 predict that 1909 will find us way above the million dollar mark. Another 
 statement I desire to make, without any comment whatever, is that all these 
 banks, save two, were chartered by Ex-Governor Vardaman. 
 
 The showing made by the banks does not take into account that of the 
 fraternal organizations in the State, which, because of their singular fitness 
 for supplying life insurance to many who are barred by the large Life In- 
 
 10 
 
surance Companies, are quite popular as well as helpful in this State. These 
 organizations, notably among which are the Masons, Odd Fellows, Knights 
 of Pythias and Knights of Tabor, carry a reserve fund of about one quarter 
 of a million dollars to beneficiaries of deceased members. In most cases, 
 the persons managing the banks of our State are of high moral character, 
 with some personal means and fair business ability. As stated above, it is 
 not possible for us to draw from a stock of men who have had years of 
 training in banking, perhaps working up from a runner to president, as is the 
 case with our white friends, but all things being considered, the management 
 and conduct generally of the institutions are creditable. Judging by what 
 Negro banks have accomplished in this State in the past few years and their 
 status at the present time, we can confidently look forward to greater things 
 by them in the financial world in the next decade. 
 
 CHARLES BANKS, 
 
 Mound Bayou, Miss. 
 
 11 
 
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE OF TWELVE. 
 
 Any one may obtain a copy of any of these publications now in print by 
 writing to the Secretary of the Committee of Twelve, Hugh M. Browne, 
 Cheyney, Pa., and enclosing for each publication desired a two-cent paper 
 wrapper addressed to himself. 
 
 *To the Colored Men of Voting Age in Alabama. 
 
 Can the South Solve the Negro Problem ? Carl S'churz. 
 
 Why Disfranchisement is Bad. Archibald H. Grimke. 
 *Voting Instructions to Maryland Voters. 
 *What a Colored Alan Should do to Vote. 
 
 Garrison Centenary Leaflet. 
 
 Slavery and the Race Problem in the South. Hon. Wm. H. Fleming. 
 
 The Atlanta Riot. Ray Stannard Baker. 
 
 The Negro in America. Andrew Carnegie. 
 
 Address before the North Carolina Society in New York. 
 William H. Taft. 
 
 Work of the Colored Law and Order League of Baltimore, Md. 
 James H. N. Waring. 
 
 Study of the Negro's Progress in Jackson, Miss. Dr. W. Woodard. 
 
 Negro Self -Help in Education. R. R. Wright, Jr. 
 
 Negro Self-Help in Home Getting. Kelly Miller. 
 
 The Convict Lease System. George W. Forbes. 
 
 Negro Self-Help in Hospital Work. George C. Hall, M. D. 
 
 PARAGRAPHS. 
 
 East Bessemer, Ala. Negro Banks in Mississippi. 
 
 Some Successful Negro Business Men. 
 
 Business Co-operation between White and Negro Men in Helena, Ark. 
 *Out of print. 
 
 12 
 

 "I believe also that the Negro is to continue to 
 ascend morally, educationally and financially. I am 
 quite resigned to our own and the Negro races oc- 
 cupying the South together, confident that as time 
 passes the two will view each other with increasing 
 regard, and more and more realize that, destined 
 as they are to dwell together, it is advantageous 
 for both that they live in harmony as good 
 neighbors and labor for the best interests of their 
 common country." ANDREW CARNEGIE. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
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